Here, ask him. Are you all right sir? He's dead. By God! Today he won't escape! The police won't enter the temple! You'll hide thieves in the temple! Give refuge to criminals! Then the army not just the police will enter! You're a Muslim. Why are you worried about the temple? So what? Am I not a human? You know religion but I know I'll give my life to save Ram Jaane! We'll all give our lives! - Yes! Yes we'll all give our lives! We'll all give our lives! Don't expect mercy from me. I hate the word, mercy! Counting of dead bodies holds no meaning for me! You're not telling us anything new about yourself. Keep one thing in mind.. if you fire one shot today.. A battle will be fought. A battle in which I may not survive. But you definitely won't. If you love these bastards so much, hand Ram Jaane over to me! Whether any of you survive or not.. Ram Jaane definitely won't! All right. I'll get him. Everything is finished. Come - Before you came in, I thought the same. All this is finished. Come on, get up. Hey Chonte.. Why are you drawing guns? Don't you know your Banu has become Technicolor? And Bhau too is finished! Quiet! You talk too much! There's nobody to save you. Everybody is finished! If you try any smart acts, his death will be on your head. I will rot in prison! Shut up! What are you staring at? Put down your guns! Or I'll shoot him! Throw down the guns! Do as he says. You take so long to understand. Walk slowly. Finished! Sir, this gun is empty. What have you done? He is saved. Even you are saved. You scoundrel! You just had a close shave. Why did you shoot him? Why did you shoot my friend? You are my enemy. Shoot me. Since I was this high, this chap has been after me! He shook my bones when I was a little kid! Do you know he turned my lips yellow by hitting hard! Do you know why? Only for this uniform! If you didn't have this uniform, you couldn't stand before me. I throw an open challenge to you before the public! If you are a man, take off the uniform and face me! I will prove it that your strength lies in your uniform! Inside the uniform, your bones are jelly! Just jelly! Bastard! You are not the child of a man! That's why you were born in a trash can! - Shut up! You challenged me? - Yes. You challenged inspector Chonte. - Yes. Then take this! - Look at the jelly bones! If I don't make mince meat of your bones with my iron fists.. I'm not worthy of my name! Why are you talking with your mouth. Use your hands instead! Get into the arena! I'll prove it before all.. The size of the bones doesn't matter. Courage lies in the heart! My hands are twitching. Pick up your fists! Throw away the gun! You shouldn't have thrown the gun. Under Section 302 of Indian Penal Code, this court.. ..sentences Ram Jaane to death by the noose. Buddy! What's wrong with you? Looking at your face anyone would feel you were being hanged not me. I wish I could take your punishment. Then nor would this situation come nor I ask you for anything. You're late. I could only have given you one thing. My life. But even that has been stamped. The law has taken away your life. In return you have given death to every child of Apnaghar. I haven't understood. They follow your life style. They are preparing for death not life If you give up your life with a smile, they will be convinced.. Life is a disease not a gift. And death is its' cure. Do you want me to cry while dying? This is my last request pal. - No! I won't fear death! I always lived like death. That is why life never dared.. To meet my eyes! I know it my friend. Think of those innocents.. - I will not! As it is the world will kill them! We are insects not humans in their eyes! Cockroaches! That is why like yourself, you want them to wash their hands off life. Like myself I want them to live with their head held high! Look death in the eye! You won't understand! Only when you kick life you get what you want! If kicking the world gets you everything.. Then why didn't you get Bela? Because she is off the rocker! She is mad and so are you! I won't listen to you. I lived with pride. And I'll die with pride. Finish! Gently. They said to hang me not bleed me to death. Now do it gently. See you guys. This man snored a lot. Constable, look after everyone. Don't cry. I'll tell your mother you're following me. Good bye guys. See you up there. Hey guys! How are you? Hail Ram Jaane! - I'm feeling good. Ram Jaane is the best! All my boys! Ram Jaane is the best! Ram Jaane is the best! Ram Jaane is the best! Ram Jaane is the best! Ram Jaane is the best! Ram Jaane is the best! Come on. - Let go. Let me go. Let me go! Let me go! I beg you. Let me go! Let me go! Save me Murli! I'm scared! - Come on! Hey Murli, I don't want to die. Murli, it is only you who can save me. Save me Murli! Murli, I'll walk on the right path. I'll agree to what you say. I beg of you. Hey Murli.. Murli! Hey Murli.. Murli! Hey Murli.. Murli! Save me. Save me. Hey Murli.. Murli! Save me. Murli, save me. He said he would die with his head held high! You rat! " Everyone was born in their homes.. " " I was thrown on the streets.. " " I don't know if this was my parents' love.. " " Or some sin.. " " Or was it Ram's work.. " " Ramjaane, Ramjaane.. " " Ramjaane, Ramjaane.. " Sagar, Mullah.. I hit and insulted you. Forgive me. I had no other way of sending you back to Murli. If I knew you loved Murli. I swear I would never come between both of you. But how couldn't I come? Rascal on the footpath! I came to this world without wanting it. Came between you without wanting it. But now I'm leaving. The bread man used to say. What you don't get in this birth, you get in the next. Is there a next birth? Will we meet in the next birth? God knows. " People call me Ramjaane.. " " I don't know how I got this name.. " " I don't know how I got this name.. " " Ramjaane, Ramjaane.. " " Ramjaane, Ramjaane.. " This border cuts all through Germany. It separates East and West, Communism and Democracy. It has only one purpose: To keep the citizens of the GDR, in the East, from fleeing to the Federal Republic of Germany. WALLED IN! The inner German border Berlin is located n the heart of the GDR. The city is divided into four sectors since the end of the Second World War. In 1961, the Western sectors were The Wall. East Berlin, early 80s. This street leads to the border with West Berlin. One needs special authorization to come here, to visit the cemetery on the left, for example. It is located within the border area since the wall was built. Here begin the actual border barriers. To proceed is life-threatening. What lies behind this first wall is something no usual GDR citizen can enter: the strictly guarded border strip. It is permanently under construction. The surveillance trail outside the border strip is controlled not only by soldiers, but also by the People's Police and others. Flight prevention in the GDR: an extravagant, costly initiative. Two soldiers watch over 200 meters in this area. Altogether, the border troops in Berlin amount to about 12.000 men. The next obstacle: the signalling fence. When grabbed, it triggers a silent alarm. In the watchtower, the soldiers immediately see where the fence was touched. A fugitive doesn't realize it, but the guards have already spotted him. From their tower, they can alert other border soldiers. By night, the border is illuminated as bright as day. In the West, this area is known as the "Death Strip". Here sentinels shoot fugitives as a last resort. In the Berlin Wall alone, at least 136 are killed. In the middle of the border zone, the Church of Atonement. The Wall separated it from its congregation, settled in the western side of the city, for the most part. The regime of the GDR had the church imploded in 1985. Possible reason: it makes the border confusing. These obstacles force all vehicles to stop, both fugitives and border soldiers. On the other side lies a steel carpet made of fourteen centimeter long spikes. In the West it is called "Stalin's grass". The GDR border guards refer to it as "asparagus board". The soil is flattened regularly. So that each fugitive leaves behind footprints. And this is the famous Berlin Wall: 3.60 meters tall, the last obstacle before the West. The west-side of the Wall still belongs to the GDR, Border soldiers can only open them in pairs. That's how they control the condition of the other side of the Wall. On many street intersections In case of war, this is where the Panzers would burst through. Everybody talks about happiness these days. I had somebody count the number of books with "happiness" in the title published in the last five years and they gave up after about 40, and there were many more. There is a huge wave of interest in happiness, among researchers. There is a lot of happiness coaching. Everybody would like to make people happier. But in spite of all this flood of work, there are several cognitive traps that sort of make it almost impossible to think straight about happiness. And my talk today will be mostly about these cognitive traps. This applies to laypeople thinking about their own happiness, and it applies to scholars thinking about happiness, because it turns out we're just as messed up as anybody else is. The first of these traps is a reluctance to admit complexity. It turns out that the word "happiness" is just not a useful word anymore, because we apply it to too many different things. I think there is one particular meaning to which we might restrict it, but by and large, this is something that we'll have to give up and we'll have to adopt the more complicated view of what well-being is. The second trap is a confusion between experience and memory; basically, it's between being happy in your life, and being happy about your life or happy with your life. And those are two very different concepts, and they're both lumped in the notion of happiness. And the third is the focusing illusion, and it's the unfortunate fact that we can't think about any circumstance that affects well-being without distorting its importance. I mean, this is a real cognitive trap. There's just no way of getting it right. Now, I'd like to start with an example of somebody who had a question-and-answer session after one of my lectures reported a story, and that was a story -- He said he'd been listening to a symphony, and it was absolutely glorious music and at the very end of the recording, there was a dreadful screeching sound. And then he added, really quite emotionally, it ruined the whole experience. But it hadn't. What it had ruined were the memories of the experience. He had had the experience. He had had 20 minutes of glorious music. They counted for nothing because he was left with a memory; the memory was ruined, and the memory was all that he had gotten to keep. What this is telling us, really, is that we might be thinking of ourselves and of other people in terms of two selves. There is an experiencing self, who lives in the present and knows the present, is capable of re-living the past, but basically it has only the present. It's the experiencing self that the doctor approaches -- you know, when the doctor asks, "Does it hurt now when I touch you here?" And then there is a remembering self, and the remembering self is the one that keeps score, and maintains the story of our life, and it's the one that the doctor approaches in asking the question, "How have you been feeling lately?" or "How was your trip to Albania?" or something like that. Those are two very different entities, the experiencing self and the remembering self, and getting confused between them is part of the mess about the notion of happiness. Now, the remembering self is a storyteller. And that really starts with a basic response of our memories -- it starts immediately. We don't only tell stories when we set out to tell stories. Our memory tells us stories, that is, what we get to keep from our experiences is a story. And let me begin with one example. This is an old study. Those are actual patients undergoing a painful procedure. I won't go into detail. It's no longer painful these days, but it was painful when this study was run in the 1990s. They were asked to report on their pain every 60 seconds. Here are two patients, those are their recordings. And you are asked, "Who of them suffered more?" And it's a very easy question. Clearly, Patient B suffered more -- his colonoscopy was longer, and every minute of pain that Patient A had, Patient B had, and more. But now there is another question: "How much did these patients think they suffered?" And here is a surprise. The surprise is that Patient A had a much worse memory of the colonoscopy than Patient B. The stories of the colonoscopies were different, and because a very critical part of the story is how it ends. And neither of these stories is very inspiring or great -- but one of them is this distinct ... (Laughter) but one of them is distinctly worse than the other. And the one that is worse is the one where pain was at its peak at the very end; it's a bad story. How do we know that? Because we asked these people after their colonoscopy, and much later, too, "How bad was the whole thing, in total?" And it was much worse for A than for B, in memory. Now this is a direct conflict between the experiencing self and the remembering self. From the point of view of the experiencing self, clearly, B had a worse time. Now, what you could do with Patient A, and we actually ran clinical experiments, and it has been done, and it does work -- you could actually extend the colonoscopy of Patient A by just keeping the tube in without jiggling it too much. That will cause the patient to suffer, but just a little and much less than before. And if you do that for a couple of minutes, you have made the experiencing self of Patient A worse off, and you have the remembering self of Patient A a lot better off, because now you have endowed Patient A with a better story about his experience. What defines a story? And that is true of the stories that memory delivers for us, and it's also true of the stories that we make up. What defines a story are changes, significant moments and endings. Endings are very, very important and, in this case, the ending dominated. Now, the experiencing self lives its life continuously. It has moments of experience, one after the other. And you can ask: What happens to these moments? And the answer is really straightforward: They are lost forever. I mean, most of the moments of our life -- and I calculated, you know, the psychological present is said to be about three seconds long; that means that, you know, in a life there are about 600 million of them; in a month, there are about 600,000 -- most of them don't leave a trace. Most of them are completely ignored by the remembering self. And yet, somehow you get the sense that they should count, that what happens during these moments of experience is our life. It's the finite resource that we're spending while we're on this earth. And how to spend it would seem to be relevant, but that is not the story that the remembering self keeps for us. So we have the remembering self and the experiencing self, and they're really quite distinct. The biggest difference between them is in the handling of time. From the point of view of the experiencing self, if you have a vacation, and the second week is just as good as the first, then the two-week vacation is twice as good as the one-week vacation. That's not the way it works at all for the remembering self. For the remembering self, a two-week vacation is barely better than the one-week vacation because there are no new memories added. You have not changed the story. And in this way, time is actually the critical variable that distinguishes a remembering self from an experiencing self; time has very little impact on the story. Now, the remembering self does more than remember and tell stories. It is actually the one that makes decisions because, if you have a patient who has had, say, two colonoscopies with two different surgeons and is deciding which of them to choose, then the one that chooses is the one that has the memory that is less bad, and that's the surgeon that will be chosen. The experiencing self has no voice in this choice. We actually don't choose between experiences, we choose between memories of experiences. And even when we think about the future, we don't think of our future normally as experiences. We think of our future as anticipated memories. And basically you can look at this, you know, as a tyranny of the remembering self, and you can think of the remembering self sort of dragging the experiencing self through experiences that the experiencing self doesn't need. I have that sense that when we go on vacations this is very frequently the case; that is, we go on vacations, to a very large extent, in the service of our remembering self. And this is a bit hard to justify I think. I mean, how much do we consume our memories? That is one of the explanations that is given for the dominance of the remembering self. And when I think about that, I think about a vacation we had in Antarctica a few years ago, which was clearly the best vacation I've ever had, and I think of it relatively often, relative to how much I think of other vacations. And I probably have consumed my memories of that three-week trip, I would say, for about 25 minutes in the last four years. Now, if I had ever opened the folder with the 600 pictures in it, I would have spent another hour. Now, that is three weeks, and that is at most an hour and a half. There seems to be a discrepancy. Now, I may be a bit extreme, you know, in how little appetite I have for consuming memories, but even if you do more of this, there is a genuine question: Why do we put so much weight on memory relative to the weight that we put on experiences? So I want you to think about a thought experiment. Imagine that for your next vacation, you know that at the end of the vacation all your pictures will be destroyed, and you'll get an amnesic drug so that you won't remember anything. Now, would you choose the same vacation? (Laughter) And if you would choose a different vacation, there is a conflict between your two selves, and you need to think about how to adjudicate that conflict, and it's actually not at all obvious, because if you think in terms of time, then you get one answer, and if you think in terms of memories, you might get another answer. Why do we pick the vacations we do is a problem that confronts us with a choice between the two selves. Now, the two selves bring up two notions of happiness. There are really two concepts of happiness that we can apply, one per self. So you can ask: How happy is the experiencing self? And then you would ask: How happy are the moments in the experiencing self's life? And they're all -- happiness for moments is a fairly complicated process. What are the emotions that can be measured? And, by the way, now we are capable of getting a pretty good idea of the happiness of the experiencing self over time. If you ask for the happiness of the remembering self, it's a completely different thing. This is not about how happily a person lives. It is about how satisfied or pleased the person is when that person thinks about her life. Very different notion. Anyone who doesn't distinguish those notions is going to mess up the study of happiness, and I belong to a crowd of students of well-being, who've been messing up the study of happiness for a long time in precisely this way. The distinction between the happiness of the experiencing self and the satisfaction of the remembering self has been recognized in recent years, and there are now efforts to measure the two separately. The Gallup Organization has a world poll where more than half a million people have been asked questions about what they think of their life and about their experiences, and there have been other efforts along those lines. So in recent years, we have begun to learn about the happiness of the two selves. And the main lesson I think that we have learned is they are really different. You can know how satisfied somebody is with their life, and that really doesn't teach you much about how happily they're living their life, and vice versa. Just to give you a sense of the correlation, the correlation is about .5. What that means is if you met somebody, and you were told, "Oh his father is six feet tall," how much would you know about his height? Well, you would know something about his height, but there's a lot of uncertainty. You have that much uncertainty. If I tell you that somebody ranked their life eight on a scale of ten, you have a lot of uncertainty about how happy they are with their experiencing self. So the correlation is low. We know something about what controls satisfaction of the happiness self. We know that money is very important, goals are very important. We know that happiness is mainly being satisfied with people that we like, spending time with people that we like. There are other pleasures, but this is dominant. So if you want to maximize the happiness of the two selves, you are going to end up doing very different things. The bottom line of what I've said here is that we really should not think of happiness as a substitute for well-being. It is a completely different notion. Now, very quickly, another reason we cannot think straight about happiness is that we do not attend to the same things when we think about life, and we actually live. So, if you ask the simple question of how happy people are in California, you are not going to get to the correct answer. When you ask that question, you think people must be happier in California if, say, you live in Ohio. (Laughter) And what happens is when you think about living in California, you are thinking of the contrast between California and other places, and that contrast, say, is in climate. Well, it turns out that climate is not very important to the experiencing self and it's not even very important to the reflective self that decides how happy people are. But now, because the reflective self is in charge, you may end up -- some people may end up moving to California. And it's sort of interesting to trace what is going to happen to people who move to California in the hope of getting happier. Well, their experiencing self is not going to get happier. We know that. But one thing will happen: They will think they are happier, because, when they think about it, they'll be reminded of how horrible the weather was in Ohio, and they will feel they made the right decision. It is very difficult to think straight about well-being, and I hope I have given you a sense of how difficult it is. Thank you. (Applause) Chris Anderson: Thank you. I've got a question for you. Thank you so much. Now, when we were on the phone a few weeks ago, you mentioned to me that there was quite an interesting result came out of that Gallup survey. Is that something you can share since you do have a few moments left now? Daniel Kahneman: Sure. I think the most interesting result that we found in the Gallup survey is a number, which we absolutely did not expect to find. We found that with respect to the happiness of the experiencing self. When we looked at how feelings, vary with income. And it turns out that, below an income of 60,000 dollars a year, for Americans -- and that's a very large sample of Americans, like 600,000, so it's a large representative sample -- below an income of 600,000 dollars a year... CA: 60,000. DK: 60,000. (Laughter) 60,000 dollars a year, people are unhappy, and they get progressively unhappier the poorer they get. Above that, we get an absolutely flat line. I mean I've rarely seen lines so flat. Clearly, what is happening is money does not buy you experiential happiness, but lack of money certainly buys you misery, and we can measure that misery very, very clearly. In terms of the other self, the remembering self, you get a different story. The more money you earn, the more satisfied you are. That does not hold for emotions. CA: But Danny, the whole American endeavor is about life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness. If people took seriously that finding, I mean, it seems to turn upside down everything we believe about, like for example, taxation policy and so forth. Is there any chance that politicians, that the country generally, would take a finding like that seriously and run public policy based on it? DK: You know I think that there is recognition of the role of happiness research in public policy. The recognition is going to be slow in the United States, no question about that, but in the U.K., it is happening, and in other countries it is happening. People are recognizing that they ought to be thinking of happiness when they think of public policy. It's going to take a while, and people are going to debate whether they want to study experience happiness, or whether they want to study life evaluation, so we need to have that debate fairly soon. How to enhance happiness goes very different ways depending on how you think, and whether you think of the remembering self or you think of the experiencing self. This is going to influence policy, I think, in years to come. In the United States, efforts are being made to measure the experience happiness of the population. This is going to be, I think, within the next decade or two, part of national statistics. CA: Well, it seems to me that this issue will -- or at least should be -- the most interesting policy discussion to track over the next few years. Thank you so much for inventing behavioral economics. Thank you, Danny Kahneman. [Ingrid E. Newkirk] In my, and PETA�s , view, there is no such thing as humane meat. Perhaps, if we were being asked to consider road-kill, which at least wouldn�t be cruel if it was scraped up off the road and eaten, but that�s not what we�re being asked. Rather, it�s being suggested that we actually buy and accept it�s somehow alright eating the flesh of animals who are very much alive. Who have friends and family, or were deprived of them, and who go through enormous trauma, despite some small courtesies like a little extra space in their overcrowded prison cells. Yes, kicking the dog six times a week instead of seven is marginally better, but that doesn�t mean we should go around suggesting that people kick the dog, just not as often, does it? Calling this sad flesh �humane meat� is like calling Brittney Spears an opera singer. I could go along with SLCBSUM, or �slightly less cruel but still unacceptable meat,� but it�s definitely still not �humane meat� by a long shot. There is nothing humane about the flesh of animals who have had one, or two, or perhaps three improvements made in their absolutely singularly rotten lives on today�s farms. Perhaps they are allowed outside. Perhaps they are not kept in �iron maidens� or sow stalls. Perhaps they�re hens who are allowed a box in which to lay their eggs. But the rest of their lot in life, and the manner in which they are otherwise treated outside these reductions in abysmal cruelty, is still an abomination. By being asked to support meat from marginally less cruelly treated pigs and hens, we are also being encouraged to support animal breeders, the people who bring our fellow animals into this world for the sole purpose of putting them through the ringer, of causing them stress, and trauma, and pain, and then pronouncing, �Off with their heads,� because we want to eat their body parts. In asking us to endorse �humane meat� we�re also being tacitly asked to endorse artificial insemination, which is a hideously scary procedure carried out on what farmers themselves call �rape racks.� And we�re being told to support mutilations, like castration without pain killers, dewattling, decombing, having hole-punchers rip bits out of sows� ears. Being asked to support �humane meat� means asking us to support the suffering of animals in transit, to approve of their saucer-wide-eyed- body-shaking-palpable fear as they�re slung by their legs into crates that are banged into the back of a truck � the first and last ride of their lives. And we�re being asked to find acceptable and humane their experience as they barrel down the highway freezing cold and burning heat. How can we accept that, any of it, if we are thinking animals? We can�t. By being asked to endorse this grossly misnamed �humane meat� we are being asked to endorse the way the animals are killed, the very final moments that culminate in the fear and the smells of the slaughterhouse, for no meat is obtained without the slaughterhouse, a place of blood and awful and screams. If that is humane, then take the kids to one and let them make a day of it. Why not? Because it isn�t humane. That�s why. All of us in society are supposed to believe it�s a good thing to prevent needless suffering � all of us. So if that�s true, how can meat ever be acceptable? The pigs� or the hens� misery, their suffering and their pain, was absolutely needless, because we know we have no cause to eat meat at all. And given that much of what is bought to eat in this country, fully half of it, is thrown away for one reason or another, if we support any meat consumption, we�re supporting animals, hurt and killed, not even for the table, but for the compost heap. You can�t get much more needless than that. And if we support any meat consumption, we are supporting not only continued animal slavery, for that�s honestly the only way to describe how animals are treated when they�re raised for meat, but to support continued human disease, desertification, agricide, environmental degradation, the depletion of top soil to raise feed crops for factory-farmed animals, the pollution of rivers and streams from waste, with its accompanying destruction of wildlife. As for organic and pesticide-free, I think two of PETA�s campaigners summed it up best. They were standing in a supermarket and behind them was an unattended cellophane package containing chicken. The label said, �young chicken,� and �pesticide free.� And one of our campaigners said to the other, �Look at that, do you think that poor young chicken, lying dead under this plastic wrap, is pleased or was pleased that she was pesticide-free?� The man buying the chicken came up and heard her. He said, �Ew I can�t buy that now.� And they took him and they showed him what to eat, and they gave him a vegan starter kit; now that�s public education. What if instead our campaigners had suggested that he eat �humane meat?� They would have kept his taste for meat alive, they would have taught him nothing, and they would have made it seem as if even animal protectionists believe it is somehow acceptable to eat animals. Which is the better approach: real education or meat facilitation? Meatification, or Vegefication? Supporting the fantasy of �human meat� works directly against vegan education and that can�t be helpful, it can�t be right. As we look around we see society at a turning point; everyone, from NFL�s Arian Foster, to Bill Clinton, to Anne Hathaway, to Anderson Cooper, to Martha Stewart, is talking about how going vegan has boosted their energy and keeps them looking slim and healthy and is environmentally friendly and, yes, animal friendly. Grocery stores are packed with tasty vegan foods; from faux meats like vegan chicken and ribs and vegan cheese to you name it. It�s no longer a chore to ask for a vegan meal in a restaurant, including a steakhouse. And there are vegan options at schools all across the country. Some universities have all-vegan cafeterias. With so many fantastic vegan cookbooks and food options, and with programs like the �Physician�s Committee for Responsible Medicines� 21 Day Vegan Kick Start,� and the wildly popular �Vegan Starter Kit,� we can help people step away from eating animals and show them they truly won�t miss a thing, accept ill health. Now more than ever before it�s time to push that way of thinking forward, not to turn it upside down and try to keep animal farming alive. Animal farming is not humane in any way, shape, or form. It�s a nightmare for the animals, for the earth, for human health, and for every living being; it needs to go. Here�s a little poem to play with: Oh tell me, dear, don�t pigs love their cages, and farmers pay them tip-top wages? Do they dine on pinecones, nuts, and clover, and go gladly when it�s over? And tell me, dear, what can I eat, if I don�t eat meat? If I shun liver, tongue, and ground-up body, will I end up feeling shoddy? What about veal, and legs of lamb, monkeys� brains and fried up Spam? Will beans and nuts be quite as yummy? Will greens and grains fill up my tummy? Well yes, they�re good, the answer came, and eating them involves no shame. Humane meats like unicorns and the Easter bunny, the problem is, this myth�s not funny. Considering a human is just another animal, if you eat your fellows you�re actually a cannibal. At PETA we believe animals are not ours to eat, to pick off a shelf, to consider food at all. They�re us. That means we have to actively persuade people to reject all meat, to remind them that animals have emotions and needs just as human beings do. Anyone who asks them instead to support any form of animal farming is working against a just and compassionate world � the one we�re trying to create. And we can�t go along with something so needless and wrong. The momentum for vegan living is on our side and it will take every one of us to bring this change about by being active advocates for vegan living. And that means rejecting the fallacy of �humane meat.� So let�s do all we can to push for a vegan world. We don�t need more generations of meat-eaters, and we don�t need animal protectionists to sell out animals who are seen as worth only the flesh on their bodies, their hearts and their minds and their feelings forgotten. There is no such thing as �humane meat.� Thank you. The entire money-structured and materialistic-oriented society is a false society. 10 or 15 years from now, our society will go down in history as the lowest development in Man. We have the brains, the know-how, the technology, and the feasibility to build an entirely new civilization. - You believe that we teach competition? That it's not bred into some- - Competition is dangerous, socially offensive, considered right and normal, because you are brought up to that value system. What kind of competition did Jesus have? What kind of competition is there in your body? Suppose your brain said, "I'm the most important organ!" And the liver said, "I am. And I want a Free Enterprise system!" You would rot away in a month if every organ of your body went out for itself. - Socio-cyberneering does not appeal to governments, to private enterprise. We're going to do this thing- just as the automobile phased out the stagecoach, just as television stepped in and phased out the old vaudeville and the old motion pictures. That history and technology is respecters of no society, no individual opinions, but it moves on. And we've got to be prepared to face the future. - In your society there are no mayors of cities - There are no mayors, there are no politicians, and you don't have to fill out any forms to go to the arts center or music center and you go to a university whether you can afford it or not. You don't have to use any of the systems today. Let me briefly say this: You have a bumper in front of your car and behind your car. But in your society, your car is hit on the side also. You have safety belts and harnesses in your car. But that assumes that you're going to be hit by the rear or in front. If you're hit on a side you go right through the side of the windshield. What good are these approaches?! They are designed by men that are cerebral insufficients! You've got to design a society with a bumper all around the car, phase out human drivers, put electronic guidance systems in cars, or eliminate the automobile, design a holistic transportation system. We must put our mind to this as we do to put a man on the moon. We must put our mind to the social problem. We wish to get away from politics. We wish to get away from the old world method of solving problems. - This is clean sources of power. By utilizing the natural heat of the Earth- that is, volcanic energy, or the magma, or the molten lava under the Earth, of which there are approximately 500 potentials- if we tap a mountain in Hawaii, called Mount Aloha, we can get enough power to electrify the world. We can get enough power from that volcano alone. We have 500 potential volcanoes we can harness. We can use that natural heat from the volcano. No smog. No smoke. No dirt. No gases. No fuels. No oil spills. And no more burning of fuels in any city to generate power. If Japan used Fujiyama, they don't need to burn oil. They don't need oil. All of that heat is sitting there! 20 million years of power, right under the Earth's surface. In fact, you don't even need to use fusion power or nuclear power. And it's easy to tap. And it's clean, and available. As soon as we make up our minds to put scientists rather than on weapons, nerve gas, on harnessing the Earth power that is already here. It would take 10 years to change the surface of the Earth, to rebuild the world into a second Garden of Eden. The choice lies with you. The stupidity of a nuclear arms race, the development of weapons, trying to solve your problems politically by electing this political party or that political party, that all politics is immersed in corruption. Let me say it again: communism, socialism, fascism, the democrats, the liberals- we want to absorb human beings. Women's Lib-... All organizations that believe in a better life for Man! There are no Negro problems, or Polish problems, or Jewish problems, or Greek problems, or women's problems. They're Human problems! To come into socio-cyberneering, and take your part, and function. We are not concerned with the divisions of segments of society. - No ... control of the population? - Population control is dependent upon education. We feel an educated population needs no control. - You wouldn't stop sex. - No, sir. - Good move, Jacque. This first one, x is less than 4, and these last two, x is equal to 9 and x is greater than 9, all satisfy our rational inequality. [ background music ] >> Narrator: Curly Cook has <br/>been described as a cowboy, an educator, an innovator, <br/>a humanitarian, an outstanding <br/>animal scientist. Curly made his ranching <br/>debut in Georgia in 1959 and soon after, completed <br/>his Master's Degree in Animal Nutrition at UGA <br/>and became an Assistant County Agent. >> Dr. Curly Cook: When you <br/>went to work for the College of Agriculture <br/>at the University, you had instant respect, <br/>you had instant credibility. It was up to you to keep it <br/>there and take it higher. Pretty much the agents <br/>and the producers assumed if we hired them, <br/>if they were hired, they were capable and had the <br/>qualities to do a good job. >> Narrator: This began what <br/>would be a 31 year career to the UGA College of Agricultural <br/>and Environmental Sciences, the state's beef <br/>cattle industry and youth and adult <br/>education in Georgia. >> Dr. Robert Stewart: Curly has a <br/>lot of worthy characteristics. The two most notable, <br/>I'll narrow it down to is positive attitude <br/>and persistence. No matter what the situation, <br/>how bad it is, Curly Cook is going <br/>to find the positive. He's going to dwell <br/>on the positive and that contagious, <br/>and that's good. Persistence is just as <br/>important of a quality because to Curly, no meant <br/>maybe and maybe meant yes. >> Narrator: Curly was soon <br/>named Area Livestock Specialist, and mentored many <br/>adults and 4-Hers who, as a result of <br/>his influence, are now avid supporters <br/>of UGA and the college. Curly's hard work and abilities <br/>led to his promotion to State Livestock Specialist and <br/>relocation to the Athens campus. Most of his work focused on <br/>beef cattle; but he was a versatile specialist and was <br/>also viewed as an expert on sheep, swine and horses. >> Dr. Curly Cook: The College of <br/>Agriculture is just a dynamic institution <br/>that makes a difference in people's lives. It makes a difference <br/>in America. Agriculture is responsible <br/>for feeding us, clothing us. People don't understand <br/>the land grant system and how much it does for us. It's one of the things that's <br/>different about America that's not there <br/>in other places. >> Narrator: Under his leadership, the Georgia Beef Cattle <br/>Improvement Association grew to be one of <br/>the largest and most effective <br/>in the nation. He was also instrumental <br/>in the organization of the National Beef <br/>Improvement Federation, which has evolved to the international beef records <br/>source of standards. >> Dr. Curly Cook: There's a lot <br/>of people through the years that influences <br/>your life. I think Dr. Dan would <br/>have to be one of them, my old Vo Ag teacher; of course, Sandra was; then county agents. You can just name a lot <br/>of the people that were. Producers, you can name <br/>the producers that were a big influence because <br/>they were sharp. Boy, you had to <br/>keep up with them. >> Narrator: In 1981, <br/>Curly was promoted to Head of the UGA Extension <br/>Animal Science Department. >> Dr. Robert Stewart: Curly <br/>has kind of a special ability to identify with <br/>anyone and everyone at the lowest levels, <br/>at the highest levels. He comes across with <br/>that degree of sincerity and he really cares not only <br/>about them but their families. So you listen to <br/>what Curly says. And if you listen, <br/>you can learn from him and use a lot of his philosophy <br/>in your own programs. >> Narrator: A shining star in <br/>Curly's achievements includes the Georgia Junior <br/>Livestock Program and continued success can be <br/>attributed to his leadership. His commitment to Georgia's youth <br/>led Curly's crowning achievement, the Georgia National <br/>Fairground and the Agricenter. >> Dr. Robert Stewart: In the <br/>early years, everybody told Curly that the concept of <br/>the Agricenter was too big, too expensive, it just <br/>couldn't be done. But Curly's persistent. He followed through; he worked, <br/>he worked, he worked, it worked. And what we have now is one <br/>of the showcase venues in eastern America for the <br/>juniors in our state as well as some of the <br/>national competitions to be held here in <br/>Georgia, in Perry. >> Narrator: In 1989, <br/>Curly was promoted as Associate Director for the UGA <br/>Cooperative Extension Service while also serving in <br/>several positions for the Georgia County <br/>Agents Association including Director, Vice <br/>President and President. >> Dr. Curly Cook: Of course, <br/>you've always got the influence your spouse <br/>had on you. You've got to have support <br/>at home and kids too. So that's all part of it. >> Narrator: Curly retired <br/>from UGA in 1992 but he hasn't stopped working <br/>for Georgia agriculture. Curly served as <br/>the 50th President of the UGA CAES <br/>Alumni Association. >> Dr. Curly Cook: Working with <br/>the Ag Alumni group was really another one of the highlights <br/>in my life because we really got involved in reconnecting <br/>with a lot of people. >> Narrator: Curly's <br/>accomplishments have earned him numerous awards including <br/>induction in to the Alumni Hall of Fame at <br/>Panhandle State University, and the Georgia Cattleman's <br/>Hall of Fame. He received the Georgia Honorary Farmer's Award, the National Agricultural Alumni <br/>and Development Association's <br/>Volunteer Service Award, the Southern Ag Workers Award and both the National <br/>and Pioneer Awards for Beef <br/>Improvement Federation. >> Dr. Curly Cook: Being inducted <br/>into the Hall of Fame is just wonderful; <br/>it's a highlight. I'm just awed by it <br/>because of the people who have been in <br/>there before me. That's what so wonderful <br/>because, I guess, I'd be pretty well at the <br/>bottom of that list if you started <br/>ranking them. But that's alright. It's wonderful to me. >> Narrator: The UGA <br/>College of Agricultural and <br/>Environmental Sciences Alumni Association<br/>proudly inducts Dr. Curly Cook <br/>into the Georgia Agricultural <br/>Hall of Fame. (c)2013 University of Georgia<br/>College of Agricultural and<br/>Environmental Sciences<br/>Office of External Affairs I hold my breath, yeah it's painful I take a breath, three-two-one but it's painful, it's still painful why is it that you aren't here? I can breathe, I'm living I'm living, but I'm lonely. still I'm living, laughing and living why is that you aren't here...? hey, you can laugh. hey, you can cry hey, you can get angry. you can love me hey, you can kiss me. hey, you can hold me hey, you can make me yours only I can see you, I'm happy I'm living, so I'm lonely. I'll stop time, so I say. I pray "please", unteach... hey, can I laugh? hey, can I cry? hey, can I get angry? can I love you? hey, can I kiss you? hey, can I hold you? can I make you only mine... hey, you can laugh. hey, you can cry hey, you can get angry. you can love me hey, you can kiss me. hey, you can hold me hey, you can make me yours only "you're laughing." "so are you." "are you crying?" "so are you." "I love you." "so do I." "we'll meet again." "I'll be waiting." I'll be waiting. Question:- Bhagavan, what is the difference between desires of the mind and desires of the heart ?? Sri bhagwan explains:- it is very different, The desire of mind is born out of comparison, out of jealousy and such other factors, well that from the heart is not because of any comparison or jealousy or of insecurity or other things... he just loves doing it... he just loves to play the violin he just play that, thats all... not because he wants to become the worlds most famous violinist, if such things are not there... its just because he like to play the violin then is obviously from the heart.... so, but since we have never allowed the heart to flower.. its a bit difficult to experience it... because children are never allowed to be themselves, but if you start with inner integrity soon the heart would flower & you will see a CLEAR difference in your life you will see joy has come back, you will feel so happy, you look at people you will be so happy you will never feel Sick with people... very often you get sick with people... but the moment you see a person you get energy that means the heart is active, when you see a human being, whoever the person is you must get energy you know, that means the heart is opened up & then the desires would arise up from the heart, its only then you are a human being not otherwise.... Today, God is once again poking at and playing with our lives. Even though I know no one can escape my evil eye, I still struggle to live in the moment. An unending cycle of life and death Here, a flower of blood blooms, with the only thing that can quench my dried up heart... I fight, I fight, but what am I protecting? I fight, I fight, Is this my reward? I fight, I fight, When will this worn down body finally collapse? An unseen threat sneers and scorns me as I haphazardly keep swinging my sword. Suddenly I realize, all covered with blood, the dark truth. So that someday this vow in my chest, the reality in these eyes will fall into my hands and make the future blossom into full glory... I fight, I fight, but what will I get? I fight, I fight, Is there anything to be grateful for? I fight, I fight, Will these repeating days of destruction ever end? I fight, I fight, there's nothing left! I fight, I fight, yet still, I cannot die. As my last memory of when I was human wavers and grows dim... I fight, I fight, cutting down everything in my way, I fight, I fight, Bloom, flowers of blood! I fight, I fight, until the day that this world is ressurected again... I fight, I fight, I fight... The police lady over there. We meet again. Are you going shopping? Yes. Can we talk for a bit? Why? We wait will have a important is to exercise. Can we talk about the matter regarding the security guard? This type of thing should be discussed with our captain or higher ups. I'm also just a lowly patrolling officer. We've met before. Talk to me for moment, just a while is okay. I need to go to patrolling. Furthermore... I am not a police lady. I'm a patrolling officer. Is. Car police officer. But... You very ruthless. Good work. -= Episode 4 =- Hey! Have a seat. I've wanted to do this very early on. Lunatic... Yes, that's the type of thing a lunatic would say. You should just forget it. The stuff that was said that day. I apologize. I forgot about it. I forgot it ages ago. Who are you? Car police officer also not always correct. How? Be me lit. to draw blood on the first prick to jab to sore spot. Anyway I've already apologized. Also really won't care for others. Also won't care if others accept it or not. Just like to to lose go out the same in confusion or disorder to apologize. Care is superior to feel another kind to show method? I'm stronger than you. This needs to be said when picking up girls. You should copy down the stuff being said now. You are saying i want to puffed you. You want me that way puffed you. Get out of the way! Is bus stand. Like this is to violate stop the car. What did the boss say just now? Already said what is it? Say me very ruthless. Very great. Similar is woman. Will also have to to subdue policewoman to yearn for. Charostone( katydid clear history east ) all come communication. Pattern and really more. Hello. What's? Up. Really. Wait. I am going. Charostone. You really long time have not seen. Come. This side. Today have very well customers. Special is new come female visitor also very more. Me to several people please to here come. Woman then can forget it. Raise one's wine cup bring here and will do. Hello for a long time then come. And dressed like this handsome. Only drink alchocol if. Female customers and instead will disappointed. Because you. Then continue come we club female customers also a lot. Is cannot be that way. Please a little bit and so on. And cannot be to trash scene to release at home. Me also cannot to these all to tidy up finish. I don't care! Really let people to spend effort. This head exactly at where doing what? How do you do? Aigoo, aigoo! Sit then. So. To congratulate beforehand both position How are you getting by cheerful? We are not first time meeting. Seems like it. Is at club seen. I am not is anyhow woman? Club today but the first time. Because friend then .. Surely seen. Yes, that's right. Unknownly in this way. Become cheerful meet also good. How do I look? Will compared to that person become interesting. Just you are that kind and to attempt vainly what? - to close up fee. - parking little brother. What are you doing here? But also doing what? Come play. This clothes and really to lend good. Me and also bit to join this clothes. To drape over one's shoulders fortified hill village a register and very proud of oneself. Although said is fortified hill village. To lend suit also to compensate for loss one month wages. Also never to then degree. But then... Is south of Changjiang or Yangtze river parking. One month also can struggle a three hundred more ten thousand. Flower more. Want to investment. And doing what? Merchant. To buy and sell. Sell? What? Happy. Hear about what? Able to use money to buy happy. Sell steamed stuffed bun. Good viscera. Quality not bad the appearance. Just watch like really. Me never use counterfeit article. Really funny. You and thought are you, Europe Pula warm bud. ( the Americas entrepreneur talk show TV or radio presenter )? Why aren't you answering your phone? If do not answer. I just to code give change. So you all will also not use so attachment at south of Changjiang or Yangtze river. See dry measure for grain equal to ten dou days cave with pay cliff cave. Price hot spot incessant is move. There have a Xindu or Newtown district of Chengdu city city [Cheng2 du1 shi4], Sichuan market to schedule in advance. You all thought why do I go Jiangbei district of central Chongqing municipality, formerly in Sichuan? Therefore. You grandfather promised to name to convey to you overhead. Will give me seal. Then but want to to press later then know. Omo. Came came. Then male. What is this? Really. What happened? Who is it? Over there. Come here. What is it? Want to left already. Who. Curious is dead. There. Then male. You want to go. This early? Next time me again come. Who is it? He is recently most to receive to pay attention to. 30 years old not until but to have to count myriads property man. Also this member. Who is he. You all know. But never people know. Name. Accurate age. So much is doing what? All never people know. Him actually not plutocracy family born with. But heard plutocracy house son of an official. Extremely want to with him become friend. Ah, really!!! What is all this? I'm busy right now. I also very busy. To let your luggage to move house. Hear about what? Because of you. Pressure become big. Three 000,000 all become medical fees. So today just to room empty come out. Hang up. I am busy. Ajussi. Waist will chopped. Him leave. Get up. That... Just leave that male. Do you know him phone number. Tell me... You are my club member. Although not member. We club. Have not openly announced member information principle. I am sorry. Like this stingy. Wait! Wait! Wait! Where have this kind of. Three 000,000 not never to compensate for loss finish. This period of time lodging fee. To eat on the sly me item. To gang up when I talk. To puff perfume. You eat finish to confiscate to ascend in light steps. To pull stool. Anyway is to those to fasten to fall later to remain. Hold it go out. Thought who do not dare going out. So. You go out. Hog. Hear about what? See you eating something the appearance. Just like hog the same. Me room lamp one to stop burning. You just will to appear before one's eyes now. To spare no effort. To do one's utmost. Want to close eyes to turn a blind eye to. Still unable to escape your hollow of the palm. Hu. My. Heart. More and more clear you. To make me unable to to throw off. Baby. U. When memory to become dull gray vague that time. We is identical disc sky. Big evening what is the matter? Want with Asia humane together sleep. Ajussi, Catch. Have you eaten? Mmm... This is her give. Mmm... It's really strange. Every day to quarrel. How can give this? I said her good-looking. Really? You really to press father's younger brother teach your do. Say her good-looking. Then exactly have grown how is it? Really grow very nice. Not. Have grown looks bad. Fat fat. But eyes very big. Eyebrow also very black. Although very fat. But eyes very big. Eyebrow also very black. Then, that is very nice. Then not. Said already looks bad. That is very standard cheek. Then, that is very nice. Asia humane mother. You haven't seen before that small child. Seen. Very nice. See. Mother also say very nice. Looks bad. No matter okay or not see. It is important ... Her give you this. Then explain. Her to believe you very important. Very important Representative very well. Right. That's right Just like dinosaur soldier the same. You do not have it cannot be live. Isn't it. Mmm... Then father's younger brother also feel that Asia humane very important. Of course,. Brat. Mother also. Of course, important. Dinosaur soldier among also miracle 's wang. To father's younger brother to have one's say. Mother just like miracle 's wang the same important. To put up not to put up tent then can forget it. Oneself buy. Doing what not classics to permit anyhow to use other people item? Hey. Get up. Hey. Nine tail fox. This is to break the rules to construct. For a while after work will come inspection. Do not want to too in a difficult situation if. Just oneself do as I see fit. Otherwise, just report to the police. We sell scene in. This time, new article repercussions how? Repercussions very well. Special is to have butterfly to bear fruit or metal ornament want to to cover. Very more people want to. To seoul to push out to disseminate other company brand name. Nothing speech. Sales repercussions how is it? Is from France top-notch TClM started. Accept the same raw material. So Celavie with LV is like one grade. That kind of who will letter. If is plum minister if. Will with wife say. This with LV is like one grade. After that when gifts send her. Hurry statement. Not with LV use identical raw material. LV will pick to go out most top-notch leather. Again use pick finish to remain. LV will come protest. Can or cannot to set. Use with LV the same leather come do to disseminate. Also not bought. First of all. It is important ... leather. Problem is our country people. To leather understand with know is not enough. See our to cover also. Realism very well. Use to hold easy to grasp to disseminate come do to advertise. Yes, I got it. The next is... How can I want also feel that packet really too bad? Cannot be please add work. I also feel it is a pity. This is to condense countless popular feeling blood program. Don't want to again to question closely. NECGOZANES light mahjong tile. CCOC. MUV. CHRlS. OF. TEN. People brand name sales volume to cut 2.3% at the same time. These sign but to grow 50%. In future. Replace those to be in flood crack to cover. Canvas to cover. Have wanted get to stand out from the masses to cover. So. Except for one age limit to measure childbirth 500 a. One hundred percent handwork to make. Problem regarding. One hundred percent handwork to make. Do not have other method. Problem regarding. Problem regarding. Problem regarding. Old practice. That... Please to speak. Me. I said sentence is really is that alright. Lit. seek but fail to get. Fig. exactly what ones been looking for? If is my words. Even if, realism even better. Will not flower several 000,000 buy made in one's own country sign to cover. I do know. That. Like foreign country prestigious. That. No matter how you say? Just like tradition that kind of feels like. In other words. A bit what originality? Special feels like. But. We did not have that. That is do not have old practice. Have worked hard. Work hard. Skirt too long. Good-looking. Good-looking. That color not suitable. Changed to mandarin orange color. Should be become suitable you. All to arrange good enough just please go out. Fine. So. Regarding old practice have what your thinking? Not yet. We history too short or brief. Want lane a old practice too difficult. Might be able to use ajussi. Don't I have you? You to 15 year to convert 30 year. 30 year also short or brief. Other people all gentle over 100 year. To compare get up. Me to approve of you. Go grow road. But me need you. You go to people in front of. Absolutely have this value. Is you to participate project. Why so want let me come out see people? I think will with you live is like one the world. Because have you is the world. Let people unable to to resist. You and really persistent. Compared with you inferior. But .. Me can become one old practice. You very great effort live. Furthermore, full dramatic. As outstanding plan to feel and thought. Experience ten year then returning to domestic that time still the stage. And also... You always hidden behind the scenes. Are you, one riddle. This time, just believe, me. Just like me once believe you. Why is there no answer? Will immediately, do. Must certainly do. Do it. This then is you. This Not will immediately, can decide matter. If you determined. Just tell me. But, don't take too much time. Mmm... Then my words finish saying. Me finish eating just returned. Just go. Now what again? As one to anchor the car's. You actually eat food two hour. Rotten brat! Really courage big. Go out, quickly! You towards me like this is cannot. Even if, is like this. I am also a .. Even if, like this. What? Will tell you. You will scare. You. You. See you like this. Really want. If this time, to let off me. I will give you one classifier for gifts, newspaper, magazine, papers, reports, contracts etc free insurance. Team leader to sink into crisis time. To be capable of help you insurance. Like this me is or is not is finished. Work time also can used insurance. So you mean to say To contain person insurance. You brat. What if again come this once if? Want to suicide. The bus is here. Still not run go. Brat. Yes. Welcome. Me come to substitute you parking. Find car. To start. But later shutter to adhere what thing? To surpass police officer. You think what to do? Should be to get off or out of to tear out. Right here a time. Some these people car open run. This that is recently to spread that kind of. New type to steal case. Do you understand? You all is to patrol that time. What if discovered have car to stop? But on top of to adhere what thing? Want to pay attention. To remind resident to raise vigilance. Know already. Yes. What happened? And power cut. Summer all over. Exactly who use so more electric. Why must to be born? Why must to be born? We affectionate gold 11th earthly branch: 7-9 p.m., 9th solar month, year of the Dog. Why must to be born? Happy Birthday. Happy Birthday. We affectionate gold 11th earthly branch: 7-9 p.m., 9th solar month, year of the Dog. Happy Birthday. You all these people is time of going to work. Really. Will also not well bother bother his own feelings. Me do not like this cover. Captain. Please to blow out candle. Fine. But this candle is what happened? A bit have not to join. Age and first-year university student years old. Already bewildering gloomy. Doing what all kinds all must to join good? Anyway that is form. Form means cannot follow form. To insert one presentable. - every year all must past birthday just not greasy. - forget it. Fine. - must do finish. To blow out will do. - is. Never eyesight to support fellow. Really want grab hold of you. After that .. - is. - really. Really... So you're back. Gold captain. Yes. Are you, will naturally to roll up. Is. Director. Me will naturally to roll up is difficult to deal with. Me and thought you perm. Being country functionary. How can perm? It would appear in no shape to be seen. In future I will motive to hairstyle to blow straight. Again use powerful send to engrave to finalize. Car police officer recently how is it? Have do not have good a bit. Her always that is that appearance. People also cannot be one night between just to change. Gold captain you more to watch attentively her bit. Her with me not too joint. Though her with me and is joint. I will work hard to guide her. This honor and glory gifts who is it give. Is car police officer. Yes? No. Unknownly bought gifts. Not should say to wish you happy birthday. Like this will not to act like a spoiled child child. In future how to get married? Isn't it right? You say to. You all never prepare gifts. You all learn learn car police officer. More learn learn. Yes. Director. Car police officer also have this kind of one side. It would appear not bad. Yes. Thank you. Call. 4497. Hope definite to report a case to the authorities. 4497 long table. Gorgeous local police station rear public park. To finish. Is here correct. Minor also do not know to be afraid. Unexpectedly to local police station rear come drink alchocol. There it is! At here. Seonbae. Will not have mistake. Must find young people then can. Find wine bottle what is the use? Went where see. Car police officer. Is not to agree to receive. Or to receive repeatedly. Korean language in to apologize with apple is like one word. Means cannot accept my path to apologize. You so-called to apologize is what? Just based on this. Hello. Big brother. Few days never see you. You brat. Other people one see. And thought are you, is to salt radish. You just keep. Every time seen you all feel that awkward is dead. Then disappear. And will do. You thought who wish to see you. Just like this. Total energy to meet by accident. Here leave local police station at least must have 50 rice. Unexpectedly follow to 50 rice any other place. And said is to meet by accident. Anyway that is to meet by accident. Just accept it, okay? One see that is a soft apple. Then, we to pull flat. To regard as you ago call past me both times. And also to get drunk wine hit me head. Fine. Ok, I know. To pull flat. Both of you drink alchocol. Her is a drunk. Sunbaenim... (Sunbaenim - Respected senior, mentor) You with him drink alchocol. Follow me say you not drink alchocol. Why with him together drink alchocol? Why not to have me? Why? Didn't you say want to help me. This exactly is what is the matter? Didn't you say her age big. I said I at consider in. Me and never say do not like. Your consider time and really grow. Here finger no need to polite expression. But. Your more and more short or brief. Is it possible that ... You towards me seonbae interesting. What if have? Me doing what still want help you? Direct kill you a modal particle indicating. I am be so easy just will be to kill people. But you always let me very to care about. He is recently most to receive to pay attention to. 30 years old not until but to have to count myriads property man. Also this member. But never people know. Name. Accurate age. So much is doing what? All never people know. Exactly is like what people? Quality not bad the appearance. Just watch like really. Me never use counterfeit article. Then, that is say. Then exterior surface is really goods. Want to one billion. Really want to curious is dead. To. That is then. That is 1 no. 1 no that day. That day come member. Manager not will have record. Go there to ask about. Have what difficult? I said. This Miss. Find people is nothing difficult. But I must want to know Miss who are you. Then can will tell you we member list. See. I am, that this people. Identity definite over. Unexpectedly to meet a obsessive love. What? Obsessive love. Hey. You finish saying. Sorry to trouble why you difficult matter? Unexpectedly just watch other party name adornment high-class. So annoying. What? Unexpectedly just to hang or suspend is this. Really the rich. Unmarried. Then this female cannot be is him daughter-in-law. Then what is it? Senior friend. Not right or wrong. Not like friend. Also not like is sister. But really stylish. If my also can as that way will be good enough. Right. Want to have money then can. This place not yet use polite expression. See what? To sir unexpectedly like this talk. Is to dream. Ajussi are you, metamorphosis. Doing what always see me? You skirt to roll up get up. Hear about what? You skirt to roll up get up. All seeing buttocks. Not live. Not tell me earlier me. Just so to look at. You pervert! Today not bad. Where did you go? Where did she go? Catch. Me see tennis or not really suitable you. Otherwise to test to test golf. Than I must not redo to purchase. Golf baseball clothes and so on. In other words. What are you doing not first to follow good examples? And always first to ingratiate oneself equipment. I also very painful hard. My this perfect -ism. Me see I still do do breathe to move. Will also not need equipment. Why not need equipment? Old already later still need to breathe angry. I want to is use to breathe equipment ago die to fall. Ah... right. Heard you is parking. Me and thought you are also just saddle horse saddle horse motor. Forever not drive. Interjection of wonder, shock or admiration. Me and say mistake. Why are you always like this? Only unceasing stab of pain. Wound then will become not ache. Also good for a while. If my drive the car. Name of a river never just nothing wrong do. You see you are that to play with ruthless kind. Me is really do not like you like this child. Have you or not some people square to split up. Not only is some. Then, that is absolutely. Correct correct. That is this expression. This tone of voice. Hidden to look as if honest face hole dark. Just watch really let people not well. Spirit good people. At a glance, can to look at come out. Then looks like me spirit will also not good. In my opinion, in my view come. You spirit all have problem. This year and also nothing spirit problem people. Among and also serious illness patient. Then big brother. Can you see Qing you yourself. So me then one person live. Because I am unable to burden one family. You have listen past spontaneous characteristic unmarried. Be to divorce should be call him spontaneous characteristic unmarried. Hey. Slowly is prosperous. You need always is wound to let go salt. Only like this then can good quickly. Drink up! Name and surname slowly is prosperous. To net sth ball. And also chauffeur. And some people square to split up. Absolutely is the rich. Scallion one a bunch how much money? One a bunch 1500 Won. This better. Buy spinach. Cheap bit give you. A bit stale. Now and also so fresh. If you are have taken go just cheap bit give you. So many who eat finish. Just give me 2000 Won will do. Good good. Auntie. Give half lump tofu. Aigoo. Tofu one block then how big? Every day all must half lump. 700 Won. Yes. Hey. Small daughter-in-law. Come over buy this. Cheap bit give you. What is that? Is our village to give birth nature's color crab. What if do as soy sauce nature's color crab? Special delicious. No need. I am, that want light breakfast to be sold out light breakfast return home. Give me grandchildren to prepare a meal. I just one person. So more how come eat finish? And also. I am not a small daughter-in-law. Aigoo. So it is said to have an urge is devil. When can I then can eat finish. Is that Representative. People very cooked. This again is what clothes? To where lane come. Me bother him. To. Not this side. It's really annoying. Unknownly came go inside sit down. No need. Director do not like me. Where have do not like. Is you too beautiful. Do not dare see you a modal particle indicating. You ask me letter this sentence. Is really. Get this when gifts. Isn't it said him like China wine. Car police officer. What are you doing? Quick, come here and help. Really not cause trouble all Chairman mouth ulcer. Who you blocking the way. If not to help just to get out of the way. Will step to child. That side have one only is escape. Quickly help me catch. Hurry up! Ai, really... I'm sorry, really sorry. I didn't do it on purpose. Nothing wrong. After all is a to burst out suddenly situation. Our workshop is this side. And this friend also say just nice is stay at this. I have something need find him to help. Yes, that's right? My house is this side. One on the street. The world already is I. Representative. then I will take my leave. Slowly is prosperous. Then just rely on you. Is. Please walking slowly. Representative. I don't even know. We company workshop is this place. Fate or chance that brings people together fate or chance that brings people together. Who knows? Have days be Representative to regard as important. Become formal staff. Otherwise request to convey to guard group. Me painting painting will also not mistake. Otherwise take advantage of this opportunities do create a design. Where are you what is going on? There's no relationship of any sort. That is company Representative with small staff between relationship. Mmm... Because to be occupied with sth want to you to help. That's why year you have just returned? Mmm... Do not have chauffeur. Representative personally drive. And ground or first floor workers but sit secondary to pilot seat. Mmm... Furthermore, two people talk and full anyhow? My this people already very never politeness. Don't care is company Representative. Or small police officer all use flat dialect. Slowly is prosperous. I'll do this a row already four year. Me at a glance, can to look at come out. This person is or is not a bit unusual. Therefore... This body clothes and what is it? You this is to loot which the rich house. That is me eighteen years old that time do matters. Sometimes just to to change to change feeling. Will like this to bore through a moment. Seemingly very expensive. - I am to bring together several a month wages. - is or is not just recently that woman. Not. That Representative will buy for you. What? Because I am with Representative between is that kind of relationship. Her give me buy clothes buy wine. Are you, want as like that old practice. Me seemingly is that kind of people. But if that's not it, You just proof give I will take a look. You this completely is fake. Isn't it said at a glance, can to look at come out. But me. Cannot tell by seeing. You just recently explanation very unreasonable. You think I will letter that kind of it does not make sense old practice. But also compared to me become is frame. Who all know you is to put on a play. Doing what not truth real say? In fact... Let me proof is that so. Why do I have to do that ? Car police officer for what must ask this thing? You have this qualification this authority. We. Not stranger. Isn't it? I have come. Sister where are you. Eonni. Yes. That is stranger. Who say not. This is so embarassing. Carefully see and really is adorable. You to blush. You don't tell me is like me. What are you doing? You can it be not want to let me hold hands. Is really is too worry about me. You let me proof. Why do I have to do that? We. Not stranger. Isn't it? Bastard! Eonni. I'm the one who's wrong. In future I will well to clean. I won't again to eat on the sly sister food. Will also well to wash up. To repair three 000,000 ago. Just let me stay this. Outside really very cold. If my to freeze askew mouth. Sister will also very to have a headache. I beg you, unni. Who. You. What's wrong? What happened? Early morning go out to patrol. How come back like this late? You contrary to what one might expect connection first tone in Mandarin again come? Eat okay? Qing bent thick paste of fermented soya bean soup can do. Who is she? Not to allow say. You sure to die. Father ex-wife re-marry later bring big to remarry. All arrived this. Still want to depend on live here go down. Does this makes any sense? Father to help to catch up go out. And also... I also hope father you can to leave. Oneself exactly do to what? Apt to happen just sudden appear. I ask you to cook food eat. I am you nanny. From childhood learn started. To let father you to prepare a meal. After school. We just completely at a loss with students to merge. To get what condition? Me then can even a friend also do not have. You! Her is me younger generation. To move house life never to regard as accurate. Will here stay few days. Hey, kid. Is this what we taught you? Look, look. This all to exceed over. Aigoo. Like this expensive leather just be you to destroy as this revolting behaviour. Do you know this things value how much money? Me even three month zero ten days die to wind around soft call. Then reservation bought. This me can do not know. Unknownly know. You but also to destroy as like this. Aigoo. Is really is really too bad. What will I do? Hey. You have not grow eyes. All wait so long period of time. Just again more learn bit. Bother you eat. Bother you sleep. Well teach you. Eventually you business will also not bother. And midnight escape. Send what to look distracted? Get return home give you yourself do underpants to bore through. Brat. What are all these? Me plan. Ajussi to make. I am not a ask you. This all is what? Just to is conference that time to reveal. I am not a say have to place an order good. Only use most top-notch diamond. To surpass one thousand classifier for small spheres, pearls, corn grains, teeth, hearts, satellites etc. So. This how much money? Twenty billion. First to reveal one year the time. After that to return to auction. To earnings to contribute go out. Really will blind to toss from side to side. Blind to toss from side to side inside. Most difficult to toss from side to side that is to toss from side to side money. You still not as direct to contribute twenty billion. To look at to look at now this the world revolting behaviour. You don't like it? I said. Ajussi to make bag or purse etc like this luxurious. What so good to? As long as enough good-looking enough to bear fruit will do. Doing what want to blind to toss from side to side money? Then conference that time you don't come. Rotten brat noisy what character? Contrary to what one might expect is beautiful? You're really beautiful! You younger generation eat past dinner. It does not matter. Her is to lose weight. I'm hungry! Just know oneself eat. It's mom. Mom! Mother. You former husband came. Hear about what? Is her father. Is to offer good her father correct. That is correct. Voice exceptionally big. Eyes special bright. Have grown is to scare people. But mother you previously is living like how? So him seeing you. Sister say me is her younger generation. If my to expose identity. Surely will be to kill. Right. How will be to kill? What did you do wrongly? Mom! Me stomach hungry. To cast away me one person. Just them oneself eat. Then is because of her father is. You in future then eat will do. You exactly until when then can became police grow. Me heard to raise office to examine you and to fail the imperial exams. Police : functionary position. Is you this age. I am we police office most not young police. Able just automatic to go to promote to a higher job to raise office. This time, what if again cannot? Must not doing to open wide to have one's eyes on. Just watch police grown post run. Aigoo. Good road all will not go. Most not young police. Isn't that, as good as is this once to exceed always to display. Eye seen will to retire. Until now, still not past is a guard. You wait and see. Wait for me to retire that time. Position surely will compared to father you high. You exactly to what resentful? Me to be born for father your daughter. This itself just let me resentful. This house how like this? Mom! - how? - don't your father father see come out. Go room answer the phone. Him leave. What a relief. Him what if know to attain son is then? Surely will to be furious. Is cannot be your father know. You contrary to what one might expect afraid father? Not afraid that I right. Mother i just want to go seoul. Pear all to take. Now, is not peasant busy a period of time. Also no is to earn money. I, say... Mother i am not a have a to serve a meal shop. Call still warm and virtuous auntie. Me plan to winter go there in to help. I am not want know. And also... You contrary to what one might expect give to attain son bit food eat? She also quickly die of hunger. I am nanny. Why everybody all must with me to beg? Mercy for bosom people is it is nothing evil to move is ... Hang up. Arrived seoul again call you phone. When me spendthrift and foolish. Why everybody all in this way to behave unscrupulously? Why not? Why? Get Out! Wait. Wait. Wait a moment. Why did you hit me? To put on shoe. To leave. Not go. Not go. I'm not going. I said, go out first! This time, material not bad. Not bad. Pick extremely good. - i just returned. - is. Just follow last time say the same. Just like this come. Proportion cannot be to do who is wrong. And also... Say me beautiful. Say me beautiful touching. Because I am and feel that happy. Happiness. Say me like is to illuminate dark lights. Who will like this want me. Say me is heaven gifts. Who will like this to call out me. It's laughable. It's all lies. Me everything is also not. Me everything is also not. Nothing. Car park how leave it don't care? Stop the car space so narrow. Parking spot also so less. This is above instructions. Director. No. Except for Director. And have a jointly Representative. Stingy to cause sb's death. Flower to open up 10 dollar paper money all to feel vexed to cause sb's death. And to fasten them toil affair fee. All at a loss say. So who to dare to raise to extend a building car park. Isn't this let people grab hold of handle. But. General matters department is doing what eat? Name of Kingdoms and Dynasties at different periods not currently. Name of Kingdoms and Dynasties at different periods askew. - really say Cao Cao, famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi Cao Cao, famous statesman and general at the end of Han, noted poet and calligrapher, later warlord, founder and first king of Cao Wei, father of Emperor Cao Pi and will arrived. - in other words. To circle company later. Want give on top of remain a good impression. Anyway is step other people to go up. Everybody enjoy your meals. That is this classifier for vehicles car. 3564. 3564. 3564. 3564 car owner. If not quickly get lost come out. We just kill go inside. Get lost just need not. Please settled reliable local go come out. Please come out. Come out quickly! Not come out we just kill go inside. Empty empty. But. You have grown is similiar one person. Never listen other people like this said. I do not have it. Please come out. Please come out. To welcome you to arrive. In future if still like this. Will be open violation ticket. Haven't seen you in a long time. See you that time just to to take an exam prepare more seriously. In the end is to pass a university entrance exam. That. We say talk. I am not at all you're too kind. Go together drink cup tea. I at to be on duty. Interjection of wonder, shock or admiration. Stomach good ache. What are you doing? Then secondary appearance. Over there do what? I am also a say. Big brother. How should i to do? We car seonbae. Like tall man. Then fellow compared to me high to go out one head. Have you made up your mind? Then to fall still have not. Let go of my hand. Let go! Looks like you never to change phone number. Do not have to replace the reason. I'll call you. What can I do for you? - don't be like this. Only want will with you drink cup tea. - with me drink. If is small-scale. Me originally not plan to to bother about. But a bit too much. How everybody all like to drink tea? Drink cup tea that time also like this. So we three people together drink cup tea. Right. If are you, her previously lover. So i am at the present lover. Let's go. Still not to car to go send what foolish? Originally you is busy. Then to say goodbye. I think you have misunderstood something. Don't to imagine that one's love is reciprocated. Really young is dead. Me this type of people already young. Then just continue so live. Always. You have dated him, right? It's not your business. Me be to roll up go inside. Can unrelated. Have grown people to imitate people kind. You foresight not to regard as very difference. Get out. Why didn'i you change your phone number? Maybe... You have been waiting for him? Why would I have to explain this to you? To this to raise a question qualification with authority. You have one? We are strangers. Aren't we? Get out. I told you to get out. What are you doing? Now we are not strangers any more. Are we? ~ What you want? ~ Isn't it right? What? Kinda. Good. Girl. Isn't it. What? Kinda. Good. Girl. Hey. Hey. Hey.... Hey. Hey. Hey..Come. On. Thanks Fenghuang county in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture [Xiang1 xi1 Tu3 jia1 zu2 Miao2 zu2 zi4 zhi4 zhou1] angel theater company to translate system. Hey. Hey. Hey..Come. On. Thanks Fenghuang county in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture [Xiang1 xi1 Tu3 jia1 zu2 Miao2 zu2 zi4 zhi4 zhou1] angel theater company to translate system. Hey. Hey. Hey. (Everybody. Said. I. Shuold. Be. A. Good. Girl) Thanks Fenghuang county in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture [Xiang1 xi1 Tu3 jia1 zu2 Miao2 zu2 zi4 zhi4 zhou1] angel theater company to translate system. Thanks Fenghuang county in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture [Xiang1 xi1 Tu3 jia1 zu2 Miao2 zu2 zi4 zhi4 zhou1] angel theater company to translate system. Hey. Hey. Hey. (But. I. Don't. Wanna. Be. The. One) Thanks Fenghuang county in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao autonomous prefecture [Xiang1 xi1 Tu3 jia1 zu2 Miao2 zu2 zi4 zhi4 zhou1] angel theater company to translate system. Http://bbs.area-11.com. AREA11. High definition forum other to hang or suspend caption group. Hey. Hey. Hey. (But. I. Don't. Wanna. Be. The. One) Http://bbs.area-11.com. AREA11. High definition forum other to hang or suspend caption group. 1.2.3.4. Http://bbs.area-11.com. AREA11. High definition forum other to hang or suspend caption group. Http://bbs.area-11.com. AREA11. High definition forum other to hang or suspend caption group. Not to know who is it to sink into romance. To seem excessively clumsy. Http://bbs.area-11.com. AREA11. High definition forum other to hang or suspend caption group. -= Next Week Preview =- Not to know who is it to sink into romance. To seem excessively clumsy. Not to know who is it to sink into romance. To seem excessively clumsy. You again also not me big brother. Not to know who is it to sink into romance. To seem excessively clumsy. Grow to open up baby face. Didn't expect body contrary to what one might expect edge and corner clearly demarcated? Not to know who is it to sink into romance. To seem excessively clumsy. Not to know who is it to sink into romance. To seem excessively clumsy. Promised me. You will not again go to provoke her. That time then pure really me. Nowadays already to disappear disappear. Promised me. You will not again go to provoke her. I won't promised. You are that a request. That time then pure really me. Nowadays already to disappear disappear. That time then pure really me. Nowadays already to disappear disappear. Violence is shameful. That time then pure really me. Nowadays already to disappear disappear. Violence is shameful. But is to meet that moment. I just to fall into enemy hands. Occasionally use bit violence also -less hurt big elegant. But is to meet that moment. I just to fall into enemy hands. This type of violence. Me at any time to welcome. But is to meet that moment. I just to fall into enemy hands. This type of violence. Me at any time to welcome. To get an electric shock feels like. My dear you will to understand. This type of violence. Me at any time to welcome. If me again come here. To get an electric shock feels like. My dear you will to understand. I just not call car to offer good. Me change call to extend to offer good. To get an electric shock feels like. My dear you will to understand. 1074 immediately to hurry to scene. To get an electric shock feels like. My dear you will to understand. 1074 immediately to hurry to scene. Not to allow see other people a wink. Only to allow you look at me. 1074 immediately to hurry to scene. Hey. To start out. Not to allow see other people a wink. Only to allow you look at me. Is. Not to allow see other people a wink. Only to allow you look at me. Not to allow see other people a wink. Only to allow you look at me. What is the matter? Like this big ostentation. Not to allow see other people a wink. Only to allow you look at me. What is the matter? Like this big ostentation. Let people shy shy small fault. What is the matter? Like this big ostentation. Is formal to declare ago. Don't want to to leak rumor. Let people shy shy small fault. Is formal to declare ago. Don't want to to leak rumor. You are also want to sticking unmoving to the original. Not an iota changed accept. Is formal to declare ago. Don't want to to leak rumor. You are also want to sticking unmoving to the original. Not an iota changed accept. Hey. Hey. Hey. You still not to recruit. You are also want to sticking unmoving to the original. Not an iota changed accept. Hey. Hey. Hey. You still not to recruit. Just like the first time palpitating with eagerness to do sth feels like. Hey. Hey. Hey. You still not to recruit. Just like the first time palpitating with eagerness to do sth feels like. You are convict. Just like the first time palpitating with eagerness to do sth feels like. You are convict. Every day only to allow want me. You are convict. Then brat kill people. Every day only to allow want me. Then brat kill people. Deal with you. Me always want to follow one's heart's desires. Then brat kill people. Deal with you. Me always want to follow one's heart's desires. I hope Reporter Hwang understands me. next thing we talk about mechanic of our arms same thing only we will bringing ball from chest from chest we will put on head on same place and we make shoot again, chest we put on head and shoot, try to every time put the ball in same position, don't put once higher other time lower, always on same spot, and again,next thing, same move standing, legst are bend we put ball on perfect spot on head and shoot this is shoot and jump last stadium is same thing only jump and in higher spot shoot but for jump shoot we need to learn first simply steps before and again same we make 3000 repetition each and we working next thing i will move camera in better position [Sounds of sword clashes and screams] >>Eric: Sword of Sodan on Mega Drive, dude? There was nothing better, huh? >>Danilo: Yeah! Bad game, stiff control, but is a wicked game! I want to play a wicked game! >>Eric: Ah! Then I have something much better for you! But it's for a Microsoft platform. >>Danilo: Then let's go! >>Eric: No Xbox. MS-DOS. >>Danilo: Hmm... [Flying saucer sound] [Background music] With Danilo Viana and Eric Fraga Opening: Andrey Santos Preemptive attack from enemy!! Opening theme: Eric Fraga Editing: Eric Fraga Cosmic Cast Episode #3: Bioforge [Spaceship jet engines sound] >>Man: Tower to Control Room. The main gun is off line. [Spaceship jet engines sound] [Sound of doors locking] [Sound of heartbeats] >>Danilo: Hello everyone! This is our third Cosmic Cast, and today we'll see a game for PC that Eric considers as one of the best games for PC of all times. >>Eric: BioForge. It's a game from 1995, developed by Origin, company known by the RPG series Ultima. It's a 3D adventure, full of puzzles and a lot of exploration, but what really puzzled me in this game is the way that the science fiction story in it is told. >>Danilo: Then without further ado, let's know BioForge. >>Eric: OK, the game start with your character apparently laid in a cell maybe in a spaceship, in a station... you don't know, at the beginning... some quakes happen and the character begins to... awake. Then, together with him, the nursebot... and... orders him to keep laid, eh. Then you already start to control the character, a little bit, and you can notice there the similarity with, of course, Alone in the Dark, it's the precursor of this style. BioForge is an adventure, right... but the 3D models are more detailed than the Alone and... and the other games of this time, that adopt this style, but fixed camera, well detailed scenarios because of this; it's a factor that helps, naturally. Then the combat, simple, right, just to compose then the game. In this case, you have to throw the nursebot there in those force bars... The interesting in BioForge is that you start the game without... without a direction, without really knowing what to do, even because you have lost your own identity. You don't recognise yourself, right? Look there that the body, there is an exoskeleton, you're cyborg, half cyborg... There you're seeing... you saw there the "jornal", the journal I should say, sorry, right? Diary... and the interesting thing is that this diary, it is filled as the character he... thinks, right? He thinks something and the, the... the thought is automatically written. Uh... you hear a a sound that sounds like a bell, that indicate that an entry was done. Then uh, one of the first entries that is very curious is precisely the entry that your character, uh... write, eh, through this tool that neither he knows that it exist, that "I wrote these entries here", eh. "It appears that this device record my, my thoughts"; this is very interesting because he is explaining there the game elements and explaining the story too at the same time, right... and maintaining an absolute air of mystery, since you don't have idea yet of what will happen and what to do; there is a mate c-c-cellmate, there he is in another cell, right, the arm of him was severed when the nursebot... exploded, he seems to got excited and touched the force bars o-o-of his cell that even left the force bars failing, that has allowed me to enter, and I'm using his own arm to attack him. [Giggle] >>Eric: An important thing to remember... to comment about BioForge is the voice acting, the dubbing there of the game; they are 22 actors, or rather, 22 voice actors and, and... even for its time there is a, a, a... s-some great dialogues and, and, and good interpretations there that sometimes even in a present game we don't see, eh. There was this care there, even because the game originally would be a full motion video, would be a... would be in that scheme that we know, and that is a game that is not a game, but that was in vogue there in the 90s decade, eh, on, on, on Sega CD and PC, there maybe, 3DO, leading this thing there, that in practice of game it had nothing. BioForge they... I don't know if they liked the, the story premise, but turned in, into a real interactive movie, so that the temporary title was Interactive Movie 1, right, Origin had this, this codename there for BioForge before completing the game. Much interaction with the scenery, with computers, with... with... there in this case is a circuit that you damage and... opens the door, you saw there, I used my force to open the door, the door locked but it has opened a little bit and... The side circuit there become easy to open, I used the fork that was in, in the cell of, of the big blue guy there to finally be able to open. The character gets hurt, the model, then, in the fight there with Caynan, that is the... the blue guy. I got hurt and the body stays bleeding and he limps, eh... Uh, if he is in worse state he limps more, if you run using Shift he runs, he falls, if he is too weak, right. And there this room, for exemple, very interesting, have, have three computers that you can interact with, four screen that you can, uh... they are cameras from the cells, you can see all the cells, informations about the prisoners, hmm... turn off the force bars in some cases; in this one, no... [Electronic beeps] >>Danilo: Where is this password? >>Man: ...reactor breach. Overload imminent. Warning: reactor breach. Overload imminent. >>Eric: What's up, Danilo? What's the problem? >>Danilo: I've looked for it all here! Where is this password? >>Eric: Did you read the logbooks? >>Danilo: Oh, yeah! With the story that he is trying to escape. I've passed quickly through the story. >>Eric: Did you read the logbooks? Yeah, the logbooks in BioForge are essential. In this case, for example, this password is in a logbook. The text is rather long, it is really something of games from that time that they, right... risked at this point even there, eh, in the confection of a game; today this would be unthinkable, right... so much text; but I assure to, to you that will try to play this game, the text is exceptionally well written, each entry in, in the diary, all the logbooks... the text really excites the reading, uh... and reveals the story details, uh... slowly, and, and in a rich way, makes you get, uh... really interested in reading. >>Eric: You can drop any item on the floor, anywhere. There is the inventory management, there is the RPG elements there in that way. [Electronic beeps] >>Eric: You can easily compare BioForge with Out of This World, another pearl that can tell the game story using the gameplay as a main device for this to happen and this rarely happens even in the best RPGs, isn't always that way. Then these two games there, in particular BioForge, that is a game... an illustrious unknown, I invite you all to know it. What's up, Danilo, you like it? >>Danilo: I'm loving it! What have inside this door? >>Eric: Your destiny, Danilo... your destiny... [Background music] [Sound of door closing] [Sound of steps] [Sound of shots] [Sound of door opening] [Suspense background music] [Sound of shots] [Explosion] I thought while we're on the topic we might as well do some basic battery charger theory. So here we go. The first technique is a very basic one for charging these things. NiMH and NiCd's typically charge with a constant current. You can actually pulse the current as well but it's typically a constant current source. What you can do.... the first technique is a timer based system so you just put the battery in and the micro-controller in there just times how long it's been in charging and then shuts it off. This is really totally inadequate except for the lowest charge currents because you don't know the state of this you don't know how much charge is already in this battery before you put it in the charger. The two major types of rechargeables as I said are NiCd and NiMH. I've drawn a charging graph here. This is a pretty standard chart you'll find and this is the two different types. This is the NiCd curve and this is a NiMH curve. This is the charge voltage because it's a constant current that the voltage across the battery changes with charge. This is 0 to 100 percent battery capacity and this is the voltage across the cell when you pass the constant current charge through. As you can see they're two entirely different voltage profiles. So the second technique for determining the end of charge is actually to measure the voltage. As you can see here NiCd and NiMH once they actually reach or just after, actually that's probably slightly out, just after they reach 100 percent capacity after you've charged them the voltage will actually peak and then it will actually start to drop again. It's a much bigger drop on NiCd than on NiMH I've drawn that exaggerated it's probably not quite that sharp. Now you've probably heard of negative Delta V end of charge voltage detection and this is what it is. It basically measures the change, a negative change, in voltage between here and here. So when it starts to go when the micro measures that the voltage actually starts to go negative i.e. delta, a change in voltage, delta means a change in voltage. So when you get a negative change in voltage it knows the battery is full and I'll switch it off. That's called negative delta V voltage detection and it can also be what's called zero delta V which means it may not detect it going down. It may just actually detect that it's flattened off like that over time. The third detection method for end of charge is measuring the temperature because NiCd and NiMH batteries both increase in temperature very sharply once they get to 100 percent capacity as you can see here. Now NiMH have what's called an exothermic charging reaction. It means that they actually get hot during their entire charge cycle. Whereas NiCd's over most of their range are actually what's called endothermic. Which means they don't actually get hot during this charge. It's only once they get to the end of the charge when they get pressure build up inside that the NiCd had actually gets hot as well but they both get hot near the end so you can actually use a temperature increase on the cell to detect when you hit a hundred percent battery capacity. There are actually two different methods of doing temperature cutoff. The first one is called delta T temperature sensing. At the start of the charging it takes a reading and then it measures the difference or the Delta in the temperature over the time. Once its increased fifteen degrees or something like that it will switch off. That isn't all that reliable in itself because once again the ambient temperature can actually have an effect there. The second method of determining temperature change is what's called delta T on delta time It basically measures a change in temperature over a change in time. i.e It measures a slope or ramp like that. Ambient temperature has less effect in this technique because it's over a shorter time period like this. So this slope here is not as steep as this slope here. i.e. It changes X amount of temperature over X amount of time. This is a pretty reliable technique. It's almost certainly what this VARTA one is actually using along with minus delta V voltage cutoff. Charging a battery is actually usually a three-step process and the three steps are one is the fast charge as we have explained. Usually it's 1C but this VARTA one obviously uses 4C to get its 15 minutes. The second one is a top-up charge so when it's finished a fast charge it does a top-up at a current rate of C on 10 for 10-20 minutes something like that just to top the battery up. Then once its done that the third one is it does a C on 300 charge rate just a little tiny trickle charge for an indefinite period might be 24 hours or 12 hours something like that. As you can see this VARTA charger obviously uses various techniques to stop destroying these batteries at this massive huge 4C charge rate. As we saw we took it apart. It's got individual contact temperature sensors on each cell. I can guarantee you it's also using minus delta V cut off as well and probably got a timer in there for good measure just in case. This thing is incredible but are you gotta get those thousand recharges out of it at 4C? Not a chance! # [instrumental] # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # [instrumental] # Broken glass everywhere! # People pissing on the stairs, # y'know they just don't care. # I can't take the smell, I can't take the noise, # got no money to move out, guess I got no choice. # Rats in the front room, # roaches in the back, # junkies in the alley with the baseball bat. # I tried to get away, but I couldn't get far, # 'cause a man with a tow-truck repossessed my car. # Don't push me 'cos I'm close to the edge, # I'm trying not to lose my head. # ah ha hah hah hah # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # Standing on the front stoop, hangin' out the window # Watchin' all the cars go by, roaring as the breezes blow. # Crazy lady, living in a bag, # Eating out of garbage pails, used to be a fag-hag, # Said she danced the tango, skipped the light fandango, # The Zircon Princess seemed to lost her senses, # down at the peepshow, watching all the creeps, # so she can tell the stories to the girls back home. # She went to the city and got social security, # she had to get a pimp, she couldn't make it on her own. # Don't push me 'cos I'm close the the edge, # I'm trying not to lose my head. # ah ha hah hah hah # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # My brother's doing bad stole mother's TV, # said she watches too much it's just not healthy. # 'All My Children' in the daytime, 'Dallas' at night, # Can't even see the game or the Sugar Ray fight. # Bill collectors they ring my phone, # and scare my wife when I'm not home. # Got a bum education, double digit inflation, # I can't take the train to the job, # there's a strike at the station. # Neon King Kong standin' on my back, # can't stop to turn around broke my sacrophiliac. # Mid-range migraine cancered membrane, # sometimes I think I'm going insane, I swear, # I might even hijack a plane! # Don't push me 'cos I'm close to the edge, # I'm trying not to lose my head. # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # My son said daddy 'I don't want to go to school, # 'cos the teacher's a jerk' He must think I'm a fool! # and all the kids smoke reefer I think it'd be cheaper, # I think it'd be cheaper, if I just got a job, # learned to be a street sweeper. # I'd dance to the beat shuffle my feet, # wear a shirt and tie and run with the creeps. # 'cause its all about the money, ain't a damn thing funny, # you got to have a con in this land of milk and honey. # They pushed that girl in front of the train, # took her to the doctor, sewed her arm on again. # Stabbed that man right in his heart, # gave him a transplant for a brand new start. # I can't walk in the park, 'cause its crazy after dark, # keep my hand on my gun, 'cause they got me on the run. # I feel like an outlaw broke my last glass jar, # hear them say, 'You wan't some more? # 'living on a see-saw.' # Don't push me 'cos I'm close to the edge. # I'm trying not to lose my head. # say what? # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # A child is born with no state of mind, # blind to the ways of mankind. # God is smiling on you, but he's frowning too, # because only God knows what you'll go through. # You'll grow up in the ghetto, living second rate, # and your eyes will sing a song of deep hate. # The places you play and where you stay, # looks like one great big alley way. # You'll admire all the number book takers, # Thugs, pimps, pushers and the big money makers, # driving big cars, spending twenties and tens, # and you wanna grow up to be just like them, huh, # smugglers, scrambles, burglars, gamblers, # pickpockets, peddlers even panhandlers # You say, 'I'm cool, I'm no fool!' # But then you wind up dropping out of high school. # Now your unemployed, all non-void, # walking 'round like you're Pretty Boy Floyd, # turned stick-up kid, look what you've done did, # got sent up for a eight year bid. # Now your manhood is took and you're a may tag, # spend the next two years as a undercover fag, # being used and abused to serve like hell, # 'til one day you was found hung dead in your cell. # It was plain to see that your life was lost, # you was cold and your body swung back and forth, # but now your eyes sing the sad, sad song, # of how you lived so fast and died so young. # So don't push me 'cos I'm close to the edge, # I'm trying not to lose my head. # ah ha hah hah hah # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # ah ha hah hah hah # It's like a jungle sometimes, # it makes me wonder how I keep from going under. # ah ha hah hah hah # [spoken dialogue] # [sirens] # [instrumental fades to silence] # We're on problem 190. If the operation star with a circle around it is defined for all a and b by the equation, a star with a circle around it b is equal to a squared times b over 3, then what does 2 star with a circle around it 3 star with the circle around it minus 1 equal? So 3 star minus 1. That's equal to-- let's see, I'll do this in magenta-- 3 star minus 1. That's equal to 3 squared times minus 1 which is minus 3 squared, or minus 9. RightŁż 3 squared, 9. Times minus 1. That's minus 9 divided by 3 which is equal to minus 3. So this reduces to 2 star minus 3 which is equal to 2 squared, which is 4, times minus 3. All of that over 3. Minus 3 divided by 3. That's just minus 1. So you have minus 1 times 4 is equal to minus 4. And that's choice E. Problem 192. No, 191! Don't want to skip problems. The inside dimensions of a rectangular wooden box are 6 by 8 by 10. A cylindrical canister is to be placed inside the box so it stands upright when the closed box rests on one of its 6 bases. Of all such canisters that could be used, what is the radius in inches of the one that has maximum volume? OK, so they're going to put one canister in this box. And how do you maximize its volume? So let's think about it this way. Let's think about what a volume of a cylinder is. If this is my cylinder, its volume is the area of the side times the height. Right? If the area of the side is equal to-- if this is the radius-- it would be pi r squared times the height. Height times pi r squared. Now what's r going to be equal to? r has to go all the way around. So, r is going to be equal to half-- well, it obviously equals half the diameter of this circle. But if we look at the base that's 6 and 8, if we use that as the base, and the 10 comes out of the page,the radius can only be what? The radius can only be 3 because the diameter of the circle can only be 6. We don't get to use the 8. So, this is the case if we use the 6 and the 8 side. And so we'll kind of be-- I guess the best way to think about it is we'll be wasting this base over here. The other possibility, if we had the 8 and the 10 side, if this was our base then we could have a radius of 4. Let me think about it. Yeah, radius would be a 4. Because we would have the height 8, we'd have a radius of 4. Now when we look at this equation, if we had to maximize either the-- this is going to be the volume of the cylinder-- if we had to maximize either the height or the radius, because those are the two things that we can deal with, which one, at least to you, seems more important? Well, to me, the radius seems more important because I'm squaring it. So, these, in my mind, are the two contenders. The worst contender is where we use the 6 and the 10 side as a base. RightŁż Because then we use a lot of space. But we can figure that one out, too. Because then we waste a lot of space and we have a height of 8 and the radius is still--. So, first of all, this one is clearly better than this one. And why is that? They have the same area of their base because the radius is 6 Sorry, the radius is 3, the diameter is 6. But in here the height gets to be 10, and here the height only gets to be 8. So this one is a non-option. So, really, we have to compare these two. And I've drawn their bases. RightŁż So, if you think about this one, we have an area of the base of the radius is 4. So, 16 pi times the height of six. Time Six. That's the volume of this cylinder. Here we have a radius-- we have a radius of 3. Right? Half of the 6 diameter. So, the area is 9 pi. And we're going to multiply that times the height, which is 10. So, here we have 90 pi. And here we have 6 times 16, which is 96 pi. So, this is the best of our cases. And that was the correct intuition. We're maximizing the radius. And when you maximize the radius, we get a radius of 4. So what did they ask us in the question again? What is the radius in inches of the one that has the maximum volume? And so that radius is 4. Where one side is 8 and one side is 10. And that's choice B. Next question. 192. Square root. OK, they have all sorts of interesting things. They essentially want us to simplify. The square root of 2 plus 1 times the square root of 2 minus 1 times the square root of 3 plus 1 times the square root of 3 minus 1. So, this seems to be just an application of-- I'm sure you've learned this in algebra-- that a plus b times a minus b is equal to a squared minus b squared. You don't have to memorize this. You could actually multiply it all out and you'll get this. But it's a good thing to know if you want to do things quickly So, square root of 2 plus 1, times square root of 2 minus one is equal to square root of 2 squared, minus 1 squared. We're going to multiply that times-- using the same principle-- square root of 3 squared minus one squared. Square root of 2 squared. That's 2 minus 1 times 3 minus 1. That's equal to 1 times 2. Which is equal to 2. And that is choice A. Problem 193. In a certain Calculus class, the ratio of the number of math majors to the number of students who are not math majors is 2:5. So, math to not math is equal to 2:5. If 2 more math majors were to enter the class the ratio would be 1:2. So if I have 2 more math majors, then the ratio of them to the non-math majors is equal to 1:2 How many students are in the class? They want to know what m plus nm, non-math majors, is. Let's see. Let's see if we can solve for anything. We actually have two linear equations and two unknowns. You might not see it yet, but if we cross multiply we get 5m. I'll just call these n, non-math majors. I don't want to keep saying nm. 5m is equal to 2n. And here you get 2 times m plus 2 is 2m plus 4 is equal to n. We could substitute that. If n is equal to that, then that means that 5m is equal to 2 times n. n is equal to 2m plus 4. 2m plus 4. So, you get 5m is equal to 4m plus 8. Subtract 4m from both sides, you get m is equal to 8. If m is equal to 8, we could say 5m is equal to 2n. So, 5 times 8 is 40. And so n is equal to 20. Let's see, are they asking for the-- if 2 more students were to enter the class? OK. So they want to know how many are in the class right now. So they want to know m plus n. Well, that's equal to 8 plus 20 which is equal to 28 students And that is choice D. Next question. I think I have time to fit this one in. I'll continue in the next if I don't. 194. What is the units digit of 13 to the fourth times 17 squared times 29 to the third? So, here you just have to realize that the units digit in any of these numbers, are just the units digit of each of these numbers times each other. And then you take the units digit of that. So, we really just have to worry about the units digits. The answer to this question would be the exact same thing as if I said the units digit of 3 to the fourth. We just have to worry about the units digits. 3 to the fourth times 7 squared times 9 to the third. It would be the exact same thing. So, 3 to the fourth, what's the units digit? 3 to the one is equal to 3. 3 squared is equal to 9. 3 to the third is 27, but the units digit is 7. And then 3 to the fourth is 81 and the units digit is 1. And just so you can see this principle that I just talked about-- and we could prove it if I had more time-- is that I could just multiply 3 times 7 and the units digit is just 1. Or I could just multiply 3 times 9 and the units digit is 7. We could just ignore everything else. So here the units digit is 1. 7 squared, what's the units digit? Well, 7 squared, the units digit is-- well, 7 squared is 49. The units digit is 9. And then 9 to the third, what's the units digit? 9 to the 1 is 9. 9 squared. The units digit is 1. It's 81. And then 9 to the third, we don't have to worry about anything else. When you multiply 81 times 9, the units digit is going to be 9 times that 1 in 81. So, that equals 9. So, it's 1 times 9 times 9. And then 9 times 9 is 81. We want the units digit, which is 1. So the answer is E. And I'll let you think about that a little bit. Maybe you want to play around and see why we only have to worry about the units digit and why I was able to make this statement right here to avoid doing a lot of harder math. Anyway, see you in the next video. You know, my bullshit detector works first of all...if there's something you really want to believe, that's what you should question the most. I don't question bad news very much. I don't question things that go against what I believe very much. But boy, the stuff that I really want to believe, I really question a lot. Now, I was taught -- I grew up as a Christian. I suppose at some level I wanted to believe someone was watching over me. But when I want to believe something, that's when I want to question it the most. That's when I have to be the most careful. And I feel a little bit disingenuous with that answer because I don't think I any longer want to believe in God. My friend, who I miss very much, Hitch, Christopher Hitchens, said that wanting there to be a god was like wanting to live in North Korea, to give away all of your freedom. And for someone who loves freedom and loves people, I don't think you should hope for God at all. So I guess my detector on God is that whenever someone uses what they feel as evidence instead of what they think as evidence or what they can prove as evidence, I'm very, very skeptical. The most important thing is to feel about things you feel about -- should feel about -- and think about things you should think about. You should not feel about the speed of light or evolution and you should not think about love. You should feel "I love you," you should think about reality. And when someone says they feel the universe was created by a God, that's nonsense, just like saying, you know, "I've thought about it and maybe I should love you." Don't mix those two. And a lot of people seem to think that -- that feeling cheapens the science, that if you feel something it cheapens it. And there's not enough said about how it cheapens the emotion. You know, if you're spending your time feeling that the earth was created, instead of... by intelligent design, you should be spending your time feeling love, feeling compassion, feeling generosity and loyalty and all the stuff you should feel in your heart. Even anger, even disappointment. But that doesn't change the world. You should think about the world and feel about your heart. Hello. I am Professor Brian Bushee. Welcome back. This is the video you've all been waiting for where we talk about debits and credits. Now, I have to admit there is some disagreement within the Accounting faculty world. About whether we should be, whether we should still be teaching debits and credits. I'm firmly in the camp where I think debits and credits are a very useful and powerful tool for learning and teaching basic accounting principles. Plus I also use debits and credits to this day. If you gave me a financial statement and asked me to try to understand a very complicated transaction, the first thing I would do would be to break out debits and credits. It would help me organize what I know, what I don't know, and what I should look for to try to find what I'm missing. So hopefully you'll find them useful too. If nothing else, you're going to be joining an exclusive fraternity of people around the world that can actually speak in the language of debits and credits. So, let's get to it. As a starting point, I have to say that the most interesting thing about bookkeeping is that it's the only word in the English language with three consecutive sets of double letters, oo, kk, ee. Beyond that, I'm not sure it's that interesting, but these three fundamental bookkeeping equations are going to be incredibly powerful tools for both learning accounting. And ultimately understanding the information in financial statements. The first equation we've seen before, assets equals liabilities plus stockholders' equity. We're also going to introduce the equation that the sum of debits has to equal the sum of credits. And that the beginning balance of an account plus any increases minus any decreases has to equal the ending balance of an account. These equations must be in balance at all times. And where this will come in handy is oftentimes we'll be missing one piece of information, but we'll have all the other pieces of information in an equation. And once we know that, and that fact that they have to balance, we can figure out the piece of information we're missing. What we're also going to do is recognize that the balance sheet equation can be, can be preserved through the use of these things called debits and credits. So, that we don't have to constantly go back and look at the balance sheet equation Instead we can just look at debits and credits to know we're on the right track. So, what are these magical things called debits and credits? The definition of debit is left side entry, and the definition of credit is right side entry. >> Doesn't credit mean good? Credit my account, credit card, credit to society. All sounds good to me. >>And doesn't debit mean bad? Debit card, debit my account, I hate the word debit. >>Yes. Debit and credit have gotten those connotations in the real world. But in the accounting world, debit means left, credit means right. Now, sometimes debits will be good, sometimes they'll be bad, sometimes credits will be good, sometimes they'll be bad but really all they mean is left and right. And don't ask me why we abbreviate debit as dr, I think it's something the British came up with centuries ago, we've always done it that way, but, just get used to it. Debit is abbreviated dr, credit is abbreviated cr. Now, lets look at how debits and credits can preserve or represent the balance sheet equation. So, we have here, the balance sheet equation. Assets equals liabilities plus stockholders equity. Couple videos ago we looked at a more complete balance sheet equation. Where we recognize the shareholder's equity is contributing capital retained earnings and then revenues and expenses. >> Where are dividends in a prior video you had dividends in this complete balance sheet equation. I bet he thinks we aren't even watching the videos we don't participate in. >> Nice catch. I did drop dividends from this equation. one reason is to save space since you can see I was running out of space on the slide. but more importantly I just included dividends with retained earnings because that's how we're going to treat it going forward. We'll create separate accounts for revenues and expenses but we won't create a separate account for dividends or just included in retained earnings. The problem with this equation is we have that negative expenses at the end. And as you saw a couple of videos ago, when you're working with expenses in this case, when expense goes up that's an increase in a negative number, which means that side of the equation goes down. It all gets very confusing quickly. To solve the problem of the negative number we're going to move expenses to the other side of the equation. So, now we have assets plus expenses equals liabilities plus contributing capital plus retained earnings plus revenues. And then what we're going to do is call everything on the left of this equation a debit account, and everything on the right side of this equation, a credit account. So, we can use debits equals credit to make sure that this balance sheet equation balances. Yeah, I know, I'm going to have to show you more to get this but just roll with me and we'll eventually try to make this make sense. So, some rules to keep in mind with debits and credits is every transaction must have at least one debit and at least one credit. Makes sense because if we want debits to equal credits, we have to have at least one of both. Debits have to equal credits for all transactions. And for every transaction, if debits equal credits for that transaction, it means that the balance should equation more balance. And there's no negative numbers involved. So, this is why we moved expenses to the other side, so we don't have to deal with negative numbers. So, you're never going to a negative number or credit a negative number. Instead, as I'll show you, we're going to use the opposite side entry to represent a reduction or a negative number. So, let's talk about accounts and account balances. In case you ever wanted, wondered why this is called accounting, here's why we deal with accounts. So, every account, which is where we keep track of all of the activities for a certain item has to have a normal balance. This is the type of balance either a debit or a credit that the account carries under normal circumstances. We're going to keep track of all the changes in an accounting quantity in something called a T Account. Debits are going to be on the left side of the T, and credits are going to be listed on the right side of the T. Why? Because debit means left, and credit means right. The difference between the sum of the debits and the sum of the credits will give us the balance in the account at any point in time. And the change in the account balance will always follow this equation. The beginning balance plus increases minus decreases will equal an ending balance and what we'll do is we'll use debits and credits to represent these increases and decreases. I was wondering why I wasn't getting any questions. Wake up it, its going to get more interesting I'm going to do some examples now. Come on, wake up. Okay, let's take a look at how this works. Assets and expenses have a normal balance of a debit means that their balance is going to sit on the left side of the T Account. For example, let's take an asset like accounts receivable. This is money owed to us by customers based on sales that we make. Its an asset because we're going to collect cash in the future. And what I'm going to do is put a little A in parentheses after Accounts Receivable to remind us that we're talking about an asset. If we start the period, whether it be year or a quarter, with a balance of 1,000, that balance sits on the left side, because it is a debit balance account. Then during the period we make new sales on account, so we sell product, we get customers owing us money, that's going to increase accounts receivable. We increase a debit account through a debit entry. So, our increases are going to be debits. Here we, here we debit 100. When we collect cash from customers, it reduces how much they owe us and the accounts receivable goes down. We reduce a debit account like accounts receivable through credit entries. So, credit entries reduce a debit balance account. Then at the end of the period we can draw a line, add up the debits, subtract the credits, and come up with an ending balance, which is going to sit on the left hand side because it's a debit balance account. >> So does debit mean good? I mean, new sales are good, right? Or does credit mean good? Cash collections are good, right? I am so confused. >> Don't think of debits and credits as good and bad. Debit simply means left entry. Credit simply means right entry. As we'll see sometimes the left entry increases, sometimes the left entry decreases, it depends on the type of account. So, debits are not good or bad. They're just left and right. Now, here's an example with a credit balance account. So, here, liabilities, stockholders', equity, and revenue accounts are all going to have a normal balances of credit, which means there balance is going to sit on the right side of the T account. So, for instance let's take accounts payable. This is money that we owe to suppliers. It's an obligation to pay suppliers. I put a little L in parenthesis to indicate that it's a liability account. We have a beginning balance at the beginning of the period of $1,000. That balance sits on the right-side or credit side because it has a normal balance that's a credit. As we make pavements to our suppliers it reduces how much they, we owe them. We're going to reduce a credit account by an entry on the left side or the debit side. So, here, debits are going to be decreases. If we go out and we purchase new inventory from our suppliers it increases the obligation it increases how much we owe the suppliers, we increase a credit balance account with a credit entry an entry on the right. [SOUND] And then at the end of the period, we can draw a line, add up the credits, subtract the debits to get the ending credit balance of 1020. >>I think I've got it. Debit means increase for a debit account and decrease for a credit account. And credit means increase for a credit account and decrease for a debit account. Or is it the other way around? >> No, no, no. You're exactly right. Debits increase a debit account. Credits increase a credit account. Debits reduce a credit account and credits reduce a debit account. Just watch more the video. One way to represent these debits and credits, whether they're increases or decreases is through, through something called the Super T-account. So, if you think of the whole balance sheet as a big T-account, assets on the left, liabilities and stockholder's equity on the right. All of the individual asset accounts, cash, accounts receivable, inventory, trucks, all the asset accounts that we're going to talk about are going to be increased through debits and reduced through credits. All of the liabilities, contributed capital, retained earnings accounts, since they live on the right side of the T, they will be increased through right side entries, credits and reduced through left side entries, debits. And then as we talked about revenues and expenses live within retained earnings. Revenues increases income, which means it increases retained earnings and increase in retainer is a credit, so an increase in revenue has to be a credit also. And then there's expenses. Expenses reduce income, they reduce retained earnings, so an increase in expense reduces retained earnings. We reduce retained earnings with a debit, which means we increase expense with a debit. I mean there's not much intuition to this. This is just something you're going to want to memorize until it becomes second nature. >> Dude, can I get a tattoo of this on my arm? >> yeah, you could get this tattooed on your arm. less drastic step would be to jot this down on a piece of paper or maybe write it on your hand with an ink pen. But I think it actually is good advice to try to keep handy somewhere a little cheat sheet to remind you of which accounts are debit balance accounts and which accounts are credit balance accounts. Until you have it memorized. We're going to follow a systematic approach to analyzing transactions and figuring out how to represent them as journal entries. We're going to do this by thinking about three questions any time we're faced with figuring out how to represent a transaction. First, which specific liability, asset, stockholder's equity, revenue or expense accounts does the transaction affect? Once we figure out all the accounts involved then we figure out whether the transaction increased or decreased each of the affected accounts. Once we figure that out then we can figure out whether to be debited or credited. After we answer those questions then we can put the transaction in a journal entry format which will parsimoniously communicate what happened during the transaction. All journal entries have this format. We start with the debit accounts. We'll put Dr. as the abbreviation for debit, the name of the account being debited and the dollar amount. We list the credits second and we indent them. So, the abbreviation Cr. the name of the account being credited, and the dollar amount. Okay, this is really important. Raise your right hand and repeat after me. I do solemnly swear that I will always list my debits first, that I will always list the credits second and I will always indent the credits. >> I do solemnly swear that I will always list debits first, that I will always list credits second. And that I will always indent my credits. >> Let's pull this all together with a series of four examples. First example, let's say we increase an asset and increase either a liability or an equity. So, in this case we recieve $100 cash from a bank loan. So, the accounts involved are cash and Notes payable to the bank, and both are increasing by 100. On the balance sheet equation, we would show that as an asset going up by 100, and a liability going up by 100, nothing effects equity. For the journal entry, we need cash to go up by 100, cash is an asset assets are debit accounts so we would debit cash for 100. And what I'll do is I'll put in parenthesis plus A to indicate that this is increasing an asset increasing the asset cash. Then we're going to credit Notes payable for 100. We need to increase Notes payable. We increase a liability account through a credit and so this credit of 100 equals our debit of 100 and our journal entry's in balance. Then we would represent this with NT accounts. So, there's a cash T account, which is going to have the 100 on the left-hand side because it's debit entry. And we have a Notes payable T account where we're going to have the 100 on the credit side because it's a credit balance account. And as you can see, if we did a balance sheet right now, drew a line, figured out the balance our balance sheet equation would be assets of 100 equals liabilities of 100 plus no stockholders equity. Our balance sheet is in balance through the use of the debits and credits. Another example. Let's say we're going to decrease an asset and decrease a liability or equity. So, we're going to repay $20 of the bank loan. So, the accounts involved are Cash and Notes payable And both are going down by 20. The way this would look on the balance sheet equation, is assets would go down by 20, that's the cash, liabilities would go down by 20, that's the Notes payable, there's no effect on equity. For the journal entry, what we're going to do is debit Notes payable by 20. We want to reduce the liability. Liabilities have credit balances, we reduce credit balance accounts with a debit. And that's why we get the minus L in parenthesis to represent that this debit is reducing the liability in cap. To reduce cash we need to credit, cash is an asset assets are debit accounts we reduce debit accounts with a credit so we credit cash reducing an asset minus A for 20. And our debits equal our credits we represented this transaction in this journal entry. Then we would put this stuff in T accounts, so cash we put a 20 on the credit side, Notes payable we put a 20 on the debit side, just following down from the journal entry. And if we had to do a balance sheet, we would draw a line. The difference between the debits and credits in the Cash account is a debit balance of 80. In the Notes Payable account, it's a credit balance of 80, and so if we put it together, our assets is 80, our liabilities are 80, no stockholder's equity. Our balance sheet equation is a balance and our debits equal our credits. Okay, okay a two more examples then we're going to have you do some journal entry practice. So, next example. We're going to increase an asset and decrease another asset. So, let's say we paid $10 in cash to buy inventory. So, the two accounts here are cash and inventory. Cash is going down by 10. Inventory is going up by 10. On the balance sheet equation this would look like one asset going up and one asset going down nothing happening on the liabilities and the stock quotes equity side. For the journal entry, we have to debit inventory inventories going up. Inventory's a debit account. As an asset, you make assets go up through a debit entry, so it's a plus asset. And we would credit cash for 10, cash is an asset account that we need to make go down. We make asset accounts go down through credits, our debits equal our credits. We put this in T-accounts. We have another credit entry in cash. We have a new inventory T-account, which has a debit entry. If we got the balance of everything, the balance in cash is now 70, 100 minus 20 minus ten. Balance in inventory 10, balance in Notes payable is 80. If we put together a balance sheet we'd have assets of cash of 70, inventory of 10 for a total of 80. On the liability and stockholders' equity side, we have 80 of Notes payable, no equity. Our balance sheet balances. Our debits equal our credits. Last example. Let's increase a liability or equity and decrease another liability or equity. So, let's say we issue $80 in Common Stock to pay off the bank loan. So, the two accounts here are Common Stock and Notes payable. Common Stock is going up by 80, the bank loan is going down by 80. In a balance sheet equation format we have a liability, the bank loan, Notes payable going down by 80, Common Stock, and stock equity account going up, by 80. In the journal entry we would debit Notes payable. We want the bank loan Notes payable to go down. Liabilities go down through debits, out through credits. Down through debits. So, debit's note payable to reduce the liability of 80. We want a credit Common Stock of 80. Common Stock is a stock or equity account. Stockholders' equity accounts have credit balances, so we increase a stockholders' equity account with a credit. So, credit Common Stock, increase stockholders' equity by 80. We put these into the accounts. So, we put the 80 debit in Notes payable and notice if we get the balance it's at zero. So, we've totally paid off the bank loan. And now we have a credit in Common Stock. Again, if we did a balance sheet, we've got 80 of assets, cash plus inventory. Zero liabilities, 80 of Common Stock, our assets equal our liabilities plus stock equals equity. Our debits equal our credits. Okay. I'm going to step in and break this up. we're going to spin off a second video where we do some practice doing journal entries. I know you probably need a break. I need a break. So, come back next video and we'll do some practice with these debts and credits and recording transactions as journal entries. I'll see you then. >> See you next video. Alright, let's learn about the rational zeros theorem. For example, let's find all the zeros of this function f Given we know that it has at least one rational zero. And were going to use the rational zeroes theorem to help us out here. The rational zeroes theorem gives us all the possible candidates for rational zeroes of a polynomial. It tells us that the possible rational zeroes of f or of the form p/q which is equal to factors of the constant term of the polynomial which in this case is negative two, divided by, factors of the leading coefficient, which in this case is three. Alright, so what are the factors, of -two? There plus or minus one or plus or minus two, and then divided by the factors of three, which are plus or minus one, or plus or minus three. Now, doing all possible divisions here, we have plus or minus one divided by plus or minus one, which is plus or minus one, and then plus or minus two divided by plus or minus one, which will give us plus or minus two. And then, plus or minus one, divided by plus or minus three will give us plus or minus a third. And finally plus or minus two over plus or minus three gives us plus or minus two-thirds. So we have eight possible candidates for rational zeroes at this polynomial. And we know at least one of these will have to work because we're told we have at least one rational zero. So what we need to do is start trying these possibilities. So, let's being with one we'll know one is a zero of f if we evaluate f at one, and we get zero. So, what do we get? We have three*1^3, and then minus two1^2 -seven1 - two, which is equal to, this is 3-2 which is one, and 1-7 = -six. -6-2 = -eight so note this is not a zero. Alright, what about -one? Let's plug -one in and see what we get. This is three * -one^3-2 * -one^2 -seven * -1-2. So we have -three, and then -two, which is -five and then +seven is +two and then -two, so yeah this is zero, so -one is a zero at that Which means that x - a -one, or x+1 is a factor of f. Therefore, by the factor theorem, we can write f of x. As x + one times some polynomial Q(x). And we can find Q(x) by dividing f by this. So lets do that. So x + one i nto 3x ^ three - 2x ^ two - 7x - two. Alright, so x goes into 3x ^ three, 3x ^ two times. And 3x ^ two times x is 3x ^ three. And then we have +3x^2 and now subtracting we have -5x^2 and we still have this -7x-2. And now x will go into -5x^2. -5x a -5xx is -5x^2, and -5x*1 is -5x. Subtracting we get negative 2x, and then we still have the -two. And x goes into -2x -two times. And -two * x is -2x. And then, -two * one is -two. And when we subtract, we get zero. Which shouldn't surprise you, because this is a factor of f. So here is q of x. So let's write that down here. We have f of x, then, is = to. Times q(x), which is 3x^2-5x-2. Now to find the remaining zeroes of f, we need to factor q(x). And q(x) will factor into 3x+1. Times X minus two. So F of X will equal zero when this is zero, which means X is equal to -one, or when this is zero, which means X is equal to negative one third Or when this is zero, which means X = two. Therefore our zeroes of F, are -one, -one-third, and two. Which would be our answer. Now notice the last two zeroes are rational. They better be in our list of candidates, are they? Let's look. Here's negative one third and here's two, so they are. And this is how we use rational zeroes theorem. Thank you, and we'll see you next time. Wow! This is going to take a moment to soak this in. I'm truly honored to be here today, to share my idea on how I can change the world and really the story that led to it. Because I had a very unlikely journey to get to this stage. And it really is about the kids that you see behind me. These are groups of kids that I work with in New York city, but when I look at this picture, I see kids that remind me of myself. They attend one of the poorest performing schools, in New York City. And we know what the bars are, we know what the statistics are when it comes to that, what their future prospects would look like. When I look at that, I just personally thought that was unacceptable. When I look at some of our poorest and most vulnerable communities, I think that there is so much untapped potential in those children. When you look at them, bright eyed, they're smart, they're full of energy... I think what it takes is just people in our community, people who really care about the future of our country, to think of innovative ways that we can expand their horizons, think about ways that we can address what statistics say are going to happen to these children, just because they are born in a certain zip code. So, my idea around change and what Global Language Project is all about, is taking children from some of the poorest and underserved schools and exposing them to world languages, and culture. And the spirit behind the whole idea is that, sometimes, these children have very small horizons, just because of the communities they grew up in. The thought is that if you give them fluency in a 2nd or 3rd language, One, you are giving them a transferable skill that can help them, but, two, you are literally broadening their horizons, you are introducing them to places that they may not know about. You are looking at some of the statistics here, when some of them are just struggling in literacy, and you are addressing that as well. When I look at this, I look back at that picture of the bright kids and you see the statistics where, again, you know that they have a better chance of getting pregnant and being poor than graduating from college. When I look at that room and I can just say percentage wise how many of them are not going to graduate from High School, again, for me, that drives me. That's my passion. I thought about what can I do to make a difference. What do I have from the back of my experience, that I can bring up here and turn to these children? The other thing I thought about when I look at the statistics is: we know that these children have received the short end of the stick, right? We know that they lack community support, we know that they lack family support, we know that they are not receiving the best education. So, I thought of how do we address that? How do we have a make good of sorts? The idea that I had around that was giving them exposure to a lead opportunities, educational opportunities that are historically reserved for elite students. They're reserved to students who go to private schools. They are reserved for students who have parents who can afford after-school programs, language programs and arts programs... I said, "What if we were to give all of that great enrichment to these children? How could it impact their lives, how could it change their lives in the future?" This is a statistic, you know, that, again, a lot of us know, when it comes to these children, what they are dealing with, you know. We know that their background, what they are up against, it's how do we take that and how do we move it forward. So, when I was thinking about this talk and what I wanted to share with you today, I thought about where it starts. This isn't a great picture, but it's of me and my grandparents. And, the reason why this picture is very close to my own heart is this is my undergraduate graduation. But, what's more important is my grandparents, which you can't really see them. My grandfather, on my right hand side, he grew up in the segregated South. He was not allowed to attend school pass the 3rd grade. My grandmother only went to middle school. So, by all accounts, they were wholy uneducated. But, despite this, what happened was, it gave them a reverence for education. And they raised me and they poured all their hopes and dreams... To them, if I could just get a college education, I would be OK. Like that was just the Holy Grail. They believed deeply that if I was able to graduate from college, that I wouldn't be destined to a life of poverty, that I could break our families' generational poverty cycle. And, when I look at that it gives me chills, because, in a lot of ways, that was true. After undergraduate, I went to a coporate career that, literally, took me around the world. You know, growing up, I remember my grandmother telling me, "The world can be your oyster". And, fast foward in 15 years, I had gone to places and worked in places that they didn't even know existed. I found myself leading teams in China, in Europe and I thought: "Gosh, they told me this about education". But... they didn't even know what I was up against. But, that was about the hope that they gave me. That's about raising the bar. And when I stand here, before you, today, and I say that, you know, again, I grew up during a time where I could be raised by uneducated grandparents, I could grow up during a time, where I go to a "ok" public school, but I could still go to college. I could still have a successfull career. I could still, again, break that poverty cycle. What does that mean? And when I look at schools, in New York, and some of them in Providence, I realize, you know, that American dream that I had is severely broken. We have a generation of very disheartened students and parents... their ability to dream and inspire has just been confined and restricted. So, going back to my idea about this. It blew my mind when I was developing the idea and thinking about my travels... how, when you live in an area, that most people who come from poor communities are confined to a 5 or 10 block radius. When I looked at that, I thought, "Gosh, it's such a small area". And, in theory that's one thing, but I thought saw it close and personal. When I was working at Nokia and I'd come back to New York and volunteered in schools, I met parents and students, who had not left their neighborhood. And I mean, they did their shopping there, they did their groceries, everything was confined. They'd go to their school, that was in that same block radius. And you are like, "How can that happen?" What I am saying is, it does! Our first group of kids, we are teaching them Spanish and Chinese, and we took the Chinese group, this is back in 2009, 15 students down to Chinatown. $2,50 subway ride, 30 minutes later, we are in downtown. We are in Canal Street, New York. The kids and their parents, the kids looked up and one of them, Alexander, said to me, "We are still in New York?" And it threw me, because, you know, people said, are you going to have them travel to other countries? I'm like - they've not even traveled through New York City. And that's when it really hit me, what I was doing in terms of language and openning them up to other cultures. Because, when we talk about a 21st Century Global Economy, these children, in 18 years, in 15 years, their next opportunity may not be here in the United States. It could be somewhere in another country. They could be working with someone that doesn't look like them, that doesn't speak the same language with them. And what it's going to be really important and the key to their success will be how they show up. You know, when I looked at my life, working in China, I grew up in a predominantly African-American community. Everywhere I worked in corporate America, that was not the case. So, if I was not comfortable in that, there was no way I would be successful. So, what's happening in this 5 block radius, it's not the world. It's not the world that they will have to live in, to operate in. So, really, the genesis behind Global Language Project was expanding what the world looked like for them. To take what's foreign - I love how they call teaching languages, "foreign language" - It's taking what's foreign and making it familiar. So, if an opportunity comes to them, that they will be excited about it. They won't be afraid of it. When I first started Global Language Project, when I was conceptualizing the idea, I was working with the Harlem YMCA. And they were going to give a group of teens the chance to go to Colombia, the country, for 2 weeks. They couldn't get one teen to sign up for this free 2 week trip. And I said, "You can't find anyone to sign up? What's the catch, they have to pay?" "They have to do a small fundraiser, but if they can't bring up the money, we'll help them get there." And I said, "You can't get one person to sign up for this trip. Why is that?" And what the counselor told me, which is something that completely made sense to me, when I thought about, again, my own background, was: the parents didn't want their children going that far. It seemed so far, so remote. They were concerned about them. That something would happen to them. The teens, themselves, said, "Well, what will we eat? How will we be treated when we're there? Will someone be discriminating against me?" And so, what that made me realize was that these are teenagers. And I realized they've already, in their mind, decided what's possible and what's not possible for them. So, when I thought about the work with Global Language Project, we started when they were younger. I said we have to go back to Elementary School, before they've decided what's foreign, what's bad, what's good. You know, what's accessible to them. In our first group, we started in 3rd grade. We started with 30 students in the 3rd grade. Even at that age, they had already started formulating who were good students and who were bad students. That second year, we went back to Kindergarten, because we know, in Kindergarten, it's a clean slate for everybody. English is a new language for them. Lesson 1 we were introducing Mandarin and Arabic and Spanish, but what happened with that second year and that class was we started teaching them in an imersive environment. We had donors and people come in to view the classes. And they would see all of these adults - this is in Hamilton Heights in Harlem - kids are learning to speak Chinese from the first day. We had all of this donors and supporters come in to watch these children. And they would say things like, "Oh, my Gosh, I can't believe they are speaking Chinese." "That's so hard"; "Oh my God, these kids are so smart, they are so special. I can't believe this". They're filming the kids, taking pictures. And this happens on a regular basis. And, what the kids and the class started to believe was that they were special. And sometimes, when you think about opportunities, like language; or if you think about arts, or science or other programs it allows children to figure out what they're good at. And it also allows them to explore their horizons. And, when I thought about the spirit behind Global Language Project, it's about leveling the plan field. It is about openning these children up to opportunities that they might not have known existed, but now that they do know it exists, it allows them to escape what could've been their future trajectory. This current year, what's been interesting... I felt like we were on to something about giving them and exposing to careers; we thought it's very important to give them fluency in a 2nd language that they can use it. What we did this year was very interesting as well. We started introducing them to professionals, who are working in the languages that they are learning. So, we took them to International Law Firms, we took them to Media Companies and, again, we had corporate people talk to them about how they use the language. So, it's not about memorizing a verb, it's about the utility of it. It's about how you can connect. It's about giving these kids a voice and words and language that they didn't know existed before. It's painting a brighter picture for them. You know, in September, when we started this, we asked the children, our 5th graders, unprompted, the question that we've all heard before: "What do you want to be when you grow up?" And, at that time, we had one student - and I remember it was a mirror of answers, but there was one girl, Naomi, they asked her: "What do you want to be when you grow up? Her answer was she wanted to be a hair stylist. And if you go Upper Manhattan, where she lives, on literally every single block, there is a hair stylist and there is a barber shop, or a beauty shop. And, again, there is nothing wrong with that idea. You know, over the last 6 months, in March, we went back, and, Naomi had been exposed to international attorneys and media companies, to colleges careers, scientists... we went back and asked her again what she wanted to be. And this time Naomi said - we are getting ready to do our big benefit called My Dream Speaks - we asked Naomi again what she wanted to be and, this time, unprompted again, she has the microphone, she goes, "I want to be an international attorney, helping my clients in Arabic and English". And, I laughed when [she] said that. It made me smile, because, at the end of the day, whether she is a hair stylist using her language or whether she is an attorney, what really matters most is that she's expanded her possibilities, right? Because, before you can be anything, you have to know that it exists. It has to be in your realm of possibilities. If you don't know it exists, could you become it? Possibly. But it's not probable. And that's what we wanted to do around languages. When I look at this, I wanted these kids to realize the world was their oyster. You know, part of this and part of my passion behind it, you know, I shared with you about my grandparents. You know, when I look at those kids and I look at statistics, I take it personal, because I should have been a statistic, right? I was a daughter of a teenager mother, who was a daughter of a teenager mother. I had a 10 times greater chance of growing up poor than being successful. And what they instilled with me, my grandparents, which I want to instill in a generation of students, is that the world literally can be their oyster. You know, when I went from Corporate America and decided to do a social venture, people said, "But the problem in Education is so vast. How do you actually think that you're going to make change?" And one thing I say to the people in this audience is: change is relative. In your lifetime you can impact one life, that literally can mean the world to them and their future generations and how they show up in their community. The other piece of it is, when we talk about social enterprise and why it's so important is what I've been able to do with Global Language Project is to take the thinking and the learning that I had in Corporate America to grow departments, to make tens of thousands of millions of dollars of profit for corporations. Be able to take that thinking to some of our most pressing issues, to address and help some of our most precious assets - our children. When I look at you, I'm just inspired and I'm encouraged and think of how much that we'll be able to do together, when we start looking at this, as a business. We start taking some of those methodologies that made corporations so successful, that have made them sustainable. You know, the curriculum I talk about that we teach, we also sell nationwide and that funds our programs in the most neediest schools, so we can make sure that we are doing this work and we are able to continue to do this work. And so, again, I encourage you to think differently about this. My thing is languages and that's how I tackle, broadening these horizons, there could be a number of things that you can do, but what we do need in terms of education is we need that innovation. We know that if you don't innovate, you die. You know, you look at what's happened in technology and other industries, everyone is innovating, except education. So, we do need social entrepreneurs to address this. Thank you so much. (Applause) Guglielmo Marconi's first radio transmissions in 1894 have spread into space for over 100 years at the speed of light. They passed Sirius in 1903, Vega in 1919, and Regulus in 1971. That signal has already passed over 1,000 stars. Anyone orbiting one of those stars, with a really good receiver, could detect Marconi's signal and know that we are here. Radio waves are the longest, and contain the least energy, of any electromagnetic wave. While visible light is measured in minute fractions of an inch, radio waves vary from about 19 centimeters, about the length of a water bottle, to waves the length of cars, ships, mountains, all the way up to monstrous waves longer than the diameter of our planet. Heinrich Hertz discovered radio waves in 1888. The first commercial radio station went on the air in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on November 2, 1920. Then in 1932, a major discovery by Karl Jansky at Bell Labs revealed that stars and other objects in space radiated radio waves! Radio astronomy was born. However, scientists need giant antennas to detect weak, long-wavelength, radio waves from space. The enormous Arecibo radio dish antenna measures 305 meters in diameter, over three football fields. Scientists can link the signals from an array of separate radio antennas to focus on tiny slices of distant space. Such arrays act as a single immense collector. This giant New Mexico array uses 27 parabolic dish antennas shaped into a giant "Y" with each arm capable of stretching for 13 miles! Scientists have even spread these linked antennas across the globe. One of the largest stretches from Hawaii to the Virgin Islands and acts like such a powerful telephoto lens that a baseball sitting on the moon would fill its entire field of view. Many of the greatest astronomical discoveries have been made using radio waves. Pulsars, the existence of giant clouds of superheated plasma, which are among the largest objects in the Universe, and even quasars, such as this one over 10 billion light years away, were all discovered using radio waves. Radio waves also provide more local information. Astronomical objects that have a magnetic field usually produce radio waves such as our Sun. Thus, NASA's STEREO satellite is able to monitor bursts of radio waves from the Sun's corona. WAVE sensors on the WlND spacecraft record the radio waves emitted by a planet's ionosphere, such as the bursts from Jupiter whose wavelength measures about fifteen meters. Radio waves fill the space around us to bring entertainment, communications, and key scientific information. We can't hear these radio waves. When you tune your radio to your favorite station, the radio receives these electromagnetic radio waves and then vibrates a speaker to create the sound waves we hear. We may not be able to tap our toes to the cosmic radio transmissions, but we certainly discovered much about our Universe's grand cosmic dance by listening to them. our satellites, and other electronics here on Earth. Other NASA instruments monitor the changes in other aspects of the Earth's climate system, such as clouds, aerosol particles, or surface reflectivity, and scientists are examining their many interactons with the energy budget. A portion of solar radiation from the Sun that is just beyond the visible spectrum is referred to as near-infrared. Scientists can study how this radiation reflects off the Earth's surface to understand changes in land cover such as growth of cities or changes in vegetation. Our eyes perceive a leaf as green because wavelengths in the green region of the visible light spectrum are reflected while other visible wavelengths are absorbed. Yet, the chlorophyil and the cell structure of the leaf are also reflecting near-infrared light, light we cannot see. This reflected near-infrared radiation can be sensed by satellites, allowing scientists to study vegetation from space. Using these data, scientists can identify some types of trees, can examine the health of forests, and can even monitor the health of vegetation such as forests infested with pine beetles or crops affected by drought. Studying the emission and reflection of infrared waves helps us to understand the Earth's system and its energy budget. Near-infrared data can also help scientists study land cover such as changes in snow, ice, forests, urbanization, and agriculture. Scientists are beginning to unlock the mysteries of cooler objects across the Universe such as planets, cool stars, nebulae, and much more using infrared waves. ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 ,00:00:00.00 [TRAFFlC ] ALEX ROY: Welcome to the most dangerous intersection in the world. The Arc de Triomphe of the Etoile, where over 10,000 people have gathered to see me attempt to set a world record. France. Enemy of England. Friend of fine foods. Enemy of England. Paris. Home of much fine culture. We've come here to Paris, the home of motorsports, the ACO and the FlA. Have In the spirit of French motorsports we'll follow all traffic laws and motorsports legacy. And of course, we're going to use a French car. A Citroen C5. The Citroen C5 is a great car. I don't want to say it's the Crown Vic of France, but it's certainly that common. Which is why if they spotted me say, one minute into my task, and then again four minutes in, they would never believe it was the same bald guy. There are a lot of bald men in France. The women don't care. They love it. The objective, as with Le Mans, is to cover the maximum distance in the allotted time. In this case, 24 minutes. This is the first ever 24 Minutes of Paris. As with all forms of motorsports, one must perform a reconnaissance of the route. In this case, a track walk won't be possible. But we'll perform the next best thing which is a track look. This is the field of battle. I've also sprained my ankle. Nothing would stop me from committing this crime. Which would require two walkie-talkies, a bit of luck, and less than half an hour. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Radio check. ALEX ROY: 10-4 radio check. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Perfect. Walking over now. MALE SPEAKER 2 (OFFSCREEN): There's a cop car sitting here just writing tickets for people. I don't know what they're writing tickets for. They've drawn a nice three or four on that one intersection. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): To the circle. Godspeed. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] ALEX ROY: Odometer reset, starting line. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Copy that. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] [DlRECTlONAL CLlCKlNG] ALEX ROY: Bonjour. POLlCE OFFlCER: [FRENCH] ALEX ROY: [FRENCH] POLlCE OFFlCER: [FRENCH] ALEX ROY: [FRENCH] Unfortunately, there were about 10 police officers at the first turn. So I was pulled over less than five feet from the start line. In all the excitement I hadn't noticed that I had made an illegal right turn. It is in fact is illegal to make a right turn off the side street onto Avenue Jacques Cinq right by the drug store, into the Etoile. It's illegal. And that's unbelievable because I should be the best at this. Hey Josh, the cops need the document for the car. So could you come down here where the cops are? It'll be obvious, there's four of them. Of course I didn't have my rental documents or my insurance documents. Just like driving the M5 back home. I did have a walkie-talkie, which they didn't think was weird. And they let me go. They're going to let me go, but I have to get those documents in the car ASAP. I'm going back to where I was parked. [FRENCH] My lack of insurance documents or anything other than a walkie-talkie and a US passport should have tipped them off that a certain bald man is back to commit crimes in their city. Like the Joker, without hair. I think we need to delay about one hour because these cops will recognize me. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Going to the start point. Meeting at the start point. ALEX ROY: So after killing a few hours by going to go see Prometheus, I came back. Ready to try again. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] I'm advancing to the start line. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): The circle is clear and free of police. ALEX ROY: 10-4, ready to start my run. To quote Star Wars, my airfoils are in attack position, ready to start my run. MALE SPEAKER 2 (OFFSCREEN): OK, we're good to go. Start your run. ALEX ROY: Starting my run. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] Wow. [FRENCH] MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): There he is, I see him. All right. MALE SPEAKER 3 (OFFSCREEN): Want [INAUDlBLE] MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Yeah. I thought I saw him. There he is. I got one shot-- ALEX ROY: Moving into primary lapping position. OK, I'm in the center. I'm now going to give it a go. All right. If I can hold this for another 23.5 minutes, I'm good. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): There he is, OK. All right. Again. Again. Missed him. ALEX ROY: [FRENCH] [CAR HORN] Unbelievable. [CAR HORN] What was that. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): How the fuck am I supposed to find him? [MUSlC PLAYlNG] [CAR HORN] ALEX ROY: Come on. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] [CAR HORN] What are these sightseers doing? Everyone knows this is a poor traffic-- Oh my God. Oh my God. Bicycles. Unbelievable. Unbelievable. [CAR HORN] MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Oh there he is. ALEX ROY: Oh come on. Come on, eh? [FRENCH] MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): I don't know how the fuck I'm supposed to shoot this. ALEX ROY: Well fuck off, then. [CAR HORN] Did I mention that I have a sprained ankle and it really hurts? I had a theory. A theory I learned from Alan McNish. Which is, you should always stay on the inside of the turn. Well, let me be more precise about what McNish said. You should hit your apex. Well unfortunately when you're lapping a traffic circle for 24 minutes, it's all apex, all the time. And I really thought if I just stayed on the inside of the turn for 24 minutes, no one could stop me. I think every driver's test should conclude with half an hour of doing this. Oh my God. I could break this walking. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] There were two police officers stationed at every outbound spoke of the Etoile watching traffic. Plus the French Legionnaires. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] I was quite sure they were all staring at me. To my left there's apparently about 200 foreign legionnaires and I hope they're not looking out at the black Citroen that's performing laps. A bunch of cowards, what's going on here? [MUSlC PLAYlNG] [CAR ENGlNE] MALE SPEAKER 2 (OFFSCREEN): Nice move on the bus, Alex. Up the pace. ALEX ROY: That was really scary. I wish I had a heart rate monitor, I'd be off the charts right now. This might be the last barrier, the last bastion, of legal motorsport on the street. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] [CAR HORN] OK. We're moving to the outside now. Because that [INAUDlBLE] cop is definitely looking over here. I told Jeff I was getting pretty tired, pretty scared, and I think I had about eight minutes left. And nothing would stop me. 24 minutes. That guy's really stressing me out now. I've been here for I don't even know how many minutes. Oh God. [CAR HORN] How many more minutes? Oh my God, gorgeous girl on a bicycle. MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Four more minutes, four more minutes. ALEX ROY: Four more? Great. I'm looking to have these-- Oh God. [CAR HORN] Not getting what you want from me. Irish [INAUDlBLE]. Look at this girl, she's gorgeous. She's riding a bicycle in the middle of the Arc de Triomphe. Is she insane? Seriously. Come on. Come on. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] MALE SPEAKER 1 (OFFSCREEN): Nice drive Alex. ALEX ROY: Oh my God. MALE SPEAKER 1: Dude. That was pretty good for-- ALEX ROY: A first timer. Dude that was really hard. I can't wait for someone to start complaining, like, I could beat that. Prove it. And so a new world record was set. 24 minutes of Paris. 6.2 kilometers. Will it ever be broken? Anyone is beatable. Every record is breakable. This one is so totally breakable. But like everything else I've ever done, who would be dumb enough to try? [MUSlC PLAYlNG] You're coming in Paris. The capital of [FORElGN LANGUAGE] [FRENCH] The most inconspicuous. [FRENCH] Following all the rules there are in France. [FRENCH] I can't remember, any more French, let's give it a shot, we leave in 15 minutes. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] This is Gabe from TowerofBabelfish.com This is the first of four/five videos on English pronunciation and the International phonetic alphabet (IPA) In these tutorials I have two smaller goals and one overarching goal: The first is to teach you how the IPA works, and two, maybe more important, how english works in your mouth -- what's going on in your mouth to make these sounds. Overall, we're looking to give you a tool for understanding pronunciation in your own language, so you can apply it to your target language. If you start with correct pronunciation in your target language, you get so much: -you'll retain vocab better -you'll have better listening comprehension -Later, you get native speakers who won't switch to english -In the end, you won't be training bad habits for years and have to unlearn them somehow. And so lets get started. We'll first talk about some basics - what is a consonant and what does IPA do? IPA is a sound alphabet - it gives you a symbol, like this one or this one, and it means one sound - always. In English, we have a bunch of letters, which correspond to vowels or consonants, and many of these have multiple sounds: The letter C as in Cat and C as in Nice are totally different - they have totally different sounds - and IPA has two symbols for those two sounds. Conversely, cymbal and symbol sound the same, even though they're spelled differently, and so IPA for both of these words is exactly the same. IPA only cares about the sound. Everytime I write in IPA, I'll surround it by two slashes, and every time I'm referring to the letters and words in english as they're spelled, I'll put quotes around them. so the letter "s" can make this sound /s/ in IPA - it has the same character - but it also can sound like /z/ (Rose) or /SS/ as in sure or /ZZ/ as in pleasure. IPA splits all of these sounds apart, and really tells you what you can expect to hear when you see a symbol. Ever the next few videos, you'll be learning all of these symbols, but for now we should talk about the three things that make one consonant. These are voicing, place and manner. We'll talk about them in that order. Voicing is perhaps the simplest. Put your hand on your throat and say "ffffffffffffff". Feel anything at your throat? You shouldn't. now compare that with "vvvvvvvvvvv". Your hand should feel buzzing in your throat. f and v are a pair of consonants that are identical except for that buzzing in your vocal cords. F is known as "unvoiced consonant", and V as a "voiced consonant." Most consonants in English come in voiced/unvoiced pairs, like T and D, or B and P. Place is a little more complicated. We'll need to look at a picture of your mouth. Here's a very detailed one from Wikipedia. To get oriented, 1 and 2 on the left are your lips. 3 is your upper teeth, 4 is that ridge behind your teeth known as the alveolar ridge. Jumping around a bit, 13-18 is your tongue, from the root (13) to underneath the tip (18), which we don't use in English; we only use the tip. 11 are your vocal cords 9 is your uvula, 7 is your soft palate and 6 is your hard palate. All the remaining numbers are just in between spots, so 5 is in between 4 and 6 - between your alveolar ridge and your hard palate. To make any sound, you need to blow air out of your throat. If you don't get in the way, you make a vowel, like "ah" "eh". If you DO get in the way, you make a consonant. Usually you do this by putting two parts of your mouth together, like your your lower lips and your teeth. When you make the sound /f/ as in fun, you do just that - your lower lips (2) come up and touch your upper teeth (3) and you blow air through. Fun. The two things that touch are called articulators - one is passive and doesn't move, in this case it's your upper teeth, which hopefully won't move much at all, and one is active - here your lower lips move up to contact your teeth. When you learn the symbols for all the consonants, I'll remind you about all of these locations, but we'll learn them here for the first time. The important places have names. We'll start at the front of the mouth and move towards the back. There are 10 places we really care about. The first two use the bottom lips as the active articulator: Place #1: Bilabial - from bi - 2, and labial, meaning lips This is where your upper and lower lips come together, like in man, banana, pot Place #2: Labiodental. This is lips and teeth, and you might have guessed, we've encountered this already. This is F and V in English. Now we're switching to the tip of the tongue as our active articulator: Place #3 is Dental. The tip of your tongue is touching your teeth. We have two consonants in English, both spelled "th". One is "ttthis" and the other thhhhing. Place #4 ia Alveolar: This is the alveolar ridge we talked about, just behind your teeth and the tip of your tongue. You get 4 sounds in English: t, d, s, z. All of these are tongue against alveolar ridge. The next place is just a little bit behind that, maybe a quarter of an inch. If you move your tongue just a little bit back, instead of getting "s" you get "sh" as in show, or zh as in pleasure. The next places involve the middle or back part of the tongue as the active articulator. Place #6 is Palatal - this is the soft palate, right in the middle of your mouth. The only sound we have in English is /j/, but you'll get all sorts of sounds in other languages, like in Italian, you'll get agnus and aglio in Italian and /c/ in Korean. These happen at the same place. Place #7 is called Velar, which is up at the back of the soft palate - In English, we have the sounds /k/ and /g/ here. Place #8 is Uvular. We don't have any sounds like it in English. This is the back of your tongue against your uvula, the little hangy-downy thing in the back of your throat. You'll encounter it in German and French, in their /R/ Place #9 is pharyngial - this is the root of tongue and back of throat, which apparently sounds like getting strangled, but I don't speak any languages with these sounds, so I can't demonstrate! Our last place, #10, is glottal - this is right at your vocal cords, and the only thing you can do to stop air from flowing is bring your vocal cords together. If you bring them together a little bit, you're going to get /h/ as in ham. The other sound is when you close them completely. You get this sound /?/, which is in English. This is called a glottal stop, and you get it in words like "uh oh!" and "nuh uh!" Right in between those syilables, you get a stop. /?/ Those are all the places that you have to worry about. We'll cover them again when we discuss each consonant individually, and I'll be making an Anki deck to help you remember them as well. To recap, we've discussed voicing - this fan and van - the difference between those - and place - the difference between fun, sun and shun. In the next video, we'll discuss manner - how you make different sounds in one place - the difference between son and ton, which are both alveolar, for instance. That's it for this tutorial. I hope you enjoyed yourself and learned something, and be sure to check out towerofbabelfish.com for new videos and articles on language learning, everything. Until next time! at the furthest extreme of the Milky Way in a small solar system, there's a planet called Earth with a satellite called the Moon and between Earth and the Moon there's a small and strange object orbiting in silence, a silence that can only exist in outer space it's a very small apartment that previously was in a city called Barcelona in a neighborhood called Gracia now, this apartment is turning circles in the infinite and inside this apartment, am I, Xavi, alone. Sonia has left definitively. what am I without her? I am nothing. ah, I have to move forward before Sonia, I had a life. I was... I was... slap! how was I before I met Sonia? it's true! before, I was Heavy Metal! I have to recuperate all of these things, I have to recuperate my identity! oh, the flag that I used for a curtain all of my adolescence. I have to make it fly it again. if I want to be happy tomorrow, I have to return to being like then. I will return to... The Law of METAL!! today we will taste... Rice of the Drunk Person. just what I needed to see... what's up? what's up? you, have you seen yourself? look, you're pathetic. hey man, don't cross the line with Xavi. don't cross the line? how can we get work with a boss that dresses like a clown? who would trust this guy and the image of his product? so, just so you know, wearing heavy metal t-shirts is "trendy" right now. "trendy"? you are a fag. I'm not a fag! I'm "emo" little flower. little flower!? enough! just so you know, before, I was heavy metal. before what? before your hair fell out? no idiots, "baldy!" before meeting Sonia, I lived... the Law of METAL!! metal? ... you mean the stone age bah, those idiots don't understand anything. slap, it's Luz! yes? hi Xavi, it's Luz. I need you to do me a favor. a favor? tell me? it's that I got a freelance job and I'm very stressed and I can't seem to do anything that is worth it "yeah" I was wondering if you could help me? I need your experience uh, I don't know if I can, Luz. look, these days we have lots of work... man, I think that it will just be a moment, since I have to deliver it tonight... tonight? if you could come to my house right now... your house? now? yes, now. Xavi? Xavi? slap, but today is Thursday. I had to go to Auntie paquita's house for lunch. slap, she'll get really angry... auntie? yes? uh, sorry, really sorry, but today I can't come... no problem! you don't worry about it I said it because you always say that your rice will overcook... no child, for me, the rice is not overcooking. ah, ok? goodbye! how strange is the auntie. what luck Serafi, my nephew isn't coming. we have the whole afternoon for us. stupendous paquita! ah, Serafi. why didn't you tell me anything during those years? it's a long story, paquita. since the beginning of the war, we said goodbye to each other.. goodbye! goodbye, paquita be careful! don't worry, paquita! I was managing the best I could for them not to kill me until they trapped me. they were going to shoot me on a bridge over the Ebro river, attention company! load, aim, ... but I distracted them a moment Long Live Spain! Long Live Franco (in Catalan) Live! Long Live Spain! upon hearing that a Red was saying Visca Franco, they doubted me and fired as I jumped into the water "ballsy red!" it's a shame I didn't know how to swim after the war, I hid myself here and there and finally I exiled myself to Argentina hidden in a boat a shame that I still didn't know how to swim. and now, before dying, I wanted to return. return to see you, paquita! aye, Serafi! paquita aye, Serafi!! paquita! Rambla del Raval, number 3. Luz lives here? balls! what a pigsty seems that the door is also open? hello? my god! the orbital drift has brought me to a new planet the surface of the planet is covered with craters of dirty clothes and biological wastes dirty clothes 33% stench 82% rotten pizza 44% without a doubt, there is life on the planet I feel like a hero further out from the last frontier Xavi, don't fear the unknown ahh! a lifeform! Hi, I'm Eddie! hello, I'm Xavi, pleased to meet you. slap, he looks like the mascot for Iron Maiden! Is Luz here? she's making something to eat Xavi, come in, come in! what do you think about the apartment? I suppose it's like any other typical student apartment, huh? I suppose, yeah. I'm preparing something to eat before we get to working... oh, you really shouldn't bother... we call it Rice of the Drunken Person, when you arrive home hungry from partying, put rice on the boil and put in everything you have in the fridge, cut into bite-size pieces hot dogs, corn, olives, Kraft singles cheese, "Charruca" sunflower seeds, anything goes and you put mayo to hold it together and it's done mmmm, gr-ea-t Eddie is my roommate. Eddie, want rice? he seems like a cadaver but he eats a whole lot yes, of course! perhaps more. now Jessica and her friends are coming three of us live here but there are always lots of people... while we finish eating I can show you what I made. ahhh, ok. what do you think, Xavi? it's fucking great! really? do you really mean it? yes, yes, I swear, well, I would do a touch up... let's see perhaps I would change the typography... the colors... the photos.. the logo... the composition... the measure... the proportion... but I insist, it's fucking great. Xavi, don't say anything more. I already know that you think it's shit. oysters, Luz... don't cry girl... come here Luz, take it easy I'm here to help you. look, your work is great, but maybe it's not just what the client wants.. to know that, experience is needed and you haven't had the chance to get yet. but leave it to me and let's see what can be done oh, Xavi! you're a genius it's a master work well, I would say it's done. now we would send it by mail to the client, and Mission Accomplished a hug! you are a sun! you are so good to me, sometimes I think that... sometimes I think that.. nothing... my foolishness slap, I made her happy. I'm so great! I think so! I think that she feels something for me, without a doubt, the Metal is in me I have to seize the moment, now, or never look, Luz, I want to tell you something important ah, yeah? I think that.. I think that.. that I like you. oh! how cute... but you already know that I have a boyfriend... what a little fool you are... well, also... you could throw him to the curb and be with me you are a charm, you know? you are so cute.. so adorable, and and so... I always liked you, you know? yeah? you remind me so much of my father.. what? you remind me of my father... with these fleshy cheeks, and the receding part in your forehead and the little wrinkles around your eyes... stop, stop, stop... how is it that I remind you of your father? how old is your father? I'm still 35, eh? really? you seem older! what!? well, the most important thing is to have a young spirit, right? slap, a mail from work! c'mon, let's read it! what... too classic.. too formal... antiquated... but what nerve! these guys don't understand anything but shit, Xavi! what do I do now? holy crap! shit shit shit fuck, she's taking it hard I only have one option left... this there, that there, add this Xavi, please don't touch me I'm very nervous they are right, what we sent is super square what a bitch Xavi, it seems to me that you should leave. eh? yes, perhaps you are right. better that I leave. bye, next time bring a lady friend! yes, yes, we'll see... hello? hi! I'm Quimet Quimet? yes, Luz's boyfriend the boyfriend... ? but how old are you? and who are you, sir? sir? I.. am Xavi Masdeu hey, I decided to send my own proposal and they loved it! I see that you guys know each other... see you Xavi! if I need you for something, I call you! goodbye, sir! goodbye, goodbye (jerks) I failed at a double game... I feel so used, finally I abandon the infernal lost planet at the deep, I see Earth there, time is relative sometimes it accelerates and sometimes it seems to slow to a stop... and it affects its habitants in different ways some of them pass eternal days my rice isn't overcooking! the rice... and the others, with expiration dates Like a comet Blazing 'cross the evening sky Gone too soon Like a rainbow Welcome to the Rubin Museum of Art in New York City. In the series, Brainwave, neuroscientists meet with people from other walks of life to understand the workings of our minds. Here, punk rock musician and spoken word artist, Henry Rollins talks to neuroscientist, David Eagleman about what goes on in his brain when he sleeps and when he dreams. So what's this lucid dreaming thing? Lucid dreaming is when you are in a dream and you become aware that you're dreaming and you can take control of the plot. To some people it happens naturally, it's happened to me twice. How many people have lucid dreamed sort of accidentally or not... You can train yourself up on this. Its a very valuable scientific tool to study all sorts of questions about dreaming because in sleep labs, you can train subjects up really well to get into lucid dreams state and you can ask them questions while they're in that state. For example, there's this outstanding question whether dream time corresponds to real time. Is five seconds in a dream, five seconds... So here's how this guy Steven (Leburge--??) at Stanford did this. He had people estimate five second while they were awake. And then he has them go into a lucid dream state. And when they realized their dreaming, they look to the left and their being monitored with electrooculogram in the outside world so that shows up when they look to the left in their dream their eyes actually look to the left. And then five seconds later in their dream they look to the left again. So inside your dream state, you do this and then you do this when you've estimated five seconds have passed. And it turns out dream time corresponds to real time. That wouldn't have been known if it wasn't for that clever experiment. So, that's lucid dreaming. I'm always in an airplane trying to make an absurdly hard landing like, in the middle of a city. Where you're...it goes back to a time when we had got on some strange flight pattern coming into JFK, some flight...You know, I fly to New York all the time. Where we made this lap around the city. Thats...Why? Maybe we had to divert or something. Everyone in the plane got real quiet like, why are we seeing this? Why are we so low? Whats going on? And it was really unnerving. And that stays with me. And I have dreams where we have to take a seven-fourty-seven like, through the Holland Tunnel [laughter] Some tunnel size thing, where you're like, can he do this?? Are we going to be okay? Where in the dream your like whew whew and you're trying to help the pilot... To the right! To the right! RlGHT! And it's awful and it's nerve-racking where you get into the plane and the pilot says, "You know we got to drive through a hole in the ground on this flight folks, I think we can make it." [laughter] "One more margarita and I'm gunna try this out." And I have those dreams fairly often. And there's always that question like in a dream when you jump off something do you hit the ground? Do you die in a dream? I don't believe I ever died in a dream. If I did I can't remember. So there's one theoretical frame works that says, maybe dream content is about simulating and practicing through different sorts of threats. In real life, maybe present company excluded. Most people look at fights a lot. So the idea is maybe dream content is practicing stuff so you keep those circuits well oiled. That's one hypothesis, and so one of the consequences of the hypothesis is that people who live in, let's say war torn areas with a lot of violence around them might have an over representation of violence and fighting in dreams. But that study was done just a few years ago comparing people in really terrible areas in South Africa where there's lots of violence to some people in some Welsh neighborhood where nothing ever happens. And what they found, was there was no difference in their dream content in terms of the level of violence. And this has been one of the really interesting things no one knows how to explain yet. But the opening quotation that Tim read about all men dream, but not all men dream equally it turns out it might not be true. Because it turns out when you do these studies, everybody seems to have the same dream content. There's a lot of anxiety, there's things about missing something important. Preparing meals, is one of the things... I've never had a dream about that but apparently lots of people do. But, what's interesting in cross cultures this is true and people looked at dream journals for the last sixty years from lets say college age students, their dream journals. And it turns out even though society and technology have changed drastically over the last sixty years dream content has not. It's still the same stuff. So you know, yeah, that's kind of interesting. You know, it suggests there's something real programmed in there. That's one thing I've found so similar, when people tell me about their dreams you get mad, you want to hit the guy your hand just turns to silly puddy you get no power... That happens, I have fighting dreams all the time. I had one just the other say where someone said, "You take drugs. You're a drug addict." I said, "No I'm not." The guy said, "Haha you take drugs." I said, "I have to hit you". And I went uuurgghh and of course the fist went, boom. I was trying to hit him right in his breast bone, you know right? That'll fix him. And then in the dream, right where my fist would have hit him this pustule developed on my chest and it exploded and I woke up. Well doctor [laughter] Easy. Well, uh, people have dreams... You ever had this thing where you're trying to run and your legs just wont go-- You're trying to run up a hill and you just can't get up the hill. Here's what i think it's about. There are several theories about dream content from the neural point of view. And one of them is, you're mid brain is sending all kinds of signals up to your cortex and your cortex is trying to send this up to your motor system to do all the right things but, when you're dreaming, your major muscle groups are paralyzed. That's when you go to sleep, those things shut off. So you don't act out your dreams. So the theory goes, that because your cortex is trying to talk to your motor system, and your motor system is not getting the proper feedback that's when you have this sort of conflict and dream content comes out of trying to provide an explanation for the fact that you're not getting your body to do the right things. But one thing that seems to come out of that a lot is this feeling you're trying to move your muscles and you can't. Whether it's punching or running, or your legs being shackled, or something like that... It's a pretty common feeling. People have been trying to figure out what the secret is behind dream content. So, I'm sure you know, Freud suggested it's sort of repressed wishes. It's the things you wished were true-- I'm not sure how the naked in public would...match there...[laughter] [Henry Rollins]: Give it time... But, Karl Young suggested, that maybe this has to do with unexpressed aspects of our personality. But both of these ideas have been criticized on the grounds that their unfalsifiable. It's really difficult to know whether that's true. and its not really clear that the evidence supports it. So that's led to this whole class of theories essentially that says, maybe there's not really a lot of meaning to dream content. Maybe it's just random neural activity. So that's maybe the other end of the spectrum. We don't know which one is right. But that's at least something to really consider. That maybe it is just random neural firing in your brain trying to put together stories. And you can get stories with no central story teller. So this is something Daniel (Denit?) brought to my attention many years ago. And, he gave me an example which I do with my classes every year, which is the following: So, let's say somebody is coming late to the class. So what I do, is I tell the class before that person shows up that we're going to do this game, where when this person walks in, I'm going to say, "Oh, Hi Jimmy. I just told this dream of mine to the class." "And I want you to guess about what my dream content was." "But you can only ask yes or no questions. And the rest of the class will answer yes or no." Okay, well the trick is whatever the last letter of his sentence is, if its between A-M they all day yes. And if it's between N-Z they all say no. So he says, "Were there snakes involved?" And the whole class says yes. And he says, "Were there elephants?" And they all say, No! Because their all listening to the last letter of his question...Okay. Well what happens is in short order, a whole story has developed. Even though there is not central story teller. I mean, he doesn't even know he's constructing a story. Their just following an algorithm. And yet a whole narrative can come out of it. The idea is that it's possible to have a plot with no central story teller. The first group of macronutrients we'll discuss are the carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are found in a variety of foods and are essential nutrient. Regardless of what some fad diet may tell you, you do need carbohydrates. Though some of them can be considered to be more nutritious than others. Dietary carbohydrates are primarily plant based macronutrients. Animal derived foods other than milk, don't contain a preciable amount. Plants build carbohydrates through photosynthesis converting to carbon dioxide, water and solar energy into glucose and oxygen. Thereafter, glucose can be stored in glucose chains like starch or fiber or be converted to fructose. We'll talk a little more about each of these nutrients shortly. Monosaccharides are single glucose molecules or fructose molecules. I can see here glucose, is a six carbon molecule, as is Fructose. Yeah, tou'll see that the ring structure of fructose has one more carbon outside of it attached to the OH group while there are all carbons in the ring structure in glucose. Three mono-saccharides foods are Glucose and Fructose. Glucose, while found in fruits, vegetables and honey, is mainly thought of as blood sugar. Fructose is more abundant in honey, fruits and vegetables as well as corn derived sweeteners like corn syrup. Although maltos is obtained from the diet, its derived from the breakdown of disaccharides and polysaccharides during digestion, so it is also an important monosaccharide, but you wouldn't consume it on it's own. Table sugar and the sugar that's added to food are extracted from the plants sugar cane and sugar bead. Lactose or milk sugar is made up of one molecule of glucose also, like sucrose is. And one molecule of galactose. Galactose is in all dairy products. And, like all disaccharides, is broken down to free monosaccharides of digestion. A specific enzyme is needed to break down each disaccharide. In the case of lactose, you need lactase. People who don't break down lactose, into pre-monosaccharides, lack this enzyme. And they are, considered to be lactose intolerant. The lactose molecule can't be absorbed, into the body, if it's not broken down, so it's going to be lost in the feces, typically causing diarrhea, in the lactose intolerant individual, that chooses to consume, a lactose containing product. Starch is how plants works carbohydrates, the amount of starch and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin will vary from plant to plant. Humans and other animals store their glucose as glycogen. They store primarily in the liver and muscle tissue. Like amylopectin, as you can see in this image, glycogen is branched allowing for efficient glucose storage in a small amount of space. Even when consuming meat, which is muscle tissue, there's little glycogen in the foods we eat. Glycogen in animal tissue is actually broken down very quickly after the animal is slaughtered. Fiber, the last category of polysaccharide we'll discuss, is indigestible by humans. It's primarily found in figel chains, and the bonds between the sugars are only broken down by bacterial digestion. You can see here the slight chemical difference between starch and cellulose. Herbivores like cows, horses, deer they can actually get energy from fiber because they're got large amounts of bacteria that can digest the fiber and their digestive systems are designed to absorb this free sugar. Even though we humans and other omnivores and carnivores do have intestinal bacteria, much of it is found in the large intestine. That's not a place where a lot of absorption takes place. So by, fiber does have a function in our bodies, but it's not to provide glucose. The reason we can't just break this fiber down is because we don't have the enzymes we need to break this molecule. This slight chemical difference here you can see makes a huge difference in nutrition. So when we talk about we are what we eat then chemistry and food go hand in hand. We can see how little differences in chemistry change how we, the organic organism, utilize our food. There are many types of fiber, and we can divide them into the insoluble and the soluble or viscous. Fibers like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are insoluble fibers. They're not going to dissolve in the water of our intestine. They're part of a plants cell wall, they help give the plant structure. And within the food that we eat we find insoluble fiber in rice, wheat, other whole grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes and seeds. Fibers like pectin, gums, mucilages, and glucans are soluable or viscous, so they will dissolve in any base environment. These are located within the cells of a plant wall, or within the cells of a plant, and are included in whole grains, fruits and vegetables, legumes, and seeds, and the husks of plants. In the food industry, these fibers are extracted from plant sources and used as food additives. We call this functional or added fiber. So, the food we eat can have dietary fiber, inherent fibers, something that's natural within it, or it can be added to our foods. You can actually even purchase simple fiber dupplements like Metamucil. If you go to the grocery store, look at labels and see what has added fiber to it. Again this is done at the factory, not by nature. So why would you manufacturer want to add fiber to his product? Does it make it taste better? Does it make the product more shelf stable? Well, it actually, potentially make the product more healthful. Granted you could choose the high fiber diet that's high in natural fibers but for some people, they'd rather choose a product where it's been added. Maybe it's something they really like to eat, no. it's a little healthier. Fiber does a lot of good things for us human beings even though we can't digest it. It slows stomach emptying and in this manner it extends the time you feel full or at least satisfied after a meal. It's very important for good health And companies knowing that customers are looking for some of the nutritional benefits, realize that this could be a selling point. And that's why they've added it to their foods, and it is manufactured and marketed for it's dieters, i ndividuals with constipation, individuals that have trouble meeting their fiber needs, and diabetics. So here we can see the intestinal tract and as I briefly mentioned already, fiber helps keep this whole system healthy. Just like your skin cells, our intestinal tract has cells on the walls of the system. As we go down the stomach, through the small intestine, large. Intestine. These cells turn over on a regular basis. And fiber helps keep these cells turning over, sloughing off old, dead, less functional cells. Also fiber helps exercise the stomach so it keeps the muscles of the intestine working hard just like when you go for a walk you might exercise your muscles, fiber is exercising In your gut muscles. In addition, fiber will slow digestion down, at the level of the stomach. But speed digestion up, further down the road. Down in the colon and the large intestine. What this means, is, that, it will slow digestion at a point, where we want to sort of control what foods getting to the next step. We can also control how much sugar is getting into the blood, when we slow digestion, by eating More fiber. Later when we want the waste products to move through the system, we want fiber to help that to happen. Another benefit of fiber is in the prevention of diverticulosis. As I mentioned fiber helps break down these cells, while diverticula are pouches that form along the colon. this is when our gut becomes unhealthy and can become infected and inflamed. By promoting regularity keeping the muscles of the gut healthy and strong and sloughing off old gut cells. Eating fiber prevents the regression for development of Diverticular. Another benefit of fiber and another way that manufacturers market products with added fiber is in the bile system. So bile is an emulsifier. When you eat fat, you're taking a lipid component and introducing it to an aqueous environment. Your stomach fluids, your intestinal fluids, these are all aqueous products. So when you eat fat, we need to make sure that the fat just doesn't stick toget her and keep itself in one spot. So if you imagine taking some olive oil and dumping it in a glass of water, you would see that the olive oil would stick together. The same thing would happen in your stomach and this would impair the breakdown and digestion of your fat, and this is where bile comes in. Bile emulsifies this fat, keeps it into smaller components and allows for improved digestion and breakdown of the fat. Bile as this figure illustrate, actually comes from cholesterol. So as we consume food we use our bile. We need to produce more. And when we eat more fiber this bile actually finds the fiber in our intestinal tract and more of the bile will be excreted from the body. So by eating more fiber, you will bind some of, some of this bile off. Excrete more of it, and therefore you're going to need to make more bile. Again, you still need the bile to break down the fat you're going to eat later. So a liver will convert cholesteral to bile. And through this system, release more bile into the intestinal tract where it's needed. So by consuming more fiber you use up more cholesterol to generate bile. This is why you might see on a cereal box with high fiber, this claim may lower help may help lower cholesterol is because of this row of cholesterol, bile and fiber. So what kind of carbohydrates are good carbohydrates? We know that there are diets out there that ask us to avoid carbohydrates, that they're less nutritious, that they're less filling, that they're negative things that are going on with carbohydrates and we're going to talk a little bit about that in a subsequent lecture. But are carbs bad? I'll let you decide that but for now I'm going to let you know that some carbohydrates are very good. Whole grains like brown rice, legumes like black beans, vegetables And fruits have healthy carbohydrates. They come along with lots of vitamins and minerals that your body needs. They come along with fiber, that will help do all of these things that I've mentioned. And they're lower in sugar, which, although it tastes good, is not as nutrient rich as these complex. Carbohydrate product. Certainly fruit sugar is not a complex carbohydrate, but it still comes along with a lot more, vitamins and minerals, than a candy bar would. On the flip side, we want to avoid, the simple sugars. Especially added sugars. And the sugar recommendations, as you may have already read, are to consume less than 25%, of our energy, in these extra calories. In these sugary components. So while some of these foods here may look yummy, they're not as nutrient dense as some of the fruits and vegetables I mentioned earlier and while they can be part of a healthy diet, we want to make sure we moderate how much we consume. Even seemingly healthy foods can have too much sugar, and therefore be less healthful. It's important to read labels when you're trying to make healthy food choices. This is just one example. So, you have the option to choose fresh pineapple or canned pineapple. When you look at the canned pineapple, they have canned pineapple in juice or in heavy syrup. So let's look at the nutritional differences here. Just take a minute to look this over. So all of these products have the same amount of fat, no cholesterol, similar sodium content all though we see a slight uptick in the sodium in the heavy syrup can, but there's a huge difference, not only in carbohydrates, but in sugar and calorie. So, our friend fiber, not much different. Slightly lower in those canned foods, because there's a little more fiber in that fresh fruit, but the sugar difference is significant, more than twice the sugar of fresh pineapple in the juice pineapple can. And four times, almost four times the sugar in a heavy syrup product. And you can see the impact this is going to have on the calories. So read your food labels. Why would you need a product in heavy syrup? Perhaps if you want to keep canned pineapple on hand, it's going to less perishable but certainly, at least, choosing the pineapple in juice is going to be The healthier option. If you're going to eat the pineapple right away, of course the healthiest option would be the fresh pineapple. And the amount of carbs in our food and the amount of sugar in our food, reading those labels like I just mentioned is going to be most important in someone that has diabetes. You'll be watching a short video on the diabetes process, what happens in diabetes and what happens with the carbohydrates. But here's just some basic information to get started. In an individual diabetes, their body is not processing carbohydrates as well. So, we nutritionists help individuals moderate their carbohydrate intake, by teaching someone how to actually count carbs. So when you do your diet tracking you can go back and look and see how many carbs you ate per meal and get an idea of what that would be like So when we count carbs, we don't want to make it too complicated. Granted, you could read every label, you could track your diet and get it down to the point .01 of carbohydrates per meal. But in general we categorize carbohydrates by fifteen grams. For every fifteen grams, we count that as one serving of carbohydrate. And for the individual trying to manage their diabetes, we would give them guidelines of how many servings of carbohydrate they should consume per meal. So review this list. You can see some foods here with fifteen gram carbohydrate servings. Specifically if we look at meal planning for someone with diabetes, their breakfast may consume 45 grams of carbohydrate. This would be three servings. Their lunch might contain also 45 grams or three servings. Dinner may have more, four servings or 60g and the snack only 15g or one serving. Now certainly you could switch this around if perhaps you like eating a larger lunch. You could have 60g or four servings at lunch and then only 3g, three servings or 45g at dinner. This will total 165g. When it comes to carbohydrate counting, we do have those guidelines, as I showed you in the slide previously, that had some basic numbers for different foods. But it may also mean that you're measuring your food. For example, p asta. That's a food that might be easy to over-indulge in before counting our carbs. That would be a good food to go ahead and measure. that's compared to something like an apple where you can sort of estimate the size of the apple and consume That one apple. Rice would be another one that we'd want to go ahead and measure. Other foods like slices of bread are easy to count. So counting and then using your measuring tools can help in managing diabetes through the carbohydrate counting process. Alright, now please go to the following link to learn a little bit more about blood sugar, diabetes, and the management of glucose in the normal individual and the individual with diabetes. Here's the routine. It's very short. It goes through the measurements. It assumes it has as many motions as measurements. It first applies the measurement as before. Then it applies the motion. When it's done with it, it prints the output, and the output is interesting. The world has a green, a red, a red, and a green, and a green field. The robot saw red, followed by a right motion, and green. That suggests that it probably started with with the highest likelihood in grid cell number 3, which is the right-most of the two red cells. It saw red correctly. It then moved to the right by 1. It saw green correctly, moved right again. It now finds itself most likely in the right-most cell. This is just looking at these values over here without any probabilistic math and any code limitation. Let's look at the output--0.2, 0.1, 0.08, 0.16, 0.38. Very correctly, then it would most likely assign this position to the right-most cell as should be, given the sequence of observations over here. I want to play freely The people wants to topple the regime I want to play freely The Youth of the Syrian Revolution - Artists of the Revolution Group ♪ Open these doors ♪ Show the world ♪ What You have done in us ♪ We won't hide this love ♪ We will shine for You ♪ In all that we do ♪ We desire to see Your kingdom come ♪ Lord, have Your way here ♪ Have Your way ♪ Have Your way here ♪ Have Your way Jesus, Jesus! Becca: Good morning everyone! We'd like to welcome you all to The Father's House! Come on, get up on your feet as we join together! Rachel: ♪ Trading ashes for beauty Trading mourning for dancing ♪ You change my world ♪ Trading sickness for healing ♪ Trading blindness for seeing ♪ You change my world ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Trade my past for Your promise ♪ Now I know Your forgiveness ♪ You change my world ♪ Trade my striving for resting ♪ Lord, Your favor's unending ♪ You change my world ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Nothing can keep me down ♪ I know, I know ♪ In You my hope is found ♪ Forever and ever ♪ Nothing can keep me down ♪ I know, I know ♪ In You my hope is found ♪ Forever and ever ♪ Nothing can keep me down ♪ I know, I know ♪ In You my hope is found ♪ Forever and ever ♪ Nothing can keep me down ♪ I know, I know ♪ In You my hope is found ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new ♪ Old things have passed away ♪ You make me new, You make me new Becca: Just You, God In Your presence, in Your presence You make us new! Yeah!! (no words spoken on this trailer) Pastor Denis: Man, it's gonna be a good day, it's gonna be a good day! I believe God wants to do something special with us today. We're in the second week of a series called Day 50. Last week was absolutely incredible with our pastor, Pierre, preaching the message. And we're gonna continue in this series. And I have three questions to help frame our conversation. For the next 30 minutes or so, I want to speak about three things or ask three questions. Number one: What are we being. Would you say that? What are we being. The second question says this: What are we seeing? Would you say that. What are we seeing? And the third question would be: What are we saying? Would you say that. What are we saying? So that is what we're going to do today as we think about Pentecost in this Pentecost season. Before we jump into that, would you pray with me. God, we thank You so much for Your presence among us. Lord, we thank You for speaking to our hearts, for depositing things into our hearts, Lord. I pray right now that the word that would go today would be like seeds that are planted by rivers of water; it would take root in our hearts and grow strong and bear good fruit. God, I declare that we are dependent on You. Help us to hear what we need to hear and see what we need to see and say what we need to say. God, I can't do this on my own. I declare that I need Your words in my mouth. I need Your grace to empower me to do what I could not do on my own. But God, we thank You that at the end of the day we'll be able to say that we have encountered You, we have encountered and been filled with Your Spirit. And that we would leave this time together changed and transformed. So Lord, we invite You to have Your way. In Jesus' name. If you agree, then would you shout Amen! Acts Chapter 1, verse 8 we are going to read in a few moments. This is written after about 400 years of the people of Israel, the people of God, being in some sort of captivity or oppression by various nations, by the Persians and the Babylonians, the Greeks, the Romans. All of these different nations were in a sense ruling over the Israelite people. And they knew that they were supposed to be the people of God. They knew that God was supposed to be the one that would rule and that the people of God would be the blessing to the rest of the world. But it was not the reality for 400 years. And there were people in the community that would hold onto the promises of God, to the word of God that says, hey, listen, God will one day restore what Israel was supposed to be. That one day God would rescue them. That one day God would be faithful to His promise and covenant and raise a Messiah that would take them out of the rule of these ungodly nations and raise them up to be the people they were destined to be, a blessed people who would be blessing other nations. And they do this. This is the scene, after 400 years of this, that Jesus begins His ministry. And He comes and He begins and most people, I think, were starting to say, okay, He's just a really good rabbi, He's a clever teacher. He gets his little posse going on, His disciples, His followers. And then after He is teaching some and doing some miracles, I can imagine that some of them begin to wonder, hey, could this be the One that we've been waiting for? Could this be the Messiah that would rescue us? Then He is teaching more and doing greater miracles and His influence is growing. More crowds are coming. And then I believe the disciples are like, oh yeah, I'm pretty sure He is the One! He is the Messiah that is going to rescue this whole picture! And then it comes to Palm Sunday. And here comes Jesus riding into the city on that donkey and the crowds are celebrating Him and they're throwing the palm branches down. And now the disciples got swag cause they know, oh yeah, He's the One! He is the One and we are on His team! So we're about to be part of His ruling team that are going to flip over the power of these Romans, of these ungodly nations. And we are going to be on top! Can u imagine what they were thinking? They are celebrating this. They are so excited! And then four days later Jesus is arrested. And before they could blink He goes to trial and He's beaten and He is crucified. And He is dead. And He is buried in a tomb. Can you imagine what those disciples who were convinced that He was the Messiah that would overthrow these other governments, and now in that tomb is their leader! In that tomb is their hopes. In that tomb is their dreams. In that tomb is the product of their investment for the last three years of their lives. They were broken. They were discouraged and confused. What in the world did all of this mean if it wasn't that He was the Messiah? And then you know the story. Three days later Jesus rises from the grave! Okay, if He can rise from the grave, if He can beat death, hell and the grave, if He can do this, then for sure He is the Messiah! He is the One that is going to flip this thing! Not even death could contain Him! So now they're excited! And ten days have gone by. And twenty days and thirty days and forty days and they're so excited! They're doing this thing. They're getting their campaign ready. They are ready! And they ask this question in Acts, Chapter 1. They said, like little kids in the backseat, hey Jesus, are we there yet?! They said Jesus, Jesus, is this the time where You are going to restore the kingdom of Israel? And Jesus says, He says, hey, in verse 7, He says no, stay out of grown folk business. He says it is not for you to know about the times and dates. Come on. He replied, but the Father has placed all of that under His own direct authority. He says, I cannot tell you. This is classified information. It is above your pay grade. He says in verse 8, but this is what will happen. Come on, read this with me. Come on, He says: You will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you. He says, and then you will be witnesses in Jerusalem, in Judea, and Samaria and to the ends of the earth. Here they are, they're saying, okay God, when is the kingdom gonna come? When is it going to be the time when You're going to restore this earth, and restore and get rid of all of this corruption? When is it going to be like when the prophet says that the lions are going to lay with the lambs? And the only use for weapons is to use them as farming tools. When is it going to be that You're going to be on top and we're going to be right there with You? And He says, I can't tell you this. But this one thing I can tell you, the Holy Spirit is going to come on you. But you will have power to do what you could not do before. Now remember, He is saying, but you will receive power. My question, first of all to us today is, are you a you? Are you a you? The you that He is speaking to is disciples of Jesus Christ. Can I suggest today that He's not saying that it is just people who said a prayer just to get out of hell. It is a great prayer to say and it's a great thing to say. But God is saying, listen, I'm talking to the you. I'm talking to the ones who said, I have decided to follow Jesus with my whole life. I may be ridiculed. I may have to leave and put my desires and my wants and all of these things on the back burner and commit to Jesus Christ first and foremost. Those are the yous that He is talking to, the disciples of Jesus Christ that would be ridiculed, that would be talked about, that would not be popular. They would be thrown in jail for the sake of the gospel of Jesus Christ. My question is, are you a you?! Are you one that says, Jesus, no matter what the cost, I'm gonna take up my cross everyday? I have decided to follow Jesus, no turning back. If you are a you, He says to you, you will receive the Holy Spirit. And Pastor Pierre said last week, that is the same Holy Spirit that stood there at creation and hovered over this thing while God began to speak things into existence. That same Holy Spirit is the one that is in you. And He says, this Holy Spirit, for you who have decided, will give you power. The word power there has the same root as the word dynamite. So in other words, on the inside of you you will have this dynamite power to do things that you could not do before. It is like Neo when he takes the blue pill. He was just a nerdy computer programmer. And then he takes that blue pill and he steps into the matrix. And all the sudden he has the ability to do all kinds of things that he could never do before. Somebody see The Matrix before?! You all, you're all looking at me crazy. He says you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you. And watch this, He says, and you will be. Who you were before you received the Holy Spirit and power is different than who you are when the Holy Spirit with power is in your life. What you could do before the Holy Spirit comes in your life is way different and it's not even going to compare to what you can do with the Holy Spirit in your life. You will be. There is going to be a transformation on the inside of you. There is a shift on the inside of you. There is a DNA change on the inside. There is a blood transfusion. When you receive the power and the person of the Holy Spirit, then something is different in your life. He says you will receive power. My question is, are you being something different than you were before you received the Holy Spirit? Is the output of your life, is the output of what comes out of your mouth, is what you do, is it different now that the Holy Spirit has come in you with His power? There was this couple that they moved into a new house. And now they are approaching the first winter in this house. And the temperature is dropping and it's getting colder and colder. So they decide, okay, let's flick on the heat. And so they go and they flick on the heat. And nothing happened. And it's getting colder and colder. And it is not warming up in that house. So they get concerned. And they call the heating and cooling technician and say, hey, come on and check this thing out in our house. There's something wrong and we can't go through this winter without any heat. And so the technician comes and he checks it out. They are bracing themselves. Here they are in this brand new house and the heat is not working. They are convinced that they are going to have to pay all kinds of money to overhaul this whole system. And after just a few minutes, the technician says, hey, listen, don't worry. It's just going to be a couple of dollars. He says, listen, you have one of these things where it is supposed to be an automatic ignition. And he says your heating system is igniting but it's not connecting to the power source. So the power has no way to distribute through the rest of the house. Somebody is already missing it right now! He says you've got an ignitor and it is igniting, but there is no connection. And so there is all kinds of power but the power is not being activated and it's not warming up the house. Can I say that there are so many of us as believers, we have received the Holy Spirit. He has sealed us at salvation, and yet here we have the ability to be ignited with the power of God and we are not activating. There is a disconnect between the power of the Holy Spirit in our lives and what is actually happening in our lives. God is saying, who are you being? Are you a people that have all kinds of power and don't ever activate it, that don't ever ignite it, and don't ever live out according to the power of the person of the Holy Spirit in your life? Who are you being? What are you being? His purpose was this. He said, for those who would receive the person and the power of the Holy Spirit, He says, you would be witnesses in Judea, Jerusalem, Samaria and to the uttermost parts of the earth. Whenever there was a new emperor in that region, the emperor didn't have CNN to say, hey, there's a new emperor on the throne. So he would get a whole bunch of heralds. He would get a whole bunch of people and say, I want you to go to all of the jurisdiction of this land and tell everybody, the good news they called it, that there is a new emperor in town. Jesus says, listen, I cannot tell you when the fullness of the kingdom is going to be manifested. But this is what I can tell you. He says, you're going to be witnesses. He says, there's a king on the throne. Now go to Jerusalem and tell somebody. Go to Judea and tell somebody. Go to Samaria, your enemies, and tell somebody there is a new king on the throne. There is a kingdom that is coming to fruition. Who are you being? Are you being one that would herald under the power and the person of the Spirit of God, that would proclaim, that would announce the good news, there's a new king in town? My second question is this: What are you seeing? What are you seeing? In 1885, G.F. Watts, the artist, he painted a painting in the Tate Museum in England. That painting depicted a sad woman, a sad picture, in her tattered clothing. And she was sitting on top of a globe. She is blindfolded. She is clutching her harp. And on that harp is just one string. You can see she is just leaning into that harp. And she is trying to play that string, maybe just so that she could hear the little bit of music that it could play. And the great G. K. Chesterton looked at that painting and said it should be called Despair. But G. F. Watts called it, he said that picture is going to be called Hope. It was about 100 years after that, a pastor in the midwest began to look at that picture and he said in spite of being on a world devastated by distrust and decimated by disease, in spite of being a world where famine and greed were easy bed partners, in spite of a world where apartheid and apathy fed the fires of racism, her harp was all but destroyed except for the one string that was left. In spite of all of these things, she had that one string so that she could make music and praise to her God. My question is, what do you see? When everybody else sees something that is ugly, what is it that you are seeing? Do you see that there could be just a string of hope, there could be a string of goodness in the midst of despair? II Kings, Chapter 6 says it like this. Elisha was a prophet. He was telling the Israelite nation, hey listen, tomorrow don't go down this road because there's an enemy army that's going to meet you there and is going to whip your behind. So the Israelite army, they would avoid the area that he said not to go. And they were safe from the enemy attack. And the next day Elisha would say, hey, don't go this way because that enemy army is going to come and they're going to whip your behind. So they would avoid that area. And the enemy army was getting frustrated. And their king was like, who on our team is a traitor? And finally, they were like, no, there's nobody on our team that is a traitor. There is this prophet named Elisha who keeps messing up our plans. And so the king of Aram said okay, this is what we're going to do. In the middle of the night we're going to go and we're going to take out Elisha. And so he got his horses and he got his chariots and he got his strongest men to go after on man. They go in the middle of the night and they surrounded this house. And then the next morning when his servant gets up, Elisha's servant gets up to take his morning jog, he gets out there and he sees all of these armies. He is scared spitless! He goes back into the house and he says, oh no, my lord, what are we going to do?! He is like, Elisha, you done did it now! They've come after us. And in verse 16, Elisha speaks to him and he says this, come on: Do not be afraid the prophet answered. Those who are with us are more than those who are with them. Oh, that's good news right there! Come on, someone ought to say that again! Those who are with us are more than those who are with them! And then in verse 17 he says, open his eyes, Lord, that they may see. Then the Lord opened the servants eyes and he looked and saw the hills full of horses and chariots of fire all around Elisha. What are you seeing? When the normal people would look at Elisha they would see, Elisha, your time has come. You are about to die or be captured, but there is no way in the world that you and your little servant are going to defeat an entire army that has set themselves around you. But Elisha says, no, there is a greater picture! There is a vision that God has given me that says that there is a greater army that is far greater than anything that anybody else could do to me. There are chariots of fire that will help me overcome what these armies think they are going to come and do. My question is, what are you seeing? Pastor Jonathan Martin, he says look, there are two types of people right now that we're hearing a lot about. One type of person is a commentator. You know what a commentator is. The job of a commentator is to look at something and then they say what they see. And so you've got Michael Vick of the Philadelphia Eagles, Amen. I'll say amen all by myself. :) And he gets the ball and the commentator says, there's Michael Vick with the ball. Michael Vick steps back and he throws the ball to DeSean Jackson. And the commentator says, Michael Vick stepped back and threw the ball to DeSean Jackson. We're all watching the same game. We're seeing what we see. But the commentator says what he sees. Are you with me? He says, here's DeSean Jackson with the ball and he's juking and he's breaking ankles and he's not getting tackled. And there comes the commentator who says, there's DeSean Jackson with the ball. He's juking and he's breaking ankles. He's not being tackled. There's DeSean Jackson and he's running and he's going down to the 15, the 30. And here comes the commentator, here he goes down the 15... The commentator, all he does is say what he sees. Can I tell you, in this world we don't need any more commentators. We don't need any. The quota has been met. We don't need any more commentators. How long will we as the people of God say, oh, the crime, it's so bad in our neighborhood? Duh! We can see the crime is bad in our neighborhoods. We don't need you commentating about that! How long will we use our Facebook and our Twitter just to complain about the politicians and the policies? How long will we use our mouth to complain about the dysfunction in our families and the messed up schools? We don't need any more commentators! But Pastor Jonathan Martin says there are commentators. But then on the other side there's prophets. The prophet doesn't just see what everyone else sees and say what everyone else says. The job of the prophet is to say I see what you see, but God, what do You see? And if I can get a picture, a glimpse of what God would see, then I would declare what God would say about that thing. And so here comes, on the day of Pentecost and the Holy Spirit comes with power. He comes with authority. In Acts, Chapter 2, it says this: Now Joel was talking about this day when he said in the last days, declares God, I will pour out my Spirit on all people. He says, your sons and your daughters will prophesy. Your young will see visions. Your old will dream dreams. Even the slaves and the women alike will receive the Spirit of God and they will prophesy. You don't have to be a pastor to prophesy. You don't have to be working for the church to be able to get the vision of God. He says on the day of Pentecost the Spirit of God is to pour out on all flesh so that we don't have to be commentators any longer, but we can see what God says and we can declare what God would say about the situation. My question for us today is what are we seeing. From the beginning of time God is a God that is not limited by the vision that we would see. He is not limited by the experience. He would look at a man like Abraham, and when everybody else would just say, hey, that is an old man who is impotent and is just waiting to die, God says no, there is a man that is going to be the father of nations. What do you see? When He would look at this little baby who just barely escaped the holocaust of Egypt, the rest of the world would just say, hey, that's just a little Jewish baby. But God would say, no, I see a man named Moses that is going to rise up and deliver the people of Egypt. He would look at a little girl who is just basically poor and it looks like she is pregnant out of wedlock. And when the rest of the world is ready to count her out, God says, no, this is my daughter, Mary, who I calling to be the mother of the Messiah that is going to come and rescue this world! When the rest of the world would look at this great rabbi, this teacher, who was doing so much in the land and now all the sudden they see that this guy is dead and he is buried in the grave, heaven would say, no, I see the One that is going to rise up and turn and make this world right and restore all things to Himself. What is it that you see? When the world looked at a little church on the outside of Rochester and they said it's just a little community that is barely doing anything, God says, no, I see a church that will be called The Father's House that will have thousands of people that will influence the rest of this world. What do you see? We don't need people that are just going to say what everybody else sees. What is it that you are seeing when you see that dysfunctional family near you? What is it that you are seeing when you see these broken neighborhoods? Don't be a commentator. God is saying, catch a glimpse of what I see! Catch a glimpse. Hear what I would say to those who are broken, to those who are hurting, to those who are in despair. There is still a string on the harp! Oh, that's good preaching right there. (applause) The first question was, what are we being. Are we being people that would be filled with the power and the person of the Holy Spirit? And therefore, our actions would change. What are we seeing? Are we a people that would see what God would see and therefore say what God would have us say? And the third question is this: What are you saying? What are you saying? Matthew, Chapter 6, the disciples were growing up and they were praying the same prayers as all of their other friends and cousins. Everybody, the entire Jewish nation prayed the same prayers day in and day out. And then they see Jesus and he's praying and his prayers, something about his prayer life struck them as different than everything they had ever seen. And so here, in Matthew, Chapter 6, they said, Jesus, would you teach us how to pray? Jesus says, okay. Listen. When you pray you mustn't be like the play actors. They love to pray standing in the synagogues and on street corners so that the people will notice them. In other words, he's saying, listen, there's a bunch of religious folk who when they pray it's all a show. They use great words and they're very demonstrous. They want everybody to see how religious, how spiritual they are. Jesus says, when you pray, don't do any of that. He says when you pray, this is between you and God. It's between you and God. In verse 7 He says, when you pray don't pile up a jumbled heap of words. That's what the Gentiles do. They reckon that the more they say the more likely they are to be heard. In other words, think about the Gentile nations, the pagan nations. They would do whatever they could to try to get their god's attention. They would pray loud and they would put all kinds of crazy words and try to be fancy. Some of them would go as far as sacrificing something. Some of them would go as far as cutting themselves. They're doing everything that they could to get God's attention, to be loud. So finally God would be like, would you just be quiet! Okay, I'm going to give you what you ask for. For the Gentiles and the pagans, for them praying was their way to manipulate God to doing what they wanted Him to do. And He says when we approach God, don't approach Him like the Gentiles that say, God, I'm praying so that you can do what I want. If I could say what I want and I keep on saying what I want, then You would do... He says, don't try to manipulate God. Verse 8, it's not even worth it. Why? Because your father already knows what you need before you ask Him! Can I tell you something? When you go to pray you are not offering any information to God that He did not already know! When we go to pray we are not saying something, we are not giving Him a news bulletin that He did not know. Earth to heaven, earth to heaven! Breaking news! He already knows what you need. He already knows what you've got to pray. Prayer is not about bending our God to our will. Prayer is not about aligning God to what we think should be happening. The purpose of us praying is to say God, I want to be, I need to be aligned to the agenda of heaven! Somebody ought to say Amen! And so He says, so when you pray, he says this is how you should pray. He says, Our Father. Right from the start would you begin to recognize that God wants to be in relationship. He says, pray Our Father. Recognize that He is one who is in authority. Pray Our Father. Recognize that He is one who has our best interests at hand. Our Father who is in heaven. He is not limited to the jurisdiction of earth. He is not limited to the limitations that we have right here on earth. He says, pray when you pray, recognize that is not about your will. It is not about who you are. It is about who He is and what He is able to do. Our Father who is in heaven, may Your name be honored. And then He says this: May Your kingdom come. May Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. He says before we get our laundry list out and say, God, this is what I need. And could You do this for me. And what about this? And could You make me feel better and all those things. He says, before we even get there, can we begin to recognize that He has a will and He has a purpose?! He has a plan. He has an agenda. And we say, whatever it is that You want to do, let it happen here on earth. They asked, they said, Jesus, when are You going to make Your kingdom come to the fullness? And He says, listen, whenever you pray, pray that the kingdom of God would become a reality right here, right now, here on earth. It says, pray God, let the sovereign rule of heaven come and penetrate our lives and penetrate this earth. God, let Your kingdom come and be full. Let the glory and the beauty of heaven, God, let it come right here to my city, to my community, to my family. May Your kingdom come and Your will be done. It is a declaration that we are surrendered to the will, to the ways, to the agenda of heaven. That we are aligning ourselves with what He wants to do and not trying to impose our purposes and our desires on Him. Are you breathing? Jack Haber says it like this. He says when we pray this prayer we are essentially saying, Father, we invite Your ruling might to overrule what is happening here. I don't know about you, but everywhere I look, we need the ruling might of God to overrule what is before us. When we look at our family situations, we need the ruling might of God, the ruling power of God, to supersede whatever is ruling in our families that is causing things to be jacked up. When we look at our schools, right now in the city of Rochester we have the worst graduation rate of African American males. There is no policy that is going to help that situation. There is no politician that is going to help that situation. We need the ruling might of God to say, the kingdom of God, do what we cannot do here on this earth! He says, let the kingdom of God come. Let the will of God come here, here as it is in heaven. Whatever stands before us, we invite the rule of God to oppose whatever would oppose His will. Then it says, give us this day. I'm almost done. He says, give us this day our provision. He says, forgive us what we owe. He says, rescue us. Deliver us from evil. So now it looks like we can begin saying, putting our list there. God, we need this, we need this, we need this. So give it to us. But do you notice every single time He says, give us, forgive us, rescue us. It is not about us praying God, it's about me, myself and I. He says, no. Listen. There's some people in Jerusalem who need provision. There's some people in Judea who need provision. There's some people in Samaria who need forgiveness. There are people in the uttermost parts of the world that need to be rescued from the evil one. He says, when we pray, we pray the kingdom of God come, don't just pray for you. Lift your vision higher. Expand your vision so that we can say, God, as You would do it in heaven, do it for me and do it for us. Do it for my community. He says when we pray, align with the agenda of heaven. And surrender to the will of heaven. Bend ourselves to the purposes of God. My daughter is three years old. She is in this phrase where she loves to tell stories. Right now, I don't know why. I do know why. It's these raggedy Disney princesses. Every single story has to talk about dragons. All the time. So the other day, my wife and I were in the living room. And we're singing like nursery rhymes or something like that. She decides she is going to be in the storytelling mode. So she gets her little book. Actually, it was one of my books. It didn't have any pictures in it. She was pulling this thing out and decides she is going to tell a story. So my wife says, okay, okay, okay. Can you tell us the story of David and Goliath? So my three year old says, yes! Very confidently. I'm like, all right now, come on, preach something! She gets on the chair. She gets her book. She starts pointing at the words that she can't read. But she is pointing at it like she can read this thing. And she says, David and Goliath are on a hill. I said, preach, preacher! Then she says, and a dragon came out and started throwing wood chips! I said, oh man, we got some work to do before Bible college! So we had fun. And then it's time for bed. And we have the same routine every time. We go to the room. We get the pajamas on. We turn out the lights. And she's sitting on my lap in this rocking chair. We're going and it's quiet. WC is playing in the background. And we're just rocking. The only thing you can see is just the little night light in the corner. And I say the same thing every time. Who do you want to pray for tonight? Every night it is some variation of this. I will pray for Tete Rachel and Uncle Mike. I pray for Harmony and Mikaela. I pray for Mommy and Daddy, Grandma and Grandpa. I pray for school friends. You know, Nathan and Megan. And then she says, I pray for Yo Gabba Gabba and I go like, oh, okay, here we go. All right. So we get the list out of who we're going to pray for tonight and then we say let's pray. And she is three years old. She doesn't know how to say, let Your kingdom come and Your will be done. She doesn't know how to say, God let Your might overrule the might of this world. She doesn't know how to say that. You know what she says? She says, God bless Mommy. God bless Daddy. God bless Nathan. God bless Tete Rachel. She goes down the list. God bless Dora the Explorer. God bless Yo Gabba Gabba. And for awhile I'm like, okay, we've got to begin to graduate these prayers sometime. And then I began to think about this word, bless. The word bless. Dallas Willard said it like this: The word bless is the projection of good into the life of another. It is to say, I take all of this goodness and I project it. Now listen. Can I tell you, you don't have any ability to project any goodness to anybody on your own. The only way that goodness can be projected to anybody is when the one who is good, God, begins to say, I release my goodness into your life. And so when we say I bless you, it is saying, God, would You cause Your goodness to shine on this individual. For me, that is saying, let Your kingdom come and Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. It is saying all of this stuff. It is summarized in this one word, bless. I bless you! I bless this school. I bless this church. Let the kingdom rule of God, let the goodness of heaven come and penetrate your life. You are placed in situations where everybody else, their vision is limited. And God is saying, I am lifting your vision higher so that you could align with heaven and speak blessing, that the goodness of God would be released wherever you would go. Today we have an opportunity to pray for the community of Oklahoma City, Moore, Oklahoma, who received all kinds of devastation. As we turn down the lights, before we talk about praying it for our families or the situations, I wonder if we could pray right now for the center of our country. They've got the relief efforts. They've got all of these organizations. But we need the kingdom of God to be manifested. Come on somebody. God, would You bless Oklahoma City. God, would you cause the very atmosphere to be manifested to the people who are hurting, who are broken. God, would you do what only You could do in Oklahoma City. God, let Your kingdom come. Through the churches that would preach the gospel, let Your kingdom come and Your will be done through the people of God. That You would penetrate this area that has received devastation. When everybody is full of despair and no hope, and they can see nothing but destruction, God, would You bring restoration. Would You bring peace. Would You bring joy. Father, bring Your blessing, for the sake of the kingdom, for the sake of the gospel. We pray in Jesus' name. Amen. Nick: Thanks so much for joining us online today. I really hope that God's word spoke to your heart. And if it did I hope you'll tell us all about it. We always want to capture the stories of those who are experiencing church online here at The Father's House. So send us an email: mystory@tfhny.org We'll take these stories and we'll share them with our staff and volunteers to encourage them and let them know that God is moving, He's active here, at church online. In addition to that, if you've ever thought about giving financially to this ministry, I want to give you the opportunity to do so today. You can click on the Give icon located in the top right hand corner of your screen. You can give a one-time gift or maybe even a reoccurring gift of $5 or $10 or maybe even $100, maybe even $500. Whatever you feel that it is that God would lead you to do so today, I want to encourage you in this moment to do so. And thanks again so much for joining us here at church online at tfhny.tv and we'll see you next week! A FEW SlMPLE QUESTlONS OK, time for a quick analysis session. This shouldn't take long, but hopefully turns on the light bulb in your head. Ready? Here we go. It's pretty obvious we have a lot of social problems in the world. The questions asked, however, regarding how to solve those issues, are nearly always the wrong questions. So, let's take a look at this and see if you notice a pattern. Here is a simple chart. We will list the Social Problem, and then go through the questions. First, let's take a look at world hunger. Please, keep in mind, that the United States is part of the world, and we have hunger issues as well. In fact, we have all of the issues I am going to list. Nothing drives me more crazy than when people shout: "What about American problems?" as if we're not all interconnected these days. We don't live in a bubble anymore people, wake up! Anyway, do we have the technology to solve World Hunger? Yes. My video, 'Our Technical Reality', showcases this. Do we have the human resources to implement the systems? Yes. Do we have the material resources to manufacture the systems? Yes. Do we have the money to implement the systems? No. World Disease: Do we have the technology to combat this? Yes. Human resources? Yes. Material resources? Yes. Money? No. World Substandard Living Conditions: Do we have the technology to fix this? Yes. One amazing method is called 'Contour Crafting' and you can search for that on yourself on Youtube. Do we have the human resources? Yes. Do we have the material resources? Yes. Do we have the money? No. I guess I can add Inadequate Education to the list. After all, poverty of the mind leads to poverty of the body. Poverty in general is a nasty mix of several social problems, but food, disease, housing, and education are the primary drivers that are most cited in news and scientific studies. So, on to the questions. Do we have the technology to raise the education levels around the world? Yes. Human resources? Yes. Material resources? Yes. Money? No! Global Energy Shortages: Do we have the technology? Yes. Human and material resources? Yes and Yes. Money? No. The energy issue is also covered very nicely in 'Our Technical Reality'. The first 20 minutes alone is all about clean energy technology. You know what? I'm starting to notice a trend here. Ah, anyway, let's continue. Global Environmental Damage: Let's just speed things up, shall we? Three yes's and one no. Crime: Now, I've created a few sub-categories for this, just for the sake of being a little bit more precise. Like theft: this is from petty larceny to banking fraud, which is really just white-collar theft. Physical abuse: that's pretty straight forward, including rape, beatings, etc. Murder and Drugs: Not just possession, but also sale. You could go deeper, but I don't want to go that far. So, in one simple stroke.... ...you see, if you fix all of the above social problems, you'll end up fixing many of the crime problems by default. If you better one's living environment, you better the person. Spread that over groups of people, and you'll see values and behaviors change for the better. Oh, proof of that statement is also on my Youtube-channel in the 'Social Scientists Relevant to TVP' playlist. There are several videos in this playlist. The best of a lot, at least in my opinion, is called 'Nature or Nurture? How Do Genes, Environment and Free Will Affect Human Behavior?' Sorry to make you have to go verify my statements, by watching other informative videos from knowledgeable sources. I know that it's a pain sometimes, but hey, it's not wise to just take someone's word for it, if they can't provide justification of their statements. So let's recap: Do we have the technical, mental, and physical capability, to fix all of these social problems right now, this instant? YES! Do we have the money to do any of it? NO! It should disturb you a lot that our current system quite literally prevents us from actually doing anything of real consequence, especially since that system is manmade. You know, if we made it up, we can also get rid of it. I'm just saying, [it's] something you should think about. Good day viewers. In this segment, we'll talk about framing messages, which are sent across the link layer. So, the need for framing arises because the physical layer delivers a stream of bits. We've work hard with modulation to turn signals into a stream of bits, but of course, a stream of bits is not really what we want. We would like to be able to send a sequence of messages called frames across the link layer, so we need some way to delimit the start and end of those messages. That's what frame is all about. In this segment, we'll look at different methods which can be used for framing. First of all, we'll look at a byte count method. This is really a motivational method just to get our hand around some of the different issues, then we'll look at byte stuffing. Byte stuffing is a method which is used in practice and finally we'll look at bit stuffing, just to show you an alternative, that's actually an older method. Now, I do want to point out that in that all of these methods impose a framing structure on top of any bit stream. You could use them in systems you design. In many real [low layer uh,] links however, the physical layer and the link layer are implemented together. And the physical layer often helps the link layer framing by providing signalling about the boundaries. For instance, by using physical layer symbols that can otherwise occur to indicate the start of frames. So we're not looking at those methods. Okay, to our first method, byte counts. What would you do if you wanted to impose a framing structure on a bit stream? Here's a brilliant idea. We'll just start the beginning of each frame with a length field. That length field will tell us how long the frame is, that way we'll know where it ends and where the next frame begins. It's a simple method, it's fairly efficient and hopefully it's good enough. What could possibly go wrong? Well, here we can see an example of byte counts. I'll just show you here, the first byte here, is five. So, that says this frame is five bytes long. One, two, three, four, five, so, i f we hop you on that, we'll get to the start of the next frame, and so on. You can see, oops, almost missed that. We're hopping down, and then we'll hop past. Great, there's a simple scheme. There is a problem with this scheme though, as you might guess and the problem is this. If we ever lose synchronization because of an error for whatever reason aside crashing and restarting, then it is very difficult for us to find the start of frames once again. We really have no way to resynchronize and we could be lost forever. Here is an example. First of all, we've got a nice byte where we're in synch. It says five. We go to here. This byte is an error, it should have been a five or something. If we interpret it now as a seven, we're going to overshoot and interpret something else as the beginning of another frame. After that, we will happily invent fictitious frames. Here, one byte. Okay, the next one must be here, two bytes, the next one must be here, four bytes. One, two, three, four, we must be oh, sorry, here. seven bytes were somewhere, somewhere else. But we've lost synchronization and we can no longer work out when frames start and end. Byte stuffing is a better idea that allows us to resynchronize. The idea with byte stuffing is that we will use a special character, called the flag byte, to indicate the start and end of frames. Here it is here, we, we put down a special character that we can look for to know where frames start and end. Of course to do this, we're going to, to do something with flag bytes which might occur in the middle of a payload as real data. We'll have to escape or stuff these flag bytes with an escape character to, it's like quoting. Material to indicate that it's not really the real flag. There's a small complication here too. If we introduce a special character like an escape code, we'll also have to escape the escape code because there might be escapes in the real data. Here is an example of byte stuffing. the rules here every time you see a flag in the data, replace it with the sequence ESC FLAG, an ESC FLAG, and eve ry time we see escape, replace it with ESC, ESC. That's it. So we can fill out this example together. On the other side, you'll have A, then there's a FLAG, we'd better escape that, ESC FLAG B. Similarly, if we have an escape inside the data, A ESC, ESC B. You could have escape flag, but if that's actually the data, we want to stuff it, you will have to escape the escape, then you will see a flag character as a literal, and you will escape the flag. And similarly, let me escape the two escapes. So, and the receiver is going to reapply the, the same rules in, in the other direction. Whenever it sees an escape in, in the data, it's going to take it out and replace it with the following character. If we use this scheme, it has the virtue that any unescaped flag is now the start or end of a frame. So we can use this method to quickly resynchronize if there's ever any error to find the start of frames. All we have to do is look for that unescaped flag which doesn't exist here. You can see, all of the FLAGs are actually escaped, so they're not real. Okay. There's also another kind of stuffing. you can do stuffing at the bit level here's how that would work. So, we will call our flags sequence six consecutive 1s. The rule we'll use at the transmitter is, if you ever send five 1s in the data, send a zero, just in case the sixteen was going to be a one. On receive, you're going to do the opposite. If you ever get a zero after getting five 1s, throw it away because it was added by the sender. This is quite a simple scheme. Actually, this scheme came before byte stuffing. If you do an analysis, you would expect that this scheme actually has slightly less overhead. Nonetheless, it's more complicated than byte stuffing, because we might have to deal with messages with, for instance, 193-bits and we would rather deal with whole bite numbers. So, byte stuffing is what's used in practice. Oh, we have an example here we can go through. So let's just quickly do a little bit of bit stuffing. zero is the data, I'm going to copy it down. o ne, one, that's two 1s in a row. Then a zero oop, no problem. Here, we've got one, two, three, four 1s in a row and now five 1s is a problem. You have to insert a zero. Now we continue. The next is one, one. Two 1s, three 1s, four 1s, five 1s, and zero. Now we're up to here, two 1s, three, four, five 1s, zero, then one, one, zero, zero, one, zero. No problem. Here, the characters I've inserted by stuffing. This slide just cleans it up a little bit. I mean, I've already told you how it compares in terms of maybe being slightly more efficient, but being more complicated and not worth it in practice. I, now that we, we've seen how framing works, I can give you an example of a real protocol. PPP is what the protocol is called, it stands for the Point-to-Point Protocol. It's fairly widely used in the Internet to carry IP packets to frame them over any kind of bit stream, byte stream transport. for instance, PPP is used to carry IP packets over SONET optical links. You might not know what SONET optical links are, don't worry too much. These turn out to be the big fat pipes that run at many gigabits a second, which are used by ISPs in the middle of the backbone. Here is a little more on how PPP works. First, we have the protocol stack here. We can see the IP layer here is going to produce packets and hand it down to the PPP layer, which is acting as the link layer in providing framing. The link layer is then going to run over the SONET layer, that's the physical layer here. And, once we've got a little bit of a physical error, eventually, it'll go out that optical fiber. on the right-hand side, it shows us some of the incapsulation and just some of the real world wrinkles that you run into here. The IP packet is encapsulated inside of PPP frame. That's pretty much what we expect, but the PPP frame might actually be split across to two SONET payloads. So it's sort of real world complication that networking protocols are full of. If we focus on the PPP bits, since that's our, our focus for this video, then we find that PPP frames, frames the packets it gets from the IP layer using byte stuffing that, in a way that's quite similar to what we've described. Here's a picture of the frame. The payload is what comes down from the IP layer and you can see, to that, the PPP layer adds some of its headers and control information and also some trailers, and then, the outer layer is the framing with our flags. In fact the, the flag character here is 0x7E and we'll also have to escape this character if it incurs inside the IP packet that's inside the payload and we'll do that using 0x7D as the escape character. There's one slight twist here, though, that's a little interesting. It's, it's in the details, but I think it's interesting, so I'm going to tell you. Here is the rule for byte stuffing. To stuff or unstuff a byte, you add or remove the escape character, just as we've seen, and you also XOR the byte which follows the escape code with 0x20. Now, if you expand all of those bits and, and look at the hexadecimal notation, you'll find what that does is toggle the fifth bit. So for instance, if have 0X7E in the data, 7E. If I stop that, I will get 0x7D, the escape character, and then I'm going to XOR 7E with 0x20 that will flip the fifth bit and now actually get 5E. I've just changed the value of one bit. Similarly, if we stuff 0x7D, then, what you'll get is 0x7D, the escape charactger, and then I XOR 0x7D with 0x20 and I will get 5D. And at the receiver, I'll do the reverse. I'll simply XOR whatever comes out to the escape character with 0x20 and that will turn it back into the 70 that we wanted. The virtue of using this scheme is that we've completely removed occurrences of the flag character, 0x70, from the contents of the frame. So now we can just search the byte stream for 0x7E, and when you see it, you've got to start a frame. It can't occur inside the frame, because we've modified it in some way by using this convention. Okay. Well, now you know about real link layers and how framing is done. Announcer: In this Nebraska profile, learn why a world famous dance company collaborates with University of Nebraska-Lincoln engineering students. The contemporary dance company, Pilobolus, specializes in topsy-turvy entanglements. Dancer: One, two, three... Announcer: Now, Pilobolus is pushing more than the human body - they're pushing robotic engineering. Matt Del Rosario: It was an experiment. It was to see: one - how we can collaborate outside of dance, and also to see what the possibilities of movement are. Prof. Detweiler: It takes some learning, for sure. A few batteries worth, you can be an OK pilot. Announcer: UNL engineering professor Carrick Detweiler helped create dancing robots for Pilobolus. Prof. Levine: He contacted me, said "Have you ever heard of Pilobolus?" I fell on the floor, said "Of course." And he said, "Do you think we can bring them? Do you think we could do this?" We contacted the Lied Center. And all of a sudden, we have this beautiful, unbelievably unusual collaboration. Announcer: Dance students choreograph original works using the robots that are designed and piloted by engineering students. Alexander Harvey: In engineering, we live in such a objective world - ones and zeros, true and false. This more of a subjective experience. (dance music) Jessica Bear: I'm not worried about the dancers; I know that we all know what we're doing. But, there are definitely times when we have to improv a lot because we don't know what the robots are going to do. (crash and laughter) Prof. Detweiler: These are really hard problems from the scientific and research side. You know - how do you have these vehicles interacting closely with dancers? We've been expecting robots in our lives for a long time, and they're not quite there yet. But we're getting there. (cheering and applause) Disability employment practice or the process of assisting and supporting people with disability into employment cannot be done just working with the candidate. We actually have to have a partnership arrangement with the employer so that (um) we are able to ensure that when the candidate is on-boarded that the environment and the acceptance and the role ...the infrastructure... is all there in place to support this person's journey. If we want sustainable or enduring employment, careers, that is not going to happen on a charity basis. We actually need to be mindful that the employer is running a business (um) so by partnering with them and ensuring we are meeting their needs and supporting the person with disability into that workplace it adds value to the business it is then part of the business and enduring! If it is an add-on then it is easily cut-off when times get tough. So I said there were 2 main differences between strings and lists. The first we've seen already is that a list can hold anything we want, whereas a string, the elements could only be characters. The second big difference between lists and strings is that lists support mutation. Mutation sounds a little bit scary, and in some ways it is scary. It makes it much harder to understand what our programs mean, but it's also very powerful. What mutation means is we can change the value of a list after we've created it. To explain what that means and to see why it's so different from the behavior we can get with strings, let's recap what happens with strings. We can create a string. We can store it in a variable. We can change the value of the variable by creating a new string. So what's going on there, it's changing the value of s, but it's not changing the value of the string. When we did the first statement, this one, it created a string with the value "Hello," and it introduced a variable, s, which referred to that string. When we execute the second statement, that creates a new string with the value "Yello," and it changes s to refer to that new string. It hasn't changed the string that we created with the value Hello. We just don't have a way to refer to that any more. With strings, we can also use the + operator to concatenate 2 strings. It looks like this is changing the value of the string. You might think that the result of this is, well, now the string that was previously Yello spelled wrong is now Yellow spelled with the w added at the end. But that's not actually what happens. We don't actually modify the string we had. What happens when we use the + operator, it creates a completely new string where the value of the new string is the result of concatenating the 2 input strings. When we execute the third statement, first a new string with the value w is created. Then when we do the concatenation, it doesn't modify the previous string that we've created. It creates a whole new string which will have the value "Yellow" spelled with a w. And then the assignment changes what s refers to to refer to the new string. Now let's see what we can do with lists. Let's learn another query operator, $ and. Occasionally, but not very often, you might want to specify the logical conjunction of some criteria with an explicit $ and operator. For example, the query that's now on my screen-- db.people.find $ and and then the array name greater than C name regx A-- should match only those documents where the name sorts after the letter C and contains the letter A in it somewhere. And there we are. Charlie, Dave, and Edgar. As I said, this is a somewhat infrequently used operator because most cases where you might be tempted to use $ and can be expressed more simply using the fact you could put multiple constraints on the same field in a more straightforward fashion like this. name colon $ greater than C, regx x A has exactly the same effect as the preceding query but doesn't require the $ and operator. In fact, there's some implementation differences between these two queries in how MongoDB executes the two. This query is not particularly optimizable in any case, but if it were the second example would be a bit more performant than the first. In any case, $ and is available and simplifies, to a certain extent, the construction of dynamic queries. Let's have a quiz. This one's slightly tricky. What will the following query do? Define all documents with scores between 50 and 60, find all documents with scores greater than 50, find all documents with score less than 60, explode like the Death Star-- at the end of Episode 4.6, I guess-- none of the above? Here's another multiplication problem. Try finding the factored form for each part of the fractions and write your answers here. Woke up this morning on the beach, Started walking, it's my regular routine. I was on the search for some diamonds, Let me tell you just what I've seen. I saw a castle with a view Fields of bamboo, guy from Kung Fu, A giant screw, a kangaroo Some chicken stew, And the woman who lived in a shoe. I saw a white whale, the holy grail, Pirate ships without a sail, Air mail, volcano fail, Pyramids not to scale, And some things I should not go into detail. You never know what you will find, Shaping a world that's in your mind, See for yourself and walk with me. A world of wonder, a land of beauty, Across the mountains and over the sea, But I still haven't found any diamonds. I've been walking around for miles, Still no diamonds to be found. Maybe I should look underground. I started digging a hole, Drilling through dirt, then I fell through, Landed in some water, What have I gotten myself into? I saw a lava lake near the core, Kratos from God of War, Mushroom spore, liquor store Statue of dumbledore. Wooden shed with a bed, Spiders and the undead, Arrowhead, loaf of bread, Giant spool of golden thread. I saw a sparkle in the dark. I put my axe right through that mark. At last I found me some diamonds. Oh I'm so happy I could ride a pig! Okay, that was the easy part. Now we get to the really fun stuff. Metaprogramming, which in my view and ruby, is sort of all programming and I thought I'd motivate this with an example. Suppose they wanted to take our simple bank account class and make it international friendly, so instead of just saying I can deposit a hundred dollars, well suppose I want to deposit Euros, I could do that, I could write a method called Euros to Dollars and yeah - no, okay that's ugly right? That's a brain-dead, that's a programmer way to write things and, in a tip of the hat to our graphic designer of our book we are interested in code that is beautiful, what would we prefer to be able to write, when depositing Euros let?s say into our account, well it would be nice, if we could just do that. Okay. Well, that's cool. We could do that. With open classes it's not a problem, right? With great power comes great responsibility. We'll just reopen the numeric class. And we're gonna add a Euro's method to it which is just multiply it by the conversion factor between dollars and Euros, simple method. And in fact, let's head over to pay spin, and. Again we're gonna cut and paste the code, so we can actually try this live, so that you believe it works. There's the one click copy, go over to the ruby interpreter. Okay. So does this really work? Can you guys all see this? Does this really work. Yep, it works. Five Euro's is about 6.50. [laugh] Them were the days, okay, so, okay well that's pretty cool, were feeling clever and we've got some beautiful code going on but, what happens, if we now try to say deposit one Euro. Okay well, that's too bad because the method name ends in S. So what could we do here? Well we could create another method, but I think you see were I'm going. If I can find the right URL. Sorry. I apologize. My machine is only like three gigahertz, so it can't do this very fast. [laugh]. Okay. Here's what el-, here's what else we can do. And let's make this a little bit. >> We'll just use method missing to solve the problem for us. >> 'Kay. >> So method missing, is the method that Ruby arranges to call, if you try to do a method that doesn't exist, right the whatever class, the receiver is on if there is a method missing, defined in that class, method missing will get control and in fact although we don't care about arguments, method missing gets past the name of the method you tried to call which doesn't exist. >> And all of the arguments that the method would have received and it?s up to you to decide what to do with it. You could do nothing. And the default thing that happens the default implementation of method missing just points up to the super class hoping somebody else would handle it. But we?re going to do this really simple thing and we try to call the missing method and its name happens to be Euro we'll just take whatever self is whoever received the bad method call and we'll resend the new message Euros. Which does exist. Okay. So let's grab that. Copy that to the clipboard. Go to the terminal window. >> Go to the terminal window. >> [laugh] >> Right, reduces the drama a little bit when Okay, paste and now can we say. Let's clear the screen, [inaudible] effect. Where is my cursor? [laugh] There, [inaudible]. Can we say one euro, oops. There. Yes we can. Okay. So admittedly that's a little bit retuitice use of method missing. But again, as with most, so this, by the way this is kind of a standard litany: you show people things in Ruby or Rails and they say oh, that's cute, big deal. But then what they don't, they don't take the next visionary step, which we need to get you guys to all take and realize the possibilities of what you can do with this, can go far beyond this trivial example. So suppose now, we also want to be able to deposit other random currencies. Well, you know, we could, right, you see where I'm going with this? But we could also ask, is there a dry way to do this? A way that results in don't repeat yourself. Okay, so here's what we could do. Go back to past that in. We see some indications that if you follow the recommendations that we covered previously, for people in the borderline triglyceride level. High triglyceride level, or very high triglyceride level, across the board they have the potential to lower their triglycerides by the amount showing. So again, just dr iving home the fact that it's not just one thing that's going to bring your triglycerides down. It's going to be incorporating all of these aspects together. But in a period of about six weeks, doing this together, we can bring your triglycerides down by about. 50%. If you do have high triglycerides, it's a good idea to speak with your health care provider, about trying to enact these diet and lifestyle changes, independent of medication. Sometimes you go to the doctor and you say, my triglycerides came down, and they say, oh, that was all the medicine that did it. Try to see if you can do just diet, and lifestyle. And it's very inspiring to see, how remarkably they can bring their triglycerides down, in a pretty short period of time. Without medication. Certainly there are some people that just have very high triglycerides, and will certainly need to be on medications in addition to following these guidelines. Omega-3 fatty acids also have been helpful for individudals that have high triglyceride levels. The EPA plus the DHA from Omega-3 fatty acids are what are responsible for bringing triglycerides down. If your triglycerides are very high, meaning above 500 milligrams per deciliter, then having approximately four grams of EPA + DHA reduces your triglycerides by about 45%, and your LDL by about 50%. That's a pretty high level of EPA + DHA, so it's advisable to be doing an administration or course like this under the guidance of a qualified professional and health care. If you're interested in learning more, here's a couple of resources that can help you learn about diet and lifestyle therapy for bringing down your high triglycerides. Jingle Bells !! Jingle Bells!! Jingle all the way Oh, what fun it is to ride In a one horse open sleigh Jingle Bells!! Jingle Bells Jingle All the Way Oh, what fun it is to ride In a one horse open sleigh I once lived the life of a millionaire, Spending my money, I didn't care. Always taking my friends out for a good time, Buying champagne, gin and wine. But just as soon as my dough got low, I couldn't find a friend no place I'd go. If I ever get my hands on a dollar again, I'm gonna squeeze it and squeeze it 'till that eagle grins. Nobody knows you When you're down and out. In your pocket, not one penny, And your friends, you haven't any. And as soon as you get on your feet again, Everybody is your long-lost friend. It's mighty strange, without a doubt, But nobody wants you when you're down and out. You know, folks? I once had a mansion Way up on the side of a hill I'd give champagne and caviar parties just for the fun and they get a thrill But you know things they just can't stay like that forever And now I can't muscle up enough money To buy a shot of gin But you know, If I ever get my hands on a dollar again, I'm gonna squeeze it and squeeze it 'till that eagle grins. It's mighty strange, without a doubt, Nobody wants you Nobody needs you Nobody wants you, when you're down and out. the maximum value of the expression one over sine squared of theta plus three sine theta co-sign theta plus five cosine squared of theta is let's rewrite this, so this is one over one over, so i have a sine squared of theta i have a sine squared of theta and then at least my brain whenever i see a sine squared of theta i always look for cosine squared of theta because i know when i take the sum of them it equals one i don't have just one cosine squared of theta here at five cosine squared of thetas let me just take one of them so i have a plus cosine the squared theta because i took one of them i only have four of these left so plus four cosine squared of theta and then i have this stuff plus three sine of theta of co-sine of theta so what this first first step allowed me to do is just turn two characters right over here sine squared theta plus cosine squared theta that is equal to one so we've simplified it to one over one over one plus now lets think about how we can write co-signed squared of theta i'll write our identities here co-signed squared of theta we've proved these in the trigonometry playlist. This is equal to one-plus cosine one-plus co-signed of two theta all of that over two and my goal here is that i really just wanna get everything, well i just wanna simplify and maybe we will do calculus value of the numerator solicit cosine squared theta is equal to this so four times this is just going to be so four times this before divide by two instances would be two times this numerator so it's going to be too plus too co-signed of to data that's this term right here and then this term this term right over here we could use the tree guided me that signed of to data is equal to two sign of state a co-sign if data or you divide both sides right to you get a one-half sign of tuesday dot is equal to sign of feder co-sign of theta so this is this right over here this part right over here is going to be one-half signed up to date a bore multiplying it by three just going to be plus three halves sign of two data sighing of too glitzy thus part over here clearly simplifies this is the recent history right this is one over three plus to co-signed of to data plus thirty halves sign of to data now we really just looking for in the minimum we're looking for the minimum value of the denominator which would give us the same as the maximum value of the new murder or just be one over at this minimum values alexia how how lol we can get assuming were above zero t how low we can get for this denominator write your words will look for its minimum value so one day we can do just to simplify things the middle value of this is going to be the same demand the bid of this thing over right there to kind of confuses the problem the minimum value the replies to cosign to stayed up plus three have sign of two data is going to be the same thing is the minimum value of three plus on the screen to the substitution the tuesday it is equal to exodus simplify things a little bit you don't have to do that so three plus two co-signed of acts plus three halves sayed of acts so this is a pretty simple expression to see how we can figure out some minimum value and my temptation is to take the derivative find out where the derivative is equal to zero and then that will either be a maximum or a minimum point so let's take the derivatives the derivative of this expression right over here with respect to acs would really love three with the for texas zeroed route of two cosine of axis negative negative to sign of x derivative of three have side of actions will be plus three halves cosine of x and that is going to be equal to zero we want to find where the slope is your committee worry about somewhere minimum point and let's see we can admit we had to sign of extra boats side so we get the rehabs co-signed of acs is equal to two signed of x and then we can divide both the sides both sides of this equation by will survive like to first alaska too many steps of three forts co-signed of x is equal to sign of acs and to divide both sides by cosine of x so we get three over for is equal to sign of x over a co-signer of x which is the same thing as the pentagon that cs so uh... annexed by you that gives us three or attended of annexed by his three-fourths is going to give us either a maximum or a minimum point celeste think about this let's think about this a little bit will be drawn by unit circle so think about that too technip to expel use that will give us a tangent of three-fourths so that we draw my unit circle that's the unit circle redraw unit download this is always the hardest part so redraw this r ight their inspired units or call so how can i get the triangle or or we're listing but that would how can i get a triangle who where and angle is attended of three four two river candid is opposite over adjacent right tangent is opposite over adjacent so if missus wire triangle right over here if this is acs opposite over adjacent is equal to three fourths so opposite could be three an adjacent could be and we hopefully immediately recognize this this is the this is a three four five triangle too right triangle three square plus four square it is twenty five which is five squares as of three four triangle there's too headed values so x could be like this and this obviously isn't isn't eight unit high partners who over here but we can divide everything by five it would be so we could have the situation we could have been situation over here where this is actually this is the uh... circle the hypothesis one this is three over five and this is for over five this word tended of ax here canada backs would give us the reports but it was going to give us a maximum value were minimal value well over here both close sign both co-signed of acts and sign of x are going to be positive so both of these are going to be positive values so screw them probably maximize maximize the six pressure over here by the other x that gives us the same tangent remember the standard is really just the slope the radius of the unit circle would be the angle would be the single this is the same this has the same kenton value so dispatched this x over this actually and this case the tended to still the tended to still going to be three-fourths but over here the science co-signed our negatives over here overhear the xc ward at or the co-sign is going to be negative four fifths and the sign value or or the wide values used to be negative three-fifths and this will give us this will give us minimum boy because here everything is every ball the sign in the coastline are negative so let's use let's use this x right over here and notice we don't even have to figure out what the axis 'cause we know but if it ended overhears four-fifths the speed of both the sba science going to be the size of the three fifths of the course i was going to be forecast or which will give some actual point or the tenant could be for three-fourths and then the side will be negative benefits and of course i will be negative forfeit so let's use these overuse of the middle of is going to be equal to three plus went two times coastline of x_ were using this one over here so to transpose side of exco sign of experience negative four fists negative for fests and then plus three halves plus three has times in the sign of x sinai lectures negative three fifths negative three fits and what is this going to be equal to this is going to be equal to three plus this is negative eight fifths dreamweaver should write three minus eight fifth three minus the this minus nine tenths minus nine tenths and so this is going to be equal to we could put everything over ten thirty over ten minus sixteen over ten right that's eight fists minus nine or ten and this gives us what this gives us five or ten five over ten or or one-half so the minimum value the minimum value for denominator everything we've been dealing with so far has been our denominator the middle of the idea of all of this business over here the minimum value is one-half so the maximum value that this whole expression takes is when the minimum values one out so we get one over one-half equal to to we're done >> Okay, I asked last time about a device, rhetorical device, that is the name of the rhetorical expression that I used, I think was I'm not going to tell you that you shouldn't cut corners in my class. And thereby in saying I'm not going tell you, I told you. And I had a few e-mails about this. Somebody said oh, it's an idiom. Which is true, cutting corners is probably an idiom. But that doesn't get at what was unique about that statement. And I had a few others. Somebody came close. In fact, it's theoretically correct, I suppose. In suggesting that this was called apophysis. And that is one term, name, that is sometimes given to this rhetorical figure. And I don't tend to use that one simply because it also is -- it refers to a type of reasoning as well as a rhetorical figure. The type of reasoning one that's close to being Socratic, where you would determine what is true by eliminating what is false. Right? So you affirm by negating. But basically, apaphasia is thought now to not only cover that but a large group of devices that basically share in common the idea of affirming by negating. The one I used to like was acre la tad o as a name for this. But people have suggested to me, aha you know, there are those who prefer that acre la tad o be reserved for certain kinds of dramatic scenes and you know, then there are a whole bunch of names. One of the things to know is that many of these rhetorical figures have double -- I mean, they sometimes have triple names. Personification, right? You've heard about in literary interpretation, probably, also gets called proslapia, and there's a Latin version of it too. So the name that we're going to give to this figure, we're not going to call it apophysis, we're not going call it oclatado although you wouldn't be wrong, I suppose, to do that. No, the one that we're going to use and that's going to appear on the scavenger hunt that we're going to give you in a little while is this paralypsis. If you really want to be fancy pants, you can also say that a particular version of that is prolepsis. In which you give a ton of detail while you're saying that you're not going talk about it. Right? But this is -- paralypsis is one of Cicero's favorite devices. He'll begin by saying I'm not going talk about how terrible Katline has been, blah, blah, blah. So one of the things to remember is that when we identify a figure of speech or a figure of rhetoric, write paralypsis. That's only the beginning of the work that we're supposed to be doing. In other words, I say what is that, you say paralypsis, you're not done. Because the next question I'm going to ask you in the context of this course is so what. What work does having that figure in that place do. All right? And that's what the point of the scavenger hunt is going to be. We're going to ask you to look for an example of a metrical foot, a couple of figures of speech, a couple of figures of rhetoric. You'll have a list from which to choose. In the reading that you're doing you should be sort of tracking these things. And it will be due shortly before the midterm. The idea is not only for you to identify that this is, I don't know what, cesura in a line of poetry, but then to be able to say what the effect is that the cesura creates. Why would the poet use a cesura, a pause, in the middle of a line in that particular place, or a figure like paralypsis. What did it buy Phyilis Wheatly to create that structure at the beginning of her poem instead of just speaking openly, right? So we're going to be wanting from just identification to something like interpretation. And that's really part of what the point of close reading is for us. Close reading is going to be -- we might say we as English majors is interested in how texts work. We're also interested in a number of other questions, but one of the things you might imagine that we're going to take a text and we're going to read it in a really strange way. We're not going read it the way other people read it who are in different majors or who are general readers. They tend to read one time through and figure they've got the meaning of it or don't, and then they're done. We reread. We often reread and reread and reread. Not only that, but we read in a particular self conscious way. Last time I started to try to get you to think about the ways in which meaning are being constructed. Not simply because the author has put some set of marks down and created meaning in text. But in a sense, those marks are the guidelines for you, the reader, to be able to construct the meaning of a text within certain guidelines. It's like the tree falling in the forest. The text that is not open has no meaning. It only has meaning if somebody has read it, only continues to have meaning if more people read it. And it only continues to have meaning after that if people talk about it, and it becomes kind of a living document, right? So we're very interested in the ways in which meaning is constructed and part of that means to understand how those marks work when they're on the page. If you're a good reader, you will be able to, as it were, take the text, put it up on the blocks, look under it, look under the hood, take it apart, put it back together again. You want to figure out, in other words, how the text creates certain possible meanings, certain kinds of effects by putting certain words together, creating certain kinds of images. Making use of ambiguities, contradictions, paradoxes. Those are going to be the most interesting things for us, right? So we're reading in a strange and artificial way. And one of the ways I think that it's helpful to get used to reading in this way is to breakdown the text into what I will be calling exemplary moments. And when I say exemplary, I don't mean like the best, what I mean is coming from the Latin exemplum, something that is a representative example of the way the text works. Or of something that is extremely important to that text. I will try in lecture to bring out certain exemplary moments. But I want you to be looking for these things. So you are going to get a midterm exam. And the midterm exam is to a certain extent going to be a reading check. But it's not only going to be a check of have you been reading, it's even more importantly a check on how you've been reading. And we want you to read in a way that allows you to notice these exemplary moments. Now again, you're all different readers with different horizons of expectations, you're likely to think that different moments are exemplary. Therefore, we also want you to be able to say why you think a moment is exemplary. Therefore, the teaching staff and I have agreed that we are going to try to promote this form of reading by asking you to do it while you're reading and in preparation for section. Okay? So this is what we're going to do starting this week before Wednesday's lecture. We will ask each of you to e-mail your section leader, we'll do this just -- we're going set up separate Gmail accounts where these things go, so they're all segregated in one place. We want you to e-mail two sentences. These two sentences -- the first isn't even really a sentence, it's a sentence fragment. It's going to be an identification of your exemplary moment by author, text, page, in the Norton anthology or Moby Dick or whatever it is, the text that we're using, and delimited. You don't have to copy the whole passage, if it's a passage. But we want you to give the beginning and the ending. So it's kind of like the bracketing words. So your TA and I can take a look at this and see immediately what the passage is. Now they shouldn't be whole chapters of Moby Dick, unless it's a really short chapter, and there are some of those. You need to think about why what you've identified constitutes a moment. Could be a moment as short as a sentence or even a phrase. Then we'll want you to say something about why that moment is exemplary. So one more sentence about why you think that moment is exemplary. Of what is it exemplary. It could be exemplary of a number of things. Could be the style that the poet uses is captured by this passage, right? Probably be a long sentence in which you explain what that style is, then, so don't just say this is stylistically characteristic. We want to know why. This is stylistically characteristic because it -- right? It could be thematically exemplary. This is thematically exemplary because it, you know, it shows Melville's interest in the dynamics of freedom and fate or whatever. The best ones will probably be both, stylistically and thematically exemplary. And here's the fun part. You should come to section prepared to talk about your moment. You'll have your moment. Each of you will have at least one moment to talk about your moment in class, and you'll want to have picked a good one, and you'll want to be able to talk about why you think it's exemplary. . And you'll be doing this in front of your peers. So if you pick a particularly lame moment and give it no thought and you picked a particularly lame moment and you're unlucky enough to be called on that week, well, you can do the math. You know, you're going to be there in front of everybody and they're going to -- well, maybe you don't care. But they're going to think that you're kind of lame. So we don't really want that. We want to -- we want to promote anti-lame behavior. So we really want you to start thinking in ways that are not from an English major's point of view, lame. We want to be interesting. Okay? Are there questions about that? So what I'm going to do is I'm going to send you an e-mail, I'm going to remind you of these instructions and I will give you the three addresses. One of them is going to be the one to which you should send your moment before this time on Wednesday. Yes? >> Is it one [Inaudible] or is it -- >> No, no, no. Just one a week. Let's not go crazy. Just find me one good moment that's worth talking about. That should be easy, right? But the idea is then you have to do a little bit -- you don't have to spend a ton of time. Just think, it will get easier as you start to recognize -- and these are the kinds of things that are -- I don't know, you might call them highlighter moments too. If you're a highlighter type of person -- I'm not. If you're a highlighter type of person, these are things like -- that scream out highlight me. There are certain ones that do. Might be more interesting to find the ones that only certain kinds of readers will see as highlightable, or something you recognize as highlightable. Try to explain to everybody else why they should have highlight tide. Come up with a really good one, you'll feel good about having done it. Okay? More questions about that? But again, one of the -- so, the larger lesson that's in place here, what we're trying to do is get -- if you don't want to use the rhetoric of exemplarity, think of the rhetoric of synecdochally. We're going to try to be thinking synecdochally. Look at this term. By which I mean what, what doe synecdochally mean? Yeah? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> That's right. Part -- stick to part represents a whole. So all hands on deck. what's the difference between synecdochally and metonymy, while we're at it. Some people say there's not a real difference [Inaudible] there's a real difference. So what were the difference -- what's a metonymy? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> Yeah. [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> Hmm, I wouldn't say it that way. Yeah? >> A related object represents another object. >> Okay, give me an example. >> If a waiter is holding a glass of champagne, he would say the champagne is moving through the crowd or whatever. Because the champagne isn't actually -- it's not -- >> That's -- would I call that a metonymy. I don't know, I might have called that a synecdoche, because it's a part for the whole. But I take your point. Yes. There's a common one. They use it in the newspaper every day. >> The crown. >> Good one. Why, the crown for the queen, the White House for the president. Well, the newspaper, is that already dating me? Anybody have any other examples? Yeah? >> The law? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> Okay, but the thing about it is what characteristic of a metonymy -- it's going to be a substitution of one thing or another from -- to which it is contiguous in our experience. To which it's connected, right? So the White House is the place where Obama lives, and it's the place that we locate the presidency. So when we talk about the White House, we're talking about something with which its associated. So it's a kind of a trope, being next to one another. Whereas synecdoche we're going to use a part for the whole. So it is a trope substitution in which a smaller part stands in for the larger. One of the things I want you to understand, and this leads me to thinking about Stephen Greenblatt a little bit, is that there aren't actually -- for the most part there are, you know, most synecdoches are not just conveniences. They're actually coded with values and meanings and in fact, ideology. Now I think that's part of what Greenblatt is getting at in his article on culture. I wanted you to read that, because it gets you to understand why in a course that's called literary history we're actually going to be doing quite a bit of close reading. He makes a powerful argument, I think, on behalf of the fact that text -- well, in his case probably great text -- encode a lot of their cultural meanings, context, the ideological milieu from which they spring, they get encoded into the text. To understand those things we need to read the text really closely so the -- we read the text to get a kind of window into say the Melvillean world, the world of the 19th century, for the world of Shakespeare, in Greenblatt's case. But again, as I said last time, there's a kind of a reciprocal relation. So we read the text to get at the culture, but the culture also helps us to get at the text. Knowing something about the culture in which MacBeth was written -- there was an issue about succession and possibly the play it miswritten, you know, as the first of the plays in which Shakespeare is the king's men, the Lord Chamberlain's men, might be seen as a cautionary tale. All of those things help to illuminate the play. So we can read the play and the culture in a kind of reciprocal relationship. That that's what we're going to be trying to do, and I think Greenblatt makes a powerful argument about that. So how does synecdoche, as an example, encode ideology. If I say all hands on deck, that's kind of become a dead expression, I suppose. But it starts off as a synecdoche. All hands on deck. Not all men, not all sailors, all hands on deck. Tell me about that? What's at stake in that, yeah? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> Very good. Exactly. So what's important to you about a deck hand? His hands, his ability to labor. The language encodes that. All right? Now what happens to us, as these things become used, they become kind of dead metaphors, and all of these are a species of metaphor metonymy, synecdoche. Part of our job as good readers or as English majory-type readers, literary scholars, is to revivify dead metaphors to understand what was at steak and what might continue to be at steak in the language that we use. That goes back to what I was saying about the term America last time. America is a figure -- a piece of figurative language. I wanted to argue that it was a trope, and it was a trope that signified paradoxically, think Lazarus, and exclusion, right? Think imperialism, colonialism, slavery. Right? Racism of any kind. So part of what our goal is in this course is to understand the complex ways in which language works. So we're going to be paying attention to figures like paralypsis. But we're going to be doing more than playing the English major game of naming them. We want to understand why they're there or to try to have an interpretive guess as to why the poet puts it there, or what effect it is, that's created by doing that. Okay? So that's part of why we'll be mentioning things like this, and we have some assignments that are devoted to this. And that's part of why I asked you to read the Greenblatt. It's making the argument about the importance of close reading for cultural reading, and reciprocally, how culture can help us do close reading. If you'll remember, one of the things he talks about in -- in this, is to -- to suggest this, right, that a full cultural analysis needs to push beyond the boundaries of the text, to establish links, he says, between the text and values, institutions, practices, elsewhere in the culture. But these aren't a substitute for close reading. Right? And you know, just -- since you're English majors, you might care about this. Greenblatt is identified with a School of thinking that he helped pioneer that's called the new historicism. And the new historicism in part took aim at the kind of literary thinking that's exemplified by the piece that I asked you to read, by Andy Delbanco [Phonetic], which came from the New York Times Book Review some years ago, but is also excerpted from a very good book of his, a little book, called The Real American Dream, which is like a short account of American literature, which you might say embodies a kind of humanistic approach for lack of a better word, a humanistic approach to the story of American literature. Delbanco is telling one story of American literature, it has to do with a certain set of values, with a kind of canonical tradition. It -- it -- in some sense, it positions literature as part of the history of ideas. It's -- compatible, I think, with -- for example, Harold Bloom's account of literary history as great minds contending with one another over time through text, reading and misreading one another. Greenblatt and the new historists were interested in something else. Right? And for somebody like Delbanco, and this might be a little bit of a caricature, you would say he gives primacy to the text and allows it -- the context to appear as a kind of background against which the text is staged or that might illuminate certain aspects of the text. It becomes a kind of scenery for the term. Greenblatt is interested in this reciprocal relationship that we've been talking about. When people didn't like what they did, they were parodied. And in deed, some new historists practice is quite parodyable. The typical practice was to say that a text is part of something larger that we might call discourse. This comes out of the French thinker Michele Foucault. We would say part of a larger thing called discourse. And you know what, lots of other texts and lots of other practices, lots of other things that we encounter in culture are also part of this discourse. And the discourse is ultimately all about different kinds of power relations. So you might imagine this discourse as a kind of cloth. And the text is a thread within it. And another text is another thread, and an event in culture is another thread. And if you pull on one you start to pull at the weave. Something else moves somewhere else. So if you wiggle this story about a hermaphrodite over here, from something like As You Like It starts to move over there. Right? That's in some sense the way new historians practice. Obviously, that can -- when that works, it works very powerfully. You can see things in a play by putting it together with something that might seem remote from it in experience. [Inaudible] something that is not most nominal in relationship to it. But also if you pick the wrong thing it becomes kind of ludicrous. Who's to say what is right or wrong. The proof might be in the pudding, if it works, it works. But what people used to say about this is they don't -- new historians didn't believe in writers and they didn't believe in genius, so the parody was Greenblatt thinks that Elizabethan England wrote Shakespeare's plays or the culture wrote the plays. And isn't that ludicrous, ha, ha, ha, Greenblatt is clearly addressing that in the culture article. And I think it's clear that he believes in something called genius. Shakespeare for him is a better writer than others. But the way in which Shakespeare is original is not by thinking of things out of the providence of his own imagination, as if out of whole cloth, rather, Shakespeare is a collaborator with his culture. He takes the material of the everyday and transforms it into something else. He takes his sources, he takes history, he plays with it. He makes prince howl and hot spur, foil for one another, in Henry IV, Part I, even though in actual history they were separated I think by 20 years in age, right? But it doesn't work as well, dramatically. He gets at a larger truth by knowing what details to change. And that's part of the genius of Shakespeare, and that's part of what Greenblatt is getting at. But in so doing you might say he illuminates his culture. So the thing that's -- be interested in is how is a Shakespearean play timeless precisely because it's time-bound. We're going to ask the same questions of all these texts, particularly Moby Dick. If Moby Dick is a text that repays reading long after the time when the kinds of industries and the people that it describes are dead and gone, why is that? How come this is -- if you believe it, maybe it's an open question that we should answer at the end of the term -- if you believe that this is more than just simply a historical artifact, what is it that allows it to keep living. And we might actually say that it might not be something intrinsic to the text itself. It may be the way the text is constructed. As a center of a cannon, as I told you last time in a way the American cannon was constructed precisely so scholars could prove to other scholars that America has a literature that befits a great nation that's a world power. We already had it. It's not like we're going have it soon because we became this great nation, we already had it. It's here. And maybe people keep saying that Moby Dick is a great book because people like me keep assigning it. You'll have to tell me at the end of the term what you think about it. If I were [Inaudible] I'd probably dart a harpoon right now. Okay, so in other words, to -- so Greenblatt is making this argument, right? So he basically says in part we need to read contextually, to recover the meaning of texts. Some of which are incomprehensible when they're removed from the surroundings. We need to reconstruct the situation in which they're produced. But he's making an argument about the great text is going to be one that actually enables us not simply to have to reconstruct in that way. Works of art, he says, contain directly or by implication much of this cultural situation within themselves, and it's this sustained absorption that enables many literary works to survive the collapse of the conditions that led to their production. So maybe that's one model -- if I was going say what makes a text great and maybe, you know, as people who are majoring in a profoundly -- I don't know what we would say, people who are majoring in a thing that other people think is not so economically wise, you might want to have an argument for why it is you do what you do, and what it is that makes text great, and why we should continue to read them. We're going to help you marshall arguments like that in the course of the term. All right, so then finally on Greenblatt. Cultural analysis is not by definition an intrinsic analysis the way it used to be, in other words, thought of, as opposed to an internal formal analysis. At the same time, cultural analysis must be opposed on principle to the rigid distinction between that which is within a text and that which is outside. So part of what he's trying to do is reconfigure what we typically thought of as text and context as inside and outside. Things that we used to think of as extrinsic to the text, such as ideology, we would say now are part of the text, they're encoded in the text. We use close reading to tease them out, to understand the way that they work. Ideology works precisely through words, through the ways in which to use a different kind of language. Signs are created. And if you're a derivation [Phonetic], you'd say there's a slippage between the sign, in the sign, between a signifier and the signified. How many of you have any idea what I'm talking about, did you do this in literally interpretation? We'll get to it later on. Don't worry about it for now. But it's in that slippage that you might say ideology seeps itself in. A good close reader undoes that. And is able to pull those things out. Any questions on any of that so far? Good, we're all on the same page, you understood -- you bought into why we need to read closely now? Okay, good. So one more word O'Dell bank o. This is a story about American literature. It's actually a pretty good story, I like it. I have a few bones to pick with it, perhaps. And one of the things I want you to be able to do by the end of the course is to have your own understanding of what is good and maybe what needs inundation in this account, which isn't necessarily a brief account. More than that, I want you by the end of the term to be able to have your own opinion and be able to make an argument about what is good, what is powerful, and what needs inundation in a story that I'm telling you about U.S. literary history. Right? Because any literary history is going to be one way of doing that literary history. We're going to be looking at -- in some sense, I've giving you my construction about this, thinking about the horizon of expectations that I see in front of me, horizon of expectations would also include the way that I've been trained, the things that I think about. I want you to be able to start to interrogate what it is we're doing here. To be able to understand why this is one story among many that could be told, and in part you might decide that there are other ways in which if you were doing it, you would tell the story. Anybody that goes on to write an honors thesis or something like that will want to be able to evaluate the ways in which he or she has been taught, precisely so they can carve out a space for their own original modes of thinking. Okay, so that's part of again, self conscious thinking. All right, New York in 1817. I show you this because this is the way the city looked, kind of this part of it. And Herman Melville is born down here. Down on Pearl Street. He's born shortly thereafter in 1819. And one of the things that I want us to think about is whether it makes a difference to think of Melville as a New Yorker. I think I mentioned this last time. But insofar as one of the stories that's going to be a main line for us is again something that we might call the Puritan origins of the American self. So starting next time we're going to be talking about settlement narratives and Puritans and a whole bunch of people that lived in New England. Well, Melville was a sometime-New Englander, but his life is framed by New York. He's born he and he comes back here when he's no longer a practicing novelist, and works in the custom house, and dies here. So there's a kind of New York experience that's framing Melville's writing. What difference does that make, or should that make, to our account of Melville's career. Again, one of the things we're going to be doing today is to use these opening chapters of Moby Dick to frame some of the larger issues that are at stake in the course of the part of the argument, therefore, I think I'm making implicitly is that Moby Dick sums up a lot of things. It sums up literary history up to the point of which it's written in 1850 and 1851. It sums up the state you might say of American culture, as well in that moment, basically, on the eve of the Civil War. That's a claim I think I want you to be able to test and evaluate before we get to the end of the term. Melville's parents were rather different from one another. The father was -- they both -- on both sides of the family, and this is a very good little biography of Melville that you could look at, at the beginning of the supplementary materials in this Norton. But Melville's father and his mother on both sides, he's descended from, you know, families that were prominent in the Revolutionary War. That is not a misprint. That is the way the family name was originally spelled. The mother changed it later on after the early and untimely death of Alan Melville, in part to distinguish them from this past that she considered to be somewhat problematic and possibly to help them evade creditors. You see, Alan was not much of a very good businessman. He came from a family from which it was expected he would live kind of a practice Trishant life, but he found it difficult to maintain that life. And so you might say that Melville's childhood was marked by economic difficulty. A kind of economic status that was below their actual class status or what they assumed should be their class status. And involved a lot of moving around in the lower part of the city. Alan was secular for the most part, but Maria wasn't. She was raised in a kind of Calvinist way. And transmitted that to her son, Herman. Right? So one of the things we might say about Herman is he was steeped growing up in a kind of biblical culture that his mother was very invested in, and that his father sort of tolerated, perhaps for appearance's sake or not to have a rift in his marriage. So this biographical information is interesting to us simply because we see evidence in the text in a kind of ambivalence towards this Christian inheritance. One of the things I want us to see in Moby Dick is the way in which Christianity is an inspiration and a provocation, and also an antagonist for Melville, as he puts this novel together. And I want to say that there's a certain way in which that's exemplary of certain kinds of developments within the larger literary and cultural history of the United States. Right? So a religious up bringing, a failed economic situation, there's a famous story in which he and his father, the father had sent the family up state. He and his father had to take a steamer in the middle of the night up the Hudson, they didn't have a cabin, they were huddled together in the rain. All of this marks Melville's up bringing. And at a certain point later on he had to become basically a -- he had to leave school, he was a school teacher briefly, but then he went to sea, in part because he didn't have other prospects, and he needed to figure out a way to -- if not send money back, not to be a burden on the family. There's a couple of things. This is another picture of Alan Melville. That's Maria again. Pearl Street is down here. It was right by the water front. And this is a nice little thing. I don't know if you can actually see it. I'll post it to the web site so you can see it. But right here, close to the front, I don't know if you can see it in the back. There's Alan Melville. This is a jury census from 1819. Alan Melville is recorded there. And the number of people in the household is there. And I think there's -- no [Inaudible] how many, four, three Melville males there. So that's Herman Melville, New Yorker, born on 6 Pearl Street in 1819. And this is from an introduction to one of Melville's earlier novels. It's in fact generically ambiguous. Should it be called a novel, should it be called a personal narrative, Typee. And what John Bouyant tells us is that much of the area that is now park is built on land fill, but in those days Pearl Street was right on the water front. This was perhaps slightly extravagant description, but it gets -- it let's the story, it gets the point across. Melville's home stood right at the confluence of Hudson and East River, so that in the summer of his first year Melville learned to walk on the edges of New York harbor. Today, iron railings gird those edges, allowing tourists to lean safely and observe the Statue of Liberty, but the infant Melville toddled the area, unfenced in search of the sea shells that gave the street its name. Thirty years later in the voice of Ishmael, the author would describe his old back yard as a magnet for all manner of seekers fixed in ocean reveries. His birth place was a spot where meditation and water and wedded forever, Melville new the sea from birth. And the passage actually points to a problem that Melville biographers often have, which is there are portions of his life that we don't really have a lot of independent verification of. So they typically go to the personal narratives that Melville wrote, like Typee and Omoo and Redburn, as if they constituted kind of facts that could be useful to the biographer. One of the things you might say about Melville is that he's one of those authors who invites us to take a kind of approach to his novels that is biographical or autobiographical. But especially in Moby Dick. I say we do that at our peril. If you choose to write about Melville later on and you choose to write about Moby Dick, I think you're going to make -- need to make a distinction in your paper. Are you going be talking about Melville all the time, Melville does this, Melville dramatizes this, Melville writes. Or are you going to talk about Ishmael. Ishmael does this, start to think about why it is you do one or the other. And also is there any reason that you would ever find to use both. Is it possible to have a rational for saying in certain sentences I will write Ishmael dramatizes such as such-and-such a relationship with Queequeg but then have Melville elsewhere? Let's just say for the time being as our hypothesis, that Moby Dick, with the hyphen in the title but not the name of the character, Moby Dick is a novel written by Herman Melville that takes the form of a personal narrative written by Ishmael. So that's our convention. Now, in other words, what it is, is an incredibly tall fish -- tall sea tale. It's a yarn. The biggest fish story you're ever going to encounter. And one of the things that we imagine about Ishmael is he knows that. He knows he's working in a genre. Or Melville's working in a genre. Take your pick. There are some people who would say okay, Melville is writing a novel that takes the form of a piece of writing by Ishmael that may be a novel masquerading as a personal narrative. That might fit too many layers. Let's just say it's a novel masquerading as a personal narrative. So that points out a question, a kind of technical question that we might want to ask, which is this. Is it ever possible for a novel to know more than its first person narrator. Is there a way in which a novel can somehow convey the limitations of its first person narrator, even if the convention is that the first person narrator is writing every single word down. How many of you guys have read the Great Gatsby. Great Gatsby. Okay, first person narration, right? Every single thing we think as a result of reading that text we get because of the character of Nick Caraway who's our narrator. Why is the Gatsby great? Because Nick says so, right? He created this kind of romantic character out of this bootlegging gangster, who when he talks is not particularly articulate. I say old sport. It's not -- Gatsby is not much of a wordsmith, but Nick is. And sometimes may be over the top. He kissed daisy and -- whatever it is. Some people like that, and other people think it's just really bad purple [Inaudible] prose. So that's the question. Are there -- start with the Great Gatsby, because it's a simpler case. Is it possible to think of the Great Gatsby as a text, as a novel, knowing something beyond what Nick Caraway is representing to us. Are there ways in which a novel can be configured to point out the limitations of its own first person narrator, to create a sense of unreliability of that narrator, and how would that work. Then generalize out from there. Is it possible that in some way or other, every first person narrator is an unreliable narrator. We'll get to that. And I think Moby Dick is a good vehicle for talking about these things. Is your head hurting yet? My head's hurting just thinking about it. Okay, so the sea. And the problem of Melville's biography, and the invitation to biography. In a word, I think we should not confuse Melville and Ishmael. I think we should keep them rigorously separated. And my own advice would be use Ishmael and use Melville rarely. If you went down to Pearl and State Street, you would see this. A little exhibition called New York Unearthed, an archeological excavation. The plaque on the wall says on this site, Number 6 Pearl Street, Herman Melville was born, August 1, 1819, author of Moby Dick, [Inaudible] the Scribner, Pierre, Philly Bud and many other American classics. Okay, so Melville goes to sea. And he comes back. And he has an interesting experience when he's at sea. Unlike Ishmael, as you will discover, he isn't faithful to his captain. He jumps ships a couple of times, he leaves his ship, he deserts from the ship that he's on in the Marquesas where he spends a few weeks among supposed cannibal tribes, and he writes this up in Typee. All right? And presents this as a kind of personal narrative. Then he goes off from Typee, he makes his way to another island, he writes it up in Omoo, eventually he ends up in Honolulu, he's in prison for a little bit. He finally ends up on another whale ship, and after that he ends up on a military brig. All of these things go into his novel. Typee and Omoo, about the time in the Marquesas, the military ship gets written about in White Jacket. The time on the whaler becomes Moby Dick. Now the thing -- couple of things to note. That Melville was already playing on the boundaries of what is fact and what is fiction. So that's one of the things that I mentioned last time that we're going want to track in the course of the term. What is literary, and what is literary's relationship to fact and to fiction, all right, so the Puritans that we will start reading next time in the next week, fiction is a dangerous category. It's akin to lying. By the time we get -- and history is something that we would respect, as well as biblical poetry and sermons and that sort of thing. By the time we start to get to the enlightenment, people are starting to get slightly away from this religious imagination and think about the ways in which there may be higher faculties that we need to think about, that make us human. The imagination. The reason. The story of enlightenment is the beginning -- people beginning to understand that knowledge may not only take place as a result of revelation from God. That maybe if you believe in God and maybe if you're religious, you say what did God give everybody. God gave everybody a soul, okay. But God gave everybody reason and the ability to think. That's God-given. We should use it. Don't always have to sit around waiting for revelation or reading the Bible. We can use our own reason and that's a divine faculty. Romantic thinkers start to push beyond that. Maybe reason is overrated. Maybe there are things that reason doesn't cover, the sub conscious, the unconscious, the dreaming life. We'll encounter this in a wonderful novel called Edgar Huntly. Right? And we see some of it at work here as we move on through Moby Dick. The imagination, then, because a fact that romantic writers start to develop. That's where we get to when we get to Melville, right? He's starting to be one of those writers whom we would call a writer of romantic literature. And by that doesn't mean he's interested in, you know, kissy-face between men and women or women and women -- whatever -- it's not Hollywood romance, right? We're talking about romance as opposed to what the novel has already come to mean by the middle of the 19th century. The novel has tended to mean writing about seduction or writing about domestic situations or religious forms, that's what's selling in the middle of the 19th century. Not the kind of stuff that Hawthorne and Melville are writing. And one of the things that Melville is doing, along with Hawthorne and other writes, is try to create a form of the novel that can have higher aspirations than they think the typical novel does. So Melville writes to his publisher in 1848. He's already known as the writer of some successful sea tales, based mostly on his personal life, although again he gets into trouble with Typee when people say wait a minute, some of the dates don't add up, was this guy really there. Later on the companion that he has in Typee, a guy named Toby whose name Melville actually used comes back and writes an annotation that's bound into the second edition and says I was actually there and this really happened. So Melville is interested in pushing the boundaries. If personal narrative is what's going to sell, fine, we're going to bill it as personal narrative. Get people to read it by calling personal. There's some recent scandals along those lines, the same, you know, literary history replays itself. Anyway, in 1848 Melville tells his British publisher my instinct is out with the romance, and let me say that instincts are prophetic and better than acquired wisdom. So you see the key terms here, and we'll get back to this. I'm trying to set these as seeds in your imaginations that will germinate as we read. To out with the romance. Romance is somehow here being a counterweight to acquired wisdom, right? This is a code for saying I'm interested in what we would call romanticism as opposed to the kinds of thinking that went along with the enlightenment and with neo classism. Right? So who writes romance? Well, one more thing. In 1850, about the whaling voyage, he writes another novelist who's written about the sea, I am halfway in the work. It will be a strange sort of book though, I fear, blubber is blubber, you know, though you may get oil out of it the poetry runs as hard as sap from a frozen maple tree, and to cook the thing up one would need to throw in a little fancy, which from the nature of the thing must be as ungainly as the gambles of the whales themselves. Yet I mean to give the truth of the thing in spite of this. Who writes romantic writing? Well, one of them is a German named Goethe. And one of the things that Melville has done on the eve of writing Moby Dick is take a trip to the continent. People think in part because he's looking for a kind of intellectual community that he's not finding in the United States, as we can see. People talk about the United States culture in this moment as being young, psycho-fanatic. Too reliant on British and European models. Melville wants to go to the source. He reads Goethe's autobiography, which is called Truth and Poetry. And he starts to think a little bit about what romantic writing is going to be like. This term fancy is a kind of code word for the imagination. In the romantic era, fancy means imagination , someone like Coleridge in the British context would try to separate it out as a different faculty, fancy is one kind of imagination, imagination is another kind of image nation. It doesn't really work. It takes -- so for our purposes, we might say that they are -- this is a kind of technical term from the imagination, right? But there's one other thing to note that's going on here, it's a strange sort of book, right? Blubber is blubber, you know. The poetry runs as hard as sap from a maple tree. But look at the metaphor that he uses. To cook the thing up. That's a meta for that refers to domestic life. And there's a way in which both Hawthorne and Melville are doing is trying to appropriate the territory that's occupied the best seller list, if there were best seller lists, novels that are selling are these domestic novels written by people like Susan Warner and Maria Cummings. And in some senses say we can do that, and we can do it better, right? Our kind of cooking is harder, our kind of cooking is ultimately more rewarding. Now Hawthorne complains about precisely this genre of the domestic novel written by women in this famous quote. And this is after he's already started to publish his own book-length romances. America is now wholly given over to a damned mob of scribbling women. I should have no chance of success while the public taste is occupied with their trash. And I should be ashamed of myself if I did succeed. There's something a bit petulant about it. I mean, he wants to sell books. But the marketplace is not interested so much in the kinds of things that Hawthorne and Melville are writing. So that's one of the things I want you to understand about the way the cannon was constructed. The literary historians didn't go back to see what people were reading. They went back and said this is what people should have read if they were smart, they were literary. This is what we think from now on you should read that represents the American literary tradition. Hawthorne calls his novels romances. And these are the book-length ones that he completed. So as we move forward, we will see that Hawthorne is part of what Melville draws in separation from is precisely Hawthorne's mode of writing. If you -- when I said you should open up this book and read it, take a look at it from the title page on. One of the things to note is the dedication. In token of my admiration for my genius, this book is inscribed to Nathaniel Hawthorne. And there's a famous story about this. Melville begins writing Moby Dick when he's in New York. And in that moment he moves to Massachusetts, into the Berkshires. So the time when he's actually writing this, he has one, I think, conception of the book in place. And then, so the story goes, he meets this guy Nathaniel Hawthorne, at a picnic. Hawthorne by this time is an older writer, he's just written the Scarlet Letter, he's got these other things going on. He's known as a -- an excellent writer of short stories and tales. Melville's imagination is fired up by meeting the older man. He goes and reads a short story collection [Inaudible] from the old [Inaudible] and immediately gets to thinking. He very quickly writes the piece that I asked you to read for today, which is called Hawthorne and His Mosses. It appears in two parts, anonymously. Hawthorne is a little bit embarrassed by the extravagant praise that he receives in it. But I thought it was worth looking at, at the outset of both our reading of Moby Dick and the course precisely because of the way in which it pitches not only the project of Melville's own writing but the project of American literature. Okay? This is one of a number, probably chronologically the latest, but probably a one of a number of pieces that we'll encounter in the course of the term that are kind of manifestos for an American literature. If you have your Moby Dick, take it out and take a look at Page 521. All right, he's been talking about Hawthorne's writing. And what he calls the Indian summer sunlight of one aspect of it. But that's the side of Hawthorne's writing that really draws Melville to it. This is in the middle of the page. For despite all of the Indian summer sunlight on the hither side of Hawthorne's soul, the other side, like the dark half of the physical sphere, is shrouded in a blackness ten times black. But this darkness but gives more effect to the ever-moving dawn that forever advances through it, and circumnavigates his world. Whether Hawthorne has simply availed himself of this mystical blackness as a means to the wondrous effects he makes it to produce in his lights and shades, or whether there really lurks in him a touch of Puritanic gloom. This, I cannot all together tell. And part of our project for the next couple of weeks is going to be to try to understand what that phrase Puritanic gloom means, right? He gives us a little gloss here. Certain it is, however, that this great power of blackness in him derives its force from its appeals to that Calvinistic sense of innate depravity and original sin from whose visitations in some shape or other, no deeply thinking mind is always and wholly free. For certain moods no man can [Inaudible] this world without throwing in something somehow like original sin to track the uneven balance. I want you to go back to the model of culture I offered up last time, of dominant, residual, and emergent. Calvinist culture in Melville's conception would be residual. It's part of the past. It has an ongoing hold on the present. No deeply thinking mind is always and wholly free from it. I want you to look at that and spend some time with it. Look at the way the sentence is constructed. It's a marvelous Hawthornean sentence that's full of all kind of hedging and negative statements. No deeply thinking mind is always and wholly free. So how connected is that deeply thinking mind? I guess some minds that aren't deeply thinking can be wholly free of what is it? Original sin. Calvinist depravity. From whose [Inaudible] in some shape or another, there's wiggle room there. That's why it's residual. It's changing. Maybe by the time of Melville, it isn't so much actual Calvinism that's lurking over American culture, but something, something like it. Something else that's going to be needing to take its place, right? So this is an example I think of the interplay of residual and dominant cultures, this is after the enlightenment. Calvinism, which we're going to study in the next couple of weeks, has started to recede into the background, yet it still has its hold over Melville, it still has its hold over this book Moby Dick. All right? Then Melville does this. He goes on and he compares Hawthorne to Shakespeare. This is on Page 522. Now it is that blackness in Hawthorne of which I've spoken that so fixes and fascinates me. It's the first full paragraph. It may be, nevertheless, that it is too largely developed in him. Perhaps he does not give us a ray of his light for every shade of his dark. But however this may be, this blackness that is, that furnishing the infinite be secure of his background, that background against which Shakespeare plays his grandest conceits, the things that have made for Shakespeare his loftiest but most circumscribed renown as the foundest of thinkers. One of the things we might say about Shakespeare is you know, at this moment, when Melville is writing, perhaps the cheer writer in the English tradition because of the writings of a number of people, including Samuel Johnson, have made us see how important Shakespeare is. And yet he isn't quite sacrosanct in the same way he might be thought of as today. I mean, today when you take liberties with a Shakespeare play, you adapt it, you do all kinds of things, you cast Leonardo DiCaprio, oh, that's fine. But do you give Romeo and Juliet a happy ending when you put Leo in the play? No, you don't. They did, in the 19th century. They felt free to tamper with Shakespeare's meaning. They played up the melodramatic side of Shakespeare. And that's what Melville is alluding to here. But he sees something greater in Shakespeare, Shakespeare as a kind of philosophical writer. We'll talk about this more when we get back -- when we get back to Melville. But take a look at the bottom of 523. I mean, Hawthorne was one of those who Melville's about to describe here. Some may start to read of Shakespeare and Hawthorne on the same page. They may say that if an illustration were needed some lesser light might have sufficed to illustrate this Hawthorne, this small man of yesterday. But I am not willingly one of those who is touching Shakespeare, at least exemplify the maxim of [Inaudible] that we exalt the reputation of some in order to press that of others. Who to teach all noble-souled aspirants that there is no hope for them, pronounce Shakespeare absolutely unapproachable. But here's the rub. Shakespeare has been approached. There are minds that have gone as far as Shakespeare into the universe, and hardly a mortal man who at some time or other has not felt as great thoughts in him as any he will find in Hamlet. You will see later on that this is a very Emersonian moment, right? We have to be cowed by the previous achievements of England. More than that, Melville wants to say, in the middle of 525. This too, I mean, that Shakespeare has not been equalled. He is sure to be surpassed, and surpassed by an American born now or yet to be born. And, since you're English majors you should look at the footnote. And the footnote tells you with all the manuscripts, not the text as it was printed. Because Dikinky [Phonetic] the editor almost certainly was the one who toned the passage down to read if Shakespeare has not been equalled give the world time and he is sure to be surpassed in one hemisphere or the other. I'm going to stop there, but you can see why this is a program piece on behalf of an American literature. And I think that Herman Melville has a pretty good idea of which American it's going to be, that's going to surpass Shakespeare. You'll have to let us know at the end of the term what you think, how extravagant a claim you think that is. Okay? So this -- this is what we want to see here, right? That there's a sense in which the Puritanism that we're going look at is hanging over American culture, American writers, this writer, this book. So we study it now in order to understand in some sense what it means to Melville and what, perhaps, it might still mean to us today. Okay? So that's part of what our goal is in this course, to think about the ongoing residual effects of the fact of the Puritan origins or at least part of the American self. Now I want to go back to one other thing. This New York business, right? So Melville has written sea tales before. He's taken liberty with a few of the facts. But he's never taken liberty with as many of the facts as he does in Moby Dick. In Moby Dick, he takes his own personal narrative and changes it almost utterly, right? I mean, Melville was never on a ship that has happened to it what happens to this particular ship. And since some of you may not know, I won't tell you yet. His ship sails west. It goes down, it sails around South America to the west. Melville sends the Pequad east. It goes across the Atlantic, it sails around Africa to the east. You end up in the same place, it's just two different ways to go. He sends his fictional ship in the opposite trajectory from the one that he has come to, okay? The one he has done himself. So immediately, you can see Melville is playing with his narrative of his own experience in a way that he's never done before. So the we question remains why start the book with that first chapter in New York? Why start there at all. In fact, why start the book the way that he does. I said last time a novel often will begin with a kind of beginning that's sort of an ante chamber, that sort of sets the ground rules for interpretation. Let's you know what kind of book it is that you're reading. Take a look on Page 7. This is the beginning of our novel. It starts with a section called Entomology. Supplied with a late consumptive usher in a grammar school. And then in funny brackets the pale usher, thread barren coat, hard body and brain, I see him now. He was ever dusting his old lexicons and grammars with a clear handkerchief, mocking the embellished with all the gay flags of all the known nations of the world. He loved to dust his old grammars. It somehow reminded him of his mortality. Already, we're thinking what kind of novel is this? And then we get to entomology, we get three quotes, and we get well, the word whale and basically I don't know, looks like a history of western culture from Hebrew, interesting that Hebrew gets pride of place. Through Greek, Latin, Danish, Dutch, all the way down to Aaron Mangoin. So what do we make of this list? Do we take is seriously? Is that really Aaron Mangoin, did he make that up? I think he didn't make it up. I think that's actually it. This is a history of what, the world, the west, colonialism. Is it cosmopolitan. It is says that Aaron Mangoin has as much standing for entomologists as Hebrew, Greek, Latin, or Anglo Saxon. In any case, it isn't business as usual for a novel. And we turn the page thinking we're going to get the start of our book now, right? That was maybe the first page. No! The extracts. And the extracts have an event longer bracketed thing. And then all these extracts. Again, beginning with the Hebrew. God created great whales. Or Job, leviathan maketh a path to shine after him, one would think the deep to be horrid. And we go on. Down through Roman writers, Rabole, all the way down to oh, I don't know, we got Hobbes in there, we've got Burke in there, Blackstone, oh my God, this thing is going on forever and ever. Got pages and pages, got a missionary journal, and the final things -- a Nantucket song. So be cheery, my lads, that your hearts never fail while the bold harpooneers striking the whale. Or oh, the old whale mounts storm and gale, and his ocean home will be a giant in might where might is right and king of the boundless sea. What do these things all have to do with one another. Why are they here in the beginning of our novel. What signals are they sending. You can imagine why some people might look at this and just say okay, another book. You don't have that luxury. So tell me what signals is that sending to you. What's it do, when you encounter that -- yeah? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> Very good. It -- well, okay. Yes. It is places human -- placing [Inaudible] within a history of human understands, and then you add in the whale, which is correct. But it's even without of the whale, right? It is placing it within a genealogy of test. Maybe we should do it the other way. It is placing it within a genealogy of text that go all the way back to the Old Testament. As it's doing that, and inserting -- one of the things it's doing is sort of demonstrating whaleness throughout all those texts. You might say it's making a kind of crypto argument, a tacit argument more the whale already. See, the whale's here, the whale's there, the whale's -- you didn't think you were going see it. It's creating a kind of intellectual genealogy more, you might say. And it's going back to sacred books. The question arises is this in some sense thinking of itself as a kind of sacred book. And it's also a little bit funny. It's mixing high and low. It's mixing the Bible are philosophy, with scurrilous things and whale songs and pop culture. There's a kind of encyclopedic impulse here. And Ishmael, we find out, is a former school teacher, he's a bit pedantic. He's interested in these kinds -- believe me, he's going to talk and talk. He's gone -- he's done a lot of research. There's a certain way in which -- and maybe, you know, if you had gone and talked to these sub-sub librarians and God knows who else, you'd want to show everybody the benefits of your research too, having spent all this time doing all this kind of tedious stuff. So it's out there for you to see. There are pages and pages itself. And then finally -- finally, after all of that, we get to something called Chapter One Lumies. And three of the most famous words in the American literary tradition. Call me Ishmael. Tell me about that. Call me Ishmael. What signals is that sending? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> So it's casual. He's being conversational. Call me Ishmael. Okay, that's very possibly true, and yes, it's true. Yes? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> Ah, but what's this call me Ishmael business? Looks like it's all friendly and stuff. Why didn't he just say my name is Ishmael. What's the difference between those two. Yeah? Go ahead. [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> Okay, that's fine. That could be, maybe it's not his real name. Maybe he's making a statement about somehow being an outcast. And I think it was Carlise who wrote around the same period that the writer is an Ishmaelite. You know, people don't want to read literary writing, so we feel like Ishmaels. Okay, we're an outcast. Then if you read the rest of the footnote you'll see that he's actually evoking a particular person from the Bible. Did you want to add more to that? [ Inaudible audience comment ] >> And a contested figure. Let's not forget that Ishmael has a different status in Christianity than he has in Muslim thinking, right? Ishmael is a big hero. It's Ishmael who comes back to Abraham in the Quran, not Isaac. So it's the out cast, possibly somebody who has found this great alternative tradition, immediately in three words, we've got a very complicated kind of textual literary dynamic going on. And maybe it's a little bit coercive. You know, we think he's being all friendly, call me Ishmael. But it's an imperative. Syntactically, it's an order. Call me Ishmael. Or else. Some years ago, never mind how long ago precisely -- why not? Already maybe we should be having our little English major bristling spines in our head, you know, going like -- if we were porcupines, they should go spring -- like that. Whoa, let's be on our defense. Never mind how long precisely. Having little or no money in my purse and nothing particularly interesting me on shore, I thought I would sail a little and see the watery part of the world. It's a way I have of driving off the spleen and regulating the circulation. Whenever I find myself growing grim about the mouth, whenever it is a damp grisly November in my soul, whenever I find myself involuntary pausing before coffin warehouses and bringing up the rear of every funeral I meet, and especially whenever my hypos get such an upper hand of me that it requires a strong moral principle from me to prevent me from deliberately stepping into the street and methodically knocking people's hats off -- then I account it high time to get to sea as soon as I can. This is my substitute for pistol and ball, with a philosophical flourish Kato throws himself upon his sword. I quietly take to the ship. There is nothing surprising in this, [Inaudible] knew it almost all men in their degree some time or another, cherish [Inaudible] the same feelings towards the ocean with me. Put it up on the blocks, take it apart. What's going on here. What images are these? First of all, serious or funny? Funny. Both. How come both. What's serious about it. He's talking about suicide. Yes, he is. Which leads you to believe, okay, stay on land, commit suicide or go to sea. Or maybe going to sea is suicide by other means? In this kind of joking voice, but already call me Ishmael. Is that friendly or coercive, or maybe a little of both. Is this funny or serious, or maybe a little bit of both. Is this death-obsessed? We have a suicidal narrator here? Maybe we already -- we have the signals of unreliability laid out for us, right? But he wants to suggest that this is kind of a universal thing. If they but knew it, almost all men in their degree cherish fair [Inaudible] same feelings towards the ocean with me. And now we get to the question I'm asking. There is your insular city of Manhattan built round by war, Indian isles, by corral reefs, commerce surrounds it with her surf, right and left the streets take you water-ward. And you can see that. One of the things that's interesting about the city is people often think about the way Manhattan is laid out is a kind of north south city, right? We have these broad avenues. But when it evolved, the thing that was really interesting about lower Manhattan and would have been true in Melville's day is what was remarkable were the big east west streets, that could take you from one set of wharfs to the other. And you can see from this picture in and around the same time that Moby Dick is published how the whole city is ringed with these wharfs that are full of ships. You can very much see why Ishmael would think of this as a kind of watery city. New York became a hub precisely because it was in this amazing harbor, where things could -- it could accommodate many ships. It became even more of a hub when the Erie Canal about twenty years before this opened up the whole middle of the country. Right? You can take stuff up the Hudson, and then through this canal system, all the way to the great lakes. It made New York temporarily, you know, the port of ports in the United States. Right? So it -- you can see what it is, that Ishmael is talking about, when he talks about this. But why start here. Because he spends about a chapter here. It's a chapter that functions as a kind of overture. But then as soon as Chapter Two starts, he stuffs a shirt or two on my old carpet bag, stuffed it under my arm and start for Cape Horn in the Pacific, [Inaudible] the good city of old Manhattan I duly arrived in New Bedford. He goes to New Bedford, ends up in Nantucket, and then out to sea. Why? Why start here? The hypothesis I want to give you, and it has something to do were the reading from Thomas Bender about this alternative mythology that New York might represent is this. That maybe one of the things that Melville is trying to do in this overture to the book is signal an engagement with what Bender calls the historic cosmopolitanism that has been associated with New York City over against things like the Puritan tradition that Ishmael seems to be invoking at the outset, or that's going to hang over this book. So one of the things we might want to ask is to what extent is Moby Dick the novel an attempt to draw inspiration from and also be antagonistic to precisely the kinds of things we're going to be reading over the next two weeks. We could go even further. To what extent does this novel going to be a way of making sense of and appreciating and amending the entire tradition that leads up to, starting with the Puritans and moving on through the enlightenment and up into the romantic period. Right? So that's what I want to suggest to you as a hypothesis. That maybe one of the things about these canonical American novels is that from the out set it is setting itself against what people take to be the main stream American tradition. Whether it be the traditional novel writing exemplified by the damn scribbling women in an art course, Harriet Beecher Stowe, or whether it be the kind of larger New England tradition represented by people that go from the Puritans all the way down to Emerson, to try to offer something else, something that is more cosmopolitan in its orientation. More interested in the strange, the wondrous, the other. So when Melville goes whaling, he gets on the ship, he goes into the south Pacific. He meets a guy who is I think the nephew of Owen Chase. Owen Chase was the first man on the ship called the Essex. About 1820s, I think the Essex is sunk by a white whale. People who reported what happened to the Essex say that it looks like the whale turned on the ship and actually stove it as if it meant to do that. It was a famous case. There were -- so the boat goes down, the sailors are all in their whale boats, and they're thinking like, shit, what do we do now. We're not meant to be out here on the open ocean. And you'll see, I mean, long boats have a sail, but they're small. They're not meant to be on the open ocean for very long. So the thought is, you know, we're near the Marquesas. We could go to the south sea islands and probably hit land pretty easily. Down side to that is we've all heard that there are cannibals there. Don't want to do that. So instead, I should have brought a map, we will sail to the western shore of South America. Okay, that's only about 2, 3, depending on how you go about it, say 2,000 miles of open ocean with not too many provisions. No, we're not going to go to the cannibals. We're too afraid of them. We're going to go to the western shore. Some of them make it. Some of them do make it. They come back. In fact, two separate groups make it. But here's what we might call the kind of cosmic irony. Cosmic irony is that form of irony that some people say isn't irony. But it's when the gods seem to be laughing at you and using you as a play thing. Guess what happens to them in their desire to avoid meeting up with cannibals? They become cannibals. They have to. I mean, when some of them die. They don't -- I think there's only one case in which somebody is actually killed. But they do -- once somebody dies of starvation, they do it to keep themselves alive. So you know, that's the story. Melville encounters this story. He gets a copy of this, this becomes an account that's written. Melville gets a copy of this account on there. And he reads it. And it's sitting there in his brain, germinating and becoming Moby Dick. So what does he do when he writes Moby Dick? He reverses the story of the Essex. Just as I said that he reverses his only personal experience and has the ship go out east where he went west. The Essex had an encounter with a whale and then an encounter with cannibalism. What happens in Moby Dick? We get our cannibals out on the table right away. We embrace our cannibal. We become a cozy, loving pair with our cannibal. And then we're going to go off and find our whale. But see, I want you to understand, if you get that cultural context you understand what a profound gesture that is. And when we come back to Moby Dick we'll spend some time with just how it is that Ishmael gets to know Queequeg. But I want you to think of that as a kind of radical gesture. Ishmael's friendship with Queequeg is [Inaudible] and not only because it has all these homo-social relations and they talk about themselves as bosom buddies, you know, as if they're an old married couple. Yeah, yeah, yeah. But it's that embrace of the other, right? The other -- cannibal is a signal gesture that this novel makes right on the outset. Okay, one last thing. In the aftermath of 9/11, alt.paranormal went wild on the internet. When people looked at what is your Page 22. Again, it's one of these things that sounds like it's, you know, just funny. And doubtless, my going on this whaling voyage formed part of the great program of Providence that was drawn up a long time ago. And you'll understand better what Providence means in this context in the next couple of weeks. It came as a sort of brief interlude and solo between more extensive performances. I take it that this part of the bill must have run something like this. Okay? So think about back then, I know you were younger. But remember what happened? Here's what Ishmael writes. Grand, contested elections for the presidency of the United States, which [Inaudible] one Ishmael. Bloody batted in Afghanistan. Okay? Bush V Gore, 9/11, the bombing of Afghanistan, the beginning of the war that we're still fighting. People looked at this and went whoa, and started to wonder whether Melville's text wasn't in fact something like spookily predictive. A kind of Nostradamus in the American context. It is -- it was a little uncanny, teaching this text in those days. So I just point this out, right? Ishmael is talking -- and I don't know what to say about that, that kind of strange mirroring. But there was actually a contestable explanation, there was actually a battle in which a bunch of British soldiers were bushwhacked in Afghanistan. But Ishmael goes to say though I cannot tell why it was exactly that those stage managers, the Fates, put me down for the shabby part of a whaling voyage when others were set down for magnificent parts in high tragedies and short and easy parts in comedies and jolly parts in farces. So I cannot tell why this was exactly. Yet now that I recall all the circumstances, I think I can see a little into the springs and motives which so -- being comely presented to me under various disguises, induced me to set about performing the part that I did. Besides cajoling me to the delusion that it was choice resulting from my own unbiased free will and discriminating judgment. I like you to think about that, because comic as it may be, that is a statement about radical limitations on human agency. And that's something that we're going to be exploring all term. The Puritans wonder how can it be that we have free will but that there's also something called God's providence, in which everything is predestined. How can we be held responsible for Adam's sin if God knew that was going to happen all along. That is a paradox that the Puritans wrestle with. You can see that Melville is wrestling with it too, or maybe Ishmael is wrestling because Melville is acting the part of the stage manager, having him do that. The last thing for today. Take a look in the next paragraph. Why does he go on the whaling voyage? With other men, perhaps such things would not have been inducements. But as for me I am tormented with an ever-lasting for things remote. I love to sail forbidden seas and land on barbarous coasts. Not ignoring what is good, I am quick to perceive a horror and could still be social with it, would they let me, since it is but well to be on friendly terms with all the inmates of the place one lodges in. I take that to be a statement of cosmopolitanism. So we will test and see how that kind of cosmopolitanism fares in the literary and cultural tradition that leads up to this. All right, thanks, that's all for today. Settlement narratives for Wednesday. The soccer oraganisation's Holy Emperor is now Hibiki Seigou. Erm...*clears throat* Soccer is not something to be shared fairly. Soccer is where Victory can only be won by those who wants to become strong and work hard for it. Those who can't draw out their power should lose and feel anger and shed tears. This isn't fair. They face harsh reality,but the young people clash each other with thoughts and thus it becomes passionate. This experience should become their courage. Fifth Sector's disbandment will be announced. Everyone who loves soccer,I want you to play soccer freely. Gouenji. Endou. Thank you,for taking back soccer. The one who took it back is you,Endou. I wonder. I know. You saved schools from being closed down by soccer. You investigated it? The one who started the revolution is not me,but you,Gouenji,even though you're always late. He can't forget the dead girl. He hopes in finding her he'll learn the truth about Inhyun. How... how can this..? Just as well Dong Yi's dead. But Inhyun still stands in our way. - Now then... - Your Highness. Dong Yi... is alive. What? Dong Yi's not dead. She's alive. What are you saying? Dong Yi's alive? Speak up. She's not dead? How can that be? I saw her myself. I saw her myself... in Uiju. Your Highness! Your Highness! Your Highness! My lady. Any sign of her? None. Not with the King or the Crown Prince. Where could she have gone? How's that again? Commissioner Jang Hijae? The queen's brother kidnapped Dong Yi in Uiju? Yes, Sire. We have an eyewitness. But what reason could he have..? Perhaps for the same reason she disappeared from the palace? It's time I had a word with him. You there! Sire, if I may, now is not the time. Confront him now and he'll make excuses. Something about detaining her for palace crimes, I should imagine. Now the most important thing is to keep Dong Yi safe. We should keep quiet until we find her. Head Eunuch. Yes, Sire. I'm going out. - But, Sire, the storm... - Did I stutter? Make preparations. As you say. Dong Yi's alive. I saw her myself. There is another. One who's light and character are similar to yours. As shadow must follow light, light must bring shadow. As your destiny must bring about certain ends. You had everything. The other, nothing. All things were in your hand. The other lost all before things began. Then this other person is my shadow? No... you are the shadow. What? I'll be a shadow to one who's lost everything? Yes. Should the other survive, the child's brightness will outshine yours. It wasn't Queen Inhyun. He was talking Dong Yi. I see. The prophecy hasn't been fulfilled. My true battle is only beginning. Your Highness... Your Highness, what are you doing? Why are you standing here alone? Now that we know that the LCD is 2ks squared. What should we multiply each of these fractions by in order to get new fractions with denominators of the LCD? Write your answers in these boxes. (Music Playing) Well, I'm so above you And it's plain to see But I came to love you, anyway So you tore my heart out And I don't mind bleeding Any old time to keep me waiting Waiting, waiting Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting I'm a lonely boy I'm a lonely boy Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting (music playing) Well, your mama kept you, but your daddy left you And I should've done you just the same But I came to love you Am I going to bleed? Any old time you keep me waiting Waiting, waiting Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting I'm a lonely boy I'm a lonely boy Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting (music playing) Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting I'm a lonely boy I'm a lonely boy Oh, oh-oh-oh I got a love that keeps me waiting fin I used to work here a few years ago, then I left after having my child I came back, that was 3 years ago. I don't pick up the sand from the sea, I dig the sand out Now that we have our x-y tables, graphing is super easy. In fact, we have way more information than we need. We know that we only need two points to draw a straight line. And, we have six for each of these equations. Anyway, please identify which of these three graphs goes with each number brand. Put the number of the brand corresponding to the line that ends first up here in this box. The line that goes with the second arrow in the second box and the company that goes with this third line in this third box. I know that the difference between these lines are subtle but just pay careful attention to the differences between the equations and how you think that affects the way that they're graphed. C2CAMDaily: Welcome to today's broadcast! Brought to you daily! C2CAMDaily: Visit my website linked in the description for mobile friendly visits and AD FREE downloads! C2CAMDaily: Don't forget to Subscribe, like and share! C2CAMDaily: Welcome to today's broadcast! Brought to you daily! C2CAMDaily: Visit my website linked in the description for mobile friendly visits and AD FREE downloads! C2CAMDaily: Don't forget to Subscribe, like and share! C2CAMDaily: Welcome to today's broadcast! Brought to you daily! C2CAMDaily: Visit my website linked in the description for mobile friendly visits and AD FREE downloads! C2CAMDaily: Don't forget to Subscribe, like and share! Coast to coast am is the largest conspiracy radio show in the world. Discuss This coast to coast am show here. To watch the latest broadcast enter coast to coast am or coast to coast am today. To find the latest shows of the week type in coast to coast am this week. There are 4 main hosts of coast to coast am, these are George Noory,Ian Punnet,George Knapp and John B. Wells. The first host of coast to coast am was Art Bell but he no longer hosts coast to coast am as George Noory is now the main show host. Coast to Coast AM hosts and guests talk about and discuss UFOs, strange occurrences, life after death and other unexplained phenomena. Coast to coast am is a overnight talk radio with daytime ratings. Executive Producer: Raymond Chow Producer: Leonard K.C. Ho Screenplay: Eric Tsang Director: Sammo Hung Excuse me. You take the stairs - Let's go. There are cops. - This way. After them. What are you doing? Stop! Damn, a dead end. Reverse back. They're over there. What now? Hold tight. Hold on. Watch where you're going! Let's split up. Fujikyu-highland Mind out! Ouch! What are you playing at? Ricky! They're over there. Hey, you! Watch out! Calm down. Those two won't be able to find us. Let's take another picture here. Cheese. No, you don't! Mind out! Welcome. Please do come in. Welcome. Can you take our picture please? Thank you. One more picture. I'll take one of you. Say cheese. Thank you. - Do we have to go in? - We've bought tickets now. - You're pretty good. - Here's the pictures. As I said, there are advantages to being on my turf. If I want it, that cop is as good as dead. Ping! Answer the phone. You get phone calls 24 hours a day. I have to take the undercover phone calls from all over the world. Try the Bulgarian line. Answer it yourself. Ah, it's Ka-kui. Hello, Superintendent. It's Muscles. I've found him. He's come out of hiding. - Then bring him back. - We can't. They've got Ricky. I'll send over two more agents to help you out. No point. They already know who's in the Hong Kong special branch. - So now what? - Get my friend Kidstuff to help me. Who? Kidstuff! Boss, if we don't get rid of it now, it'll cause trouble. - So what's it worth now? - It's about 32\. Sell it. I thought I'd make a killing. Dicky and Lam are fighting, Boss. - Why are they fighting? - It's over Bridget. Show me Bridget. Tell them they can have this picture a week each. Leave it alone. - It's for the boss. - Have it then. It's Maggie Cheung, Boss. - Is she clean? - She's clean. Just a little dusty. Put it in your pocket. I'll have it later. Get on with your work. Sir. Get those wasters from Block 3 over here. 7181! 5734! 6377! Come over here! - They're here, sir. - Call 1663 over here. You can go back to work. 1663! Over here! You're being released today. What, sir? You're saying I can go free today? Don't tease me. Even taking into account holidays and weekends, I'll still be here in the spring. You're being released early for good behaviour. You're free to go. - Really? - Sir doesn't joke. I've got to get my belongs, sir. You know - my watch and lighter. No need. Here's $500. It'll compensate for your loss. Just go. Can I say something to my friends? - You have 30 seconds. - Thank you, sir. I'm going now. There's four packs of Marlboro under the flower pot and half a bottle of Coke under the bed. Share it amongst yourselves. Remember to put away Cherry Chung, Lee Choi-fung and Jenny. Time's up, 1663! I'm going, sir. Goodbye, sir. I want to fly up into the sky. What have I done? - Jail break. - What? You're just fitting me up. Of course it's a fit-up but if you cooperate with the police, the charge will be dropped. And there's a $2 million reward. - Only if there's World War ill. - It's not that serious We just want you to help us bring back a fugitive. Is it a cop? It's unfortunate that there was a bent cop on the force. Using special branch as cover, he stole a billion dollars worth of gems. He absconded to Japan and sought protection from a known gangster. The police can no longer pursue him, so we're using a criminal genius to bring him back. I only became a crook because I was rejected by the police. I've always said that they should change the selection criteria. I need your answer. Will you do it? I'll do it. But I need my friends to help me. I don't care who helps you, just as long as you are at this address in 24 hours time. And await my orders. - I'll need an advance. - I anticipated that. Here. First, write down the names of your friends and give them to me. Let's go. In your dreams! Herb! There are five decaying teeth - three on top and two on the bottom. - $3,000. - What was that? - $5,000 - Is that it? - $7,000. - It can't be. Give me another price. $10,000 is all I have. Fine. Give it to me. Be careful or your white coat will turn red. Come in. Mr Millionaire Chan is outside. He says he is busy and wants to be seen now. Ask him to wait for two minutes. Millionaire Chan is here. What an opportunity. - Hey, he's... - If he's called Millionaire Chan, he must have a million. Or at least a hundred thousand. - Don't be rash. - Shut up and get over there. - Please don't. - Don't? - Did you think 'don't' with him. - No, don't. - Calm down, Mr Chan. - Don't. Please come in, Mr Chan. I... - Are you Mr Millionaire Chan? - Do you know me? I'm a dentist and I am more familiar with the teeth of my patients. Do you know this person? - She's an old girlfriend. - So something did go on. Do you mean a relationship? - Of course. - I also had a relationship with her. - What relationship? - Husband and wife. What a coincidence. Don't you think you deserve to die? Look closely, I'm not that guy... Tell me that he's not the adulterer. Yes, it's him. This is the moment that you will show your true manhood. Manhood I have but I really don't know you. I'm going to kill this adulterer. - Please don't. Don't - Out of the way. Don't move. We're police. - Who are you? - I'm a crook. We'll arrest the crook. Got that, 36YE? - Yes. - Take him in. So you're a crook? Move it. Don't go anywhere, the uniformed officers will be here soon. Buy my golden balls. If you run, I won't be afraid. Taking such a skinny dog out for a walk? Does this look like dog? It's a duck. Shh! I'm talking to the duck. It's none of your business. Goodbye. Teach Yourself Basic Telekinesis With all my powers focusing in on you, I will you to lay an egg! Lay an egg. Lay an egg. He's crazy. Why are we looking for him? He's saner than you. Look at this place. You've got food, shelter and it's rent free. No worries. Hey, he's over there. Hey, Sandy. It's you lot. Have we got a job? Why else would we be looking for you? Fantastic. Fantastic. We're going to be rich. - Let's go. - I'm going to be rich. Here - take the dog. But it's not female. - Mah jong tonight? - What? - Mah jong tonight. - What? - Mah jong tonight! - What? - Mah jong tonight! - OK. - What time? - What? - What time? - What? - I asked what time! - What? - I asked what time? - 3 o'clock. - It's a date then? - What? - It's a date then. - What? - It's a date then! - What? - It's a date then! - Right. - Why aren't you working? - What? Why are you walking around and not working? - What? - Why aren't you working? You're too noisy. I can't hear you. - What are you doing? - He shouldn't have told me off. I'm just going to move this case around. Dinner time. Didn't Roundhead used to work with you? What's he doing here? When his sister was single, I helped him out, but she's married now. Why bother? - Where's Roundhead? - Out to dinner. Come on, deal! We're back at work soon. I won! - Him again. - It was flying over here. He's over there. - Hey. - Shh! - It's me! - Damn! It was coming over... Big Bro, Bigger Bro, Big Bigger Bro, Biggest Bro. Forget about the Coke factory. Come with us. - OK. I'm off to get rich. - Hey, the money! - What was that card game? - African rummy. African rummy? How's it played. We each hold 13 cards and whoever's hand the fly lands on wins. I don't know what you want us for, Kidstuff, but if Roundhead's in, I won't be. I don't work with low IQs. He's still part of our gang. And he's loyal. He's more toil than loyal. Tell him to jump into the road. Loyal? Roundhead, I need you to do a job but it could be dangerous. Whatever you want me to do, brother. Be a crook, whatever. I'd sell my soul for you. Jump into the road, then. I jumped into the road, brother. Teach Yourself Basic Telekinesis Don't read when you're driving. Turn left. Turn left. Turn left. Turn left. We're going to crash. That was lucky. Are you trying to kill us? I'm sorry but I'm in the wrong van. What the hell are you playing at, Sandy? First things first. Kidstuff, you sort out the delivery driver. - I'll handle the minibus driver. - Hey, buddy. What do we do now? Don't worry. We stick together and take on the enemy. Be loud and aggressive, understand? - Understand? - Yes. Let's go. Today, there is no wind and the sky is clear. A person can walk unimpeded and the traffic flows freely. The cars come and go, like the north and south winds. Ahead is the road, you can see in front and behind. You reverse and I'll back up. You bastard, how dare you damage my van. Think carefully before you say anything. Herb, last month an ape crashed into your car. What happened to him? He's become my hallway carpet. He has patches of hair here and there. My friends think I've killed a mountain gorilla. Rawhide, what happened to that guy who scratched your car? No point bringing up past victories. What about you, Kidstuff? I'm more compassionate. I put mine into a bottle of formaldehyde and gave him to Hong Kong University. Tell him how you deal with these situations, Roundhead. Me? When my car is hit, I get out and apologise. Then I give him all my money and I ask him to forgive me. You idiot. That situation was exactly like this one. I can't act tough. Is there a problem, Paul? - Are they bullying you? - Yes. These are our own people! As soon as I heard the accent, I knew we were friends. If I'd known earlier, just a single sentence would've settled this matter. - We apologise. - No need, they're our own kind. No need to be too formal. Let's move the vehicles and not block the road for other road users. Hey, brother. Aren't folks from Chiu-chou supposed to stick together? Yes. - Aren't Chui-chou folk loyal? - Yes - Don't they look after their own? - Yes. So why does a Chui-chou guy like me, and in front of all my neighbours, have to ask for a way out? No need to ask. But you're blocking my way. So I'm asking can we go? Is that OK? You can go but they can't. Why not? They're Chui-chou folk, too? They've just been in Hong Kong a long time. They don't look like us. - Time changes people. - That's right. Recite a poem to him about the moon in the Chui-chou dialect, Roundhead. - Yes. - Recite it to me. Speak to him in Chui-chou. Seven Eleven. What? That's all I know. Hey, brother, what he said wasn't in the Chui-chou dialect. I told you to learn more Chui-chou but you didn't. See what happens? Enough! There's nothing special about Chui-chou idiots. Telekinesis! You got us all beaten up. So what if we had a crash? The van was stolen. It was you lot that caused all the trouble. It's Kidstuff's fault. He says he's a good fighter but he cleared off. What? How dare you criticise me? It was your 'Seven Eleven' that got us into this mess. That's enough, just blame it on the van. Fine. Fine? It was your fault. Just Seven Eleven! And nothing else. - Yes, Seven Eleven. - You shit. OK. That's it. No more arguing. Can you drive us to this place? - What sort of place is it? - Well, it's that place. What sort of place is it? I don't know. When we get there, we'll find out. What is this place, Kidstuff? I don't know, I was told to come here. Herb, I think this house is older than both you and me put together. It's older than me but possibly not you. It doesn't matter if it's old, as long as it's not dilapidated. Not a problem. A two-storey fall won't kill you. But a fire would be serious. We'll have to be careful. I hope there isn't a ghost because how will we know how it died? - Have you finished? - I've finished. Let's go. Good luck not bad. Good luck not bad. Good luck not bad! Wow! It's totally different on the inside. Home from home. Not just home, even the colour scheme suits me. Yes, it feels like a brothel. It suits you. What? - Can you help me? - With what? If I begin to stare at an object, break my focus. No problem. Sit down. Scrumptious. We're all here, Kidstuff. Talk to us and don't keep us guessing. I hate having to use my brain. It's not that you hate using it, you just don't have one. Rawhide, in the orphanage, did we ever fight? They weren't fights, you were just a punchbag. A man fights only for two things. The first is a woman and the second is... self-respect. If you so much as touch me... I can if I want to. - And so can I. - And I'll do it back. Don't fight you two. Someone'll get hurt. - What? - What's it to you? We can fight if we want to. - Don't touch me. - I want to. If I wasn't so patient, you'd be floored. Don't touch me. I like touching you. - Don't touch me. - I want to. - I'm warning you. - What are you going to do? If you keep trying to touch me... Disperse the anger. Disperse the anger. Disperse the anger. Disperse the anger. - Why did you kick me? - You said I had to break your focus. I was helping them. I'll make your stomach blow up. He's... Thank God it's not me. He can give you stomach ache just by looking. Me, first. - What is it? - It's you. I ate some of those grapes and I've been on the toilet ever since. How many toilets are there in this house? There are five but I'm using this one. Which is closer, Superintendent? Left or right? To your right. Better not. Is everyone better now? Who are you? I'm... He was the sergeant who first arrested me. That was then. Now I'm a superintendent with the special branch. My name is Walter Tsao. Are you shopping us to the cops, Kidstuff? It's really not my fault. - You grassed us up! - How could you? - Get up. - No. It's not his fault. I forced him to. So it's nothing to do with us. Let's go. No need to hurry. Switch on the television and find out the news. - What news? - I don't know. ...we'll stir-fry some more and soon the dish will be ready to serve. There now follows a special bulletin. At noon today, six masked men entered the Dong Po bank in Tsim Shai Tsui with guns and escaped with $200,000,000. Yee-hai is our reporter at the scene. Do the police have any leads? Although the men were masked, we have several leads and the police know who they are. They are Rawhide, Sandy, Kidstuff, - Roundhead, Herb and Poison Ivy. - Thank you. That's the end of the Bulletin. It's got nothing to do with me. You've got to believe me. Don't be so hasty. I arranged all of this. You are all fugitives now and you can't escape. But right now, I am the only one who knows that you are here. No-one knows? Apart from me, nobody else knows what has happened here and I came here in secret. - Really? - I, Walter Tsao, swear it. Brothers, I have a suggestion. Since no-one knows Superintendent Tsao is here, let's play a game with him. - Is it Five Fugitives Beat Up Cop? - Yes. Help! - Freeze. - Don't move. Luckily, the government consider me irreplaceable, or you'd have beaten me to death. If you don't have a go at me, they won't have a go at you. All right? No more. OK. Then there's no problem here. Stand down. Yes, sir. Stand down. You're intelligent people, you do realise your predicament? I won't leave you on your own. I have a top assistant who will accompany you. No need. The five of us can handle it. That's right. We don't want the police involved or there'll be misunderstandings. We're always against the police. Now you want us to co-operate? No way! I second that. Hi, beautiful. - Who are you looking for? - I'm Mr Tsao's assistant. I'm called Herb. Let me help you with your luggage. - Please come in. - Thank you. - Mr Tsao, Sir. - There's no point in coming. With an assistant such as yourself to help us, the mission is already half completed. Welcome. - Welcome. - Welcome. Please take a seat. Please sit. - Please take a seat. - Excuse me. I'll be off now. Miss Woo will fill you in on the details of the mission. - Fine. - Miss Woo... You four, see Superintendent Tsao out. No need. Who wants to move? Come over here, Miss Woo. Please. - Make sure you follow the plan. - I will. - I wish you success. - Fine. Have an early night. Let me introduce myself. I'm Miss Woo. I'm an inspector in the elite Hong Kong special branch. You can call me Inspector Woo. But for the sake of the mission, you should call me Poison Ivy. - So she's Poison Ivy. - Who would have guessed? Miss Poison Ivy! Who is it? - What do you want? - Shh! Can't you hear it? No. I saw a dark figure enter your room. - Is he under here? - What are you doing? That's so lame. Get out. Fine. Look after yourself. - Don't move. This is a robbery. - A real robbery? Shut up or we'll stab you. What now, brother? Don't move. You over there. Get up. Get up! Get up. Get up. - Don't resist or they'll kill us. - Give me the rope. Don't tense up or it'll hurt. Let's see what's in here. Don't be scared, Ivy. It'll be over soon. What's in here? When it's safe, I'll shout for help. - It's done. - Hurry up, Sandy. You go in now. Hurry up and go in. - What happened? - There's been a robbery. What? You've been robbed. Don't worry let me undo the rope. Sandy, you stay here and protect Poison Ivy. I'll call the police. I'm here, Poison Ivy. Don't be afraid, - Don't move, this is a robbery. - A robbery. You'd dare to commit a robbery with me here? What do you want? - Move it. - What do we do, brother? Tie them up. Don't move. Tie them up tighter. Look in here. Nothing in here - let's look outside. Since we're like this, how about a dance? Dance on your head! - What happened? - Nothing. Nothing. - We've been robbed. - Robbed! You take care of her. I'm off to call the police. - It wasn't enough. - Hey, where are you going? Get in there. - Get changed. - Hurry up and go in. - Don't move. This is a robbery. - Another robbery? - What do you want? - Just money, not your life. Move. Don't try and resist us, fatso. Get over there. Move it. You're so heavy, I can't breathe. Don't get any ideas, fatty. - I won't. - Let's go. Don't be scared. - Thank you. Off you go. - Someone will come. What's going on? - A robbery. - A robbery? You take care of her. I'll call the police. Yes. Fine. - It's their turn now - Hurry up. - Are you OK? - Don't move. I'm going to faint! - What do we do, brother? - Tie them up. Move it. Now it's my turn now. Finally, it's my turn. What happened, Roundhead? Don't worry about me. Off you go. It looks like you've been robbed. Let me undo the rope. It must have hurt but it's over now. - Thank you. - It's all over now. Let's call the police. You call the Police. I've got to protect Ivy. Go. Hurry up. If you're being robbed, you should scream out. If you'd screamed, I'd have come in and protected you. Didn't you know that I really care about you? - This is a robbery. - Yes! This is a robbery. - What? Another robbery? - Yes, another robbery? Do we tie them up, brother? Yes, but this guy looks quite violent. So I brought an extra rope to tie them up separately. - Tie them up separately? - Is that a good idea? Yes! No! What are you doing? He was all bundled up with her but I have to be tied up separately? I'm not playing any more. I knew you'd betray me, Roundhead. I'm not Roundhead. You think we can't recognise you now? It's nothing to do with me. Nothing happened between us. Right? Sorry, we were only playing. - Nothing more. - Nothing more! - Get out, all of you. - Get out. You're totally out of order. Fooling around like this. It's late. Let's get some sleep. Get out. Welcome back! It's late. Let's get some sleep. We're sorry. We're really sorry. We apologise. We were just playing. We're going now. Smile everyone. Ready, smile. Done. Look at this gear. Will they give us a plane to fly? No flying, just whacking. - Whacking? How come? - Ask Poison Ivy. We can go, everyone. Now you know how to whack off. - Like this. - Whack me, would you? You're always fooling around. I'll get you, Roundhead. Forget it. You wait here while I get you checked in. I'm off to find a toilet. I need a drink of water. Well, I'm off talent spotting. Stand there and don't move. Sir, I'm sorry but this paper is for the Telex machine, not for drying your hands. Thank you for your understanding. (Speaks made-up Japanese) Wait here, Fong. I've got to get something. Watch where you're going. You're the one not looking. - I was too busy looking elsewhere. - What are you looking at? That Nip girl is quite stunning. How do you know she's a Nip? You know the difference between a cabbage and a turnip? What are you doing, Roundhead? - I lost 100 yen outside. - So why are you looking for it here? It's dark outside but in here it's light, so I'll look in here. Just keep searching until daybreak. How are you going to find it in here? I found it. 100 yen. Hey, that's my 100 yen. - We can go up. - Get the suitcases. It's really nice! Who do you think lives over there? - Well, it's not you. - That's obvious. The hotel is full, so we're all sharing. Fantastic. So we can all bunk together? If you want to bunk together, I won't object - you'll be in the lounge and I'll be in the bedroom. Let me help you carry that. - This room has two beds, Ivy. - So? - We can't waste a bed. - That's right. OK, one of you have the bed. Don't embarrass her. Get out. Get out. Get out! I'm sorry, Ivy. But the boys need to talk something through. Get out. We've all grown up together and I'm nearing middle age. There's not much of my youth left. You can pity me or give me a break but let me have the bed. Roundhead, set a good example and speak first. - No - What? He said no. Tell me again, Roundhead. No. No. No. I always let you win but I have to get a wife, so I can't now. - OK. We'll settle this the old way. - Fine. When I was walking past your house With a pail of water you did me douse The water splashed onto my shoes The passers-by were all amused Not a thing to me did you say Just stared at me in this way... Which bit is funny? I was pretending, I don't know Japanese. Keep pretending then. - You're inhuman. - How can you even think it? And I thought I knew you. You lowlife! I'm sorry I kicked you. It was a mistake. Please forgive me. I forgive you. But I don't know why it still hurts so much. - Close your eyes. - But I won't be able to see you. When I've rubbed this in, then you can see me. Don't say a word. - Acting up! - That'll teach you. You're sleeping on the floor. The bed's got two layers. Give me one. Move it yourself. Do you know him? Ka-kui. Right. He's here in Japan using the name Muscles. - Kidstuff... - Enough said, I'm not doing it. Ka-kui is only out for himself. Being with him will be the death of you. You can't let personal feelings get in the way of the mission. I don't want to shirk my responsibility but it's hard to work with him. As children, we stole sweet potatoes but when we got caught, he fingered me with the blame. Then when we grew up, we were playing rummy and I gave him the good cards. He won, and he didn't split the winnings. I had plans to open a gambling den. After I told him my plans, he said he was a cop and he'd bust the joint. Now you want me to help him. Look at me, Kidstuff. The eyes are the window to the soul. If that's true, you'll be able see my dedication. - I don't understand. - Come closer. And now? I can only see me. And he's the only thing in my heart. You're the hero in my eye but I've yet to see a heroic act. - There will be soon. - We shall see. I would like to see how a real man shows his true courage. And forsake the kid's stuff. - I'm with you. - I haven't finished praising you. You have to face the task ahead. So let's co-operate and rise to this challenge. Let's go, then. I was a little too eager there. Follow me. In here. Muscles? Muscles? Don't move, fatty. - What are you doing here? - I'm meeting a girl. Where is Muscles? Tell me. I'm looking for him, too. - Don't let anyone escape. - With just the two of us? And me. Wherever you go, there's trouble. - It's him. - Kill them. A present for you. - How are you? It's been a long time. - I was fine up until now. - Thank you for your help. - If I'd known it was you... Let's forgot our childhood for now. We're here on a mission. Let's tie them up. Here's 200 million yen. Go and spend it. You think I'm going to die. I don't want it. It's bait. - Here you are, sir. - Good evening, sir. Thank you. - Have you found him? - No, I've searched everywhere. Kidstuff has always been selfish. Let's order. How may I help you, sir? Milk. Ham and eggs. How may I help you, sir? - He doesn't understand you. - Yeah. - Milk. - Yes. Ham. Cooked ham. - Fried eggs. - I understand. And you, sir? Me? Coffee. - Coffee. - Coffee. Spaghetti with a meat sauce. Meat. Meat sauce. Spaghetti. Spaghetti with a meat sauce. - And you, sir? - Club sandwich. In English, club sandwich. Bread, butter... Chicken, ham... Bread, butter... Egg. Lettuce and tomato - I can't do. More bread. With so many layers, it has to be a club sandwich. - Do you understand? - Certainly, sir. I want... If you can't explain it, you don't eat, Roundhead. And you can't have what we have. - Grapefruit Juice. - Grapefruit juice? Grapefruit... juice. OK? And sausages. Sausages? How are you going to do that? You know "sausages" in Japanese? I didn't say a thing, I showed him. Very good. A club sandwich. The gambling den here belongs to a Japanese gangster. You'll have to pretend to be bigshots to get their attention. I won't be there to help you out. Just stay alert. - Let's play, gentlemen. - Come in. Please play whatever you like. This is boring, if it's not odd, it's even. - I'm here to help. - OK, fine. - Here, this is yours. - Thank you. Excuse me. Excuse me, sir. Could these gentlemen have these seats? Please sit. Good luck. Rawhide, Herb, Kidstuff, Sandy and Roundhead, do you know how to play? - Don't use our names, Poison Ivy. - That's right. - Place your bets! - Place your bets! Hey, there's a hole. - What is it? - 2 and 3. Odd. If it was that easy to see, they'd go broke. Even - It's just a little bet. - Let's see. Two and three. Odd. I told you. - Place your bets. - Place your bets. Lay a bet. Do you want to take the money back to Hong Kong? What is it this time? - If you trust me, it's odd. - I trust you. Let's play. Three and six. Odd. Odd. Bet. Excuse me. Don't go, beautiful. If we win, we'll give it back. It's only the bank's money. If you take this money back to Hong Kong, they'll arrest you. - Over to you. - I understand. Pleased to meet you. Hello, Big Brother. Outside there are six people from Hong Kong. Judging by their names and faces, they could be the bank robbers the police are looking for. What should I do? It's the cops! Get out! Get out! This way, our friends from Hong Kong. Hurry up. Thank you very much indeed. A drink, everyone. I really admire what you did in Hong Kong. Your bravery paid off. Our organisation needs new people like you. I extend my welcome to you. - One more dance. - No, thanks. These Japanese folk songs are the same as the ones in Hong Kong. I thought they would drink, eat and bathe with you. Don't be stupid. This isn't Hong Kong. It doesn't matter, we are here as guests. I know what you mean. I've already arranged some pretty girls for you. Not bad. We welcome you, gentlemen. These five will be fine just eating and drinking. They have all their hearts desire and I don't think they'd want their girlfriends to find out they'd been enjoying outside pleasures, right? I won't force you. Hold on. It would be impolite to turn down this gift. It's just entertainment. If our girlfriends found out, they'd forgive us. That's right. When you're out in the big wide world, you may hold one girl but you're thinking of another. They're here to provide a service, so we won't disappoint them. I've just had my heart broken and I need comforting. Speak. Do whatever you want. It's been offered, so we can't turn it down. Please keep enjoying yourselves. I'm being called for. Yes, yes. Come over here. - So? - I don't know the five men, but when I was in the police, I saw Fatty with Muscles. I'll take care of it. - Let's change seats, Roundhead. - Why? I don't have to explain myself to you. Just do it. Get up. One of you will have to leave this happy group for a while. I do hope you will join our organisation. So that we complete the formalities, who's going to get the money? This task is a great responsibility. I'm not worthy. I've always been a man of leisure, so I can't. I'm mentally ill and an attack can come on at any time. Surely such an important duty can't be given to me. OK, I'll go. Well, it was me who hid the money. - Ma-chui, take this gentleman back. - I understand. Look after yourself, Poison Ivy. I've always looked after myself. Just go, Kidstuff. Don't be dramatic. - Hurry up, before it all goes bad. - It'll be OK. I'm just telling him to get a move on. Enjoy yourselves. Kidstuff... Do it yourself. Muscles... Triple one, six, one, seven. - Hello? - Hello? Hello, Kidstuff. - Who's that? - Muscles. How's it going? They're over there and I'm back here to get 200 million for their ransom. - You don't have it. - So what do I do now? - I'll give it to you. - Hurry up, I'll wait. Stop mucking about. How was I supposed to know it was you coming in? - So 200 million looks like this. - It's 100 million, not 200. You said 200 million, so why is there 100? They only want half, so why give it all to them? - Where do you make the drop? - At the fairground tomorrow. I knew it was the fairground but I don't know where exactly. Here's a lighter. When you light it, I'll get a signal. Remember, as soon as you are in their hide-out, notify me. Try it out. Hey, Kidstuff. Don't light it here. Only when it's time. Don't keep staring. It's me - Muscles. Roll up, roll up for the House of Horrors. Keep the queue moving! You don't want to miss this. Roll up, roll up. Closed for repair. Please enjoy our other attractions. You don't scare me. So many lanterns here! Big ones and round ones. That startled me. That's not a real one. Come on if you dare! It's real! Stop wasting my time. Kill Where are my friends? We checked out the Hong Kong robbery and the money you brought over. - And so? - Both are fake. We've got stuff like this, too. - Tai-Iok. - Yes. Go to Mount Fuji and take this lighter. Smoke as much as you can. Take some matches, it's almost out of fuel. Really? You idiot. As soon as you lit it, you told the police where we are. Get out. If you get caught by the police, don't ever come back. I understand. Take him inside and lock him up. Pack up the stuff. - You finally got here! - We're having so much fun. Catch, Ivy. Where's the other policeman? Answer her. He's pretending. Well done, Muscles. Sleep! Sleep! Sleep! Don't hit me. Don't hit me. Don't hit me. I said, don't hit me. - Protect me, brother. - Keep calm. They can't hurt you if I'm here. What's with you? Good boy, get up. Come on, get up. - Are you OK? - No problems. How about you? I'm fine. - You tempted us with women. - And conned us. Let's hit him. - Hit him. - Hit him! Get him. - That was a brave move. - You missed by how much? - Just a bit. - After him. - Ricky! - Open the door first. I'll take care of her. She's too powerful. You're on a salary. Why so dedicated? Dedicated to vengeance. I give up. - Where are they? - They're over there. - There's lots of police upstairs. - Let's go. So what? We're police, too. Oh, yeah. Get in the car, you lot! Get in, get in. Thank you for your help, Kidstuff. No need. I just don't want to see you again. - Get a car for them. - We won't ride in a police vehicle. - You're older now, grow up. - Of course. 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When we call myfun, the rules from before say that we should make storage spaces for all of the formal parameters: a, b, and x. Here's b, here's x, so this must be a. We fill them in with the values of the actual arguments. A was 1 plus 2, that's 3. Great, that was already done. B is 3 plus 4. This evaluates to 7, so b is 7, and x was 5 plus 6, so that's 11. So, at the end of the day, this is going to print out 21. I was walkin' through the city streets and a man walks up to me and hands me the latest energy drink Run faster. Jump Higher. Maaaan I'm not gonna let you poison me. I threw it on the ground! You must think I'm a joke! I aint gonna be part of this system! Maaaan Pump that garbage in another mans veins! I go to my favorite hot dog stand and the dude says, you come here all the time! Heres one for free. I said, Man, what I look like, a charity case? I took it, and threw it on the ground! I dont need your handouts! I'm an adult! Please, you cant buy me hot dog maaaan! At the farmers market with my so-called girlfriend She hands me her cellphone, says its my dad. Maaaan This aint my dad. This is a cellphone! I threw it on the ground! What you think I'm stupid? I'm not a part of this system! My dads not a phone! Duh! Some poser hands me a cake at a birthday party What you want me to do with this, eat it? Happy birthday to the ground! I threw the rest of the cake too! Welcome to the real world, jackass! So many things to throw on the ground Like this, and this, and that. And even this. I'm an adult! Two Hollywood phonys trying to give me their autograph. GROOOOUND Nobody wants your autograph! PHONYS! Then the two phonys got up. Turns out they had a taser. And they tased me in the butt hole. I fell to the ground. The phonys didnt let up. Tasing on my butt hole, over and over. I was screaming and squirming My butt hole was on fire The moral of this story is: you cant trust the system! Maaaan! [ Jason ] We got a call about a tornado hitting a very large egg operation. We were the closest sanctuary to the situation... and we thought that it was a huge opportunity to try to make a difference for the animals. But they didn't return our call, and then when we did get ahold of somebody... we really didn't make any progress with them. And I remember one evening just packing up and driving down. We just wanted to get as many individuals out of there as possible... and, you know, get them to safety. [ Cayce ] This particular egg farm had racked up so many environmental violations... that they had several times been almost forced to close down. So it was very symbolic... that here's an industry that's very adamant... about making sure people don't see what's going on behind closed doors. [ Jason ] Look. Look at all the hens. Do you see "em? But that tornado literally ripped the sides of the buildings off. It was almost like, "Now you can see." It was like the curtain was pulled back. - [ Jason ] Look. - [ Cayce ] Oh, my God. I'm getting out. [ Cayce ] Twelve of their 150 warehouses... had been just demolished. [ Jason ] And each barn approximately held 150,000 hens. [ Cayce ] So you have these buildings that are the length of two football fields... and in each row... you have chickens all the way down the length of the entire building. And imagine being a chicken on that bottom row on a normal day. Then imagine what that would be like to be any of those chickens... when that tornado hit. That was the first time that they had ever seen the outside of those warehouses. And the buildings just collapsed and crushed so many of them... and left them without food and water. Then you had these cages that, because the storm had twisted them and crushed them... there were birds who were pinned right next to their cage mates that were dead. It was overwhelming. [ Jason ] It was so large. And it was almost like you just didn't know where to start, but something had to be done. [ Squawking ] We were standing outside of the vehicle, and Jason was filming the wreckage... and the director of operations and the C.E.O. came barreling down in their truck... and immediately started yelling at us and threatening us to get off the property. And Jason kind of turned to them with the video camera- And kind of politely threatened them with negative publicity... if they didn't allow us to start rescuing some animals. I think we unknowingly hit on the one thing... that even a multibillion-dollar egg industry just can't afford... and that was really bad press. So as he came around the side of the car- And he was ready to strong-arm us out of the facility- I was just getting our son out of his car seat, and that made his facial expression change. It was just knowing a child was present. And we later found out that he too was a father. So something at that moment let him know that there was a common ground... that I think he didn't expect. So he said, "Look, this isn't stable. I can't have you people running around this wreckage." And we said, "Please let us just take whatever birds we can carry out of here. It's not going to hurt you. We promise we only are here for them." And it was like that was what he needed to hear. [ Jason ] They let us clear out one area and get all of the birds out. And it was so hard, because everywhere you turned around... there was somebody that needed to be saved. We weren't even counting. We weren't even keeping track. We were just racing back and forth to the cages. And I looked over... and I saw that the director of operations was helping us. - [ Squawks ] - Unfortunately... he was carrying them by the industry standard... which was upside down by their legs. But we were just so happy to look in the back of the van... and see this sea of white feathers and all these little faces looking at us. And I remember then calling every sanctuary I knew of... and just saying, "Everybody get ready... because we might have an opportunity here." We went down the next morning, and at first he tried to push us away... and say, "No, we gave you birds. That was it." But I said, "If it's a liability issue, we can work around it. We'll sign a waiver. We'll just pull up in our vans and you can load us up with birds. We don't have to walk around there." So we really made it virtually impossible for him to say no. Once it hit the media, so many people were calling. So many people wanted to help. We had, in the middle of the night, carloads of students showing up at the sanctuary. And there were five or six kids who were going in the middle of the night... to go and pick up birds that were just wandering around outside the facility. There were, like, 10 kids who would sleep during the night and go the next morning... and just go back and forth so that they were constantly bringing birds back. By the third day, there were over a thousand birds. [ Jason ] We were constantly changing water... giving them new food, cleaning the barn. And then we had the sick animals in the infirmary... that had to be monitored and fed and cleaned. We had, at all times, up to 10 people sleeping on our kitchen floor... waking up at all times of the night just to help. Those students were just non-stop, and it was really impressive. It really meant something to them. They knew they were making a difference. - [ Squawks ] - [ Cayce ] By the end of that first week... all the other sanctuaries starting showing up and taking 400 at a time. And one sanctuary took 600. During the rescue, the more birds that we placed, the more birds we could keep bringing back. [ Cayce ] So we were just putting birds everywhere we could. And you just kept going and going and going until you couldn't go any more... until the van was full. [ Cayce ] And it went on every day... day in and day out, for four weeks straight. [ Reporter ] Three, two, one. Due to the collective efforts of Buckeye Egg Farm... several volunteers and several animal rights groups... thousands of these chickens will now have a second chance. But for hundreds of thousands more still trapped... after those powerful storms went through, there really is no chance... and the fact is, time is running out. [ Squawking ] [ Jason ] Being able to save some was really satisfying... but then there was also the thought of the ones that you weren't going to save. And at that magnitude, it was just impossible to save everybody. You know? But it was something that deep down inside we wanted to do. I remember Cayce making a comment that we could fit 10,000 in the woods. You get to a point where you just start to think unrealistically... "cause you want to save all of those lives. But it was just so large. It was larger than anything any of us have ever experienced. [ Cayce ] There was such pressure because we knew we were racing not only time... because the birds were starving and dehydrated and just desperate. But we were racing the time clock that they had set... because they were so quickly going through and killing these birds. [ Squawking ] Initially, somebody had suggested just burning the buildings... with the chickens still inside. The only thing that prevented that- because no laws exist to protect birds- was the fact that there was PVC conduit running through the buildings... and it would be deemed an environmental hazard to burn them. So they had decided to dispose of the birds... by putting them into the buckets of a front loader... and then driving them to these huge Dumpsters... where they were then dumped into the Dumpster. The Dumpster was tarped... and then they would pump carbon dioxide into the Dumpster... and kill all the birds. [ Distressed Squawking ] So the whole time we were there... rescuing the small numbers that we were able to take in our vans... each Dumpster- They could put 10,000 birds in at a time and gas them. And so while we were able to help the birds at one end of a building... the birds at the other end would suffer that horrible fate. [ Cayce ] I'm so sorry. I think I said, "I'm so sorry." We just walked past, and I just realized... there was just so very little that we could do. - [ Cage Rattling ] - [ Wings Flapping Wildly ] Finally, on October 25, we took the last bird home. We had lost count at 3,578. It was estimated that 6,000 left... if you counted where they went with other sanctuaries... and different rescue groups. And I feel so good about that... but then I think about how many of them died. There were 12 barns... and each barn held 150,000 birds. [ Sighs ] I mean, you do the math. But to know that that one individual's life was made better... by my intervention- that that suffering that that one individual had to endure... was alleviated because of my action... that makes all the difference in the world. At least to them. I love that feeling of walking out into the pasture... and seeing thousands of liberated ladies... enjoying their afternoon at the sanctuary. [ Clucking ] They're able to stretch their wings for the first time... and feel the ground beneath their feet... and really enjoy all of the freedoms that they have been denied... since the day they were born. I mean, they had not walked... ever. [ Chirping ] [ Machinery Beeping ] They were hatched at that facility... and went from being newborn baby chicks... to being debeaked... to a cage. And they've known nothing else... until the day that they're loaded up on a transport and taken to slaughter. We cannot underestimate the power that we have as an individual. It's not just that one animal enjoying freedom at a sanctuary... it's that one person at the egg farm who witnessed that animal suffering... and witnessed you coming in and lifting up that individual in need... and saying, "You're that important. You're that significant... that you're going to be a part of our lives now." It has this amazing ripple effect. [ Rooster Crowing ] [ Cayce ] Put it in your bucket. Can you put it in your- [ Laughing ] Yeah. [Music] You and I bloodlines We come together every time Two wrongs, no rights We lose ourselves at night From the outside From the outside Everyone must be wondering why we try Why do we try Baby in our wildest moments We could be the greatest We could be the greatest Baby in our wildest moments We could be the worst of all Baby in our wildest moments We could be the greatest We could be the greatest Baby in our wildest moments We could be the worst of all Ooo Ooo Wait on, thunder sky Wherever there's smoke there'll soon be fire What could bring, bad luck I've been looking at you too much From the outside From the outside Everyone must be wondering why we try Why do we try Baby in our wildest moments We could be the greatest We could be the greatest Baby in our wildest moments We could be the worst of all Baby in our wildest moments We could be the greatest We could be the greatest Baby in our wildest moments We could be the worst of all In the middle of it We walk, we walk the line Looking back on the set Our wildest moments Are you thinking what if What if we ruined it all My wrecking ball From the outside From the outside Everyone must be wondering why we try Why do we try Baby in our wildest moments We could be the greatest We could be the greatest Baby in our wildest moments We could be the worst of all Baby in our wildest moments We could be the greatest We could be the greatest Baby in our wildest moments We could be the worst of all bjbjLULU This is a short tutorial on how to use Overstream, a free online offering for making and synchronizing subtitles to videos that are already posted online via a free web hosting, like Youtube or Metacafe. You just need to register and make an account with Overstream to get started. First off, make an account. It will require a username and password, and a confirmation email will be sent to you to begin using your account. Choose Register for an Account and fill out the form. Now you can log into Overstream. This will require your newly made username and password. Input them in the required boxes and then log in. From the home page of Overstream, you have a few choices, but the one you want to concentrate on first is Create Overstream. Click on this link and it will bring up a new page. There will be a pop-up that will ask you for the URL of the video you wish to subtitle. Simply copy the URL from your browser's address bar and paste it into the field provided. Then click Okay At this point, you have a chart on the main screen. On the left hand side is your video, and on the right hand side is the table where you will put in your subtitles. Push Play (which looks like a triangle) to start your video, then Stop (the square) to stop it. When you reach a sound or wording, you stop the video. On the right hand side, you then choose to start your first subtitle. The default timing for your subtitle is 3 seconds, which can be adjusted manually if you need. You can line up the beginnings and ends of your subtitles using the timing arrows just under video timeline. Number one rule: Don t forget to save! A lot of work can be put into simply a few minutes of video and you will be incredibly sad if you lose all that work. Save often. Choose Save above the Subtitle Editor and name your piece to be saved as. It may take a moment to process, so be patient. Now that you have saved, you can access a new choice on the main screen: Generate Link to Overstream . Choose this option when all finished with your video: You can now choose the URL from Overstream, copy it, play it, or email it to a friend. Your subtitled video is now available to watch. 35vK !bw)f 0="E mE[" x%u) _&4x%u) 5mE[" XZ+D 35vK MXZ+D bw)f t35vK This is a short tutorial on how to use Overstream, a free online offering for making and synchronizing subtitles to videos that are already posted online via a free web hosting, like Youtube or Metacafe Kandis Normal Kandis Microsoft Office Word Hewlett-Packard This is a short tutorial on how to use Overstream, a free online offering for making and synchronizing subtitles to videos that are already posted online via a free web hosting, like Youtube or Metacafe Title Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 [450 adults following TEDx talks while... 54 millennium kids were hacking the physical world and taking control of the technologies around us.] I think when it comes to education, it's time for us to be brave to re-examine those assumptions that we have about what an education is and what the fundamental goal of our educational process is. (Instructor) Hello. (Attendees) Hello. (Instructor) I want each team to have something they can at least sit on. I want you to know that today's task is almost impossible to complete. We have so many factors working against us. We don't have enough time. We have little short nails. The saws don't cut the wood very well. The hammers aren't very big. But, we did make some chairs. Generally speaking, I would say today was about kids being active and producing. I did a little workshop this morning with the children here. Tell you what. Whenever anybody does something really cool... (a kid) I did something cool. (Instructor) ...well, you got something really cool, copy it onto here and I will show everybody up on the screen. When are you gonna make mistakes? If you are not making mistakes in school, if you can't make mistakes in school, then, things are really screwed up. These are some of the things that kids made. Not bad for just 45 minutes soup-to-nuts introduction to programming. It's kinda cool stuff. We were all makers once. When we were kids we used to make things all of the time. This is by Ritik. Ritik is ten. He spent about half an hour working in a program called 3DTin, a browser-based program which allows you to use little blocks to build up things. Making things is the most fantastic thing in the world, to say "I made this." And 3D printing is one of the ways that you can make things again. Is it that our children have ADD, or is our world just too freaking slow for our children to appreciate? (Applause) Seriously. Dave is gonna help me load up a game that is designed for kids to be showcased here. It's controlled exclusively with the headsets. (Sound effect) (Game voice) Awesome! (Applause) Joe, thank you so much. It's also true and I am here to tell you, and I will be the one to tell you. The kids are all right. They are gonna be just fine, and, we, we don't need to worry, strictly speaking, about kids and games, and the effect that it will have on the world. Not just are the kids gonna be all right, frankly, the kids are gonna be awesome. Keep your sunglasses on, 'cause they are not sunny, Keep your soldering irons in the cage when you are not using them. And let's make some lumiphones. Enabling the skills, the tools, and the understanding to actually become more productive participants in technology rather than just consumers of technology. Man, that is amazing. I am blown away. I am not gonna say that everybody in this room is gonna program, but I am gonna say in 2015 that I think we will have the tools where if anybody decides, if there is something, you know, that something you could buy off the shelf doesn't do for you, then, you will be able to go out and figure out how to program that yourself. The idea is to create young makers, instead of young scholars, by giving kids hands-on experience, the kind of stuff that the kids here today are learning. There is a lot of research that shows that brain actually develops, when kids are younger, by using their hands. At the simplest level, it's about getting kids to decorate the web like they decorate the room where they rip down posters, put them up, put up pictures of their favorite bands, all of that kinda stuff, letting them see the web as something they own and shape. So, when we say hacking, we are just meaning changing something just a little bit and then making it your own. So, first we are gonna hack a dance. I'm glad that you are on this journey. I hope people got really stoked by what they saw today. And, I guess my big take-home, for me, or what I challenge you with today, is how are we gonna take the energy, and the enthusiasm, and the ideas that everyone presented today and make that into real change for public education? They really did an awesome job. What really caught my attention was how quickly they just adapted to the program they got so comfortable with it. We just showed them the first step. We had five more steps, but they already rolled it. They had the songs and everything done already by the time I got to their tables. So, a lot of bang, a lot of applause, for y'all for your good job. (Applause) We don't need another generation of kids who are really good at taking tests. What we need is generations of kids who see the really tough problems of the world as puzzles, and they have the tenacity, the creative resources, and the creative ability to solve those puzzles. [male narrator] The researchers actually listened in to individual nerve cells firing in the anesthetized cat as they presented it with different visual images. [David] When we started working, Torsten and I, in the late fifties, we set up our first experiments and they didn't go well because at the beginning we couldn't make the cells fire at all. We'd shine lights all over the screen and nothing seemed to work. And rather by accident one day, we were shining small spots, either white spots or black spots onto the screen and we found that the black dot seemed to be working in a way that we, at first, couldn't understand until we found that it was the process of slipping the piece of glass into the projector which swept a line, a very faint, precise narrow line across the retina. And every time we did that, we'd get a response. Hi! I'm Rick, and... Wow, this was more difficult for me than I had expected. (Sigh) I'm just going to say it, aren't I? Hi, I'm Rick, I'm a politician. (Laughter) (Applause) I didn't expect my life to lead down this path, you know. It started out with talking politics in the pub on Friday and Saturday nights. Then things scaled up, and we talked a little bit of politics over coffee at work, and before you know it you've put multiple people in the European Parliament and founded a political movement that spread to over 50 countries. (Laughter) It could happen to any of you, you know. (Laughter) So, to introduce the Pirate Party, how many in here have heard of the Swedish Pirate Party before? Let's see a show of hands. Well that's about half to two-thirds, which is pretty much what we see across the world, actually. So I put it in the presentation. (Laughter) Just for kicks, how many in here have heard of any other Swedish political party? Let's see a show of hands. (Laughter) Yup, same thing as all over the world, scattered hands here in the audience. Isn't that funny? (Laughter) For those of you who haven't heard of the Swedish Pirate Party before, basically, we love the Net, we love copying and sharing, and we love civil liberties. For that, some people call us "pirates." Rather than being ashamed by this which I think was their intent, we decided to stand tall about it, and as a result of that, we now have two seats in the European Parliament, 15 seats in the Berlin Parliament, we have almost 200 seats in local councils across Europe, and we are present in 56 countries, starting on January 1st, 2006 in Sweden as "Piratpartiet." So for the next 12 minutes, we're going to spend four minutes each on a little bit of: what is the message of this new movement, my story on it, and ending with what we all can learn from there. The title is "Politics of Protest", and we hear that a lot. Like, "You're just a protest movement, come on!" Well, like "protest?" We're not talking about defiance for defiance's sake here. (Laughter) But rather, if you're not in government and disagreeing with what the government does, then, by definition, you're dissenting. If you want to change the status quo, you're part of a protest. There have been many before us, you know. The "Greens" came 40 years ago, they protested pollution. "Labour" came 80 years ago, they protested exploitation of workers. And you had "Liberals" who came 120 years ago, which protested overbearing power from royalty and the church. They all became established politics and policy making. All of these waves start out as a protest against something, and then solidifying into an ideology. 40 years ago, the rallying cry of the youth were peace and love, usually coupled with smoking one of the odd exotic plant, you know, for the correct tone of voice in saying this on media. That was later solidified into a political standpoint of sustainability, - which has many more syilables - and therefore can't be pronounced the same way, but this has stood until now. When you look at a value survey of 17-year olds, environment and sustainability is no longer on the top of their agenda. Something else overtook it just in recent years, and that is freedoms of speech and openness. And here's where the old guard gets confused. "Freedom of speech, we introduced that 120 years ago; we already have that! Why are these people rallying?" And, honestly, I don't think they understand that. This, in its easiest translation, is "Leave the net alone." Because when you look at what the old guard is doing, they're introducing censorship, they're introducing wiretapping, they're introducing an end to anonymity, and all of this amounts to cracking down freedom of speech. If the old politicians understood that the laws they are making are the equivalent of putting microphones under every café table, I think they would be absolutely horrified, but they don't live online, so they don't understand that. There's a crackdown going on of the net all over the world, only the excuses differ. If you look at ex-President Mubarak, it was almost to the day, a year ago, as he shut down the Internet to prevent the uprising in Egypt. [Internet was acting weird so I tried turning it off and on again] You can kind of question his sanity, if he wants people to stay at home indoors and he's shutting off the Internet, if he wants people to stay indoors he should crank it up, for heaven's sake! But, still. Only the excuses differ. Here in the West it's terrorism, it's battling organized crime, and it's sometimes battling pornography in various forms. In Muslim countries, it's preserving the sanctity of the prophet. In some other countries, it's security of the nation. But it's always the same action: censorship, wiretapping, identifying, and crackdown. What that tells me is that if the politicians of today see the entire growing up generation as a problem, then maybe it's the politicians who are the problem. (Applause) Thank you. What we are demanding isn't really rocket science. We're demanding the same rights that our parents had 40 years ago. If you sent a letter in the mail, you and you alone would determine whether you identified yourself on the outside of the envelope, on the inside, just on the letter, or not at all. Nobody had the right to open this letter in transit just to see what you sent. Translated to the growing up generation, that means that people are demanding to send whatever they like on the Net without being tracked, wiretapped, and identified. And I think it's absolutely reasonable that our children have the same rights and civil liberties that our parents had in their environment. Now the copyright industry, in particular, objects to this. As in, "But we can't make money in that case." That does not matter. An entrepreneur is tasked with making money given the constraints of society and technology. They do not get to dismantle civil liberties, even if, and perhaps especially if, they can't make money otherwise. That's why you're seeing rallies for freedom of speech across Europe and the world. Here's a map of the anti-ACTA rallies, and I think it's quite impressive. So, what's my story? How do I do this? Going from an ugly web page to actually having people in parliament? There are many people working on this, obviously, and the Pirate Party is just one movement out of many, but this is my story. In 2005, I found three things objectionable. There was the software patent debate in the European parliament which would criminalize knowledge. There was yet another copyright monopoly harshening in Sweden, and finally, the Data Retention Directive being voted in the European Parliament, which made all our mobile phones into governmental tracking devices. I took exception to that, but realized at the end of the day that people are people; these politicians aren't evil, they're just trying their best to make a better world. So instead, you've got to have a bit of empathy with your adversary, and understand their position, and I found that the best way to effectuate change here was to threaten to fire them. So I posted a manifesto. Short version is that I wrote two lines in a chat, and more or less overnight, it just blew up in my face. 300 activists on the first day, and that became the original crew. I realized this was my chance to change the world for the better. I had a choice here; I could either be overwhelmed by the scale of it, and retreat back into the gray mass, or, like I did, I had a high paying IT job, I could take a loan to live off of, quit my job - in that order, very important - (Laughter) and build a Pirate Party. So I decided to try to change the world. Elections were coming up eight months out; elections of 2006. That was eight months, right? It was plenty of time. An engineering project is just over the weekend, so eight months, come on. Turns out we got 0.63% in the first elections, but there was an important change there. We had been, "Here is this year's joker party." Going from that to, "Sir, do you have time for an interview sometime in the next two weeks?" It was quite a change. Anyway, my loan ran out, inevitably. I asked the activists for help. If you have spare money and want me to do this full-term, please give me a little bit of change at the end of the month. I lived off begging for 18 months, and tabloids scandalized me for it, of course. But it worked. So the EU elections came. We won the world. Three and a half years after founding we got 7%, 7.13%, and two seats in the European elections. That was the quickest way of getting into parliament that I found anywhere, and we became the largest party for people under 30, with 25% of those votes. That just sent shockwaves through the establishment. And this was then followed by successes pretty much all over Europe. We're called the fastest-growing political movement, and today I'm instead employed by the European Parliament; again scandal, trying to be scandalized by tabloids over that instead of begging. So, what do we learn from this? What can we learn? There's a Futurama quote, I like Futurama; I'm a nerd. "When push comes to shove, you gotta do what you love - even when it's not a good idea." (Laughter) What kind of idiot thinks they can change the world by founding a new political party, really? This kind of idiot. There's another good quote. "If it's stupid but works, it ain't stupid." So we learn here that people aren't evil. Your worst adversaries aren't evil, and trying to portray them as such does not help your cause, but it does something else; it defines you. And that's very important, no matter what cause you're setting out on. So, whether you believe that you can or cannot make a difference, it's a matter of attitude. And, in both cases, you're probably right. This is about leadership. This is about saying, "I'm going to change the world, who's with me?" And choose a reasonable approach. Don't shoot for the moon, that's just silly. That's been done already. Shoot for Mars. End illiteracy, help two billion people learn to read. You can do this. Everyone in this room has some cause they would love to make a difference in. You can do it. Don't dare let anybody tell you otherwise. You've got to be credible, inclusive, and tangible when communicating this. As long as you do that, it's just a matter of telling people, "I believe; I know we can do this. We can write ourselves into the history books by going to Mars." Going home, it's a matter of setting a couple of bullet points: recruit one dozen volunteer rocket scientists, two dozen mechanical engineers, and someone who's willing to mix rocket fuel in their backyard. Some of you are laughing. This is how you do it. People will take your vision and do whatever they can to further it, you just have to let them. So, as a final note: change doesn't just happen, somebody makes it happen. And you, everyone in this room, can be that person. And that's my presentation. Please tweet any feedback you have, I love to see my name on Twitter. (Laughter) (Applause) Our final topic deals with what's called: One of my pastor friends would say, "I subscribe to the Lutheran Confessions and I haven't received my first copy!"- that's a bad joke... But, there was an article recently, well relatively recently, by a Lutheran theologian named Paul Hinlicky in Lutheran Forum, and he speaks about confessional subscription. Now Paul is a Lutheran theologian from the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America. He teaches at Roanoke College in Virginia, but he writes about confessional subscription today and he says the following: The historic position of the Lutheran Church of Missouri Synod is right about one thing, a quatanus subscription to the Lutheran confessions is hardly worth the paper it is written on. Then a little bit later — To see the point consider this example. Then again he explains what the word quatenus means. The word quatenus means in so far, and he says: In so far as it conforms to the word of God, one could subscribe to *mein kampf* , to be sure that would not be very far, at all. And he goes on — The Lutheran Church Missouri Synod is thus right to insist on the principle on a quia subscription. Quia means because, in this case the sense of the subscription reads: "I subscribe to the Lutheran Confessions because they conform to the word of God." So he shows us the quatenus , in so far, is really not acceptable. Yet he also has somewhat of a hard time with the quia and he suggests another option. At the very end of the article he says —We should subscribe *ut confiteamur*, in order that we may confess. It's kind of a quasi, if I could use another Latin phrase, a quasi quia... that sounds a little bit weird, but what he's really arguing is that, well maybe we should subscribe to the Lutheran confessions because it gives us an opportunity to confess, a topic that we talked about in the first week of our class. In the article that you have in your packet, C.F.W. Walther, the first president of our Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, a theologian that has kind of formed a lot of our Lutheran Church Missouri Synod understandings, argued very strongly again for a quia subscription. Quia is the only way because the Lutheran confessions in the book of Concord, are based upon and find their authority in God's word alone. We subscribe to the Lutheran Confessions because quia, because they are God's word. Anything else, is no commitment. I pray that you will have the confidence of making such a commitment, should you be given the opportunity. I want to thank you for this opportunity to lead you and I pray that God will richly bless you in your work, however God may use you in these next month's and years. It's been a pleasure to be with you. Ladies and gentlemen, gather around. I would love to share with you a story. Once upon a time in 19th century Germany, there was the book. Now during this time, the book was the king of storytelling. It was venerable. It was ubiquitous. But it was a little bit boring. Because in its 400 years of existence, storytellers never evolved the book as a storytelling device. But then one author arrived, and he changed the game forever. (Music) His name was Lothar, Lothar Meggendorfer. Lothar Meggendorfer put his foot down, and he said, "Genug ist genug!" He grabbed his pen, he snatched his scissors. This man refused to fold to the conventions of normalcy and just decided to fold. History would know Lothar Meggendorfer as -- who else? -- the world's first true inventor of the children's pop-up book. (Music) For this delight and for this wonder, people rejoiced. (Cheering) They were happy because the story survived, and that the world would keep on spinning. Lothar Meggendorfer wasn't the first to evolve the way a story was told, and he certainly wasn't the last. Whether storytellers realized it or not, they were channeling Meggendorfer's spirit when they moved opera to vaudville, radio news to radio theater, film to film in motion to film in sound, color, 3D, on VHS and on DVD. There seemed to be no cure for this Meggendorferitis. And things got a lot more fun when the Internet came around. (Laughter) Because, not only could people broadcast their stories throughout the world, but they could do so using what seemed to be an infinite amount of devices. For example, one company would tell a story of love through its very own search engine. One Taiwanese production studio would interpret American politics in 3D. (Laughter) And one man would tell the stories of his father by using a platform called Twitter to communicate the excrement his father would gesticulate. And after all this, everyone paused; they took a step back. They realized that, in 6,000 years of storytelling, they've gone from depicting hunting on cave walls to depicting Shakespeare on Facebook walls. And this was a cause for celebration. The art of storytelling has remained unchanged. And for the most part, the stories are recycled. But the way that humans tell the stories has always evolved with pure, consistent novelty. And they remembered a man, one amazing German, every time a new storytelling device popped up next. And for that, the audience -- the lovely, beautiful audience -- would live happily ever after. (Applause) Well, in these case the normal force must be equal to mg. If the normal force were bigger, the mass would be accelerating upwards, and if it were smaller mg would win and it'd be accelerating downwards. . In the last lecture, Scott kind of described the basic principles of event driven programming. In event driven programming, event handlers respond to events that arise whenever you hit a key, you click a mouse, you click on a button. In event driven programs, the various handlers need to share a common set of information that allows you to make your interactive program run. In this lecture, I'm going to talk about one technique for making all these handlers work together. That is, we're going to have them share a common set of global variables. Now, up to now, we haven't distinguished between global and local variables. In this lecture, I'll describe the difference between the two. I'll show you some examples of where we can use, and maybe should use, global variables, and I'll show you examples where we shouldn't use global variables. So, maybe this will give you a little bit of background behind how we're going to approach the first few weeks of class. So let's talk about global and local variables in Python. So you're already familiar with building global variables. You've done it a fair bit. Anytime you define a variable outside of Python functions, you're building a global variable. So for example if I say num one is equal to one. . I have just defined and used the global verbal num one. Now it turns out you've actually built local variables also, you just didn't know that. When you built rock, paper, scissors, lizard, spock, you created for example a local variable to hold the computer's guess. You then later on used that local variable to do some further computation to figure out who won. Variables that you create inside a function are called local variables. So lets go through and make an example. So I'm going to define a functioned fun. And I'm going to define a local variable num two and we are going to make it num one plus one. And let's just print out num two. And then we will call that function some, let's say fun. And let's run that and see what happens. So when we call it fun. It says, let's make a local variable num two. And should, value should be the value of the global variable. We can use this global variable in here, num eleven. + One. So then we ask it to print it out. So it printed out two. Now, you might ask, well, what's the distinction? I don't see any difference here. So let's just do a little test. So down here, after I've run the code, I'm going to now print out the value of num one. And if I do that, well, num one is still one after I ran my function. Okay, no, no mystery there. Let's just see if we can get the value of num two. So, I am going to say print num two. This is error num two not defined. So the critical distinction here is that any variable you create inside a function can only be modified and used inside that function. It's local to the function. It doesn't exist after we've finished calling the function. We can't access it. We can't share it between two different calls of the function. It's created once inside the function. You can modify it in there. You can use it, but it goes away when the function call ends. So, that's the definition of why we call it a local variable. On the other hand, num one always exists. It's there for the entire run in Code Sculptor. We can use it inside functions, we can use it outside functions. Now, this leads to one, one interesting question. So what I'm going to do is, I'm going to I'm going to get a modification of my function. I'm going to do something you shouldn't really do. But I want to point out something interesting about how, Python works. So I'm going to go through in here and I'm going to try to do the following. I'm going to go through, and I'm going to make this variable called num one. And I'm going to define it to be two. So now I'm going to run my code. Let's see what happens. So, I'm going to postpone this for right now, Run it. And what happened? So we printed out num one. It was one then we ran this function, and inside there we said, num twelve. Is eual to two. Then we said num one is equal to NUM1 + one. It printed out three, then we printed out NUM1 again. Hm. A little strange. Well, let's see, inside the function, it said NUM1 is equal to two. That seems to be understandable. We changed the value of NUM1 to be two. Then we said, well, NUM2 is two + one, that's three. We got a three but it print out, It said num1 is one here, What happened? We went through, and we said num1 is equal to two. We created a new local copy of num1. So, it's not really good to reuse variables like [inaudible]. There's a global num1 here, and there's a local num1. So, I made a second local num1 and actually changed its value to two. When the function finished executing, that local version, disappeared. And when I asked to print the value of num one down here, well, the global variable still exists, and so, it printed out a one. So the critical thing to understand in here is that if I try to actually go through and even modify a global variable inside this, in front of here, it's impossible. I can't do it, at least the way I've done it right here. So, the critical thing is that anything you create in a side, inside a function is going to be a local variable. So let's do an example where we construct a function and use local variables inside it. So the example that I want to consider, is this problem of converting Fahrenheit to Kelvin. So let's make a function that does that. So we're going to do that, and we're going to use two local variables in here. So let's do it. We'll say define Fahren to Kelvin. Just going to take the Fahrenheit, as parameter and we're going to create two local variables. What is going to be, the value if we converted from Fahrenheit to Celsius? We'll, hang on to that for a second before we try to convert to kelvin. So, let's see, we can say Celsius is equal to five-ninths times, let's see, the Fahrenheit minus 32. And then what do we need to do? We need to go through and add something to that temperature in Celsius. And what we need to do is add, and we need to add the, the temperature in kelvins of zero Celsius. So, let's just make a constant that does that. And I think that was 273.15 so with those two local variables, we can now actually compute the answer very easily. We can say return Celsius plus zero Celsius in Kelvin And let's actually just print out maybe one test call real quick here. Let's do it for 32 degrees. So we'll run that, since we have this. Oh, look it there, missed an underscore. So it says that 32 degrees Fahrenheit, that goes to zero degrees Celsius which, when you add in the magic number of 273.15 goes to 273.15 degrees Kelvin. Let's test it on one more value real quick. Let's do it on boiling, so boiling is 100 degrees, 100 degrees larger. So let's talk about when you should use a global variable versus when you should use a local variable. In practice, you should always prefer using local variables unless you have a specific reason not to. Let me give you an example, imagine you're building a software system for a new modern airliner. You have to write the flight control system and you also have to write the in-flight entertainment systems. If you decide to, hey, I'm going to make everything global, I could easily see a situation arise where you have a variable dial in your flight control system that maybe is, I don't know, some instrument dial. And you could have a variable dial inside your entertainment system that might be, maybe the reading of one of the dials that the passenger uses to control the audio. I think you can agree that it wouldn't be a good idea to do this because you don't want for example, one of the passengers changing his audio settings to then cause one of the instrument dials to change in response. So that's a place where it's clearly in your best interest to use local variables to capture information that's only local to each of these systems. Using global variables is, also gives you kind of the ability to really introduce fairly mysterious behavior. So let me show you with this example. So here, I have an example where I've made this variable numb. It's a global before. Then I've defined two functions. Fun1 and fun2. I've hidden their bodies. And then I've printed out the value of num, before I call fun1, after I call fun1, and after I call fun2. So what you can see here, the values are four, five, and six. Now, I told you beforehand that if we tried to reference num inside fun one or fun two, Python automatically created a local variable, that only existed while we were executing fun or one or fun two. And we couldn't even modify this global variable num. So, how did I do that? Well, Python has a facility to do this. What you do is, if you would like to access the global copy of num. You have to go through and declare num to be a global. You say global num. Now, any reference or any definition of num afterwards, modifies or uses the global variable. Note, you don't have to say global if you're just using a global variable. You only really just say this if you actually want to update a global variable. So here, you define num to be global. We updated num to be five, that's where we got five here. Then here we defined num to be global, we updated to six, that's why num was six here. So global variables have ability to both be dangerous, introduce kind of a mysterious side of things. That's why they're tough to program with so why do we choose to use global variables in our introduction to event driven programming? They're the simplest way for the various even handlers to communicate data between each other. That, when you're building Guess the Number, you're going to have to have an input handler and a couple of button handlers. Those are going to need to be able to modify common variables. Using global variables is kind of the simplest way to do this, it has the least programming overhead. When we get to object oriented programming there are other techniques that give you a better way to hide information and control how much information is visible. And we'll talk about that a little later in the class but it requires a fair bit of sophistication, a lot more sophistication than you will have the first week of class so our overwriting goal is to get you writing a driven code that builds cool interactive applications as quickly as possible. So, we want you to use global variables but just use them sparingly and know when you're going to use them. I'll see you next lecture. [Reciting Quran for the dead. In Arabic.] Dear mother... She would go out even before the sunrise... ... to greet the mountains. Almost in hurry. To see the sunrise here. With me clinging to her skirt. Ah, dear one. A new adventure everyday. She would show me a new herb everyday. Çoban çökerten, aynısefa, andız kökü... ... peryavşan, sümbülköşk, altın başak. Before I learned how to speak... ... I had already memorized their names. My sweet mommy. She would smell her flowers to remember the scent of Crete. She would look for these herbs as if to find her childhood. - Did you immigrate here from Crete? - No, I was born here. But mother did, when she was a little child. That's why she always felt homesick. And she died with her eyes on the horizon. - She never saw Crete again? - She didn't want to. I asked her so many times. Then I went there and brought back the photos I took... But no. She kept looking at the pictures in her mind. And now I see myself here... inside of an old, distant picture. So much has changed in eight months, hasn't it? So much indeed. It turned us upside down. I used to think I was the luckiest person in the world... ... until that happened. But that's life. It can make everything upside down when you least expect. Then you begin to question everything... Everything you have. Your beloved ones. Even your own son. Kerim isn't a bad kid as far as I know him. He isn't. He wasn't. You know what... Kerim has never upset me. He was only 10 when he came to our house. Neither in his school life nor in his work life... ... did we ever have a problem. When my mother passed away, it was just me and him that was left. He has been my everything ever since. Until... that incident. Still, your presence in this story is fortunate for Fatmagül. Of course one would wish that incident had never occurred. - I wish. - But if... ... all this was her destiny, I believe, a healer like you will be her cure. Though this time, not with her herbs. But with her wisdom, her compassion... ... her love. Murat, don't run around. You're gonna sweat. - Alo. - Mukaddes Hanım? - Yes? - I'm Perihan Yaşaran. I don't want to talk to anyone in your family. - Could you please listen to me? - I can't "please" listen to you. - I'm hanging up. - Mukaddes Hanım, I didn't refuse you when you came to me. I accepted you into my house. I listened to you. Things weren't the same back then. We're now enemies before the court. Mukaddes Hanım... I'm not calling you as a Yaşaran... But as a mother. This lawsuit will ruin too many lives. That's what you guys keep saying. Are you threatening us? What do you mean? You want to scare us? I'm not threatening you. I'm just telling you what will happen. - There's no way you can win this lawsuit. - Yeah, right... We will see. Your skirt is on fire, isn't it? Let's assume that Fatmagül proved us guilty. It's not even possible but let's just assume that she did. Then what's going to happen to you? Did that lawyer tell you about it? Or did you think that your deeds would be forgotten? Won't the judge know that you destroyed the evidence and lied to everyone? - That's not true. - How is it not true? How is Fatmagül going to defend herself otherwise? She'll have to say she remained silent all this time because of her yenge. - That won't happen. - She will them you took money from us, won't she? Mention the house in the town, as well. There was also a sale months after that incident. You sold your house and dairy to the Yaşarans. - No we didn't. Münir tricked us. - That's what you say. The judge will ask you why you sold your house... ... to your enemy, won't he? - There's your signature on those papers. - I'm hanging up. I will talk to you no more. They seem prepared to sacrifice you first. - No. - Yes, you will see. - They'll send you to jail. - That's rubbish. I'm not going to jail or anywhere. You're just scared to death. You're doing this because you know that we will win the lawsuit. - You know that I'm right. - No, miss... I'll be on Fatmagül's side no matter what she says about me. And don't call me again or I'll tell this to the prosecutor. Maniac people. Murat, stop running around! Sit down a bit. Ağzınıza sağlık, Hodja. God bless you. - Ağzınıza sağlık. - May God accept our prayers. Have a nice day. Have a nice day. I feel relieved. Glad we've come here. We couldn't visit here for months. Back then we used to come here every week. But now we can't, of course. - Alo. - Mustafa, I've learned where the gun is. - Is that so? - I'll get it sent today. - Thank you. - But I hope you're not... ... going to do something silly with it. - I won't. - Look, I warn you... We can't afford any more troubles in the town. - Why would I cause any trouble? - Who knows. You might come across Kerim in the town. Be careful. - Is that bastard here? - You didn't know? They are all here. Fatmagül too? Yes, but don't do something stupid. Contain yourself. Or you can't have it. - When will I have it? - I'll get it sent today. Not by plane of course. They'll send it by car. - Yaşar can do it. - Okay. But, as we agreed... You will see the prosecutor first. You will answer his questions first. Then you will be give what is yours. - Right? - Okay, okay. Call me when it's here. Okay... I will call you. See you. - This one is done as well. - Ellerine sağlık, Kerim. It looks beautiful. Let's plant those over your moms grave. Let's visit her too as we're here. Yes, yes. Your mother's grave is here right? Mhm. It's here. Let's go. Okay then. Let's get some more water though. Well thought, Fatmagül. Good girl. I had a big quarrel with the hospital administration. How could they let her enter his room like that? - It's her father's doing I'm sure. - She had a doctor's gown on her. Apparently no one stopped her. It's actually me who needs to talk to Vural. Soon the police will come here to squeeze a statement out of him. I should talk to him so he won't say something silly. Efendim Münir? Enişte, are you at the company? No, I've come to see Vural. But I couldn't talk to him yet. I don't know how much damage Meltem did. I see. Are you available to talk to me? Yeah, I'm available. I'm far away from Şemsi. Erdoğan told me where the gun is. - Really? - I talked to Mustafa as well... ... I'll give him what he wants after he gives his statement. That's great news. - Where is the gun then? - In his room, he says, there is a secret safe or something. - It seems I couldn't see it that day. - It doesn't surprise me. He has too much dirt to hide. Anyway, Enişte, you need to get the gun from there yourself. - What about Hilmiye? - I've just talked to my abla. Hilmiye Yenge is with her. So, it would be great if you could find it now. Yaşar will depart as soon as you give him the gun. Okay, okay. I will be as fast as I can. You're the man, Enişte! Remember, in his changing room on the wall, near the floor there's a lid. I'll send you its password later. Okay, okay. See you later. A very urgent matter has come up. I've got to go. Something important happened? Everything is okay. I'll be back. - See you. - See you. Hello. - Hello. - They are here? No, they haven't come yet. How about we drink lemonade rich in lemon, with fresh mint? - Would be great. - Mukaddes Hanım? No, I had it already. But thanks. - I shall go and order then. - Okay. - I'll ask you something. - Sure, go ahead. Everyone knows the story now... ... since Kerim and Fatmagül told them. But when they speak about it I mean, in details... ... they will talk about me as well. - Yes? - Thank you very much. - It's coming right up. - Good, good. Yes, they will tell them everything. No, I mean... ... will the judge understand my good intention? What if he says "you gave a false statement and mislead the justice"? Those kind of stuff happen, right? Yes..? I mean, what's gonna happen to me? That's what I want to know. You want to know if you'll get punishment. Mhm. Not like they'd punish me, but... Well, I did what I did for Fatmagül's good. Did everything to protect her. It would be wrong to say something here. It'll be the judge's will. We told him what we know. We'll try to make other witnesses do the same. Of course, you need to tell them everything you now. I mean everything. - Without any lies. Okay? - Mhm. - Fatmagül's situation is the most important, right now. - I know. We have to tell them all Fatmagül have been through. It's most important. - Okay, okay. I got it. - Don't worry about it Kadir Bey. We owe this to Fatmagül. Don't we, Mukaddes Hanım? Fatmagül, have always been there for you... ... despite everything you did to her. She even strove hard for you to come back home. - You should remember. - Okay, dear. I just wanted to know what will happen to me. That's all. Of course the guilty ones must be punished. That's very important. And so is Fatmagül. Tell me something new... There's no problem, then. Oh, is it for me? - It's cold and fresh. - Thank you. - Afiyet olsun. - Thanks. Glad we came here. We found a man who will take care of them, too. Yes. Both your and our graves. I'm so relieved. It was making me restless. Are you hungry, Fatmagül? Not really. Let's go to the rest house. And see what the others are doing. I will take you to that little fish house at the coast. - Let's hope it's open. - Let's skip the fish house. We can go eat at our rest house. It could be nice for a change. I don't want to be seen around and come upon someone I know. Okay, as you wish. You're right. We'd better go to the rest house. Fatmagül is right. It would be hard to explain things to the town folks. Let's go to the rest house then. We can take this road as well. It's the seaside road. What's wrong? I won't take that road. Oh... Right. Pardon. Welcome, Reşat Bey. But Hilmiye Hanım isn't here. - She's at your house. - Oh, is she? It's okay. No problem. Yaşar, you stay here. I'll go and get what you will deliver to Izmir. Let me help you find what you need, Sir. It's alright, girl. You go do your own things. - Would you like to wait inside? - I'm fine here. - Efendim, Enişte? - I'm here, in his room. - Where is it exactly? - Are you in the changing room? In a second. Yes, I'm there. There should be a pouf there. - Yes. - Behind the pouf, there must be a lid on the wall. What was the password again? - I messaged it to you. - Say it again. - Is it there? - Yes. Okay, is Yaşar there? He's downstairs... I'm sending it now. See you later. Yaşar, you can go now. Hurry. I will, sir. Reşat? Hilmiyeciğim, Münir called me. It seems the kids are... in need of some clothes there. Could you pack a small bag for Erdoğan? I'll tell Perihan the same. Wish you called us beforehand. We'd have it ready for you. Münir has called me just now. So please prepare a bag, will you? I will send a boy to come get them. I offered him help. But he didn't want. We're back. Welcome. Fatmagül, hoşgeldin sweety. - Where have you been? - We went there as well... To Kerim's mother's grave as well. Cleaned the soil and planted flowers. Oh, we visited Grand Ebe Nine as well. Really? Thank you so much. I'll do my visits tomorrow. - Won't you sit down? - How are you, abi? - Thank you, I'm good. Come. - Fatmagül, have a seat my dear. No, I'll go lie down a bit. I talked to the prosecution office. The c.s.i. will be done the day after tomorrow. - I don't need to go there, right? - No, you don't. At least for now. - You said they wouldn't ask me to go there. - I still say that, but... ... I don't know if the prosecutor wants you. But it's unlikely. Kerim will tell them everything, anyway. We took the other road not to upset her. We drove around the other side of the town. You did very well. - Where is Murat? - He's playing with the kids. Once I'm out of here... I'll put that bastard Kerim through the wringer. That is, if we can ever get out of here. Stop talking like a wussy. They're already staring at us. Yeah, they won't take their eyes off me. Stand straight and tall. The weaker you look the more they'll come at you. Learn to walk you fagot. I've had enough of this! So bold for a doodle of a man. Do you know who I am? Fucking rapist dogs. Help! Guardian! Don't do it, brother. I'll f**k you up. You'll pay for staining an innocent girl. - Don't do it, abi. - How does it feel to be desperate? - I will show you how. - Calm down, abi. Get up you God damned bastards! They better take them out of here. Or we'll be murderers. They even dare to defy us. Who do you think you are? If I hear you talk again I'll rip your tongue out! Let us make a complaint. We don't want to share our dorm with these low-lives. Sit down, abi. - Efendim? - Will you open the door? It's me. - What happened? - I'm bored. Let us talk a bit. - I was about to take a bath. - You take a bath anytime later. Let us sit and talk. Come. I'm beginning to lose hope in this lawyer, I'm telling you. Why? He's always like "I don't know" "I don't think so". Never heard him say something certain. They'll take you to c.s.i. at least once. You'll see. There's no escape. The psychologist I talked to said I didn't need to go there. I told them everything anyway. And so will Kerim. And you think they won't ask more questions? You'll see what more will happen during the trials. They'll pull us to shreds. Okay, then. I will take a bath. Why did you press charges, Fatmagül? Everything was forgotten. You were going to your job everyday. You were preparing for your exams. Now you can't. You will fail. I won't fail. I'll go to my work, and I will pass my exams. Right... if you can find motivation. Wish a miracle happened and the lawsuit would be frozen. Can't you just change your mind? Can't you leave their punishment to God and cancel the charges? What? What are you saying Yenge? - Why would I give up? - For your own good, silly. Don't... Don't talk to me about it. It's getting on my nerves. Oh? If my words are getting on your nerves I can't imagine you in trials. You may as well just give up now. Who knows what evil are the Yaşarans planning now. I'm not scared of any of them. They are the ones who should be scared. - What happened? - She's very tense these days. And it's mainly because of you. I'm telling you. She hates you for bringing this up again. What do you want? - Could you open the door? - No. Leave me alone. - Let us just talk. - I don't want to talk to anybody. Go talk to each other. Not to me. We were here. Erdoğan Yaşaran had given us pills. We had pills with the drinks. Everything became blurry. Everything here suddenly became blurry. Blurry, like everything about that night. Then she appeared before us out of no where. I saw her first. I pointed her out to them. Man, it's that girl again. Then we started to run. We tried to catch her. It started as a joke at first. But then... I caught Fatmagül. Hoppaa... I caught her! And the rest is a nightmare. It's a nightmare. Can't wait till this day is over. I was barely able to hold your brother back. He wanted to go, too. So I sent him to the bazaar with the kid. What is going on in there, I wonder. You and Kerim don't talk to each other much, lately. Is everything alright? - No, we do talk. - You know what. Actually you're right. You're right to be angry at him. He changed so much recently. He's a sneaky one. - Why? - He worked hard to make a good impression at first. Then he did everything to get close to you. He said he loved you. He even put a ring on it. And once he earned your trust, and started to feel safe... ... he went to the police to confess everything. - He gave himself away as well, he didn't hide anything. He's smarter than you think. He's not under arrest, unlike the others. You see. He foresaw it. He will get punishment as well, in the end. What punishment are you talking about? He's your husband, girl. No one can give him punishment if you forgive him. I didn't forgive anyone! I'm just trying to forget. For my own good. You also forgot that he took the Yaşarans' money. It's still in the bank. He took the money. He accepted to take the blame. He was the one who saved the Yaşarans first. Was he not? Why are you telling me these? What's your point? I'm trying to say that you're being fooled. Kerim isn't innocent at all. He got the money from them. And in a few months he managed to gain your trust. He even made you wear his ring. He also made that boy come to us and say he didn't do anything. I bet he'll support him in the trials as well. And he will be free as a bird. No where to be found. Look... He even gave you an attorney's letter. He's so smart. He know that you will divorce him when he's gone. This lawsuit will only hurt you. You hear me? See how he tricked you when things were going just fine. This lawsuit will save no one else but him. I just want to get this over with. I want nothing else. Keep fooling yourself. I'm after that man for days. He doesn't let anyone get close to him. But thankfully, we happen to have a common friend. Let us hope he'll be able to get into his mind. - Is he a prosecutor as well? - Mhm. - Where are you now? - I'm at the courthouse. I couldn't leave this place. I might as well camp in front of his door. I know Turaner Bey so well, Ünal. And the family as well. These are high class people. I'm not objecting to it. It's not the family, anyway. It's their sons. Can't you see the slander? The elections are due soon. And the deputy has Reşat Bey's full support in his campaign. Just think about it. These people are being used to destroy both of them. I don't think so. Also, because of land matters there's enmity between them. They chose slander to get what they couldn't on paper. Why would they humiliate themselves with something serious like that? Money... They bought these people. I think it's positive this time. All we need is, to create question marks in his mind. Good. We'll see. By the way, I changed our boys' dorm. They are in a better one now. Which one is that? One, in which there are prisoners of similar crimes. What are you saying? - They'll be more comfortable in there. - Trust me. I feel disgusted by myself. Worse days have yet to come. - Thank you. - Eyvallah. Don't disappear anywhere. We'll go fishing in two days. Okay. Let's go to the new house first before my parents see me. You've just come now. And you have to go again in two days? We need money. We can't get married before the house is finished. Mustafa... Don't... Don't go near him. Mustafa is done with you. Look... ... he is burning you into ashes. Mustafa! You have to forget about him. It just won't work out anymore. There's no way he can accept you. Mustafa... Go now. You will do no good to each other anymore. You ruined your own life. Don't ruin my son, too. - Halide Anne... - Go. So you came here... Were you looking for me? No, I didn't even know you were here. Why did you come here? Mustafa, let go of my arm. If you don't want me... If you think I'm a lowly creature... ... then why did you come here? Because you still love me. No. I still love you, too. Despite everything and everyone I love you, Fatmagül. I never gave up loving you. Come with me, Fatmagül. Let's go away from here without telling anybody. No. - Come with me, Fatmagül. - Let go of my arm, Mustafa. What are you doing? - Come with me. I won't harm you, Fatmagül. - Let go! - Would you like to sit in the garden? - Sure. I'm going to my room. And then we can pack up and go back to Istanbul. There's nothing left to do here. What happened? Nothing. They did the crime scene investigation. They took my statement. - That was about it. - Geçmiş olsun. She's not in her room. She went for a walk. She must be around here. He looks devastated. It's so obvious. Come, let's talk to Meryem Abla. Go in here. Mustafa, let go of me. Let me go. Where are you gonna go? To your husband? This gun is for him. You know that, right? You know that I will kill him. - You're not a man like that. - Is that why you're scared of me? Or are you scared that your husband is gonna die? I'm not scared of anybody! This is just silly. Drop that gun already! You are with that man to punish me. Aren't you? It's because I turned you my back. Because I sold my self to the Yaşarans, isn't it? Tell me. Go on, tell me. You don't love that man. You married him because you had to. Go on, tell me. That you love me! It's over Mustafa. What is over? - What is over? - I don't love you! - I don't love anybody! - Don't lie to me. Let go... Let go of me! Mustafa, let go of me! Alo, hello. I want to leave a message for Kerim Ilgaz. Tell him to call me on this number. Okay? Connect me to him then. - Alo. - Fatmagül is with me, you scum. She's where she belongs. She's with me. What are you saying? Where is Fatmagül? She's in my house. She's with me. Tell me where are you! - Don't worry I'll give you the address. - Go on! Come there alone, if you're a man. Sümbül Street. No: 9. Come here, and if you're a man take Fatmagül away from me. Kerim, no. Don't come! He'll kill you! Yes, I will kill ! I will kill you! Fatmagül... Fatmagül... Mustafa, let me go. - I will kill that man before your eyes. - Don't do it, Mustafa! Do you hate me this much? - I disgust you just by touching you. - Mustafa, please let me go! Don't beg me for that man... don't beg me! - Let go... - Mustafa! - Run... - Kerim, stop! He'll kill you! - Mustafa, no! - Come here, I will kill you! - Get off me, Fatmagül. - Kerim, no! Fatmagül, get off me. - Don't touch her! - Kerim, no! Don't touch her, Mustafa. Fire it. You're not a man, if you don't kill me this time. Kerim, no. Shoot me, you bastard! I have nothing else left to lose. I lost my honor, I lost my humanity. Go on, take my life too. Kerim, no! This was what they wanted. To give you the gun. If I had that gun in my hand... ... I swear I wouldn't hesitate to kill you. Pull the trigger and end this. Come on! You won't pull the trigger if you really love me. I love you so much. Kerim, no! Let go, Mustafa! We're not your enemy. You are your own enemy! Everyone made their choice. You didn't make a choice. I forced you to choose. It's over Mustafa. You need get over it! Put your conscience at ease. I'm not even resentful to you. Leave us alone. Pull yourself together! Please, it's enough! Please! Let's go. In 1926, in Côte d'Amour, many French and their children discover this plage. This year,for the first time, employees have the right to take an annual paid leave. The French get a five week holiday. The summer sun,the lovely sand and the sea always attract hundreds of tourists in this part of the Atlantic Coast.The children play in the beach while their parents sunbathe. Other tourists,more energetic, go sailing, fish seawalls,or go for a walk with their family. Holidays in the beach is a typical choice of most French. What is it? No, you won't fish.- Is it nice here for the children? Yes, there are many people with their children. For some years, they would go in another beach. We are older, the younger go in that part. It is nice for children. -What can small children do here? -The sea, the sand, the beach, they swim when the weather is nice. There are clubs for children since many years, that are much appreciated both from the children and their parents.This one, is open seven days a week, from 10 a.m till noon and 14-17 p.m.There are people in charge organising game activities and watching the children.There are many activities for sand play, ideal for children. Yet, it is not perfect. Vincent and his family come to the beach for the first time. -Do you like the beach? -Not so much. -Why? There are many bubbles and pieces of seaweed. The majority of tourists come with their families, but not all of them. -What are you looking for in this plage? -Calmness. There are many people here. So, where are you going, next time? Somewhere else. Cohn-Bendit: Speaking about Syria, who in Europe is refusing to put Assad on the blacklist? Which is, who are the countries blocking the EU from taking the only decision possible. Tell us. If it's Mr Westerwelle then tell us it's him. so that we know what politics of this person or that believes Because it is actually incredible, we're not going to say, like the German Foreign Minister believes that the solution to a dictator like Assad is, Assad. There wont be any solution in Syria while Assad retains power. We saw 600 die on the Libyan coast a few days ago. There was a boat in the area, we're told that it wasn't a NATO boat, or the 'Charles de Gaulle' Im asking you...What boat was that?. And what information is there concerning the failure to pick up the 600 refugees leaving Libya, there was a boat, and no one can tell me that in the 21st century, we can't find out whose boat that was. This was a crime of 'non-assistance' of people in grave danger. Truly... the tales and songs... fall utterly short... of your enormity... Oh Smaug... the stupendous. They are the Dwarves of Erebor. We have come to reclaim our homeland. I offer you my help. How do we know he won't betray us? We don't. There is no king under the mountain, nor will there ever be. It will not end here. With every victory this evil will grow. Legolas has grown very fond of you... Do not give him hope where there is none. You have no right to enter that mountain. I have the only right. We've been blind... and in our blindness... our enemy has returned. I found something in the Goblin tunnels. What did you find? My courage. Good, you'll need it. Dragon fire and ruin. That is what you'll bring upon us. He can not see beyond his own desire! I will not risk this quest for the life of one burglar. His name is Bilbo. [Dragon growl] Well... THlEF! Where are you? Come now... Don't be shy... Step in to the light. I'm going to present three projects in rapid fire. I don't have much time to do it. And I want to reinforce three ideas with that rapid-fire presentation. The first is what I like to call a hyper-rational process. It's a process that takes rationality almost to an absurd level, and it transcends all the baggage that normally comes with what people would call, sort of a rational conclusion to something. And it concludes in something that you see here, that you actually wouldn't expect as being the result of rationality. The second -- the second is that this process does not have a signature. There is no authorship. Architects are obsessed with authorship. This is something that has editing and it has teams, but in fact, we no longer see within this process, the traditional master architect creating a sketch that his minions carry out. And the third is that it challenges -- and this is, in the length of this, very hard to support why, connect all these things -- but it challenges the high modernist notion of flexibility. High modernists said we will create sort of singular spaces that are generic, almost anything can happen within them. I call it sort of "shotgun flexibility" -- turn your head this way; shoot; and you're bound to kill something. So, this is the promise of high modernism: within a single space, actually, any kind of activity can happen. But as we're seeing, operational costs are starting to dwarf capital costs in terms of design parameters. And so, with this sort of idea, what happens is, whatever actually is in the building on opening day, or whatever seems to be the most immediate need, starts to dwarf the possibility and sort of subsume it, of anything else could ever happen. And so we're proposing a different kind of flexibility, something that we call "compartmentalized flexibility." And the idea is that you, within that continuum, identify a series of points, and you design specifically to them. They can be pushed off-center a little bit, but in the end you actually still get as much of that original spectrum as you originally had hoped. With high modernist flexibility, that doesn't really work. Now I'm going to talk about -- I'm going to build up the Seattle Central Library in this way before your eyes in about five or six diagrams, and I truly mean this is the design process that you'll see. With the library staff and the library board, we settled on two core positions. This is the first one, and this is showing, over the last 900 years, the evolution of the book, and other technologies. This diagram was our sort of position piece about the book, and our position was, books are technology -- that's something people forget -- but it's a form of technology that will have to share its dominance with any other form of truly potent technology or media. The second premise -- and this was something that was very difficult for us to convince the librarians of at first -- is that libraries, since the inception of Carnegie Library tradition in America, had a second responsibility, and that was for social roles. Ok, now, this I'll come back to later, but something -- actually, the librarians at first said, "No, this isn't our mandate. Our mandate is media, and particularly the book." So what you're seeing now is actually the design of the building. The upper diagram is what we had seen in a whole host of contemporary libraries that used high modernist flexibility. Sort of, any activity could happen anywhere. We don't know the future of the library; we don't know the future of the book; and so, we'll use this approach. And what we saw were buildings that were very generic, and worse -- not only were they very generic -- so, not only does the reading room look like the copy room look like the magazine area -- but it meant that whatever issue was troubling the library at that moment was starting to engulf every other activity that was happening in it. And in this case, what was getting engulfed were these social responsibilities by the expansion of the book. And so we proposed what's at the lower diagram. Very dumb approach: simply compartmentalize. Put those things whose evolution we could predict -- and I don't mean that we could say what would actually happen in the future, but we have some certainty of the spectrum of what would happen in the future -- put those in boxes designed specifically for it, and put the things that we can't predict on the rooftops. So that was the core idea. Now, we had to convince the library that social roles were equally important to media, in order to get them to accept this. What you're seeing here is actually their program on the left. That's as it was given to us in all of its clarity and glory. Our first operation was to re-digest it back to them, show it to them and say, "You know what? We haven't touched it, but only one-third of your own program is dedicated to media and books. Two-thirds of it is already dedicated -- that's the white band below, the thing you said isn't important -- is already dedicated to social functions." So once we had presented that back to them, they agreed that this sort of core concept could work. We got the right to go back to first principles -- that's the third diagram. We recombined everything. And then we started making new decisions. What you're seeing on the right is the design of the library, specifically in terms of square footage. On the left of that diagram, here, you'll see a series of five platforms -- sort of combs, collective programs. And on the right are the more indeterminate spaces; things like reading rooms, whose evolution in 20, 30, 40 years we can't predict. So that literally was the design of the building. They signed it, and to their chagrin, we came back a week later, and we presented them this. And as you can see, it is literally the diagram on the right. (Laughter) We just sized -- no, really, I mean that, literally. The things on the left-hand side of the diagram, those are the boxes. We sized them into five compartments. They're super-efficient. We had a very low budget to work with. We pushed them around on the site to make very literal contextual relationships. The reading room should be able to see the water. The main entrance should have a public plaza in front of it to abide by the zoning code, and so forth. So, you see the five platforms, those are the boxes. within each one, a very discrete thing is happening. The area in between is sort of an urban continuum, these things that we can't predict their evolution to the same degree. To give you some sense of the power of this idea, the biggest block is what we call the book spiral. It's literally built in a very inexpensive way -- it is a parking garage for books. It just so happens to be on the 6th through 10th floors of the building, but that is not necessarily an expensive approach. And it allows us to organize the entire Dewey Decimal System on one continuous run; no matter how it grows or contracts within the building, it will always have its clarity to end the sort of trail of tears that we've all experienced in public libraries. (Laughter) And so this was the final operation, which was to take these blocks as they were all pushed off kilter, and to hold onto them with a skin. That skin serves double duty, again, for economics. One, it is the lateral stability for the entire building; it's a structural element. But its dimensions were designed not only for structure, but also for holding on every piece of glass. The glass was then -- I'll use the word impregnated -- but it had a layer of metal that was called "stretched metal." That metal acts as a microlouver, so from the exterior of the building, the sun sees it as totally opaque, but from the interior, it's entirely transparent. So now I'm going to take you on a tour of the building. Let me see if I can find it. For anyone who gets motion sickness, I apologize. So, this is the building. And I think what's important is, when we first unveiled the building, the public saw it as being totally about our whim and ego. And it was defended, believe it or not, by the librarians. They said, "Look, we don't know what it is, but we know it's everything that we need it to be, based on the observations that we've done about the program." This is going into one of the entries. So, it's an unusual building for a public library, obviously. So now we're going into what we call the living room. This is actually a program that we invented with the library. It was recognizing that public libraries are the last vestige of public free space. There are plenty of shopping malls that allow you to get out of the rain in downtown Seattle, but there are not so many free places that allow you to get out of the rain. So this was an unprogrammed area where people could pretty much do anything, including eat, yell, play chess and so forth. Now we're moving up into what we call the mixing chamber. That was the main technology area in the building. You'll have to tell me if I'm going too fast for you. And now up. This is actually the place that we put into the building so I could propose to my wife, right there. (Laughter) She said yes. (Laughter) I'm running out of time, so I'm actually going to stop. I can show this to you later. But let's see if I can very quickly get into the book spiral, because I think it's, as I said, the most -- this is the main reading room -- the most unique part of the building. You dizzy yet? Ok, so here, this is the book spiral. So, it's very indiscernible, but it's actually a continuous stair-stepping. It allows you to, on one city block, go up one full floor, so that it's on a continuum. Ok, now I'm going to go back, and I'm going to hit a second project. I'm going to go very, very quickly through this. Now this is the Dallas Theater. It was an unusual client for us, because they came to us and they said, "We need you to do a new building. We've been working in a temporary space for 30 years, but because of that temporary space, we've become an infamous theater company. Theater is really focused in New York, Chicago and Seattle, with the exception of the Dallas Theater Company." And the very fact that they worked in a provisional space meant that for Beckett, they could blow out a wall; they could do "Cherry Orchard" and blow a hole through the floor, and so forth. So it was a very daunting task for us to do a brand-new building that could be a pristine building, but keep this kind of experimental nature. And the second is, they were what we call a multi-form theater, they do different kinds of performances in repertory. So they in the morning will do something in arena, then they'll do something in proscenium and so forth. And so they needed to be able to quickly transform between different theater organizations, and for operational budget reasons, this actually no longer happens in pretty much any multi-form theater in the United States, so we needed to figure out a way to overcome that. So our thought was to literally put the theater on its head: to take those things that were previously defined as front-of-house and back-of-house and stack them above house and below house, and to create what we called a theater machine. We invest the money in the operation of the building. It's almost as though the building could be placed anywhere, wherever you place it, the area under it is charged for theatrical performances. And it allowed us to go back to first principles, and redefine fly tower, acoustic enclosure, light enclosure and so forth. And at the push of a button, it allows the artistic director to move between proscenium, thrust, and in fact, arena and traverse and flat floor, in a very quick transfiguration. So in fact, using operational budget, we can -- sorry, capital cost -- we can actually achieve what was no longer achievable in operational cost. And that means that the artistic director now has a palette that he or she can choose from, between a series of forms and a series of processions, because that enclosure around the theater that is normally trapped with front-of-house and back-of-house spaces has been liberated. So an artistic director has the ability to have a performance that enters in a Wagnerian procession, shows the first act in thrust, the intermission in a Greek procession, second act in arena, and so forth. So I'm going to show you what this actually means. This is the theater up close. Any portion around the theater actually can be opened discretely. The light enclosure can be lifted separate to the acoustic enclosure, so you can do Beckett with Dallas as the backdrop. Portions can be opened, so you can now actually have motorcycles drive directly into the performance, or you can even just have an open-air performance, or for intermissions. The balconies all move to go between those configurations, but they also disappear. The proscenium line can also disappear. You can bring enormous objects in, so in fact, the Dallas Theater Company -- their first show will be a play about Charles Lindbergh, and they'll want to bring in a real aircraft. And then it also provides them, in the off-season, the ability to actually rent out their space for entirely different things. This is it from a distance. Open up entire portions for different kinds of events. And at night. Again, remove the light enclosure; keep the acoustic enclosure. This is a monster truck show. I'm going to show now the last project. This also is an unusual client. They inverted the whole idea of development. They came to us and they said -- unlike normal developers -- they said, "We want to start out by providing a contemporary art museum in Louisville. That's our main goal." And so instead of being a developer that sees an opportunity to make money, they saw an ability to be a catalyst in their downtown. And the fact that they wanted to support the contemporary art museum actually built their pro forma, so they worked in reverse. And that pro forma led us to a mixed-use building that was very large, in order to support their aspirations of the art, but it also opened up opportunities for the art itself to collaborate, interact with commercial spaces that actually artists more and more want to work within. And it also charged us with thinking about how to have something that was both a single building and a credible sort of sub-building. So this is Louisville's skyline, and I'm going to take you through the various constraints that led to the project. First: the physical constraints. We actually had to operate on three discrete sites, all of them well smaller than the size of the building. We had to operate next to the new Muhammad Ali Center, and respect it. We had to operate within the 100-year floodplain. Now, this area floods three to four times a year, and there's a levee behind our site, similar to the ones that broke in New Orleans. Had to operate behind the I-64 corridor, a street that cuts through the middle of these separate sites. So we're starting to build a sort of nightmare of constraints in a bathtub. Underneath the bathtub are the city's main power lines. And there is a pedestrian corridor that they wanted to add, that would link a series of cultural buildings, and a view corridor -- because this is the historic district -- that they didn't want to obstruct with a new building. (Laughter) And now we're going to add 1.1 million square feet. And if we did the traditional thing, that 1.1 million square feet -- these are the different programs -- the traditional thing would be to identify the public elements, place them on sites, and now we'd have a really terrible situation: a public thing in the middle of a bathtub that floods. And then we would size all the other elements -- the different commercial elements: hotel, luxury housing, offices and so forth -- and dump it on top. And we would create something that was unviable. In fact -- and you know this -- this is called the Time Warner Building. (Laughter) So our strategy was very simple. Just lift the entire block, flip some of the elements over, reposition them so they have appropriate views and relationships to downtown, and make circulation connections and reroute the road. So that's the basic concept, and now I'm going to show you what it leads to. Ok, it seems a very formal, willful gesture, but something derived entirely out of the constraints. And again, when we unveiled it, there was a sort of nervousness that this was about an architect making a statement, not an architect who was attempting to solve a series of problems. Now, within that center zone, as I said, we have the ability to mix a series of things. So here, this is sort of an x-ray -- the towers are totally developer-driven. They told us the dimensions, the sizes and so forth, and we focused on taking all the public components -- the lobbies, the bars -- everything that different commercial elements would have, and combined it in the center, in the sort of subway map, in the transfer zone that would also include the contemporary art museum. So it creates a situation like this, where you have artists who can operate within an art space that also has an amazing view on the 22nd floor, but it also has proximity that the curator can either open or close. It allows people on exercise bicycles to be seen, or to see the art, and so forth. It also means that if an artist wants to invade something like a swimming pool, they can begin to do their exhibition in a swimming pool, so they're not forced to always work within the confines of a contemporary gallery space. So, how to build this. It's very simple: it's a chair. So, we begin by building the cores. As we're building the cores, we build the contemporary art museum at grade. That allows us to have incredible efficiency and cost efficiency. This is not a high-budget building. The moment the cores get to mid level, we finish the art museum; we put all the mechanical equipment in it; and then we jack it up into the air. This is how they build really large aircraft hangars, for instance, the ones that they did for the A380. Finish the cores, finish the meat and you get something that looks like this. Now I only have about 30 seconds, so I want to start an animation, and we'll conclude with that. Thank you. (Applause) Chris asked me to add -- the theater is under construction, and this project will start construction in about a year, and finish in 2010. [identify public elements] [insert public elements at grade] [optimize tower dimensions] [place towers on site] [lift program] [flip!] [optimize program adjacencies] [connect to context] [redirect 7th street] And I want to show you one final digital audio work station. This is one that is for Apple only. I've tried not to look at programs which are only from one application, one operating system. But to many of you may have Apple computers and I did want to mention this particular One Logic. Now Logic Pro, as the version is now. Which is quite similar to many of the other ones such as Pro Tools, so forth. And it does have a lot of great features that some of the others don't have on it. Here again, one of the questions on digital audit workstations is how many plug-ins come with it or. The ease of using those plug-ins because generally when you're working with a, with a recording and then MlDI recording system its not just the one application you're working with but its access to the other ones that make it easier to utilize or not. So LogicPro is, is a very good, robust system. It's in some ways not one of the more expensive programs to run if you have a Macintosh computer. It is designed by Apple, and here's the website. So you can go to apple.com and look for LogicPro, and see all of the features of this. It here again has all of the MlDI similar features. You can record, you can compose music. It has the sound and score editors. It has a mixing configuration, you can do lots of editing to sound files and MlDI files as well it has a range plugins. So this is the, the sort of the standard and kind of components that most of your workstations will have. The reason I'm bringing this one up. I do want to point out, sort of just one particular set of plugins that come with this which is the Sculpture Synthesizer which is a, there are a lot of different tutorials. That I'm showing you here that you can find online that people have, have sort of made looking at this. We mentioned before the, the, one of the more interesting kinds of synthesizer systems is the physical modeling. So for this particular sculpture is a physical modeling program which is built-in to logic. So, here's the logic screen you'll see. I'm not going to take you through everything on this because, many of you may not have Macintosh. But, at the top here we would see standard edits screen where the tracks that you can add and access to, this is an audio file of a composition that. That I worked on I think I mentioned a few times in this course First Live which was some sonification of chemical bio-chemical data that I worked with some professors at Georgia Institute of Technology. But this is just an audio file that I grabbed from that. It also, the reason I pull this in a Logic which also Pro Tools has this, has capability of importing a video file or a Quicktime file, so if you're working in film or video you can sync up your video to the audio, so this has the video that is built in and it will sync to the audio. I just wanted whole section of that. Down here we have the mixed windows for that. I've added a couple of other tracks just for, for time's sake that are not part of this originally. And this is the, the sculpture track that I wanted to demonstrate, which is the physical modeling. So if you, you just kind of quickly just listen when hit the space bar, you'll see the, the video track playing over here as the audio is going by. [music] And then the mix windows down here, that's the audio that's playing. And then the output is playing. And then there's obviously sample editor where you can go in to do very specific sampling. There's a lot of the same features that MlDIs have. Piano rolls, scroll editor, if you wanted to add in, add in the MlDInotes, I don't have any MlDI notes in this particular order/g at the moment. Different kind of score features. So if you, this has a few more score features built into this than does the score editor for Pro Tools but Pro Tools also has access to import directly into the Sibelius file which is, which is very robust. So, there, they each have their own advantages and disadvantages. So, anyway that's it's varied kind of a little bit different way of looking at the screens than Pro Tools, But many of them have a lot of the same features, just kind of understanding how to navigate around them differently. Some people prefer Logic over Pro Tools. It's just, I think it's just whatever you're used to. So but let me just quickly take you into the sculptures. If I double click on this here we see the this particular instrument editing screen. And remember physical modeling is really a way of looking at all the different subtle controls over sound that we have in a physical excitation of a sound. So we often, acoustic instruments, you can blow, an instrument, you can strike it, you can pluck it, or you can bow it. Those are the many kind of variations on that. So what are physical modeling. A patch has, it has the capability of modeling any of those. So if I quickly this is I'll, I'll play a few sounds of this particular one just called Bombay Plat. For example if I just got a little keyboard that i can play here from my computer keyboard [music] So here's of the just interesting sounds of that. It does sound like it...something that is maybe being bowed and plucked at the same time. [music] So the screen looks a little bit intimidating, but let me try to break it down for you a little bit, here. What I'll do maybe, if quickly, is go into there's a default setting here where, which, which clears out all the memory [music] so we can hear just a very simple, sort of, pluck sound. Over here, this section, we do have 3 different ways we can excite the sound. So right now we have just the first object turned on. So if I keep plucking then I can move that. Just like if you pluck too close to a fret or to the end of a string, you get a different tamber as you move toward plucking the middle of the string. It has the same impact of that, sort of a suabondacello pensecado sort of effect to the strings. We can change that from an impulse to a bow, for example. So then we get the same thing. You can bow cluster the string to appantecello move toward the center. So, you do get that control. We could change this again to more of a noise quality[NOlSE] which a lot of strings instruments do have noise built in them, or to a blown effect[NOlSE]. And you notice here, it does have the nodes of as you move towards different points, you get overtone series built into that, which is very much like a blow a trumpet or a flute or anything you do as you increase the pressure you do go up the overtone series of that and by making higher nodes of it. So, it has a very close assimilation to the kind of effect of blow instrument. So, I can add a second object to that and this one is set up on blow we'll change that to maybe pick so you hear a difference so, you hear the pick effect of that and then with a, with the number one. Behind that so turn that one off. There's just the pick effect or we can change that to something else. Maybe a noise effect. And then add that back to the first one. So now we get more of a noisy blown effect. And that, we can move that around to other parts of the form as well. We also have the quality of pickups that we can move just like you would have on a guitar where you have different. You've got pickups that you can move around on the, on the screen. We have that capability here of moving, the pickups to change the quality of where the strings are picked up. And then a third one, if I were to add[NOlSE], this would add just a bouncing effect that I could pull up here. The bouncing could be at different points in the string as well. So, now I'm getting all 3 different effects on that. So, you can still see how there are, there are 3 different objects that can be combined and placed along the string in very interesting ways. There are also, different kind of timbre[NOlSE] manipulations you do to this as well. Other kinds of changes I won't get into right at the moment here. Over here, the central We can change what kind of material this particular string or blown device is. So, right now we're, we're going to set it closer to steel if I'm moving[SOUND] glass[SOUND] or to wood. It's a nylon. So you can see them, the change of the wood material will affect the resonance of that. We can change the key scale how the, as sometimes as you move around you'll get a pitch change. Now on some of these the, The release point of that so all sort of different variables you can have with this sound. We'll take you through. This is called the wave shaper on that. Over here we can add a delay to this. [music] If I wanted to have different kind of delays so it [music] would [music] articulate itself. Can hardly hear that with the, the bouncing option on there, but the delay on there would give us that, that's a delay shape. We've also got an equalizer if we want to add low equalizers, just like any kind of equalizer, you can change the quality of that sound. You've also got filter on here. If I have a low pass filter or high pass filter. Obviously you can change that to a peak filter band pass and I filter all the ones we've learned about. So you can change the residence on that high pass filter, low pass filter. Lots of variables here on the here. You also get this wonderful morphing feature, which you can morph between various kinds of settings with this screen here, or you can record, record that so that any movement you do on this setting is sort of preset so that, that dynamic rate, and then is changed each time you play the note it will remember that particular setting. Over here you've got your modulation section. You've got different LFOs. Remember we can set up sound wave for doing [inaudible]. Lfo 2, a different kind of jitter same functions which all these are just simple different kind of simple FM, AM timer modulations you can do on here. I won't take you through but this is the modulation section down here. As well as more sustained. We do have as you go further down here you have some different kinds of modes you can do for oblong generators. As we talked about ABSRs. You've got lots of controls here for that. So, just very quickly a couple of oblong generators. So this is once you under, sort of dissected from this course you should be able to play around and understand once again what all of these functions are, but what's great about this here as most of these you can go through and try out a lot of the presets that are, that are preset in here which give you a lot of different viearity of, of Plucked, struck or blown kind of sounds. [music] And here again, it's very easy to edit all these sounds. So anyway, this is a fairly sophisticated physical modelling program most of these things also I won't get into to this but you can automate any of these changes. So, what makes a lot of these sounds interesting is not just that you fixed them but that maybe they are in transition as you're playing them so there are qualities of sound so that the sound is actually moving as you play a note. So all this can be automated very easily in this, in this. So, a really great, very powerful physical modeling program. And this is called Sculpture. And it's built within logic pro which is a, a Apple's sort of comparison to the Avid Pro Tools system. Alright. So, if you have an Apple computer I would suggest checking out Logic Pro. It's a very great system. And also, if you work in, in Apple in products, you may have already worked in Garage Band. This is maybe a more advanced system of Garage Band. A lot of things the, the sounds that you use in Garage Band can be imported into this quite easily. Alright. So, that's Logic Pro. The preceding program is copyrighted by Emory University. bjbj Burn More Fat From Your Workouts - Here's How Mike Chang: Yo, what s up guys? This is Mike Chang of sixpackshorcuts. So in this video, I am going to talk to you guys about how to burn more fat in your workouts? How to burn more calories? So usually if you are not burning enough calories or if you are not burning up fat, the easiest way to tell is if you are not sweating like crazy by the end of your workout. If you are walking out of the gym or if you do workout at home and you are done and you are you know, barely start to sweat and you are not drenched then your workout s intensity is low and that s the problem. Okay, you got to get your intensity in your workouts up higher so this way your body can burn more calories and burn more fat. So intensity being too low and usually comes up to about three different problems, okay? Number one is you are using too much machines. Number two is your rest time in your workouts, I mean in your sets are too long and number three is the weight that you are using is too light. Okay, you are using too lighter weight. So here is the solution, okay? So when it comes number one using machines, best way do it is machines are really good for isolating your body parts and also for you know, working with injuries because you are able to go ahead, you control movement but you are not using stabilizers. But when it comes to burning fat, you don t want to use machines, you want to go and use free weights and use compound movements you want to be able to use the most amounts of muscle groups you can whilst still working that one direct muscle you would be working on. So for example, let s say if you are doing the bicep curl in a machine so you are doing it because you like to isolate your biceps. But if you want to burn more fat in your workouts and you burn more calories replace that bicep curl exercise for let s say a standing bicep curl or standing barbell curl or you can do a standing dumbbell curl either with both arms or you can do an alternate. But what you want to do is you want to find a machine exercise that you are currently doing and find an alternative in free weights and use that. And also try to go ahead and do most of your exercises on your feet if possible. So for example, like on bench press you know, you can t really actually be standing up because you know are on the bench press and you are lying down. But let s say if you are doing the bicep curl, you can either chose to sit down and curl or you can stand up and curl and I suggest to burn more fat and calories stand up and curl. This way you can utilize lot more core you can utilize your feet and the muscle on your quads or feet and your, you know, glutes and burn more calories that way by using more muscle groups, okay? So same thing with let s say if you are doing a lat pull down on a machine how do you replace that? Best replacement for that would be straight up pull ups and we can t do pull ups or can t do enough of them, may be try and go with the assisted pull up or put a bench, you know, like a chair or something to step on underneath your pull up bar. No matter if you are doing at home or the gym and then jump up on it and do a pull up and come back down. So this way you can go ahead and replace those machine exercises with free weights. And you can do that for everything chest press, go with bench press, go with the dumbbell press. If you are doing a machine shoulder press, go with the military barbell press or you can go with multi barbell press is basically barbell, you grab it, you stand and you press. You can do that with dumbbells and pretty much every single exercise they do with machine, there is a free weight version and I suggest you want to go ahead and switch everything over and try to do as much exercises as you can on your feet, in this way you burn a lot more calories. So number two is rest time. So lot of times and even myself you know, I have noticed that and sometimes when I do set I tend to go ahead and sit there kind of relax and just kind of stare into space. Or I am just go and see what other people are doing and if I am in my home, I am doing a workout, I might go check my email, or I might get on a phone or you know just do anything that has nothing to do with you know, working out. You want to go ahead and focus and during your rest times you want to make it a lot shorter number one, and by doing so once you are done with your set if you are at gym, you want to walk straight to the water fountain - this is what I need to do actually. I walk straight to water fountain, get a drink of water, look at my look at what I am working out at and I walk straight back, from there I sit there I count about 10 seconds or so to 15 seconds, get ready hit another set, okay? So if you are at the gym that s a good way to go ahead and stay in the zone, do a set, don t pay attention to anything else walk to water fountain, get a drink of water so this way at the same time you can take advantage of getting hydrated because lot of time people, we forget to drink water and you know, if you are sweating like crazy you need to drink a lot of water, okay? You don t want to cramp up you know you need the water for lubricating your joints also. So make sure you drink a lot of water the best way to do it is that do a set, drink some water, come right back count about 10 to 15 seconds, do another set repeat and just keep doing that. So this way you don t seem to be turned off and just you know, kind of stare off in this place. I do that sometimes I kind of catch myself oh, my god I am staring off and I look at the clock and it s been like two three minutes already and you know that rest time is too long. And nothing that rest time is there is only relative if you working out at the gym is try to not talk to a lot of people there are going to be a lot of people they go their to kind of socialize, you know they are working out but they just like to go there there you know, what we call gym rats. You know, they like to go there and just kind of hang out. Well, you don t want to be the gym rat you want to into the gym get your business done hit the weights and get out okay? So last thing you want to do is sit chit chat and talk to people. So try to go ahead eliminate that as much as you can if you have one of those tunnel visions and you know, you are not kind of looking around then most of the time people tend to bother you a little a less. What I need to do I have headphones on in a gym and I am just in the zone, you know, I am looking up straight I am looking at the water fountain and there maybe people like right here and I am just tunnel vision. You know, going straight through and I am looking everybody this way, go there get my drink of my water come back, count 10-15 seconds and I hit it again. This way I avoid all the eye contact and I can get my business down, you know, I am out of gym within 45 minutes to an hour max. The last thing is working with those heavier weights lot of times if you find that you are not sweating and you know, you are doing everything you are doing the free weights your rest time is short then the last thing to look at would be how much weight you are actually lifting? Because if you are lifting more weight, then your body has to work hard and if you are body is working harder, you burn more calories, you know, you burn more fat. So make if you are not seeing enough calorie burn, if you are not sweating like crazy at the end of workout and you have switched to free weights and your rest times are low, which anywhere from a 30 seconds up to a minute and you still don t see your self, you know, drenched after every workout the next thing to do is the increase the weight that you are lifting with. So you want to use you want to lift the maximum amount of weight that you can in every single exercise for 8 reps. The maximum weight you can 8 reps with good form, okay? s not going to count if your form, I will do it so get those reps in because then you are just going to get injured and just going to set you back even more. So make sure that you get to lift the most amount of weight you can for 8 reps, okay? Don t go any lower and this way you are ensuring that you are really pushing yourself and you can really lift amount of weight you can. Burn the most amount of calories, burn most fat and at the time build a good amount of muscle out there. So hope this helps you. Don t forget if you are not leaving the gym, sweating, drenched you are not working out hard enough and you got to step it up man, get to next level and lift hard. Don t forget those three things. Get away from those machines, replace them with all free weight-list, try to stand on your feet while doing it. Cut down your rest times, stay in the zone. t be distracted with everything around. Don t get your cell phone 24/7 just lift weights and get out of there, keep your rest time low and the last thing is a lift with heavier weight maximum 8 reps with good form and really push forward. Thanks a lot guys. Check out sixpackshortcuts.com for workouts and nutrition tips. I will see you guys next time. hEh@ gd/S gd/S hEh@ hOPu gd/S hD63 :p*K Burn More Fat From Your Workouts - Here's How Normal Lokesh Microsoft Office Word TransCloud Burn More Fat From Your Workouts - Here's How Title Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 All right, welcome back! Let's jump in to section 3 here where we'll be talking about distribution and something called the apparent volume of distribution and I just want to underline this word apparent right now and we'll come back to that in a little bit. So, like we always do, let's start with a little review. And so here we're dealing with pharmacokinetics still and remember that the definition of pharmacokinetics was the change in drug concentration as that drug moves through the different compartments of your body. And so, there were 4 components of pharmacokinetics. Do you remember what they were? Well, we had an acronym that we used A.D.M.E. A being for Absorption, D for Distribution, M for Metabolism and E being for Excretion. So in the past, we covered absorption and today, what we're going to do is focus on distribution. Before we go any further though, we have to remember the core concepts that we have covered in the past. So, what was the most important concept that I had you remember? Well, hopefully you're saying that concentration is equal to mass over volume. And so, in the past, when we dealt with absorption, we were really kind of just focused on this concept of mass. We assumed a fix volume and we said you know how does the mass change as this drug gets into your body? And we defined something called bioavailability. And so, the way the practical definition of bioavailability was if I gave a certain amount of drug let's say by mouth, how much of that drug ends up getting into the systemic circulation? And the way we can figure that out is by using bioavailability. And so here was the equation for it. And we said the actual absorbed mass was equal to the total mass administered x the bioavailability of the route in which we administered that drug. So it gives us the fraction of drug that is getting into the systemic circulation. Now remember here that if I gave this drug IV, if this is IV, what's the bioavailability by definition of anything given IV? Well the bioavailability is 1 or 100% and so what that meant was the total mass that you administer IV is the total mass that gets absorbed or that gets into the systemic circulation because when you give it IV, you're directly injecting it into the systemic circulation but this is old news. You know this stuff already. Now let's jump into volume. So, in the past we assume that the volume really didn't change And that we gave the drug and it went into the plasma and it didn't go anywhere else. But now, we're talking about distribution. So, volume is the key term when we think of distribution. So what is distribution? Distribution is the dispersion of the drug throughout your body and the way I like to think about this is that the drug is going from one place to another. So where does it start? What's the one place? It starts in your vascular space. What's the other? It's going to your extravascular place. And so when we think of distribution, if this is a vessel and we took all the cells out of this vessel, out of the blood and all we're left with is plasma. Remember, the plasma was what? It's the blood minus the cells. So if we started in the vascular space and I had a drug. The process of it going from this vascular space to the extravascular space is what we call distribution. And remember that this extravascular space now is another volume we need to consider and that's why we're dealing with volume here. So what are some examples of the extravascular space where there might be fluids or places that drugs can get into. Well, we have our interstitial space right? Where else? Well drugs can get into the fat. Drugs can get into the muscle. And really because drugs are really getting you know we're looking at the water compartments of the body. Well, remember that plasma was the blood minus the cells. So, sometimes the intracellular space is associated with extravascular space. So the cells inside the cells of the fat or inside the cells of the muscles, we know that we have water in those too. So I'm just going to write here intracellular. And so, these are all places that the drug can go outside of the plasma and these have a volume and we need to consider it if we're going to figure out the plasma drug concentration. So, before we jump into distribution, there's one more thing we want to cover and that is just to quickly review this case that we had done in the past and what we're going to do is differentiate this case which had no distribution from the next case which does have distribution. So we've done this before. We gave 10mg of a drug IV bolus but in the past, we assume that that drug stayed in only 1 compartment and that compartment was the plasma. So here, we were assuming no distribution and just to have a really simple model, we also assumed no elimination. So what happened here? So, I gave 10mg of drug. Here is my syringe right and here I have 10mg and what I always want to do when I'm thinking of pharmacokinetics is figure out the plasma drug concentration. So, we remember our most important concept: concentration is equal to mass divided by volume. And so, because we only assumed one compartment, I said the mass was 10mg. That was the amount of drug absorbed and administered because I gave it IV divided by the plasma volume because we're trying to find the plasma concentration of 2.5L and if I solve for that, I get a concentration equal to 4mg/L and because this drug is not distributing anywhere else and there is no elimination, I know that from beginning to end, my plasma drug concentration is essentially 4mg/L all the way through. So in the next case here which will be case 3 because we've already done case 2 when we considered IV administration of a drug and we learned about bioavailability. In the next case, we're going to look at distribution and we're going to assume a multi-compartment model. So, the in case 3, drugs getting into and around our body. So we have an IV bolus and let's just assume we're still giving this 10mg and now we say there's multi-compartments. We have our plasma compartment and we have our extravascular compartment. So, now we're dealing with distribution and again we assume no elimination. So we start off and say okay, I'm going to administer 10mg of a drug IV bolus and let's draw out these comparments. And so, if I was going to visually represent them, I could say all right I would have my plasma space here or my vascular space here and then I have my extravascular space here. Now, we need to remember that this isn't you know fluid you know continuum. There's something separating the vascular space from the extravascular space and hopefully, you're telling me that that thing is separating is a vascular endothelium. And so that's what this green guy here represents and so I say, Oh I have a vascular endothelium. And so, what we're going to consider like we always do with pharmacokinetics is if I administer this 10mg of drug IV bolus, what happens to the plasma concentration with time as this drug is moving through the different compartments of the body? So, what do we always do first, before we graph anything, before we do any pharmacokinetics question, we always remember concentration is mass over volume. That is always the first thing that you should go to no matter what. And so, now I need to figure out what's going on. So, let's just you know think okay, I've got a syringe right I guess the syringe isn't as pretty as the other one. I gave 10mg of drug right here. And so, I want to figure out what this plasma concentration is. So I say, Oh I gave 10mg of drug and it distributed into a volume of 2.5L. And so, I'm just going to draw in some drug here. So, this right here is the time (T) equals 0. So, we'll say at T is equal to 0 hours. And so, coming to my little graph right here, I would say, Oh that would mean that this time T=0. When I injected the drug, I have a concentration of 4mg/L. Now, unfortunately, it's not this simple because we know that this drug is going to distribute into the extravascular space. So, let's see that happen. Boom, boom, boom, boom. That was pretty cool , eh? I took way too long. Okay, so now that this drug is distributed into a larger volume, what has now happened to my plasma concentration? Well, my plasma concentration has gone down a little bit. And so, if I was to assume that the concentration here was equal to the you know concentration here, really I can just use my core equation and try to solve for the concentration of the drug. So what do I mean? If I was going to consider an ideal situation, I would say the total mass absorbed is the concentration is equal to the total mass absorbed divided by the volume which the drug is distributed in. And so this volume we oftentimes just represent as Vd (Volume of distribution). So now I look at this and I say all right we'll distribute it in a volume of 2.5L and into a volume of 7.5L and so if I do that, I get okay at a short time later. Let's say it took an hour for this to occur. So, at T=1 hour, I have 10ml of drug and I know it's distributed into a volume of 10L. So I get 10mg/L. No, 10mg/10L or 1mg/L. Sorry about that. So, now let's draw this graph. So, I know that at T=1 hour. So let's say this is 1 hour. This is 2 hours, whatever. As time goes on, I know that this is diffusing across this membrane and therefore, the concentration is going to drop and I get something that kind of looks like this and this here let's just say that the 1mg/L. So, remember that this is the ideal situation and the only reason I could you know tell you what the plasma concentration was is that I had to assume that I had the same concentration of drug on both sides. So I wrote this right here. This is the ideal situation assuming that drug concentration is the same on both sides and also, that there is no elimination occurring. But we know we don't always deal with this ideal situation and we know that the drug is not always going to be the same concentration on both sides. So, because of this, we have this term called volume of distribution. And so, if I was to - let's just scratch all of this right now and let's redraw a couple of pictures thinking of this term, volume of distribution. So what is the volume of distribution? Well, you can think of the volume of distribution as the total mass absorbed divided by the plasma concentration. So, if I was to give a drug and let's say this was a really big drug and it couldn't get across this vascular endothelium If I was say to - let's just say I draw the drug, okay and let's say we only have 2 molecules here. Well what would that - okay, I gave a certain amount of drug right. We know this was let's just say 10mg still and then I measured the plasma concentration and I notice in this case the plasma concentration is pretty high. So what would that do to my volume of distribution or what does it appear that the volume in which this drug is distributed is, right? So if I have a high concentration and I only gave a low amount of drug, it appears as if the volume in which this drug is distributed is really low. So in this case, we say Oh this drug has a low volume of distirbution because it stays within the plasma. Now let's give you the converse scenario. Now, let's say I give - let's use a different color. Let's say it was green. Now, let's say I gave that same 10mg but instead of it staying in the plasma, most of this drug is in the extravascular space. Now remember the actual body volume is not changing right? The body stays the same but if I gave 10mg of drug just like I did last time but I measured the plasma concentration and the concentration is really low. If I didn't know any better, I would think to myself Oh the only explanation for this plasma concentration being really low is that this drug must've distributed into a really large volume or at least it appears as if this drug distributed into a really large volume. And so, what that would mean is that I have what we call that as a large volume of distribution. So, remember it's not the actual volume that it's distributing in, it's what it appears as if the volume is. And so, when I see that, I say Oh a large volume of distribution really means that very little of that drug is staying in the plasma. Most of it is going into the extravascular space. Hopefully, that makes sense to you. If not, we're going to jump into volume of distribution in detail on the next slide. Let's talk about how you can communicate with controllers from your directives. So if we create an app, and we'll just do a simple-- we'll say Twitter app. Twitter apps are like the Hello World apps of today. And we'll do a ng-controller. We'll just call it AppCtrl. A lot of apps have those. And then we'll have that same sort of functionality where if you roll over something, we'll say it would load more tweets. So we'll say roll over to load more tweets in the content of this. And then we'll have our directive here be that enter directive that we created before in another video. And we'll just set up our app, and it'll be twitterApp, no dependencies. And then our controller will be AppCtrl. And then this will actually take a scope right here, so we'll say scope LoadMoreTweets as a function. And we're just going to alert, say, Loading Tweets! We'll get into actually loading data in later videos. And then we'll create a directive which is just that enter directive to return a function. Which basically says we did this before as well. Scope element attributes and element, bind, mouseenter. And then let's make sure this is working. So roll over, because that looks like it's working just fine. And so what you could do here is just say, because we have access to the scope, you could say scope, LoadMoreTweets. And roll over and it'll give you the alert saying Loading Tweets. But that's probably not the best way to do it, because you're not sure that this scope is actually working with this scope. And you're also not sure that this really binds the enter directive to this AppCtrl. You want to keep them separated by passing in what you want to call into the enter directive. So let's say enter LoadMoreTweets. And actually, before we even do that, let's look at what we could do here which would call it pretty much the same way. If you say Scope.$Apply with the dollar sign-- don't forget the dollar sign. That's like the accessible things AngularJS provides, the services they provide. If I say Load More Tweets from here and pass in a string, this will kind of parse this string and find it on this scope and then invoke it. So you can see I get the same result here loading tweets as if I invoked it directly. So what this allows us to do is to take that attribute. Instead of passing the string and load more tweets, we can take the attribute that we pass in here and just say LoadMoreTweets and pass that into the enter directive. So this will work the same. So say, for example, if you wanted to create another method here, we'll say DeleteTweets and alert-- deleting tweets. And then now, instead of loading more tweets, we want to delete tweets. So when we do this, it'll say, deleting tweets. And that keeps a nice separation between our enter directive and the controller itself. See how we can reuse this directive and not have to worry about what the controller's doing. All we know is that whatever we pass into the enter attribute, that's what's going to get invoked. So we'll get into more detail on some of these scope issues and things in future videos. CECT 0010 LEED Construction and Design Hello my name is Melissa Orien and this is the LEED 101 course. I'm an attorney at the Law firm Holland and Heart. I practice exclusively in the area of construction law. I'm licensed both in Utah and Nevada and do a primary amount of my work in southern Nevada and the Salt Lake City areas but I also work throughout the west. I'm with the Law firm Holland and Heart that has offices in most of the intermountain west states. I'm also a LEED accredited professional. We'll talk a little bit late about what that means. I frequently advise clients in drafting contracts as designers or contractors on projects with a LEED target goal. I also work on a substantial number of energy savings performance contracts that frequently have a LEED or sustainable building element. The purpose of the lecture today is to give a basic outline of what LEED is mainly for purposes of general contractors. The discussion will focus more on the credits that apply to construction contractors than on the credits that apply to designers or civil engineers or other parties involved in the construction process. What is LEED? It is a term that a lot of people hear but might not know what it means. It's an acronym that stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. The LEED system is used to rate buildings on a scale of possible credits to determine their certain level of certification based on how a sustainable or green that building is. The LEED system was set up by an entity called the (USBGC) that stands for the United States Green Building Council. The USBGC is a non- governmental entity, it's a private entity. Companies can join the USBGC as can individuals and its purpose is to promote green building and sustainable building also to educate professionals as to what sustainable building is and how it incorporate sustainable building into their practices. The USGBC was created to help gain a measure or the USGBC created the LEED system to help measure green building by a standard system of measurement. In our climate today there's a frequent move toward becoming green or becoming sustainable and the LEED system is an attempt to help quantify that or grade it and be able to certify buildings base on achieving certain levels of green building or energy efficiency. The idea is to promote and integrate whole building concept of design and promote that design within the construction industry. It's also to stimulate green competition or encourage people to build green buildings and raise consumer awareness o f the benefits of a green building. One of its stated goals was to transform the building market. Since it was created in the early 90"s the LEED system has become much more popular and has come closer to achieving its goal of transforming the construction market. There are different types/categories of LEED certification that a building can target. There's a LEED grading system for homes, there's one for neighborhood development. There's one for commercial interiors which just focuses just on the interior of a building. There's a system for core and shell which sounds like the exterior pieces of a building. There's a system for new construction that will be primarily discussed today. Then finally there's LEED rating systems for schools, retail, and health care facilities in the new construction system. Those categories that I just articulated apply to the design in construction phase of a project. There's also a LEEDs system called LEED for existing buildings that applies to the operations of a building. So if somebody has a building that's already in existence but wants to upgrade the mechanical systems, HVAC systems its other operating systems to be more environmentally friendly in its operation it can target the LEED existing building system. Similarly a new building can achieve a new construction certification and then later seek a LEED for existing certification that would give it a certification based on the way the building is operated and maintained. Many contractors and architects want to know what the bottom line is with LEED. Why should they be concerned about the LEED rating system and why is it something that should matter to them? The bottom line, like with many things in construction ultimately boils down to money and marketability. Many jurisdictions are requiring LEED certifications for governmental buildings including Salt Lake City. There's a movement toward city's and municipalities requiring basic LEED certification or LEED silver for all new buildings that are constructed. In addition as energy costs increase the efficiency of a LEED building becomes an attractive option for owners because the lower operating costs of a green building save money. One distinction is a building is certified by LEED and a professional can become accredited. Anybody can become what they refer to as a LEED accredited professional or a LEED AP. Basically you're required to study for a test that based on fundamental green building principles and the LEED rating system. Once you take and pass that test you can become a LEED AP. Now the LEED for new construction system is divided into four levels of certification. You achieve a level of certification based on the number of LEED points you achieve and the points are set out in different categories of building. There's 69 possible points but some of these points are trade off points, you can't necessarily achieve both of them so even though there's 69 total points the chances a project will achieve all 69 are fairly difficult. Similarly there's also synergy among the LEED points where benefits gained form targeting one LEED credit will help you get down the road to achieve another LEED credit. The four levels of certification are: Based certification, Sliver certification, Gold certification, and Platinum certification. When it gets 25 - 32 credits it's certified, 33 - 38 credits is Sliver, 39 - 51 credits is Gold, and 52 - 69 credits is Platinum. If you look at the options of LEED credits that are available some of the credits are fairly easy to achieve and fairly inexpensive but then other credits become much more expensive such as, treating waste water or producing energy for your own facility. So it becomes exponentially difficult and more expensive to achieve a higher level of LEED certification. The way that the LEED points are divided their divided into six major categories. Those categories are: Sustainable sites, Water efficiency, Energy and atmosphere, Materials and resources, environmental quality, and innovation and design. We'll go through the types of items that fall within each of those categories in more detail. In addition there are seven prerequisites that any LEED project must meet. These prerequisites fall in some of the six categories that we just discussed but unless a project meets that prerequisite it will never are able to obtain LEED certification so those become important parts of a LEED project. In addition, as far as the players are involved in the LEED system many of these elements have to be incorporated in the project during the design phase. So for example it would be difficult for a contractor to pick up a set of plans and specifications that had been prepared without a LEED goal in mind and then try and achieve a LEED goal. So many of the requirements alter the fundamental way a building is designed that in most projects delivery it's the designer that has the primary responsibility for shepherding the LEED process. In a design builds job it can frequently be a general contractor that's acting as the design builder who would be the party responsible for administering the LEED process. There's a series of documents that the LEED system requires to document whether a certain requirement was achieved and the LEED system itself decides which party in the construction team is responsible for meeting that particular credit. Some of the responsibilities are allocated to the civil engineer some to the mechanical engineer some to the architect some to the contractor so the process of achieving a LEED certification is a collaborative process both during the design phase and during the construction phase the requires the parties to work together and each achieve the LEED points that are targeted that fall within their various responsibilities. With respect to the first major category of LEED credits, Sustainable sites this is abbreviated in the LEED system as SS. The prerequisite is to implement a storm water pollution prevention plan. Unless a project has a basic plan that meets the EPA standards the project won't be able to achieve a LEED certification goal. Sustainable sites focuses on the areas that a building is put where the owner has decided to build its building. Specifically if you develop on a brown field project you get a credit if you develop in a dense area that's highly populated you can target certain credits. The sustainable sites goal is to try and avoid putting building in previous undeveloped areas or areas that are close to water front or grazing land, prime farm land, areas that aren't already developed trying to preserve some of those areas and encourage owners to use existing cites or brown field sites to develop their buildings. Also a big piece of the sustainable site credits is trying to locate buildings in areas with easy access to alternate transportation and amenities such as shopping other basic facilities so that it would promote more of an urban culture and take away from urban sprawl or commuting requirements that would allow people to essentially live and work in the same area or very close to public transportation systems. Also an element of the sustainable site credits focuses on storm water design, how to effectively treat storm water or cause it to decrease the amount of storm water runoff that a particular building has created. There's two potential points in the storm water areas. There's two more potential points to what they call the heat island effect. The idea is that a building that has a lot of asphalt or hard paving creates essentially a heat island because it attracts intense sunlight to that area which is bad for the environment so that the heat island credits promote putting parking underground would be an example or using green space on a building, you know, putting a green roof on a building, putting plantings in the middle of an asphalt parking lot. Other types of measures designed to eliminate the heat that's created by having paving. Then the final category in sustainable sites relates to light pollution reduction. This is the type of having a building emitting a lot of light at night because of manmade light fixtures there's a series of ways that one can achieve the LEED point by reducing the light its building emits at night. On the second category, main LEED category, there's five points available in the water efficiency. First category of water efficiency is water efficient landscaping. You can get a point by putting in landscaping that doesn't require any additional water to keep growing if you put in native landscaping that doesn't require irrigation. That's a way to achieve a water efficient landscaping point. The innovative waste water technology points are targeted at buildings that are able to treat their own waste water through different ways and different levels that parties can try and treat waste water in a building whether using those water later as irrigation water or other ways to reuse that water and avoid wasting it entirely. The final water efficiency category there's two points related to water use reduction and measures used under the water use reduction category relate to employing. Plumbing fixtures or bathroom fixtures such as toilets that use less water, sinks that use less water, waterless urinals, other types of bathroom and kitchen water systems or appliances that use less water. Under the main category of energy and atmosphere there's seventeen possible points that a project team could target. The biggest category relates to optimizing the energy performance within a building. There's ten points allowable both for doing different things in the construction of a building that decrease the amount of energy that will be required to maintain the building. Things like increasing day light that enters the building through more windows or the way that a building is placed on a particular site to require less electricity or less power. Similarly the way that a building is insulated would reduce the heat cost required to maintain that building certain categories of HVAC systems, energy efficient appliances. Those types of items contribute to the ten points that a party can earn for optimizing the energy performance of a building. There's three points available for having on site renewable energy. This one is simply what it sounds. If a building can provide its own energy it can achieve these points. This will be done through solar energy or some other type of renewable energy where the building creates its own energy. The parties can target these points another category is enhanced commissioning. Commissioning relates to checking a way that a building system like HVAC systems and other mechanical systems are operation to make sure that their operating in the most efficient way possible. So if a party targets, enhancing the way it's commissioning these systems, there's LEED points available for that. Similarly enhanced refrigerant management and trying to promote HVAC systems that use refrigerants that are less harmful to the environment than other refrigerants. Tailing on these is measurement and verification encouraging parties to track the way their mechanical systems are operating to make sure they're operating in the most efficient way possible for that building to track those systems to make sure they're not wasting. The final category of energy and environment points is in the category in green power. You can earn green power points by essentially buying energy from a renewable source to use at your building. This is a credit that a lot of people criticize because it's essentially a credit that a building can buy. It's not something you do differently in incorporating your design but you're buying energy you're building will use from an outside source. There are also three prerequisites in the energy and atmosphere category. If a party doesn't achieve one of these prerequisites it, again, can't achieve an ultimate LEED certification goal. The first one of these prerequisites is entitled fundamental commissioning of the building energy system similar to the enhance commissioning that we just discussed. This requires that the building go through a basic commissioning to ensure the mechanical systems are functioning in proper and efficient way. The second prerequisite is it sets forth certain minimum energy performance standards that a building must achieve to be able to gain LEED certification. Then the third one is fundamental refrigerate management. This requires that a project can't use certain harmful refrigerants such as CFC based refrigerants. The next major LEED category is materials and resources. This is abbreviated MR with the LEED points. This is one of the categories that is most important to contractors because these categories all relate to items within the contractors scope of work. A prerequisite in the materials and resources category is that contractor has to collect and store recyclable materials on the site. There's certain categories of recycling that has to be done within a building in order for it to gain a LEED certification. There's also three points available for reusing elements of an existing building. In a new construction project if this were an expansion of an existing building that fell into the new construction category the project would get points for the amount of material that the contractor is able to reuse from the old or existing building. This is to discourage the use of virgin building materials when there's a possibility of using existing building materials that will essentially serve the same purpose. In addition there's two points that relate to construction waste management and just like it sounds these are points available based on the amount of materials that a contractor recycles on the project site. It's essentially recycling construction waste. If it achieves a certain base percentage it gets one point. Recycling fifty percent of the waste is one point increasing that to seventy five percent of construction waste will achieve two points and the recycling percentage can either be gagged on weight or volume so long as that same unit of measure is used all the way through the process. Similar to the building reuse, material reuse gives credit for using existing building materials as opposed to virgin building materials in the construction of a project. Two points available for using building materials that have percentages of recycled content. Normally this is done on the bases of a cost. A certain percentage of the building materials purchased has to have recycled content to them. If five percent of the building materials are recycled a party can get one point. If ten percent of the building materials are recycled the project would be eligible for two points. In addition there's also a point for using regional materials and in order for material to be classified as a regional material it has to be harvested, manufactured essentially created entirely within 500 miles of the project site. This, obviously, promotes using materials native to an area and discourages shipping and transport costs associated with finding materials from one site transporting them to another to be manufactured or processed and then transferring them another distance still the project site itself. Two points are available for using regional materials. Again, those are based on percentage of the cost of materials that are used. If a percentage of the cost is regional materials you can achieve one or two points for the greater. The sixth category of materials and resources credits is for using rapidly renewable materials. These rapidly renewable materials are just like they sound. Materials like bamboo or cork or straw, materials that grow back quickly and don't have a long process to replace them. Using these materials in a project can entitle you to a lead credit and finally using certified wood gives a party a credit. What certified wood is based on lumber that was harvested from what's determined to be a responsible forest as certified by the forest stewardship council. The forest stewardship council is currently the only entity that LEED recognizes as the ability to certify wood for use on a project. If a certain percentage of the wood that's used on a project is certified a party would be entitled to a LEED credit under that particular category. The next major category of LEED credits relates to indoor environmental quality. There are two prerequisites for the indoor environmental quality category. The first one is that it has to meet certain minimal standards of indoor air quality performance and the second relates to environmental tobacco smoke control. Generally in commercial building no smoking is permitted in the building in order to achieve this prerequisite and again if a building is to achieve certification at all it must meet that standard. Designated smoking areas outside must be a certain distance away from the door. The indoor environmental air quality is tailored at making the building feel more health on the inside to the people who live and work in that building. The types of things that we'll get into discuss making sure that the air, that the building is properly ventilated. That it's well lit, that there's outside air coming into the building to make the building a pleasant place to have it a nice indoor environmental quality for the people in the building. Some of the credits relate specifically to outdoor delivery monitoring. These require that a certain amount of outside air be brought into the building and the quality of that air be monitored to make sure the air is safe for the building recipients but generally promotes trying to bring outside air into the building. Other credits can be obtained for trying to increase ventilation within a building by promoting outside air from flowing in, making sure that all areas of the building are achieving certain ventilation. The indoor environmental quality credits that relate most directly to contractors fall into two categories: construction indoor air quality management and low emitting materials. The construction indoor air quality management credits focus on making sure that during construction the construction practices are favorable to later having the air inside that building be breathed by its occupants similarly certain requirements before occupancy. One example is in the before occupancy one of the credits requires that a certain amount of air be flushed through that building before any occupants are ever inside the building. The idea that that would allow some of the dirt and debris that's brought into the building during the construction phase to be removed before the people go inside the building. With respect to low emitting materials, the types of materials that are regulated under these credits are adhesives and sealants, paints and coatings, carpet systems, wood and agrifiber products. The goal is that the paints, the sealants, the carpet, and the wood that are used in a building not emit toxins that are later harmful to the later occupants of the building when they breathed them and these require the contractor to use materials that have been certified to achieve a certain standard as far as low emitting. With the paints there are specified standards for each of the categories and whether it be paint or sealants, or carper or wood. The contractors are required to purchase products that are either specified in the specifications or if the contractors" seeking a substitute material, it needs to be careful to make sure that it's not purposing a substitute that doesn't meet the basic LEED requirement. The contractor is the party who's responsible for certifying complaints with the low emitting material credits. This will require the contractor to submit documents to the USGBC and also to keep records of the paints and materials that were used that fall into this category to be able to show that it did in fact provide appropriate materials. Indoor environmental air quality also focuses on chemical and pollution source control within a building and ties to allow occupants the ability to control lighting and thermal comfort as LEED calls it but essentially heat or cooling within a building. It's not uncommon to be in a building during the middle of the summer and be cold or need to bring a sweater because the building is too cold to be comfortable. The LEED system recognizes the difficulties in controlling temperature throughout a building and tries to promote having individual temperature controls or multiple temperature controls for specific areas as necessary with the goal that the building isn't being over cooled or over heated depending on the season which would waste energy and ultimately make it less comfortable for the occupants of the building. Similarly there's controllability of systems points available for lighting. Wanting to avoid a situation where a good portion of the occupants have left the building but if there's only central lighting then all the lights will need to be on in order to meet the needs of a few people who are in the building by achieving a certain percentage of individual lighting controls for occupants. A party can receive credits for indoor environmental air quality. Finally, daylight and views is also a category within the indoor environmental air quality recognizing that a building is more pleasant for its occupants if they can see the daylight from their work station. If a certain percentage of your employees have line of site visibility of windows or outside light a party can get one or two credits depending on the percentage of employees that ultimately achieve this level. With respect to increasing......The last category relates to increasing efficiency or one of the benefits of LEED certification by people who market LEED buildings promotes increasing employee efficiency. Studies suggest that people tend to work harder or more efficiently or be more productive in buildings that feel comfortable. People are the largest investment per square foot of a business. The greatest cost of a business tends to be its workforce and the more people.... the more productive people are the more profitable that business is so that's an angle that's frequently touted to businesses in marketing. LEED tenants base or a LEED business is the idea that if the LEED building is more comfortable for employees" that the employer will ultimately be able to get more out of those specific employees. In addition, several of the LEED points try and promote a party from....being....or trying to promote a building to be more efficient whether that's through using daylight systems or solar heating or some other mechanism that makes the building more energy efficient that these translate directly into saving in utility bills. Even though a LEED building might be more expensive by whatever percentage at the beginning of the process then a less green friendly or sustainable building the ultimate goal is that the party building the building will be able to recoup those costs over the life of the building though energy savings and it's utility bills. The last category of LEED credits is entitled Innovation and Design. There's four possible innovation and design credits. These are essentially are allowable for some level of exemplary performance in one of the credits or if a party incorporates a sustainable or green design principle into the design that isn't contemplated by the LEED system a party can apply to the USGBC for an innovation and design credit that would allow the building to get a point for that unique sustainable element that the LEED system hasn't thought of. The idea is that it promotes parties to continue to think outside the box with respect to building sustainable projects and rewards that type of innovation. Finally a project gets a point if there's a LEED accredited professional on the project team. What this means is usually the designer or the contractor, depending on the project delivery method, has a party who's actively engaged in that particular project who is a LEED accredited professional and has taken a LEED accreditation test. The building can get two certification points based on that angle with respect to the way that a LEED project is graded or administered. The USGBC that entity the US green building council that we talked about at the beginning of the lecture is the entity that oversees the LEED process. In order to target a LEED certification go for a project someone needs to register that project with the USGBC. That process is done online and a good portion of the LEED submittals are done online as well. Once a party registers with the USGBC the entire project team gets access to the USGBC's website and documentation related to that particular project so it's normally a process that's managed online. At that point a team can access what's called a lead score card. Usually the lead score card, once the parties fill it out, will show what particular LEED points the parties are targeting for that project. It will also show which party is responsible for giving LEED credits. If it's the civil engineer or the architect or the contractor and allows parties to see information submitted by each of the other parties. There's certain credits that you can submit, that a project can submit during the design phase of a project and other credits that can be submitted during the construction phase. A credit that's eligible for a design submission doesn't necessarily have to be submitted during the design phase. It could be during the construction phase along with the other credits. For each of the LEED points the LEED system articulates certain types of documentation that are allowed to be able to or that are required to show compliance with that credit, for example: the low emitting materials require a contractor to certify that it used eligible types of paint that met the requirements in that LEED category in order for the team to be able to, the building to be able to get that LEED credit. All of those documents have to be submitted within a certain time frame after the construction of the project. Those submittals take the form of....Sometimes their electronic and their submitted by the party who is particularly responsible for that credit. Then after all of the submittals are received by the USGBC it can perform an audit of the building whereby it will look at specific credits and request further documentation to be able to satisfy itself that those particular credits were indeed achieved on the project. After the submittals are in the USGBC has a time frame in which it can investigate the building and can come back and reward a certification based on the number of points that are allowed. If a party doesn't like the certification that was awarded or thinks that the USGBC should reconsider its decision on any particular LEED point there is an appeal mechanism in the system where the owner can appeal the LEED award and submit additional documentation in support of its appeal and the USGBC will reconsider its building award. Parties will frequently ask, "What's the cost associated with a LEED building" that's obviously a project specific inquiry. Some publications suggest that you can achieve a LEED certified or LEED silver at five or ten percent increase in the cost but it's difficult to gage because it's such a project specific inquiry. Some of the credits are easy to obtain, for example: in the site selection category that wants to promote alternative transportation. A party can get LEED credits for designating fiver percent of its parking spaces as carpool parking spaces which would be an inexpensive credit to obtain as it's simply related to painting or putting signs related to particular parking spaces. In the same category providing preferred parking for low fuel emitting vehicles would be an easy credit to achieve from a cost perspective. More difficult credits are those credits that involve things like treating waste water produced by the building. So the credits to achieve, the easy credits can be grouped to achieve potentially, a certified level but by the time the party is trying to move up the chain and achieve a silver level or a gold level or a platinum level it becomes much more difficult. For a building to achieve a platinum level that's fairly aggressive in terms of the types of measures that would differ from a traditional vertical building, platinum buildings will usually treat a certain portion of their waste water, generate a certain portion of their own energy, become in some ways, self sufficient: islands as opposed to most traditional buildings that their construction design doesn't consider things like how they're impacting the environment or how they're being managed. The USGBC keeps a template of what they call credit intent rulings or keeps a data base of these and what this is is it allows a party during the project if it's doing something that it thinks is going to be.....that has a question as to whether or not this particular design or this particular course of action will ultimately qualify for a LEED credit. A party can submit a project neutral question, neutrally describing the project at issue without making specific reference to the project to the USGBC and request guidance. If we employ this particular waste water technology to get this result will the USGBC consider that to achieve a given credit then the USGBC can respond and give direction on whether or not it thinks that course of action will comply. This will allow a project team to get a bit more direction on where they will end up at the end of the day so that they don't end up with a completely design and constructed building and later find out that the USGBC didn't think that a certain element was done properly and have a building and not be able to get a certification entirely or not be able to get the level of certification that it had hope to achieved. The USGBC collects these, they're available on their website so in addition to project specific inquires the design or construction team can look at rulings that have been issued related to other projects to get some general guidance on the types of factors that the green building considers when analyzing LEED points in certain circumstances. Frequently at previously credit intent rulings will give a building team an idea of where they'll end up at the end of the day based on certain questions and eliminate the need to ask a question over again. It's important to note that a ruling on credit intent or a LEED credit intent ruling isn't a promise by the USGBC that particular credit will be awarded on the project, rather it simply trying to articulate a rule of guidance. Then the USGBC will later come back and its analysis of the building and determine whether that project was or point was achieved based on the way the project was set forth. Some of the costs that are incurred in a LEED building relate to the differences in the way the buildings designed and constructed. If it's using different or more expensive building materials or design elements to promote efficiency that cost more. Also there's a fee associated with signing the building for the USGBC certification process there's a registration fee at the beginning of the project. There's costs associated with submitting credit intent letters, there's costs associated with an appeal if a party seeks to appeal the award that its building is ultimately given. There are further costs with those submissions as well. These are costs that ultimately are the owners responsibility and allocated normally to the owner in a project so there not necessarily going to make a contractors life more difficult in the LEED process but things that a contractor should be concerned about on a LEED project that it might not be as important or required on a non LEED project would relate to its record keeping with respect to credits it's responsible for. Specifically the building materials that it's using on that project, it's going to have to show some sort of record as to demonstrate for example: the recycled content that's being used or the amount of regional materials that are being used in construction. Also one of the more owners" requirements can come in, in keeping track of construction waste that's recycled. A contractor will need a plan fairly early on in the project to make sure that it's recycling the waste and keeping records and recycling enough waste to achieve the LEED point and keeping records to be able to certify when necessary that it in fact did achieve the certain point was targeted by the project team. Also there's collaboration that tends to be required between the parties on a LEED project. Certain items will be specified by the designer like certain regional materials or rapidly renewable materials that might not be as readily available as other materials that the contractors used to using. If a rapidly renewable material such as bamboo flooring or another material that would qualify for that credit has a longer LEED time then construction materials that the contractor is used to using. The contractor need to be aware that will have an obligation to provide these materials and want to make sure it orders them in sufficient enough time to no effect the project schedule. Also, there have been periods where there have been high demand on certain LEED friendly materials and those materials haven't been available at all. So that's something a contractor will want to investigate at the very beginning of a project and make sure that it is ultimately going to be able to obtain the materials that it request to provide in......that it's required to provide in the contract documents, something that will require investigation at the beginning of a project as opposed to waiting till the middle then getting an unpleasant surprise. Importantly, the USGBC has gone through a series of revisions to its LEED points. These are changing over time, specifically the LEED system is working on a version called LEED 2009. That will be an update to the current LEED for new construction system. The changes on the grand scheme are relatively minor but the process is......they're trying to continually improve the process and learn from the system as its existed so contractors should just be aware that there going to be changes to the LEED process and the trend towards using it at the government and the municipal level is increasing as well as seeing an increase in LEED projects at the private level based on private development for demand for LEED projects and LEED friendly tenant space. So a contractor who is familiar with the LEED process will have an ability be more attractive to a developer, a private developer who's hopping to target a LEED tenant space market or some other niche where having a LEED certification goal will make the project more attractive to its intended customer base. Thank you. hallucination I can see a mirage of a fully sustainable city running on renewable energy I'm going crazy in this heat Well, this is the start of fully sustainable city this is Masdar city in Abu Dhabi. Masdar is the Arabic word for SOURCE Good day everyone and welcome back to our class. As you can see we're already in Week 6 of our course. Today's lecture, I want to continue to cover some of the material that dealing with fertilizer management specifically continuing with our discussion of the four Rs. Recall, we talked a little bit about the right rate of fertilizer and we, we discussed quite a bit about soil testing and calculated amounts of fertilizer and we got a little bit into some math. And, and I'm sure everyone enjoyed that part and we'll continue that. I want to give you some problems that's to continue to practice with the mathematical side of, of these issues. I want to point out that as we go forward, we're not only talking about rate. Rate is a very important part of a fertilizer BMP. But sometimes we get too concerned about rate as if it were the only part of a fertilizer management BMP. Sometimes neglecting the idea that there are other aspects that might affect how efficient we are with the amount of fertilizer that we choose and one of those aspects is placement. We typically have a couple choices when we talk about fertilizer placement on the farm broadcasting or banding. In broadcasting, we're really discussing or talking about spreading a fertilizer material uniformly over the surface of the field. In some cases, this fertilizer material may eventually get incorporated by tillage or we might plan that a pending rain or an irrigation event will help move that fertilizer material into the soil and hopefully into the root zone. Broadcasting is usually easier and quicker than the alternative, banding. But most research shows that broadcasting is less efficient in terms of the proportion of the fertilizer, if it's actually used by the crop, particularly early in the season, when the crops have not developed a full root zone to intercept the broadcast fertilizer. Also, recall our discussions about nitrogen transformations in fates and flows, and in this case, the kind of fertilizer or the type of fertilizer that we may choose for broadcasting may be affected by some of those conversions particularly for example, Urea. If we spread Urea on the surface of the soil and leave it there, we could lose of that, that Urea to volatilization. So, we, we need to be careful about the form of fertilizer that we choose if we are going to practice broadcasting. So the sources of N, would be important in that regard. Here are a few examples of broadcasting, manual broadcasting in the upper left-hand corner. In the upper right hand corner, we're spreading a dry fertilizer material, by broadcasting it uniformly over the period. In the lower picture, you'll see a truck applying a liquid fertilizer in broadcast fashion over the field. Banding is an alternate choice and there are times that we might prefer to use bandings. I've given you a few examples of those banding, usually, ends up placing the fertilizer nearer to the, in the root zone. In a band as its name implies, continuous steam of fertilizer in the ground alongside of the, a row of plants. It usually involves subsurface placement but it doesn't always have to. But typically, we " re talking about using some kind of mechanical device and I'll show you some of those. To place the fertilizer under the soil surface in the root zone. It's very useful early in the season when the plants have not developed a full and expansive root zone. It reduces the mixing of the fertilizer with the soil as would broadcast might resolved in. And this helps if we're applying phosphorus or potassium on the soil that would fix that those nutrients fairly quickly, so that they would not be available to the plant roots if the plant roots were able to intercept them. Often with banding, because efficiency is typically a little bit higher than broadcasting. The overall fertilizer efficiency is increased and banding would be a best management practice in many, many growing situations for example with potatoes, early in the season when the root, root masses not developed sufficiently and I'll show you some pictures of how this is done. Here's an illustration of banding early in the season. Typically, we, we use the term two by two, which means that the band of fertilizer is placed two or, or maybe three inches to the side and below the surface of the soil. And I've given you a couple different scenarios here, how bands might be places, might be placed in the soil with different, planting patterns. Now banding does have some challenges associated with it and that is you, while you are placing the fertilizer in a band near the root zone, you don't want to get it too close to the plant. Soluble salt injury may be the result and I've given you a couple examples of soluble salt injury, one with plastic mulch in the top picture, where you can see the plants have been damaged, and also in the lower right-hand corner, which are young corn seedlings that were exposed to a banded fertilizer too close to the roots. Here's an example of potato crops with potato in the upper picture showing that the canopy is not covered, and so a piece of equipment may still be able to go through this field and apply a fertilizer band. While in the picture in the bottom, the canopy has closed. And it's impossible to get a applicator through the field. In this particular case, with this particular farm I'm familiar with later in the season the farmer applies fertilizer through the center pivot irrigation system in a broadcast fashion. In that case, we'll take a look at that in a bit. Starter fertilizers are usually mixtures of nitrogen and phosphorus and they are put in very small amounts near or with the seeds or transplants. The gates to higher education are now open for everyone. When I announced University of the People at the UN, it was for me a turning point in my life. I have been in for-profit education for over 20 years. I was personally in charge of educational programs for hundreds of thousands of students from kindergarten to college level. I started the first online university outside of the US, in Europe. That's where I learned how powerful online learning can be. We had students from all over the world. They stayed at home, they kept their job, and still got this great European education. But while having this great success, deep inside, I felt uncomfortable. Because for most people, this great education was nothing but wishful thinking. It was too expensive. I sold this university, I sold the rest of my business, to go into semi-retirement. Just to realize that it's not really for me. I wanted to continue. But it was also clear to me that I don't want to do more of the same. I'm fortunate, I have enough, it's my turn now to give back. And if I give back, I want to do it in a meaningful way to have an impact on the world. And if you want to have an impact on the world, obviously, for me, it is education. It's not because that's the only thing I know how to do, but because if you think about it, if you educate one, you change a life, if you educate many, you change the world. So I looked around, and I realized that much that is needed to open the gates to higher education is available and for free. Open source technology, technology that people produce and put online, for everyone to use for free. Open educational resources, content that people produce and put on the Internet for everyone to use for free. And the new internet culture of social networking, where people share, learn, and teach each other, for free. All I had to do is to bring it together. So I did, and I created University of the People. UoPeople is the first ever, non-profit, tuition-free, online university. The gates to higher education are now open for everyone. It was created only three years ago. Look what we have achieved since. We have accepted 1,500 students. 95% of them are saying they would recommend us as a good place to study. I guess it must be that we're doing something right. These 1,500 students are coming from 132 countries. From the United States, to the United Arab Emirates. From Indonesia to Bolivia, from South Sudan to Afghanistan. Every corner of the globe. For these 1,500 students, we have 2,900 volunteering professors. 2,900 volunteering professors jumped on board to help our students. If you haven't noticed, we have a ratio of about two professors for every student. I don't know that many universities have this ratio. And they're coming from the best universities. Our provost is from Columbia University, our deans are from NYU, our top academic leadership are coming from Oxford, Harvard, MlT Michigan, etc. We are partners with Yale Law School for research. We are partners with NYU to accept our students. And we are partners with HP for online internships for our students. And last, but not least, we have over 1 million supporters on Facebook. 1 million supporters on Facebook, we are the second largest university on Facebook after Harvard. (Laughter) I guess we should try harder, right? Our students are coming to us because they want to have a better chance for their future. For that very reason, we offer business administration and computer science. These are the two degrees that are most likely to help them find a job. But there is another reason, for us, as important: whenever there are students taking a class, they're being put together in our virtual classroom, with 25 students from 25 different countries. A program is about 40 courses. 40 times, they meet 25 new students from 25 new countries. By the time they graduate, they've met people from every corner of the globe. I would like you to stop for a second and picture. Picture what happens when students from Israel and Palestine study together. Picture what happens when students from India and Pakistan study together. Picture what happens when students from Greece and Turkey study together. They learn to know each other, to understand each other, to respect each other. Instead of being enemies outside of the classroom, they become friends. This is UoPeople, we open the gates to higher education for everyone, offering our students a better chance for their future, offering the world a better chance for peace. Just imagine 1 million students walking through these open gates. Thank you. (Applause) What I heard What I said Forget it It was all a dream, let it be. Forget it Our meetings were like fleeting seasons The moon, it says ...don't speak about them. Forget it Your comings and goings feel like fairytales Our meetings, our talks were just a pretense That flowing stream is still there That moon still sparkles above But, my love, you are nowhere you are nowhere What's there to do? What's there to say? When you are not here, nothing is Those promises of yours I still remember The moon, it says ...don't speak about them. Forget it. I broke every relation for your love I chose the pathway where we would be together That window is still here That meandering vine is still here Your love was just a game a game it was What's there to do? What's there to say? When you are not here, nothing is. Though the flowers still bloom People still meet The moon it says ...don't speak about your love. Let it be (end) Subtitles by PakMusicProject / MHM © 2013. In the last couple of videos we talked about reflection. And that's just the idea of the light rays bouncing off of a surface. And if the surface is smooth, the incident angle is going to be the same thing as the reflected angle. We saw that before, and those angles are measured relative to a perpendicular. So that angle right there is going to be the same as that angle right there. That's essentially what we learned the last couple of videos. What we want to cover in this video is when the light actually doesn't just bounce off of a surface but starts going through a different medium. So in this situation, we will be dealing with refraction. Refraction. Refraction, you still have the light coming in to the interface between the two surfaces. So let's say--so that's the perpendicular right there, actually let me continue the perpendicular all the way down like that. And let's say we have the incident light ray coming in at some, at some angle theta 1, just like that...what will happen--and so let's say that this up here, this is a vacuum. Light travels the fastest in a vacuum. In a vacuum. There's nothing there, no air, no water, no nothing, that's where the light travels the fastest. And let's say that this medium down here, I don't know, let's say it's water. Let's say that this is water. All of this. This was all water over here. This was all vacuum right up here. So what will happen, and actually, that's kind of an unrealistic-- well, just for the sake of argument, let's say we have water going right up against a vacuum. This isn't something you would normally just see in nature but let's just think about it a little bit. Normally, the water, since there's no pressure, it would evaporate and all the rest. But for the sake of argument, let's just say that this is a medium where light will travel slower. What you're going to have is is this ray is actually going to switch direction, it's actually going to bend. Instead of continuing to go in that same direction, it's going to bend a little bit. It's going to go down, in that direction just like that. And this angle right here, theta 2, is the refraction. That's the refraction angle. Refraction angle. Or angle of refraction. This is the incident angle, or angle of incidence, and this is the refraction angle. Once again, against that perpendicular. And before I give you the actual equation of how these two things relate and how they're related to the speed of light in these two media-- and just remember, once again, you're never going to have vacuum against water, the water would evaporate because there's no pressure on it and all of that type of thing. But just to--before I go into the math of actually how to figure out these angles relative to the velocities of light in the different media I want to give you an intuitive understanding of not why it bends, 'cause I'm not telling you actually how light works this is really more of an observed property and light, as we'll learn, as we do more and more videos about it, can get pretty confusing. Sometimes you want to treat it as a ray, sometimes you want to treat it as a wave, sometimes you want to treat it as a photon. But when you think about refraction I actually like to think of it as kind of a, as a bit of a vehicle, and to imagine that, let's imagine that I had a car. So let me draw a car. So we're looking at the top of a car. So this is the passenger compartment, and it has four wheels on the car. We're looking at it from above. And let's say it's traveling on a road. It's traveling on a road. On a road, the tires can get good traction. The car can move pretty efficiently, and it's about to reach an interface it's about to reach an interface where the road ends and it will have to travel on mud. It will have to travel on mud. Now on mud, obviously, the tires' traction will not be as good. The car will not be able to travel as fast. So what's going to happen? Assuming that the car, the steering wheel isn't telling it to turn or anything, the car would just go straight in this direction. But what happens right when--which wheels are going to reach the mud first? Well, this wheel. This wheel is going to reach the mud first. So what's going to happen? There's going to be some point in time where the car is right over here. Where it's right over here. Where these wheels are still on the road, this wheel is in the mud, and that wheel is about to reach the mud. Now in this situation, what would the car do? What would the car do? And assuming the engine is revving and the wheels are turning, at the exact same speed the entire time of the simulation. Well all of a sudden, as soon as this wheel hits the medium, it's going to slow down. This is going to slow down. But these guys are still on the road. So they're still going to be faster. So the right side of the car is going to move faster than the left side of the car. So what's going to happen? You see this all the time. If the right side of you is moving faster than the left side of you, you're going to turn, and that's exactly what's going to happen to the car. The car is going to turn. It's going to turn in that direction. And so once it gets to the medium, it will now travel, it will now turn-- from the point of the view from the car it's turning to the right. But it will now travel in this direction. It will be turned when it gets to that interface. Now obviously light doesn't have wheels, and it doesn't deal with mud. But it's the same general idea. When I'm traveling from a faster medium to a slower medium, you can kind of imagine the wheels on that light on this side of it, closer to the vertical, hit the medium first, slow down, so light turns to the right. If you were going the other way, if I had light coming out of the slow medium, so let's imagine it this way. Let's have light coming out of the slow medium. And if we use the car analogy, in this situation, the left side of the car is going to-- so if the car is right over here, the left side of the car is going to come out first so it's going to move faster now. So the car is going to turn to the right, just like that. So hopefully, hopefully this gives you a gut sense of just how to figure out which direction the light's going to bend if you just wanted an intuitive sense. And to get to the next level, there's actually something called Snell's Law. Snell's Law. Snell's Law. And all this is saying is that this angle-- so let me write it down here--so let's say that this velocity right here is velocity 2 this velocity up here was velocity 1, going back to the original. Actually, let me draw another diagram, just to clean it up. And also that vacuum-water interface example, I'm not enjoying it, just because it's a very unnatural interface to actually have in nature. So maybe it's vacuum and glass. That's something that actually would exist. So let's say we're doing that. So this isn't water, this is glass. Let me redraw it. And I'll draw the angles bigger. So let me draw a perpendicular. And so I have our incident ray, so in the vacuum it's traveling at v1--and in the case of a vacuum, it's actually going at the speed of light, or the speed of light in a vacuum, which is c, or 300,000 kilometers per second, or 300 million meters per second--let me write that-- so c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and that is equal to 300-- it's not exactly 300, I'm not going into significant digits-- this is true to three significant digits--300 million meters per second. This is light in a vacuum. Light in vacuum. And I don't mean the thing that you use to clean your carpet with, I mean an area of space that has nothing in it. No air, no gas, no molecules, nothing in it. That is a pure vacuum and that's how fast light will travel. Now it's travelling really fast there, and let's say that--and this applies to any two mediums-- but let's say it gets to glass here, and in glass it travels slower, and we know for our example, this side of the car is going to get to the slower medium first so it's going to turn in this direction. So it's going to go like this. We call this v2. Maybe I'll draw it--if you wanted to view these as vectors, maybe I should draw it as a smaller vector v2, just like that. And the angle of incidence is theta 1. And the angle of refraction is theta 2. And Snell's Law just tells us the ratio between v2 and the sin-- remember Soh Cah Toa, basic trig function-- and the sin of the angle of refraction is going to be equal to the ratio of v1 and the angle--the sin of the angle of incidence. Sin of theta 1. Now if this looks confusing at all, we're going to apply it a bunch in the next couple of videos. But I want to show you also that there's many many ways to view Snell's Law. You may or may not be familiar with the idea of an index of refraction. So let me write that down. Index of refraction. Index, or refraction index. And it's defined for any medium, for any material. There's an index of refraction for vacuum, for air, for water. For any material that people have measured it for. And they usually specify it as n. And it is defined as the speed of light in a vacuum That's c. Divided by the velocity of light in that medium. So in our example right here, we could rewrite this. We could rewrite this in terms of index of refraction. Let me do that actually. Just cause that's sometimes the more typical way of viewing Snell's Law. So I could solve for v here if I--one thing I could do is just--if n is equal to c divided by v then v is going to be equal to c divided by n. And I can multiply both sides by v if you don't see how I got there. The intermediary step is, multiply both sides times v, you get v times n is equal to c, and then you divide both sides by n, you get v is equal to c over n. So I can rewrite Snell's Law over here as instead of having v2 there, I could write instead of writing v2 there I could write the speed of light divided by the refraction index for this material right here. So I'll call that n2. Right, this is material 2, material 2 right over there. Right, that's the same thing as v2 over the sin of theta 2 is equal to v1 is the same thing as c divided by n1 over sin of theta 1. And then we could do a little bit of simplification here, we can multiple both sides of this equation--well, let's do a couple of things. Let's-- Actually, the simplest thing to do is actually take the reciprocal of both sides. So let me just do that. So let me take the reciprocal of both sides, and you get sin of theta 2 over cn2 is equal to sin of theta 1 over c over n1. And now let's multiply the numerator and denominator of this left side by n2. So if we multiply n2 over n2. We're not changing it, this is really just going to be 1, but this guy and this guy are going to cancel out. And let's do the same thing over here, multiply the numerator and the denominator by n1, so n1 over n1. That guy, that guy, and that guy are going to cancel out. And so we get n2 sin of theta 2 over c is equal to n1 sin of theta 1 over c. And now we can just multiply both sides of this equation by c and we get the form of Snell's Law that some books will show you, which is the refraction index for the slower medium, or for the second medium, the one that we're entering, times the index of the sin of the index of refraction is equal to the refraction index for the first medium times the sin of the angle of incidence. The incident angle. So this is another version right here This is another version right there of Snell's Law. Let me copy and paste that. And if this is confusing to you, and I'm guessing that it might be, especially if this is the first time you're seeing it, we're going to apply this in a bunch of videos, in the next few videos, but I really just want to make sure, I really just want to make sure you're comfortable with it. So these are both equivalent forms of Snell's Law. One deals with the velocities, directly deals with the velocities, right over here, the ratio of the velocity to the sin of the incident or refraction angle and here it uses the index of refraction. And the index of refraction really just tells you it's just the ratio of the speed of light to the actual velocity. So something where light travels really slowly where light travels really slowly, this will be a smaller number. And if this is a smaller number, this is a larger number. And we actually see it here. And you're going to see a little tidbit of the next video right over here. But here's a bunch of refraction indices for different materials. It's obviously 1 for a vacuum, because for a vacuum you have the refraction index is going to be c divided by the speed of light in that material. Well, in a vacuum it's traveling at c. So it's going to be 1. So that's where that came from. And you can see in air, the speed is only slightly smaller, this number's only going to be slightly smaller than the speed of light in a vacuum. So in air, it's still pretty close to a vacuum. But then for a diamond, it's traveling a lot slower. Light is travelling a lot slower in a diamond than it is in a vacuum. Anyway, I'll leave you there, we're going to do a couple more videos, we're going to do more examples using Snell's Law. Hopefully you got the basic idea of refraction. And in the next video, I'll actually use this graphic right here to help us visualize why it looks like the straw got bent. For all the cyclic molecules we've dealt with so far, we've just drawn them as rings. For example, for cyclohexane we've literally just drawn it as a hexagon. So we've drawn cyclohexane like that. Now, we know from the last several videos that all the bonds for carbon don't sit in the same plane. If we take the example of methane, that's the simplest example. You have your carbon sitting in the middle. You'll have kind of a hydrogen popping out like that, another hydrogen that's in the plane of the screen, another one that's behind the screen, and another one that is straight up. So you kind of have this tetrahedral structure, and in the case of methane you have that 109.5 degree bond angles. Carbon likes to form bonds of this shape. It won't always be 109.5 degrees. It'll be something close to it, depending on what the different atoms or molecules are that it is bonded to. So given that, what would a cyclohexane molecule actually look like if we try to visualize it in three dimensions? So to think about that, let's think about these two bonds first. I'll try my best to draw it in one of its three-dimensional shapes. So those bonds right there, I will draw like that. And then this down here, in orange, I will draw like this. And then this up here, in magenta, I will draw like that. And then, let me see, in, in purple, I'll do these two right over here, and I'll draw them like this. So you have that and like that. This hopefully makes clear that over there is that end over there, this end over here is this end over here, and this way that I've drawn the cyclohexane is called a chair configuration. Chair shape. And it might be obvious. It looks like a chair. That's the back of the chair, this is where you would sit down on the chair, and I guess the back of your calves would go against here. Your knees would sit on it someplace like that. That's called the chair configuration. Now another configuration that it could be in is called the boat configuration. And so if I were to put this exact one in the boat configuration, if I take it from a slightly different perspective, if I'm looking at it, kind of, head on, it would look something like this in the boat configuration. It would look like this. Now I want to use the purple. It would look like that. Now, the first thing you're probably saying is, Sal, you said that the reason why it looks like this is because carbon likes to form these kind of tetrahedral, or this tripod shaped bonds. I don't see the tripod shaped bonds either here or here. Let me draw that boat a little bit, at least this end of the boat a little bit better. There you go. And you say, well I don't see that tripod shape over there. And to see the tripod shape, you just have to draw the hydrogens. So let me draw some hydrogens here. So let me draw a hydrogen here that will go straight down like this. A hydrogen that goes straight down over here, a hydrogen that goes straight up over here, straight up over here, straight down over here, straight up over there. I've now drawn one hydrogen on every carbon. And now let me draw some hydrogens. Let me draw a hydrogen here that goes straight up, not up really-- to the side over here. So a hydrogen there, let me draw a hydrogen over here that does the same thing. So those guys have their hydrogens. A hydrogen right over here. And then, let's see, this guy needs his hydrogens still, so he'll have a hydrogen that goes down like that, and a hydrogen and it goes like that. And this guy will have a hydrogen that goes like that. And when you see it like this, if you look at any one carbon on this molecule, if you look at any one carbon, you can see that's forming the same tetrahedral shape that has a tripod at every one. Over here, you have that close to, roughly 109 degree, 110 degree angle between each of the constituents that are bonding to the carbon. Now, I've drawn the different hydrogens that are coming off of these carbons in different colors, and I've done it for a purpose. The ones that are going straight up or straight down, we call those axial hydrogens. And the ones I drew in orange that are kind of going to the side in some level, we call these equatorial. These are equatorial hydrogens. And the reason why it's useful to know that name is when we talk about the different configurations, the different chair and boats, whether something is equatorial or axial can change if this were to flip up, or vice versa, and things like that. And we'll talk more about that in the next video. And the reason why they're called equatorial is if you think about it, and it's sometimes hard to visualize, this bond right here is parallel to this bond right over there. And this bond right over here is parallel to that. It's parallel, the equatorial bonds are parallel, to some part of the ring. So that one is parallel to that right over there. Actually I should even, I could even color-code that. This, well, I don't want to use that same color. This is parallel to this and this is parallel to that. And we could do it for all the equatorial bonds. So for example, I don't want to-- I'm running out of colors here. So this right here is parallel to this, and this, and that over there. So we could keep doing it for all of them. I could do it for the other set right here. This guy right here is parallel to that guy over there. I didn't quite draw it like that, but hopefully it makes the idea clear. And I'll do one more of these just to show what's parallel to what. This bond is parallel to that. So the ones that are parallel to some part of the ring we're calling equatorial. And the ones that kind of jump out of the ring, that aren't parallel to any other part of the ring, we're calling those axial. And the way I've drawn it here, the axials are the ones that point up and point straight up and point straight down. We can do the same thing on a boat configuration. Now, one question you might ask is, well, there's these two configurations. Both of these would result in tetrahedral type shapes at each of the carbons. In fact, let me draw it for you. So this axial hydrogen is pointing straight down, this one is pointing straight down. Here, this hydrogen is actually going to point straight down because we flipped it up. And then over here you would have a hydrogen point straight up, and then one that's kind of pointing down. This gives a tripod there. To have the tripod over here, you'll have to have a hydrogen that points a little bit like that, one that's pointing a little bit like that, along, well, you can kind of view it along the same plane as this guy would be parallel. It's hard to see it in this, but he would actually parallel to that. This guy would be out like this, and then this guy would have an axial hydrogen, and then he would have one equatorial one just like that. So you could draw the tripod shapes in either the chair or boat configuration. But one question is, well, what's more stable? That's actually one of the main points of being able to visually think about the three dimensional structure of any of these hydrocarbons, or in this case cyclohexane. So in this situation, we know from past videos, that all of these carbons with their hydrogens around them, these bonds, these have electron clouds around them. The electron clouds are negative, and so they want to get as far away from each other as possible. In this chair configuration, you have this carbon up here, the ch2 we could consider it, has two hydrogens and is connected to the rest of the ring. It's as far as possible from this ch2 as possible. So in that situation, we have a lower potential energy, or it is a more stable shape. Or more stable configuration. In the boat configuration, this ch2 up here is much closer to this ch2, I mean, that's really the main difference between the two. And they want to get away from each other. They want to repel ech other. So this one will have higher potential energy, or it will be less stable. So this is just a starting point of how to visualize cyclic hydrocarbons and we'll use this information in the next video to think a little bit more about, maybe, the different chair configurations that a molecule could have, and what could be more stable. In this situation, in the case of just cyclohexane, the two chair configurations are equally stable. And let me just touch on that a second. So you have, well, I don't have to-- actually, let me see. I won't copy and paste. I'll just redraw the other chair configuration for this guy. Actually let me just do it separately over here because I've made the colors here so confusing. Let me draw two, the same cyclohexane, but in two different chair configurations that it could be equilibrium in. So you could have this one, you could have this one, so this could be one chair configuration, and I'll draw it like this. And then the same hydrocarbon could be in-- or the same cyclohexane could be in equilibrium with the this other chair configuration that looks like this. Let me have a little more space here. So it looks like this. Let me do the pink. It goes up like that, like that. Let me make sure I'm-- no, I want to do it actually. This pink guy goes like this. And then the blue guy is going to be just like this. So notice, in this situation this carbon appears kind of at the top of the chair, and this carbon is at the bottom, and then they've flipped. But these are equally stable configurations. But one way to think about is all of the axial guys on this carbon here turned into equatorial on this carbon and vice versa on the two. Let me show it to you. Let me just draw the hydrogens on this carbon. This carbon's hydrogens has an axial hydrogen, and has an equatorial hydrogen, whose bond would be parallel to that just like that. And this guy would have an equatorial hydrogen whose bond is parallel to actually both of these guys. And an axial hydrogen. But when it flips, and I'm just drawing those guys' hydrogens, but when this structure flips like that, what happens? Well, this hydrogen over here goes into this position, and this yellow hydrogen over here goes into this position. So over here, it was equatorial, and now it becomes axial. The same argument can be made over here. This equatorial hydrogen, when it flips-- when this whole blue part flips down-- now becomes axial. And this axial hydrogen, when you flip it down, becomes equatorial. And you can actually do that for all of the hydrogens. Over here you have an axial hydrogen. Once you flip it, you have an axial hydrogen, and then you have an equatorial hydrogen. When you flip it, these two equatorial hydrogens become axial. So they become axial and then both of these guys become equatorial. So let me do that in yellow. Both this guy and this guy become equatorial So this and that become equatorial. They become parallel to the other end. And you could do it for these two hydrogens, as well. So that's another interesting to think about. And this is really just practice on visualizing what's going on when we when we visualize-- Find the slope of the linear function defined by the table. And they give us a table here. They define certain amount, I guess these are shift lengths, and then they say how many hours is a half a day, is a full day, is two days, is a week, is a month. And then they tell us how much money do we make in each of those time periods. If we work four hours, we make $54, if we work eight hours, we make $108, so forth and so on. And then they say what does the slope represent in this situation? So we have to find the slope and figure out what it represents. So just as a bit of review, slope just equals the change in the dependent variable divided by the change in the independent variable. So how much does a dependent variable change for any amount of change of the independent variable? In this situation, the dependent variable is the amount of money you make because it is dependent on how much time you work, this is independent. So let's call the independent variable x, the dependent variable y. So our slope in this situation would be change in y divided by change in x. So how much does the amount of money I make change when I work a certain number of hours, when my hours worked change by a certain amount. So let's just take some data points here. We could take really any of these data points, I'll take some of the smaller numbers. So let's say if when I go from four to eight hours, so my change in x is going to be what? If I go from four to eight, might change in x is going to be eight minus four, four hours, right? So this is going to be my change in x. I'm just picking these two points, I could have picked four and forty if I wanted, but the math would become more complicated. But how much does the amount of money earn change if I go from four hours to eight hours? Well, I go from $54 to $108, so the difference in the amount of money I make is $108 minus $54. So what is my change in my dependent variable? Well, that's going to be $108 minus $54, that's just $54. And then what was the change in the amount of hours I worked? Well, the change in the hours I worked was four hours. So, if I work four more hours, I make 54 more dollars. Let me put a little equal sign there. So what is 54 divided by four? So four goes into 54-- looks like there's going to be decimal here-- four goes into five one time, one times four is four. Subtract, you get five minus four is one, bring down this four you get 14. Four goes into 14 three times, three times four is 12. Fourteen minus 12 is two, bring down a 0 right here, four goes into 20 five times. And of course you have this decimal right here. Five times four is 20. Subtract, no remainder. So this is equal to 13.5, but since we're talking in terms of dollars, maybe say $13.50, because that's our numerator, right? This is money earned, dollars per hour, because that's our denominator, dollars per hour. So that essentially answers our question. What does the slope represent in this situation? It represents the hourly wage for working at wherever this might be. Frankly, for this problem, you didn't even have to take two data points. We could have said hey, if you work four hours and make $54, 54 divided by four is 13.50. Or we could have said hey, if we work eight hours, we get $108, 108 divided by eight is 13.50. So you didn't even have to take two data points here, you could have just taken any of these numbers divided by any of these numbers. But hopefully we also learned a little bit about what slope is. Are you blind? Seems you don't want to live anymore. Would you please tell me what's wrong with the car? What's wrong? Damn it! How come there're only four rings for my car's logo? How come others have five instead? Why do I only have four? Replace my logo now, or I?m really pissed off. You hear me? My car! Oh man, my car! Boss, the edge... The edge is smashed. You should tell me there's a car ahead of us! Damn it! Who's that mother fucker stopping the car here? You hit on my car? Screw you! There's a hotel. We have to find somewhere fancy whatever we're doing. What a tempting cleavage! Be careful you'll be stuck. It's over there. What's that hotel? You're just ignorant. What did you learn from school? Can't you see that? It's Hyatt... Hyatt Hotel! You stupid bitch. These four guys... in charge of the gang, and they're really such a hit recently. They are known as the Four Toes. What does that mean? Four toes? You know what that means, dumb ass. Other than the Four Toes, there're still many bullies. But nobody beats them. Why? Because the four guys are so united. Though they're in trouble lately. Anyway, they're really something. Shit! What's going on today? Everyone is here. Where's Flash? Yeong-deung-po. How about Fist? He's in Su Won. I?m so pissed off. My luck can't be even worse. I think it's nice. The Senate is really a place for you to make a fortune out of it. The best place nearby is Cheongju. There are tellies too. The world has changed so quickly, they even have tellies! There's telly in the Senate, they can watch it two hours a day. Really? Hold on, there's some more. The nightclubs in Cheongju are the best. There're pussies to fuck with. Jerk, you can think of nothing but sex. I?m serious. Hey, how can that be a jail? It's almost like a fancy hotel. - But... What? Lee Ga-ro isn't like a gangster. You mean he doesn't look like one? Right. Nobody can be better than him in speaking of intelligence. With addition to this, he's perfect. It's big...and gigantic. Do you need more explanation? Let me test your imagination. Deliver the drinks according to your instinct. Thanks. Place your card quickly. Are you going to? Are you going to place your card? Okay, okay. How many cards left? Why are you dillydallying? I?m going to tell you some features of the gang. Listen up. I want you to remember them by heart, alright? By heart? I mean you have to listen carefully, fool. Get your weapon. Go! Swing your bat. Go! Put away your weapon. Go! I?m sure you know this is a training. That's the training to prepare for the war. And some people rely on the gang for a living. They are the amateur doctors. They simply stitch the wound and that's it, it's really frightening. Yet they are famed, everybody's asking for their help. Okay. Okay. He's beating up the guy. You idiot, he's stitching the wound. There's not enough thread. And then, it's the part-time job. Speak ARBEU in English. A...What? Any way they can clean up the mess. Don't move! I said don't move, jerk! You missed it. I?m sorry. Please forgive me. Damn! I was having a good mood today. And you just screwed it up. You know what day it is? What day? You don't have to know, just go to hell! What do you want? I?ve done everything you told me to. Making phone call... Did I ask you to make phone call? For a gangster... there's no difference between alcohol and water. Can you believe that? Drinking non-stop for four days! Non-stop for four whole days! Only a gangster can make it. They're lunatics. And then, it comes the women. It shouldn't only be a couple of them for the gangsters. There should be enormous of them. This color is great! It?s especially for you! What do you think? But... You remember how Kwan-woo screwed up? When he's dating Ryeo-su, she didn't ask for anything from him. She even worked and fed Kwan-woo. He was almost a man. He wasn't one before? You idiot. Clean it up! Are you a dog? Bastard. There're some shouldn't be missed out among all the gangsters' women. Who... Who? The actress you adore. I?m just confused who's dating who. Anyway, their zodiac signs just match. Good! Lastly I?m going to tell you an interesting story. What? There're three naive guys among the gangsters. Ga-ro. Yes, boss. We've got nothing today. - Let's go. - Yes. Let's go. Okay, boss. You idiots! Put some fish inside! What are you waiting for? Go there and swim! You pig! Which country do you come from, bitch? Stop right there. Come over. The barber shop, 300 thousands. Yes. I?m not very familiar with the billiard guys, ask for 400 thousands. Okay, boss. Listen to me carefully. Yes. Remember to get the rest. Okay. Boss, there're four dots next to the cafe... That means the forth shop next to it. Get it, boss. Boss! Well, it's the forth on the right, or on the left? Are the dots on its left or right? Asshole, don't you afraid I?m going to pick your eyeball out? Oh God! What did you say? What happened in just a night? Is something wrong, boss? That's a big issue. The U.S. is going to cooperate with China. What? God, if the U.S. and China are working together, what should our country do? Oh God! What should we do? Here you come, boss. How have you been? We're fine. What's that, boss? Well... That's the reason why I come to look for you today. Is it about your business? You're quite a smart guy. Come in. Yes boss. - Bring it in. - Bring it in. You should know what it is. This is the Hae-ryeo Building at Sam Sung-dong. I?ve taken up the surrounding areas of the building. And? I want to crush them all down. And to build this building, alright? It must be grander than Hae-ryeo, that's why we have one more floor than they do. How's it? It?s great. So, you should understand what's the problem I?m talking about. Yes. When the construction is over, I?il give you guys some shares of the building. You should get yourself a few more billions... before you turn forty. Are you serious, boss? When did I lie to you before? You know I?m Baton? You know who am l? Don't you get it in looking at this? No, boss. Hey look! Although Hae-ryeo Building is occupied by some other gang, the first thing we have to settle... is to crush those gangsters in a time. Boss, we'll deal with that. So you can just lay back, and go for a ball game or something. Alright...Well...What's that? I really adore your kind of passion. Thank you. Let's have a toast for our future. Boss! For regaining our glorious past! Cheers! What about the glorious past? What? Not again! Yes. But it was such a good old day indeed. There was such a splendid past. When they got everything settled, they started to develop in Seoul. Seoul is nothing for them. And their strength grew gradually. And damn... Seoul was unified in just a blink. Of course there were obstacles. But when the brothers got together, problems were solved. Then it followed with the seven-year glorious past. They could do anything they wanted. At that time, there were more than a thousand society members. What society are you talking about? idiot, it's the gang! Well, society is what we call. It was all the fault of cocaine, and everything was over. Cocaine. It was shit. The Procuratorate started to strike at them real hard. They were weakened by then. Loads of people started to betray the society. You bet! It was collapsed. The seven-year glorious era was over. Seven should be a lucky number, but there's always an exception. There're two names you have to know. They're not related to the society. They're the freemen. As I?ve said before, there're enormous traitors. Yes. Someone just handled them. He was hired by the Dog who was in jail. He came from the navy. People called him F Killer. Killing people is as easy as smashing an ant. He just do it clean and nice. And there's a challenge for F Killer. This man is Pacassi. He's the only well-educated man. He's very much respected in the society. The fight between F Killer and him... was very famous in the society. Who won? Nobody. But since then, Pacassi had withdrawn from the society. So F Killer won. Well, no one can be sure. Anyway, F Killer is still very active. But Pacassi has gone to nowhere. Yes boss? What are they doing? idiot, they're just kidding! Na Hoon-gu doesn't even know this. How come there's someone so dumb? How dare you! You don't even know Korean. Do you know how make a telephone call? Do you know how make a telephone call? Of course I do. Of course I do. Okay I?m illiterate, so what? Hurry up and get out of here when you're done. I have to clean up the toilet. Who's that? Get out of here. I?m the monitor of Class 9. So? You want to get an 'A' in excretion? Close the door! Asshole! Close it yourself. Close the door, you asshole! Remember to close the door when you shit, dumb ass! The lock isn't working, idiot. Who's that asshole? Everybody eats the same thing, how come your shit smells like hell? Is he nuts? Who the hell? Who are you? Monitor from Class 9. Monitor from Class 9. What's the big deal? Oh, it's freezing! It?s so cold. My nose bleeds. Don't you know how to apologize? Hey idiot, are you blind? Who splashed water? Jerks. You're the class monitor. I am the class monitor. So it's you who splashed water. These idiots can't even learn. Damn, what's the big deal in learning. Cut the bullshit, come on. Who cares? Come on, all of you. Asshole. Come over. Shit! You fat ass! You're having instant noodles here? You have money? What the hell...Do you want to be chopped into pieces? Then you can save me some time! That's enough! You're great, alright? That's enough! Oh my God! Funny? It?s English. Anyway, you won't understand. He's the man of justice. Our monitor has to read English comics. Read it to me. Jerk, change the channel. The other channel is more interesting. So quickly! What should I do? I really want to watch this. What's wrong? This is it! The prince from the jungle...Tarzan... He's done in five minutes. Stop that. It?s really tiny. Should I practice with a toothbrush? Damn it, you alright? Of course I?m not alright. What the hell! It?s so painful! God, what's this? What's this? Am I going to become impotent? I can't stand it. Is there mercurochrome ointment? What he's watching? Isn't that Al Pacino? Pig! Al Pacino. Come take a look. Can't imagine Na Hoon-gu is hiding... It smells like shit. Why does it smell like fish? Where's the mercurochrome ointment? Which alias did he use before? Did he mention Al Pacino? Al Pacino? How many you have bought? I?ve bought seven packs of instant noodles. Make me some good ones. Okay, okay. I?m the expert of instant noodles. Would you like to serve with more or less soup? Whatever, only the taste matters. Jerks! Won't you use a condom? Can't believe you've stuck mine! Assholes! You know what the unification of heart and soul means. Shit! Don't you feel guilty? Come take a look. Come on, you mother fuck. There's lots of pus. Gonococcus. Only true friends will get infected together. You don't have conscience at all! Jerks. What are you doing? How could you do this? How can you laugh? You know how painful it is in having needles? Assholes! Hurry up! Do it quickly. What takes you so long for giving me a needle? I?m going crazy. Does it hurt? Shit! Can you imagine how bad the pain is? Are you my friends? You're devils! Devils! Does it hurt? Yes. Come on. For our everlasting friendship. What the hell? Wait, let's sterilized first. Fuck! What does he want? The blood vessel is too deep beneath my skin. Come on and do it. Don't you hear me? My blood vessel is real deep down, did you hear that? He wouldn't stop blabbing. I?m going to kick your ass. Oh man! It?s coming out! The color is nice. Damn it. Gross. For our everlasting friendship. It?s not your turn. Why can't it be my turn? That short guy has a nasty temper. They look so arrogant. Actually they're kind of polite. That tiny one seems capable. Boss, he can't. He's accepted by the university. University? I don't care if we can't go to the university. But he must have to. This is our promise. He's real smart. And he has got high grades. They're making me laugh to death. Use this. Someone may get killed by it. Right. We've been striking for four days! My shoulder pain is killing me. Damn right. I?m bleeding. Are you alright? What a pity. Your blood is type O, right? How would you know? The color is fresh. How about type A? It?s deep red. And type B? Reddish orange. And... Hold on. How can you know that? Tell me, what's the color of type AB? He's helpless. There should be a limit of stupidity. Well...It?s blood red! Don't pretend to be an expert. It?s just bullshit. How about something like RH positive or negative? idiot! That's not blood! Then you should know what's P1 blood. Keep working. Blood...Blood. My waist... Why there're so many ships in Han Gong? Here's Inchon. Inchon? I thought we're going to Seoul. How come we're in Inchon? Have you heard of the Inchon invasion? If you want to go to Seoul, you have to pass by here. It?s common sense. What do you know? So... Do you know who's in charge of the Inchon invasion? Everybody knows. Wasn't it General Gang? You're really ignorant. How General Gang was possible? It should be General Woon. Whatever, anyway we'll go to Seoul. Anyone cares? Give me a cigarette. Hey, it hurts. The air is nice. But... General Gang. No, it's General Kim. Kim. I see, Kam. You want to bet a thousand slices of bread on it? It?s Kim. It?s Gang. It?s Kim. Asshole! Gang! Are you kidding? The answer is simple! What is it? You really don't know? isn?t it the king? You pig! It should be General Gang. Come on, move it! Yes. General Gang. Let's go. Hello? What's up. What are you doing? I?m cleaning up the ashtray. Be serious! What the hell? Red Bull? This is the first part of the ejector... This is the mat. I hope everyone of you... Well, it is 'ho' or 'yo'? The college girls there is hot. So speed up. Or I?il miss the graduation ceremony. The speed is now 200! It?s the first time you're in such a luxurious car. I?ve to admit that it's a nice car. But the music sucks, would you just change it? You think so? The guy from Jang-an-dong is in deep shit. How dare he sold me this crap. What's wrong? It keeps on repeating the same song. Damn it. You pig... Don't you know what RPT is? What? When you press...RPT... and it just goes... Come on, tell me! Explain to him. It just goes on repeat and repeat the same song. That's... That's what I mean. You should tell me sooner. This song sucks. I?ve been listening to this shit for four days! Be focus! Na Hoon-gu's car is nice. Turn off the music quickly! You just stitch it that way? Damn it, just make yourself believe it! What do you know? Ready. One, two, three... You get that? You get me? One, two, three... Wouldn't you obey your class monitor when you were at school? Cool down, man! One, two, three... I quit! I quit! Go away! Hold on. Leave the hat. Is it a big deal going to the university? How about that? One, two, three... You've excellent friends. It?s tough to support you studying for four years. It?s just two and a half. Together with the scholarship. Let's have a toast. For your great friendship. Cheers. The total amount for tax payment should be 100 millions, but they only offer a million. What can I do? I?m just an accountant. They even sent someone to threaten me yesterday. Take it easy, we'll deal with it. They were from the gang, I knew it. Show them something. Let me go! That's enough! My man is dying. What's going on? These are our men. Stop it! You hear me? Pathetic. What's going on? You've crossed the line. A hundred million isn't a million. Damn it. How would I know? Just do what the boss tells us. When we become the boss someday, make sure we won't do that. What? What a shame to fight with our brothers! Cheers. It?s early, what's wrong? I?m coming! Here you are. He should rest for 16 weeks for his ribs and shoulder to recover. So he's 16, and he's 12. How many in total? What's wrong with you? You shoelace is loosened. These jerks are really drunk. Seems someone has got beat up. We have a situation here. What's the big deal? Anyway it's not the first time. What are you waiting? Get someone to send them to hospital. It?s not the problem sending them to the hospital. How about this guy? He's a cop! This dick head have gone nuts. What should we do? It?s a good chance for us to hang around in jail. Let me go. You really think that's a hotel? Listen to me carefully. You are our hope. Even if you're screwed, you're not going to jail. That's our promise. Our promise? When did we make such a promise? Anyway we did. You don't have to know. You have to understand. You'll be successful and you'll make money for us. I?m sorry. He and I just got out from jail, so we can't get in there again. Yes, I know. We'll visit your mom. I hope it won't take long this time. It hurts! Shit! You're still here. They're all nuts! Do they want to die? I?m nuts, so what? It?s so noisy. Oh my God! Boss, it's you. I?m in a bad mood. Don't piss me off. Yes boss. Salute quickly. He's my boss! You hear me? Salute. Hello, boss. I feel cold just to imagine the jail back there. Why didn't you just ask the boys... to give you their blankets? Don't you understand what I mean? imagine that... the moonlight came through the window... you just missed the hot pot so desperately. Stop your bullshit, or I?il send you there again. I beg you...Please stop making any troubles! But there's something I don't follow... why they only have four toes? How would you know? Even a pig can become an expert if it practices billiard for three years. Practicing for three years... means you're not good at it. Just forget it. For our everlasting friendship. Is it necessary to affirm our friendship this way? My bones are hard. Hurry up! Can't you hear what I said? I?ve really hard bones. That would be really cool, it's like a real man. isn?t it? That's what people think. Actually... it's not that. What's it then? Ready to shoot. Ready. Any problem? No. Good. Ready to fire. Ready. Asshole. I?m quitting the force. There's nothing to jealous for. I?ve become a handicapped. Are you really sure? Trust me, and everything will be fine. Trust me. Who'll take care of my kids if I join the army? You can't join the army. Right? 'Exemption' Physically disqualified. Asshole. I?il break it! Put it down. Do what we've agreed! Put it down! Put down, you asshole. Didn't you say you're sure? Son of the bitch! Lee Ga-ro is really cool. How about Na Hoon-gu? He? You jerks! Are you sure we've to affirm our friendship by this? Cut the bullshit. You know what is two become one? Anyway, would people who have sanity... chop off somebody's healthy toe? Of course. The knife is sharp enough. Oh my God! Look! They're stuck together. It?s like a gecko. Don't they look like chicken feet? Chicken feet. You're not my friends. You're devils! Devils! There're only three left if we're going to chop it off. You'll miss your toe. Maybe let's chop one more off from each of us. No way! What are you laughing? Come over. Come over, you jerk. Come on, it's meaningless to piss off at a small potato. Be cool. Just do your stuff. But if you dare doing it again... I?m going to tear your mouth off, you get that? Back to your work. Damn, what a spoil. Why can't you just tolerate a bit? I have a good news. What is it? I?m getting married. What? How long have you been dating? Three weeks. Well, that's pretty much for you this time. This is really the first time for you. Who is she? You should know. Come on! Who's she? You know the prosecutor from the Seoul Procuratorate? Yes. She's that guy's little sister. Gosh...I thought your dad was a doctor. No. Why? How could that be? He gave you eyes as pretty as crystals. What? Do your feet hurt? Why? I?ve dreamt of us chasing each other the whole night long. If beauty is a sin, you would have given a death sentence long before. You understand? Close your eyes and let me taste your cherry. I really don't get it. How could the sister of a prosecutor marry a gangster? How would you know? Like a pig playing three years of billiard. Be smart! The angle of the strew is important. Do you know... what kind of guys is most popular among the prosecutors? Guys from the gang! Everyone knows about the case of Prosecutor Min. He's very popular in the procuratorate. It is said that he has done a great job few days ago. What's it? Dumb ass. Do you think your ignorance... is something you ought to be proud of? You ignorant kid. I?ve told you the angle is very important. The angle. When that prosecutor was young, he was very popular in the procuratorate. Since his sister and Iron got married... he was rejected by his colleagues. You know the feeling of rejection. Sure. He couldn't take it. He decided to leave the procuratorate. Can't imagine there was rejection in the past. Of course. Because of you, brother-in-law, I?m done. You know what? Think about it. Can you stand your family suffers and do nothing with it? No. Right. Though nobody knew the truth, Iron should had helped him. The procuratorate was facing lots of problems at that time. But no one could handle. He solved them at ease. I?d like my sister marrying a gangster... if I?m a prosecutor. I?il have a glorious future. I?m a decent and honest citizen. Let me help you. Two tea spoons of sugar mixing with some cocaine. What's wrong? You're suspected of drug trafficking, you're under arrest. By the way, have you heard of that rumor? What's that? Pacassi is keeping the golden axe. What? What? What's that golden axe? From now on... don't you ever mention anything about the golden axe. Alright? Why? Generally, people are not familiar with... the succession of the gangsters. There's a dreadful legend. Which is the legend of the golden axe. Is it a ghost story? You idiot! That's a legend, a story! I?m going to tell you the golden axe legend. Promise you'll forget everything I say. So why should I listen to it? You idiot... Just in case you'll ask about it from someone else. And you fool will get killed without even knowing it. In 1971, a Japanese historian, Tanaka... had written a book after years of research. In The Legend of the Golden Axe, lots of Korean soldiers were killed by the golden axe of the Mongolian. The golden axe was transported to Europe after a century. People kept on killing each other without mercy. The history book is almost as thick as a dictionary. The Americans reacted to it when the book was translated into English. It was at the time the West was about to be developed. Then the golden axe was transported to Japan. Yet, it was written in the book that... What was it? That the golden axe was made by the Japanese during the Seven-Year War. How dare! Bastard liars! Anyway, whoever has the golden axe, wealth and power are in his hands. That's why loads of people want to get hold of it. That's... a dreadful golden axe. But... Pacassi is keeping the golden axe. How can't I be so shocked. What's wrong with those kids? Go. Do it nicely. It?s late. What are they up to? Nothing, boss. They just volunteer to join our organization. I said they could join us if they could finish 500 sets of it. Can't believe they're really doing it! It?s freezing. Don't push yourself too hard. Habali, come with me. They are only birdies. Start the car. Don't you know me? We have to move it quickly, alright? Fix it in three days. Be ruthless to your enemies. Or else you're the one to die. Get my point? You stab at him, and stab at him... And just keep going. If it doesn't work, just bite him to death. Yes boss. Guys, get your weapons. Go kick some ass. Boss, we have a situation. What situation? The weapons are frozen and they're stuck together. Just pull them apart! We couldn't. Holy shit! Run! Who's that son of the bitch? Go check where the hell is their boss. Get that? This jerk has tougher skin than a pig does. So you are now speaking! Why didn't you speak earlier? How much saving do you have? Is it Santa Clause? What's this? Is it a dragon or what? Damn, he's a fucking comic addict! Yes boss. Since the retards have got some money, they even tried to get advantage from us. Cheers and forget all this! But... There's a really shocking rumor lately. Have you heard of it? What's it? Pacassi is keeping the golden axe. You mean it? Holy shit! What did you just said? The golden axe? You're talking about the legend. Right. Pacassi. I can't imagine he's interested in it. What? You kidding? You never know! Right? Why are you looking at me? Why aren't you not even surprised? Where did you get the golden axe? You just need to paint the iron axe in gold paint. Have you heard of the story of the silver axe? What story is that? Well, those who want the golden axe so desperately, end up with a silver axe. We'd rather stop fantasizing. Get to the point. We can't overlook the guys from that society. From my understanding, They all came from the 46th Special Force. Here you are. You should know that, right? The Bear, the Trumpet, Yeong-deung-po and Southern City... are all take up by them. I mean we have to take them seriously. Even we don't have this situation, we're going to have a war with them. They used to be babies... they were so useless before. To deal with the babies, it's best to make things fast. That's what I want. What do you think? Great. Good. I may not able to come. I?ve an important meeting tomorrow. Who don't have important meetings? We're all for the sake of the society. You're too irresponsible. I?ve apologized already. I can forget the meeting if it's not important. But this one... Don't tell me you're meeting Pacassi. God...You know it... You're like a spy. I mean we're going to make a fortune if we run the shop. Right? Why does Pacassi want to see you guys? What the fuck are you talking? What you guys? He just wants to see Ga-ro. Not all of us. Anyway he's the class monitor, right? Damn it. What are you planning? It?s none of my business. You want to have a one-on-one? Bad luck! He wants to see you because of the golden axe, right? Shit! I?m telling you, don't piss me off. How could you say things like that? That's what we've heard of. It?s just a rumor that Pacassi's keeping the golden axe. Nobody knows if it's true. Did I ask you if it's true? So are you suspecting us? That's why I said so. Asshole! Everything comes with a reason. Shut up! Kwan-woo! Kwan-woo! It doesn't worth arguing. We don't have to draw a conclusion yet. Hope so. I?il tell you guys after seeing him. That's all for today. If he asks for me because of the golden axe, the axe will belong to all of us. Isn't it? Cheers. They're messing up the whole place. These jerks... isn't it nice to stay in harmony? Why do they keep on fighting with each other? isn?t it? indeed. Everybody should get a share. That's what I mean. Just divide it in half. Dude, this half is yours. Bro, you deserve to have more. How nice, I?il give you this. Bro, you should have more. That's really nice. But these guys wouldn't stop fighting. And keep stirring up riots. They just ruin everything. But... What? I?m a bit confused. What confuses you, dude? Let me tell you... Such a huge cake should be expensive, I guess... Of course. Why did they buy it as long as they didn't eat? That's obviously to show off! That's what is called F-O-M. F-O-M... I see, FORM. Damn it, where does the R come from? Your pronunciation is nice, say it again. F-O-R...Damn it! Damn it! I didn't learn it when I was in primary school. Get up! I?il be really mad if you do it again. Son of the bitch. I just can't remember what English I?ve learned. Clean up the place quickly! What are you waiting for? You want to join the gang that much? Yes. If you would take us, we will do anything you say. We will be faithful and work for the boss wholeheartedly. Take a seat. Don't just stand still, it's not decent. Yes, boss! Boss, you don't have to pack together. This is the superior seat. You know who's Sung Ji-hee, that actress, right? Of course, she's such a hit. Put it shortly, you can fuck her. But make it neat and tidy, okay? Thank you, boss! Now go. Damn. Jerk. I?ve told you to lose weight for a hundred times! Superior seat should be really superior! Are you Sung Ji-hee, the actress? Yes. So pretty! Seems she's having fun in the hotel. Miss, would you give me an autograph? Please give me an autograph. Who are you? What's the relationship between you and this lady? What do you want? Kids! Kids? Are we your kids? But I don't have a dad like you. What're you doing? Asshole! Keep quiet! Scissors, paper, stone! Damn it! Where do you guys come from? Hold on! I said hold on! You want to be fucked up? Who are you? Stop it! Stop it! Oh...I?m dying! They're having a bad mood today, it's a bad sign. We have to hide wherever we're going. Who betrayed us? I thought I was going to die. Damn it. There were only us when we made the phone call. Yes. So who's the traitor? Right. If I find out who the traitor is... What're you doing? Get down at once! The best thing to do is to hide. They may get mad at us. Boss. What's going on? What're you waiting for? Who did it? We got ambushed! Towel! Towel! Don't wet it. Boss, hang on! What's going on? Who did this? I?ve no idea about what has happened. Charcoal was attacked. Hang on, boss! You alright? How bad is he? Let go your hands. Press on it. Ga-ro, what should we do? You have to tell us what happened. Mother fuck! Hang on. What's going on? Tell us! What's...What's it? What's it? Is...Is it the legendary golden axe? Ga-ro... Yes, boss. Boss. I fought so desperately... for this axe. Although I?ve got the golden axe, I?ve lost everything. Wealth, power. I?ve got nothing. If people know about the axe, things will become chaotic. That's why I keep it secretly, so as to avoid troubles. I think the time has come. Get in the car! This is the legendary golden axe. Holy shit! But why did they ask us to keep it? How would I know? Look how shiny it is. isn?t it wonderful? Only if I have the golden axe... What... What are you doing? You scared me! What's going on with me? You sure you've no idea? No. I get it. What...What is it? It?s a conspiracy. Conspiracy? Yes. Remember they had a party here last time? Right. Right. Don't tell me they're leaving us alone. Do they have any plans? Possible. So? They can't beat us. Right? We can finish them altogether. Kill them all! Yes. That's what they said. Can I touch it? Sure. Hey! What...What are you doing? What? Didn't you realize? No! Shit! Stop touching it! Anyway, they're nothing to Pacassi. But last time... there was someone else. Who's that? F Killer. F Killer? Seems we've got the answer from all the clues. What is it? F Killer worked together with the jerks... and attacked the Four Toes. What? Well... I?ve no idea too. Damn it. Tell me! What? What's that? The Procuratorate has started action. The Procuratorate? They've caught Beard. Beard? What's all this? Don't you get it? We're screwed! Pacassi is dead, why we're screwed? What's the point that Pacassi's dead? We should get the golden axe. Right, we should get the axe. And now there's no time to regret. It?s our turn now. Where are you going? What's going on? What the hell is going on? I?m going crazy! He's begging us when he wanted us. Now he's gone. I?m going to kill him this time. Let's play poker. What's this? F Killer has bribed your fellows. Traitors! That's why only us were attacked. That means these bastards worked with F Killer and attacked us. It?s driving me nuts! But why us? The Dog was behind all this. The Dog? He's getting out of jail in six months. He has to fix the organization if he wants to be the boss. There're too many people in your organization. It?s a threat to him. Especially the Four Toes are so united. That's why he bribed your fellows, and tried to create chaos. We want to eliminate the organization operating inside the prison. I knew it. The organization was controlled by someone from jail. According to the investigation... The Dog was the leader. What's the consequence to be a traitor? What could that be? He has no way out but to be killed. Damn it! They're not going to get away from this. F Killer, you son of the bitch! How dare you killed Pacassi. Pacassi was a good boss. But we're caught, what can we do? Prosecutor Kim. What are the charges placed on us? Pacassi was killed by F Killer. The Procuratorate has started crushing the society. Holy shit! They crush everybody without reason. Business of other societies. You're not going to get away from this. So... Brother-in-law, how about give me a helping hand? Brother-in-law? So you're family. I see. That's why I feel so familiar. It is always said that, whoever in the family gets into trouble, everyone else offers help. Right, brother-in-law? Our brother-in-law is going to reduce the punishment. I guess at least half of it. Both sides are the winners, right? You're our hope! I haven't thought of that. Helping brother-in-law before getting married. That's what we call 'good sister comes with good brother-in-law'. Give me three days time. We'll settle everything. Don't you ever speak English. I think Korea is a great country. How can a gangster and a prosecutor be family? They're always a family. Yes. Yes. Of course. We're being excluded. Is it possible? They've gone to nowhere. Let's settle all this. Forget anything called the Four Toes. There are four of us too. Right. You bastards! You killed Pacassi because of this crap? You fucking traitors! Who's the traitor? You bastard. Alright, alright! Let go of me! Let go! A murder can be fatal! That's enough! Let me go! Let go of me! I?m going to strangle you to death if you go on this way. Let me go! What if we get the golden axe? Get killed by the silver axe then. Not that. We have to quit being greedy. I?m greedy, so what? We have the whole world! Then forget our brotherhood. Brothers. Hurry up and throw away your axe. What axe? Stop pretending, just throw it away. When I was just fighting, I?ve thrown it to the back. Alright, I saw you hid it anyway. You sure you saw it in such emergency? Okay. Just do it. Alright. Screw you! You son of the bitch. I just fucking hate siren. Don't know how long we have to stay in jail this time. I?m getting married in two days time. Seems it will be postponed. Not a chance. Why am I always being left out? Are you still going to ask that? So what? Do I need to tell you? Alright. Think of it, why should we do this? So that's brotherhood? Damn it! Holy shit! How could you know I?m here? Can't you remember I was from the navy? How couldn't I find you? Which class you were from? The 562nd. Do you want to work with me? Screw you! You're the unforgivable trash. What the hell are you waiting for? I?m back, boss! Good boy! Very nice of you! Thank you! You cold? I?m fine, boss. I?il go. Keep guarding. Yes, boss. Toothbrush, and squid legs. Who's worrying? Go! Toothbrush, squids and their legs! No way! There's a bite on it. Alright. Go with the legs, and with the squids. All of them! You done? Take away the cigarettes. You guys... No... Go with a cigarette, and the last card. Here comes the last card. Ga-ro's baby was born. He's superb. Hold on. He has a daughter. A girl Can I eat? Hold on. The King's coming.... What? What's it? Let me take a look! The King's coming.... Three Kings! The King's coming.... I want one! The King's coming.... He's really having a daughter! So we are here in Palermo in this beautiful art work and we are discussing for TED what is the idea of cultural DNA. So, I'm teaching in the Domus Academy that is a school of design in Milano, so for me, DNA is not only biology, it is not only technology, but it is the sentiment of beauty. So I think this is relevant also for science because you cannot have beauty without science and science without beauty. So, we started many years ago considering that the key point for us in the Italian way of life was the design. With this incredible idea of beauty that the great master of design started introducing in the economy in the way of living after the Second World War, such as Mendini, Castiglioni... Now, they are really well known all around the world. They started in the '60s to introduce this idea to let the life beauty to let the life be beauty using the design for the ordinary things. In the past the beauty was only related to monumental only related to the priviledge of luxury. In the 60s after WWII in Italy, they started to figure out the idea that beauty can be a part of everyday life So we said that there can be a reality in Italy because we have in the past this great history of Renaissance the idea of Michelangelo, Raffaello, Brunelleschi... So the idea that you have to introduce the beauty not only in paintings but also in the ordinary life, in the objects of everyday life. And the great masters of design did this. So, they started to change the everyday life of Italian citizens after the Second World war starting what we call an "economic miracle", bringing Italy into the industrial power, into the industrial economy starting from a very low level of industrialization and a very low level of social life. We had so this great change using aesthetic to reshape the ordinary thing. I think that this is a kind of miracle. I think they brought aesthetic using the history of Italy, using the way of doing of the Renaissance lab, the Renaissance laboratories of art and craftmanship. They use this kind of root to bring beauty into the industrial system and into everyday life. So really in a different way from the U.S. They started to invent, let me say, the mass-market of goods. In Italy, we have the industrialization of the problem but with great attention to the quality, to excellence, to the idea of identity. So, in Italy, it is this kind of miracle that happens, that objects start to speak, and they speak in an aesthetic level they speak considering new frames, new elements of identity and so this is the reason why we started from the Renaissance looking to design. We are challenging the new crisis that the economy has joined and we try to change really the consideration, the way of doing in many other sectors. So, in the early beginning when we started with Francesco and many others in this association, Renaissance League, it's to say, if we were so brave, if we were so able to bring aesthetic in the daily life of our houses why not in the cities, why not in the agriculture, why not in many other fields that need absolutely to adopt this lesson of beauty design was able to introduce in society, in life and in industrialization of projects So, this is the idea. The idea of Renaissance League is to have a great relation with aesthetics and to bring it in many other fields of production, of research, so why not Internet, why no science, everything we say is to relate with beauty. Beauty is absolutely the contact that can change the world and can also help people to stay better in the place where they are. Yes, it's true. It seems nice to me Look at how much firewood there is. Yeah, for the winter. What a nice place! Yeah, you're right. I'll go check upstairs. I'll go have a look at the basement. Is it here? Oh, yeah, it's this way. Bah, an horrible cell phone! Bah, a revolting computer! Damn! There's nothing valuable in this place! An old television. It's not even worth the effort. I'm afraid we won't find much here. Let's try have a look downstairs. Maybe they're hiding their riches there! This is promising. Stop! Who the heck is that! What are you doing here? No! You can't have seen me! Stop! Now... He won't be a witness anymore! Let's get out. Damn, gotta make a run for it. Who's there? Who's that! Ahhh! Away, away! That was the famous outlaw Girolamo Buffetti! Franco! Franco! I'll avenge you! Let's run! We need an hiding place! Here we go! Perfect, I'll hide behind this. Hoping they won't find me. Damn murderer! Die! Ahh! Ah, no! Daaaamn! Oh, god. I killed a man. Now all that I've got left to do is to sell this wrecked place and hide the corpses. 6 MONTHS LATER Hello? Hello, I found some buyers. Buyers? Yes, they'd like to see the house before buying it. Is today at 6 all right for you? Yes, it's perfect. Ok, see you later See you later. When are they going to arrive? They should be here by now. Finally! Good day! G'day. If you'd like to visit the house... Yeah, let's go. Please, please... Thank you, very kind. Here's the living room, with seating for six... ... a fireplace... You may notice how tastefully I decorated it! It's life... ...a TV, a room I'll show you later... The kitchen, dining room... If you'd like to go upstairs to see the rest of the house just skip this step, a rat died on it How nice So, this is a bedroom, and another, and another This is a bathroom. Sofa, luggage. ...luggage. If you'd like to go see the lowest floor... Let's go! What a rat hole! What a noob, he didn't even show us the bedrooms. Such a loser! As you can see, this is the basement. Full of accessories, we've got everything and more. Therefore... well! From pans to balls! So, what do you think of this almost-awesome house? Well, it's totally a rat hole. It costs a lot. We're buying it! Oh, god. What's going on? Girls? God! What's going on? Hey, you! I'm scared! Ruuun! Very well. Mind the step! That was Franco. Oh, no, it's coming! It's coming right now! Why? Why have we come up here instead of running away? Dunno. That's what they always do in movies. Hang on. Can zombies climb stairs? Nah! Miss! Go away! Help! Don't kill me! Nobody's here. Let's wait a bit. Ok. Nope, that's not for me! Oh, shit! It's Simo! Booo! God! Sorry miss! Aah! She's dead! Good riddance! That chicken-thief got what was coming to her. Oh god, the zombie's not coming. How lucky! Maybe I lost it! God, here... Aaaahg! No, you can't catch me! Help me! Food! My loves? Nobody is answering the door. They said they would be home. Yeah, go on. I think I heard something. Hello, my puppies. We've come to bring you the money for the house. Here you go. Who are these monsters? Where are our kids! Help! Where are our kids? What happened? Ehm, bye bye! 15 million dollars! Bahamas, here I come! >> So expanding on the topic of exploratory data analysis, we're going to move beyond frequency distributions, and we're going to begin to visualize our variables with graphs. While we start with graphing one variable at a time, we'll use this as a springboard for ultimately visualizing multiple variables simultaneously within our graphs. It's bar charts that are the most commonly used to examine the distribution of individual variables. Here I showed the distribution for the random sample of 1,200 US college students who were asked, what is your perception of your own body? In each pie chart, the x or horizontal axis includes the three response categories, underweight, overweight and about right. In the first bar chart, the height of the bars is measured on the y or vertical axis, as the number or count of college students giving each response. The second bar chart shows the same data, but as a percentage of the total sample. So through a bar chart, supplemented by numerical measures, for example, percent of observations in each category, we see how to display the distribution of a categorical variable. To show you how to accomplish this in SAS, I'm going to return to my program. If you'll recall, my data managed variables of interest, are now tab 12 mdx representing a diagnosis of nicotine dependence in the past 12 months. And numcigmo_est, representing the average number of cigarettes smoked per month. So I'm going to comment out some my data analysis syntax following the proc sort, and leave only these two variables in my table statement. If I run my program, the output will of course include frequency distributions for these two variables, but in addition to frequency distributions, now I want to examine corresponding bar charts for these two categorical variables. For graphing, we're going to use SAS graphing tool within the tasks menu. So go to tasks, graph, and select bar chart wizard. As you can see from the window that's displayed, the Bar Chart Wizard helps you to create vertical or horizontal bar charts, in two or three dimensions with options for grouped or stacked bars. We're going to start by keeping it pretty simple. In this first step, the graphing wizard is verifying the data which is our working data set called new. You might recall, this is the name that we gave the working data in the data step of our program. If you receive an error message that SAS cannot verify the data set new, all you would need to do is to make sure that you have run the program before using the graphing wizard. If the working data set name is correct, click next. In this second step, now we're assigning variables to roles, you can see that next to the bar selection, there's a drop-down menu that includes all the variable in our working data set. The first variable that I'm going to graph, is my nicotine dependence variable, or tab 12 mdx. Because this is a categorical variable rather than a quantitative one, it's important that I also select discrete here in the variable type. Note that the words discreet and categorical can be used interchangeably, as can the words continuous and quantitative. Next I need to chose the bar height. Remember when graphing one variable at a time, the choices are either frequency or percentage for bar height. Once these are selected I can click next. Step 3 includes some appearance options that I will let you explore on your own. For my graph, I'm only going to make the change from the default settings, to ask SAS to display the data labels. The last step within the graphing wizard, is to provide a title and, or footnotes. I'm going to title my bar chart as carefully as possible, and include both description of my variable, that is nicotine dependence in the last twelve months, and also my sample, young adult current smokers from the NESARC study. You can always add whatever footnotes you find useful, and then click finish. So here I've generated a bar chart that shows the percent of young adult smokers with nicotine dependence, about 52.5%, as indicated by the response code of one, and those without nicotine dependence, about 47.5%, indicated by a zero. Now, if I'd like to graphically display the frequency distribution for my smoking variable, that is the estimated number of cigarettes smoked per month, I would go back to the graphing wizard and replicate these steps. Because numsigmo underline est, which is the estimate for the number of cigarettes smoked per month is actually a continuous or quantitative variable, I want to keep the variable type as continuous, rather then changing it to discrete. Again, I add an appropriate title describing both my variable and my sample, and select finish. As you can see in this graph, for a quantitative variable, rather than generating a bar for each distinct value the variable may take, SAS generates what's known as a histogram. In a histogram, intervals of values are plotted on the x axis, rather than discreet or separate values. From the bars here. You can see that what is displayed is the mid point of the intervals. Let me give you a more basic example of how a histogram might be constructed, and then use that as a springboard for talking about additional descriptive statistics, that can be generated for quantitative variables. In this example we have the exam grades of 15 students. We first need to break the range of values into intervals, also called bins, groups, or classes. In this case since our data set consists of exam scores, it will make sense to chose intervals that typically correspond to the range of letter grades. So 10 points wide , 40 to 50, 50 to 60, Et cetera. By counting how many of the 15 observations fall in each of the intervals, we get this table. To construct the histogram from this table, we plot the intervals on the x axis, and show the number of observations in each interval, or the percentage of observations in each interval on the y-axis, which is represented by the height of the bar located above the interval. Once the distribution has been displayed graphically as a histogram, we can describe the overall pattern of the distribution and mention any striking deviations from that pattern. More specifically, we should consider the following features. We will get a sense of the overall pattern of the data from the histogram center, spread, and shape, while outliers will highlight deviations from that pattern. When describing the shape of a distribution, we should consider symmetry or skewness of the distribution, and peakness or modality, that is the number of peaks or modes that the distribution has. Here, all three distributions would be referred to as symmetric, but are different in their modality or peakedness. The first distribution is unimodal, it has one mode, roughly at 10, around which the observations are concentrated. The second distribution is bimodal, it has two modes, roughly at 10 and 20, around which the observations are concentrated. The third distribution is kind of flat or uniform, the distribution has no modes or no value around which the observations are concentrated, instead, the observations are roughly uniformly distributed among the different values. A distribution is called skewed-right, if the right tail Larger values, is much longer than the left tail or smaller values. Note that in a skewed right distribution, as you can see here on the left, the bulk of the observations are small to medium, with a few observations that are much larger than the rest. An example of a real life variable that has a skewed right distribution is salary. Most people earn in the low to medium range of salaries with a few exceptions, such as CEOs, professional athletes, etc., that are distributed along a large range, that is the long tail of higher values. A distribution is called skewed left, if the left tail, or smaller values, is much longer than the right tail, or larger values. Note that in a skewed left distribution, as you can see on the right, the bulk of the observations are medium to large, with a few observations that are much smaller than the rest. An example of a real life variable that has a skewed left distribution, is age of death from natural causes, most deaths from natural causes happen at older ages, with fewer cases happening at younger ages. Skewed distributions can also be bimodal. Here's an example, a medium size neighborhood, 24 hour convenience store, collected data from 537 customers on the amount of money they spent in a single visit to the store. The following histogram to the left displays the data, you can see that the amount of money spent is concentrated around $20.00 dollars, and then concentrated again around $50.00 dollars. To the right, from the Mars craters data, I also display the latitude of the Mars creator's rims. Here the values are concentrated around 66 to 69 decimal degrees north, and again around 36 decimal degrees north. So the mode or modes of a variable, are the values that occur most often, and knowing this can help you make better decisions. The mode for example has applications in printing. Not surprisingly, it's important to print more of the most popular books, because printing different books in equal numbers, would cause a shortage of some books, and a over supply of others. Likewise the mode has applications in manufacturing. For example it's also important to manufacture more of the most popular shoes and shoe sizes. Now as we've seen, the mode is not always at the center. The center of distribution is its midpoint, the value that divides the distribution so that approximately half of the obversations take smaller values, and approximately half take larger values. Note that from looking at the histogram here, we can get only a rough estimate for the center of the distribution. As you can see from the histogram, the center of the grades distribution is roughly 70. 7 students scored below 70, and 8 students scored above 70. Although we will also be talking about exact ways of finding measures of center, estimates can often be made from examining a histogram. So what about spread? The spread of the distribution, also called variability, can be described by the approximate range covered by the data. From looking at the histogram here, we can approximate the smallest observation or minimum, and the largest observation, or maximum, and thus, approximate the range. In our exam score example, you can see that the approximate minimum is 45, that is, the middle of the lowest interval of scores. The approximate maximum is 95, the middle of the highest interval of scores. So our approximate range is about a score of 50, 95 minus 45. So to briefly summarize, the overall pattern of the distribution of a quantatative variable, is described by it's shape, center and spread. By inspecting the histogram, we can describe the shape of the distribution, but as we saw, we can only get a rough estimate of the center and spread. A description of the distribution of a quantitative variable must include, in addition to the graphical display, a more precise numerical description of the center and spread of the distribution. So let's briefly review numerical measures of center. Intuitively speaking, the numerical measure of center is telling us what is a typical value of a variable's distribution. The three main numerical measures of the center of the distribution are the mode, the median and the mean. So far, when we looked at the shape of the distribution, we identified the mode as the value where the distribution has a peak, and we saw examples when distributions have one mode, that is a unimodal distribution, or two modes, a bimodal distribution. In other words, so far, we identified the mode visually from the histogram. The mode is the most common occurring value in the distribution, and can be determined by examining a frequency table. The median, that is the midpoint of the distribution, is the number such, that half of the observations fall above, and half fall below. We find the median, by ordering the data from the smallest to the largest. Consider when n, the number of observations, is even or odd. If n is odd, the median is the center observation in the ordered list. When the number of observations is even, the median is the mean or average of the value of the two center observations. The mean, of course, can be calculated by adding up the values for all of the observations, and dividing by the number of observations, in order to generate an average. Now, a measure of center by itself is not enough to describe a distribution. Consider these two distributions of exam scores. Both distributions are centered at 70, the meaning of both distributions is approximately 70. But the distributions are really quite different. The first distribution has a much larger variability in scores compared to the second one. So in order to describe a distribution, we need to supplement the graphical display, not only with a measure of center, but also with a measure of the variability or spread of the distribution. An important measure of spread is the standard deviation. The idea behind the standard deviation is to quantify the spread of the distribution, by measuring how far the observations are from their mean. The standard deviation gives the average or typical distance between a data point and the mean. In order to better understand standard deviation, it would be useful to see an example of how it's calculated. In practice, of course, SAS will be doing these calculations for us. The following are the number of customers who entered a video store in eight consecutive hours. To find the standard deviation of the number of hourly customers, first we would find the mean of our data. Next, we would need to find the deviations from the mean, that is the difference between each observation and the mean. Since our mean is 9, we would subtract 9 from each of our observations. As a third step we would square each of these deviations. Next we average the square deviations, by adding them up and then dividing by n minus 1, that is one less than the sample size. This average of the square deviations is called the variance. The standard deviation of your variable is the square root of this variance. So why do we take the square root? Note that 16 is the average of the squared deviations, and therefore, has different units of measurement. In this case 16 is measured in squared customers, which obviously cannot be interpreted. We therefore, take the square root in order to compensate for the fact that we've squared all of our deviations, and also, in order to go back to the original unit of measurement. Recall that the average number of customers who entered the store in an hour, is 9. The interpretation of standard deviation equal to 4, is that on average the actual number of customers that enter the store each hour is 4 away from 9. Another way of saying this, is that there's an average of 9 customers in each hour, plus or minus 4. Since we are working with very large numbers of observations, hand calculations of standard deviation really isn't feasible. This introduction to standard deviation though, should make conceptual sense to you, so that you can think in reason about variability, effectively. For example, looking at a variables distribution in two different samples, you should be able to tell which has greater variability, that is, a larger standard deviation. Similarly, I hand calculated the standard deviation for the following observations, that is, finding the mean of your data. Finding the deviations of each observation from the mean. Squaring each of the deviations. Averaging the squared deviations by adding them up, and dividing by n minus 1. And finally, taking the square root of this variance. It should be no surprise that the standard deviation is zero. That is there is no variability, since each of the observations is 5 customers per hour. To calculate the standard deviation, as well as several other measures of shape, center and spread for a quantitative variable, we're going to go back to our program. The procedure or proc we will use is proc univariate. Proc univariate is followed by a semicolon, and then the statement, var, followed by a list of quantitative variables that you'd like to examine. Again, this statement is ended with a semicolon. When I run the Proc univariate syntax, SAS provides me with tables of univariate statistics for my number of cigarettes smoked per month variable. Among others, you can see there's the mean, the median, and the mode, the standard deviation, the variance and the range. If I scroll down, you can also see a table that shows the cut points for specific percentiles on this variable. A table of extreme values that is highest and lowest, and also a missing values count. So you can see that proc univariate, is extremely useful in better understanding important characteristics of my cigarettes smoked per month variable. I now know that my young adult smokers smoke on average 320 cigarettes a month. That the median of the amount smoked, is 300 cigarettes per month. And that the mode, or the most common number of cigarettes smoked per month, is 600. In that my standard deviation is about 274, I can say that on average, young adult smokers smoked 320 per month, plus or minus 274 cigarettes. So as you can see, there's an extremely large range in terms of cigarette smoked, and a lot of variability on this variable. But why didn't I add the nicotine dependence variable, to my univariate syntax? It's very important to remember that most of the univariate statistics, are not appropriate to calculate for categorical variables, particularly those that are represented with dummy codes. If you'll recall, my nicotine dependence variable, is represented with dummy codes, that is, a yes is indicated with a 1, and a no is indicated with a zero. If I were to include the categorical variable for nicotine dependence, Tab 12 mdx in my univariate syntax, SAS would still generate univariate tables. However, the statistics wouldn't make any sense. As you can see, I've got a mean and a standard deviation, based on dummy codes. Further, percentiles are listed representing yes's and no's, rather than actual quantities. So, again, it is very important to remember to use the appropriate descriptive statistics, for both quantitative and categorical variables. Categorical variables can often by described well with frequency tables, generated by Proc Freak, or with a bar chart. For quantitative variables, it's best to examine histograms, and then to supplement these with exact measures of shape, center and spread. I've covered quite a bit in this presentation, and hopefully I've provided you with the tools to take on graphing of your own individual variables, which is the goal of our assignment 4. As always, don't hesitate to ask for help. mis is the world offacebook,, they were in police lock up yesterday, forthe murdercharge of aditi, 3nd they would have stayed there iffacebook would not exist,, Matnight was valen_ne's night, acUally itwas started because ofYalen_ne's Day, By sepera_ng Mese lovers from each other They all where broken hearts, _though they didn't know each other,, but facebook,, facebook knew everyone,,. from broken heartor Me ex lovers, It patches eveybody,, anditdiditfor_dy, Ekta, Milind, Muniyaoand Sanjana Sir you told usto _nd executive tocollect the documert tody. Siris Mis Mr,_and Bhallaji, Bhalla Sir Bhalla Sir,, can you tell mewhereshould I send myexecutive, Hello Sir! would you remember, we talked yesterday,,. Yesterday I wasdog, buttoday I am onlythecat,,.putMe phone,,. Bad Opening Yeah Forgetit,, there are also good people in the world,,. Siris Mis Mr,_and Hello Mr, Nahata,, misisaCall Cen_e NotaCentreofCall Gi_s,, Ya,, Hello Yes Mr, Sharma I am late,,. Hello Happy Yalen_ne's Day Baby,, And this is your Gift and there is a sale in shopper's stop, Buy meagift_om there Sanjana I have to go out foran imporQnt meeting, Vaitfor my sms OK Fewhoun before It's all _aud, Me _culty here is bogus, I came here to learn Indian fashion right,,. _d this is what Mey were teach Armani, Yersace,,. Hey baby don'tgetsad,,today is valentine so what's yourplan You sheepwhyyou touch meall thetime, you ask mea question ,, IR indiada_ing,, Velove ourguestlikeyou,,. How bored,,. _ouch yourfeetdad No,, I wasin theclass Yes misisCuttingClass Yes Ok Dad,, You have promised to deposit money in my account, Vhat Happened,, Oh,, You alreadydid,, mank You,, Daddy It was so important Ok Dad,, I shall call you in evening,, Bye Dad, I am reallysomy Its Ok, Vhathappened,, _dy No Nothing Justtying to acquire _milies spending on my study Hey,, By the way,, _oday is Yalen_ne's Day So Vhars Me program Ve will have food,, And return to class,, Von'tyou come Yalen_ne's Day and Rajma Chaval,, No ways,, I amgoingoutforDanceand Pubs,, with mysweetheart Maya men you camyon,,. wewill aregoingtoclass,,. O really,,. goofl,, Okseeyou bye,, Bye,, Bye,, So this is how,, They broke ofl,, Not from each other,, butbecause ofthier own reasons, Come let's dance No,, I can't Itwill be_n No, I can'tdance Come,, Lets dance,, Songwill finish,,. I can'tdance I Can't Get Lost _I rightguys,, me nexttrack goes on to the love bird in Me house,, _om yourown DJ,,.DJ Dorgee,, So lets kill ittonight,, Alright guys can I please call the guy with grey court and girl in pink on the dance floor,, So please guys justclearthe floorforthem,, Listen,, Maya Maya,,. Andy Please,, Maya Listen Please Vhat Itwas mereflirtbynowand I still was okwith it,, buttodayyou crossedMelimit,, You neednotsleptwith her,, maR It Please Have I notaskedyou todancewiM me, Shehooked In,, Vhat's my _ult, in it,, No,, IR absolutely notyour _ult Vhathappened,, this is ourpenonal matter My Fault,, Itwas my misQke Don't you dare ever come after me,, You called meheretoshowyourdancewith him,, I askedyou forMedance,, butyou didnotcame I saidyou Matl don'tknowhowto dance,,. misis Me mismatch,, I toldittosister, My Friends told me thatbeing from delhi you would be nasty, Vhat You Called Me NasV Yes,, Hello Sister,, Vhata dumb fellow,, You found for me,, He don'teven knowhow to dance mere are more pieaces ofbroken heart Happy Yalentine's Day,, Happy valen_ne's day,, Listen,, Listen,, Vhat Happened,, My Girlfriend is here Didn'texpect her here, So whatshall I do,, Ve had a plan fortonight,, I toldher,, matl am son ofPowerMinister, Howcould I help you in this,, Shefinds mein thiscondition,, I will bescrewed Vhats mytake,, Vhatis my _ulthere,, Do a favorfor me,, Justget me myT-Shirtfrom staffroom,, Please No,, I ambusy Pleasedude,, doitforme,, Please I beg I will be completely screwed,, _oday is Yalen_ne's and today iRelfitwill be a break Up No,, I haveworktodo,, I beg,, Please dude,, Shewill screw meup,,, Pleasegodude,, Please _d Please Come Early qow,, me person wiM sense does not know, whatlove is Vow Roushan,, mis is so beau_fuI Mank you so much forthis,,. Fall in loveMen undentand,,. I'II justbebackin a moment,, __ght Vhatis this,, Vhatis this,, You could notwaittill evening,, Milind,, Actually,, Listen Vhat,,,,,, Hey,, HeisOld Man Vhat,, Old Man,, Milind,, I Love You,, You KnowThat,, Vhat ? Listen Gradually you become like my personaliV,, You always do like Mis,, all happened due to you,, can'tyou wait forsometime,,. One Pairis Left,, Vhat Happen,, You Sick Chadda Sir, Yes,, I wasgoingout Is itimportantnow,, Ok,, Come Vaitfor a second,, Let me a take a tablet, Let me getsome charge,, merea manyguyswhocomehere,, mese Pills are quite powerluI Vho knows,, Vhen Mood clicks Vishes could come _ue,, Hello,, Hi,, Mr, Chadda Please come,, Mr, Chadda,, Notthere Please seathere,, No Problem,, Mam,, _oday,, Is Yalen_ne's Day,, I was going for party,, Mr, Chadda,, I always pay you rent,, In advance Butyou come here quite often Mam,,, Can I havesomewater,, Ok,, Sure,, Here,, Vater,, Listen,, Your Neighbor often complain about you,, Ok,, mey Complain that,, Many Guys come here,, Ohh,, Gi_s mightalsocome,, Happy Yalentine's Day,, No Problems,, Let Guys come here,, You Boy,, Come wheneveryou like,, I Shall Leave,, How did this guy came here,, Vasted My Pills here,, Shall ty nexttime,, Lookathim,, Vhat ? You needed more money,, You should have told me,, Vhat ? HowDare You,, Doechi Spycam,, Thoughtl shoothim,,Andshowittohiswife,, _d he shall neverreturn, You called me a prostitute, I don't want to see yourface You go away,, Goaway,, I said,, _d Mis way,, They ended theirYalentine Day, But,, Yalentine Nightis s_II left, manks to Facebook You may call itas a destiny or something else, Unknowingly Mey all have to appearon the broken page,, However Mey where many otheron this page, Butthis Five where from Delhi,, More closerto each other, Hello,, Yeah,, Speaking Sanjana,, Oh Yeah Facebook, Hi,, Howareyou,, Yeah,, Okin Evening Vow,, Cool,, Sure,, Ok,, seeyou at7'Oclockbye,, hello Ohh, Yesthisis Maleaon,, Ohh Hi Sanjana yes yes I read yourposton facebook,,. nice plan,, great,,. cool at7'O clock I seeyou Mere,, bye,, hello Yes,, Hello,, this is sanjana, speaking,, Yeah Hi,, So,, Shall we meethereatCCD,, at7 " O Clockevening,, Ok,, Sure,, Hello Hi thisis Sanjana,, Hi sanjana, howareyou,,. Vell I have justpostedthat,, shall we meetat7'OclockatCCD,, Ok I will beMeresharp,, Ok fine,, Yalantine's day has already made Mem bad,, butthe valan_ne's nightis going to go wone,, Hi Muniyao This is Ekta,, Nice to meetyou,, I am good,, Vhere are the oMers,, Hello Sanjana ,, Hi Sanjana,, Hi Muniyao Hello I thoughtl am late No,, Restof mo have notreached I shall call them,, Hi,, Sanjana,, Yes,, Milind Hi Ekta,, Hi,, Hi Muniyao Nice meeting you,, So_and Mohan isleft,, I shall ty again Yey late,, I think heishere,, Sanjana, Hi howareyou,, Good I hope I am notlate,, Yes you are Vell_and Mohan is myname,, call me_dy,, Milind Niceto meetyou,,. Hi,, Miniyaon You Mam,, Just destroyed my love story,,. Butyou dance well,, Even you broke my relation,, _yways he was not my kind,, Ok,, LeR forgetall that, Lets have Fun,, Let's decide,, whatis the program,,. Vhatis Meplan,,. Guys everyone used to celebrate valentine's day,, Ve will celebrate Yalentine's Night ButVhere,, Here itself,, No,, on _cebook Facebook!! You mean virUal party,, Vill we do some upload download on facebook? Guys I gotan update on _cebook Mat Me party caris available, so letgo for mobile party,, Mobile party,, sound good,, Soguyslet's makeaveryfine night,,. Yes Justcool,, lets rock it,, The whole arrangementis on a luxuy car,, Means food,, wine,, dance,, everythings available, qow,, How much it would cost,, See the expense we will divide lateron,, now my father'sATM is here,, let's enjoy,, Superb,, great,,. whata deal,, Give me the number, Call himsoon,, Hello,, thisis_dyDemelocalling,,.wewantMepartycarat meridian hoteI You wantdrink and snacks as well,,. Yeah we wanteverything,, You payforthecar, d_nksandfood,, 6am will bethe closing_me, VillATM carddo? Yesitwill, You will getthecarin _ont ofla median hotel after15 min,,. just note down the numberofcard_ver,,. Tell mehisnumber Hisnameis_gad,, Ok thanks,,. Heyguysitissorted,,. How much _methecarwill Qketoreach,, 15 minutes,, Superb,, Let's rock then,,. Yalentine Night, Vhatisthetime,, I don'thave watch,,letyou know by cell phone,,. Oh,, Itcame Superb,, Nice Man,,. Itisveygood Yalen_ne's Day,, Vhoops Night, itwill befun,, won'tit,, Yes guys, who has asked for party car? Ve have asked for,,. Let'sgetin,,.thisisdecorated,,. How Vonderfull, Vhat happened Mem ? Vhat I toldto mygirI Thatl am Ministers Son, I alwaysliedher, Cheers to gi_friend, Vhatare you d_nking, Beer Vhereyou wanttogo, Von't mix water Askgirls, will Meyd_nk Vhatis this,, Vhatistheneedtofill Meglass,,. wiMout soda direct,,. Ieave some drink for Mem,,. Vhat happened are you ok,, Are you Ok,, Do you know bro,, It's Ok,, Do you know,, My_ther,, Meythink Matl will beagreatdesignerlike blantinu,, here I am expensingon all, d_nkingwine,,. It Ok,,_dy,, Vhotoldyou tod_nk Mis much,,. Vhen I d_nk mysenseworks Itsok,,. You will befine,, _di enough,, It is disgusting guy,, Vhatisthetime IR 1'oclock,, Nowwhatwewill do,, wewill bebored,,. Muniyaon showus yourdance I didit,, let'ssing Ve don't like singing,,. Yourattention please,, Long live facebook Vhy whatis the matter,, Ve are invited to a farm house parV,,. Vow,, farm house parV,, cheen,,. Shitl knewit,, theywerein thatcar,, Howcan beyou sosure,,. I sawthem in frontofla meridian,, theywerein Mecar I knewit,, ekQandandi knoweach oMerbeforeofourknowledge,, Mat's whytheywerein pub, Matmuch soclose,,. I won't mercy on ekta,, Oh,, God Vhoes man areyou ? Ofekta,,. Vhatisthenameofsouth DCP? Vho isit? Boss, Irs Kaliya Madam,, Areyou thepeon ofher No Boss,, Slang Men why you named her madam Vho's EkQ ? Sheisgoingtobe my,, Put both of them into car,, Boss the gi_ will enhance more risk GetMe Guy,, In Excuse Me,, Yourtalkman Yes Sir,, I am gettingin,, Ok,, Beware ofbitches You,, Vhatdidyou say,, Vhatdid you say, I said beware ofthe bitches,,. I am sory to interrupt,, the parents ofgirl and boys have made a scene,, So is everything _ght,, Brother Vhathappened ? _y MisQkes,, Sheisnotgood,, Butbro she is like contemporary ac_ess,, slim fit,, you did not like ok,, should I arrange someone else, Supratik you knows my Qste,, Vitesh colored, wild, t_bal,, supra_k knows all,,. You please don'twomy,, I do amange for you Matkind of girl,, men go and amange,, Should I leave? No,,.you waithere,,. Justpick my phone Yes aditi listen to me,, don'ttalk rubbish,, Iisten Misgi_ will notwork,, sendanother,,. some witesh(halfblack), wild and tribal gi_,,. ok,, don'tbelate,, okbye,,. Vhoisthisnewguy,,., Hey dude, You wana have,, Surewhynot,,. Enjoy,,. Likeit,,, Nice,,. manks Vill you daretoteaseagirl again, Vouldyou,,. Vill you doitagain Let's move, hewill die,, leave him,,. My papers are going to starttomomow, I told you before that I don't wana run my sex racketwith politicians,, Ve can'tchoose like this,, wait,,. you don'tknow how much issue they will make ofit,,. I don't know anything subash,, I only wantananda safe and sound that's it,, let's move,, Iet's go,, I amtakingherwith me,,. Hey where are you Qking herwith you,, mis wild, mountain Vpe girl you do arrange,, _I the MLAsand MPs In thispartyare madebecauseofhim,,. nowits mytum,, ifanyMinggoeswrong, I will kill you,,.undentand,,. aditi ,,.listen to me,, whydon'tyou undentand,, I will give a good network if Mis arrangement you do,,. and provide him whathe want,,. Butin Mis late nightto whom I search,,. In Mis business, we can't leave ourcustomen,, I hadchatwiM Misgi_ I will show you herpics, new uploaded on facebook Let me see,, Listen to me, Seesheiscomingfrom main agency,, you havetopickherbyounelf, Ithas risk Vithoutrisks there are no gains,, Boss,, Isshefine,, Aditi,, Boss wait only forhalf an hour,, I will come with her,,. It is fine,, Leavethisgirl forhalfan hour,, keepherhere,,. Makehim happy,,. VhatisMis? Folks, where are Sanjana, Milind and Mrinayo, Hereweare,,. Takeiteasy,,. Control her,,. Shewasabouttoeata man,,. Vhat?? Chewed Me fingers,, I was going to toilet,, he teased me,, matguy was saying hersorry sorry but she was too drunk to undenQnd,,. I will kill you,, Sorry somy,,. Oh shit,, milind,, B_ng the water,,.Is someMing wrong,, Call to Sanjana,, let'stakehim out,,. Let'sgoin ourcar,, No,,. Notmycar,, Karan'sbodyguardsarethere,,. will useyourcar,, Vhats Vrong ? Can't say exactly,, Howishe,,, S_II senseless Don'tVory,, This driverwas sitting idle,,. You should have been in the car, should notyou,, misisnotan ordinaycarbutapartycar,,. whathappened,, Vehavetoadmithim in somehospital,,. Yery good dude,,. collapsed in very small pe_od,,. parV finished,,. You doyourworkok,,. I amdoingitwell,, you consideraboutyourwork,,. Let's gotothecar,,. helpforhim,,. howshrudheis,,. Need lift,, forthe sake ofcounty,, getside,,., Let's go d_ver Oh my godheisunconscious,, Let's carry him to the hospital,,. Vhat ? Na_on on priority,, Understood My faMerwould think thathis son will be a greatfashion designer,, he would carry a huge sum in dowry, _dhere,, I am onlyd_nking,,. seeenough,,. enough drinkok,, No,, Please you have already drunk to much, here I amroamingin delhi with criminal,, whatyou said,,. whatyou said,,. do you wantto getMesame_eatment,,. nodon'tdo Mat Yes,, Daddy,, I had mydinnerin theevening ,, nothingjustdealingwith karan,, okthen I am coming,, okok,,. Driver, take the Um for cour_and I am notaslave_ I will onlyrun thiscarwhere I like,,. do itotherwise slap you,,. doitashe issaying,,. Vhathappened Yirendra,, Should I sendyou tothe placewhereyour_theris,, what you said,, see virendra babu we are from that place where arms are being made,,. in bihar,,. the children play hide n seek wiM it,,. the factory ofarms,,. D_vertake leftturn,, _d stop I am going to deal with Reddy,, with anandakaran, Tell ifanything goes wrong,, Oh godheissafe,, I knowhim,, heis Milind,,. buthedid notsay aboutyou ,,. Vhere did he getthe chance,, Ve have mettoday,, all fun has gone,, Vhy you deal with this kind ofpeople, IR all in destiny,, fintcosmetics then jewellery,, dresses ,, afterthatcar,,. 5 sQrhotel,, holidays,, And even I didn'trealize Mat when I turned out as a professional pimp from literature sUdient, IR all because ofyourambitions I am okwith whatl have,, _d I met Milind, And I feltMat I couldlead normal lifewith him, But things didn'tturned out well,, Vhat is plan ahead,, Mead,,, Planning to Live,, Lets escape,, See,, Even heturns out,, Brother,, Atleastyou are fine,, I don'tdrink,, likeimmatures,, I am aartist,, Please handle itto me,, Listen,, If I ran,, meywouldcertainly kill mesometime,, _d,,_andaisalsowith them, Butyou all have chance,, I haveaplan,, I wouldsQyouRidethecar,, You guysescape,, misisonlyan option,, Listen to me,, Veall have mettoday,, andevenUallyyou havealso metustoday,, Can webe_iends,, IR two hours now,, since he is been shoot,, ifhe dies,, I shall shoot you all,, SQy quite,, Heisbest man I have,, me mostloyal one,, Be prepared to die,, You arenotmy god, You can'tkill me, Ifyou have guts,, FintsaveKishore,,Andthen kill me,, SQy Ouite,, Incase I found a single blood spotin thatcar,, I shall notleave you,, And yes he is right, before killing him,, we have to find Kishore Butwhere shall we go,, Ve can'ttake him to the hospiQl, even ourdoctordeceived us,, Vhere are you going,, Boss,, You said Mat keep taking rounds,, Stupid, Looking London Qlking _okyo,, Didn't I said to d_ve towards NOlDAHospital, Taking usatDelhi Sa__,,, This is only chance we have,, Dr, SariQ could only save ourperson,, Driver,, take a tum,, Yes,, I thinkthisisthesameaddress,, Let's ask somebody inside,, mereisnodoorbell here,, Vhatshall wedo? Is there nobody inside,, Vho are you looking for? Subash,, has sendus,, ForMat_ibal girl,, She already left,, Left,, Vhere ? Yes,, Sheleft,, Vhat rubbish is he speaking ? Vheredid shegone? Vhereishe? Leave,, Leave him Yirender,,, Ve haveveylimited_me,, PI move,, Hey Sanajana,, Lets Escape,, Vhydowecare ofthem,, Sheis Right,,, And whataboutAditi,,, _anda,, Aditi,, Vhydowecareforher? Vhydowecare?? Foreach other? Hello,, Are you now done with your work So why don't you just drop us to the hospital,, Ok Mam,, Listen,, I have completely freaked outof my work,, _dnowyou have _edwith me,, So givean halfhournow,, I havetoldthesameto mydad,, Undentood,, So,, You are getting us a complete Delhi Safa_,, You bitch,, sQyundercontrol,, Vhat ? Go,, Vhy isn'the picking up the phone,,, Boss,, Dr, Saritaison leave,, Inspector Salim has justseen me,, You Stupid, where you modelling inside,, getin,, You dumbass, can'tyou hear,, getin Getout ofhere,, Samjhuota,, Samjhuota,, Vake Up Vhere is_anda,, How shall explain you,, You remember Matpoli_cian,, Heneedatribal lady,, Howcould I find such kinds? I send_andatohim,, Buthestill demandsforthetribal gi_s,, I can'tfindsolu_ons,, Vhatwouldyou donow? I can'tfind any solution,, I justwant to getAnanda home,, You knowthatyou won't find anygirl from here _d_anda she was message gi_, we Umed herto prostitution, Yes I know,, I wasjustbuyingtime,, Butwhatshall I donow? Buy more times now,, You are one kind,,, butseriously have to find solu_on to this,, Vhathappened,, I could notfoundanyone,, Noone,, Yirender,, Vhat are you doing,, Vewill takeher,, You shameless creature,,, It cost's only five hundred rupees at my place, BulleR, atthirV rupees,, that could value of yourlife I won'trequirebulletorguns,, _okill you,, Oh God,, Vhere we have been trapped,, Yes,, Daddy,,, Listen,, Come to home Getback_anda,, Yes Daddy,, You actingas apimp For Elec_on _ckets,, Daddy,, he asked fora gi_,, You are making yourfatherproud But,, if I don'tgettickets,, I will get you _ckets at any cost,, Ok,, You justcome back home,, Ok,, I am coming,, ShutUp,, Stay Ouite,, Kill him,, I am a doctor, Vhat ? I am doctor, You dumpass Vhy did you said ea_y,, Myguyis losinglife,, You are makingfoul ofus,, I amAyurvedic doctor,, From Kerela,, Butyou are a_east a doctor,, One minute,, takehim,,, Lookathim,, Call himselfa doctor,, Heisalive,, Need some kit,, I'II tryto savehim, You won'ttry,,, Buthaveto,, Cure him,,, Gethim the kit's Soguys,, I shall leave, Take him to the hospiQI fint, _difMereisanyproblem,, Pleaselet meknow,, Even I shall leave,, Have to receive_anda Even you guys leave,, Don't waitfor me, I shall handleitalone,, Vantto share one thing with you all before I leave,, Like you guys, even I use make quick f_ends around men,, I gotcalls _o get my friends to the parties, Initially on money,, _d Men by Mreatening I made complains to the police, Butthere was no help,, Finally,, I gaveup,, And took Me clunch I methimattheparV HesaidMat,, HesUdiesattheYenkateshwarCollege _d hesaidMat,, hisfatheris PowerMinisterin Maharash_a I knewhejustwantedtoimpress me, Pleaselookafterhim,, Heisjustlikeakid, But he is adorable Oh Aditi,, Ve have crossed so many laps by now,, Letcross one more Ve won't leave you and_anda Ok,, Sanjana,, I will justcome,, It Ok,, Vhathappened,, Vhy don't you let me go, Vhoareyou,, Boss, knows me well,, I have importantwork with him, There is a girl inside,, Vhich gi_, gi_ has justleftdoon, She isnotMeone,, mis must beAditi's Plan Aditi Look at the Jerk,, And see the way he is sleeping,, Vake Up,, Vake Up,, IsitMorning? Vherearewe? Vhere are Me othen ? Getting some fresh air,, ouRide,, FreshAir ? Smoking,,, Fresh _r,, Look at Mat,, Mere,, This is ourYalentine's Gift, Ve gotit,, Vhile you where sleeping,, Isitreal ? mere she comes,, YourYalen_ne She spoiled our,, suspense, drama and ParV Sheisonenut !! You had enought rest,, Sits_aight I am calling oMers,, Vhats Up guys,, Lets move,, Letthem Smoke,,, And You,,,, Shall I tell yourfather,, Come fast,, Adi_,, Aditi,,Adi_,, LeR leave _om here,, NoAdi_,, Sheisdead,, Lets Leave,, Ekta,, Lets Move,, Guys,, Aditi Sheisdead,, Even you will die,, Move,, Come On,,, Vhereis Milind? Oh God,, I Minkhe isleftatthe spot,, Even revolver is missing,, Has Milind ? Adi_ is gi_f_endof Milind,, Vhywouldhe? I Minkweshould reUm tothespot, Ifsheishisgi_f_end,, therewouldbe more_sks,, mey also had fight,, don'tforget,, Maybe, Milind mustbechea_ng on her,, Ifyou would have heardAdi_ before,, _d leftthem,, These would not be the consequences _d tellingus to go back,, there to die, You scoundrels,, Vhy did you this to me,, Please stop it,, Sanajana,, Vhydidyou doMisto me,, Sanjana,, Mhay,, Vhy? Sanjana,, Please listen to me,, I'II explain ittoyou,, Vhydidyou dothisto me,, Mhay,, _ghad,, notMhay Vhydidyou doMisto me,, Sanjana,, Sanjana,, I will explain,, during my work out,, I was Minking what Sanjana would prank on me,, On previous Yalentine's Day,, You made me read your dad's suicide note, You made mefool,, Thistime,, I wantedtoplayprankon you,, _d I am successfuI You arelying,, mis mustbe yourloyalty test,, Ok Sanjana,, loyalV testwas part of it,, But I wantedtoplayprankon you,, You have send Mis party car,, forparV,, _d Farm House ParV, Have you seen the consequences,, Buthowdo I knew,, Matitwill endin thisway, I Minkguys, wearein trouble, Ve should reach ourhomes as ea_y as we could, Vhat Milinddid,, Ishislookout,, Ve can be targeted SoleR move,, Ok,, _right,, Look,, where it is open,, He,, Is mysoul, Savehim,, Boss,, That Shopkeeperwas inside, Vhen we broke the locker, Vhyisheresohustle, Check the kiR,, Is this is the way,, to speak with doctor,, Fools,, Doctor,, you please camy on,, Sir,, Vho has bandaged him,, No,, No,, Hediditwell,, Hesavedhislife,, Good work,, Nice Job,, Bullet,, has just touched and went,, It's a miracle,, Doctor,, You did anicejob,, manks God,, God bless,, what I would answered,, From today onwards,, I quit Mafia Line Changed, From today onwards, we shall run a hospital,, _d this doctor, shall be Me chief,, Leave him,, Brother,, You are the biggest one,, biggerthan god, I am sory, I didn'trecoganize you,, Please forgive us, From today onwards, you are chief,, No,, notMat,, I left,, Ve shall run hospital,, _d you will bethechief,, Money and respectboth at once,, Boss,, so shall we leave where,, to drop new boss athome, You,, Vaked Upsolate,, Good evening, Mam Vhere is Sudhir,, Mam,, Vhere is Sudhir,, Sonia, why are you standing here,, becuase you left me here,, Chief, we will open hospital, Boss, shall we leave,, Vhatpeople I am sumoundedwiM,,_I dumbass's,, Diditbefore,, notthistime,, I swear I was just dropping herhome,, _d I crashedon with Miscar,, after Matincident,, Butthen we Mought Mat,,, if we don't know howto dance,, Ve can'tblame iton you,, guys,, right Then From facebook update,, I found Matyou are meeting atCCT India Gate _d we Mought,, thatwe shall meet _d everything shall be fine,, Se_ously,, But I guess,, Destinywassomethingelse,, She is speaking truM,, I don'tknowtodance,, Look atyou,, You asked metodance,, If I would have danced You mightnotdance with him,, _d Mis would not be the result,, IR all my misQke,, But noweveyMing has fallen right,, I got my Maya,, Ve don't need you more,, Yes Sir,, Its open and shut case Ve have caught one,, Ve have pistol atourcustody, yes sir,, Yes Sir,, Itsaclean case,, The girl which is been murdered was parting with him, Sir,, pleasetake rest,, Ues I shall handle Yes sir,, I am chasingthatparV car,, Yes,, I will catch Mem,, Yes Sir,, Come _ont,, Vill you giveacompleterideofMiscity,, Hey,, Take some speed,, Sir,, that looks like a party car Follow him takehim on,, Sir,, I am justakid,, I have came here to be fashion designer Sir,, you know morethan us,, I shall kickyourassnow,, Give him few slaps Lethis cheek become red,, Do you wantto get some pastings Yes Sir,, Caughtthemall,, They are seven mey all came from different backgrounds, one is fashion designer Yes Sir,, No Sir,, I will give Mebriefingby moming,, Vill call the media Ok,, Sir,, Listen,, Its4'Oclock,, Partyisover,, Getintopolicevan,, Vhyareyou lookingatme,, Vhat I havedone,, If you didn'tdo anyMing then where were you ? Vhatwhere you doing wiM the pistol ? MyFaMer,, wouldgotofarm My Dad would be thinking that my son must be sleeping afterhard work,, _d here,, I am getting arrest,, Vhatare you saying_dy,, Doyou think I have murdered,, Vhy don't you believe me,, I loveAditi alot,, Howcould I kill her,, Ifyou are talking aboutthe car, I thought I would go to Aditi and ask herto come back in my life,, Or I'II kill myself,, But,, she was already shot dead, Butby then Police arrived _d they caught me with PistoI Every criminal has a same story Can only catch fish,, Keep catching fishes behind the bars,, You are right,, Vhat is it brother,, Muder Yideo,, Yes,, Murder Yideo I will begoingtothehostel,, butyou postthison Delhi PoliceVebsite Ok,, Bro Facebook Rules,, Lock them up,, I shall justcome,, I am in DCP'soffice,, Afterlongtime,, I gotabreak,, _omorrowl will beon_Y, everyone would be watching me on _Y, Kids will be happy,, Let me getsome rest,, Sir,, Sir,, Ve have caughtcar, ParV, Killer eveyone, _urn on Me computer, Ok sir, Call them here, Yes Sir, Come,, Come,, Have you seen consequences ofyourexperiment, Don'twory Sanjana,, Ve will have the justice, NoMing will happen,, Ourphones are with Police, Go behind ban and dance,, Heisall indiaradio,, Nonotonly Radio,, I am also_Y, Ve work all night,, _d you guys party all night,, Beer,, Disco,, News reporters shall amive soon,, Keep handkerchiefready,, _dhideyoursins,, Vehavenotkilled,, Veareinnocent will they say same thing? Yes Sir,, Justwatch this video I knowthisfellow,, Heis mylandloard Mr, Chhada Hewill besoon here,, hewill besoon wiM us,, Does this means thatwe are free now,, Itseems thatsomeone have saved you,, Someone posted this video on oursite, NoMingsir! I am anastyperson, I rent myhousetoyounggirls, _d I usedtohidecamerasin MeirbaMrooms, I havedone itin herroom also, Butthe camera was _ulty, So I wenttoherroom to fixthecamera, Vhata aroma, Gi_s aroma is always good, Let's check the camera, Vhy aren'tyou capturing? whatis the fault, Oh!so much duston Melens, I wonderwhypictureis notclear, Now irs ok, Now itwill work properly, Vhatis this? Digital video watch, whatis Mis problem, It means video,,,,,, It'salaptop, thisgi_ is quitesmart, She had done something, I make people's video she made my video, I will notspareher, Vhatshould I say Sir,, Vhydidyou kill thegi_? I didn'twanttokill her,, I eatvigra,, So mybodyshiven, I justwanted to scare,, I used pistoI Itaccidently hither,, Have you made the reporR, No Sir,, I wasgoingto makeitin Me morning Ok Men,, Facebookhassavedyou,, Facebook,, Vhatis it? Irs Morning,, Finally Yalen_ne's is over,, Vhatisthe plan, guys !! I Mink,, VeshouldMankgod,, Meanswehavetodie? No! I mean weshouldMank Meperson whohaduploadedthe murdervideoon _cebook, Yes, Ve would have screwed ourlifes ! Seriously , LeR find outon facebook aboutthat penon, LeRgo !! Hello, we are beginning a new program, Conscience and Evolution I'm Moises Esagui and our program is about behavior and spirituality Today we are going to approach a subject that i believe is interesting. We're going to talk about a subject pointed out on literature and related to spirits and the spiritual world The questions send to us are something like, where does the spiritual harassment come from? who are they? That's our subject today, Spiritual Harassment We are going to talk about this because i believe you want to solve some issues. Our emotional behavior, our emotional contents, ends up creating everything in our lives Which means: our diseases, our difficulties in relationship and our spiritual harassment as well. We create our harassment through auto harassment, when you have those inner difficulties muttering inside Which end up being the external muttering consciencies that find room to take our energies out through our turbulence and our conflicts Then, Initially the spiritual harassment, and this is my point of view, for all I've been studying, They begin with our origins, everything we are, our closest relatives, depending on the level they are They end up becoming, even trying to help us, those who sabotage us the most too. That's a good idea to leave behind the notion that we have a good father, mother, uncle, regardless what they are It doesn't matter, they are our parents, our relatives We can ourselves harass others with our not seen inconveniences directly or indirectly Imagine the following situation. A father or any other relative with no education no clarification context, trying to pass to their children those things in which he believes and for example, you are the son, and are "pretty alive" in physical body And your father is the deceased relative who likes you so much, but thinks differently about things you want to do I'm going to give you a clear example for you to understand Now you state: I'm going to follow another religion different from my family And your father says: no, you can't do that, that's not right. Then, he as a spirit and in that situation as you father who likes you, that's the point, he likes you He simply doesn't accept you doing another way, not because he doesn't want good things for you But because he thinks that, is not going to be good for you. In the end, he becomes a harassment for opposing the energies related to your wishes And he has all the time in the world to keep talking: " my son, don't do that, that's not good, not healthy He is going to tell you how he has learnt things, how was his religion? and you want to do something else for many other reasons. or because you found someone in your life who has shown this path or you discovered something new that took you another way. There are lots of situations But, he is your father or your relative, he wishes good things for you but at this moment, he becomes a spiritual harassment And you are going to fell the turbulence, things are not very good around you. Every time you try to do something, it becomes difficult and you fell the turbulence Sometimes you can even fell the physical touch, in your face, your back weight on your shoulders or a blockage on your ears. Sometimes people report they fell like having a plank on their forehead or a behind the neck's coupling It might be headaches, cramps and all of this because of that spirit's level. If it's a conscience with a very primitive level, working in the basic chackra, you are able to fell it you can fell genital contractions or even anal contractions Because of that spiritual coupling who wants to "help"you , We are talking about spiritual harassment, and you say: Oh, my father? Look, i sincerely see that our relatives, and not only them but everybody in this world or whatever the place might exist consciences, we need to accept them, we got to learn this, accept everyone with no criticism saying inconvenient things, judging others doing things different from what we do Then, both our relatives but everybody as well must be accepted however, what i'm telling you right now and that's something i think and believe Is that, as we can harass people ourselves, our relatives because of lack of knowledge, can harass us as well and this is the first external harass we have, our relatives and those very close friends And this is not with an evil intention, but because they don't know what it's happening We can be harassed by friends or partners that are alive, a boyfriend, girlfriend, a wife If this person is very jealous, clingy and keep evoking you all the time, he or she takes your energy, wearing you And even not knowing that they are doing this, they say: "I love you so much, i think of you all the time" but doing so, they are draining your energies Depending on the kind of spiritual harassment, more or less dense, it is going to harm you But a person with a physical body, has a traction's power very strong because of this body Then, an evoking from someone with a physical body, is greater than a spirit, depending on his/her evolutionary level There are spirits so dense that they can't even see the spiritual world and they are going to get you Then, as we talk about spiritual harassment it is related frequently with energy draining, you have been through some experience in which someone aproaches you and keep taking about all the misfortune in the world Actually there are some people that keep repeating the same old sad story every time they met us Then you become trapped on this, and we have a very serious flaw, which is not knowing to say NO mainly because we gain something with this. Think about someone who aproaches you and say: "I'm going to tell you something you don't know, guess what " happened with our friend...whatever", and this despite being something negative your curiosity makes you dive into this, and this person keeps talking draining your energy through this fantastic technique which is speaking, the speaking which gets you and makes you curious and takes you to the lower chackra because this is an obloquy sometimes, but for you, it's very good. This person is saying bad things about someone else and you really want to know because if that person has done something wrong, you starts felling better. Feeling superior to someone because this person made something wrong is terrible We have to try to understand and respect everybody, not thinking that someone is better or worse We just have to make our path and do everything that's important for us and for others That's the main idea, but the spiritual harassment gets you in many ways This kind of "technique" of a person that tells you something with great euphoria and gets you curious This is an energy drainage and it's always accompanied with spiritual harassment Then, this person takes your energy with the help of a lot of "people", not by herself. That's why you fell weakness afterwards and you say: "every time i talk to this person i fell exhausted " and you don't understand why, but now you do, at least a little bit. This person is something like an energy vampire, a "energy's thief" and needs it because there is a "gang" that uses him or her as a source of energy. Then, there are many ways of studying spiritual harassment Because we think that harassment is only when someone has an addiction and a spirit attaches on them Yes, that's true, if you for example drinks a lot and you are at a bar. What do you think happens with those who were already addicted to drink? When someone used to drink a lot, after dying he or she returns to that bar every day at the same time and stays there consuming all that alcoholic energy from those who are drinking, it's literally a party And you who drinks, it's accompanied with this "conscience". There is no sense losing ours lives with this, but that's something that really happens Then, when you leaves the bar, along with you goes that "parade", so many, one can't even count. When we do things not so good, unbalance, related to lower chackras, this "gang" that comes is always increasing So if you have a harassment, soon you"il get two and three and so on Thieves are always in a gang, evolved consciousness walk alone. Look, it's different, feeling good alone doesn't mean you should exclude people from your life. That's not what i'm talking here, you can feel very good being alone It's not for you to exclude anyone, but consciousness that need to walk in a gang, have many difficulties and need the energy of others, this is going to happen in the spiritual world as well When you have spiritual difficulties all this gang enjoys and this is a way in which they are going to solve their neediness By the way, needy people have lots of spiritual harassment Spiritual harassent loves needy people. If you are needy and need other people all the time, who panics and feel void who feels depressive, what do you think it's close to you ? Once, I made a lecture on Depression which was crowded and surely many people wanted to solve some depressive issue You say: I'm going to make a lecture on Depression and you are going to understand why you fell it Of course, many people there, had depressive issues And this was the physical aspect, but the spiritual one was unbearable because there were lots of spirits and those spirits were at the same level of those people If depression is mild, you may not have any harassment and you can get away from it If it's moderate, you start to have some spirits around that sense you are good to stay with. if it's a severe depression, the amount of spirits around you are such, that is very difficult for you to get out. and most people can't stand it and surrender So it's a good idea for us to take care of our emotional aspect in order to take care of the spiritual one when talking about harassment, we got to be well accompanied to look for people good in all aspects, to stay on a path that sets you free rather than trap yourself If you keep going in places very closed-minded, where nobody is allowed to change direction You got to think about it, I think that any place should allow you to follow the path you chose. A place that you might learn more and more and make question about the subject you are learning How are you going to grow? How are you going to be yourself? How are going to be better? Dependence is not a good idea and it's by itself a kind of harassment If you are emotional dependent, you're ready to get great spiritual harassment Those spirits around you, are those who always need others and are emotional dependents and in other ways But i think we got to get out of it One should not think that you make a path to fell better regardless my free will. No, your path is freedom, that's not negotiable your free speech and your emotional freedom is essential for you to make a happier and healthier way Think about it, because this same freedom, sets you free from those spiritual harassment Look, see for example if you manage to say NO to people, but not that emotional loaded NO, with anger. For example, somebody asks you to do something for them And you say: No, unfortunately, i would like to do, but no. And after saying NO, you don't feel guilty, bad for it, void, fear, victimizing yourself That's a good idea for you to feel great, if you manage to say no to a person you might as well say no for those spiritual harassment and you are going to see that you manage to get rid of lots of spiritual harassment because you can say NO. Sometimes you don't say NO for your spiritual harassment because you feel lonely Imagine yourself not having any spirit disturbing you, think about it, but in the right way You got to feel it, but, do you really want to be alone? You are used to have that "gang" behind you, they give you pleasure. You feel something, you feel getting something. If you ged rid of all spirits around, you are completely alone And if you are alone, maybe you won't stand it and starts suffering and this isn't something we can understand very easily, mainly because we weren't educated to be like this actually in the opposite way, having everyone around, your life is better if people are all together It's great to have others around, but is good for you as well to know how to be alone. That's important . Then, you ask: Moiseis, if i'm alone, am i free from spirits? No, this is a process, it's not something you enact. As in the physical world, in the spiritual one, the relationship rules are very similar if there is someone who keeps looking for you all the time And you say no , and this person insists, this behavior is something that the spiritual world does exactly the same That's why when you say no, this NO has to be worthwhile. If it's not for real, you don't get rid of spiritual harassment Actually, there are some "nos" that are in fact "yes", someone says no, but it is actually a yes Think about it, look if you can see internally if you manage to be assertive. The assertive behavior is great, is affirmative, it comes from your feelings not your emotions, it's not reactive It's not anger, it's a position where you say: no, i don't want this, you don't need to yell to say no If the person insists, you say again: I don't want and keep saying, I've already told you, i don't want. This, you can say to the spiritual world, and when you are at your place, your home, it's important that this place must be clean physically but in respect of the energies of the environment as well and you can accomplish this by imposing hands, and if you don't know how to do this yet go to our website: Aprenda Imposição de Mãos you are going to see how great it is, by yourself, how to sanitize your enviroment and yourself And you can practice this every day, every time, because working with your energies is very healthful You can participate of our Daily Assistance Task, just go on www.centrodeestudos.org to know more about it You can make it everyday and you can even indicate people with difficulties for them to be dealt with through externalizing energies in very big group that everyday join this work because we receive energy and donate as well This is the 'move ' we should make, but, Why am i talking about it? because this "move" takes the spiritual harassment away You can be sure about it, but, of course, this work has to be followed by behavior changing You don't expect to be good without changing behavior If you keep doing the same things, the outcomes are going to be the same So, that's a good idea to ask: what do i need to do to improve? to stay better? Behavior changing, then, this Daily Assistance Task is going to help you a lot. You'll notice how lighter you become, how better you'll think, how better your concentration will be. people in your home will feel better, with a better mood So, practicing the Daily Assistance Task, is practicing a very healthful activity that's going to help you to recirculate your energies in your enviroment and settle your energy "signature" and in keeping away undesirable spiritual harassment as well Our site is: www.centrodeestudos.org we have also a blog: foradocorpo.com Go there and you are going to find a wonderful array of material about spirituality Participate with us on this work, come with us, because our intention couldn't be more honest, and i believe yours too To make this world better we are going to make everyone better through a joint effort So, this is our life's goal See you later, thanks for making this path with me, and see you next week. Now, the reason why all those pushy, ambitious, high living, upper middle class Elizabethans gave a damn about which way a compass needle pointed was because there were fantastic profits to be had in overseas trade. And if your needle let you down and you went off-course There was a pretty good chance you wouldn't get home with all the lovely money. See, the problem with the needle was really quite simple. It didn't always point in the same direction. And people had been saying that since 1492 when Columbus, on his way across to America got to about here - and panicked because suddenly he realized that his needle wasn't pointing at the North Star. And then - In 1580 - when Sir Frances Drake got back from his 'round the world trip with enough gold and jewels pinched from one Spanish ship on its way home from Peru to give his backers 4700% profit - Well, it was obviously time to do something about it. Because, if his needle had let him down look what they would've all lost! So, in 1581 a compass-maker called Robert Norman decided to look into the matter. and he did - this - and he saw nothing happening which was very odd I mean for a start, he said, if the needle is supposed to be attracted to the north why doesn't it move to the north, instead of just sitting in the middle of the bowl doing nothing? Well, Norman's remarks attracted the interest of a certain William Gilbert who wasn't a sailor, wasn't a merchant, as a matter of fact, he was a well heeled society doctor. Eventually to become Physician to the Queen. Now, like most other medics at the time, Gilbert knew a bit about magnetism, Because his profession was very much into metals. They had recently stopped an epidemic of syphilis by treating it with mercury in the form of mercuric oxide -this red powder. And magnetic metal was recommended for treating people with because it was supposed to bring the disease out of them. So, over a period of about oh- 18 years - Gilbert went home at the end of every day and fiddled around with natural magnets made of lodestone. And since the name of the game was to find out why the compass needle varied as it went 'round the earth He made his little magnets in the form of the earth. And when he'd got plenty of them ready, he started his experiments, and brought anything he could think of in contact with his magnets, including, of course, a compass needle, which behaved exactly as he said it should. Wherever he moved it, the needle pointed at the north pole of his tiny magnet. So, he reckoned that the earth itself had to be a giant magnet, with a magnetic north pole. And it was that that the compass pointed at. Not the North Star. What's more, he said, if you leave one of these things alone it turns once in a day. And therefore... the earth must do exactly the same thing. And, he said, if the earth is a magnet that's why "what goes up must come down" because its attracted. In 1600 he wrote down everything he'd discovered in a vast book. And in doing so he set in motion a train of events that would one day lead to one of the most frightening bits of technology in the modern world. He called his book, "De Magnete" - "About the Magnet". Gilbert's book was practically an overnight success in Europe. I mean, for a start, he was writing in Latin so, he didn't have any translation problems. Most of the intellectuals around used Latin to work with. And then - and look what he was saying - that the earth is a giant magnet spinning in space holding the moon with its power surrounded by the vacuum of interplanetary space and out there in that vacuum there are thousands and millions of unseen stars and planets. And he's saying this in 1600!!?? I mean, no wonder everybody went bananas about it. And the reason our detective story takes us next to this small town on the Danube in southern Germany is because of one man who got very excited by what had Gilbert had said. His name was Otto Guericke and in 1653 he was here in Regensburg commanded by the Emperor to attend the coronation of his son. The coronation was the occasion for a great imperial shindig in the town with dancing and drinking and singing and generally whooping it up, rather like the Annual Regensburg Brawl going on here today [Happy Drunken Singing] In Regensburg, some of the more meaningful traditions haven't changed a bit in hundreds of years. [Belch] [♪ quartet ♪] [♪ yodeling, drunken, comic ♪] The "sober citizens" of Regensburg claim that it was here in 1653 that Otto Guericke did something quite amazing. as a result of reading what Gilbert had said about the nothingness of interplanetary space. Here, in Regensburg, they say he took a hollow ball, made of two hemispheres that fitted together, harnessed horses to each side of the ball, and however hard they pulled, the ball refused to come apart. although the two halves were not held together by any kind of join. What kept them united was a mysterious force so powerful that horses couldn't break it. They say that after the experiment was over Guericke went on to astound the onlookers by opening a tiny hole in the ball at which point it fell apart with a twist of his hands. Now, whether or not that actually happened in Regensburg is neither here nor there. The fact is, it caused a tremendous stir all over Europe. Because the mysterious force, holding those hemispheres together, is what Gilbert had been theorizing about in 1600 and what, in 1654 had only just been discovered: the vacuum put inside those hemispheres by the newly invented vacuum pump, invented by Otto Guericke or rather, adapted by Otto Guericke. Because, what he did was: adapted one of these. You know what that is? It's what you have to have handy if most of your buildings are made of wood. It's a fire extinguisher. See? [Disgruntled shouts from the crowd below] And Guericke adapted it to suck air instead of water. And it was a very big hit with him - Ferdinand the Third, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand had taken the opportunity of his son's coronation to invite all the princes and bishops and barons and city representatives from all over Germany to come here to this Reichstag Hall for several months of discussions on things like taxation and war and economic policy. Now, they all sat in these benches and Ferdinand, of course, being Emperor, sat up there on his throne. Anyway, towards the end of the sessions in 1654 Ferdinand asked Otto Guericke - who was here because he was Mayor of Magdeburg if he, Guericke, would do some of the tricks that the Emperor had heard he could do. And, Guericke, in this hall obligingly used his vacuum pump to make vacuums in glass spheres. And then he amazed the assembled company by showing them that: mice suffocated in the vacuum; candles went out in it; if you rang a bell in it you couldn't hear the bell and all sorts of other goodies. Ferdinand was so tickled by the whole thing that when it was over he asked if he could have all the apparatus. And, being Emperor, of course - he got it. Still, he did have the whole thing written up which is how the rest of Europe got to hear about the vacuum pump. Guericke was a real dabbler. And - he got very intrigued by one other thing he read in Gilbert's book the bit about some substances, like sulphur, attracting things. So, Guericke, quite solemnly built himself this rather silly sulphur ball on a stick. And he spun it and when he was spinning it he rubbed it with his hand like this. Now, the reason he did that, is because he was looking for evidence of what we, today, would call "gravity". Why things stuck to the earth and didn't fly off into space. So, when he wrote this experiment up he went into great detail about things like the ball would attract a bit of thread and when the thread was in contact with the ball it would attract things. Fortunately, he also mentioned something else, about which he entirely missed the point. He said, if you spin the ball and rub it and then take it out and hold it next to your ear you hear a crack. And if you do it in the dark, the ball glows. Now, I said that was fortunate that he mentioned it because his half interested comments kicked off investigation into why the crack and the glow occurred. And that turned out to be electricity. You know, the fascinating thing about moments like this in history is that they lead to... so many places at once. We could, for instance, go forward from the vacuum pump to the investigation of air, to the discovery of oxygen, to finding out how the human lungs work, to modern respiratory medicine. Or we could go: vacuum pump - steam engine - locomotive. Or we could go: vacuum pump - investigation of gasses- sending electric sparks through them to see what would happen- the cathode ray tube- modern radar. Or, take the globe - the sulphur globe. The fact that the thread when it was attached, do you remember, carried the mysterious force away, down the thread. Led to people trying to do that deliberately, to send the force down wire. that, in turn led to the telegraph I think the economy is the number one issue. That's what everybody talks about. And I think Obama under the conditions has done the best he could. People forget that when he first came into office, we were facing a massive crisis in the business community, and on Wall Street with credit, with mortgage foreclosures, with the auto industry. He saved Chrysler and General Motors. Ah, I think the stimulus has helped. I think we're on the uptrend right now as far as the economy goes and I think given the worldwide conditions particularly with regards to the problems in Europe that President Obama has done the best he could and has headed us in the right direction. I have mixed feelings about the future. I mean the economy has been rocked the past eight years, starting with the last term of President Bush, so I'm concerned about America's place in the worldwide economy. Our debt is spiraling out of control. We've got to belt-tighten. We've got to cut back on some of our programs but that involves everybody sacrificing and it involves some compromise and some bipartisanship in Congress which I don't think we've seen. I don't have any answers to how to fix it but I do think it's broken. I think that people are taking such unmovable staunch positions on one side or the other on almost every issue and not being willing to compromise. Healthcare is an example. I support the Healthcare Plan as passed by the Congress and supported by the President. We've got to do something. The costs are spiraling out of control and it seems the Republicans say that Obamacare's a disaster but they don't have an answer to it to solve the overwhelming cost of healthcare in this country. It seems almost an element of human nature. It just seems like the general public has become more caustic about all kinds of issues. I don't know what it is. It just seems like somewhat through our media, but also through personal relationships people are just very combative and hardline; and I don't see that sense of let's work together to solve a problem. I see more a sense of "Hey, I'm on this side. I want to get more people on my side elected and I'm not willing to look at the other candidate." There were rumors that sustained us stories of a man born in the desert a ghost - some said some said flesh and blood a mask man A Lone Ranger If we ride together, we ride for justice Justice is what I seek <some indian language>timo sabe How could You? Why would you ever wanna come back here? It's my home Going somewhere? Yes No No, we are not Yes No Yes Shut uuup! Yes Let's see if we can work out this function. Looking again, countdown of n--well, whatever n is, it's going to call countdown with that variable. It's going to do some statements. It's going to repeat this how many times? As x is counting down by 5s, it's going to keep doing this until it gets to be 0 or less. How many times is that going to be? It's like whatever this x is, which is really whatever this n is, divided by 5 but rounded up, because if you have something like 6, x is going to be 6. It's going to do this loop. X is going to get decremented to 1. Come back up here--it's still greater than 0. It's going to do it again. The only way that it wouldn't have done that if it was exactly 5. Put 5 in, it executes it once. Subtract 5 away form it and end up with 0. It falls through. It doesn't repeat the loop at that point. What we really want here is to take n divided by 5 and round it up. This math.ceiling function does that. It rounds a non-integer number up to the nearest integer. That's the number of times that these two statements are going to be executed. We multiply that by 2, and then there's 3 other statements that are going to get executed-- this print statement, this print statement, and this initialization of the y variable. This formula will actually tell us the number of steps as a function of n that this countdown will do. What is it? It really is roughly n divided by 5 times 2 plus a constant. Essentially linear in n. Here's the actual formula. We're on problem 207. If n is equal to 4p,where p is a prime number greater than 2, how many different positive, even divisors does n have including n? So how many integers go into n, or go into 4p? Well, definitely 4 goes into it, because this is going to be a multiple of 4. Then anything that goes into 4 will also go into it. So 2 goes into it. 2 is also a divisor. p would go into it. Are there any other numbers that go into p? No, p is prime. Well, you know 1 goes into p. But they wanted to know the different positive,even divisors. So, the positive-- we're just dealing in the positive world. That just lets us know this isn't some trick question where we have to count negative numbers. But they want even divisors. So, first of all, 1 is not even. So that can't be it. The second question, is p even? Well,by definition,if p was even, and if it's greater than 2, it would be divisible by 2. So it wouldn't be able to be prime. But they tell us that p is prime. P is prime and it's greater than 2. So it can't be divisible by 2. So it has to be odd. So this is also not an even divisor. So there's only two even divisors, 4 and 2. So the answer is 2. A. Problem 208. S is a set containing 9 different numbers. T is a set containing 8 numbers,all of which are members of S Which of the following statements cannot be true? The mean of S is equal to the mean of T. So, let's think about this a little bit. So, choice A, that their averages are equal to each other. Let's just say that set S is equal to 1 through 9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. So what would its mean be? Well its mean, if you average all these numbers, if you average 1 and 9, you get 5. If you average 2 and 8, you get 5. If you average 3 and 7, you get 5. You average 4 and 6, you get 5. If you average 5, you get 5. So the average is 5. So if this is S, what if T were this? What if T were just this right here? Let me label that. That's T. That's not 7. That's T. Then S is everything. So, it's T plus the 5. So the average of all the numbers in T, if you average 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, your average is going to be 5. If you think about it, the average of 4 and 6 is 5. The average of 3 and 7 is 5. I think you get the idea. You could work it out if you like. If you were to take set S, which is all of these numbers plus the number 5, if you add 5 to a set of numbers whose average is 5, the average is still going to be 5. So A definitely works. B, The median of S is equal to the median of T. Well, once again, that's true with this set. This is a good set to work with. It proves everything we need to prove. What's the median of T. It's the middle number in T. There's 8 numbers, so you have to average the middle two numbers. So, if you average the middle two numbers in T, 4 and 6, you get 5. So 5 is median of T. Then what's the median of S? Well, now S includes the 5. So you can put all these numbers in order. So 5 is the middle number. So 5 is also the median of S. So, both of these can happen, A or B. Choice C, the range of S is equal to the range of T. The range of a set is just the difference between the highest and lowest number. Then the range of S is equal to what? The highest number in S is 9. The lowest number in S is 1. So that equals 9 minus 1, which is equal to 8. What's the range of T? Well the highest number in T is 9. The lowest number is 1. 9 minus 1 is equal to 8. So this one can definitely be true. Statement D, the mean of S is greater than the mean of T. Well, sure. Instead of this being a 5, what if this was a 50? Now all of a sudden the average of T would still be 5. But if you threw this 50 in there for S, your average is going to go a good bit above 5. So statement D could definitely work if you just make that extra number that's in S a lot larger number. Then statement E, which I'm guessing is the choice it cannot be true because we could figure out a case for all of A through D. The range of S is less than the range of T. So the range of the difference between the highest and the lowest. No matter what, the range of S has to be at least as large as the range of T. Think about it. In this case, the range of T is 9 minus 1, which is 8. You could make the range of S larger if you use 50. If 50 was the extra number, then the range is 50 minus 1. But considering that all of these numbers in T are also in S, the difference between the highest number in T and the lowest number in T has to be less than or equal to the range of S. So they're saying the opposite, the range of S is less than the range of T. We know this cannot be true because T is a subset of S. So the choice is E. Next problem-- it took me more time that I wanted to-- 209, How many different positive integers are factors of 441? Well, essentially it's just factoring it. Well let's see, this should be divisible by-- let's see, 4 plus 4 is 8 plus 1 is 9-- so this should be divisible by 3. So 3 goes into 441. 1 times 3 is 1. Bring down a 4, it goes in it 4 times, 12, and then you get 21, 27. So, you get 3 times 147. 3 should also go into this, because 1 plus 4 plus 7 is 12, which is divisible by 3. So 3 goes into 147. 147, you go 4 times 12, 27, 49 times. So let's just do a prime factorization of 441. You get 3 and 147. 147 factors into 3 and 27, which then factors into 3 and 9, which then factors into 3 and 3. OK. So I didn't realize, but this is a link . This is the same thing as 3 to the fifth. Is that right? Oh no, sorry. I made a mistake. Let me redo this. 3 goes into 147 not 27 times, but 49 times. So then this is, if you you prime factorization, a 7 and a 7. I was about to say, 441 isn't 3 to the fifth power. So let's write that down here. Let me do it in a different color. I don't want to be confusing. So 441 is equal to 3 times 3 times 7 times 7. So if they want to know how many different positive integers are factors, so all you have to think about is how many positive integers can I construct with two 3's and two 7's So let's just list them. 3 definitely works. 3 times 3 will definitely work. Well, let's go in order. 7 will definitely work. 3 times 3 will work. That's 9. 3 times 7 would work. 21. 3 times 49 will work. 3 times 7 times 7, so 3 times 49 will work, which was actually 147. 147 works. Then 9 times 7 would work, which is 63. 9 times 7. Then you have 9 times 7 times 7. That's essentially 441. Let me make sure I haven't missed any combinations. You have one 3 and one 7. So you have a 3 and a 7. You have a 3 and two 7's. You have two 3's and a 7. Then you could have two 3's and two 7's. Then, of course, you have the 3 and the 7. So I have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 numbers. Here I have 1, 2, 3-- what am I missing here? So, I have a 3, 7-- oh, of course. I'm actually missing the 3 times the 3, and I'm missing the 7 times the 7. So, it's 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 factors of which 441-- and that's not one of the choices. How many different positives integers? Oh, and of course, the number 1. So, how many does that come to? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 numbers. So, that is D. There must be a faster way of doing that. I'll let you think about that one. Anyway. See you in the next video. Have you heard? The HRSA Electronic handbooks are getting a makeover. Soon they will have a whole new look. Welcome to the New User Interface for External Users - Preview This isn't a mere cosmetic change. We heard your feedback and listened to your concerns. We made the HRSA Electronic handbooks a whole lot easier to work with. Navigating the handbooks will be easier. Finding your work will be easier. So what's new? With the new HRSA Electronic handbooks, you'll have a single access point for all grant and non-grant programs you work with, for any organization you work for. You'll have easy access to any application, grant, or submission you worked on recently. You'll find all your work in one place, grouped by priority. You'll be able to access favorite pages, recently-accessed work and help from any screen. C'mon along and let me give you a quick tour of the new user interface for the HRSA Electronic handbooks. This is the Welcome page, your Home page in the HRSA Electronic handbooks. This is the page you'll come to when you log in. Let me show you how the Welcome page makes it easy for you to find your work. The box on the left side of the page shows Items We Are Tracking for You. This displays a count of all of your tasks for all of your organizations. Preparing an application or post-award submission might be one of your tasks. Tasks like that normally have deadlines. Responding to a request for access to a grant from a co-worker might be another one of your tasks. No deadlines for tasks like that. Either way, these are hyperlinks, so if you want to go to the task, all you have to do is click the link. The box on the right side of the page shows your recently accessed items. These are items you've worked on but not yet finished. They can be for any grant or non-grant program for any organization you work for. For example, there's the application you started but didn't finish. There's that performance report. And there's that request for access to a grant from your co-worker. Just click the link to go back to the task to work on it some more. Another way to go back to an item you've worked on before is to use the "Recently Accessed" button on the System Toolbar at the bottom of the screen. The System Toolbar is a new feature in the HRSA Electronic handbooks. You'll find it at the bottom of every screen. It never moves, and it gives you quick access to lots of helpful stuff. You can use the buttons on the left end of the System Toolbar to access to your grant portfolio, favorite pages, or recently accessed work. You can use the buttons on the right end of the System Toolbar to adjust the font size, show or hide the Top Navigation panel, print the current page, or add the page to your list of favorites. Let's take a look at how the tabs on the left side of the Top Navigation panel let you navigate the handbooks. Click the Tasks tab to navigate to your pending tasks. The Pending Tasks - List page displays all the work you need to do for any organization, document, grant or non-grant program you're associated with. It's all here in one place! You can sort your tasks to make them easier to review. Just click a column heading to sort by that column. You can filter your tasks to display only the ones you want to see. Let's click the Organizations tab to see how to manage organizations. The My Registered Organizations - List page displays all the organizations you're affiliated with. Clicking the down arrow displays a menu that allows you to perform actions for or view information about the organization listed in that row. For example, if you're an Authorizing Official for this organization, you can choose Manage Users to make changes to the current settings. Or, you can choose View Registered Users to see a list of users. Clicking the Organization Folder link opens the Home page for the organization. From the organization's Home page, you can manage communications contacts and update your role. You can also manage grant submissions and requests. Let's click the Grants tab to see how to manage your grants. The My Grant Portfolio - List page displays all the grants you're associated with for all the organizations you work for. Clicking the down arrow displays a menu that allows you to perform actions for or view information about the grant listed in that row. For example, if you're the Project Director, you can manage users. If you're an authorized user, you can request a prior approval. Clicking the Grant folder link opens the Home page for the grant. From the grant's Home page, you can manage submissions and requests. Now let's click the Home tab in the Top Navigation panel to return to the Welcome page, our Home page in the handbooks. And here we are again, back on the home page! We'll end this tour with a look at the buttons on the right side of the Top Navigation panel on the Welcome page. Under the Username button, you can view or update your user profile or change your password. Under the Support button, you can access the handbooks help section, the glossary, or contact us directly. Click the Logout button to log out of the HRSA Electronic handbooks. So there you have it. The new user interface in the HRSA Electronic handbooks puts all your work for all the organizations you work for in one place. You can access your work by following links provided on the Home page, or by clicking the Recently Accessed button on the System Toolbar found at the bottom of the screen, no matter what screen you're on. And you can use the tabs in the Top Navigation panel to navigate to tasks, organizations, and grants. The new user interface for the HRSA Electronic Handbooks is coming soon. It will make the handbooks easy to navigate, and it will make it easy for you to find your work. I hope you enjoyed your tour of the new HRSA Electronic Handbooks. See you next time! We are interested in your feedback, we want to know what you think. What are your first impressions of the New HRSA Electronic Handbooks? We encourage you to leave your comments. To submit your comments, from the EHBs Help and Knowledge Base for Grantees page, click the Add Comment link. Add your comments in the space provided, and click Save. Your comments will then be listed on this page. Thank you so much. It is a great emotion that fills my heart to see before me the French city of Montreal! In the name of the old country in the name of France I salute you! I salute you with all my heart! I would tell you a secret that you cannot repeat. Here this evening, and all the length of my trip, I found myself in the same kind of atmosphere as that of the Liberation! And all the length of my trip, in addition, I have noticed what immense efforts of progress, of development, and consequently of franking that you have accomplished here, and that it is to Montreal that I must give this statement, because because if there is a city in the world exemplary of modern success, it is yours! I say it is yours, and I permit myself to add, it is ours! If you knew what confidence France, waking up after immense troubles, now has in you, if you knew what affection she has started to feel again for the Frenchmen of Canada, and if you knew to what point she feels obliged to further your march forward, and your progress. And that is why she has finalized with the Governement of Quebec, with my friend Johnson here, agreements for which the French on this side and the other of the Atlantic can work together towards the same French undertaking. And, of course, the support that France brings here, each day a little more, she knows well that you will reciprocate because you are in the process of forming an elite, building factories, enterprises, laboratories, which will be an astonishment for all, and which, one day, I'm sure of it, will allow you to help France. This is what I have come to say this evening, and that I will bring back from this unprecedented Montreal reunion, an unforgetable memory! The whole of France knows, sees, hears that which is happening here, and I could tell you, she is well worth it! Long live Montreal! Long live Quebec! Long live free Quebec! Long live, long live... long live French Canada! And long live France! Professor John Merriman: This is all relevant. What happened at Villiers-le-Bel was that you got your basic cop car, coming along, and it wasn't rolling aggressively, it was about fifty kilometers an hour, and these two young North-African extraction youths, without helmets, didn't yield to the car. They were on a scooter, sort of essentially a motorcycle, not a big one but a scooter. And, so, they hit the car on the left side and unfortunately they were both killed. And then the police stayed a bit and made calls but the calls that they made were more, "we have something spinning out of control," it's not about how are these two kids who--and you see, they left it there for two days, they circled it all away. So, you still see these little guys' tennis shoes and you see--you can see traces of their having expired. And, so, Villiers-le-Bel, which is about eighteen kilometers north of Paris--it's near Roissy, it's near Sarcelles, where there was a lot of trouble before, it's near Gonesse; it's in the Val d'Oise--went up in flames basically, and unfortunately a lot of people were hurt in the fighting. And yesterday they burned, somebody stupidly burned the library, and the library is not associated with the flics, with the cops, it's not associated with the State even, it is the municipal library where lots of kids go and study in the municipal library. And, so, this was just la connerie, this is not possible to do stuff like that. But, anyway, part of the problem is that Sarkozy denigrated the people in the suburbs as racaille, as scum, by implication, that--and was Minister of the Interior during the big troubles, a couple of years ago; which I'm going to talk about on Wednesday, the troubles, which started in Clichy-sous-Bois. But there's a lot of--in Toulouse where there had been trouble two years ago, now it's happening in Toulouse, too, but I didn't--I'll watch it this afternoon. It's a problem, it's going to be a big problem for awhile. And what makes it a little more scary is that this wasn't an incident, where there have been incidents where the police are--the police systematically control people of color, systematically, in France, systematically. I go through Barbès-Rochechouart, which is a metro stop famous for the first place that somebody shot and killed a German officer during Vichy and--or the Gare de Lyon. I was in the Gare de Lyon, not the other day but at the end of November--or for that matter after Sarkozy was elected; you go to the Gare de Lyon metro stop and all of a sudden you turn the corner and then you've got ten policemen there, controlling people. I've lived--I've spent half my life in France for the last thirty years. I have never been controlled, not once, not once. And I've been with people going through, and you turn the corner, and all of a sudden you've got all the police there. And who do they pick out? They don't pick out whites carrying little academic briefcases, they pick out everybody, practically, who is young and who is not white. And so this rubs people the wrong way, to say the least, and it's part of the way this works in the suburbs. And, so, this incident, which involved a police car, was not coming in and sort of saying "up against the mall MF" and all this but, "let's see your papers." Because that's what happens, and I've seen that happen. It was just unfortunately these two policemen--who weren't doing anything wrong, they were just--it was a banal trip through a banal suburb-- happened to hit these two kids who were not wearing helmets and so they were killed. But this is--who knows what's going to happen in this. But this is part of when you see La Haine, hate, you see--that's the best translation simply of it is hatred or hate. And to understand how people in the suburbs feel you have to understand the relationship between both--and I'm going to do this again, in more detail; I better get to what I'm doing today. But that it's not just young people with not much of a future, it also is, mostly has to do with under-privileged and under-appreciated minorities pitted against the CRS, the national kind of military police, as well as the municipal police. And of course what the government of Chirac did was take away all the money virtually for voluntary associations that are bridges to helping integrate people into the communities in which they live and into the State in which they live. But ce n'est pas évident, comme on dit en français, it's just--oh, well, there we go. How did we get on that? We got on that because it's important to talk about. Allez. So, today I'm going to talk about Charles de Gaulle. In November 1970, ça passe vite, les temps, I was a student in Paris, just a little older than you, and living in an eleven-franc-a-night hotel, on rue Monsieur le Prince--that was about two dollars a night. My hotel room wasn't worth that, actually, but it was kind of an interesting place to live for--again, I was living in Limoges for a lot of the year too. I went to the Archives one day about--get there early, which I always do, and this little man who was a World War Two veteran who had lost most of his arm in the war, who would check my ID, but he knew me so there was no problem--my wife used to come in looking for me, when she was my wife, carrying our baby and the groceries, and it's all very décont racté, very informal; it's not that way any more. And he said, "we're going to close because the general, il est mort"--the general is dead. And Charles de Gaulle died, had died. And I, I think, infuriated my Gaullist friend by saying that he died of boredom watching French TV; but he was off in Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises, and he had died at age--he must've just been eighty; wasn't he eighty when he died, do you remember? You don't remember, but anyway I think he was eighty when he died. And, so, later my Gaullist friend, who's a lawyer, a Parisian lawyer, called me up and said, "look, why don't we go down to Notre Dame and go to the Mass?" De Gaulle didn't want to have a Mass, and I didn't particularly want to go down to Notre Dame and go to the Mass for Charles de Gaulle, but he said that it'll be--it's a historical event, we should be there, you should see it. And so I went down, we went down at three in the morning and waited in line, and then they'd flown in all these people. Haile Selassie was there, that was kind of amazing to see Haile Selassie, and the odious Richard Nixon was there and all these leaders, with rather minimum security. This was not in a high security time. You could see people who were carrying machineguns up on the towers, you could see people in the cathedral up--I was about the only person anyone saw get frisked, going in. They looked at me and said we want to check you out; so they checked me out, with the long hair and all that. But we got in there, and it was a moment of--as a moment of history, and it was something to see. His influence on French life and the memory of French life can hardly--the collective memory, of collective memory in French life, can hardly be underestimated; yet it was so long ago that he died, and the party that bore his name disappeared, that even if someone like Sarkozy or, before him, Jacques Chirac, would go to Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises, this village in the Haute-Marne, in the east of France, to have their picture taken in front of his tomb with the Croix de Lorraine--de Gaulle seems like a long time ago. But what he did in 1958 is of course to rescue the French State and to define, in his own personage, a certain idea of France that he represented. And to borrow a Catholic image, de Gaulle who was born in Lille, right near, as I said the other day, right near the fortress--Lille is a pretty Catholic town--he was not himself a practicing religious man, but I suppose it's a religious image that I somehow have retained in the back of my mind from the days at a good old Jesuit high school in Portland, Oregon, that he saw himself as the mystical body of France, that somehow the whole, that is his body, his personage, his very being, was bigger than all of the parts that constituted the body of France, and that he represented France with his very existence, and that this was how he wanted to be remembered. And when he leaves power in 1969, after a rather obscure election, plebiscite really, that that image still was retained. There are really three elements that represented his image and the myth of Charles de Gaulle after World War Two. That he was the providential figure who through his own determination had saved France and its honor after the blowout of May/June 1940; that as his voice crackled over the BBC on the 18th of June, 1940, a date that's still commemorated every year when there's a Gaullist in power and a mayor of France such as Chirac there's always a little event to commemorate that; that he had restored the integrity of France. My friend Bob Paxton, as I reminded you the other day, argued that Pétain might have saved the French State but he did not save the French nation; he destroyed it by destroying liberty, fraternity, equality, and what that means. That Charles de Gaulle had restored the integrity of France, had restored the sovereignty of French over their own political existence, which is obvious, and the republic itself, by being involved in the creation of the Fourth Republic, but then repudiating the way it was established, wanting centralized executive authority and all of that, and then would go off pouting to Colombey-les-Deux-Eglises. That he'd then he'd reunified the nation after the civil war that was Vichy. But, again, with a Gaullist twist is that everybody had basically resisted, or wanted to resist, that they were always ready with the gun nearby to go and kill the German when they could and to restore France, and that hardly anyone had collaborated. So, this was sort of the Gaullist take on this. And that he had restored the centralized state--not after World War Two, because the Fourth Republic was this sort of swinging door ministry; it's rather like the Third Republic--which as in the case of the Third Republic gave the illusion that French political life was more unstable than it was, because the deputies of the Fourth Republic, like the deputies of the Third Republic, it was a club where the same people were re-elected time and time again from the same constituencies. But de Gaulle's thing was that the only form of government that could restore the integrity of France and end the factions of parliamentary quarrels, and quarreling, and he hated the communists, of course, was a strongly centralized government. And for that he had to wait, as you now know, until cinquante-huit, until 1958, with a constitution written for him by Michel Debré, who personified Gaullism itself, and whose son is an important figure in contemporary France. This is very important for de Gaulle's view of France, is that he had freed France, in his mind, from the anarchy of political parties that were quarreling, a parliamentary government that he didn't think had worked, that was incapable of restoring the "grandeur" of France--a word to which he returned constantly; more about that in awhile--strengthening the French state under a new constitution that--written by Debré--that gave France a strong executive with a president who would be in power for seven years, and who had strong executive authority. Now, those of you who know anything about France before 1871, if this doesn't sound like Napoleon, both N-I, Napoleon the First, and N-ill, Napoleon the Third--it's an obvious thing to say, but it's still true--that in--there's no need you should know this, but some of you do--1799 on the 18th of Brumaire, Napoleon, with the help of the wily Abbe Sieyes, the priest, Sieyes, who wrote "What is the Third Estate," overthrow the Assembly. Napoleon had a bit of a faltering and his brother Lucien helped him out there, because he lost--the only time in his life he really lost his courage--they overthrow the government and impose a consulate in which Napoleon becomes the first council and finally snatches the crown, it is thought, from the Pope and crowns himself emperor. And Napoleon adopts what would become the most Gaullist political strategy, shared by that of governments of North Korea, among other dictatorships, that is the plebiscite, where you ask people with a cagy question, "Do you agree"-- for example, Napoleon ill, just before the fall of the whole mess at the end of the 1860s, in 1870 there was a plebiscite, "Do you agree with the reforms that have been undertaken by our glorious Emperor?" et cetera, et cetera. If you write "no," you're saying, "well, I don't really like reforms," and so therefore do you say "yes" because you like reforms or "yes" because you like Napoleon ill? And, so, naturally the plebiscite is like a North Korean plebiscite where ninety-nine percent of the people say oui--that's what Napoleon ill did after he overthrew the Second Republic. So, there are strong continuities between Napoleon and the idea of a centralized state overcoming the sort of quarreling factions of France. And Napoleon I put an end to what was called, rather colorfully and an unfortunate phrase, but "the war of the chamber pots" that was the French Directory, before this whole thing is overthrown. And, so, there's an appeal to the nation. And Napoleon was one of the originators of an aggressive kind of nationalism. But Napoleon was perceived as somebody on the Left. Napoleon ill, before he was Napoleon ill, in 1841, wrote a little pamphlet called "Property," about property, called "The Extinction of Pauperism"; and the idea that somehow the caring State cares about all people in France and that all people in France find part of their identity in the notion of being French. And as you already know from things we've talked about, that part of nationalism was this sort of aggressive carrying of the French language into corners in which it was not spoken, or spoken only as a second way of speaking, language, dialect, patois, et cetera, et cetera. So, the idea of a national will represented in the body of a strong executive authority is a Napoleonic idea that became part of the political existence of de Gaulle, and ultimately of Gaullism. But you had to have the idea of it being ratified by the people--thus plebiscites. Now, Pétain, the difference is that Pétain in World War Two, the "national revolution," in quotes, with the Marshall--again the military connection, Napoleon, Pétain, as he saw it, and de Gaulle--it was never ratified by any kind of popular vote because it was an even more authoritarian government under Vichy. The 1920s and the '30s, and the first half of the 1940s, was the wave of authoritarianism that cost the lives of so many millions of people, I need not remind you. And that Bonapartism, as in Gaullism, involved the kind of stamp of popular approval seen in the plebiscites of 1958, and in subsequent plebiscites. And he goes out in 1969, after he loses--they lose the plebiscite. On January 18th--no, I must've written this wrong, it must be the dix-huit de juin, it must be June 18th, 1940--he says "I"--he often said "we," the royal "we," but in this case he said "I," because he wasn't yet running the show--"I, General de Gaulle, French soldier and leader, am conscious that I am speaking in the name of France"--that I represent France; again the mystical body. Michel Debré--again d-e-b-r-e--who wrote this constitution of '58, said that the only chance for French democracy, if that term may be used, is to have a republican monarch, and that was the Gaullist view of de Gaulle. And he resigns on the 20th of June, 1946, and the Fourth Republic comes into existence without him. Now, when he returns to power, in '58, it was after--because of the chaos of what was happening in Algeria that republican institutions seemed to have been discredited. And, so, he has the upper hand there to identify himself with the strongly centralized French state. It was clear in 1958, as it had been clear with Napoleon--but this is a different case--Napoleon I, that it was only de Gaulle at that moment who could impose discipline on the French Army; thus the howls of betrayal when the other generals say he's going to let Algeria become free. And thus the sense of betrayal, and they try to kill him. And, so, but for all of his verbal-- his respect for and endorsement of popular sovereignty, but his tool of State is really often the plebiscite, which you can argue is sort of a sham tool of democracy. What he does--and reflecting the fact that the 1880s and the 1890s are the period of mass politics when the first political parties are created. Napoleon I and Napoleon ill did not create political parties. Political parties did not exist in France; they existed, the Whigs and the Tories existed in England already, but that is a long, complicated story that starts with the run up to the English Civil War at the middle of the seventeenth century. But he creates a political party that will support him, and his support, the people, a lot of the people who were Gaullists in the late 1940s were part of what is called the MRP, or whatever, the big mass Catholic political party which was extremely conservative. But he--the essence of this was strongly centralized authority. Did he consciously pattern himself after the Napoleons, or after Boulanger for that matter? He'd been born in 1890, in Lille, but brought up in--I think he was born in Lille, I'm sure I've seen this house in which I thought he was born, in Lille, but he was brought up in Paris. He loved the Arc de Triomphe and he loved Invalides, which is where Napoleon is buried. I've got to just give you one small story, which I don't think I've related. There is a famous American tennis player who the first time this tennis player was in the French Open, which is sponsored the Banque Nationale de Paris, they took this tennis player on a tour of Paris, and that tour got kind of old for this particular player; after about an hour and a half this person had seen enough. And then finally they said, some journalists said, "what do you like best about what you saw in Paris?" and the tennis player said, "Oh, I really liked the tomb with the little dead dude;" and the little dead dude is of course Napoleon, and that image is still… Napoleon's tomb, which you see from above, you can't see in the tomb, it's not like when you're looking at Lenin or something but--is a massive tourist draw, and that is something that's always happened, that's always been the case since then. He was a lecturer at the Military College of Saint-Cyr, near Paris, and he lectured on Napoleon's military campaigns and particularly that of 1805. When he organized the French Free Forces in North Africa in '41 he referred to Napoleon's campaigns that he'd studied very carefully. But he knew also that because the French Constitution had been written--that is the Third Republic, end of the Fourth Republic--had been written reflecting the fear of people like Napoleons, the Napoleons, of Caesarism, that he realized that that was always a possibility and always spoke highly of things like popular sovereignty. He always used a kind of appeals to the French masses that Napoleon himself had done so effectively--more about that in a minute, and his sort of plunging into the crowds, to the horror of his guards. Something happened when Gorbachev came to the United States, and Gorbachev was such an impressive person and such an under-appreciated great man. And Gorbachev just shocked his guards by getting out of the big, black limousine near the mall in Washington and sort of plunging and giving high-fives, the Russian equivalents of high-fives, to people in the crowd, where the guards were just scared to death because we had lost a Kennedy and all this, two Kennedys, indeed, and because of security issues. And de Gaulle who had survived these various assassination attempts, and one in which, as I said, just this huge man, this car which is riddled by machineguns, a couple of guys firing in Clamart, and he escapes absolutely unscathed. Napoleon was only wounded three times, very lightly. Napoleon seemed to have this view that comes out of saintly romantic battling figures in the medieval times that they were--that God had made them immune to physical danger, and that if somebody fired in the seventeenth century a bullet at such a person that they could catch the bullet, as if Superman or some ridiculous video thing, catch them in their teeth. But part of this is the popular appeal of this man who was full of famous things that he said. But he never intended it as witticisms; the man had virtually no sense of humor. He's a cynic but a very smart man. But he's probably best remembered for saying, "how can you possibly run a country"--I don't think he used the word rule, that would've been a mistake, that would've been lapsing to the royal we, which he used constantly--"How can you run a country that has 268 different kinds of cheese? It's all so complex." In fact, there are many more than 268 kinds of cheese; there's probably 268 different kinds of picodons, which are small goats' cheeses produced in the southeast of France and in other places. But what organized all this stuff together in his thinking is that France cannot be France without grandeur, without grandeur. So, one of the compelling aspects of his existence was that how you keep a power, that is no longer really a great power, in a world that had been divided among two great powers, how you keep a diminished great power a great power, how do you do that? So, there were two ways, very vehemently anti-communist through the whole thing, but more realistic than the Americans, always more realistic than the Americans--and this we'll tie together in a minute. Two ways: one is that you maintain this forceful independence vis-à-vis the Americans and the Soviets. The clash of these two civilizations, both with their monumental exaggerations and both with their monumental problems; the Americans' problems less bloody than the traditions in the Soviet Union--how do you do that? So, you become independent, you leave NATO, you throw the Americans out; thus these huge airbases that were once full of American planes, full of American Air Force people and soldiers in Chateauroux and all these places--I mentioned this before--now empty, just big parking lots essentially. You can still see them all over the place. Or Lyon, there's another good one. You're independent, and you insist on having the force de frappe, force, like force, and then de, d-e, and then frappe, f-r-a-p-p-e; and frappe, it sounds like something that's served at Coffee Too or Starbucks, but it is the nuclear capacity. And, so, France is going to be independent, it's going to have nuclear capacity. The Americans had the atomic bomb, the Soviet Union had the atomic bomb. The Americans had used an atomic bomb. The Israelis probably did not yet have the atomic bomb but soon would, and India would later and the Pakistanis and as you know the Chinese, as well. So, that leads to point number two, that is by being independent and by being French, that you maintain your influence in places even as they are being decolonized--places like Mali, for example, or Senegal, or ex-Zaire, the Congo, which was the awful Leopold's private territory before the Belgian parliament took it over at the end of the nineteenth century, the beginning of the twentieth century, because of just the massacres, the slaughter of local people by sort of Belgian mercenary types, and all of this; that these places, that even after Algeria, and before that Morocco and Tunisia, become independent that the influence of la belle France in places like Vietnam, after the French leave, because of French civilization, the civilizing mission, the French language-- Lebanon, another very good example, French influence in Lebanon, terribly, terribly important. And that this kind of influence, a cultural influence and a political influence of being an honest broker between these two big colossal powers will help accentuate France's existence as a great power, continued to exist as a great power. But there was a contradiction there because France was no longer a great power, but wanted to be a great power. And, so, that was essential in the way that de Gaulle viewed France's role and personally his role; that France would maintain its influence in what they called in those days the Third World, tiers monde, that were--had just been freed from the colonial imperial experience but were economically disadvantaged. And that France's historical mission of carrying civilization, French civilization, the civilizing mission, et cetera, et cetera, would continue in that context. Now, you even saw this very recently in the case of the Bulgarian nurses who had been in Libya accused of--it's a terribly complicated case--of infecting Libyan children with HlV, and who had been condemned to death and had been in prison for I don't remember how long. And one of the first things that Sarkozy does is he sends his wife, who's no longer his wife, to Libya to use the influence, that old French influence, in the Middle East to obtain the release of these Bulgarian nurses. And indeed they were able to pull that off. I think one of the nurses was Palestinian but I think the other ones were Bulgarian, I'm sure they were Bulgarian; I'm not sure about the Palestinian but I think so. And it works. But this is an idea that we can be there, we can intervene in these cases and get things happened because of that. And no one--if you travel in Africa and in Francophone countries, nobody should have any illusion about the continued influence of France in these places; and it is very, very important, and this is something that de Gaulle believed very much. He feared the domination of Europe and France by Britain and the United States, using NATO as a tool. And, so, you can argue now that Europe, quote/unquote Europe, the European Union, the European community and all this stuff, that the basis of this lies certainly in what would've seemed in the 1920s and the '30s, or for that matter the 1880s and '90s, a horribly unusual alliance between Germany and France. And de Gaulle moves in that direction. And, so, that is a way of--working against is the wrong term--but sort of circumventing the kind of domination of the U.S. and of Britain in all of this. And what he helps do--and this is very important--is it ends all that animosity between Germany and France. I can remember going up to the Normandy beaches, the Norman beaches, and try waiting in there--imagine all these people shooting at you on the 6th of June, 1944 when you go to Omaha Beach, or Utah Beach, or one of these places, and it's full of Americans going there; it's full of very old Americans going there, to see where they had lost a lot of friends. But I remember going there with German plates--this is in the early 1970s--and still getting stares and insults, that I could understand perfectly well; they thought we were German, and we weren't, we were your age and just kind of traveling around, and sleeping on beaches, and eating a little, and drinking some wine along the way, and all that stuff. But de Gaulle helped put an end to that, and now if you ask almost anybody, if you ask one of the Germans going into Strasbourg to buy foie gras, or all the French going over to Germany to buy what is slightly cheaper gasoline, this is an alliance, and a cornerstone of Europe, particularly given the attitude of the British and all the anxieties that they have about losing their integrity, national integrity, of losing the pound and all that stuff. And, so, de Gaulle helped make that possible. He never forgot the humiliation of France having been excluded from the Allied conferences at Yalta and Potsdam. You've all seen those pictures of Stalin with Churchill and sometimes Roosevelt as well. But France was not invited. Both Roosevelt and Churchill just hated de Gaulle's guts, they hated his arrogance. And he was not a person who lacked confidence, and he was not rigolo, he was not a good-time guy. His own family, by the way, his own family vous-vous-ed him, his children did. They didn't use tu they used vous--that's amazing. And they hated him, they had contempt for him. And de Gaulle never forgot those personal humiliations and the humiliations that la France, great power, was not invited to participate in essentially the fate of Europe. And, so, that leads to 1966, France withdrawing from NATO by forcing it to transfer its headquarters from Paris to Bruxelles, to Brussels, and these army and air force bases in France were closed; and armed forces radio was moved away, so it became more difficult to listen to football games on armed forces radio because you had to get them from Frankfurt, which is an extraordinarily minor point. And again he insisted on the development of an arsenal that was nuclear. And he angered the U.S. government by refusing to support the U.S. policies in Vietnam. And of course the French had already seen how stupid policies lead to bad results. But the Americans did not see that, for a very long time, until 70,000 American soldiers and God-knows how many people in Vietnam died in all of this. He outraged--and I remember this; I wasn't in Quebec--but he went to Quebec on a state visit, and he suddenly blurts out, "long live free Quebec!" And, so, this caused all sorts of problems. This was in the late-- it was about 1967, if I remember correctly. Why free Quebec? Because Quebec is nouvelle France, and that's where you had 60,000 French men, women, and children living. At the time there were 2.5 million English people living in what was the colonies in the U.S., and a very one-sided war. But again the idea that if Quebec is free, if it's independent--my own personal view is it ought to be independent; ça n'a rien à voir avec. But it's just my feeling, but I don't know enough about it to say that's a good idea, but I have the same kind of cultural feelings that he does about it. But this is not what you do, you do not go on a state visit and suddenly announce "long live Quebec!" Americans, this is the same thing, if somebody came from, I don't know, a Serb ambassador or an Italian prime minister suddenly arrives and says, "long live free New Mexico and Texas!" or something like that--people didn't view it very well. But although he was vehemently anti-communist, he did not want--he saw himself as again this honest broker in negotiating between these powers. His legacy were of these imperatives that he had; they were backed by deeds or at least attempts to restore the grandeur of France, its efficient, kind of active independence, as I guess Stanley Hoffmann called it that once. And this diverged from other parts of the French Right--Le Figaro magazine, for example, which is always just almost comically pro-American on every issue. The French Right couldn't--what de Gaulle did is he took the nationalism of Napoleons, the Napoleons, which was a nationalism associated with the general liberal Left--the State will do good things for people--he transforms that in the evolution that you see in the Third Republic, the nationalism, moving to the nationalism of the Right, into the equivalent of the Sacred Union of World War One, into a nationalism, fundamentally a nationalism of the Right in France. And part of that, to make a long story short, as you already have seen, is based upon his anti-communism. But at the same time you have all this business about grandeur and glory, et cetera, et cetera--grandeur more than glory; but inattention to--even at the end of what's called the glorious thirty years, the French economy takes off, that you've read about--inattention to how you modernize France, how you make it more economically competitive, and what do you do about the education system, the university system in particular? And that would come crashing down on his head in 1968. So, his deeds, his legacy in--I've already said I think what there is to say about the practical consequences of his legacy. But he did, France's influence did remain, has remained in the world, which I think is a very good thing. But the most, the greatest legacy that he left is probably his style, that of the monarchical president, the monarchial president, the king of the republic, the idea that he represented France in a way that the Sun King had represented France, towering over France, and that overriding the interests of those he considered to be talkers, mere posers or talkers, including technocrats, the kinds of people who had emerged in part out of World War Two and out of the Fourth Republic. And, so, he left unsolved the question of how you educate France for a new society, how you train and modernize people. What do you do with the poisonous relations between a very powerful patronat, that is employers, and a working class that in the 1960s was still extremely influenced by the CGT, the Confédération Général du Travail, and by the Communist Party? So, there were contradictions in all of this, the idea that France is a great power when France still--France wasn't yet a great power. The idea that France can be independent and therefore maintain itself as a great power by intervening, in terms of its cultural influence, its political influence in the Third World and that sort of thing. And the reality, when push came to shove, that there were two great powers. So, it kind of, the contradictions are there. He said over and over again that he was not of the Left nor of the Right; he was above the Left or the Right--he used the "above" word, the word "above" all the time. He said "je suis un homme de la guerre de quatorze/dix-huit"--I'm a man of the War of 1914-1918; he was wounded on Belgian Bridge in Dinant, as I said the other day. And that was the Sacred Union, when in the interests of France these quarreling fragments would give up their quarrels with each other and would rally around big France--that France's historical mission was so especially said on the 11th of December, 1969, "I don't want to repose, I don't want to even triumph, I want to bring people together." He saw his own party as being above these. He said that the parties--in 1965--he said parties are organizations constituted to show off particular tendencies and to support the interests of such and such categories of people, or interests, or desires, and all this stuff, time and time again. But he wasn't just someone who was going to pronounce foolishly, revert to the same eventually tired phrases, he was somebody who believed that he could pay particular attention to circumstances. In this he was rather like Bismarck, and saw himself in that way, I think it's possible to argue. In this maybe he saw himself a little bit, though I hate to make the comparison, but maybe with Henry Kissinger a little bit too, in the old days. But one of the results of the way he viewed France is that he didn't really give a damn about the existence of ordinary people. He once said that--he said this literally--"steak frites," that is steak with French fries, "is okay, it's fine, but it does not add up to national ambition"; that's an exact quote. And the business of how do you bring together, how do you retain the importance of a people with 268 kinds of cheese, was a part of all of that. And, so, his style was more original than his doctrine. Take the press conference--he used to have press conferences. American presidents often have press conferences, though the current one really doesn't because the questions get too difficult to handle. But de Gaulle wasn't one for press conferences, he hated them, he couldn't stand them. But the press conferences in the old day were orchestrated, they were appearances. They were not a rock concert appearance, but they were appearances nonetheless, in which the questions had been planted. It was rather like FEMA, whatever they called it--did an amazing thing just a couple of weeks in California, they planted--the people in the room weren't reporters they were FEMA employees, and they presented it as a press conference where one guy raised his hand and he said, "why is FEMA doing such a remarkable job this time around?" And then the guy says, "well, I think we're very doing well, thank you for saying that." It turned out that he was an employee of FEMA and there weren't real journalists there. But de Gaulle would do the same thing except he would do it with real journalists; he wouldn't do it with Helen Thomas, who was a wonderful person. I once had her as a guest at the tea in Branford; she was always able to ask the first question--I don't think this is the case anymore--because she was the senior person. But you had real journalists, but they were told what questions to ask, and then he would say--he would give the same kinds of responses that I just said--"steak-frites do not end up with national ambition." At the time of the Algerian War somebody forgot to ask a question about Ben Bella. So, he said--he suddenly looks up and says, "did I hear somebody ask a question about Ben Bella?" And then he gives the response, but he turns and reads a response that had already been written for him, and sometimes by him. And, so, it was the kind of style. So, appearances were important, the idea that somehow this mystical body was connected in a real way to all of you, by national glory. And when he would go to any town, and he liked doing that, he would go and he would say, "as I stand in the shadow of your magnificent cathedral," or "next to your smiling river"--French rivers are always described as smiling, even if they're polluted, by politicians. "I am thinking of you, and seeing you here, here to welcome me, your hearts beating just as mine for France and its grandeur and its civilization, I am reminded that"--and then he launches into his two or three minute bit. And then he is in the big limousine and out of Lussac-les-Deux-Eglises or wherever it is. And it all was like that, where style increasingly overwhelmed substance, and in a man who was extremely elderly, but by no means, by no means senile, not one bit, and who could still treat with contempt anybody who came and told him something he didn't want to hear--but could be charming as well--the stage was set for his departure, as time moved on. And that would swirl around the events of 1968, la revolution manquée, the revolution that didn't really happen in France and involved an awful lot of people of your age. And it's to that, after I hope a glorious weekend, that I will return on Monday. After a short while, the body will start floating. And with the waves, it will float away. Hey! Go in! Go in! It will float away! Has this bull entered the buffaloes den? Let me see... what was the need for you to come here... ...so late in the night to say this? But you will have to stay here carefully. Hey! What are you doing? You are here? - Where else will i be? I thought you were inside. Sir! The bull has gone mad! Leave me! I won't leave you! I won't leave you! Sir, this man is not needed here. Not needed here! Sir, i don't want this man here. His thoughts are very filthy! Do you know what he was doing? He was peeping in munni's room! He was teasing a sleeping woman. Babla! What rubbish! Leave me! Sir, he is lying! He is lying! He is talking rubbish! I was looking out for him! Why were you searching for me in her room? If you were looking out for me, then you should... ...have search the bathroom. You sleep in the bathroom? Sir, i don't sleep in the bathroom! Sir, ask him. Wasn't he peeping in munni's room? Ask him! Were you peeping in munni's room, babla? Now, what can i say... caught him! Caught him! Were you peeping or not? I was peeping inside because i wanted to know who is inside! Who will be inside! Sir, who will be inside? Poor munni is inside! She is sleeping! She was snoring! Poor munni, were you peeping at her from the bathroom? Leave me! Let me talk! Listen! I heard a man's voice inside. I saw it with my own ears. - Oh god! I heard it! Why don't i die! Why don't i die! - Go and die! Sir! Sir, he is such a filthy man! To save himself, he is slandering munni's image! Sir, ask him! Ask him! Hang on! Sir, to end the matter, open the door. The girl's room's door... what is she doing! I will check it out! No, you won't see it! I will see it! Sir, you won't see it. Sir! I will see, i am company's boss. I will see. Munni! - Munni! Lts sir. Don't fear. Open the door. Open the door. Open the door. Munni... is somebody inside? There's no one, sir. There's no one. Fine, you go to sleep. Good night. What goodnight! Wait! Did somebody check inside? Munni, with whom were you talking? Nobody, babla. I heard you talking to somebody. That... that i was rehearsing my dialogues. You guys said that it should be ready by morning. What happened? Hey! Sir, this bull has gone mad! I will bury you alive! - The guy is hitting me! Leave him! Aren't you ashamed! Go and apologize to the girl! Go! Go and apologise! Remember one thing! If you will respect the girl... ...then the girl will give you her respect. Sorry! Made a mistake, sir! Punish him, sir! Otherwise i won't stay here. What punishment? Forgot! Forgot! When by mistake i had teased anjali... ...you all had made me wash the clothes. Forgot it, sir? Remind him. If he is not punished then i will... what? Otherwise i will leave munni at her home! Understood! Yes! He is right! He should be punished! Law should be the same for everybody! What trouble is this! Hey! From tomorrow you will cook for everybody! Are you happy? - Yes. Its fine for now. But i will give the rest... ...of the punishment later. Everybody go and sleep in their room. But listen, nobody will go near that room! Understood! Nobody will go there! Then do one thing. You stand outside the room at night like a watchman. Fool! You keep awake the whole night just to peep inside. You guys have made my life miserable! What are you looking at? The burning flame looks so beautiful. Is it? Then immerse yourself in it. Eat it. Burning flame looks so beautiful. I will like if this fire eats me. Then munni wont be there, and problems also wont be there. I will turn onto ashes and fly away in the sky. Like a free bird! Hey! If you want to make tea, then make tea. Otherwise go out. Fool, she scared me. Bunty, did you drink your tea. Shall i start now? We will do the rehearsal of the gun. Okay. Yes sir, play the music. What happened, sir? Ready. Ready... - look here. Yes sir, play the music. Look there. What happened? Why are you standing like that with your nose stuck? Come in. Get up you rascal. Break the scoundrel's legs! Come on take him! Where is that short guy? - Take him! Boss look there. Boss look there. You broke my leg! I'll show you! Catch him! Go! Go! Come on. Let's go! Let's go! - Bring me his leg! Hello, did you see anyone running this way today. The one that broke your boss's leg, that one. Yes, yes him. He's gone straight. Hey guys! Get him! Even this news got published in the papers? Yes it got published. Boss! The news of you becoming... ...a cripple got published in the newspaper. Really, these press people publish whatever i do. It is a sin to be famous isn't it? Where did that scoundrel go? There. What are you doing here, dancing? Go and catch him! You read what is written about me. Why did you get so shocked? The news is such. Anyway. I will read it. Hakka! Hakka! Come back. I have caught him! He is there! Come, come fast! Break his leg! - Wait. Break his leg. He is my prey. - No. Give me this leg. - No. Give me this leg! - No! Quiet! Will you take the leg home cook it and eat it. Break his legs. You broke my leg! Catch him! Catch him! Not him, catch me. Take me to a hospital. Sorry sir! - It has broken! Come, let us write down the words of the songs. So that in the show it goes nicely. Without you, there is no desire. Without you, my worlds on fire. Fire, not tyre. It is fire, i write f like this. - Inverted? You read it correctly. Without you i can't fly high, high, higher... without you, there is no desire. Without you, my worlds on fire. Without you i can't fly high, high... high... high... yo! Without you, there is no desire. Without you, my worlds on fire. Without you i can't fly high, high... high... high... yo! Without you, i cannot find peace anywhere. What should i do, what should i not, that is the difficulty. Without you, i cannot find peace anywhere. What should i do, what should i not, that is the difficulty. In this condition i cannot find peace. Now i cannot stay alone. [Narrator] I now want to ask you the really challenging question over here, and it goes as follows: one of the weaknesses of slam is as we move along and map a world by seeing these landmarks, the matrix omega which is the big thing here and of course the vector C grow linearly with the length of the path. Now this means if you go to your local supermarket and buy a robot, and that robot lives for a long time, say a year or a decade, then this thing here, the path will be a really, really large even though the environment in which it might operate, the map might be of a fixed size, and that means a robot programmed by graph SLAM will eventually stop working because it gets slower and slower. Now, we all know computer operating systems that have that property. The older they are the slower they are, but we're not talking about how to fix operating systems. We're just talking about how to fix SLAM. The crucial idea that I want to tell you about and I want you to implement from scratch in our software is the following: we can actually reduce the map we maintain to one that only contains the most recent position in the path, and all of the stuff over here can be safely erased when we build our map. You don't know how to do it, but let me tell you. Suppose we have a robot position and we have a matrix omega that only contains the information pertaining to 1 position. If the position is 1 dimensional, it's just 1 row and 1 column. Whereas, you might have many different entries for the map. Suppose the robot moves to a new position; let's call it XT+1. Then, we'd do exactly the following: we'd grow the matrix in the vector by using the expand function that you're already familiar with such that we now have space for our new position. The new area we added are these rows over here. It's a single row of numbers of a position 1 dimensional. It's 2 rows of number of a position that is 2 dimensional, and it's this column, again, is just a single column if our position is 1 dimensional; otherwise, it is 2 column, and we initialize those all by 0, and then we can apply our regular motion update, that as you know adds 1 or some number like 1 to the main diagonal and -1s off diagonal, and the same on the right side for the vector C. That is just a motion update but that runs the risk that our path increases. Now we go back to a form like this. We make X2+1 survive. Simplified speaking, you might think about doing this by just cutting out the new sub-matrix that starts over here, and the sub-vector that starts over here; however, if you do this as you can easily verify, that sub-matrix doesn't give you the correct answer, and here is where the meat is. We now cut out 3 sub-matrices or values from the full matrix on the right side. One sits here, that one I will call A. One is over here; it's a single element for a 1D robot, but is a 2 x 2 matrix for a robot in 2D coordinates, and one that I'll call C, and it's obvious to see that this thing over here that you want to cut out is called A-1. These values carry a lot of importance. We can't just erase them, but we can forward them back into the surviving matrix by the following simple operation: we take the surviving matrix to be called omega prime and the surviving vector to be called X prime, and you can get omega prime and X prime by using the function take that is in your own matrix library. You have to look into how to make take take exactly those elements over here, and then if we modify X prime and C prime with the following piece of math. We subtract from omega prime A transpose times B to the -1, the inverse, times A. If we implement this correctly this gives you a matrix of the same size as sigma prime, and that's what you subtract to arrive at our reduced sigma. Similarly you do the same for C. You subtract A prime minus B to the -1 times C. This tends to be the same as Gaussian where we technically do away or we call it integrate away the variable X1, and I don't want to go into detail why that's correct. My book has a multi-page proof of that simple equation. I just want to give you intuition here, which is these values do carry importance, and to get rid of those you have to redistribute them into the remaining variables and that over here happens to be the math. It's A transpose times B times A that you subtract from the remaining omega prime, and the same for C over here. When you do this, you are now left with a matrix of the same original dimension because we first added the post and then we subtracted one, and as you can see when you do this many, many times the final dimension of the matrix is only determined based on the size of the map plus, well, a single entry which in the 1D case is 1 row and 1 column. In the 2D case is 2 of those corresponding to the robot position. That means SLAM scales to really large environments because we can do the trick every single time a robot moves. You asked for a challenging program assignment. I promise you, you will be busy with it for awhile. I'm giving you now my piece of code in which I implemented SLAM for you. You're familiar with this. You have all of that, and then I run SLAM with 3 landmarks, 3 time steps, a world size of 100, and a measurement range of 100. I make data at random as you're familiar with and you'll complete the result, and the result in this case contains a vector of omega C and U concatenated. Then what I might get out looks as follows: there's 3 landmarks. There's a sequence of estimated positions leading up to the actual robot position. They're both correct, and then there's estimates for where landmarks are. Every time I run it, I get a different answer because my landmarks and my world is different every time. Now I also implemented and that's your task now a function called online SLAM. It does exactly what I told you to do. It resizes the matrix every time a new motion occurs and then goes back to the original size, and I've printed out here as an example the information matrix omega and in the vector C that I obtained, and I also printed out the final result. In the final result, we get exactly the same estimated pose as for the full SLAM algorithm which is 86.0 and 33.7. I go down, these are exactly the same number for the estimated pose; that's how you can verify this. The same is true for the estimated landmark. Those coordinates are identical despite the fact that I reduce the size of omega and C, but when I print omega and C, we find that the dimensionality is reduced. It's an 8 x 8 matrix omega, and the number 8 comes because there's 6 coordinates for the landmarks and 1 final robot pose. That is substantially smaller than the matrix I would obtain for the full SLAM case, and the same is true for the information vector of size 8; here's an example. What you are asked to do is to fill the entire online SLAM routine and to do this, every time you get a new pose, you want to expand to grow the matrix by inserting something right behind the existing pose. You then run take to take out the sub-matrix. You also calculate A, B, and for the information vector C, and then as before your reduced omega is obtained with this equation, and your reduced C is obtained with this equation. If you make no mistake, then you get exactly the same area as you had before, and you can test your routine and arbitrary maps and arbitrary data sets, and it'll just be fine. So, good luck; this is a wonderful programming assignment because it gives you the first really scalable SLAM algorithm and when you implement it, it's actually a major achievement. I can tell you it took the scientific feat of SLAM easily 15 years to really discover this form, and ever since what was really complex and involved lots of common failures, and I can tell you lots of headaches, became amazingly easy. So, implement it and you can call yourself a robotic mapper. Q: There is some information indicating that you are planning to run for the position of the Secretary-General of the United Nations in 2016 As you said previously, you will be back in Belgrade in September 2013 there are two and a half years until the election for the mentioned position. Will you be running for the position and what is your perception with regard to the prospective support from the government? V.J.: First of all, I think it is a great honor to be mentioned as a candidate for the position of the UN Secretary-General which was the case not only in the domestic, but also in the foreign media. However, I would like to say that it would be absolutely inappropriate to discuss this issue now because Mr. Ban Ki-moon and I work very closely, we meet every week, sometimes even more often Elections (for the position of the UN SG) will take place in 2016 which is a distant future in both politics and international relations. Q: But Dragan Djilas said yesterday that you may as well return the MP seat, having in mind what you had told him that you were going to run for the UN Secretary-General position. V.J.: In six months time, I will return to Serbia to participate in the political and parliamentary life of this country. At the moment, I am focused on making the last six months of the Serbian presidency (of the UN General Assembly) the best possible, in terms of making maximum benefit for Serbia and its representation. I think that, so far, we have demonstrated that this presidency was most beneficial for the country, in terms of representing it as well as organizing a number of thematic debates which I deemed useful for Serbia. I would like to see the remaining six months (of the presidency) as more fulfilled than the first six months. There are a lot of activities planned for that period, and I will be focused on that in the coming months After that, I will focus on my involvement in the political life of Serbia When it comes to 2016, it is a distant future. Q: Very well. But, let me go back to this: is it true that you told him you were going to run for the UN Secretary-General (to Dragan Djilas)? V.J.: I don't think it would be particularly good to talk about these things in public. It wouldn't be fair because of the relationship I have with the Secretary-General and also because I would really like to come back to Serbia, and I do plan to come back. If he (Dragan Djilas) spoke publicly about it, I must say that I haven't seen that TV show. I think it is highly unfair of Mr. Djilas to do so, but unfortunately his latest actions could be characterized in such manner. Boys and Girls It's the B.B. Don't fool yourself I got your back You must Up up up up up up up up up up B.L.O.C.K. is bang Open your heavy eyelids Move up and enjoy this Trouble make freeze Why are you scared? It's a waste to live life like this Open your mouth and say at least one word Student, will you close your book? Gather gather Gather here Turn turn Turn your head An obvious win plays foul when bored Turn this bitter life into something delicious Silence is our traitor Throw your worries and anxieties towards the sky Jump up Hey What are you doing? Quit hiding man What's up with you? Oh Oh Spread your wings Get off track just for today All the things you've build up, Let go, Let go Shout louder until your voice is gone Go crazy tonight as if it's the end Go and tell them and even your friends That we're here Shake your legs around and around With me inside a cage The numbers on the calender that are on the floor are red From the roots to the peak so you can all reach them Always turning my back And leaning against the wall to complain Your extra life is just a supporting role It's exciting just do ya thing Now it's time to show off your hidden talents Gather gather Gather here Turn turn Turn your head Just for today Shake it shake it Get off track Scutter scutter And your voice Loud and loud 5 4 3 2 1 Out! Hey What are you doing? Quit hiding man What's up with you? Oh Oh Spread your wings Get off track just for today All the things you've build up, Let go, Let go Shout louder until your voice is gone Go crazy tonight as if it's the end Go and tell them and even your friends That we're here The day goes by fast like a blink of an eye Everybody becomes one to stay up all night Go outside and rock your head Go Go Go, Go ahead and rock'em The day goes by fast like a blink of an eye Everybody becomes one to stay up all night Go outside and rock your head Go Go Go, Go ahead and rock'em Hey What are you doing? Quit hiding man What's up with you Oh Oh Spread your wings Get off track just for today All thethings you've build up, Let go, Let go Shout louder until your voice is gone Go crazy tonight as if it's the end Go and tell them and even your friends That we're here Go tell them and throw out your weakness Our body jumping Stop squirming Go tell them and let's go face them Our body jumping Jumping You must Up up up up up up up up up up I said to myself, something feels wrong here, but I wasn't sure what so I kept on going. And this voice kept on telling me, don't open it, don't open this door. But I, I don't know why, I still open the door. And when I open the door, that's when my life flashed before my eyes. 5 00:00:29,180 --> 00:00:33,120 that's when my life flashed before my eyes. 600:00:35,180 --> 00:00:39,120 My only thoughts were why? 700:00:39,120 --> 00:00:42,080 ...why? I knew I had to make a choice. Leave, and go back home with shit in my pants, or take my pride and survive. And I chose to survive. The other characteristic of laws of science, as I said, is that they have these certain features. We expect them to be repeatable, reproduceable, invariant, uniform, etc. So, let's look at that in the context of some super powers, okay? And see how far we can get understanding whether they are scientific or not. Okay? So, we're going to start, with the general class of repeatable. Because this is really the heart of discoverable, okay? When we mean the universie is knowable and discoverable, at some level we mean we can do experiments and get consistent results okay? So, we can do experiments and get consistent results, okay? Now, as I said, we generally use the phrase, you know, I can reproduce my results, okay? So, if I do my experiment today with a set of equipment, I use the same set of equipment tomorrow, I should get the same answer, okay? So, I should be able to reprooduce my results and you can replicate them. Meaning, you can copy what I did, okay? And so this is why we slightly use a different word. Can you think of replicating, it sounds more like copying, right? You make a replication, you duplicate it. So you make a copy of it, something that's not what I used but pretty much the same and get the same result. Whereas I'm using the same thing to just reproduce the same results over and over, okay? So, that's kind of the, idea behind the two different words, okay? So, before we go to a superpower, let's ask, you know, this is an example that's in the book. Is Astrology scientific or not? What would you say? Who says yes? Who says no? Okay. Who has a reason why they raised their hand? Nobody had a reason? See, you need to have a reason for your answer. Okay? That's what we're going for, okay? The book does a nice, I think it's a nice example on the book this is why I bring it to your attention, right? You can imagine two statements about astrology. And one you can say, this happens all the time in pseudoscience, which we're going to talk a little bit more about. But, there is the famous undetectable rays, okay? That impact you and guide your life, okay? Right away, okay? We've left the realm of experimental results. You can't reproduce something that's undetectable. Right away, that makes it not reproducible, okay? you could make a statement that, it's the gravitational forces from the planets that is causing your life to be controlled by the planets. Now, you're making a quantitative statement that you can make measurements on and try to reproduce replicate, okay? But, you need hundreds of measurements to be able to reproduce them, okay? So, a little bit, remember there's a difference between is it scientific, and is it good science, and is it science we can believe and trust, okay? Right now, we're really just trying to establish is it in that realm that we can ask even is it good science, is it even scientific? And once you declare yourself undetectable, you've, you've moved yourself out of the realm of science. You've defined yourself to be something else, okay? So, let's go for a superpower. This isn't quite one on our list, but I can make it one on our list. I was going to go with laser vision, but we had x-ray vision. Okay. Is x-ray vision, okay? Something that you can think of in the context of this reproducible, repeatable, and scientific process of discoverable, or does it seem to violate this aspect of scientific theories? You can go with x-ray vision, or my original one, laser vision. Talk about that for a minute. Right. So, always the cool question with superheros. Was it biological x-ray vision or laser vision? Or is it technology? Okay? And so, notice right away, okay? Thinking about superpowers from a scientific point of view is not as silly as it might first seem, right? We can immediately start quantifying things. Okay, x-ray vision and laser vision? Takes a certain amount of power, maybe, to generate your lasers. We can compute that and see, is it reasonable, okay? For you to generate enough power to have laser vision, okay? Different answers for biology and technology. X-ray vision, you know, what's the mechanism behind both of these? Okay? What is the process involved? Again, biology or technology. But, I think the interesting one which often, often cu, causes confusion about repeating things, and in this case, it's a replicating issue, okay? Is what was the cause? Okay? And, so often, right? Most modern superpowers are caused by what? What event? Radiation. Radiation. Radiation. Well, not as much anymore, right? That was the, that, that was the first generation of superheros was rad, radiation, like it zapped humans and somehow changed you completely. Now, we're a little more different. It's sometimes the radiation that causes the following. But what is the source we refer to usually? Mutation. Genetic mutation, right? We're, we're talking about usually a random genetic mutation. Okay? So, it raises an interesting question of, can this be replicated? Can it be repeated? And what's also nice, okay? So, the key to repeatability is that you're quantitative, okay? And the fancy words we use in science is that it can either be deterministic. Which means, it's, every aspect of it is completely characterized, okay? No randomness, okay? So, another way to say this is completely determined no randomness. And the other is probabilistic. Probabilistic. Okay. And, we know how to characterize quantitative experiments that are random or statistical. So, this is random and statistical, okay? To basically tell if two statistical processes are the same or not, okay? And you can look at averages, it's, and it goes beyond just an answer b, it's not that just that the averages have to agree. You get, look at the whole distribution, the shape of the curve, the nature of the fluctuation, okay? And you can understand, for instance, radio active decay, is a random process, but it's very repeatable. It's very reproducible and it's very easy to replicate, okay? Even though, it is a random process, okay? Can you reproduce getting the decay always at the exact same time? No. But then, you reproduce all the aspects of the decay that we expect to be there, and the answer's yes. Okay? So, that's an important thing to understand is just because something is random and fluctuating doesn't mean we cant have it as knowable, okay? Now, let's get back to our genetic mutation for the superpower, okay? Here is where the superpowers run into the replicating issue, okay? Right? So, we have our generic mutation. What is random about, when we say there's a random generic mutation, what was random about it? Which Yeah? Which gene mutate. So, it's random with, you don't know ahead of time necessarily which gene is mutated if you don't know all of them. But, let's come back to that. Hold that thought. So, that's part of it. Yes? But, you don't know why, like there's no reason biologically the mutation happens. How can we use the word random because we don't know which what affect caused it. Now, some superheroes you know they were bit by the radioactive spider, or they, you know, stepped into the atomic explosion, okay? there was a great quote in one of the books I was reading or used in the class that most of the superheros would have had their superpowers for less than a, you know, fraction of a second before they just melted from the radioactive energies. But, that's okay You know, you're a superhero briefly. notice when we use the word random in this context, not quite way fully meant. We use it for the stuff we don't know. Okay. In fact, that's not uncommon in science. There is a time where there is stuff we don't know the details of but we can do a statistical this, this and that. Description. We can do a statistical description of that, okay? That is very powerful. So, we can use that for what we don't know. But going back to which gene, once it happens, okay? Notice in principle, I mean, we can now actually code the whole human genome. We've done that, right? You can argue that we're at the point where we should be able to identify the genetic mutation once it happens. Okay? And then, figure out how to cause it again, okay? So, the ability to replicate would be if we say, you know, gene A causes x-ray vision, right? And there was someone willing to do the experiment and you could get all the proper forms signed, you can go mutate gene A. We know how to do genetic manipulation exactly the way the superhero did, and see if you produce x-ray vision. If you do, you now know you understand really well the cause of x-ray vision because you've been able to replicate it in another person. If they die a horrible, screaming death, well, you know, you haven't found the cause for x-ray vision necessarily, okay? Now, there might be other factors, human genetics is complicated. Maybe gene A, if you change it, only causes x-ray vision if a person also has gene B active, and not everybody has gene B active, okay? So now, you have to try again with a new hypothesis. So, we're getting into the aspects of the scientific method and process here, okay? But the replicating part, the repeatable part has multiple layers. And in the typical superpower, one of the key issues for replicating it is identifying the cause and that's often biology. So, that's kind of an interesting aspect. One reason to be thinking about this is the third project in the class will be to design your own superhero, including the source of their powers. So, these are things you can discuss and think about in your essay, Anytime you want to understand something... Why is such and such happening? Why is there a bio-diversity crisis? Why are we drilling for more oil, when it's polluting the atmosphere and causing oil spills? Why? And you ask why!? And down a couple levels of why, you always get to money. I talk a lot about the story of self, that every culture has, that answers the question - What are you? What is it to be human? It says that you're this separate being, among other separate beings, in a universe that is separate from yourself as well. You are not me, that plant is not me, that's something separate. And this story of self really creates our world. If you're a separate self and there's other separate selves out there, other species out there, the universe is fundamentally indifferent to you or even hostile, then you definitely want to control. You want to be able to have power over other beings and over these whimsical, arbitrary forces of nature that could extinguish you any time. This story is becoming obsolete, it's becoming no longer true. We don't resonate with it any more. It's actually generating crises that are insoluble from the methods of control. That's what's clearing the space for us to step into a new story of self and a new story of the people. (wind chimes) Money is an agreement. It doesn't have value all by itself. It has value because people agree that it has value. Economists will tell you what money does. That it facilitates exchange. You use it to count things and keep track of things. You write some numbers on a magical piece of paper called a check, and you can cause all kinds of abundant goods to come to your house. You can even cause misery for thousands of people if you are one of the highest initiates of the magic of money. Scarcity is built into the money system, on a most obvious level. It's because of the way money is created, as interest-bearing debt. Any time a bank lends money into existence, or the Federal Reserve creates money, the money comes along with a corresponding amount of debt, and the debt, because of interest on it, is always greater than the amount of money. It essentially throws people into competition with each other for never enough money. Growth is another thing that's built into our money system. If you're a bank, you're going to lend it to the person who's going to create new goods and services, so they can profit and they can pay you back. You're not going to lend to somebody who doesn't create goods and services. So money goes toward those who will create even more of it. But basically economic growth means that you have to find something that was once nature and make it into a good, or was once a gift relationship and make it into a service. You have to find something that people once got for free or did for themselves or for each other and then take it away and sell it back to them, somehow. By turning things into commodities, we get cut off from nature in the same ways we're cut off from community. We look at nature with eyes, well, it's just a bunch of stuff. And that leaves us very lonely and leaves us with many basic human needs that go unmet. And if you have money, you might try to fulfill this hunger through purchasing, through buying things, or through accumulating money itself. Of course, now we're nearing the end of growth. Our planet can't sustain much more growth. That's why the crisis that we have today won't go away. One of the things I talk about is the sense of wrongness that I had as a child. I think most kids have some sense of it, that it's not supposed to be this way. For example, that you're not supposed to actually hate Monday, and be happy when you don't have to go to school. School should be something that you love. Life should be something that you love. We didn't earn any of the things that really keep us alive or that make life good. We didn't earn air. We didn't earn being born. We didn't earn our conception. We didn't earn being able to breathe. We didn't earn having a planet that can provide food. We didn't earn the Sun. So, I think that on some level, people have this inborn gratitude. Because on some level we know that we didn't earn any of this. We know that life is a gift. Well, if you know that you've received a gift, then the natural response is gratitude, the desire to give in turn. In a gift economy, it's not true, the way it is in our money economy, that everybody's in competition with everybody else. In a gift society, if you have more than you need, you give it to somebody who needs it. That's how you get status. And that's even where security comes from. Because if you build up all that gratitude, then people are going to take care of you, too. And if there are no gifts, then there's no community. And we can see as society has become more monetized, that community has disappeared. People long for it, but you can't just have community as an add-on to a monetized life. You have to actually need each other. People desire to enact their gifts, and if they were free from money, they would do it. But money is so often a barrier. People think - Oh, I would love to do this, but can I afford to do it? Is it practical? Money stops them. What beautiful thing would I do? What am I called to do? Would it be to set up big gardens for homeless people to take care of, and reconnect them to nature? Would it be to clean up a toxic waste site? What would you do? What beautiful thing would you do? And why isn't it practical to do these things? Why isn't there money in those things? An economy that embodies the principles of the gift is an economy that is simply grounded in the truth. The task before us is to align money with the true expression of our gifts. It requires a very different mechanism for the creation of money and the circulation of money. They include things like negative interest, which reverses the effects of usury. They include things like the internalization of costs, so you can no longer pollute and have somebody else or future generations pay the costs. They include a social dividend: sharing in the wealth that comes from what should be the commons -- the land, the aquifers, our cultural heritage. They include a relocalization of a lot of economic functions. They include all kinds of peer-to-peer financing and the peer-to-peer revolution. What will it take to shift away from the current money system? The current money system just works less and less well. Growth can only be maintained at a higher and higher cost. Even our best efforts can't keep the economy growing as fast as it needs to for the system to work -- and that creates further misery. People just can't take it anymore. Even the people on top, even the winners of this artificially induced competition, they're not happy either. It's not working for them either. So I think that we're going to see a series of crisis moments, each one more severe than the last. And at each crisis moment we'll have a collective choice: do we give up the game and join the people? Or do we hold on even tighter? It's really up to us to determine at what point this wake up point will happen. Was this all a big mistake? That's a good question, and it sure seems like it was sometimes. When you look around at just the horrors that have taken place on this Earth and that are ongoing right now. And some people think: I just don't want any part of this, civilization was a huge mistake. I came to see this whole journey of separation not as a mistake, but as part of a larger process. It started, I think, with the environmental movement in the 1960s, that was its first awakening into mass consciousness. And the astronauts went up and experienced the pinnacle of separation. And the photos that got beamed down, even today it still evokes love in us. So, we're falling in love with Earth. That's one part of our transition into adulthood. The other part is the coming of age ordeal, when the old world falls apart, and a new world is born. You know, a child plays a child plays and develops his or her gifts, but doesn't apply them toward their true purpose yet. And that's what humanity's been doing. We've been messing around, playing with our gifts of technology and culture, and developing these gifts. Now we're coming into adulthood and it's time to apply them to our true purpose. At the beginning, I think that'll be simply to heal the damage that's been done. And there's a lot of healing that needs to be done, and it's almost impossible actually. You could say that really we're in the business of creating a miracle here on Earth. I'm saying it's something that is impossible from an old understanding of reality, but possible from a new one. And, in fact, it's necessary. And, in fact, anything less than that isn't even worth trying. Water. Earth. Fire. Air. *My grandmother used to tell me stories about the old days.* *A time of peace.* *When the Avatar kept balance between the Water Tribes, Earth Kingdom,...* *...Fire Nation, and Air Nomads.* *But that all changed when the Fire Nation attacked.* *Only the Avatar mastered all four elements.* *Only he could stop the ruthless firebenders.* *But when the world needed him most, he vanished.* *A hundred years have passed and the Fire Nation is nearing victory in the war.* *Two years ago, my father and the men of my tribe...* *...journeyed to the Earth Kingdom to help fight against the Fire Nation.* *Leaving me and my brother to look after our tribe.* *Some people believe that the Avatar was never reborn into the Air Nomads.* *And that the cycle is broken, but I haven't lost hope.* *I still believe that somehow the Avatar will return to save the world.* Book One: Water Chapter One: The Boy in The Iceberg ... ... It's not getting away from me this time. Watch and learn, Katara. This is how you catch a fish. Sokka, look! Shhh~ Katara, you're gonna scare it away. Mmmm, I can already smell it cookin'! But Sokka! I caught one! Hey! Ugh! Why is it that every time you play with magic water, I get soaked? Ah~ It's not magic. It's waterbending, and it's... Yeah, yeah, an ancient art unique to our culture, blah blah blah... Look, I'm just saying that if I had weird powers, I'd keep my weirdness to myself. You're calling me weird? I'm not the one who makes muscles at myself... ...everytime I see my reflection in the water. Watch out! Go left! Go left! You call that left? You don't like my steering. Well, maybe you should have waterbended us out of the ice. So it's my fault? I knew I should have left you home. Leave it to a girl to screw things up. You are the most sexist, immature, nut brained... ...ugh, I'm embarrassed to be related to you! Ever since Mom died I've been doing all the work around camp... ...while you've been off playing soldier! Uh... Katara? I even wash all the clothes! Have you ever smelled your dirty socks? Let me tell you, not pleasant!! Katara! Settle down! No, that's it. I'm done helping you. From now on, you're on your own! Okay, you've gone from weird to freakish, Katara. You mean I did that? Yup. Congratulations. He's alive! We have to help. Katara! Get back here! We don't know what that thing is! Finally. Uncle, do you realize what this means? I won't get to finish my game? It means my search. It's about to come to an end. That light came from an incredibly powerful source. It has to be him! Or it's just the celestial lights. We've been down this road before, Prince Zuko. I don't want you to get too excited over nothing. Please, sit. Why don't you enjoy a cup of calming jasmine tea? I don't need any calming tea! I need to capture the Avatar. Helmsman, head a course for the light! Stop! Stop it! I need to ask you something. What? Please... come closer. What is it? Will you go penguin sledding with me? Uh... sure. I guess. What's going on here? You tell us! How'd you get in the ice? And why aren't you frozen? I'm not sure. Appa! Are you all right? Wake up, buddy. Haha! You're okay! What is that thing? This is Appa, my flying bison. Right. And this is Katara, my flying sister. Don't worry. It'll wash out. So, do you guys live around here? Don't answer that! Did you see that crazy bolt of light? He was probably trying to signal the Fire Navy. Oh, yeah, I'm sure he's a spy for the Fire Navy. You can tell by that evil look in his eye. The paranoid one is my brother, Sokka. You never told us your name. I'm A... I'm Aang. You just sneezed... and flew ten feet in the air. Really? It felt higher that that. Ah, you're an airbender! Sure am. Giant light beams... flying bison... airbenders... I think I've got Midnight Sun Madness. I'm going home to where stuff makes sense. Well, if you guys are stuck Appa and I can give you a lift. We'd love a ride! Thanks! Oh, no... I am not getting on that fluffy snot monster. Are you hoping some other kind of monster will come along and give you a ride home? You know... before you freeze to death? Okay. First time flyers, hold on tight! Appa, yip yip! Come on, Appa. Yip yip. Wow. That was truly amazing. Appa's just tired. A little rest and he'll be soaring through the sky. You'll see. Why are you smiling at me like that? Oh... I was smiling? I'm going to bed now. Yep. A man needs his rest. Prince Zuko, you need some sleep. Even if you're right and the Avatar is alive, you won't find him. Your father, grandfather, and great-grandfather all tried and failed. Because their honor didn't hinge on the Avatar's capture. Mine does. This coward's hundred years in hiding are over. Hey. Hey. Whatcha thinkin' about? I guess I was wondering... ...your being an airbender and all... if you had any idea what happened to the Avatar. Uhh... no. I didn't know him... I mean, I knew people that knew him, but I didn't. Sorry. Okay. Just curious. Goodnight. Sleep tight. Aang! Aang, wake up! It's okay. We're in the village now. Come on, get ready. Everyone's waiting to meet you. Aang, this is the entire village. Entire village, Aang. Uh... why are they all looking at me like that? Did Appa sneeze on me? Well, no one has seen an airbender in a hundred years. We thought they were extinct until my granddaughter and grandson found you. Extinct'? Aang, this is my grandmother. Call me Gran Gran. What is this, a weapon? You can't stab anything with this. It's not for stabbing. It's for airbending. Magic trick! Do it again! Not magic, airbending. It lets me control the air currents around my glider and fly. You know, last time I checked, humans can't fly. Check again! Whoa... it's flying... ...it's amazing! Oh, my watchtower! That was amazing. Great. You're an airbender,... ...Katara's a waterbender, together you can just waste time all day long. You're a waterbender! Well... sort of. Not yet. All right. No more playing. Come on, Katara, you have chores. I told you! He's the real thing, Gran Gran! I finally found a bender to teach me. Katara, try not to put all your hopes in this boy. But he's special. I can tell. I sense he's filled with much wisdom. Sthee? Now my tongue ith thuck to my sthaff. Again. No! Power in firebending comes from the breath. Not the muscles. The breath becomes energy in the body. The energy extends past your limbs and becomes fire. Get it right this time. Enough. I've been drilling this sequence all day. Teach me the next set. I'm more than ready. No, you are impatient. You have yet to master your basics. Drill it again! The sages tell us that the Avatar is the last airbender. He must be over a hundred years old by now. He's had a century to master the four elements. I'll need more than basic firebending to defeat him. You will teach me the advanced set! Very well. But first I must finish my roast duck. Now men, it's important that you show no fear when you face a firebender. In the Water Tribe, we fight to the last man standing. For without courage, how can we call ourselves men? I gotta pee! Listen! Until your fathers return from the war,... ...they're counting on you to be the men of this tribe. And that means no potty breaks. But I really gotta go. Ugh... okay... who else has to go? Have you seen Aang? Gran Gran said he disappeared over an hour ago. Wow! Everything freezes in there! Ugh! Katara, get him out of here. This lesson is for warriors only. Stop! Stop it right now! What's wrong with you? We don't have time for fun and games with a war going on. What war? What are you talking about? You're kidding, right? Penguin! He's kidding, right? Aang? Hey, come on little guy. Wanna go sledding? Heh heh, I have a way with animals. Aang, I'll help you catch a penguin if you teach me waterbending. You got a deal! Just one little problem. I'm an airbender, not a waterbender. Isn't there someone in your tribe who can teach you? No. You're looking at the only waterbender on the whole South Pole. This isn't right. A waterbender needs to master water. What about the North Pole? There's another Water Tribe up there, right? Maybe they have waterbenders who could teach you. Maybe. But we haven't had contact with our sister tribe in a long time. It's not exactly... turn right at the second glacier.' It's on the other side of the world. But you forget, I have a flying bison. Appa and I can personally fly you to the North Pole. Katara, we're gonna find you a master! That's... I mean, I don't know. I've never left home before. Well, you think about it. But in the meantime, can you teach me to catch one of these penguins? Okay, listen closely my young pupil. Catching penguins is an ancient and sacred art. Observe. I haven't done this since I was a kid! You still are a kid! Whoa... what is that? A Fire Navy ship, and a very bad memory for my people. Aang, stop! We're not allowed to go near it. The ship could be booby trapped. If you wanna be a bender, you have to let go of fear. This ship has haunted my tribe since Gran Gran was a little girl. It was part of the Fire Nation's first attacks. Okay, back up. I have friends all over the world, even in the Fire Nation. I've never seen any war. Aang, how long were you in that iceberg? I don't know... a few days, maybe? I think it was more like a hundred years! What? That's impossible. Do I look like a hundred-twelve year old man to you? Think about it. The war is a century old. You don't know about it because... ...somehow, you were in there that whole time. It's the only explanation. A hundred years! I can't believe it. I'm sorry, Aang. Maybe somehow there's a bright side to all this. I did get to meet you. Come on. Let's get out of here. Aang? Let's head back. This place is creepy. I am joined with Polly and what we will do is kind of the format we will utilize today, we have a couple of options available to you. You can either join us via the phone line, or you can join us over your headset, so whatever works best for you. What we will ask is we will put the phone lines on mute, and at different points during the webinar process we will have the phone lines unmuted so that you can ask your questions. The option that you always have available is sending your questions in through the chat feature. So how today will look is that we will do a little bit of introductions here and then we will just move forward. There will be a question part of the way through the material. After that we will have our opportunity for some questions, then we will close the phone line again, then Polly will present some more of her information. And again, we really want this to be very informative for you as well as if there are questions, if there are things you are working on a case right now, or maybe some of the things Polly talks about reminds you of things that have happened in a case in the past, please make sure that you utilize that time, because this is a great time. Polly is the expert here. We've asked her to come talk about dementia and Alzheimer's and we really want you to use this time to gain more information as you're walking out and doing those evaluations and those assessments. So what will happen now is I will go ahead and put the phone lines on mute statewide. Then I will go, then I will go ahead and just let Polly introduce herself and then we will move forward. Polly: Well, welcome. I'm Polly Johnston. I'm a program specialist with the Alzheimer's Association, the Greater Iowa chapter. My office is here in West Des Moines, but we serve many of the counties throughout the state. So, thank you for having me again, it's been a little over 2 years since I was here last time. Okay, we're going to start out with what is age-related memory loss? And what's the difference between age-related memory loss, Alzheimer's, and dementia? Some of the things we notice, some problematic changes that we notice, with age-related memory loss are consistent poor judgement in decisions making, inability to manage money, short term memory, inability to keep track of the date, whether that be the day, the time, or the season, difficulty with conversation, a big one that we notice for people with memory loss is visual spacial relationship, and we'll talk a lot more about that, but it's something to be aware of and something that we don't always think about that that would affect someone that has some type of memory loss. Changing in planning and problem solving, and you may think well, gosh, I experience those once in awhile, and I do, even though I do not have dementia at this time. But there is a difference between just normal aging as we get older, and dementia. So we're going to talk a little bit about the early detection and the 10 warning signs. I'm not going to go through all those warning signs. In some of the information that you have, it should include those, but the main thing to look for is what's normal aging and what really is a sign that it possibly could be some type of dementia. Our association strongly urges if you're experiencing any of those 10 warning signs on a regular basis, that you please, please get those checked out. Early detection is very very important. What is dementia? Well, we know that dementia is an overall group of symptoms. Mentia means memory. Dementia means loss of memory. It's a Latin word. Sometimes physicians will diagnose people with dementia and some people with dementia will say, well I have dementia, I don't have Alzheimer's, I don't have Lewy body, I have dementia. But basically, it's an over all group of symptoms. If you think of cancer, how many types of cancers are there? Many, many. Well, there's many types of dementia. We list a few of them up there, but we do know that if you're diagnosed with a dementia, or you know someone diagnosed with a dementia, it is not reversible. And in order for a doctor to diagnose you with a dementia, it has to be some things that are affecting your day to day activities, not once in awhile like I mentioned, you know where I experience, or you many experience, but something that's affecting your day to day activity. So many types of dementia, and we'll talk a little bit about those. So, again, what is dementia? Loss of cognitive functioning, serious enough to affect your day to day activity. So you may see changes in your language. Memory is the first thing you will know, the short term memory. Why do people with some type of dementia remember things that happened 40, 50, 60, 70 years ago? Well, that's because that area of the brain is not affected, where the short term memory is. Don't expect them to learn something new. We tell family members, caregivers, and professionals, don't keep reminding them over and over, you know, maybe if I tell them again, or maybe if I say this again, that they will remember it. Well, that's very individual depending on what stage that person is in. So short term memory, language, thought, their behavior, and many times, their personality and moods will change, but it's so individual depending on the person. Alright, reversible causes of dementia. As you can see, it spells out dementia. What things might cause confusion in our lives, in your lives. Well, as you can see up there, depression, emotional disorders, infections is a big one, especially urinary tract infections, UTl, very very common, especially in women and can cause some confusion. Alcohol and drugs, of course, medications, and those are important things that need to be checked out, because those are things that can be treated. Those are things that can be treated and if you think again, in your own lives, what's causing a little confusion with you, stress is another one. I don't think it's even listed up there, but stress is a big one, especially for some of us. Kim: Polly, I'm going to come back around. So thinking about if a person, like if I did an assessment and I go out and I meet with this individual, and all of a sudden, I recognize maybe that there's some depression, maybe there's a urinary tract infection, what you're saying to me is, the dementia they're exhibiting might be reversible, but earlier you said dementia is not reversible. Polly: Exactly. That's why we encourage early detection. If you're noticing some of these things, and it's a person that maybe you don't has been diagnosed, we'll just say they have not been diagnosed, that you know of, with any type of dementia, but they're experiencing some of these things, yes get those checked out. If the person does have a type of dementia, and you're noticing increased confusion, it could also be one of these types of things. An infection can increase cognitive functioning in a person that already is diagnosed with some dementia, and stress, or medication reactions, but it's so important that they get that checked out. It's very important. Okay, irreversible types of dementia. We know that the most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's and we hear that the most. They tell us about 70% of the dementias diagnosed as Alzheimer's, so it's very very common. Much easier to diagnose than it used to be, even though it's been around for many many years, named after a Dr. Alzheimer, back in 1906, so that's how many years? Let's see, 113, so Alzheimer's is the most common type and then there's some of the other ones that we'll talk about that's not as common. Probably in the last 20 to 25 years, we have heard more about Alzheimer's. The main thing is, people are living longer and we will talk about that too. Some of the other types of dementia include, the second most common type is Vascular dementia. Alzheimer's is the most common, the second most common type is vascular. Vascular is when we're not getting enough oxygen up here to the brain, usually from strokes, usually from strokes. They use to call it Mufti-Infarct dementia, so it's the second most common type of dementia. Symptoms are pretty much the same as with Alzheimer's, but we do know with Alzheimer's, it's usually a slow gradual progression. It can last anywhere from 3 to 20 years, about an average of 8 to 10, just depends on the individual. With vascular dementia, what you may notice more instead of the gradual progression is a stair step, so somebody will level off, you'll notice a big decline in their cognitive functioning, level off, decline, level off. So, vascular is the second most common type of dementia. And as you can see up there, some of the other dementias are Creutzefeldt-Jakob, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob is what we call the mad cow from an infection from the mad cow. Parkinson's, we know that people with Parkinson's some of the early symptoms may not be their memory, their cognitive decline, but as you know, you might notice their gait, their tremor, shuffling, but eventually, they will develop dementia if they live long enough, it will effect them cognitively. So, you can have more than one type of dementia. You can have mixed dementias. Huntington's disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is due to alcoholism, so there is a dementia that's due to alcoholism, that's due to a brain injury, and there's Lewy body dementia, so there's many many types of dementia. Next. Next. There. Oh, we skipped a few she said. Sorry gang, hang in there with us. Okay, here is the question. So our first polling question is true or, I guess we forgot the false, true or fasle, do all people with dementia get lost? Lost as in wandering. Do all people with dementia get lost? True or false. Most of you are answering false. Still waiting for the results of the poll. Yep, you're exactly right. It is false. We know that not all people with dementia do get lost, but it is very common just depending on the individual. I have family members say, well when is my loved one going to wander, when are they going to get lost, when are they going to become aggressive or combative? Once you've met one person with dementia, you've met one person. But, we will tell you in the next question, what percentage of people will or may wander. Okay, what percentage of people with dementia wander? 10%, 40%, 50%, or 70%? Okay, I think most of the results are in. Well, the 7% that said 70% are correct, are correct. So, it is much higher than what most of you either guessed or that you thought you knew. They tell us yes, just about almost 70% of people with dementia will wander. Now that could be getting lost driving, walking, on the bus, in a store, in their neighborhood, in the facility if they live, on their farm, so 70%. That's a large percentage. So safety is very very important. We always teach and tell that the person with dementia is always right as long as they're safe. And safety can involve safety in the home, it can be driving, it can be outside the home, you know, it can be in your room, wherever you're living at. One thing I did want to mention, I don't think we have it one the slides though, I think a good rule of thumb for safety for those of you that are going into the home and assessing is whether the person is diagnosed with dementia or you know they're experiencing symptoms or their family member is telling you that their loved one is experiencing symptoms is would the person, if left alone, would they be able to get help, would they be able to call for help, whether it be 911, a neighbor, a family member? Would they be able to get out of the house if there was a fire or if there was an emergency? Would they be able to do that? And you think well, you know, yeah, maybe they could. Well maybe they could depending on the time of day, because we know that things can change with the person with dementia from morning to afternoon to evening, but generally would they be able to get out or to call for help? I think that's a very good rule of thumb and I've had family members say, well my loved one's never wandered, you know, they see snow outside, they would never go, they would never leave. Well, if you were the caregiver and you have left and the person with dementia cannot find you, what might they do? They might go out looking for you. They might go out looking for you and completely get lost, so good rule of thumb, good thing to let family members know that maybe it's time then to look at some things that can be changed in the home, or maybe it's time to look at placement somewhere else where they are safe. Moving on, Alzheimer's disease. So what is Alzheimer's? Well, we know it's a brain disorder. It's not a mental illness. It's a disease of the brain. It's a disease of the brain. It's progressive. It's the most common type of dementia. It has no cure. It is not like other diseases where you could stand up and say well I am cured or I'm in remission because you are not. One interesting little fact and figure from our national association is Iowa has the, it's the third state that has the most people that die from dementia. Number one and two are North Dakota and South Dakota. I guess I figured it might be some other states where, like Florida, there's a lot of older adults. But yeah, Iowa's the third state. We have 69,000 Iowans that are diagnosed, but think of the many people out there that are not diagnosed with Alzheimer's. So aging or Alzheimer's, what's the difference? Again, we talk about forgetting for a moment where you are, you know, maybe you've misplaced your keys, I've misplaced my car before. But what's the difference? A person with dementia then, you know, will get lost. They cannot remember than or cannot trace where they left something. Having trouble balancing the check book. Well I have problems balancing the checkbook, I have trouble doing that a lot of times. But, for a person with dementia, it's more than that, maybe not knowing what the numbers are. Now I have many family members say, well mom has, we'll say Alzheimer's, mom has never taken care of the finances, dad has always done that, you know, so you can't expect mom to do that. So if it's something that they're not used to doing anyway, you know, it's not going to be something that they're going to be able to do. Forgetting the carrots on the stove. The stove and in the kitchen, there's some big safety things that we need to look at. The stove, the burners, knives, knives, knives, utensils. We do have, I'll put my glasses on here, but we do have our safety checklist, and I think you have a copy of that, and it talks about the different areas of the home; the kitchen, the bathroom, the bedroom. Even if you think, well gosh, mom's been able to cook on this stove, she has been the one that's made the food for years, but you know what? Mom maybe isn't going to remember that the stove is on. They become distracted very easily. They'll go in the other room and something could be in the oven, it could be on the stove and they won't remember to come back and check it. Very very common, very common. The other thing too that I hear a lot about, and this is especially with men, is guns, you know a lot of people have guns in their homes for a lot of reasons, for various reasons, they collect them, but guns are a big issue, you just don't know, so we always say keep them locked up, possibly keep them out of sight, or get them out of the house. Safety is very very important. I won't go through the safety checklist, but if you have any specific questions about something, or a good checklist to give to family members. Okay, what functions are affected with dementia? Well we know the first area is our short term memory, our reasoning, and our judgement, and that's in the hippocampus, which is in the brain. That is the first area for people with Alzheimer's. The other areas that are effected, that will be effected are their judgement, their reasoning, movement and balance, and we'll talk more about the different parts of the brain. Look at the healthy brain on the one side and then the other side is the person with severe, which would be late stage Alzheimer's. And what you notice there, in that hippocampus, like I say, that is filled with fluid now, so they, you know, those cells have died off, it's filled with fluid, they cannot retain anything in there. So it really does make sense in their world. Okay, one of, the next couple slides I guess are one of my favorite to show that a good point comes across and very good for family members too. This is a slice of a brain. So if you look at the warm colors, the red, the orange, and the yellow, that's good active glucose metabolism. So that's in a normal adult, hopefully most of us. Then if you look at a person in the late stages of Alzheimer's, now late stages is the later part of the disease, now look at the areas there. You don't see as much of the red, and the yellow, and the orange. Now compare that with the late stage with a normal infant, and they use infant as 15 months old or less. Yes, the infant's brain of course is smaller, but look at the areas, they're almost, in many ways, identical, identical. So we know that there is that reversal, but we also know the person with dementia is an adult and we need to treat them with respect and dignity. When we talk a little bit about the stages, you may hear early, middle, late. Sometimes we hear mild, moderate, severe. And then we break those down into 7 stages, and I believe one of your handouts has the different stages. So, very important to know what stage you client, your family member, is in, because how do you know, if you don't know what stage they're in, how do you know how to engage them, to interact with them, where they're at on this journey. So that's the most important thing is to know what stage that they are in and help the family members to know that. Whether it be giving them information, you know, helping them to know what the person is still able to do, what they're not able to do, how to communicate with them, all very very important. Excuse me. Also in your handout is the relationship between the stages and how that relates to their years, years of age, their actual development in years. And that handout talks about, if a person is in stage three, which we start at, that's the earliest stage, they are about a teenager, age wise. So if you think about a teenager, now I know it depends on the teenager, it's very individual, how much responsibility do you give them? How long do you leave them alone? You know, what are your expectations of them? So that is in stage three. Then as you progress through the states, stage four, they are about an 8 to 12-year-old, which again is a wide range, but think about an 8 to 12-year-old, what are they able to do. As you progress again, stage five is a 5 to 7-year-old. Stage six, which is moderately severe is about a 2 to 5-year-old on what they're able to cognitively understand. And then stage seven, which is the last stage, they are the 15 month old or, and down, 15 month old. So think about that. Probably, I'm assuming, most of you if you do work with people with dementia are probably in the early to mid stages. Many people in the later stages will probably be requiring more care, probably be in some type of a facility. Now that's not saying everyone is, because some people do stay at home, but you're probably going to be dealing with people in their early to mid stages. Now, through my experiences, I do know that the early stages can be very challenging for us as professionals, for family members, and for the person with dementia. If you were just diagnosed with Alzheimer's, you know, what would you be experiencing. Well, many times, people in the early stages that I work with tell me there's denial. They can cover up very well. They have very good social skills and you, as a professional, might not even realize it. maybe family members are noticing a few things, but you may not even realize in talking with them for awhile that something's going on. Family members sometimes cover up too, and they're also in denial, so it's important that you have that communication, first of that you have the understanding of what the stages are and then that you have that communication with family members so you know what's really going on here with the family and don't forget, the caregiver, the family member. So, early onset, before age 65. So we are seeing an increase in the number of people that are diagnosed younger than 65. I still work with people in their 40's and in their 50's and 60's that are diagnosed with Alzheimer's, with frontal temporal dementia, with Lewy body, and alcoholism due to dementia, head injury due to dementia. It's tough, it's tough when they're younger. Many times, some of them are still working and they've had to quit work because they are no longer able to concentrate. They cannot multitask anymore. One gentleman that was diagnosed at 48, he's 54, he has frontal temporal dementia. I don't even think we talked about that, but the frontal is this part of your brain, the frontal part, and a person with frontal temporal dementia, you may not notice the short term memory at first, but they're very impulsive, because that part of our brain controls our executive functioning and making good decisions, and also understanding the consequences of not so good decisions. I say teenagers, that part of their brain is not completely developed yet. But, that, for someone with frontal temporal impulsive, they may say and do sexual things that would be very inappropriate and you think, well gosh, small children may do that, but they may do things that you just wouldn't even think that they would do, but that filter is not there anymore. A situation I hear quite often, mom is swearing, mom would never swear, you know, and I would say everyone knows what swearing and curse words are, some people choose to use them all their lives, some don't, but that filter is gone, it's gone and so things come out that family members are embarrassed about, they wouldn't want to take them in public, because they don't know what they're doing to say or what they're going to do. So, frontal temporal is a different type of dementia. Temporal is our language area. So, if it's affecting that part of the brain, you're going to notice it in their language and their speech, so depending on what part of the brain is effected. Late onset is after 65. Familial type of Alzheimer's is when there's many members, or multiple members of the same family that are affected. I've worked with many people with that and also with sporadic, where maybe there's just one family member that you know of. But what we do know, and it's it's important to know is even before a person is diagnosed, the symptoms have been going on 3 to 5 years and that is every family member I talk to say yep, if you look back, and maybe that's what grandma, or great grandma had and we didn't know or it wasn't diagnosed. Symptoms of mild Alzheimer's. Repetition is a big one, saying the same things over and over, asking the same things over and over. For family members, wow that can really cause a lot of stress. Patience, patience, patience. Always answer them. Many times the family members say, well I can just give them the same answer over and over, because you know what, they might not remember it in a few minutes or five mintues or ten minutes, but always respect and at least acknowledge that, you know, that they're saying something, because they can't remember, they're not doing it on purpose, even though some family members may think so, but they're not doing it on purpose. Loss of interest, big thing that you will notice and family members will tell me, well mom or dad, they're not doing some of the things that they enjoy doing. They'll just sit in front of the t.v. or they'll be looking at the paper or a book. They can't, they don't go out in the garage anymore to work on their woodworking, or they don't want to go out with their groups anymore. So loss of interest is very very common in leisure activities, fun things, and hobbies. And then, lose things more often than normal and udergo personality changes. Now, not everyone with dementia, you know, not everyone is going to have a personality change, but a lot of them do. Many of them say they were never like this, but now maybe they're just a little more short, short tempered, or you know, they're more frustrated, and I've also had people say the other way where one lady that I work with in the support group says, my husband was pretty domineering and you know, he was always in charge, and now it's like, you know what, he doesn't really care, so now I'm having to do those things. So, you know, it just depends on the individual. Okay, moderate Alzheimer's, what are some symptoms? Becomes more confused, of course, about recent events. We know that people with any type of dementia, they're going to have confusion as far as person place and time. Now, time is the first thing that they're going to lose track of. Now that could be the date, the week, the season, the year. So time is the first thing they're going to become disoriented to. And then, do you think it's person or place? Well, it would be place. Many times they're not sure where they're at. They could be, if they are in a facility, you know, maybe it's work, maybe it's the hotel they're just staying at temporarily. And then person, when they don't recognize a family member, that's very very tough. Believe things aren't real when they are, hallucinations, pretty common especially in Lewy body dementia, also, can be common in some people with Alzheimer's. So the hallucinations are very real to them. Anxiety, depression, those are things that can go along with the type of dementia that they have. Symptoms in severe Alzheimer's. May not be able to use or understand words. Interesting, the second one there, not able to recognize who they are when looking in a mirror. Mirrors can be quite interesting for people with dementia. I've experience kind of both sides. A lot of times they look in the mirror and they are afraid. They're not sure who it is, it's somebody that they're afraid of, so that's why they encourage, well cover up the mirrors, take down the mirrors. If it's causing something scary, you know, there's creative ways that you can fix that. I've also had people that, one gentleman was just looking right up into the mirror and he was talking to his brother and they were having just a very friendly conversation and it wasn't hurting anything or hurting anyone, so, but mirrors can be very challenging for people with dementia. And then of course, requiring constant care. The other thing that you may notice in the homes and this is due to the visual spacial and I think we said earlier that they do experience some visual spatial decline. And one is their peripheral vision, it does affect that. As we get older, we know our peripheral vision is not as good as what it used to be. But, with a person with dementia, as they progress, it's going to be about what's right in front of them. So it's not like this it's coming in like this. It's about what's right in front of them as they progress. And then it becomes about like this, where it's just what they see with their eyes. And then it becomes about like this. So, very important. Now, I'm not saying if you have bad vision you're going to get dementia, I'm not saying that, but if you have a type of dementia, it will affect your visual spatial perception. But, what it also affects is your depth perception. Many people with dementia, and you may notice this in their home, if there is a change in the carpeting or in the flooring, if there's that strip in the door way between the rooms, they may not know what it is, and it may be scary. Many of them have told me, and I have read also, that for many of them, it's a hole. Sometimes it's water, well you wouldn't step on that if you thought it was a hole or you thought it was water would you? So many of them will not, they'll try to step over it, they won't go over there, they'll tense up. So something to think about because it's real to them. That's what they're, that part of the brain is effected, their visual spacial perception. Even when you ask them to sit down in a chair, or set something on a table, it might not be the table we think, it might be over here, sitting in a chair too, very important, and again, safety too that they feel the chair, that they're up against the chair, and that they are feeling it too. So, it's very real to them and can be very scary too. Polling question. At what stage doe you begin to notice personality changes? What would you say, early, middle, or later stages? After this question, we'll open up the phone lines and hopefully you'll have some questions or some comments, even some suggestions. Okay, well this is kind of a tricky one, but usually, usually, it's in the early stages, but early to middle. It depends on the individual. It's so individual, so you know what, those of you that said 38% or 50%, we're going to give you credit for that. Any questions you may have or comments? Okay, go ahead. Very good question, at what stage do you start looking at placement in a facility? Well, I say the sooner the better, but I know that's really tough to do when you're initially diagnosed, you don't want to be thinking about going, leaving your home, or going into a facility, but I think you should always be thinking of that. Don't wait until it's time to do that. So I would say in the later, or excuse me, in the later of the early stages to the mid stages, but again it depends on the individual and what type of support systems they have, you know, what resources they have for them in the home, but the sooner the better. And always have a back up plan. What if the caregiver, let's just say the wife has Alzheimer's, what if something happens to that husband? What's the plan? What can you help them plan with? Is there a family member that can come in, you know, will they have to go somewhere for some respite for awhile. I've had many family members that they have had to take their spouse with dementia with them to the hospital because the family member was hospitalized and they had no one, at least for maybe the first few hours or 24 hours, so they take them right there with them in the room in the hospital. Well, sometimes the person with dementia wanders off, so I would say the sooner the better. Does that answer your question, or kind of help clarify? You're welcome. Any other questions? Everybody's good? Okay, we'll continue on. Who is at risk, you know, for Alzheimer's? Probably one of the most common questions I get is, you know, is it hereditary? What can we do if we have a family member that has some type of dementia? Well the major risk factors as you can see, age is our greatest risk factor. Now we can't control our age, and we know the longer we live, the greater our chances of developing dementia, but that can be with any disease, with any disease. Of course, women live longer, so there are more women that have dementia. Some men tell me otherwise, that there's other reasons too, but I don't totally agree with them. The third bullet point, down syndrome is correlated with Alzheimer's disease, and yes it is. We know that if a person with down syndrome lives to be in their mid to late 50's, which many of them do and are, there's almost 100% chance that they will develop Alzheimer's. In my work, I have seen an increase in that in working with family members. I don't know if any of you have, but you possibly could. The challenge with that, it seems to be for family members is that many times the person with down's is in a group home, or in some type of a group setting. Now they've been diagnosed with Alzheimer's and they've probably been diagnosed with Alzheimer's because they've noticed some behavior and some changes. So it's no longer appropriate to live in that setting anymore. Where do they go? Where do they go? Well many times, it's a facility, a memory care unit. So, it is, it is very common because we're living longer. So, family history can increase the risk. They tell us that if you have or had a parent or sibling, so if you have or had a parent or a brother and sister that your chances of developing Alzheimer's does increase, but it doesn't mean that you will get that. It's not a real clear cut like other diseases. A lot of people say, well I read or I heard that it skips a generation. Well no, there's nothing that says that necessarily happens. So, your chances are greater if you have a family member or had a family member that had Alzheimer's. Those are some of our risk factors. Question, if I had a head injury, am I at great risk for Alzheimer's? Well, yes you are. Any type of head injury can cause some dementia. They've done some studies with the retired National Football League players, and there's been a little bit of an increase in dementia with those that have had any type of injury or just even, you know, any type of pounding to the head or use of the head in any type of, whether it be a fall, whether it be from sports. Does my diabetes and my high blood pressure put me at higher risk? Yes it does. They tell us what's good for your heart is good for your brain and that there is a correlation between type two diabetes and dementia. So, the numbers to keep under control; our blood sugars, our cholesterol, our weight, and our blood pressure. So, we can't change what we've already done, but there's some things we can be doing, people with dementia and those of us who do not have dementia. Could broccoli or other foods be prevention tools? Well, I don't know, as far as you can't eat so much broccoli and say I'm not going to get dementia, but I think overall, they talk about a good healthy diet, because many people say I wonder about pesticides, I wonder about what's in the air, what's on our land, you know, that maybe could cause some of this. Will memory screening tools help me avoid a visit, excuse me, to the doctor? No, but that is something that the physician will do. And it was kind of interesting, and I guess a little humorous, because you do have to have a little humor with this disease, but I had a lady who called a couple years ago on the phone and she said her husband was going in for testing, for some memory testing with the doctor, and she wanted to know if I could send him a copy of some things to study for the test. And I thought, oh well that's, that's kind of interesting. It's probably not going to do any good, but year, I just thought that was kind of interesting. So research, research. we've come a long way. We've got some promising new things going on, some treatments, even some new medications, but it takes a lot of money, and it takes a lot of time for research. There are trials that are going on, especially for those in the early stages. If you want to be part of a trial, you basically have to be in the early stages of dementia. Now, some of the trials also involve family caregivers. In Iowa the only trials that usually go on are in Iowa City at the University. But there's many of them going on throughout the United States, and our national association has trial match. If anyone is interested and they can match you up to see if they're needing someone. I don't know all the specifics about it, but we really encourage people, even family members, or anyone, that they can be part of a trial. Some of it would involve medication, some of it is more cognitive, some of it's physical exercise, so many types of trials that are going on. When the diagnosis is Alzheimer's, we know for family members and caregivers, it's pretty overwhelming. Look at the emotions, shock, confusion, basically, you're going through the grieving process while the person is still alive, denial, acceptance. We know that you cannot do it alone. Many family members will say, they can. And you can for awhile, you can for awhile, but you need support, from you as social workers, from resources in the community, from your friends, your family, you need that support to make it through the journey. Medications; Aricept, Exelon, Razadyne. Aricpet has been around since 1996, so it's one of the older ones. That's usually the first thing. If you hear a family member say, well my wife or my mom is on Aricpet, then you know somethings going on because it's the first thing they're usually going to put them on is Aricept. You know right then that there's some cognitive things going on, whether they have Alzheimer's or not, that's usually something they're going to put them on right away. If they have a reaction to Aricpet, many times they'll try Exelon, that's a pill or a patch. So if you notice, or you hear that, you know some memory things are going on. Now as they progress into the moderate stage or symptoms, many times they will add Namenda as a medication. So many times, people can be on Aricept and Namenda. And those are the medications. They're doing many many studies, but a lot of them are not, they have to go through I believe four phases, so they're not making it through all of those phases and lots of it's safety issues, which is very very important, but, they're just not making it. Other thing I think that's so important that you can help your clients and their families is the resources that are available. No matter where you live throughout the state, or no matter what state you live in, there are always Alzheimer's chapters. We have three here in Iowa and, you know, there's an 800 number, we encourage people, any of your information that you have should have the 800 number on that, so please please call the 800 number, it is answered day and night. If it's after hours, it is answered by professionals that are at our national office in Chicago. Then the next day if you have a family member that's in my area, I will follow up with them if needed. Sometimes it's just somebody to listen to, sometimes they're calling saying I don't know what to do, or my husband's wandering, or it could be any type of question, I'm looking for a support group. So, please know the resources that are there for your clients and for their families and even if the family members live out of state, there's always an Alzheimer's chapter. It may not be right in your city or your town, but it's there, it's there. And we're here to, you know, help and support you with resources that are available. Another important thing again, is safety. We have safe return, Medic Alert Safe return, MA, MAS, Medic Alert Safe return, that we offer through our national association, but any type of identification, please tell your family members, your client, identification is so important. Of course, sometimes we run into those where they won't wear a necklace, they won't wear a bracelet, they'll just pick at it, and they may, but some type of identification on them is so very important, especially if they would wander and get lost, but it's very important. So safety, safety, safety, very important. And that just tells about our walk. We have different fundraisers that we do, so you know, please support the Alzheimer's Association. We have materials if you need to give to family members, we have our 24 hour help line, our website's very good, a lot of information is on our website, from the 10 warning signs to, you know, resources in your community, so please keep that in mind. Okay, hopefully there will be some more questions or comments. Kim: Okay, we have actually finished with the kind of formal part of the presentation, so we are opening the phone lines for anyone to feel free to ask questions. Polly: Well if you aren't going to ask any questions, maybe I'll ask one. So, hopefully, have you learned anything or anything new or something I guess that you can take with you when you are out in the homes or out in the field working with people that have dementia, or possibly could have dementia? Okay, you can go ahead and talk about it, if anyone would want to start. Okay, well hopefully you did learn something new. And you know, if you have any other questions and don't feel comfortable asking them now, or if you get in a situation, you may not think of it right now, but maybe you're in a situation where you think, oh gosh, what did she say, or what should I do, please call the 800 number and you will, if you're calling the 800 number during the day, you will get your local office. So if you are in our 55 counties that the Greater Iowa chapter has, then you will get myself or one of my colleagues in the West Des Moines office. If you are in the East Central chapter, which is Cedar Rapids, Iowa City, Waterloo, you're going to get someone in their office. If you're in the other side of the state, up by Sioux City, they have an office there. So, you will get someone to talk to, so feel free to call us or email too. Any questions? Yes? Yeah, that is a very good question. Oh, I guess I need to repeat the question. Let's see if I can repeat that. Help me out Kim. So if you have more than one family member, and maybe they're not all on board, or understanding, or not supportive and not able to, or is not willing to help in some way, what can you do or how can you get those family members to understand, or be supportive, or just to be able to know what they're going through? That, you know, that's a big challenge. Whether they're a long distance caregiver, maybe family members are living in another state, but parents are living here in Iowa, or they could live within a block, you know, I think a lot of it is that awareness and educating the family members. But many of them are in denial, and they think by, you know, not coming around, or not calling, or not talking is their way of dealing with it and it's very very tough. What I've experienced in talking with people in my work and also having a family member that had vascular dementia is, you know, for those that understand, and those that are on the same page, and those that are willing to help out, work with them. You have to decide where you want to put your time and energy as a family member, you know, are you going to worry about, complain that this person isn't as involved as they should be, I would reach out to them, but after that I guess, you need to do what's best for your parent's with dementia, or your loved one, or your client. But it is hard, there's usually a family member, or a son, or daughter, or someone that just is either, I don't know, they just are in denial, they cannot deal with it, or that's their reason or excuse we'll say. And I'm like, you know, you need to decide what you're going to spend your time and energy on and, you know, if you have three or four siblings that are, you know, understanding and willing to help out, then use those three or four when you can. The other thing I tell people is, be sure that the caregiver, it's hard many times for them to ask for help. But it's okay. It get's to the point. I think just understanding that it's okay to ask for help, because a lot of times, even family members, they're not going to step up and say, well I'll come over and watch mom, you know, unless you ask them. And many times we don't want to because we feel they're too busy, or they've got their own lives, maybe if they're asked, they would. For friends, I found that a lot times, they don't know what to say and they don't know what to do. They may want to help out, but maybe they can't come over and sit with mom because they don't want to say to her, I don't know anything about dementia. But maybe they can help in some other way. So try to utilize the best, I guess, assets of the person that you're working with. So there's not one, I guess, clear cut answer. Does that make any sense? Do you have a situation you're dealing with? And you know, as far as coming to agreement, as far as coming to agreement, that can be a challenge and you may never come to agreement if there's four or five siblings and if one of them is against a nursing home placement, but you know what, come and stay with mom and dad for 48 hours, sometimes 24 hours, 12 hours, but it's really, it's really tough, yeah, very tough. We do have a question up here from Deborah, it has driving two question marks. What about driving Deborah? Okay, so can Deborah hear me? Deborah, could you write more about driving? Is Deborah there? Trying to be, what more Deborah wants to know about driving? Do you have specific questions about driving and dementia? So what types of things should you be looking for, maybe legal, with driving and what does Iowa have, what does Iowa have as far as like with the DOT? We have, I have, I guess you don't have them, but I do have a vary good brochure, and I believe it could also be on our website and also a handout about driving, but we know that driving can be a big big challenge, and it's one that I get a lot questions about from family members. So, we have one that's called the warning signs for drivers with dementia. Have you noticed any of the following warning signs? Is there a change in frequency or severity of these warning signs? And we're talking about incorrect signaling, trouble navigating turns, moving into a wrong lane, confusion, you know, hitting the curbs, there's a whole list of different things, and I think it's just important that family either ride with the person with dementia, or follow them, if they can, so they really know what's going on. Many times, what we hear is, well maybe a neighbor or someone has noticed something because you're not riding with them or you're not following them, or you're not noticing those changes. There is not, I can not tell you a right time when somebody should give up their driver's license, it's so individual. I guess I would say, would you want your children or grandchildren, would they be safe riding with the person with dementia? And I think that's just an individual choice. Now many times the spouse says you know I ride with my family member and I feel very comfortable, okay, well you're there, you're able to help them maybe to navigate, or turn here, or turn there, but what we know is many times, the person with dementia, when they're driving by themselves, they're lost. And what do they do? I've had some that have said I've pulled over and I just sat there, or I've had my cell phone and I've called somebody, but I can't tell them where I'm at and I can't get home. I've had many people say, well someone has stopped and offered to help me, which can be good or bad. So, you now, it's so individual with the person, but you know, look and see what's going on with their driving. As far as with the DOT, what I encourage, if you have some concerns, because one of the big questions that we get for people calling into our help line is, you know, I don't think mom, or whoever, dad should be driving anymore, you know, their license is still good for another year, but I just don't feel safe and I don't want them to hurt someone else or hurt themselves. But, they're independent, they're driving, they're only driving to the store or they're only driving to the beauty shop, or the grocery store, or wherever. I would have the doctor write a letter and have it sent to the DOT. If you can get the doctor's backing, if that's at all possible, it carries much more weight than a family member. And the person with dementia can ask, you know, the DOT well who sent that, or who's telling me that I have to take the test again, I mean they have to tell them, but put it on the doctor, put it on the doctor. Some states, not Iowa, but there are some states that if you are diagnosed with dementia, you do not drive. Now, I don't know, to some that may be wow that's great, to some that's pretty tough. Iowa does not have that. We have one gentleman in our early stage group, and he has frontal temporal dementia and he has gone and spoke to many of our legislators about driving because he does not drive. Now he gave that up and he does not think that anybody with dementia should be driving. But now, he lives in Des Moines, he can use the bus. He has resources to get around. But, he's very adamant about that. And I support, I totally understand where he's coming from, because he said when I used to drive, a couple years ago, I would get so distracted. I would see a squirrel over there and I was looking at the squirrel and I was off the road. He said I just cannot focus and concentrate on driving anymore. So, long answer. Does that help? Do you have a follow up with that? Thank you. Yeah, it's a tough topic and it's tough for kids, and it's tough for parents, and it's just tough. I had a situation with driving, I kind of like to tell this story. I had this situation where this lady came into our office a couple years ago and her mother was still driving and she had Alzheimer's and she would only drive to the store, and to the mall, and anyway, mother had been trying to call her, call her every day and no answer and no answer, and finally the neighbor went over to mother's house and her car was gone, but her purse was still in the house. So I'm assuming it probably had her driver's license in her purse. And so, this was at four in the afternoon, so they put a police report out and they never found her. At 6:30 the next morning, so that's like what, how many, 14 hours later, she comes pulling in the driveway and didn't know where she'd been. I asked the daughter, did she run out of gas, because many times that's what happens, but she had actually gone to a gas station, I don't know how she paid for it, but asked someone how to get back to Des Moines. She was in Ames. So from Ames to Des Moines, so they wrote that down and that really is the only way the daughter knew where she even was. But she had a couple scratches on the car, but she was safe. So, needless to say, there was some things that happened after that, but yeah. Okay, any other questions? Okay, Kim says we're done, so I guess we're done a little early, unless if you have anything else? Kim: Are there any other questions anyone has? Alright, hearing none and seeing none, I think we will go ahead and thank Polly for her time and again, we will go ahead and post that warning signs for driving with dementia on the training website where all the other handouts are posted. So thanks a lot. We are done a little bit early so you have another 20 minutes in your day. Thanks a lot for coming. Polly: Thank you. Hi! Ok today we are gonna talk about Chapter 5 in Solving the mystery of reading so you will need to get your book and get your study guide and then turn to chapter 5 chapter 5 is all about context clues which are actually hints that help you understand the meaning of a word or passage ok and it is also about deductions which are conclusion that you make after you have all of the information . We are gonna talk about deduction a little bit later. First we are gonna talk about context clues there are many types of context clues so we are gonna talk about eachof those types right now the first one is Definition or Information clue . You will find this one on page 83 in your solving the mystery of reading book. Definition or clues actually give you the definition of the unknown word. For example on page 83 this sentence says ' Linguist, people who study languages or interested in the Rosetta Stone. I didnt know the word linguist. It tells me right here . There's a comma and it says 'People who study languages and then another comma so that tells me what a linguist is. Its a person who study languages . Ok so you you know that its a definition or information clue because usually there are commas or if you look in your book there are other examples you will see sometimes Prentice around that definition or there may be a dash between the words to let you know what's the definition is. Ok so that's definition and information clues. The next kind of clues is Synonym clues.Its on page 84 and if you dont know what a synonym is the word with similar meaning Ok so for examples , the treasure of the club takes care of fiscal(money) matters. Ok if you didn't know what fiscal meant in a synonym clue it gives you the answer with a word that's similar to the unknown word. So fiscal is another word for money. So in the synonym example it just lets you know in prentices usually again it could be dashes or it could be comma but it does tell you the synonym for the unknown word money is the synonym of fiscal ok the next kind of context clue is an Antonym clue. This is on page 85 and if you didnt already know antonyms are the words with opposite meanings like big and small. Ok one of the examples of your book goes like this . i would like to be fluent but i guess i will always be poor. So if we dont know what a fluent means there is an antonym clue and that antonym clue is poor and the way i know that there is an opposite or antonym clue is the word butt(but) so again the sentence says i would like to be a fluent but i guess i will always be poor so again that means that poor is the opposite of fluent. So id poor is the opposite then fluent must mean rich . That is the antonym or opposite clues. Next is an example clue . These are on page 85 and 86 an example of an example clue is this sentence , it says 'Mathmetics courses such as geometry,algebra and calculus can be fun. So it actually gives us the example of what mathematics courses are . We all know what mathematics is but in case we didnt, Mathematics is an unknown word and it gives the examples geometry, algebra and calculus so now we know oh ok mathematics means geometry, algebra and calculus. So that's an examples clue where it actually gives you examples of the unknown word the next kind of context clue is background knowledge and you will find this on page 86 and 87 on your SMR book. An example of some background knowledge context clue is this sentence. My 75 old mother and my 93 year old grandmother are in same geriatric care home geriatric is the unknown word. So just from our background knowledge we know that my mother is 75 years old and my grandmother is 93 years old and they are in some kind of care home so what is geriatric mean?Its probably mean the home for older people. So then you probably already know that. So that's an example of background knowledge. Now the tricky thing about background knowledge is some of us have a lot and some of us have a lot less depending on how old we are or sometimes how much we read and again i think that i have sentenced before the more you read the more background knowledge you got so that is background knowledge and the last grammar and punctuation clue that we are gonna talk about is on page 89 and 90 and its grammar and punctuation and this is actually my favorite one i don't know why . They are just tricky and they are fun An example of a grammar and punctuation clue is i have written 2 sentences and they are almost the exact same. The first one says 'I invited Brother John to dinner'. The second sentence says 'I invited my brother John to dinner'. Ok so there are couple of different thing in these sentences the first one there's a capital B. The second sentence no capital B and i added a word my. So those were very little differences but in which sentence do you think may be a priest or someone from church came to dinner. I you got sentence 1 then you are right . Because Brother John is the capital that mean its a title so the first sentence I invited Brother John to dinner in that case probably someone from church came to dinner. In the second sentence says 'I invited my brother John'. My same old brother John to dinner ok so that's one way that grammar and punctuation can make a big difference . Here's another example .The first sentence says 'The roof on the dogs house leaks'. The second sentence says the exact same thing. Both sentences says exact same thing but there is one little difference if you didn't notice already i am gonna show you its this apostrophe. In this sentece the apostrophe is after the g before the s ok so that means the roof on the dog house is one dog ok. Is a house of just one dog. The dog's house leaks. On the second sentence the apostrophe is here after the s and that case it means there are more than 1 dog so this could be like 5 dogs. The roof on the dogs' house leaks. So you can see that just where you put an apostrophe makes something difference in the meaning. So let me ask you this. If the apostrophe is between the g and the s how many dogs are there ? one We are just looking at this. Just one dog and if you have it this way , the apostrophe after the s how many dogs? We don't know . It could be 100. So lets just say more than one and you know because the apostrophe comes after the s so it's already plural. Ok so we are gonna move onto idioms . The next thing is in chapter 5 that i wanna tell you about is idioms. If you look on page 91 , it will say 'be aware of the read hairy ?' I hate that example. SO lets just talk about idioms. So Idioms are groups of words that has meaning completely different from the word used. If that doesnt make sense look at these examples. Number one 'Sally is living high on the hog '. Ok so this part 'living high on the hog'. that's the idiom. Anybody know what that means? I will tell you living high on the hog means living very well like may be spending a lot of money or eating a lot or just living very well ok that's what living high on the hog means The second example of an idiom is and you probably heard this before keep your nose to the grindstone. If you dont know what that means, it means keep working hard , keep focused, keep your eye on the goal all those kind of things. And the third and last examples i have for you is 'Paul was sitting on the fence.' Ok so again It doesn't really mean he was sitting on the fence but what it mean is he was undecided. So Paul was like should i go this way or that way ? So It means undecided. Idioms, there are thoushands of them in our English laguage which makes it tricky specially for who are no English speaker trying to learn english and they come from different regions from our country and most of us use them all the time and not even aware of it . So in this class you will be at least hearing me saying a lot of times that's an idiom ! That's an idiom ! Because we use them all the time . Ok so that's idiom and the last thing we are gonna talk about are deductions and they are on page 93. Deductions are educated guesses that are based on the information you know. For example, I have a list of sentences here and in the end we need to decide if sam is a dog , a seal, a man or a girl. This example is in your book. It's page 93. So the first sentence says' Same loves to bark.' Ok so do we know if sam is a dog ? a seal ? could be a man or a girl ? could be . Sometimes people bark. Its weird but anyway the next sentence tells us same loves to bark out the window at people ok so sam could be dog, a seal it's less likely , because a seal probably wouldn't be in a car. Then again, could still be a man or a girl . So the third sentence says sam loves to bark and wave a hand out the window at people . Ok now we can start making deductions . Wave a hand is a good clue because a dog has hands and seal has hands. So we know that sam is either a man or a girl. Ok the last clue we have says " Sam wants to bark and wave her hand out the car at people.". ok It says wave her hand. Now we know that sam is a girl. So we made a deduction but first we needed all of the information. If we have to read sentence one, it could be anyhthing After we read the second sentence , we know a little bit more information , we could've made a deductions but it may not accurate. So we read out third example that gave us more information and the last example gave us even more information so in the end when we knew all of the information and then we were able to make an educated guess which in other word is call the deduction. Ok that is all we are gonna talk about for chapter 5 today. See you on the next video. Okay. So, so now, in, in the next video, we'll talk about how to solve Schroedinger's equation for a free [inaudible], well. For, not a free particle, but a particle in a box, which is something we'll, we'll, we'll look at soon. Finally, there's one other thing we might we might take a look at. Which is, let's look at a different way of, deriving this uncertainty relation. Which is in terms of commutators. Okay, so remember that in one of the early. Lectures. It derives the, an uncertainty principle for a q bit, where there were two quantities we were interested in, there were, there were a bit. And there was a sign. And the bit correspondent to a, to a measurement in the Z basis which is given by one minus one. And sine corresponded to a measurement in the x spaces, which was the, the x observable was given by zero, one, one, zero. In this case the eignvalues were zero and one. With eigen val-, eigen values one and -one. In this case, the eigen vectors were + and - with eigen values one and -one. Now, why was there uncertainty relation between these two, between these two, these two quantities? Well, the reason is that these two operators have very different eigen vectors. So the eigen vectors of the one operator look like this. And the eigenvectors of the other look like this, plus and minus. So these are as far apart as you can expect these basis vectors to be. You, you, you make these basis vectors look as far apart as possible. Another way of saying this is, well actually these, these two operators have different eigenvectors, if and only if, they don't commute. So, meaning that. X times Z is not equal to Z times X. Okay so well what's, what's X times Z equal to? Well that's 0110 times one minus 100. Is what? Is minus 1100, whereas. The z times x, which is one minus 100 times 1100 is what? It's a. >> One minus one equals zero. >> So, another way you can write this is by saying well the commutator, between x and z which is defined to be x times z minus z times x. I t's non zero and in this case, x times z minus three times x is this minus that, which is. Which is that matrix. Okay, so it turns out there's a very elegant formulation of the uncertainty principle in terms of commentators. So, for the for position on momentum, That is the principle. Well, it turns out that the, this formula by looking at commentator between x hat and v hat. Which is x hat p hat minus p hat x hat. It turns out that this is Actually, IHR. And now, what we are interested in, of course, is. Is the, is the spread delta. X hat Delta P hat Okay. So, it turns out that what you can show, is that this is at least. The absolute value of the cometator divided by two. Meaning it's ugliest, H [inaudible] over two. Yeah, so this, this ends up being a, a, you know, this is a, this is a actually, this is a more general theorem. The, the theorem actually says, this is true for any two operators. The Delta A times Delta, B is at least. The. [inaudible] between a and b Divided by two. And so, so if you use X hat and V hat for A and B you get this result. So, Now lets, lets try to understand, at least as I wont, I won't prove this for you now. Maybe I'll make up a separate video, to, to prove this, but, lets try to understand at least why the commutative X hat and P hat are [inaudible]. This will help us understand how to deal with these operators. So, how do you evaluate this, this commutator? Well what is, what is X hat P hat, minus P hat, X hat? What? To, to evaluate it, we apply to some, some. Wave function psi X. And what do we get? Well, X hat. You know, this is X hat, P hat, psi X- P hat, X hat, psi of X. Okay. So, so what is, what is X hat applied to psi of X? It's just X * psi of X. And what's P hat? Well P hat is. Ih by D by DX And what about this? Well, this is I h var, d by dx, psi of x, and then whatever this is as a function of x. What happens when you apply x hat to and we just get x times that, minus. So, what's this whole thing? It's IH bar times X D [inaudible] . By DX minus Dy, dx of x, 5x. Okay, so remember what d by d, x of x psi of x is? This is d by d x of x, times psi of x then psi of x, plus x times d by dx of psi of x. Okay, so. So you sub, substitute this in there. You, you cancel. Cancel this and this. And, so, you get I H bar Psi of X. So what's the operator? It's just IH bar. Okay. So that's the position momentum uncertainty relation. It says that the spread in, in, in the position * the spread in the momentum is at least, the uncertainty in this, in the, in the position * the uncertainty in the momentum. The product is at least H bar over two. This is probably the first presentation I've made of this nature because the majority of my work surrounds the Zeitgeist Movement or things that are related to my film series but I've tailored this very carefully to what I felt the audience of this event would find interesting. The working title as noted in the program is: 'When Normality Becomes Distortion: Reflections on a World Gone Mad' but as the talk developed I experimented with a few other less sensationalized titles to see what would work better. The 2nd one I came up with was 'When Intuition Fails: The Inevitable Breakdown of Human Assumption and its Social Consequences'. Not bad, a bit too wordy, though so when I finished the presentation it struck me to have a little more intellectual one 'Limited Dimensional Thought in a Multi-Dimensional Reality'. All right, annoyingly intellectual but still OK. Regardless, I point this out so you can make your own decision which title you think is more applicable because they cognitively highlight different context of what I am going to present here. As far as myself, as introduced, it's usually at this point I might say something about who I am, my credentials and experience as though frankly, any of us should care. One of the great failures of critical thought is the assumption of authority around a given data set. People might think "This person's considered an expert in a given field due to the standard set forth by culture, so therefore I can just trust blindly anything they say without critical evaluation." A rather ominous perspective and I think most would agree a large number of atrocities historically can be found sourced to this blind dedication to the statements of supposed authority. Who am I? I'm just like you. I'm a compiler and a messenger. You should have no faith in anything I say here and rather be prepared to critically assess whatever issues noted on your own accord within the bounds of your logical reasoning and training. As I will expand upon later in this talk there is actually no such thing as the origin of any information. I view knowledge as a life form in and of itself. There is no empirical source and it evolves and multiplies just like any other organism utilizing the vehicle of our collective human experience: transference and like biological evolution it is self-correcting. Any false thought will eventually (even after long struggles) be seen by the environment and selected out by the collective awareness or what could also be called 'The Group Mind' which I will talk about again a little bit later. Furthermore, the premise of this talk regards not the specifics of any discipline of knowledge or understanding but the mechanics of it specifically the nature of its change. I'm less interested in what people think and more interested in how they came to think it, and how they maintain it as valid. This talk will not only consider such frames of reference as they're often called frames of reference individual people utilize to generate and support their decisions and beliefs but also the larger order institutions that arise from those referential assumptions once they are shared by a large enough group of people to define social normality which is the status quo that we all know. Then the status quo practices will be qualified or even quantified against what we could haphazardly call 'Our Objective Reality' which will draw its assumptions from a completely different referential benchmark than most of the population of the world is familiar with a frame of reference we have come to know as 'The Scientific Method'. You'll notice I said haphazardly termed an objective reality. Why? Because the concept of objective can only be hyperbole, right? How could we possibly be so arrogant to assume at any point in time in human history that we have ever been empirically right? It simply hasn't happened yet, if you take the broad view. It wasn't until the past couple of hundred years that The Scientific Method has barely been taken seriously with respect to human affairs and society. What is the core mechanism of the Scientific Method, really? Self-correction. Self-correction through testing and logical calculation and hypothesis. The self-correction attribute of science is what enables its evolution. There is no recognized phenomenon that isn't undergoing a constant change of definition as the evolution of knowledge continues. Truth itself is an emergent distinction. It's not a noun; it's more of a verb which constitutes an approach towards reality but never, ever, getting there. That said it's obvious that we're doing something right. The fact that this building we're in hasn't collapsed upon us means we have been able to come in harmony with some kind of natural physical law that exists beyond our control. The fact that we understand to a certain degree how our bodies work creating medicines that can help us in positive ways over statistical time shows that we are indeed in some kind of alignment with what we call nature as opposed to blaming our sickness on gods and demons as we did in the past as this organism of knowledge continues to evolve. There does seem to be a pre-existing logic (this is important to note because people take this for granted) a logic which dictates our reality doesn't give a damn what we think of it and impose upon it. It appears we can either be vulnerable and align as best we can and engage this harmony, or we can walk against it fight it, to our personal and social disadvantage. The unfortunate thing is (as I will continue to address later in detail) our basic social construct as a whole, top to bottom along with the dominant human values inherent to it that support it appear to be firmly walking against the natural order that exists (that we are slowly discovering) becoming more and more decoupled from reality as it were and hence, really, our life support. For the sake of argument, I would like to quickly reduce human perception into two basic modes of operations: emergent and traditional. Today the traditional element is clearly the most dominant. The cultural zeitgeist (no pun intended) is always based on institutions that are tending to perpetuate themselves non-emergent thought processes and their consequences. Why? Because they're forms of psychological security, aren't they? They're also forms of financial security. Our whole society is actually based upon institutional self-perpetuation whether it's the preservation of a political administration a corporation's market share and dominance or even a religious demographic. The traditional notion is so powerful that the very act of questioning is often met with disdain in the culture today. Some, in their defense, have even gone so far to suggest that all beliefs and values must be equal and respected and they must be tolerated in the same element of quality. Is that true? Are all values equal? Does everyone have the right to believe and act upon whatever they choose? Are we all to respect everything others want us to? If I put a gun to your head and have the value and belief that you should die, is that acceptable to you? Are you a bigot for not allowing me to express my freedom of belief? Obviously, values are not equal. Some work and some don't or more specifically, some represent a closer approximation to reality and others do not. The farther those values are from this natural order the more destructive they often become not just to the individual or group but to all of us as a collective society. There rests a distinct, social imperative that is often ignored or feared. The taboo associated with challenging what others think under the still convenient notion that all values are equal is simply not tenable. You are partially responsible for the thoughts and values of others and they are responsible for yours. There is nowhere to hide from the collective consciousness and an underlying thesis of this presentation is that until human society is able to find and share a basic, common working, responsible, near-empirical value set we're basically doomed. My hope here is to generate a personal and social reflection with respect to what you believe and why eventually to be framed within the social context I keep alluding to. It will be argued that the failure of emergent perception to be open and listen to the world we live in rather than impose upon it with these traditional assumptions we blindly hold as empirical is the psychological root of the problems we see in the world today: environmental, social. It is a value system disorder that is continually created and reinforced by the social system we inhabit and share ideologically and if uncorrected, it could lead to the collapse of human society as we know it today. A collapse which (if you're paying attention) is accelerating right now across the world fueled again by a set of detrimental perspectives that go largely unrecognized like cancer cells go unrecognized to an immune system. In 1884, a unique book was published called 'Flatland' and apart of some very clever social commentary the work gave a perspective of what it would be like to live in a 2-dimensional reality as opposed to the 3-dimensional one that we share. One can go left and right, forward and back but there was no such thing as up and down. Perspective was hence restricted. If something from the 3rd dimension was to come and visit this 2-dimensional reality the perception of that object would be confined to the properties enabled by the 2-dimensional view. A 3-dimensional object moving up and down through the 2-dimensional plane, would be perceived by the inhabitants as this mysterious mutating 2-dimensional line. I would like to use this abstract notion as a very loose metaphor with respect to cultural perception. What if those in the 2-dimensional flatland had actually always been in the 3-dimensional space but their frame of reference was so limited by the tools of measurement they had their experience so consistent with the 2-dimensional world their associated values so ingrained and stubborn as generations past that they were simply unable to reconcile its presence even though it was obviously there? They might have even established whole philosophies and institutions based on the appearance of their world perhaps 'The Church of Squares' or 'Linear Economics' or the party 'Line of Politics'. But as time went on and their tools and education grew the consequences of their perceptual folly started to manifest and the beliefs and institutions they had created started to draw a confusion and disorder as a natural evolution. They might have thought "How could the very fabric of our assumptions that we all share of this reality that seem correct and almost provable over long periods of time how could they actually be wrong?" Around 200 BC a Greek mathematician named Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the planet Earth likely the first mathematically to solidify that it was truly round and not flat a rather dramatic finding since, it certainly looks flat, doesn't it? In Psalm 93 of the Bible it states "The world is firmly established. It cannot be moved. " In another passage it states "The sun rises and the sun sets and then hurries to rise again." That would make sense too, wouldn't it? After all, when you look at the sky it appears to be moving around us. We still use that premise of thought in our language: We still say 'up and down' when it's really 'out and in'. We even still say 'sunrise' and 'sunset', interestingly enough. It wasn't until Galileo really introduced our now obvious heliocentric universe solar system, excuse me and it was confirmed, obviously among much traditional controversy. Since we're on the subject of the stars (to continue this type of example as I inch into value systems that might be shared in the common community) one of the most persistent past times of human indulgence since the beginning of recorded history a practice that has generated a flourishing economic industry to this day spreading across virtually all cultures is the practice of astrology. In Western astrology, the signs of the zodiac depending on their positions at a certain time are thought to have predictive power in some interpretive form horoscopes, etc. Astrology is so popular today across the world that you can't really read a newspaper without finding a column on it. I even tend myself to be asked what my sign is a few times a month when I engage in different conferences. It's very, very common. But what is the basic perceptual source of this belief especially Western tradition? It might as well be straight out of the book 'Flatland'. First of all, the view of all constellations are seen as 2-dimensional yet the luminance of those celestial bodies that make up those forms are actually distributed across vast distances in 3-dimensional space. Constellations as we know them simply do not exist outside of the prima facie pictures we see in the night sky. Second, stars are not fixed as we came to understand. They are born and they die like us. It is the illusion of permanence given a very short duration on this planet in regards to human evolution in cosmic time that we think these 2D pictures will be the same for eternity holding empirical value. Third, to reintegrate the 2D flaw: It's only a fixed perception from the planet Earth. If we are viewing these same stars from another side of the Milky Way galaxy from a different angle they would not represent anything close to the forms we see from here. Despite the popular culture's interest which is actually quite romantic given the deep yearning to understand our place and relationship to the universe (relationship by the way is the most common definition of spirituality) we are only left to realize that in what I will call the 'Expanded Dimensional Reality' debunking the limited dimensional perception no different than thinking the world was flat or that the sun moved around the Earth most today won't argue those facts as adamantly as they will argue their belief in astrology. Another example of this limited dimensional perception comes from the cultural characteristics of the period of origin of certain ideas. Just as the constellations still today are recognized for their names after spoons and oxcarts and scales and common animals as opposed to space shuttles and TVs, laptops and smartphones the projections of thought of any point in time can only reflect the state of knowledge at that point in time. It's a dead give-away. The traditional religious systems of belief contain the rhetoric, not of an advanced technological society or a society of advancements in civil rights or advanced medical treatments, no. It contains the period-based, cultural values that occurred thousands of years in the past. Did God invent man or did man invent God? Do the depictions of monotheistic gods appear like us? Why do they? Why do they appear like us? Why do they have tempers like man? Why are they emotional and judgmental and volatile and retributive? Why is it that monotheism is common to desolate, desert cultures while polytheism is common to lush, diverse, rainforest cultures? Is it random chance that nearly all the early gods of Greece and Egypt actually related to natural phenomenon? The sun, the moon, the stars, the ocean, water... It's almost as though the minds of those who created these stories and ideas were trying to figure out what the natural world was and what it was doing and they could only impose their culturally specific ideas upon them as the organism of knowledge continued its evolution. Why are the gods in traditional African religions black and the gods in the West white? Why are the gods of patriarchal societies always male? And why is it that people born in the cultures that support these beliefs tend to perpetuate them? How often do you hear of an Arab person born in the Muslim culture magically becoming Jewish as a child? I'm sorry to stand in what could be a controversial opposition to the beliefs of what are really billions of people that ascribe to say astrology or theistic religious belief but when the perceptual context of origin of these belief systems are taken into account we find a clear, limited, dimensional perception cloaked as relevant through traditional perpetuation denying the emergent nature of our reality. This leads me to the true focus of this talk (believe it or not) for the limited dimensional perception (and I apologize for the annoying techno jargon but it's the best I come up with)... This limited dimensional perception is not limited to these obvious examples. In the very fabric of modern society with respect to our economic, legal and political system, is no different not to mention the vast number of contemporary value distortions that continue to masquerade as viable, applicable and normal. How many people here are Republicans? How many people here are Democrats? How many people here are Independents? How many people here reject all political parties and find the political concept itself as outdated unscientific and detrimental to social progress? Wow! How many people here are Capitalists? How many people here are Socialists? How many people here find such notions to be equally as outdated, arbitrary and useless with respect to truly efficient economic management? Thank you! Just as people were born into a culture that supports traditional, religious belief tend to conform their values and perpetuate those values without critical thought so do almost all of us when it comes to our modern social institutions which we think are intellectually viable and separate from the religious dogma. Let's take government and politics. Politics in Greek means of, for, or relating to citizens. It's essentially a decision-making method of social operation and while variance does exist, the most dominant form today is that some kind of representative government where the interests of the people are said to have some expression through the representation. In the United States we are said to have a constitutional republic. This is basically a form of representative democracy which must govern within the confines of existing constitutional law which is a fairly rigid set of preconceived declarations that apply not only to the conduct of government but also to the people. Why not pure democracy? Because pure democracy is 100 white men hanging one black man. The originators of this country had a decent intuition about the dangers of crowd mentality. In the words of Thomas Jefferson "A democracy is nothing more than mob rule where 51% of people may take away the rights of the other 49%." Democracy, to be applicable, is really contingent upon the masses being educated about their environment so their votes have quality. Since that's very hard to qualify a benchmark of 'rights' hence the Constitution had to be created to enable some form of regulation. I hope that makes sense because this train of thought is going to carry farther. It's a benchmark. The issue of a benchmark as I'd like to present in this exercise doesn't just occur with democracy. It's also applicable to the monetary system or the market system of monetary economics to be specific. Today we have what is called a 'Free Market'. It has a nice ring to it, doesn't it? It seems to feed the same value association we have regarding democracy the so-called 'Freedom of Choice'. The 'Free Market' means that through the movement of money power and property can be bought and sold the only limitation being the state of your wealth your purchasing power, the actions of your competitors and the laws created to maintain order within the system and it's the law attribute that I find the most interesting. This is the benchmark: the legislation or the regulatory 'game rules' because it's just a game. This benchmark regulation is inherent in both the Free Market and democracy two ideas based upon the broad, romantic view of free choice. This to me is really interesting for these benchmarks basically imply some type of third party, external, empirical reality an empirical reality that would have to inherently be absent of some form of choice and freedom for them to exist as they do. Think about that for a moment. It's a contradiction and this contradiction can be seen as an influence coming from the new emergent understandings that arise to the evolution of knowledge new experience-driven information trying to self-correct prior beliefs through trial-and-error or intuitive, step-by-step adaptation. The very foundational premise of democracy and the Free Market as far as theory is intrinsically flawed. Obviously something is missing, or many things are missing because it can't work on its own. It requires influence of a third-party decision process. Democracy is contingent upon an informed public along with certain ever-present rights which are essentially there because it is assumed that the public doesn't know them, but they should. The Free Market requires third-party rules to maintain order rules which often demand certain environmental safeties: pollution and basic-efficiency protocols. We all know that the system as it stands in the Free Market left to its own devices would use up just about everything as I will allude to here in a little while. The system can't stand on its own; it will self-destruct. These rules are needed to protect the Free Market and democracy from itself otherwise, they will self-destruct. As an extended example, if it wasn't for the regulations existing against corporate monopoly the world would've been taken over by one corporation a long, long time ago. Despite the statistically void utterly false notions perpetuated by economists that the more 'free' the market, the more efficient free market competition is one of the most hegemonic concepts ever invented. While mob-rule democracy (again, continuing our comparison) can generate mass irrationality with no basis in reality if not properly collared through rights and education. I'm sorry to drill this in but it's very important. By the way, I suggest a book called 'The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind' if you want to read about how crowd mentality can override independent thought in a very caustic way. It's well documented that people lose their objectivity and lose their sense of control when involved in mass-appeal. That isn't just for a soccer riot. It happens through the media. It happens through many different forms. So, then... What is this benchmark that we keep seeing? What is really being referenced in the broad view? Using the example of rights for democracy and regulation for the Free Market what do those two issues really reach for? It reaches for the natural order or more operationally, Scientific Causality. That is what is breaching through the concrete. The most dangerous value we can have floating around the culture today... (I hope everyone can really listen carefully to this) most dangerous value we have floating around the culture today is the idea that any of us have freedom of choice or the right to our own opinion especially when it comes to issues of human survival and sustainability. We cannot choose; we can only align if we wish to survive and prosper, period. There is simply no such thing as freedom when the benchmark of Scientific Causality is brought into the equation with respect to any action or goal. The only caveat is the emergent uncertainty of the evolution of knowledge which does require a threshold of flexibility. Why? Because we don't know everything but we do seem to get closer and closer to more empirical understandings as time moves forward. Is there really any freedom to how we organize our economy on a finite planet if the goal is to create the most efficient, sustainable means of production distribution and regeneration? No, there isn't. Industry is a technical process, a calculation problem where the variables of human needs physical science and earthly resources are brought into a single, regulatory equation. The properties of our resources can be scientifically quantified now strategically assessed as far as their purpose strategically oriented as far as the design and the most logical manner distributed through the exact same logic of pure efficiency. We have globalization on this planet! What the hell are we doing? We're taking stuff from all over the world exploiting labor, moving it around, wasting tons of energy when we could easily develop production methods in local communities where you'd save X-fold amount of energy. The distance between elements moving is X-fold less... It's insane but yet, the system perpetuates that. That's for a larger order subject that I've not enough time to go into). We could strategically orient industry, in itself evident as we do based on the physics of our reality in where things are. We could enable in a efficiency never known before. It becomes self-evident, and why would we possibly with regard to sustainability, want to do anything less? As counter-intuitive and culturally obtuse as it may seem there is no freedom or opinion in our technical reality. There is only the most efficient way up until now and the rest, is simply, inefficient. The definition of economy in Greek means: management of a household. A reduction of waste and maximized efficiency is inherent in this premise. Is this the way our current free market system is operating? Let's take a step back again. What drives the global economy? Consumption, and the more the better. More consumption means more jobs, better GDP and hence enabling more consumption through purchasing power that's enabled. Is that efficient? Shouldn't preservation and reducing waste be the basis of an economy of a finite planet by definition? How can an economy based on the need for constant growth and turnover and even an economy based on constant need of employment be 'economizing' anything at all? Then there's this thing called 'cost efficiency'. Cost efficiency demands cutting expenses to remain competitive in the market place. Every single product created by any corporation today without exception, is immediately inferior by design for the market requirement to cut creation costs in favor of lowering the output purchasing price to maintain a competitive edge automatically reduces the quality of any given item by default. It is impossible to create the strategically best long-lasting 'anything' in our society and this translates into outrageous amounts of wasted resources. Likewise, the same mechanism is also reinforcing environmental disregard, depletion and pollution. Everyone is trying to save money. Why do you think they are really going to care about the environment? The logic is against it. We see this constant in the world today among many other issues I could list. If you take a moment to really step back and think about this not only is this inefficiency a characteristic of the market model it's actually the fundamental driver. Having clean, unpolluted water in your home might seem like a nice thing in gesture but the fact that money is not being exchanged for that is anathema to the economic sustainability that we've come to understand. More pollution means more profit. More disease means more jobs ad infinitum. I would go so far to say as pointed out here that sustainability, efficiency and preservation empirically are the enemies of our economic system and that's unfortunately, the firm reality. Those out there who talk about a green economy as though there is such a thing that could possibly exist in this system posing solutions within this structural order such as renewable energies, energy credits carbon footprint stuff they are not understanding what's actually at work here. You cannot have a true green, or even close to whatever you consider a sustainable economy in the market model of economics. It is technically impossible. The system would fail if we ever wanted to operate on a truly technical, sustainable level for the system is fueled by the exact opposite set of mechanics. I would even go so far to challenge for those out there that basically are not in favor of the complete abolition of the market economy as the solution to the destruction of our environment not to mention the collapse of the social order itself we are seeing while working to replace this system with a truly technical approach for resource management: proper scientific allocation seeking the highest level of efficiency possible at every turn in production and distribution for maximum sustainability which is a technical distinction including proper allocation of labor and everything else really, we're just engaging in patchwork. It's not going to do anything in the long run and we're wasting time because time is literally running out. This again, coming back to my premise is the result of our limited dimensional perception. We have based our economy on outdated notions of human behavior and convoluted notions of supposed freedom and ignored the true technical reality, true environmental reality that actually supports and sustains our lives and creates good public health. This realization that our true economic benchmark is science, and hence the self-evident calculation requirement needed to streamline our efficiency inherently voids the entire basis of free market economics itself. I can't reiterate that enough for it simply makes zero technical sense scientifically and is provably now working against our survival and accelerating. Coming back to politics, let's take a quantum leap outside of our traditional assumptions for a moment. What does the political institution and government really do? Why do we even have it? They work to compensate for the inefficiency of the economy. That's it! That's the only reason they're there. When people are not getting their needs met they often resort to so-called 'crime' so, government invents laws to silence those victims of the economic efficiency. Likewise, if we need resources being held in another sovereign nation aka region of the planet and we are not economically getting along with them we engage in war to steal those resources not to mention protect ourselves from others who might want to steal ours. There is no war in history that has not been based upon resource acquisition or protection. Likewise, the world's divided into gangs, ever noticed that? We still have these things called countries. We still assume a socially Darwinistic pretense with the very existence of these nation states not to mention the divisive, patriotic value distortions that are born out of it. Here once again, we have the limited, dimensional perspective clashing with an emergent, multi-dimensional reality. Are countries relevant in technical terms? How could we possibly define them outside of our opinions? a) All humans share the same basic needs and b) the resources that we all need have no idea what a country is and they are dispersed everywhere on this planet in one single, unified ecosystem. If there's anything positive that came out of the US and Russian Cold War that almost triggered complete nuclear disaster decades ago it was the realization that radiation fallout in nuclear winter never heard of countries, flags or sovereignty. Just as the pollution from the Japanese power plants that melted down a while back it didn't need passports to cross over to other countries' atmospheres. I hope my point is clear. The fact is there is only and can only be one global economy and there is only one, and can only be one global society for our economic premise is what defines us and that's what our survival is. The socioeconomic system of our time is as archaic, dogmatically religious and pseudo scientific as any dogmatic religious belief. They are completely decoupled from the benchmark of our scientific emergent reality which is being denied held in place by traditional, non-emergent institutions which, mark my words will be what destroys life on this planet as we know it if the multi-dimensional reality that is springing up is not realized and brought to the surface quickly. The central problem we face is that the economic system is actually still systematically reinforcing itself continuing to hold this paradigm in place by the ongoing values and actions of the masses who do not see the true source the problem because they're trapped inside of it and they are accelerating its effects. If anyone out there frames their sense of leadership or success, based on money or a claim you have a rude awakening coming to you. I couldn't help but notice reading the pamphlet of all the well-meaning presentations in this event and they seem to frame things in a very similar way as far as the way they orient themselves in this system. I don't blame them and I don't put them down but I hope this definition can eventually change. What is true success? Is success how well you manage your company sell a book, gain a profit or anything that engages the current socioeconomic paradigm? If you agree with what I have just described with respect to the economic system those focusing on short term material success might very well be assisting in their own long term failure and demise for they're only perpetuating a detrimental social system in the end that will get the best of all of us if it isn't stopped. Shouldn't true success be your ability to adapt to the emergence of new information improving your relationship with the natural order benchmark that we've spoken of? Is there really anything else that that can possibly define success in the broadest possible terms? Proper alignment with whatever reality happens to be advancing itself and you being with it. Do our relationships and marriages and bank accounts and even our children, our status, our acclaim really mean anything when it's stepped back to a larger order of what it means to relate to the world that you live in? There's a common term we frequently hear these days: corruption. It seems to be all over the news and you can't possibly escape it. How would you define corruption, broadly? I would define it as the initiation or support of deprivation exploitation and/or abuse either social or environmental. If this definition is accepted then it is logically correct to say that all acts of commerce are inherently corrupt. If you define corruption as deprivation, exploitation or abuse every time you mark up a value on a good you sell or cut corners to save money you are engaging in deprivation, exploitation and abuse by its systemic causal effect and intrinsic rationale. That is the behavior our social system requires to continue and that distortion is currently masked as normality. In conclusion and as a final rogue example of this limited, dimensional perspective meaning an emergent, multi-dimensional reality that is forcing its hand there is no 'you' and there is no 'me'. We live in a world which assumes division, why? Because that is what we perceive with our five senses limited sense organs but molecular study has proven the opposite. It doesn't see it that way. There is a perpetual ebb and flow and exchange in the molecular data constantly happening within you and outside of you interweaving with your environment at all times on many levels. Concurrently, our life support is explicitly symbiotic as well. We need resources to live and the connection to our evolutionarily adapted habitat that basically created us over generational time. There's absolutely no disconnect. In the words of Jacque Fresco "You don't see the plug up our ass but it happens to be there." And then we have... Then we have the knowledge level as well as I alluded to before. We exist in a group mind. Newton did not invent gravity just as Einstein did not invent relativity. For him to do so, he would have had to invent the whole of mathematical development since the beginning of time along with all the tools and supporting provisions and everything else that comprised his state of knowledge naturally, at that point in history. Every word coming out of my mouth has been learned. We only have the illusion of novelty because each of us appear to originate in seemingly separate pockets of experience in this connected unison that we share. Our supposed creations seem unique and original and novel but they're only expansions. As stated at the beginning, there's nowhere to hide from the collective consciousness and we're all responsible for each other. The underlining meaning of this presentation is that, until human society again is able to find a basic, common, working, responsible value set which we can basically agree upon which is consistently pinged against the emerging benchmark of our scientific reality we have a very difficult road ahead. Within this context, as we listen to the world around us I consider the most active value orientation we can have which almost guarantees an empathetic reaction which hopefully can maintain this social diligence that's required I consider the acceptance of our intrinsic unification to be the most powerful form of expression of these ideas: an acknowledgment of the oneness as it is poetically termed. This oneness over division value seems to be the ultimate example (at least in this point in time) of our limited dimensional perception being overcome by the multi-dimensional reality and if properly understood there could be no basis for war. There could be no logic for greed. There could be no such thing as inefficiency and waste no basis for poverty. There can't possibly be class and as abstract and misunderstood as it might sound there could be no basis to define you and there could be no basis to define me. Thank you. >> Theo - what am I in the eyes of most people? Just for once, everything was going right for Vincent Van Gogh. He'd just sold his first painting, and he'd been hailed by the critics as the "genius with a future." He was painting like a demon - a picture a day! One of them, this one, Wheatfield with Crows, was a revolutionary masterpiece. It's the painting which begins modern art. Yet within a few weeks, the man who had achieved it had killed himself. Now why would he want to do that? All his life, Vincent had this childlike faith that his art revolution would be seen by everyone. So - was the wheat field a cry of anguished frustration, That he would never realize his vision in painting? Or was it a shout of triumph that finally he'd done it - And this kind of painting - turbulent, raw, overwhelmingly emotional - Was the new art for the people. [Classical music] [Quiet rolling thunder] Ask anyone - who's your idea of the tortured artist, the mad genius? Chances are, you'll get one answer and just one answer, Vincent Van Gogh. Sliced his ear off, didn't he? Well, no, actually he didn't. What he did do is cut off a fleshy chunk of earlobe. Oh, I know, I know. That's enough to suggest he is balmy,isn't it? And when he eventually did shoot himself, there was bound to be a chorus of - Well yes, he would, wouldn't he? >> Soft pink, soft pink and blood red [repeated, echoing] Soft Louis XV greens and harsh blue greens - How would a man like that make art as stunning as this? What others diagnosed as mental sickness, Vincent thought was an illumination - A new vision of what art could be. A revelation of heaven here on Earth. He thought of himself as a prophet, then. But also as a thinker. The thoughts poured themselves out in a torrent of words - Page after page, day after day. All you have to do to find the real Van Gogh - no fool at all, but a thoughtful, observant man, Is to read his letters. hundreds of them, mostly written to his younger brother Theo, And you'll see that intelligence burning away. >> My dear Theo - God! How beautiful Shakespeare is! His language and his method are like - - a brush trembling with excitement and ecstasy. So, meet this other Van Gogh. Not a creature of blind instinct at all, but an insatiable bookworm! >> I've made more or less a serious study of Victor Hugo and Dickens, and recently Aeschylus, and a few of the great minor masters. OK, the scary one will buttonhole you in the pub and bang on and on about George Eliot and Charles Dickens, and you'll be backing off from the awful poem. >> Well, you do know that Furbishears and Beader are counted among the minor masters? Beader? Beader? So underneath the scabby face and moth-eaten coat, Vincent lived the life of the mind. For a long time, art never came first. What mattered most was the search for salvation. It was in his blood. His father - The Reverend Theodorus Van Gogh - was pastor in a village in the South Netherlands. So even when he was rescued from the Calvinist gloom by his uncle and sent to London as an art dealer - He's out to save souls. It was in the Victorian gaslight that the real Vincent started to emerge, amidst the grime and grit of Disraeli's London, the starchy young Dutchman rediscovered Jesus. >> It is an old faith, old faith, and it is a good faith. Our life is a pilgrim's progress - And our life is a - It is an old faith and it is a good faith - He appointed himself as a missionary to the destitute, and as he wore out shoe leather tramping past the dispossessed, the drunks and the whores, Vincent grew to despise the pygmy world of the galleries. What he wanted to be was a preacher. >> It is an old faith and it is a good faith. Our life is pilgrim's progress, that we are strangers on the earth. But - though this be so we are not alone, for our Father is with us. Our Father is with us. Is with us. We are pilgrims, and our life - We are pilgrims and our life - So Vincent the good abandoned the plush red carpets and set off in search of captives,starved for light. [train] The coal pits of southern Belgium. Dirt poor, and as far as Vincent was concerned, in desperate need of saving. The young lay preacher took his dog-eared bibles and his eager retriever look through mucky streets where women hauled sacks of coke, and did his best. >> And our life is a long walk from earth to heaven, A long walk from earth to heaven! But it still wasn't enough. After a trial period the Missionary Society who paid his pittance, got rid of him. Excessive zeal, apparently. But you didn't get rid of Vincent Van Gogh that easily. He hit on a different way to preach. He would paint. This would be Vincent's new calling. And this is amazing. He's nearly 30! He's not so much as picked up a paint brush, much less had any kind of formal training. But Vincent's not bothered. This is his road to Damascus moment. >> In a way, I'm glad I never learned painting. I-I know for certain that painting is in the very marrow of my bones. I want - I want to do drawings. That will touch people. I want - I want to get to the point where people say of my work - That man! That man feels deeply! That man feels keenly! Art would succeed where the church had failed. It would bring salvation and comfort. Its ministry would be to open the eyes of everyone, especially the poor, to the miraculous force of life. Exactly the kind of vision from which they were cut off by the gray relentlessness of the daily grind. >> I just wish that there were more and better opportunities and exhibitions to bring art to the people. I mean, far from wanting to hide the light under a bushel of it, I'd sooner let it be seen! And if he were to give people a sense that heaven was in simple things - calloused hand, the petal of a flower - you'd better be a laborer yourself, Vincent thought, and you'd better head to the lower depths and live with them too! You don't get much lower than shacking up with a broken-down prostitute, habitually drunk, bad case of quinsey, single mother, sickly kids, another one on the way. Clasina Hoornik, Sien to Vincent who took her in, would be his unlikely muse. Sien's history of misery marked on her body - the drooping breasts and stringy hair - became the food of Vincent's inspiration. "There's no such thing as an old woman," he wrote to Theo, and in the lovingly described lines of a used body you can see what he meant. "My dear Theo [chuckling] I'm longing to see what an impression Sien makes on you." She's - there's nothing special about her. She's just an ordinary woman of the people, and holds something of the sublime for me. Not surprisingly, this didn't go down brilliantly with the vicar father. Theo, no prude, didn't much care for it either. But it didn't stop him steadfastly supporting his brother's latest career. No matter how surly, unpredictable or ungrateful Vincent was, Every month, regular as clockwork, the brotherly subsidy rolled in. In return for keeping him afloat, Vincent supplied Theo - now himself an art dealer in Paris - with paintings for sale. Trouble was, according to Theo, they were unsellable, dense, clotted, murky things. "My dear Theo, my dear Theo, my DEAR Theo! What's so very contrary about you is that - one sends you something and one hears nothing in reply, and you do not lift a finger [glass dropping to ground] but one is not allowed to say I can't manage on the money - no. Unless you'd like to add that I shan't be asking you whether you approve or disapprove of anything I do." But baby brother believed, and stuck by, his cantankerous passioner, Vincent. Not everyone was in it for the long haul. Sien got tired of Vincent's campaign to turn her into a good Dutch hausfrau and disappeared back into the Hague gaslight. Which leaves Vincent where, exactly? He's 30 years old, but as he says, his wrinkles make him look more like 40. For money, he depends entirely on his brother Theo. For sex and love he goes from the unsuitable to the impossible. And as for his efforts in his belated new profession, well, they're best generously described as uneven. So when he lopes back to his parents' house, he's not exactly the apple of their eye. "I sense what Father and Mother think of me, instinctively - I do not say intelligently - they shrink from taking me into their house as they might shrink from taking in a large shaggy dog with wet paws. He'll get in everyone's way - and - his bark is so loud! In short, he is a filthy beast!" And then - it happens! The Potato Eaters is his first knockout masterpiece. It's a resume of everything he's felt and thought up to now, Everything that would make him a revolutionary artist is already here. The dark, thick color was chosen not just for pictorial effect but, you might say, philosophically - to say something. That something isn't meant to be charmingly rustic. I mean, how brown can you get? This is manure brown. The gray-brown, as he explained, of dusty spots before they've been rinsed. Lost in total identification, Van Gogh paints like a clod. The heavy, loaded brush doing its own manual labor. The picture seems trowled and dug rather than painted. There's total union between painter and subject. It's all in the hands. >> I've tried to bring out the idea that these people, eating potatoes, by the light of their lamp, have dug the earth with the self same hands that they're putting into the dish! Manual labor! A meal honestly earned! Anyone who wants to paint peasants looking namby-pamby had best suit himself. It's almost as if he's having a go at the polite siennas and decorous burnt umbers of the drawing room paintings he'd had to sell in the Hague, and London. It's this lot who dine in a state of grace. Their potato supper a holy communion of the toiling class. He knows he's done something chock full of power, majesterial, so excitedly he sends it off to Theo, who moans about how hard it is to sell Vincent's dark pictures, when everything in Paris is bright! "Theo - it's become very apparent to me that you couldn't care less about my work. What I've had against you this last year is a kind of relapse into cold respectability. which to me seems sterile and futile. That something's niggling at him - Maybe he does, after all, have something to learn from the French. Maybe, if he was there, if he was living with his brother, Together they could shake the art world out of its indifference. The usual story is the Dutch frog kissed by Impressionism and turned into the prince - of color painting. Vincent and his art at last lightened up. Away with the northern murk - Bring on the tubes of carmine, cobalt, and chrome yellow! It's not all wrong. Vincent does get color, becomes addicted to it, consuming its brilliance. Disgorging it onto the canvas. And for a while he does what you're supposed to do as a trainee impressionist. Down by the river at Anieres, trap the light, and you've got the point. So everything is speckled and freckled. Dappled and mottled. Right then! It's Pissarro on Monday. Look at the color-coated dots in this restaurant, and you'll see him during his homework - Sura on Tuesday. Oh, Vincent could do it, all right! But there was something altogether too decorative about the impressionists, marinating the meat of human existence in the rinse of their luminescence. Van Gogh's version of nature would always be earthier, clumsier, smellier, truer, and still unsellable! "It must be Theo's fault," thinks Vincent, and organizes a show of pictures in a local cafe. Hobnail boots and cut sunflowers. Technically these are still lives, but there's nothing still about them. The boots are a self-portrait, tramping the long weary march of the pilgrim. towards a heavenly resting place. And the sunflowers! Hardly the "naturalement" - the dead nature of their billing these things, threateningly mysterious - the black seed heads bristling with irrepressable life force. Organisms landed violently from a burning star. Vincent hardly seems to be joining the impressionist's club, then. So it's not surprising Vincent gets a crush on another misfit, an artist who's hanging around the edge of the impressionist circle. A painter who carries with him an air of creative danger - Paul Gauguin. It wasn't as if they had much in common, apart from their hard luck stories. Gauguin, the dodgy stockbroker allowed to lurk on the edge of art, Vincent, the gin-soaked preacher, down in the muck, and how uneasy they made everyone! If Van Gogh stuck out like a sore thumb, Gauguin poked it in the eye of the impressionist bigwigs. And the more Gauguin cursed the dealers, the more he screwed and drank, the more puppyish Vincent became, in the presence of a master. But when Gauguin left Paris, gone west to Brittany, Vincent didn't follow. He needed somewhere warmer, more regenerating, a place where the chilliness of the Paris art scene would give way to what Vincent, the collector of Japanese prints, imagined as a monkishly pure way of life - Zen with olive oil. [train tracks clacking] [soft, gentle music] And in the spring of 1888, under the sun of Provence, Vincent can feel the life force stirring. Like the sunflower, Vincent turns his face into the nourishing light. >> Theo! No matter how incompetent you feel in the face of the overwhelming beauty of nature - you have to make a start! Here with another landscape. For wheat has all the hues - of old gold, copper, green gold, red gold - - yellow gold, yellow-browns, red-green - Just have a look at the Sower. It's his take on an older painting by Jean Francois Millet. Vincent's version echoes Millet's lyrical anthem to noble toil, but Millet's sower is rooted to the soil, while Van Gogh's floats on a carpet of brilliance like Jesus walking on water. A scene of drudgery is dissolved into the fertility miracle that's being enacted beneath a high wattage sun. Van Gogh described the paintings that really worked for him as a jouissance, the French for orgasm. And it really did mean that. A great ejaculation of emotional energy, not to mention paint. "Yes, well, that's what I go to the brothel for," you can hear Gauguin sneering from his garret in Brittany. But that's precisely why Van Gogh denied himself that doubtful pleasure. >> Painting and fucking. A lot. Don't go together. It softens the brain. It's a bloody nuisance. Or at least limit the fucking to once a fortnight. What Vincent really wanted to show with Gauguin wasn't really a night out with the whores, it was a creative nest. What he'd been longing for was a studio where partners linked in passion and devotion to art could live and work together. But he did send Gauguin the pictures of his boots and his cut sunflowers, the most potent twosome he could think of. Paul and Vincent - the ultimate double act. Did Gauguin really buy into Vincent's dream of a little commune in the sun? Don't think so. But the ever-supportive Theo had offered to sponsor Gauguin if he joined Vincent in Al. Gauguin was broke. So why wouldn't he listen to a deal where board, lodging and materials would be paid for? But then, there was Vincent. Like everyone else, Gauguin was a bit nervous of his histrionic passions. Gauguin procrastinated. Should he go? Vincent waited in a fever of excited preparation, like a groom waiting for his bride. The room which will be Gauguin's, will have - will have white walls, and - and will be hung with yellow sunflowers, and the beds will - have an air of - of permanence, and solidity, and calm. I really want to make this an artist's house! But not affected. On the contrary, nothing affected. Vincent was sure that work would somehow undergo a process of creative fusion from which a great explosion of artistic energy would be liberated. Except - with every painting it became clear that Vincent's vision of the universe as a revelation, the boundary between water, land and sky dissolved, wrapped lovers gazing at the burning stars - all this was happening now. Without Gauguin. Ever since he'd discovered color, Vincent had been fascinated by opposites that were also complementaries, Blue and yellow, red and green, and the drama they played with the senses. The drama wasn't just aesthetic. It was because Van Gogh is still our pilgrim, moral, and emotional. But the heart of all the greatest pictures from this prolific summer is the opposition between barren and fruitful worlds, between comradeship and loneliness. >> [whispering] Pinks, pinks, pinks, pinks - soft pinks with blood reds, soft Louis VI greens, [whispering to himself] Welcome to the night cafe, the hangout of the lonely and the desperate. >> I'd like to express the idea - the cafe - as a place where one can destroy oneself, go mad, or commit a crime. So the colors shout and barge into each other like drunks looking for a fight. Vincent, absinthe sodden, staves off his anxieties about Gauguin's non-appearance by painting, and painting, and painting. >> Soft pink, soft pink, and blood red. Soft, Louis XV greens, and harsh blue-greens, All this in an infernal furnace in pale - [whispering] All this to express the powers of darkness in a common - So what's the opposite of a hellhole cafe? Home. A warm kitchen hearth. Domesticity. Meet the Roulins - Vincent's happy family. Mssr. Joseph Roulin, postman, salt of the earth. Vincent's primary colors and arresting frontal pose are the signals of straightforward honesty, not just a public servant, then, but a pillar of society who wears his uniform as though he was an admiral. And his whiskers proclaim his virility! So Mme. Roulin is bosomy, maternal, comforting. The handsome young buck, Armand, in his check-me-out yellow jacket, caught on the cusp between teenage innocence and manly swagger, the moustache wispy, the hat cocked. He loved this family, and he wants to be loved back. [train on tracks] Then Gauguin arrived, and the summer of visions was over. At first, Gauguin found the friendly competition amusing, and even creatively challenging. But the result was just to point out the differences between them. Here's what Vincent does with an excursion to a vineyard at the time of the grape harvest - a rush of energy through the painting, lots of bending and picking under that great sun god, the brush jiggling, in what he called his best spermatic manner. And here's Paul's take on rural labor, called In The Heat, a drowsy heavy moment with two figures, one of which is a pig - a half-naked woman, her arms stained to the elbows with red grape juice, the shadow of her big breasts outlined, as though wanting the laziest of massages, which the painter duly supplies with his brushes. It wasn't just a matter of technique or subject matter. Their philosophies of art were diametrically opposed. For Gauguin, art was just a swim in pure sensation. "Don't sweat it", he once crushingly said. "It's just a dream." But for Vincent Van Gogh there was no joy without sweat. The ride his art gave you was into the world, not away from it. After barely a month with his new housemate, Gauguin is beginning to feel a serious space problem. >> Gauguin and I discuss Rembrandt and Delacroix a great deal. The debate is exceedingly electric. Sometimes when we're finished our minds are as drained as a - as an electric battery after discharge. He's irked by Vincent's manic rate of painting. A picture a day, sometimes even more. And he's starting to feel something he never dreamt he'd have to worry about - Envy. Envy? Of Vincent Van Gogh? So he exorcises his jealousy by doing Van Gogh as The Painter of Sunflowers, slumped in a chair, body and face distorted, as if already a deranged invalid. >> It's me. But it's me gone mad. Not mad, exactly. But suffering. Vincent was an epileptic and struggled with deepening bouts of depression, made worse no doubt by the relentness bad news from Theo that still no one wanted to buy his pictures. The broody frustration began to surface - in scary mood swings. Gauguin could smell them coming. >> My dear Theo, I think Gauguin's a little disenchanted with me. Gauguin's very strong and very creative, and because of that he needs peace and quiet. Will he find it elsewhere if he doesn't find it here? Well, I await his decision with absolute equanimity. Not that much equanimity. That evening, Vincent thrusts into Gauguin's hands a newspaper article about a local knife attack. The murderer fled, the last line says. Gauguin didn't need chapter and verse spelling out - he was the murderer of their great projects. That night he spent in a hotel. [eerie music] When he got back in the morning there were police all over the front of the house. And a lot of blood inside. It didn't take long for the story to get told. Around midnight Vincent had shown up at his favorite brothel, handed one of the girls, Rachel, a small package. Inside was a large piece of ear. Girl fainted. Well, we all would, wouldn't we? By the time Vincent was discharged from hospital, Gauguin had gone, and Van Gogh committed himself voluntarily to a mental asylum nearby. >> My dear Theo, it just might do for us to think that I'm completely sane. [musing quietly to himself] >> If I were a color, I'll have start afresh. [whispering to self] [depressing music] Inside the walled hospital Vincent was looked after by solicitous doctors, But the accelerating rhythm of the attacks was unpredictable and terrifying. He'd feel better, venture cautiously out, and gathering confidence and energy would paint, To stave off the next attack which he knew would be inevitable. His sickness was both the destroyer and the midwife of his masterpieces. For it was precisely between the spasms of craziness that Vincent saw the world most intensely. Was suddenly possessed of his vision that heaven could exist here on earth. His mission had never been clearer. These gray roiling, surging works are the product of his madness. They're exactly the opposite. They're the documents of Vincent's battle to keep disintegration at bay. Whether Theo can sell them doesn't matter anymore. They're wild, but they're also deeply sane. A man in total control of his painterly faculties. He may have sensed the seismic tremors that the ground would once again buckle and heave beneath his feet, But his grip on the brush was never stronger. >> Well, here I am. At it again. I could almost feel I have a new spell of lucidity before me, It's just that the attacks when they come - what is one to do? There's no remedy, except one, which is to work. What we're looking at, of course, is only incidentally a stand of cypruses, The cartwheeling stars, what we're looking at always is the inside of Vincent's head. >> For anyone allergic to the outpourings of the crucified ego, it's all a bit of an embarassment. But for millions more of us, an emotional connection is made. Every mark of Vincent's stabbing brush seems like a personal letter to us. We're moved by its humane openness, by his unconditional belief in our sympathetic understanding. In 1889, Van Gogh painted his final self-portrait. Vincent himself described it as a study in calm, which seems a stretch when we get pulled into the vortex of all those whirlpools of paint, The coil around his head rides through the waves of his hair, As if the pulses of sun-engulfing migraine were throbbing mercilessly through his invaded body. A clinical map of physical and mental distress. But he's not gone under, has he? The cast of the face around which the swirling ocean of painted pain crushes is calm, watchful. And the color he's chosen somehow makes the engulfing waves less morbid. Against it, he flies the flag of red-blooded revolution, Jawline contoured by the bristling red hair of the fighter - watchful, pugnacious. >> I'm trying to recover. I am trying. [train on tracks] [whispering] I am trying to recover. For despite the heroic battle, art against craziness, Vincent knew that sometimes nothing would avail. >> These days my mind has been wondering, wildly, and it must be expected That the attacks will recur in the future. It is frightful. Apparently I pick up dirt from the floor and eat it. Worse, actually. [sounds of erotic eating] Desperate for his fix of chrome yellow, [heavy breathing] [soft music] >> I'm trying to recover. Like someone who is wont to commit suicide, but then Makes for the bank because he finds the water too cold. [music] He survived that. In fact, he's on the brink of a great power surge of creative fury. He's fidgeting to get going, to be somewhere else. To let all that inventive energy rip. What's happening is a miracle! He's translating mental upheaval into a revolution on the canvas. Theo sensed that this was a tremendous moment for his brother, But he worried that Vincent might implode from the intensity of it. If there was going to be a revolution, it would have to be one made in a refuge. Theo had just the right place - the village of Auvers-sur-Oise, 20 miles north of Paris. And the right man to keep an eye on his brother, Dr. Paul Gachet, amateur artist But more to the point, a specialist in melancholy. [birds] The prescription for maximum output with minimum stress seemed to be working. Vincent appeared to be able to relax with his nearest and dearest. >> Dear Mother, Last Sunday, Theo, Jo and their little one were here, And they lunched at Dr. Gachet's. And my little namesake made the acquaintance of the animal world for the first time. [chuckling] He was very well, as were Theo and Jo. For me, it's very, very reassuring to have them living so close. [church bells] [calm music] >> [whispering] I am absorbed in this immense plain, with wheat fields against the hills, Boundless as the sea. [increasing in intensity] So are the landscapes mindscapes? They're anything but deranged. They're unflinching, tumultuous, heroic. And completely new. And here's the most startling of them all. Wheatfield with Crows. Not for what it's supposed to say about Van Gogh's frailty. It's hard to think the artist who painted this was frail at all. But for what it says about the conventions of art. It shows Vincent in total command - never fiercer in his contempt for the rules. In his headlong rush to junk the entire history of landscape painting. Starting with perspective. It's whole point had been to create an illusion of deep space so that the eye Could confidently wander through to a distant horizon. But here perspective is reversed. It's a road that goes nowhere. And the two flanking paths just seem to rise up vertically through the picture like flapping wings, And what are those green borders? Grass? Hedges? The corner of a tree? All our signals, our assumptions about how to read visual signs Have been wickedly scrambled. So what are we looking at? Suffocation, sure. But elation too. Those crows might be coming at us. But equally they might be flying away. Demons gone, as we sink into a total immersion in the power of nature. And into a massive wall of writhing, brilliant paint In which the color itself seems to tremble and pulse and sway. And it's with this independent life of formed blocks of color That Vincent Van Gogh creates modern art. [crows cawing] This physical feeling, simultaneously thrilling and terrifying, Of being swallowed alive in paint, Lies at the heart of so much modern art. And it was what Vincent had been yearning to realize ever since he picked up a brush On the dark moors of north Holland. The pilgrim had gone the distance. I don't think there's the slightest possibility that accomplishing this revolution could have been a moment of suicidal despair for Vincent Van Gogh. In his art he'd never been more visionary, never more brilliant, But not in his life. For as spring turned to summer, Vincent really did think trouble lay ahead, Even as his own painting was going brilliantly his tower of strength, Theo, began to look shaky. The pleasure he'd taken in his family now turned to worry, and even pain. Perhaps Theo's wife and baby would have to come first. >> Dear Brother and Sister, I still continue to feel the storm which threatens you weighing on me too. Y'see - I'm trying to be genuinely cheerful. But my life is also threatened to the very root. And my steps are wavering. [train on tracks] [background voices] >> And you do not lift a finger. When Theo arrived from Paris he found Vincent mortally wounded, A single shot to the abdomen. The two brothers stayed together. For a while Theo was optimistic about Vincent's chances of recovery. But then a day later the fever mounted, and Vincent slid from consciousness. Theo held him as he died on the 29th of July 1890. Gone. Precisely at the moment when his entire life was being vindicated. Theo believed that as well - that Vincent's time had finally arrived. But it was too late. Not just for Vincent, but for Theo. His own health deteriorated and within a year he was dead too. There they are. Side by side in death, as they had very much been wherever they were in life. In his last letter to Theo, Vincent wrote of how not managing to have children, His paintings were his progeny. But he did have a child, of course, expressionism. And many, many heirs. Kokoschka, DeKooning, Howard Hodgkin, Jackson Pollock. [soft music] But there's something about Van Gogh's legacy which is much more important Than his fathering this or that-ism of modern art. Vincent's passionate belief was that people wouldn't just see his pictures, But feel the rush of life in them. That by the force of his brush and the dazzlement of his color They'd experience those fields, those faces, those flowers In ways nothing more polite or literal could ever possibly convey. His art would reclaim what had once belonged to religion - Consolation for our mortality through the relish of the gift of life. It wasn't the art crowd he was after. What he wanted was to open the eyes and the hearts of everyone who saw his paintings. Well, he got what he wanted. >> What am I, in the eyes of most people? A nonentity? An eccentric? An unpleasant person. Somebody who has no position in society and never will. In short, the lowest of the low. All right, then. Well, even if it were all absolutely true, Then one day I should like to show by my work what such a nonentity - Such a nobody - Has in his heart. With a handshake - Ever yours, Vincent. [dramatic music] Offence. Murder. Whom do you want to meet? Brother! Brother! You recognised me, Nanda.. after such a long time.. ..you are seeing me and still you recognised me. How couldn't I recognise you.. who else will have tears of joy.. ..in their eyes except you. Where is mother? She will be here in some time. You sit and I will get tea for you. Lala.. Oh! Nanda. You have come alone today? Yes Lala.. please lend me two rupees. Today after a long time my brother has come back.. ..cut it later from the account. Why are you wasting your life with such small accounts, Nanda.. I promise I will make you rich just come one evening to my godown.. ..and make me sense your youth. You brat! Sister Yashoda, you got the spices? I didn't come to meet you but I missed you a lot, a lot. But why didn't you come, mother, you don't know mother.. ..my eyes have been waiting to see you and Sunanda. Even we mother-daughter were also waiting to see you.. ..but what to do.. ..once we both came to meet you but looking.. ..at the eyes of the prisoners I got scared.. ..in those eyes there was no respect for mother daughter.. ..between them my Sunanda was looking matured.. ..than she was till you came out. You don't worry mother, till today your.. ..life has been crushed like spices.. ..but now I will change everything.. ..I will put all the happiness of the world at your feet, mother. But just remember this son, I am ready to.. ..accept all the sadness in this world.. ..but the happiness.. ..the comforts which stink of crime I don't want them. How did you imagine this mother that.. ..your son wants to settle his life in crime.. Your son, your son has spent his entire life in.. ..jail but he is not a criminal, mother.. I swear on you mother, I am not a criminal. I am telling you Shankar that no one will give you work.. ..listen you know that Victory theatre.. Friday, Saturday and Sunday I black the tickets.. ..of new movies for all the three days.. ..and I earn thousand rupees. - Throw the card. But since two days there is some problem.. ..going on with these people of Billey.. ..now you and Chandan have come back.. ..we will get together and break their bones. No Raja, I don't want to do this type of work. I want to eat with hard earned money. Then you will die of hunger. - Why will he die of hunger? Every time you keep talking wrong things like a donkey. Again you spoke in the middle Chandan.. I swear I will crush you and put a vermilion on my head. You will put a vermilion on your head.. I will put vermilion on your wife. Enough, enough.. every time you keep fighting like Rahu and Ketu.. ..eat a bubble-gum, brother. Don't tell, ok. Come on throw the card. Hello, everybody. Hello, darling. You came. - Hello Raja. She is Mariahh. Mariahh. - I love you. I love you. I love you. I love you. - I love you. Mariahh, you are mine, I am yours.. You are mine, I am yours, you are mine. Not till you take your own house. My life! what is a house I will get you a nice flat.. ..just this Shankar is not supporting me.. ..honesty has eaten up his brain. Raja, you can live with honesty too in this world. Oh Lala, please forgive me. What forgive me? You are cheating with me.. ..broke the plates too. I will take this into account too. Today you sold 40 plates that means 200 rupees is income.. ..in 40 plates you used 80 breads, in 80 breads 1kg butter, 80 rupees.. ..and vegetable for 40 rupees, 10 rupees for.. ..the spices in the vegetable.. Rs.4 for the kerosene, Rs.5 personal income. Total is Rs.149.. ..and you are giving me only Rs.40 in my hand.. ..that means early in the morning you are cheating me of Rs.21.. You swore on the food for your honesty and today.. ..your showing me a glimpse of your dishonesty.. Here you are putting your own vehicle here.. ..you know what's my name? Lakhpati Seth. I will break your bones. Go from here. Just go away from here. Don't come back here or else I will beat you up. Lousy idiot. Broke the plates.. Lakhpati Seth's vehicle you are remaining as alone as always.. ..now who will take care of this problem now? Lakhpati Seth, I will take care of your vehicle. You will let me take care of it? Why brother? What beautiful wings have.. ..you got within you that I should.. ..let you take care of this vehicle. I am educated and I am in search of a job.. And with your experience you can read my.. ..face and say that I will never betray you. You don't seem to be educated but you look nice.. ..till where have you studied? I have never been to school or college but.. ..I have studied those pages of life.. ..which people are even scared to open, understood? Don't make me understand. I can think better than the educated.. You don't have a college degree but you have a degree of brains.. ..I will give you the vehicle. Give. Give in the name of God. Beggar will give you blessings. O, please help me! Shankar, why is he begging after being a Lakhpati Seth? In this era either a man is a millionaire or.. ..a beggar but this Lakhpati Seth is two in one. Beggar is in bad condition because of hunger.. It is only the question of a Barbecued chicken and two breads. You are a beggar or a relative of Wajid Ali Shah? Whoever comes, goes into the restaurant as.. ..if we are not selling food we are selling some medicine.. ..there is no customer since morning. That's why I am telling; listen to the learned and leave this business.. In today's expensive world the price of honesty is so expensive.. ..that no one is left to buy it, no one. For people like us, there are other types of business. Again you have started blabbering. No Shankar, today I won't lie.. for both of you I always pray to Jesus. Then pray to your Jesus that he should listen to your prayer.. ..at least send in a customer. Boom, boom. Sonia since a long time we haven't eaten 'Pav-bhaji'.. ..come lets eat Pav-bhaji today. Listen make two plates of Pav-bhaji. I will make such spicy Pav-bhaji that.. Just a minute. Pinky! Your brains are in the right place? - Why? You want to fall sick by eating from this sick place.. ..you can't see these rotten tomatoes.. ..fried in this cheap oil, along with the vegetable.. ..flies and mosquitoes are there, dirty water from the municipality.. ..that stale bread and on this food, the.. ..prints of these peoples dirty hands.. ..thinking about it makes me feel like vomiting. Come on, lets go from here. Hey you Indian madam's daughter I.. ..don't know why you feel like vomiting.. ..but the one whose brains are rotten they find everything rotten.. Look at this vehicle and tell me in which.. ..corner can you find flies and mosquitoes.. Smell these fresh vegetables.. - Shut up. It is better than your rotten make up.. The breads you were calling moist and stale.. ..they are better than your cheeks.. ..this is not oil this is butter, look at it.. ..it is better than your kerosene.. ..Indian madam's daughter. You stupid fool. Hey don't touch me. Sonia, please there is no use of increasing the argument.. Come we will go to the restaurant.. Today they have organized a special musical program. Hey what special will you see there we will show it to you here.. Hey we will show it to you out here on the foot path, Rockn-roll.. ..hey sir, lets begin. " The world asks and why it asks car, bungalow and flats.. ..there is one bed you have to sleep in. " " And food is what you have to eat. " " The world asks and why it asks car, bungalow and flats. " " There is one bed you have to sleep in.. ..and food is what you have to eat.. " " Eat, drink and live peacefully and continue to live in fun.. " " The world asks and why does it ask for cars, bungalow and flats.. " " There is one bed you have to sleep in.. ..and food is what you have to eat.. " " We don't rob the world and fill our pockets.. " " We get happy by serving people like you.. " " We don't rob the world and fill our pockets.. " " We get happy by serving people like you.. " " You have eaten food in big hotels.. " " Every one has picked your pocket and made a fool out of you.. " " Don't make everyone greedy by looking at money.. " " The world asks and why does it ask for car, bungalow and flat.. " " The world asks and why does it ask for car, bungalow and flat.. " " There is one bed you have to sleep in.. " " And food is what you have to eat.. " " What do rich people know what hunger is.. " " See from the eyes of a hungry person even moon is food for him.. " " What do rich people know what hunger is.. " " See from the eyes of a hungry person even moon is food for him.. " " We have made this food with our own hands.. " " Eat and see we have mixed love in it.. ..our heart is big and what is the sorrow if the shop is small.. ..the world asks and why does it ask for car, bungalow, flats.. " Whoever flopped our business we will ruin them. After that what we have to do is business. Hey you boys, understood? Don't run your business in our area. Why your mom runs a business in this area? Hey shut up. Break down his vehicle. You will break our shop, you will break our shop, idiot. Lousy man, you will break my vehicle. No, no. You will break my vehicle. " Lord, give love, give everyone love.. ..make us walk the road of truth and beautify our life.. " " Lord give love, give everyone love, give everyone love.. " " Lighten the lamp of knowledge in our hearts.. " " Save everyone from all troubles and sorrows.. " " Lighten the lamp of knowledge in our hearts.. " " Save everyone from troubles an sorrows.. " " Show the way to those who are lost.. " " Lord give love, give everyone love.. ..make us walk the way of truth and beautify our life.. " " Lord, give love, give everyone love. " Where did your mother go? Why don't you talk? Tell me where did a he go.. Tell me where did your mother go, tell me.. ..tell me where did your mother go, tell. Uncle, why are you beating Sunanda. You are showing eyes to me? And catching my hand.. ..I will break your hands, I will break.. ..your hands and make you a handicap.. ..tell, tell. Brother, brother, why are you hitting the kid what has he done to you? Listen, I want money, my throat is drying. No, no. Leave her. Leave, no. I wont give you the money, my kids are hungry.. ..I go to 10 houses and work, wash dishes, wash clothes.. ..just because I don't want my kids to starve.. ..and you, you spend all my earnings in alcohol. I won't give you the money. - Hey, give the money. No, no. I won't give. - Remove the money. No, no brother, don't take the money. I got the money. - No, no brother. I got the money. - Brother, I touch your feet, my kids.. ..are starving, brother, have mercy. No, no. I want alcohol, leave me. - Brother. Mother, don't cry, I am not hungry. She is lying mother, she is very hungry. I will get the food. Here, take your money and give me the bottle. This money belongs to my mother. You are Bihari's nephew? Your uncle has already taken alcohol with this money. Give the money. - No, I won't give you the money. My sister is hungry. You are in need of money? -Then come. Deliver this gallon to Bhole's hideout.. ..then this note is yours. Understood? Alcohol in one hand and money in the other.. ..tell me what are you giving money or alcohol.. Lets take the note, we will have hot snacks.. Nandu, I can't give you this money. No.. Look, how badly Shankar has beaten him. He sells liquor at this age. What will he do when he grows up? Murder? Mother. - He's here. Shameless fellow! So you have already started doing all these! I already have a drunkard in your uncle. Now you too got into these things? Haven't you thought how your mother will face the society.. ..if you do that! - Come.. Shankar, if you do such a thing again.. ..I will kick you out of the house and I will never see your face again. Did you get me? O Lord! Why are you doing this to me? Mother, you too have it. Shankar. I know why you did whatever you did. We should never do anything wrong. Stop it here. - We are here. We are here. Please come, sir. - Where did you bring me? Sir, it's my Netaji Nagar. - Netaji Nagar? - Yes. It's a third-class area. - No, sir. How's the girl? - She's my sister. Just see her once. If she's good I will give you 100 rupees. - Alright. Or else I will make you puke the wine that you drank with my money. Go. - Just see her once. You will not go back. Come. - No, I won't. No. Come. - No. Brother, I am your sister. You sleep with different men at daytime.. ..and now you want me to leave you? Come. - No, brother. No. Come. No, brother. - Go there. You should be ashamed to trade your sister. You are not a human being. You are an animal. Yes, I am an animal. I am worse than an animal. Did you get me? I have two little kids. Shankar! Shankar! No. No. - Let's go. O Lord! He killed his own uncle. His uncle tried to sell his sister for liquor. He's a demon. - He's demon Kansa. That's why Shankar turned into Lord Krishna and killed him. Lord Krishna killed his uncle and was called God.. ..and what will Shankar be called after killing his uncle? He will be called a criminal. Ok, you may go now. You have got bail. Chandan, let's go. We got a bail. Let's go. But who got us out on bail? I gave. If you all are smart then I am not a fool too.. ..I am business-minded, I am the calculator of accounts.. ..it is a rule in business if you are at a loss of.. ..rs.4 put rs.2 more and get back all 6.. I used to pretend to be a beggar but you really made me a beggar.. ..in all this drama of yours I had a loss of thousands.. ..now pay my loss. We don't have money, Lakhpati Seth from where will we return it.. ..there is no source of earning. You all cannot see the source, but the source has seen you. What do you mean? Talking is useful and I will talk in a useful place. Not here, you come with me.. ..now come with me, come on.. ..this is a police station not a radio station. Come on. Come on.. Wait. Lakhpati has come, sir. Let him come. Come, come, come. Cylinders are full and calendars are standing.. ..there are stairs here, be careful they are slippery. Come on.. Greetings, Gulat Seth. You needed one and I have got two for you.. Boys have just come out from the jail on bail.. ..they are penniless and in need.. ..they need you, you need them. Only one small thing is to be done, will you manage? If it is within our scope, we will. Deliver this bag to Karjat and I will give you a thousand rupees. But son, we should never do wrong things. Idiot, this was the source of earning you were showing.. ..if you wouldn't have helped me, I would have.. ..broken your teeth and given it in your hand.. But Shankar, you.. You will get your money. And dare you price my honesty next time.. Forgive us, sir. We wont be able to do this work. Come Chandan. I am sorry, sorry. God knows what is wrong with him, sir. Brother. Sunanda, there is food.. for your brother, get it. I am not hungry. How come you are not hungry? I will just get it. You won't ask where was I the whole night. I know, Lakhpati informed and went.. ..but you don't get scared, don't tense yourself with such things. I was trying to earn my living the hard way. I hadn't even dared to rob. But the restaurant owner was not even accepting that.. ..we could earn even two square meals a day What type of society is this mummy where a man eats man. When a man walks on the road of truth.. ..in the beginning God always takes such tests. If God takes tests in the beginning.. ..then why does he take your test, mom. You have not done any wrong, you always took the.. ..right path of truth.. no mother, no, God doesn't do anything.. He only fulfills his thirst by our tears. You shouldn't go down so early son, wait and see.. ..waiting is only the big asset of a man.. This is your luggage, madam. What's this, keep this luggage in my car. No madam, now it's our lunch time. I will give you 5 rupees. No we don't work in our lunch time, it's the rule of our union. Oh! We Indians has got a very bad disease of this lunch. It is not lunch time yet and they jump on the food. Give it, I will deliver it. You! You used to sell Pav-bhaji. How did you come down to handling bags.. ..did people start falling ill after eating your food.. ..or the municipality confiscated your vehicle. Don't get shocked on how did I recognize you. Actually I have a very good memory.. ..carry the luggage. What nonsense is this? I agree that you have a very good memory. But people like you don't pay after taking service.. ..that's why more than half of the population in India.. ..being employed is unemployed. Understood, you Indian madam's daughter. Hey! What's happening here? What's the problem, madam? Is this person irritating you? I am very well aware of people like him.. ..these people think themselves as heroes. You just log in the complaint.. ..and I will make him alright in just one shot. Even I can make him alright in a slap.. ..but why waste time. Anyway, thank you. What are you staring at, come on go now.. ..if again I find you doing such a thing.. ..I will throw you into the jail. Now go from here. No chance. But doctor, how this is possible. How can a son's blood and mother's blood be different. I agree that both of you are her kids.. ..but your blood cannot be given to her.. ..because your blood group and her blood group are different. Doctor, there are so many bottles of blood here.. ..at least one of them will be of mother's group. For that, per bottle you will have to deposit rs.300. Your mother urgently needs 2 bottles of blood. You deposit Rs.600 and show us the receipt.. ..and we will give her the blood. But doctor if anything happens to my mother, then.. If you keep arguing like this then certainly.. ..something will happen to you mother. You go and arrange for the money, understood? Careful, keep it carefully. Sir, I don't have Rs.600 now, if you can help me.. No. I am very, very sorry. No. You take care of mother and I will just be back. Raja, Raja. What happened, Shankar? - Where is Raja? The police caught him. Those brother Birla's people. Do you have any money? Yes, I have Rs.30-40. I will just get it. Mother. Doctor, mother is not even opening her eyes.. ..just see what happened to her. What is there to see? If she doesn't get blood immediately.. ..she will never open her eyes throughout her life. No chance. Come, come inside. The other day you slapped me on the cheeks. Now just kiss these cheeks once and ask for forgiveness.. ..I will give you 6000 instead of 600. Listen Lala, first give me Rs.600 otherwise my mother will die.. ..then whatever you will ask, I will do it for you. See, now you are being stubborn. My mother will die, Lala, my mother will die. Even I know that. Lala, I am very.. That's why I am telling you don't waste your time in adjustments. Lala, my mother will die. - Come on, come on. Lala, my mother will die. Come on, come on. Sunanada, Lala. - Lala, my mother will die. Lala, my mother will die. - Lala. Keep quiet. - Lala, give me some money. - Lala.. No. - Shankar.. Shankar, I didn't do anything.. ..she came to me. Brother, brother, mother will die, brother. I want Rs.600 otherwise mother will die.. ..I didn't have any other option, brother. You? Now what have you come to take? I haven't come to take, I have come to sell.. ..my honesty, my policies, my everything. Just give me Rs.600. We don't give any advances. Ok. Come up. First listen to our conditions. I agree to everything. I agree to everything. Listen; reach here by 10 in the morning. Now how is mother's condition, doctor? She's out of danger. But you can't take her home in this condition. If you arrange another 2000 rupees.. Yes, I will, doctor. Yes, I will. Don't worry about the money. Shankar found out a way to make money. Thanks a lot. Thanks a lot. Thanks a lot. Now take the goods inside. Come on. Fast. Come on. Come on. No problem. Work faster. Do it fast. I told you only to sell.. ..black tickets but you started smuggling. How much we'll earn? - 10,000 rupees each. 10,000? That's great, Shankar. Now I will buy a house.. ..and then I will marry Mariahh. I will go to church on a horse. It will be a new style. Snake? Nagarjun. Be careful. Stop. Stop. Malik, if you love your life then.. ..leave the gold and run away from here.. ..there is still a lot of strength in Nagarjun's snake. Malik, sir. All our men ran away. Listen to me, leave the gold and let's run away. Today if we run away that means we are dead forever.. ..you keep talking to him. Nagarjun, I am ready to deal with you. Malik, whoever has a gun, rules.. ..And right now the game is in my hands.. ..and if you love your life then leave the gold and run away. What are you saying, Nagarjun! Even I have to do business. What will I do if you take away all the gold! You only tell me, how can I hand over all the gold to you? If not, then fine! Jump in the sea and get drowned. Raja! Start the bus! Snake. - What! Snake. - Snake. Raja! Raja! Blood! Blood! - Carry him, take him to the hospital. Come on, just, put him in the car. Fast. Enough! Enough! If you meet Mariah, tell her that.. ..Raja has not kept his promise. Raja will not ride on white horse, and reach the church. A new style. What will I do now? How will I live? You have to live Mariah, but with respect. Otherwise Raja's death will be wasted. With this money, you buy a new house.. ..and start a new life. Only then, Raja's soul will be at peace. Promise me sister, that you will go away, from here. Promise me. Please forgive me! Please forgive me! Idiot! Because of you, Nagarjun, lost. Because of you, gold worth lakhs, slipped away from my hands. Don't take my life! Don't take my life! Forgive me. Don't take my life, Nagarjun! Don't take my life, Nagarjun! There is still a lot of poison in Nagarjun's snake. Shankar, in our business, honesty is praised.. ..more than bravery and smartness. I found all three good factors in you. That is why, I have decided that.. ..today onwards, you will sit on this chair. Come, sit. Bring the luggage. Slowly. Slowly. - Good day! Mother. Keep it, over here. Enough! Enough! Come. Bring the entire luggage. Shankar! I don't want these.. ..return them. Why? What is wrong in these things? There is nothing wrong in these things. But, it is in that income from which these have been brought. You don't know anything, mother, money is money. I know, I am your mother. Until yesterday, you were dependent for every single penny. And today, you have lots of money, because of crime's cloud. Crime, is only a legal turn. Because of one crime, you were snatched from me, in childhood. I was able to see your face, after many years, after many years. Don't go far away from me, Shankar. I am ready to tolerate.. ..all the sorrows of the world. It is true, I will tolerate all the sorrows but.. ..I won't be able to tolerate, your separation. Shankar.. I am folding my hands, in front of you. I am folding my hands, in front of you. Don't walk on this path, this path will ruin you. After taking the first step, on this path.. ..I had saved my mother, from death. I had saved the respect of my sister. I would never turn away from this path, Never! You would not, turn away. You have to listen to me. No, mother, no, we have tolerated a lot of poverty and sadness. Now, I will live according to my conditions. Then, get lost from here; there is no place for you in this house. Get out of here! There is no place in this house for a criminal! It is your stomach or a well? It is never filled, you are always hungry. From where will I get food for you, every time? Why don't you die? You were calling me criminal. The biggest crime is poverty, mother. Whose crime is it? Of a child, who feels hungry? ..Or of a mother who cannot give him food? Tell me, who is the criminal, that son or that mother. " Don't call me a criminal, the whole world is a criminal. " " Don't call me a criminal, the whole world is a criminal. " " One, who is caught, is thief, one who escapes, is smart. " " Don't call me a criminal, the whole world is a criminal. " " One, who is caught, is thief, one who escapes, is smart. " " Don't call me a criminal, the whole world is a criminal. " " At the age, when I should have got mother's love. " " I got cage. " " Instead of books, handcuffs were put on my small hands. " " When childhood was spent in Jail, then what is the destination, of young age? " " Don't call me a criminal, whole world is a criminal. " " I was ready to sweat, but still I did not get food. " " When I tried to live like a gentleman.. ..I was always knocked out. " " I was ready to sweat, but still I did not get food. " " When I tried to live like a gentleman.. ..I was always knocked out. " " Anyway, it is hunger of stomach, we have to satisfy it. " " Don't call me a criminal, whole world is criminal. " " How can, one live like a saint, in a place full of sin? " " Everything is right, in the struggle of life.. ..nothing is wrong or right. " " Man should not forget that he has to go to God's house. " " Don't call me a criminal, the whole world is criminal. " " One who is caught is thief, one who has escaped is smart. " " Don't call me a criminal, whole world is criminal. " Come children, today I will feed you. Yes. - Come here. Come children, come first. - Come.. Come.. Come. come first. Come fast.. What is this? How have they come inside? What is this going on? You both have come here too, what is this? Feed the children. Fill their stomachs. What ever is left, keep it as a tip. No problem, sir. No problem. I will make children sit on my lap and have food. Manager, come here. - Just a minute please. How can you give permission to this hungry.. ..naked child to sit here and eat. Is this is a restaurant or a slum. Indian's madam's daughter! This is a hotel. Any one can eat here. You have earned little from some where and you think. Yourself to be our equal. No, no! I don't want to insult the poor by trying to be your equal. You.. Let it be otherwise this man will start his bullying ways. He is not a bully but a fraud. This girl talks a lot. She just talks but I will stop your speech for good. What are you doing? Come dear, come near me, don't worry. Today I will have you broken in such a way. That none of the hospitals in.. ..world will be able repair you. - Ok.. Please stop him! Tell children, where should I hit? Now where? And now? Shall I beat him more? I'm in great problem.. ..where I should hit? Hit him.. Madam! Where he is? There? Break him into pieces. Come! Hey Mister. Sir you! Salute! Madam! Sir! I had called you to hit him, but you are saluting him. How can we hit him? He is our boss! We are his children. What rubbish? - Not rubbish but children. I think, you've had it. Innocent rich girl. - Yes, sir. Yes, sir. How have you given a illiterate man such a high post. I'm not able to understand a thing? What has Shankar done with you? Mr. Malik, I will tell you. Actually in the hotel which, she had gone with her friends. I had also gone to the same hotel with some poor children. She thinks that she has been insulted because how can.. ..poor children come in and equal her. It is her thought, whenever a poor man eats. Satisfyingly, then he has committed a crime. Fraud, wicked or theft. Why, I have said the whole truth or not? Sonia! Truth, really the truth. I heard what Shankar has said. It hurt me very much. But you don't know, after partition.. ..when we reached Delhi then we all.. ..me, my parents, my brother and sister use to sleep on a footpath. Some of us used to sell combs. Yes Sonia, your father too is valued 2 pence. Shankar, my love has spoiled her. If possible don't mind her talking. Take this! God bless you Shankar! You should not be hurt by a thorn or stone. At last my money has came back. If somehow I find my lost wife saga of young age.. Saga of my love, my love lost then.. ..my old age will successful. Your wife is not dead? Your wife's dead. I didn't mean that. Your wife should die. She is lost in a fair. In Kumbh ( religious ) fair. In Nauchandi fair, Kumbh fair has become old. Many people are lost there. This is novelty. And in this novelty my fairy is lost. She was very fond of eating. That is why I have food stalls. And beg in front of hotels. So that same day she will come near the same hotel, and I will find her. And I will same be able to have my honey moon. She is just like cauliflower, fat.. ..her name is Phulmati. Like cauliflower, Phulmati, she is also like that. Who? She is fond of 1st day, 1st show, she is my Japanese doll. I will see 3 shows with her. Bye-bye. Bye. Yes bye, this is fate. He is seeing shows without a ticket. I'm not able to see with ticket. O God! Give is your name. I'm sorry? I'm not begging. I'm asking for a wife. This 10 and 10, 20, you make very nice appetizers. But my earnings are only Rs.10. It is a Government order, labour charges has been increased. Why don't you say clearly? That Shankar has given you this money. That is why everyone is being so good to me. But sister Yashoda. Go and tell Shankar that I will remain hungry.. ..but won't do the business of selling my soul. Yashoda! Sister! Take this money. - Keep it with you. In this mother-son's problem. I have got stuck. He will take account of every penny form me and beat me. Can I come in? - Yes, please. I'm Taramati, I and two other women run a co-.. ..operative society, Mahila Grah Udyog (Ladies enterprise ). We sell Lijjat appetizers.. ..pickles, every thing from our stall at a low cost. Whatever profit we get, we share among ourselves. There is no shopkeeper in between. If you want, you can join our society. You haven't replied? Will you work with me? Drowned person needs a stick for help but.. ..you have brought a boat in a whirlpool. I will work with you. Excuse me! I love you. - I love you. I love you. I love you. I love you. I love you. You are mine, and I'm yours. You are mine, and I'm yours. Made for each other. - Stupid. What happened to the closed room? Key was wrong. I will tell you a thing. That girl was characterless. Get lost. Stop that. I don't know when this girl will leave this lunatic? Unless and until you bring her in your line. To bring her in line, I have to play a bigger game than the lunatic. But now, what is he doing? I will see. Hello mister! What is going on here? See this. I will.. How dare you sit here? You don't.. ..have manners to ask first. How can he have manners? He has been born and brought up in a slum. Now because of your father he is trying to come on level with us. He can't come on level with you. My foot! For me his position will be the same as before. Will you go from here yourself or be pushed out by a waiter. I was insulted and thrown out of your house. Hey, you! Idiot. He has spoiled my mood. Let's go. First drink your juice then we will go. What is this? That lunatic was mixing this is her glass. It is an aphrodisiac. Aphrodisiac? I had given it to a girl. After having it, girl is on such a fire that does not get satisfied.. ..unless and until there is rain of love. I'm feeling odd, lucky.. ..I'm feeling very good. I'm feeling as If I'm a sparkler. You know sparkler.. But why this car is not moving? Leave it, I will drop you. Yes! You drop me! Yes! Drop. I used to like lemon drop in childhood. - You like.. I will get full packet for you. Come. Come You'll give me lemon drops. - Lemon drops are very tasty. My car is on fire, Sonia, Someone please get water. Sonia, come out. The car is on fire. What has happened to the car? It is nothing of your interest. I'm not interested in you but with Mr. Malik's daughter. Get lost. - Don't dare to touch me. Shankar he is my customer. - Go. Teach him properly. - Come dear, come to me, have stop. You are going to have first tablet of aphrodisiac. You are very young. Get lost! Where are you taking me? To my house, if Mr. Malik sees you in this condition.. What will he think? It's a lie. I will tell you, where you are taking me. - Where? Your house. I will tell you, why you are taking me there? Because no one will be there. Only you and me. I will tell, what you will do next? You will put your arms around my neck and then.. ..you will bring me close to you and bring my face. ..near your face and kiss me. Leave me. Leave me. " You love me. I love you. " " As bangles surround hands. " " As we heart beats in chest. " " Come let's embrace each other. " " You love me. I love you. " " I will push, you drive car. " " I will push, you drive car. " " Don't apply a brake in the journey of love. " " I will take you to police and.. ..tell that you are taking me along with you. " " Are you a boy or a girl? " " You love me. I love you. " " It is summer season, air is hot. " " It is summer season, air is hot. " " Remove my heat quickly. " " I have been caught in fire, will you extinguish it? " " I will make you have a bath with cold water. " " You love me. I love you. " " As bangles surround hands. " " As the heart beats in chest. " " Come on, we will embrace each other. " " You love me. I love you. " " You love me. I love you. " " You love me. " Sonia's car was not working, your car got on fire. Why don't you understand? This was Shankar's planning. To take Sonia along with her. You are telling truth. Not now? Oh God. We have to leave on god now otherwise. Mr. Malik will not be able to show his face to anyone. One should kill this person on sight. I think they have come. It's them. They have come, Lucky you hide in the next room. They might change their words on seeing you. Come. Sonia! Yes! Daddy! Where were you? Daddy me? Answer me, where were you for the whole night? Daddy, I had gone to Khandala with my friends. You are lying! Blatant lies! My men went around Khandala valley 4 times. They didn't find you. Say the truth otherwise I will hit you. She is saying the right thing. Shut up! You idiot! Because of you my.. ..daughter has lied to me today. Tell me, where you had taken her? I had not taken her anywhere. Again a lie. Lucky come here. Now tell me, where you had taken her? - No daddy. Speak, you fool! You fool! Idiot! I gave you money. I gave you a house. I fulfilled every need of yours. I gave you respect and you insulted my respect. This is a lie, Mr. Malik. Son of a lair. - Stop yourself, father, otherwise you will suffer. What do you mean? You are also taking his side. I'm not taking Shankar's side but the truth's side. If Shankar wouldn't be then your daughter would have not.. ..been able to show her face to anyone. What are you saying?! Yes Daddy! Shankar's thoughts were not bad but Lucky's were. He gave me an aphrodisiac. So that I would lose my control.. ..and he could take advantage of the situation. It was good that Shankar was there. He took me to his house by force. So that you would not be shamed by my condition. And I would lose your respect. Tell me, is this the truth? Speak? Why are you not speaking? Idiot! Brother.. - You have ruined my years of hard work. I will torture you to death. Ask for mercy. Ask for mercy. Please forgive me. I beg you. After today, if this fool even tries to look at Sonia.. ..then you will remain all alone in this world. Yes sir. - Take him away. Idiot, get lost from here and never show me your face. I am sorry, Shankar. Because of Sonia, I lost my control. Otherwise my heart was not ready to think ill about you. I'm really sorry. If elders are shamefully sorry for youngsters then.. ..youngsters are also ashamed. It is okay, so hit. Brother, there was no need of hitting so hard. You could have hit lightly too. If I would have not hit you so hard.. ..then I would have lost Malik's faith. And I would have lost my life too. But you don't worry, I will take revenge from that.. ..idiot Malik and Shankar. How will you take revenge now, Gulati? Nagarjun, you! Now your position has become like that, to win Malik's trust.. ..you had to hit your own blood. After years of honesty, Mr. Malik has given you a nice prize. If you would have come forward and made friends with Nagarjun. Then you would have become a 50%/% partner instead of servant. It is true, Nagarjun, I'm really sorry that I did not listen to you. No need to be sorry, Gulati. You can still defeat Malik in the game of chess. How? Wear gloves of friendship and become Nagarjun's friend. Mr. Malik! You called me. Gulati! Khan had called. One who sends us gold? - What was he saying? On Saturday, on his estate, annual meting is going to take place. I want be able to go as doctor has.. ..advised me not to travel by air. You go. Don't worry Mr. Malik. I will do all.. ..work so nicely that your health will be perfect. Sir! Yes Shankar! You have to go with Mr. Gulati.. ..day after tomorrow, get ready for travelling. Why are you travelling, Shankar? Khan has requested to send Shankar. If Shankar will go with you, how will you deal in my favour? Don't worry, Nagarjun, in any condition.. ..I will do this deal in your favour. Leave everything on me. Because of that idiot Malik, I didn't get the gold. In international market of drug.. ..gold is exchanged with drugs instead of money. You just get me gold once. I will start showering.. ..dope, marijuana, brown sugar in this country. I will make the entire young generation addicts of drugs. We will get so much money that our.. ..whole life will be spent in counting money. I want the gold. I want the gold, Gulati. Nagarjun! If you still have poison.. Gulati also has two legs. Just watch. I will give a kick. Come! Friend! Come! Gulati! After seeing you my soul gets happy. Heart becomes happy. You are my best friend. I love you. Give me a hug. Gulati! Whom have you brought? This is Shankar. Shankar! Who Shankar? You had specially told Mr. Malik to send him. Gulati, have you lost your brains. You know that Khan does not trust an unknown person quickly. Understood! I understand very nicely. In your company, Mr. Malik has also became smart. A person has to become smarter. You also don't leave this man alone to wonder. Yes? I'm sorry to interrupt Mr. Khan! Animals are now left alone to wonder. I don't know about you.. ..but I will tell you about myself that I am a human. Mercy! Mr. Khan, mercy! You have talked like my heart likes. Soul is happy, the heart is happy. Now-a-days we do not find an honest person. I love you. Come embrace me, come. Come friends, I have thought that.. ..India should at least get.. ..each consignment of 5000 kg gold. 5000 kg that is 100 crore goods at a time! What are you saying, Mr. Khan? Why are you surprised? I have heard that a man named Nagarjun is ready.. ..to take 10,000kg at a time. Nagarjun is an enemy of Mr. Malik. You can't deal with him. Mr. Malik had helped you to escape from India. Business should be dealt with as business, Gulati. Malik is my friend that is why we have kept the quantity at 5000 kg. He has to take this much. If it is your last wish, then I am sorry. Goodbye! Come on Shankar. - Not goodbye! Gulati. Mr. Khan if you give us your word that you give gold to us.. ..in India and no one else, then we are ready. Even if Mr. Khan gives a guarantee, we can't take so much quantity. Why not? I don't want to argue with you. I have come here to do the deal not you. Why has Mr. Malik sent me here? To see your love. See! I don't know why Mr. Malik has sent you here? I will do this deal here and only me. Let him do business with Nagarjun. Then he will come to know who we are? Gulati! You get angry very quickly. That is why I serve you. Don't get angry, go and ask Malik and then answer. To call Mr. Malik is an invitation to the police. Who is asking you to call him? I will leave you to airport in my helicopter. Go in my private plane to your country. Ask Malik and come back. It is such a little thing, don't make your heart bitter. Gulati, you are my best friend. Give me one advice, one of my men has cheated me. How should I punish him? Cheated you! I don't believe it! I also did not believe at first but I had to. He has been unfaithful to me. See Mr. Khan, there is no crime bigger than cheating. In this, man attacks by deceit. Cheater has no right to survive. Gulati have mercy! Even a human life has value. Cheater is not human being but a devil. His punishment is death nothing else. Gulati you are coldhearted, very coldhearted. Okay! Goodbye! Mr. Khan! What are you doing, Mr. Khan? He had said that the punishment of cheating is death. No Mr. Khan! You are mistaken! Gulati! Actually you have turned. You had come here to do the deal for Nagarjun. No! That is why, I called Shankar here. Mercy! Mr. Khan! You have left no place for mercy. You fixed your punishment.. ..and relived me from doing a crime. Mercy! Mr. Khan. Goodbye. - No, Mr. Khan! No, Mr. Khan! Mercy! I want to kill, Shankar. You want to kill Shankar, and we want the gold. You find out, when exactly Shankar goes to fetch the gold. Then, we will finish Shankar and Malik. We met at the right time by the grace of God, Shankar. Otherwise, this, heart trouble and the betrayal of Gulati.. ..would have been really very difficult for me. Malik sir, I wanted to say that, if Shankar.. Instead of beating around the bush.. Can I ask you, something clearly? Please ask. Would you like to marry Sonia? Well.. me.. I don't want the answer immediately, you both sit.. ..together, think over, then let me know in due course. Shankar, I want you to know.. O you! Darling daughter of an Indian, Madam.. ..no English please, I am an illiterate, all I can tell you is.. " Neither I have read epics, nor do I know Gita. " " The only thing I ever learnt.. ..is your name. " " I don't want to live without you. " " I don't want to die without you. " " I don't want to live without you. " " I don't want to die without you. " " I don't want to cry without you. " " I don't want to laugh without you. " " I don't want to live without you. " " I don't want to die without you. " " I don't want to cry without you. " " I don't want to laugh without you. " " I don't want to live without you. " " I don't want to die without you. " " I want to spend my days and nights with you. " " No matter whatever happens I will be with you. " " I want to spend my days and nights with you. " " No matter whatever happens I will be with you. " " No matter whatever hurdles the world creates for us. " " Even if they set a fire on our path. " " I don't want to stop without you. " " I don't want to walk without you. " " I don't want to live without you. " " I don't want to die without you. " " Our love is our world. " " Lord created the world only for love. " " Our love is our world. " " Lord created the world only for love. " " What is in destiny I will face it with joy. " " We will be together in thick and thin. " " I don't want to die without you. " " I don't want to live without you. " " I don't want to live without you. " " I don't want to die without you. " Sister, this month the earning of our branch, is good. Eight thousand rupees. Eight thousand rupees? Sister, you have done a wonder. Because of you all the women, in the lane have got work. Yes. My children used to starve, now, I get two square meals. Mother, you are still here? Taxi is still waiting, come. But where are you taking me? You will very soon know the place and also the name. Sit. Let's go. Come mother. Where have you brought me? This, appears to be the house of.. ..a wealthy man, or a palace, of a king to me.. No mother, Neither, it is not the house of a wealthy man, ..nor is it the palace of any king. This is your house, mother.. ..which your son, has made, this is for you. Oh, Shankar, you? See the prosperity of your son, mother. There was a time that we never had a place to stay.. ..and today, is the time that your own house, is appearing like.. ..the house of a wealthy man, or a palace of a king to you. Why did you bring me here by deceit? Well, mother.. You were afraid that, I would refuse to come, right? What you thought was correct, if, I knew earlier.. ..I would have never come here. No, mother, I will not let you go from here. Today, your son is.. ..planning to settle down. I am getting married to Sonia. We need your support, and blessings, mother. What blessings could I offer you? This mother, has nothing. If I bless you, that, my son should have a long life.. ..and my daughter-in-law, should always be.. ..accompanied, by her husband, then, I shall be lying.. ..because, it is the police, who is his enemy, whose guns.. ..will always target him and chase him, forever. And if I bless you for prosperity.. ..and wealth of children then what quality of life.. ..will you have to offer to your own children? When they will ask you what is our father? Whether a lawyer, a doctor or an engineer? At that time, will you be able to tell them, that.. Children, he is nothing of that sort but he is a big smuggler. All the enemies of Shankar will be their enemies too. Their life will always be in danger. The children who are raised on the earnings of sin.. ..are really very unfortunate. They have no fear of God. Cheating flows in their blood. The children have to pay.. ..for the sins of their father. Sin, sin, sin, sin? Why are you making such big issue over sin? In today's world, there is nothing known as sin. It is only money that matters. He who has money, has everything. Even my children will have everything. I shall give them all the happiness of the world. That's all. When the time comes then you will know. That, what you are assuming as happiness.. ..are actually poisonous snakes. Why those snakes do not bite them.. ..whose photographs appear in the newspapers? Who have shut all the wealth of the world in their lockers? Is there anyone, amongst them, who is faithful to.. ..his own conscious? Has earned without committing any sin? And still, people offer garlands of sandalwood, offer them flowers. No mother, not me. I am not a criminal. It is they who are the criminals. Who have locked the smallest of happiness.. ..by big locks. The real criminal is the society. Who made the poor still poorer and.. ..the rich even richer. Criminal is that world that doesn't worship humanity but.. ..worships the power of the human. Worships the power of the human. Worships the power of the human. That's what is really upsetting, Shankar. The world which you are talking about.. ..is our own world. It is we who have made it this way. Don't forget, in this same world, we have seen men like.. ..Jesus and Mohammed, Ram and Krishna, Buddha and Nanak! Great leaders of the world who are supposed to live for others.. ..when they start to live for themselves, they I people like us.. ..should stand unshakably on the path of truth. Sacrifice ourselves at the altar of principles and ideals. Otherwise this world of humans will turn into a devil's empire. Mother! Nagarjun can't trace out Shankar. I fear he has gone to take the gold from Khan. You are right. Very good news, Lucky. Good news! Means, only one job is left. I will find the landing.. ..location of Malik's gold. I will show Shankar! There is still.. ..a lot of venom left in Nagarjun! Venom! Here, take this. What happened? - Nothing. I was just thinking that after meeting you.. ..I have really reformed. - Means, you were spoilt previously? No, not spoilt, but used to think. About what? About girls.. no,.. ..I mean I used to think of my wife to be. As to who and how she would be. Take it to Dr. Kapoor. - I won't take the injection. Little boy! No Hey Shankar, I am still not dead. I am still alive. Hey.. you? Nagarjun? - Yes, your father, Nagarjun! So lost your thoughts on seeing me? Now just see what's going to happen! Look there! C'mon, load the gold in the truck. Last time you turned the.. ..tables on me by deceit. This time, I have come to punish you for that treachery! Hey Malik! Mr. Malik! You want to see the dance of death of this serpent of yours? One minute. If you want to live,.. ..bow down at my feet and beg. Plead with me. Ask for a pardon from me. Pardon from me. I may forgive you. What are you looking at? C'mon, hurry up. Or else, I will blow your brains off! Shankar! My revolver, give me my revolver. Loin cloth. My revolver. Nagarjun, what are you doing! Loincloth. No. daddy, Quick, hurry up. Open it up, quickly. Move. Come on, just shoot, shoot. Daughter, Sonia! Daddy! Shankar! Nagarjun.. Welcome, welcome commissioner, come. What is it, Nagarjun? Why have you called me here? I will tell you, sir. There are Rs.10,00,000 in this. I shall give you ten lakh more. Kill Shankar with the help of the law. Finish him. You know it very well, Nagarjun.. ..all the wires of my life are connected with illegal things. I cannot invite enmity of Khan.. ..by inviting it will be the same with Shankar. Khan? Sir, appointed someone from your office.. ..who has a disease of honesty. A disease of honesty? Yes, money. There is somebody. Gokhale. Good morning, sir. Good morning. Come. Do you know him? He is commissioner, Thakkar. Who does not know him, sir? I have heard a lot about your honesty, inspector. You will go places. Thank you, sir. You are aware of it Gokhale, after the death of Malik.. Gold smuggling has not been hampered, but prospered.. ..and that is because of Malik's son-in-law, Shankar Bose. Mr. Thakkar believes that you are the best officer for this case. I know Shankar Bose, sir. He used to struggle on the footpath. Has now become a respected civilian of the city. Just don't worry, sir, I shall trap him with the help of the law. Long live Shankar Bose! Long live Shankar Bose! Brother? Long live Shankar Bose! Long live Shankar Bose! So Mr. Ram, is everything alright? Yes Shankar. The roof doesn't leak anymore. Garland him. What are you waiting for? Thanks to you, now it rains only outside our houses not inside. That's good. The only problem was water and that you have solved.. ..by putting the tap. Now son why stay away from the tap? Start the tap.. ..with your own hands so that like your heart water flows. But the tap is supposed to be inaugurated by mother.. Has nobody told her that? Hello? Yes, yes, we can supply. No, no, we don't earn so much.. ..that we can give on credit. We will deliver on cash. Ok. Ok. Please send your cheque. Okay. Greetings! How are you? Fine. Mother this work is for a good cause then why have you.. Is your name Shankar? Yes. We have a search warrant for this whole place. Move aside. One moment. Let me see. Call him. - Okay. Mr. Vasu, just have a look at this. May I know the sudden need for searching this place? We have heard that you are using this place to hide gold. What rubbish! Shankar, this warrant is alright. And what if you don't find the gold over here? Then also you can't stop us from doing our duty. Soldiers! Shankar, it's because of you.. ..that the police will enter our house today. Maybe that's the punishment you get for.. ..being the mother of a criminal. Hello? Khanna sir? One of your police officers is trying to.. ..be little uptight with me without any reason. Oh, really? - Yes, kindly call him. Ok. Give him the phone. Thank you. Talk to him. Hello? Inspector Gokhale speaking. Yes sir? But sir I have a warrant. Leave the warrant and come back. Mr. Shankar Bose, you may be able to make me seem small.. ..in front of your big friends, but I will not allow you to.. ..degrade my uniform. I swear in front of your mother that I will handcuff you.. ..with my own hands. Long live Shankar! Long live Shankar! Come my friends, come. How are you? Hello, Shankar. My heart soars.. ..with joy when I see you. A hearty congratulation to both of you! Come daughter, I will explain why I couldn't attend your wedding. You see Sonia, my ears are not on my face but.. ..they are in the sky like satellites. There is no news in the world of which I'm not aware. Uncle Khan was aware that the police is searching for him. So if I would have come for your wedding not only would.. ..I have got caught but your wedding would have got ruined. Take her to wife's room. Go. Come Shankar. Shankar, I want you to earn in billions and not millions. How? - Well nowadays there is a lot of money in heroin. I agree that Malik had a problem with trading in drugs. But now he is not here so your way is clear. Khan sir, you have made a mistake in understanding me. I believe I trade in gold and not smuggle it. So my conscience doesn't prick me. But, all these.. ..drugs like heroin, marijuana destroy our younger generation. They would even destroy the future generations. People involved in this business are devils not humans. This is one business I shall neither do.. ..nor let anyone do. Shankar, you are a very nice man. Come on Imran, your sixth teacher has come. Go son. So many teachers come here to make him study?! Since he doesn't go to school.. ..all the teachers come here. Why? Is there no school around here? We do have a school, aunt, but daddy doesn't allow. Why? One day when he was going to school his car was attacked.. ..by Khan sir's enemies. Our driver Kamaal also fired.. ..but he got shot on his leg. So his leg had to be amputated. A false leg had to be put in its place. Come son. The results of the crimes of the fathers have to be borne.. ..by the children. Shankar must also be having enemies. His life also will forever be in danger. The results of the crimes of the father will have to be borne by the children. What happened, Sonia? What have you started thinking.. ..after seeing Imran? The jobs of criminals are always dangerous. They give you money in one hand and cut off the other. Are you seeing this house of mine? This is not my house. This is a jail. Where I and my innocent child are being.. ..punished for being the wife and son of a smuggler. What happened? What happened, Sonia? Oh my God! You are going to be a mother. But mummy, at least come inside. How many times do I tell you? I don't want to come inside. Call Shankar over here. But mummy, he has gone outside and will be coming any time now. Here he has come. Stop the car. Mummy? - What happened, mother? Sunanda is not at home. - Where did she go? She has not gone anywhere. She has ruined my reputation by running away. Remember the money you used to give her? This has happened because of it. Are you suspicious about anyone? His friend Chandan. Chandan? Shankar? - You fool! I had never imagined that you would do.. ..something like that to my sister. This is the reward I get for my friendship? You are not worthy to be alive! Shankar, atleast listen to me. I will murder you! Oh brother! Please don't hurt him you have my swear. Don't kill my husband! - Yes, brother. We have decided to get married. As a matter of fact we would have got married but.. ..Chandan wanted to wait till you gave us your blessings. We were waiting for you. Please forgive me Shankar. If there was any control on.. ..the heart then I would have gone away from her life.. ..but I wouldn't even think of hurting you. But my heart became my destiny and I couldn't stop myself. Shankar if you are not happy with our.. ..decision then I promise you I will go away now. But I wont break your trust. Do you love Chandan? Yes. And you want to marry him? Yes. Then you will get married to him only. No. I will not let this wedding happen. Who are you to interfere? I am Sunanda's sister-in-law. So I am like her mother. I will not knowingly, throw her in hell. I will not let her lose her life. If you dare to interfere in my sister's happiness your swear I will.. brother! What's wrong with you? How have you come here? Mother has kept a condition for this marriage. She wants Chandan to leave your business.. ..and do something legal. Shankar whatever you say.. I agree. But I need two days time for this. I don't have any problem now. Yes lawyer, please make all the documents of Chandan.. ..and bring them to me. Go inside. Go. Idiots. Who are they? These fool's were selling drugs to school children. We got these goods from them. Drugs. Put them in the fire. Who supplies you these? I don't know anything. You don't know? Your father will also tell. Speak up. Speak up. Otherwise I will kill you. I am telling you, I am telling you. Nag. Nagarjun. Khan. Khan I had told you that I will neither trade in drugs.. ..nor allow anyone to trade in it. Then to you have started supplying them to Nagarjun.. ..whose men are trading in drugs all over the city. You are blaming me for nothing Shankar. I have not supplied anything to Nagarjun. And who do you think you are talking to? Don't take advantage of being Malik's son-in-law. Khan sir, if you have not supplied the gold to.. ..Nagarjun then who has supplied? I am worried about it than more you are. That which is this new mine that is supplying gold in India. I will find out about this, Khan Sir. Whether the mine is new or old. I will throw it out. This Shankar is now becoming a dangerous man. Do you know that he has caught.. ..your men with the goods? My men? I will not leave that idiot alive! I will destroy him! Nag. Raid his depots through Gokhale. He will get caught red-handed. And the police will capture him. Then our way will be clear. But, nobody knows the addresses of his depots. Khan knows the addresses. Gokhale, this file is really dynamite. I'm sure that along with Shankar, with the help.. ..of Interpol we will also catch Khan. Immediately make it ready with all the proofs. Sir, as soon as we know the locations of Shankar's.. ..depots we will put him under arrest. Today is your lucky day, Gokhale.. ..today only I have come to know, where some of his depots are located. But you will not be able to catch him.. ..because his whole business is unofficial. He trades under the name Chandan. Then I have already caught him, Sir. Excuse me. Sir maybe you don't know but, today Shankar's sister.. ..is getting engaged to Chandan. And to save Chandan, he will surrender himself. Good! I take the responsibility of that. Raid on the dot of 12 tonight. Shankar and Chandan both shall be present. Tonight at 12. " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " All the secrets are coming out, coming out, coming out. " " Nobody escapes, nobody escapes. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " Your brother is so generous, he treats everyone. " " Brother, brother! Brother, brother! " " Your brother is so generous, he treats everyone. " " He gives sweets to the servants. " " And gives sweet-meats to a laundry woman. " " While I have to stay hungry. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " Your sister-in-law looks innocent. " " Actually she is a bullet. " " Brother you tell, tell, talk about our sister-in-law! " " Your sister-in-law looks innocent.. ..actually she is a bullet. " " Again she makes her Sari fall. " " And makes her brother-in-law dance on her fingers. " " Your brother cannot do anything about it. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " Eyes are somewhere and aim is somewhere else. " " Our uncle is an old romantic. " " Dance uncle, dance! " " Eyes are somewhere else and aim is somewhere else. " " Our uncle is an old romantic. " " Loves the neighbour, but aunt saw him in the bungalow. " " From that day he has not got up from his bed. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " Uncle was in Dubai, aunt was in Surat. " " A child was born in that situation. " " Right aunt? Right aunt? " " Uncle was in Dubai, aunt was in Surat. " " A child was born in that situation. " " How was the child born tell us also, tell us your story. " " Aunt said, aunt said. - What did she say? " Uncle, send it in mail. " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " " At 12'o'clock in the night there's ruckus in the street. " Yes, Khan sir. Shankar, reach your depot immediately. I have news that inspector Gokhale is going to raid it tonight My godown? Thank you. Lawyer, where has Shankar gone? Maybe to the depot. There is danger of raid. Police? Shankar! - Come on! Let's go. - But, Shankar is trapped in the gas. Its too dangerous for you to stay over here. I can't leave him alone. Come on, come on. - I can't come. - Move. Shankar.. Come on! Come, come lie here. Everything will be fine, Chandan. What happened? Get Dr. Kapoor fast. - Ok. Sir, inspector Gokhale is here. He is insisting on searching this house. Why is this fool after me? You take care of Chandan. If Shankar doesn't turn up in 10 seconds.. ..I will pull this house down brick by brick! - Inspector Gokhale! From the day the government has given you this uniform.. ..you have made the life of a good citizen, hell! Now what problem do you have? This is yours and Chandan's arrest warrant. I have come to arrest you. My crime? The charge sheet will be shown in the court. I very well know that Chandan who has been shot by me.. .. is hiding somewhere over here. As soon as he is found you will have nothing left to hide. Go! Search for him all over the house. Get the phone. - Until we don't find Chandan you can't make any call. Come on. Chandan! I'll call the doctor. Oh my God! Something's here. Yes sir. Come here. Yes sir, there is a way. Sir. See there is a way. Move forward. He must be here. Sir. - Force it open. Yes sir. - Come. Open it. Open it. Yes sir. What happened? We have searched this whole place.. ..but we can't find Chandan anywhere. Till when will he hide? He will attend his wedding at least. Arrest him! You can't arrest me, inspector. Inspector! These are Shankar's and Chandan's.. ..anticipatory bail papers. Let's go. Gokhale! Till today you were my enemy but.. ..from today I'm your enemy. Chandan! Chandan! You. You have killed your friend, Shankar. You are a murderer, you are a murderer. What the hell are you talking Sonia? I'm conscious of what I'm speaking. Chandan died so that you would be saved. He died so that you could live. Till yesterday I was ready to sacrifice everything for you.. ..but today there is our baby in my womb.. ..I will not let you destroy it, I will not let you destroy it. I'm leaving Shankar, I'm leaving.. ..because I don't want our child to open his eyes.. ..in the world of crime. I don't want him to breathe.. ..the poisonous air of sin. I' am leaving you and going.. ..away forever, Shankar. Sonia! Sonia! Sonia! Go! Go away. I don't care for anyone. I risked my life for you all. But, instead of receiving any blessings all I got is curses. Everyone has spoken two words of love and given.. ..lectures full of hatred. Did you hear me? Did you hear me? Some people left this world because they wanted to die. Some people left because they wanted to carry my child. Finally you too left me. You too left me. I am left alone. I am left alone. It's you? Sister, daughter-in-law is here. Sister-in-law is here. Sister-in-law! Sister-in-law! Sister-in-law! You came here alone? Why did you come in a taxi? Where's brother? Why didn't brother come? Are you asking about your brother or about your groom? Tell me, sister-in-law. Tell me. Tell me why brother didn't come. Mother. Mother. - What happened? Mother. - What happened? What happened? Mother. He will not come. What! - He will not come. The person who was to marry Nanda.. ..has left us forever. No, daughter-in-law. You shouldn't say such inauspicious things. No, I am telling the truth. Instead of marriage there will be a funeral in this house. No. No. No. Forgive me, my sister. Chandan died in my hands. I couldn't save him. I couldn't do anything. I couldn't do anything. I couldn't do anything. Mr. Khan, why did you take risk by coming here? Risk is my nature. Where is that file? It's with Gokhale. It will reach the IG tomorrow. We have to get it in a night, Mr. Khan. Who can do it better than Shankar? Shankar. I will shoot Shankar. I will kill his family and then I will get that file. Nagarjun, you don't need to do anything. Shankar will go to Gokhale to take the revenge of Chandan's death. My men will go with Shankar to take the file. Shankar will kill Gokhale and my men will kill Shankar. I will get the file and Shankar will go to heaven. Shankar, I am sorry for what happened to Chandan.. ..but you don't worry, I've issued a death-warrant on that Gokhale. No, Mr. Khan. I will kill Gokhale. I need to take revenge of Chandan's death. Alright. You do that. Africa, take your men with Shankar.. ..and bring that file.. ..which can kill all of us. Oh! Bombay is turning into Delhi and Calcutta. Papa. - Yes, dear. I am in the kitchen. What happened to you, dear? I'm coming. What happened to my son? What happened to my son? - I was scared. You are so brave and you got scared of darkness? Now see how the darkness disappears. Papa. Leave her. Leave her. Leave me. Take the child. He was my childhood friend. You killed my friend. He was my friend. He was to be my sister's groom. You turned my sister into a widow even before her marriage. You can't stay alive. You can't stay alive. No, brother Shankar. Don't kill my husband. Don't kill my husband, brother. Brother. Brother. - Mariah. Yes, brother. He's my husband. Do you remember one day you showed me to the path to live? Don't take away my husband from me. I beg you. Please don't kill me. Don't beg him, Mariah. - No, brother. Don't kill him. Brother. Let's go, Africa. - Leaving them alive? This lady has seen us. The child has seen us. This officer has seen us. We will die if we leave them alive. It's up to me if I kill them or leave them. No, it's not up to you. This man is an enemy of Mr. Khan and his business. Mr. Khan ordered us to let Shankar shoot the first bullet. And then we will shoot him two bullets. You can leave them, but we will fulfill our master's order. No. Illiterate fellows! They don't know that.. ..I can't make my Mariah a widow again. I can't kill my sister's husband. Brother, Shankar killed Khan's man. Where is the file? The file is with Shankar. Tell your Khan about it. Now I will tell him. Shankar won't escape from Nagarjun. I'm back, mother. I'm back, mother. I'm back. Bring that fool here. No. Don't kill him. Kill me if you want. - I will kill him in front of his family. Leave him. Leave him. Nagarjun still has a lot of tricks ups his sleeve. Leave him. He thought he would escape if he jumps in a well. He doesn't know that there is 440 watts current inside it. Come here, Shankar's men. Come and see Shankar's dead body. No. No, Shankar. No Forgive me, brother Shankar. No Forgive me, brother Shankar. Shankar, I promised you that I will arrest you some day. Today that day has arrived. But before that hand me over the file.. ..for which you had to commit murders. Give me that file, Shankar. Give it to me. Well done, Gokhale. Well done. You have done a job alone.. ..that the entire police couldn't have done. Wow! We got the file. Gokhale, the file that you made is not any less than an atom bomb. One by one all the enemies are dying. There one enemy left, sir. His name is Khan. If he comes to India once he won't be able to go back. - Gokhale. Khan is here. Mr. Commissioner. I am not a commissioner, but I am the one who takes commissions. Keep an eye on him. Come. Come. Mr. Khan, here is your file and here is Shankar. Khan has seen Shankar earlier as well. When I see this slum I remember an incident. Many years ago there was.. ..a drunkard uncle and a customer in taxi. The customer that your uncle brought.. I am that good fellow. It was your misfortune that I couldn't be your father. That night if I had got your mother.. ..then I would've left you today as my son. These guns are making you talk like that. If you have guts then dare to fight me. That day uncle came to mother with wrong intentions and I killed him. But today you dared to touch my mother. You won't be alive anymore. You won't be alive anymore. - Now you talked like that man. You made me happy. I am really pleased with that. I am so happy, Shankar. I am so happy. Wow! You are very strong. You are courageous. I am very happy. Will you fight Khan? Will you? Get up, kid. Fight Khan. Fight me. Get up, Shankar. Get up. Fight me and save everyone's life. Or sacrifice your life at your mother's feet. Get up, son. Get up. Khan, you are lucky.. ..you will die on the land.. ..that my mother graced with her feet. Get up. Get up. Khan is never defeated. Khan is never defeated. - No. Mother. Mother. Mother. Mother. Mother. - Mother. Mother. Mother. Mother. Mother. Why did you make such a big sacrifice to save a son like me? Why? You are the one who made all the sacrifices, Shankar. You did a favor on me by taking birth from my womb. And you ruined your life. No, mother. Don't talk like that. If anyone can save the boat of truth in the sea of sins.. ..then it's a mother like you. Mother is Gangotri. Mother of river Ganges. Till mother is holy there will be purity in this world. There will be humanity. The world will survive. Even after giving birth to a son like me you are still holy, mother. You are great. Mother, please do not leave me. I can't live happily without you. I am not leaving you, son. My body will change. But my soul will always be with you. Mother. Mother. " O lord, give us love. " " Give love to everyone. " " Have mercy on us. " " Change everyone's life. " " Lord, give us love. " " Give love to everyone. " " Let us not leave the right path. " " Let us not turn away from compassion and duty. " " Let us not leave the right path. " " Let us not turn away from compassion and duty. " " Let us never break others' hearts. " " O lord, give us love. " " Give love to everyone. " . In this segment, I want to introduce the cond construct into racket. it's useful in place of nested if/then/else expressions. It's better style. And it's not very hard to learn. I just put it off to get us started with the bigger ideas in Racket. But you do want to use this. Whenever you have a bunch of nested ifs where your else branch, your false branch is another if. And then the else branch of that is another if. Cond is definitely better style. You can think of cond as just syntactic sugar for nested if/then/else expressions. Or if you prefer to think of if/then/else as syntactic sugar for a cond with just two branches, that's fine too. So here's how cond works. It's just a special form, COND. So of course, it has a parenthesis at the beginning, and at the end. We then have, in parentheses, n pairs of expressions, right? So I have a bracket, because that's the convention. Semantically, it doesn't matter. Just, syntactically, it's better styled at the bracket. matter. You can use round parentheses if you want. Then, one expression. Then another expression and that branch, another one, another one. The way this works is all these first ones are tests and all the second ones are what to do if that test is true. So if the first one is true Then do the second one. Else, if this is true, do this one. Else, if this one. And you stop, and your result is the first branch, where the thing on the left was true, and then you evaluate the thing on the right, and that's your answer. Now, as a matter of style, it's very important that your last branch typically be just true, which we write in Racket, #t. This is your default case. This is saying, in any other case, I want to evaluate this last expression, and that's my. My answer. If you do not do this and your last test expression also evaluates the false then cond will return some strange void object which is a bad idea in Racket, it will not produce an error here but probably it's going to return some result that someone else doesn't want to use. And you'll end up confus ing yourself. So always make your last branch have as it's test a true, okay. So let's go over here to DrRacket, here is the sum functions that I wrote in the previous segment. So this first, this First one works on a list of numbers that could have nested within them other lists of numbers and so on, as deep as you want. And it's an error tab, anything in there that's not a list or a number. And then the second version that if there's some non-list or non-number nested somewhere on the list, we just skip over it. [UNKNOWN] And we can rewrite each of these just using cond, and so I'm going to do that just in a different file here there we go. And, this will not be very difficult so I'll call these sum three and sum four to continue what we were doing in the previous section and I can have a cond which of course can have any number of branches I want and the first branch will be that if the input X's is the No list, the empty list, the results should be zero. Otherwise if the first element is a number, so number of car of x's, then add the car of x's to the recursive sum of the cdr of x's. That will end that branch. Notice you can type round parentheses and if they match square brackets, Dr. Racket will turn it into a square bracket for us. And in any other case for this version, so for #t, I'll go ahead and assume that the first element of xs is itself a list. So I know how to sum a list. I call sum3, and then I need to sum3 the cdr of xs. Codes that, and this should all be correct if we compare it to our other version, I'm going to flip that over here, you'll see that we have the same three cases. If it's null zero, the first number first thing to list as a number, do this addition. Otherwise do this addition but you'll probably agree with me that it's easier to read laid out as this we can see that three tests null, number and true quite easily and then what to do in each case by the expression that follows that test, k, so that's sum three now let me quickly do sum four. It's the same idea. I'll have a con and if the list is empty then return zero, if the first thing in the list is a number then, sorry, number car of xs. And in fact it's exactly the same as before, car of xs, sum4 For now cdr of x's, alright? Otherwise I have another test in this version where I ask, well is x's a list? Because if it is, then I want to do what I used to do just by the default assumption but this time I check that it was the list. So you can see the difference between the two versions quite easily and in any other case. Skip the car of xs and just cdr of xs and if you look back this is exactly like some two just laid out nicely with the cond construct. So that's our example. Now what I want to do is go back to the slides and talk about one other issue, okay. as before o sorry here's where I want to, to go, okay. So for both if and cond. I just didn't tell you this for if and now I'm telling you for both. The test expression, that first expression does not have to be true or false, #t or #f. It turns out, it can be anything. It's never an error and it's fine. So what is the semantic? The schemantics in Racket is that anything other than false, counts as true. So, the only way to take the false brancgh is if you have #f. But, to take the true branch you so not need #t. You just need anything that is not #f. This is very common in dyanamically type languages, some dynamicaaly type languagees make other things false. Things like the empty list or the empty string, or things like this. That's not true in Racket. In Racket there's exactly one thing that's false, and that's #f. Everything else counts as true. Now this makes no sense in a statically typed language. In a statically typed language We would insist that a conditional expression take something of type Buhl[UNKNOWN] for it's first argument. Since everything has exactly one type, there is no point in allowing anything to be in that first position. But a language like Racket, you can You can do this. Now, a lot of people consider this bad style. A lot of people consider this convenient and okay. And som e people are kind of in between and say it depends on the situation. I'm not a huge fan of this construct, but since it reinforces the idea That Racket supports dynamic typing, I though I would show it to you. So let's do couple quick examples here. so first of all let me just click run and do something at the repel here. So what if I said if 34 then fourteen, I's fifteen. Well since 34 is not false it must be true and I get fourteen. Okay? So it's just that simple and I could say if empty list. fourteen else fifteen, and I would get fourteen, and so on. But if I saw hash false, then I get fifteen. So now, let me just paste in a quick example of where this is useful, and I want to take the time to type it all out. and you don't need this, okay? You could, you know, get by in, in Racket without this feature. Woop. There we go. So what this function does is it cou, it takes in a list, just a list no nested list or anything, and counts how many falses are in it. Okay? So let me just run this. So we can see it in action. And so if I count falses of the list 34, true, and hi, I should get zero. But if I add in here a couple falses, maybe one at the beginning, one there, and how about a couple at the end. Then I get four. That's all it does, it counts how many false's there are. Use cond, which we introduced here, and we say that if the list is empty then there are zero false's in it. If the car of x's is not false, well here is one way to do that. Right? If car of x's is anything other than false Then this test will be true. And so we'll recursively count the falses in the cdr. And in any other case, the only case that's left, it that the first thing in the list was false. And then we would add one to count falses of cdr of xes, okay? So that is an example of using this feature that everything that is not #f is true. The only thing that is false is #f. But the main idea in this segment was using cond for better style, and now we can use it in all of our homework problems in Racket programming, rather than nested if/then/else. [Music] Okay, I'm going to show you again something about our diets. And I would like to know what the audience is, and so who of you ever ate insects? That's quite a lot. (Laughter) But still, you're not representing the overall population of the Earth. (Laughter) Because there's 80 percent out there that really eats insects. But this is quite good. Why not eat insects? Well first, what are insects? Insects are animals that walk around on six legs. And here you see just a selection. There's six million species of insects on this planet, six million species. There's a few hundreds of mammals -- six million species of insects. In fact, if we count all the individual organisms, we would come at much larger numbers. In fact, of all animals on Earth, of all animal species, 80 percent walks on six legs. But if we would count all the individuals, and we take an average weight of them, it would amount to something like 200 to 2,000 kilograms for each of you and me on Earth. That means that in terms of biomass, insects are more abundant than we are, and we're not on a planet of men, but we're on a planet of insects. Insects are not only there in nature, but they also are involved in our economy, usually without us knowing. There was an estimation, a conservative estimation, a couple of years ago that the U.S. economy benefited by 57 billion dollars per year. It's a number -- very large -- a contribution to the economy of the United States for free. And so I looked up what the economy was paying for the war in Iraq in the same year. It was 80 billion U.S. dollars. Well we know that that was not a cheap war. So insects, just for free, contribute to the economy of the United States with about the same order of magnitude, just for free, without everyone knowing. And not only in the States, but in any country, in any economy. What do they do? They remove dung, they pollinate our crops. A third of all the fruits that we eat are all a result of insects taking care of the reproduction of plants. They control pests, and they're food for animals. They're at the start of food chains. Small animals eat insects. Even larger animals eat insects. But the small animals that eat insects are being eaten by larger animals, still larger animals. And at the end of the food chain, we are eating them as well. There's quite a lot of people that are eating insects. And here you see me in a small, provincial town in China, Lijiang -- about two million inhabitants. If you go out for dinner, like in a fish restaurant, where you can select which fish you want to eat, you can select which insects you would like to eat. And they prepare it in a wonderful way. And here you see me enjoying a meal with caterpillars, locusts, bee pupae -- delicacies. And you can eat something new everyday. There's more than 1,000 species of insects that are being eaten all around the globe. That's quite a bit more than just a few mammals that we're eating, like a cow or a pig or a sheep. More than 1,000 species -- an enormous variety. And now you may think, okay, in this provincial town in China they're doing that, but not us. Well we've seen already that quite some of you already ate insects maybe occasionally, but I can tell you that every one of you is eating insects, without any exception. You're eating at least 500 grams per year. What are you eating? Tomato soup, peanut butter, chocolate, noodles -- any processed food that you're eating contains insects, because insects are here all around us, and when they're out there in nature they're also in our crops. Some fruits get some insect damage. Those are the fruits, if they're tomato, that go to the tomato soup. If they don't have any damage, they go to the grocery. And that's your view of a tomato. But there's tomatoes that end up in a soup, and as long as they meet the requirements of the food agency, there can be all kinds of things in there, no problem. In fact, why would we put these balls in the soup, there's meat in there anyway? (Laughter) In fact, all our processed foods contain more proteins than we would be aware of. So anything is a good protein source already. Now you may say, "Okay, so we're eating 500 grams just by accident." We're even doing this on purpose. In a lot of food items that we have -- I have only two items here on the slide -- pink cookies or surimi sticks or, if you like, Campari -- a lot of our food products that are of a red color are dyed with a natural dye. The surimi sticks [of] crabmeat, or is being sold as crab meat, is white fish that's being dyed with cochineal. Cochineal is a product of an insect that lives off these cacti. It's being produced in large amounts, 150 to 180 metric tons per year in the Canary Islands in Peru, and it's big business. One gram of cochineal costs about 30 euros. One gram of gold is 30 euros. So it's a very precious thing that we're using to dye our foods. Now the situation in the world is going to change for you and me, for everyone on this Earth. The human population is growing very rapidly and is growing exponentially. Where, at the moment, we have something between six and seven billion people, it will grow to about nine billion in 2050. That means that we have a lot more mouths to feed, and this is something that worries more and more people. There was an FAO conference last October that was completely devoted to this. How are we going to feed this world? And if you look at the figures up there, it says that we have a third more mouths to feed, but we need an agricultural production increase of 70 percent. And that's especially because this world population is increasing, and it's increasing, not only in numbers, but we're also getting wealthier, and anyone that gets wealthier starts to eat more and also starts to eat more meat. And meat, in fact, is something that costs a lot of our agricultural production. Our diet consists, [in] some part, of animal proteins, and at the moment, most of us here get it from livestock, from fish, from game. And we eat quite a lot of it. In the developed world it's on average 80 kilograms per person per year, which goes up to 120 in the United States and a bit lower in some other countries, but on average 80 kilograms per person per year. In the developing world it's much lower. It's 25 kilograms per person per year. But it's increasing enormously. In China in the last 20 years, it increased from 20 to 50, and it's still increasing. So if a third of the world population is going to increase its meat consumption from 25 to 80 on average, and a third of the world population is living in China and in India, we're having an enormous demand on meat. And of course, we are not there to say that's only for us, it's not for them. They have the same share that we have. Now to start with, I should say that we are eating way too much meat in the Western world. We could do with much, much less -- and I know, I've been a vegetarian for a long time, and you can easily do without anything. You'll get proteins in any kind of food anyway. But then there's a lot of problems that come with meat production, and we're being faced with that more and more often. The first problem that we're facing is human health. Pigs are quite like us. They're even models in medicine, and we can even transplant organs from a pig to a human. That means that pigs also share diseases with us. And a pig disease, a pig virus, and a human virus can both proliferate, and because of their kind of reproduction, they can combine and produce a new virus. This has happened in the Netherlands in the 1990s during the classical swine fever outbreak. You get a new disease that can be deadly. We eat insects -- they're so distantly related from us that this doesn't happen. So that's one point for insects. (Laughter) And there's the conversion factor. You take 10 kilograms of feed, you can get one kilogram of beef, but you can get nine kilograms of locust meat. So if you would be an entrepreneur, what would you do? With 10 kilograms of input, you can get either one or nine kg. of output. So far we're taking the one, or up to five kilograms of output. We're not taking the bonus yet. We're not taking the nine kilograms of output yet. So that's two points for insects. (Laughter) And there's the environment. If we take 10 kilograms of food -- (Laughter) and it results in one kilogram of beef, the other nine kilograms are waste, and a lot of that is manure. If you produce insects, you have less manure per kilogram of meat that you produce. So less waste. Furthermore, per kilogram of manure, you have much, much less ammonia and fewer greenhouse gases when you have insect manure than when you have cow manure. So you have less waste, and the waste that you have is not as environmental malign as it is with cow dung. So that's three points for insects. (Laughter) Now there's a big "if," of course, and it is if insects produce meat that is of good quality. Well there have been all kinds of analyses and in terms of protein, or fat, or vitamins, it's very good. In fact, it's comparable to anything we eat as meat at the moment. And even in terms of calories, it is very good. One kilogram of grasshoppers has the same amount of calories as 10 hot dogs, or six Big Macs. So that's four points for insects. (Laughter) I can go on, and I could make many more points for insects, but time doesn't allow this. So the question is, why not eat insects? I gave you at least four arguments in favor. We'll have to. Even if you don't like it, you'll have to get used to this because at the moment, 70 percent of all our agricultural land is being used to produce livestock. That's not only the land where the livestock is walking and feeding, but it's also other areas where the feed is being produced and being transported. We can increase it a bit at the expense of rainforests, but there's a limitation very soon. And if you remember that we need to increase agricultural production by 70 percent, we're not going to make it that way. We could much better change from meat, from beef, to insects. And then 80 percent of the world already eats insects, so we are just a minority -- in a country like the U.K., the USA, the Netherlands, anywhere. On the left-hand side, you see a market in Laos where they have abundantly present all kinds of insects that you choose for dinner for the night. On the right-hand side you see a grasshopper. So people there are eating them, not because they're hungry, but because they think it's a delicacy. It's just very good food. You can vary enormously. It has many benefits. In fact, we have delicacy that's very much like this grasshopper: shrimps, a delicacy being sold at a high price. Who wouldn't like to eat a shrimp? There are a few people who don't like shrimp, but shrimp, or crabs, or crayfish, are very closely related. They are delicacies. In fact, a locust is a "shrimp" of the land, and it would make very good into our diet. So why are we not eating insects yet? Well that's just a matter of mindset. We're not used to it, and we see insects as these organisms that are very different from us. That's why we're changing the perception of insects. And I'm working very hard with my colleague, Arnold van Huis, in telling people what insects are, what magnificent things they are, what magnificent jobs they do in nature. And in fact, without insects, we would not be here in this room, because if the insects die out, we will soon die out as well. If we die out, the insects will continue very happily. (Laughter) So we have to get used to the idea of eating insects. And some might think, well they're not yet available. Well they are. There are entrepreneurs in the Netherlands that produce them, and one of them is here in the audience, Marian Peeters, who's in the picture. I predict that later this year, you'll get them in the supermarkets -- not visible, but as animal protein in the food. And maybe by 2020, you'll buy them just knowing that this is an insect that you're going to eat. And they're being made in the most wonderful ways. A Dutch chocolate maker. (Music) (Applause) So there's even a lot of design to it. (Laughter) Well in the Netherlands, we have an innovative Minister of Agriculture, and she puts the insects on the menu in her restaurant in her ministry. And when she got all the Ministers of Agriculture of the E.U. over to the Hague recently, she went to a high-class restaurant, and they ate insects all together. It's not something that is a hobby of mine. It's really taken off the ground. So why not eat insects? You should try it yourself. A couple of years ago, we had 1,750 people all together in a square in Wageningen town, and they ate insects at the same moment, and this was still big, big news. I think soon it will not be big news anymore when we all eat insects, because it's just a normal way of doing. So you can try it yourself today, and I would say, enjoy. And I'm going to show to Bruno some first tries, and he can have the first bite. (Applause) Bruno Giussani: Look at them first. Look at them first. Marcel Dicke: It's all protein. BG: That's exactly the same [one] you saw in the video actually. And it looks delicious. They just make it [with] nuts or something. MD: Thank you. (Applause) “Swimming lesson” I had a broken back when I was 15, and a person who was leading me through the recovery advised me the most important thing to do for me right now is exercise. At some age you have to stop thinking about the worst, and start thinking positively about the future. I have kids and I have a husband, and we all love sport and support each other. I really wanted to meet a great trainer, and they are all fantastic, but the calmness that Kuba has, his amazing composure, and his motivation to do his work have helped me to swim freestyle every day - this, after I had a fear of swimming! Generally every training session I have is challenging, however I am very stubborn, and will not give up. You have to work hard here, the same as in life. You cannot achieve anything in life unless you work hard. My husband, my son, and I are all musicians, but my daughter is a great swimmer. She has been a trainer for three years, living in Australia. I am planning to meet with her soon, and I would like to show her that I am no longer scared of swimming. I cannot wait to prove that being 53 years old does not mean that I am unable to impress a professional trainer! I cannot imagine we will ever change our way of life. It fits with who we are. We come to Holmes Place, train, and eat healthy, but I think that being very active makes me still want more! I am not orthodox. Sport is not the only thing I do. I simply love life! One life. Live it well. Mr. Diškanec is not bad tempered, he is not. However, he doesn't like drunk people, that's what he dislikes. When a drunk person wants to come to the camp and even argues arrogantly and persistently, then he is sometimes on the point of losing his temper but never lets a drunk person in. He says to him to come in the morning with your head clear. I think it's the right attitude. There are some rules here. We need to pay some money, we mustn't drink. We are allowed to smoke, but we musn't throw the cigarette butts all over the place. We should also behave politely, not swear and not shout. I never regret we built the camp without the building permission, because if we waited for the permission, the camp would never stand here. This way we were able to help some people at least and therefore this journey was never vain nor useless. People tend to invest lots of money to buy useless stuff, expensive cars, huge houses, where two people live, and we we able to build this camp for just about one million Slovak crowns and 50 people live here. This is the message I would like to tell others that the person is not happy when they are helping themselves or just their family and their close friends, but also helps a broader circle of people. This is my personal motto that gives my work a purpose. I think people are able to help far more, they are helping now even in the projects providing accomodation just like we do here or by living in a community with the people, which need help but which are not helped by anyone. My name is Jan Firic, I am 47 years old and I've been an inhabitant in this camp for one year. I got here just after a divorce with my wife. What is important in life? I wouldn't say it's money. To have a family and an apartment, nothing else. To be healthy and live peacefully for many years. Money always brought me bad luck. I am not able to use money I earn properly. Money brings we no luck, so I don't consider money a priority in life. In the camp I look after the animals. - How long have you been here? For almost a year. People living here came here for a number of reasons. They are often addicted, mentally ill and so on. For these individuals there is noone to help them from this situation and returning them back... I always ask, where we would return them. To the society, that more-less creates this situation? Or should we give these people some other alternative, so that we wouldn't contribute to this bad situation. This society promotes pursuing personal interests and egoism, that's what it brings. So returning anyone? I would not return them anywhere, but just provide them with a small opportunity to live and to be useful for a greater community, if possible. The answer is our initial constraint would touch this guy over here. The one to second motion touches these things over here. The second to third, these guys, and then the landmark observation over here puts something between x0 and the landmark that sits here, here, here, here again, and here. This observation over here puts something between x2 and the landmark-- these guys over here and the guys over here. That means we have only the following places that are still 0. This means there is no direct constraint between x2 and x0. That is, there is no direct motion information between these guys, and there is no direct constraint between x1 and L, which is this guy is missing over here. You unlock this door with the key of imagination. Beyond it is another dimension- a dimension of sound... a dimension of sight... a dimension of mind. You're moving into a land of both shadow and substance, of things and ideas. You've just crossed over into the twilight zone. You think about that now. You cannot run a business by standing still in a rut. A business has got move A business has got progress. You got to keep pushing and punching and prodding until it gets diversified. That's the word, that's the key. Coffee time. A business must be diversified. I was just telling them, fred. You cannot run a business by standing still in a rut. Just as variety is the spice of life, diversification is the key to success in business. Now, you think about that now. Well, i got coffee with cream, cream and sugar, sugar by itself, cream by itself and plain black, so i'm already diversified. Now would you please get out of the way, mcnulty? Mcnulty. Mcnulty here. Mr. Cooper would like to see you. Hear that? Did you hear that? Mr. Cooper would like to see mcnulty. And do you know why mr. Cooper would like to see mcnulty? Because i have been feeding suggestions into that suggestion box for 11 months now. Did i say suggestions? Wrong word. Suggestions, any clod can make. But dynamic blueprints for the future, only mcnulty can make them. you think about that now He's waiting, mcnulty. 11 months of suggestions about to pay off. Say, you wouldn't be interested in having dinner, would you? If i was starving to death and you were the last man on earth and it meant my survival, i might be, but i'm not, you're not, and it doesn't, so drift, mcnulty. Submitted for your approval or at least your analysis: One patrick thomas mcnulty, who at age 41 is the biggest bore on earth. He holds a ten-year record for the most meaningless words spewed out during a coffee break. And it's very likely that, as of this moment, he would have gone through life in precisely this manner, a dull, argumentative bigmouth who sets back the art of conversation a thousand years. I say he very likely would have, except for something that will soon happen to him, something that will considerably alter his existence... and ours. Now, you think about that now, because this is the twilight zone. Mr. Mcnulty, do you know what i've been doing? Yes, sir, mr. Cooper, you've been going through the suggestion box. I knew you would. I've been expecting it. It takes a special kind of employer to realize that one of his men has got it. Obviously mcnulty has got it. Truer words, mr. Mcnulty, have probably never been spoken here or elsewhere. Thank you, sir. Yes, i've just gone through the residue of the suggestion box covering the past three-month period. And here is one of your suggestions dated march 13th. "Make hot dogs flat so that they can fit easily into a hamburger bun." How about that? You think about that now. "Make tin cans square "so they can be stacked together more easily in garbage cans." Isn't that a gas? "Put small pontoons in soldiers' field packs "so that when they cross rivers they can get across by themselves." That one is worth a million bucks. The soldiers go into the water... mr. Mcnulty, cooper corporation makes ladies foundation garments. It doesn't have anything to do with hamburgers, hot dogs, tin cans or national defense. And not one of your 340 suggestions- i repeat, not one of them- has anything remotely to do with this company's product. Exactly why i want to talk to you, mr. Cooper. The key to a successful, modern business is diversification. You think about that now. I have thought about it- you're fired! Baseball? Baseball is nothing. Soccer is the fastest sport in the world. In baseball, they change sides, back and forth, inning after inning. The whole first period in soccer, they run, run, run. England, france, spain, south america. Soccer is the fastest sport in the world. You think about that now. Hey, joe, you know those swinging doors they got in western saloons- why don't you put them in here and then you can call this palucci's western saloon. How about that? Yeah, how about that? I'll have it done first thing in the morning. Great! When i come in i can think, "i did this." How about that now? Please, the ball game. Home-run hitters mean nothing. Come on, fella. We're trying to watch. As to the average long-ball hitter compared to a consistent clutch hitter with a good average, i'll take the latter every time. Well, that's very nice of you. Well, it's a fact. It's an absolute fact. Oh, boy, here we go again. At no time has a home-run hitter led the league in batting. Yeah? Ted williams won the batting championship and led the league in home runs in 1941, '42 and '47. Exception to the rule. Think about that. The exception to the rule. You know something. There's a ten-inch television set in my sister's apartment, kind that dates back to 1948. She's got five kids. The apartment's a six-floor walkup, and it's boiling hot. But i'll tell you- there's one thing that apartment don't have that makes it all worthwhile. It don't have mcnulty. -Charlie, charlie, wait. -Forget it, joe. Shut it off. Blabbermouth-i can't take it. Ah, you think about. Hear what i said? The exception to the rule. The exception to the rule. Let me ask you something, mcnulty. How come you're in here so early tonight? You've been there for three and a half hours. It so happens i quit my job. I went into cooper's office and i read him off. Don't tell me.Don't tell me. You got canned. Well, in a manner of speaking. You might say... yeah. We mutually agreed i wouldn't work there anymore. Joe, tell me something. Wouldn't you think that after one year of putting ideas in that suggestion box, after one whole year, that i'd get noticed? Let me tell you something. Getting noticed and getting liked are two different things. What do you know? Nothing, mcnulty. Not a thing. Good night, joe. Wait a minute. All i know is that every night of every week of every month, except election day, you come in here drive everybody out of their skull walking on your lower lip. Now, you think about that. Will you think about that? What do you say? I say... "54, 40 or fight." I also say "damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!" And on occasion, i will say, "it takes a heap of living to make a house a home." Want another beer? Thank you very much. I would appreciate another. Two more beers, bartender. Two beers, big deal. What's your name? Potts. That's not a bad name. I was born with it. Seems to me there was a third baseman who used to play for the phillies named potts. Lou potts? Phil potts? It couldn't be botts? No, it's potts. Two beers. You paying for this, mcnulty? Because this guy just gave me his last dime. This guy is my friend, mr. Botts. Potts! And i'd appreciate a little respect from you. I bet you would. You getting respect from me is about as easy as flagging down a cab on 46th and broadway at 8:00 on new year's eve... in the rain. Never mind- drink up, pal. What do you want to talk about? Want to talk about baseball? It's the great american sport, and i am very happy abner doubleday saw fit to invent it. Cheers! To health, friend. Down the hatch. And now to thank you for your generosity, i have something for you. It's a gift. A small remembrance of our friendship. What is it? It's a stopwatch- a old family heirloom. What do you do with it? I mean, it doesn't keep time. It's just a stopwatch. That is a fact. But it is yours. You may have it. What'll i do with it? Stopwatch. Well, someday you might own a racehorse or you might want to run the mile or launch an astronaut. Well, good-bye, old pal. Oh... e pluribus unum. Toodle-oo,beertender. Beertender... nice clientele. Your friend. I wouldn't listen to my mother. She wanted me to be a doctor. No, i had to be a wiseguy. Had to run a beer joint like this. Well, you live and you learn. Done for the night, mcnulty? Everybody's gone, you happy? You bored ten people to death. You emptied my place like it had a smallpox sign out there. Do me a favor, will you? - whenever you get the thirst, go to some other bar. I don't feel much like going home. I've seen the movie on the late show. I've even seen the movie onthe late, late show. Sometimes i even wish i was married. Do you ever get that feeling? Joe? Joe. Hey, why you standing that way? Hey, joe, say something. You look like you were frozen. I was telling you i was bored and this crazy gleep gave me this watch sat here and i pushed it. That's another thing- you make me nervous. First, you bore people to death and then you make me nervous. I make you nervous? You know something? You're the one guy that makes me wish they never repealed prohibition. Something tells me this is a very unusual watch. And another thing, mcnulty. Mcnulty? I'm over here. That can't be. I had too much to drink. I need some sleep. It can't be. It works. I push the button, i stop the watch, and i stop the world. Good morning, wage slaves. Make way for a free man. Good morning, doll. Oh, what's the suggestion this time, mcnulty? If you don't have one, i've got one for you. Why don't you jump off a bridge? Honey doll, i have a product that is going to put a dent in your eyeballs. What would you say to a stopwatch that, when somebody pushes it, everything stops in midair, hmm? Why don't you run away and get lost, mcnulty, or get to the point. I already have. Last night, i'm in joe palucci's bar, we're sitting around talking about this and that, when this funny gleep gives me this stopwatch. Without thinking, i push this button- this one right here- and everything stops dead. Everything. Think about that now. Palucci drops a glass, the glass hits the floor, but the glass stops. Everything stops. Palucci stops, trains, subways, goldfish. Everything stops. Think about that now, hm? Goldfish, too, huh? That's the most amazing thing i ever heard. Now, get out of here, will you? Mm-mm. I came to see cooper. It is time to diversify. Oh, now, just a minute. Mr. Cooper's in conference. You're right- he's in conference with mcnulty. Mr. Cooper, i'm sorry, sir. I fired you, mcnulty. What are you doing here? He barged right in. I couldn't do anything about it. Well, He barged right in he can barge right out. Listen, coop... coop?! You can't afford to fire me this time because this time i've got more than suggestions, i've got the goods. You think about this now. You figure out how this stopwatch works, and you've got a million bucks. Mcnulty, let me remind you- we make ladies foundation garments, nothing else. Now, do you hear me? Nothing else. So i will give you 15 seconds to leave this room. Now, get out. Hey, fred, cup of coffee for the lady, i'm buying. Never mind. I'll buy my own coffee. If you're not out of this office in one minute, i'll call the police. Is that so, honey baby? It'll take more than the police. You'll need the army and the navy. How about that crumb? He didn't even let me show him. So what am i waiting for? I'll just show him. Operator, get me... kitchie-kitchie-coo. Kitchie-kitchie-cooper. It's good for a laugh but there must be something else i can do with this thing. I'll think about it. ...the police. Uh... never mind, operator. He's gone. So you tell our advertising agents... hey, joe. Palucci, all you guys. Have i got something to show you. Well, that takes care of the game. This thing is so great you're not going to believe it. Mcnulty, make it quick, huh? Oh, now, listen, you just pay attention. Pay attention. With this little gizmo, i can stop trains, tanks, subways, anything. What about your mouth? Funny. Funny. Listen, last night, i was at the polo grounds. And right in the middle of ron hunt's slide into second base, i stopped the game. Yeah, i stopped the game. I left my seat, i ran down on the field, i grabbed second base, and i moved it ten feet. Come on. Then i went back up into the stands, sat down and started the game again. And hunt, instead of being out by ten feet, was safe, and the mets went on to win the game because snider doubled him home. And that's not the only thing i can stop with this watch. I can stop anything- watch. Well? Well, how about that now? How about what? Are you kidding? Didn't you see what i did? Oh, come on, mcnulty, out of the way. I want to get home, get some peace and quiet. Wait a minute. Fellas, fellas,wait a minute. I'll put the game on again. Oh, no... well, you done it again, mcnulty. You emptied my place. You drive more guys out of saloons than carry nation. I get it. I get it. Of course you guys didn't see- you were frozen. I'm the only one who knows. I'm the only one. Huh. How about that. The greatest conversation piece in the world- the greatest- and what does it do? It stops conversation. I'm closing up in a few minutes, so it shouldn't be a total loss, you better order up. Beer. Beer! Don't you ever order anything expensive? Beer. And drink it fast, will you? 'Cause the combination of you, the hot weather, and my business recession is more than i can take in one day. Give it time. Give it time. Give me a heart attack sometime, will you, mcnulty? Leave a tip. Hey, palucci, come here. Look at me. What are you, some kind of a sadist? You know what you're looking at? A jerk, a nut. You want to stop there or try for moron? Why do i want this thing? Why? Because i want a little notice, that's why.I'm not ashamed to admit that. And i'll tell you something else. When john d. Rockefeller steps out of a car, why do people want to shake his hand? I'll bite. Because he's loaded. Because he's got cash, loot, lettuce, the old mazoo. That's why people want to shake john d. Rockefeller's hand. J.b. Morgan walks into a restaurant... j.p. J.p. Morgan walks into a restaurant, the head waiter breaks his back to get a table ready. You know why? I'll tell you why. I figured you would. Because he's loaded, that's why. You think about that. And then you think about this. As of tomorrow evening, mcnulty is going to be loaded. Palucci, take a good look at the old mcnulty. The next time you see me, it'll be the new mcnulty. Why don't you go the whole route and move to honolulu? Tomorrow i'll be able to buy honolulu! May i? Thank you. Oh, no. Come on, everyone. Move! Move! Come on, everybody. Up, up, move! Do something. Come on, everybody, say something. Walk, hey! Come on, everybody, move. Hey, fellas, look, i didn't mean it. I'll have it fixed. Oh, please, come on, wake up. Mr. Cooper... mr. Cooper? Excuse me. I'm sorry. I'm sorry, i didn't mean it. Please, understand. It's not my fault. I didn't do any... oh, no! Please, say something. Move! Charlie, i'm sorry i bugged you. Charlie, move. Lady... joe... joe? Joe, say something. Do something, move. Joe, insult me. I won't come here anymore. I won't make noise. I won't drive people away. Honest, joe, move. Oh, you, mister, please, say something. I'm sorry i took the money. I don't care about the money. All i want is to hear people say something again and to see people moving again. Oh, doesn't anybody know how to make this thing work again? Someone, help! Help me! Please, somebody move! Talk, say something! Help! Mr. Patrick thomas mcnulty who had a gift of time. He used it and he misused it and now he's just been handed the bill. Tonight's tale of motion and mcnulty- in the twilight zone. Ok, can you introduce yourself? Um, I'm Sarah. Nice to meet you. What type of computer do you use at home and at school? Um, I use PC's at home and I use Mac's at School. Oooooh.... Oooooh... Bang bang on the coffin nails Like a breath exhale Then gone forever It seems like just yesterday How did I miss the red flags raise? Think back to days we laughed We braved these bitter storms together Brought to his knees he cried But on his feet he died What god would damn the heart? What god drove us apart? What god could... Make it stop Let this end 18 years pushed to the ledge It's come to this, a weightless step On the way down singin' Waoooh... Waoooh... Bang bang from the closet walls The schoolhouse halls, the shotgun's loaded Push me and I'll push back I'm done asking, I demand From the nation under god I feel its love like a cattle prod I'm born free but still they hate I'm born me, no I can't change It's always darkest just before the dawn So stay awake with me Let's prove them wrong! Make it stop Let this end 18 years pushed to the ledge It's come to this, a weightless step On the way down singin' Waoooh... Waoooh... The cold river washed him away But how could we forget They're gathering some candles But not their tongues And too much blood has fallen from the wrists Of the children shamed for those they chose to kiss Who will rise to stop the blood We're calling for, insisting on A different beat, yeah A brand new song Make it stop Let this end This life chose me, I'm not lost in sin And proud I stand of who I am I plan to go on living Make it stop Let this end All these years pushed to the ledge And proud I stand of who I am I plan to go on living Hello everybody. Thank you for having me here tonight. I'm very happy to be here. So, what I would like to share with you tonight is some tips and tricks on how to eat great food every day. Because it is actually possible and easier than you think. So first of all, a little bit about myself. Well, I love food; and not just ice creams. So I love food and I also dream a lot; and so what is my biggest dream? Well, to eat great food everyday, and this is actually the reason why I'm here tonight, because it's possible to eat great food everyday just by doing your grocery shopping a little more wisely. So before we get started, some definitions: what do I mean by great food? Well, in my opinion, great food is food that is produced locally, whenever it is possible. What does that mean? That means that if some food is not produced, cannot be produced in your area, let's say, coffee, it's OK, as long as you gather information about how the coffee was produced who made it, where was it made, how was it made. An so that's the first thing. Then great food to me is food that is produced according to seasons. So who wants to eat tasteless and pale strawberries in winter when you can have juicy oranges instead? Then great food is food that is produced on a small scale. And that's because when food is produced on a small scale, the social and economic spillovers in the region are very strong and very positive. And that's something that we all want to happen. And then last but not least, great food is food that is produced respecting the land and the animals. If you have a right to be happy, they have a right to be happy, too. And also this thing goes back to what I was saying before about producing food on a small scale because usually production on a small scale is also more respectful of land and of the animals. So just to wrap up, why is great food produced locally respecting land and animals, seasonalities, and on a small scale? Well, because it's good for you, and because it's good for your community. And now I know what you're all thinking. "Alright, great. But this is difficult. Where do I get good food, great food everyday? I don't have the time, I don't know where to get it. It's just too complicated." Well actually it's easier than you think. It just needs a little bit of organisation. And so what I thought is just to share with you how I'm doing my groceries everyday because I can assure you I always have great food in my fridge, at my home, in my place. So one of the things that I'd like to do a lot is to buy food in a group. And what does it mean to buy food in a group? Well basically, it means that I get together with a group of people, we contact the producer, the food producer directly, the farmer, and we buy food as a group all together, through a coordinator. I find that this way of buying food is really helpful and useful for some kind of products. For instance, non perishable food, like flour, rice, pasta because since we buy it in larger quantities than normal, I need to be able to store this food somewhere in my house. So this is very very useful. And also the kind of products that I buy this way in a group are all those products that cannot be easily found locally. So fish, olive oil, oranges, and this is because that food does not come from here, so it's more difficult to know the story behind the production; but since there is a direct relationship with the producer, when we buy together as a group, I can ask the producer directly, "How did you make it, where does it come from?", and so it's a trustworthy source of information. And last but not least, it's also more convenient to buy food in a group, thanks to the power of group-buying. So here it goes, great food is convenient, first thing. Then, another thing I like to do a lot, because I'm a lazy person, and I just don't have the patience to stand in line in a supermarket, I really like to buy my food on-line. And I find that this way of doing my grocery shopping is really helpful, for those products that I buy every week like every week I know that I eat milk, I eat eggs, I eat ham, cheese, fruits and vegetables so every week I go online, I place my order, and a couple of days later, I know that the delivery boy will come to my office and have it delivered to me. And maybe you'll think, "Oh yeah, but I'm never home, this is complicated, where can I get my deliveries?" Well, increasingly more there are websites that allow you to receive your groceries, not just at home, but also at your office, or you can go pick it up at delivery point around the city, so that's very, very helpful. And something that I like to do a lot with my colleagues, I think it's in the good mood, good food mood. I get some fruit, some box of fruit and I have it shipped at my office, and we share it all together and it's a perfect healthy break. So what can I say about this online kind of shopping? That is really, really time-saving and time-convenient so great food is time-saving as well. And then now something that I like to do on my spare time. Instead of going shopping for clothes, or when I happen to visit a new city, a new place, I really like to go visit farmers' markets. And when I go there, I start touching, I start smelling, I start tasting the food, I start talking to the producers and I find that it's a very exciting activity, especially when I'm in a new place, it tells me a lot about the places that I'm visiting. And I don't go there with a precise idea of what I want to buy or find. I just go there and start discovering things, and this is really important to me, because great food is also discovery. This is what I do when I'm running out of milk at home for instance, when I'm in a hurry, or when I invite people over to my place. And I know that, for instance, my friend Ricardo is very fond of that particular cheese or that particular wine, I go and shop at small shops in my neighborhood. I always try to know the place where I live and go select the small shops in the area. I pick shops that I know that source their food from small producers and local producers and it's just really helpful when I get out of work and it is late, to go and visit the local shop nearby; and also it's very important, because I know that when I go buy at the small shops around the corner, I'm also helping the local economy grow, and it's always nice to speak with the shop owners, because they know a lot about the food they know a lot about how the food was produced and so it's a relationship there that starts and grows. And this is to say that to me, great food is relationships. So just to sum up pretty quickly, it's actually doable and easy to eat great food every day: once a month, I buy my non perishable food and food that comes from far away through buying groups, then every week I place an order online, for my weekly share of fruits and vegetables and the things that I use the most. Then when my fridge starts to become empty and I run out of food, I go and shop at the local store. And then every now and then, I go visit farmers' markets and discover new tastes and new producers; and then at the end the week, when I'm tired and I don't feel like cooking any more, what do I do? I go eat at my mom's place, because we know that that's where the greatest food of all is. Thank you. We've shown the connection between independences and the factorization of the distribution in the context of bayesian networks. Now we're going to show that, that same kind of connection holds also in the case of Markov networks. So how are, so first of all we need to come up with a similar notion of what kind of independencies are encoded by, by the structure of the graphical model. So in this case we're going to have a notion of separation. Which is the analogous notion to d-separation except that now there's no D for Directed it's just a separation. And it actually is a much simpler notion, because there's not multiple kinds of different flows of influence. You only have one type of edge, the undirected edge, so it's very simple. And, so we have that X and Y are separated in H given Z if there's no active trail in H and the notion of the active trail is just, you know, if no node along the trail is observed. So, so let's look at some example separation properties. So for example what does it take to separate A from E? Well we can separate A from E in several different ways. So we have that A and E are separated. Given for example, B and D Because B and D block both trails. But also given just D, and also given B and C, because B and C Again block both trails between A and E. So here's an example of separation properties. Now we can go ahead and prove an almost identical theorem to the one that we proved in the context of Bayesian networks. And it tells us that if we have a separation property, X and Y are separated in H given Z. And we have a distribution P that factorizes over H, then P satisfies The independence statement x is independent of y given z. And so just as in Bayesian networks we can go ahead and define the independencies that are induced by the graph H as the ones that are defined by the separation property. And, just as in the context of Bayesian Networks, we can go ahead and define this as a term, we can define the notion of an I-map. And say that, in, and say that H is an I-map or independency map of P if P satisfies all of the independencies that we can read off the graph structure of H. And the theorem that we just proved, restated, says that if P factorizes over H then H is an I-map for P because we have shown that if, P factorizes over H then it satisfies all of the independencies that one can read off the graph H. Now in the context of Bayesian Networks we also have the converse theorem holding. The converse also sort of holds in the context of Markov Networks. The converse being that independence, that if P satisfies the independence statements associated with the graph then it factorizes over the graph. So, stated otherwise, if H is an I-map for P, that is P satisfies I of H, then P factorizes over H. The difference here is that it doesn't hold always, it only holds for a positive distribution P, which means the distribution P, which is strictly greater than zero for all whose probability is strictly greater than zero for all assignments X. That is if you have a distribution that involves deterministic relationships this property no longer holds. So you almost have the converse that you, you, we had in context of Bayesian networks but it requires one additional and important assumption. So once again we have two equivalent, almost equivalent, views of graph structure. Factorization, in which H allows P to be represented. And, again the notion of an I-map, which is that I can read from H independencies that hold in P. But once again, if I tell you that a distribution P factorizes over a graph, we can read from the graph any independencies that must, we can read from the graph a set of independencies that must hold in P. Hey everyone, happy New Year and what an amazing year we had. This past year the Department of Health Services was able to accomplish so much, starting with the amazing efforts to provide our patients with primary care providers. 240,000 patients in the DHS system were connected with a primary care home. That's an amazing achievement, and it goes so far in terms of making our care better, more accessible, and more patient focused. When patients have a place that they can go and they can benefit from the longitudinal care that they've received from their clinician, those patients are going to be happy with the care they receive, they are going to connect to that provider, and then when they do have a choice in 2014 they are going to choose us. As part of that success in empaneling, we've quadrupled, yes that's quadrupled, the number of enrollments on a monthly basis into Healthy Way L.A. we as the County are able to get half of the costs of their health care from the federal government, so it gives us a tremendous opportunity to expand the services that people need in Los Angeles and at the same time provide us with the kind of revenue that's going to keep our system moving and at the same time provide ourself with the kind of revenue that's going to keep and doing better and better into the future. This year also marked the beginning of our enrollment with the seniors and persons with disability program. We were able to take people in managed Medicaid and identify homes for them. Many of our facilities, especially Rancho, are amazing places for persons who have disabilities and we have the kind of specialized services throughout DHS that make us a logical choice for people who need an ongoing primary care relationship. Looking into next year we're going to build on these successes and what you're going to see is it's like a snowball as we put more and more of the systems in place and align ourselves closely with the missions that we want to accomplish we're going to be able to do more and more. So if we’ve empaneled 240,000 people, can we in the next year reach 300,000, can we get to 33,000 SPD’s having homes, how far can we push our Healthy Way L.A. enrolments as we prepare for health reform. These are exciting times. You'll know from the news that lots of things are up in the air, but what will never be in question is the value of providing meaningful care to people, of really looking into the eyes of every patient that we take care of and imagining that person was , as one of our EMS nurses said to me, you know we just need to focus on each of those patients being our mother, our son, our brother ,our sister and take care of them in the way they would want to be taken care of. I know that’s what all of you feel in your hearts and it makes me proud to be the director of your department. Thank you. In all of the double integrals we've done so far, the boundaries on x and y were fixed. Now we'll see what happens when the boundaries on x and y are variables. So let's say I have the same surface, and I'm not going to draw it the way it looks, I'll just kind of draw it figuratively. But the problem we're actually going to do is z, and this is the exact same one we've been doing all along. The point of here isn't to show you how to integrate, the point of here is to show you how to visualize and think about these problems. And frankly, in double integral problems the hardest part is figuring out the boundaries. Once you do that, the integration is pretty straightforward. It's really not any harder then single variable integration. So let's say that's our surface: z is equal to xy squared. Let me draw the axes again. So that's my x-axis. That's my z-axis. That's my y-axis. x, y, and z. And you saw what this graph looked like several videos ago. I took out the whole grapher and we rotated and things. I'm not going to draw the graph the way it looks; I'm just going to brought fairly abstractly as just an abstract surface. Because the point here it's really to figure out the boundaries of integration. Before I actually even draw the surface, I'm going to draw the boundary. The first time we did this problem we said, OK, x goes from 0 to 2, y goes from 0 to 1, and then we figured out the volume above that bounded domain. Now let's do something else. Let's say that x goes from 0 to 1. And let's say that the volume that we want to figure out under the surface, it's not from a fixed y to an upper-bound y. I'll show you: it's actually a curve. So this is all on the xy plane, everything I'm drawing here. And this curve, we could view it two ways: we could say y is a function of x, y is equal to x squared. Or we could write is equal to square root of y. We don't have to write plus or minus or anything like that because we're in the first quadrant. So this is the area above which we want to figure out the volume. Let me, yeah, it doesn't hurt to color it in just so we can really hone in on what we care about. So that's the area above which we want to figure out the volume. You could kind of say, that's our bounded domain. And so x goes from 0 to 1, and then this point is going to be what? That point's going to be 1 comma 1, right? 1 is equal to 1 squared, 1 is equal to the square root of 1. So this point is y is equal to 1. And then I'm not going to draw this surface exactly. I'm just trying to give you a sense of what the volume of the figure we're trying to calculate is. If this is just some arbitrary surface-- let me do it in a different color --so this is the top. This line is going vertical in the z-direction. Actually, I could draw it like this, like it's a curve. And then this curve back here is going to be like a wall. And maybe I'll paint this side of the wall just so you can see what it kind of looks like. Trying my best. Think you get an idea. Let me make it a little darker; this is actually more of an exercise in art than in math, in many ways. You get the idea. And then the boundary here is like this. And this top isn't flat, you know, it could be curved surface. I do a little like that, but it's a curved surface. And we know in the example we're about to do that the surface right here is z is equal to x squared. So we want to figure out the volume under this. So how do we do it? Well, let's think about it. We could actually use the intuition that I just gave you. We're essentially just going to take a da, which is a little small square down here, and that little area, that's the same thing as the dx-- let me use a darker color --as a dx times a dy, and then we just have to multiply it times f of xy, which is this, for each area, and then some them all up. And then we could take a sum in the x-direction first or the y-direction first. Now before doing that, just to make sure that you have the intuition because the boundaries are the hard part, let me just draw our xy plane. So let me rotate it up like that. I'm just going to draw our xy plane. Because that's what matters. Because the hard part here is just figuring out our bounds of integration. So the curve is just y is equal to x squared, look something like that. This is the point y is equal to 1. This is y-axis, this is the x-axis, this is the point x is equal to 1. That's not an x, that's a 1. This is the x. Anyway, so we want to figure out, how do we sum up this dx times dy, or this da, along this domain? So let's draw it. Let's visually draw it and it doesn't hurt to do this when you actually have to do the problem because this frankly is the hard part. A lot of calculus teachers will just have you set up the integral and then say, OK, well the rest is easy. Or the rest is Calc 1. OK, so this area, this area here is the same thing as this area here. So its base is dx and its height is dy. And then you could imagine that we're looking at this thing from above. So the surface is up here some place and we're looking straight down on it, and so this is just this area. So let's say we wanted to take the integral with respect to x first. So we want to sum up, so if we want the volume above this column, first of all, is this area times dx, dy, right? So let's write the volume above that column. It's going to be the value of the function, the height at that point, which is xy squared times dx, dy. This expression gives us the volume above this area, or this column right here. And let's say we want the sum in the x direction first. So we want to sum that dx, sum one here, sum here, et cetera, et cetera. So we're going to sum in the x-direction. So my question to you is, what is our lower bound of integration? Well, we're kind of holding our y constant, right? And so if we go to the left, if we go lower and lower x's we kind of bump into the curve here. So the lower bound of integration is actually the curve. And what is this curve if we were to write x is a function of y? This curve is y is equal to x squared, or x is equal to the square root of y. So if we're integrating with respect to x for a fixed y right here-- we're integrating in the horizontal direction first --our lower bound is x is equal to the square root of y. That's interesting. I think it's the first time you've probably seen a variable bound integral. But it makes sense because for this row that we're adding up right here, the upper bound is easy. The upper bound is x is equal to 1. The upper bound is x is equal to 1, but the lower bound is x is equal to the square root of y. Because you go back like, oh, I bump into the curve. And what's the curve? Well the curve is x is equal to the square root of y because we don't know which y we picked. Fair enough. So once we've figured out the volume-- so that'll give us the volume above this rectangle right here --and then we want to add up the dy's. And remember, there's a whole volume above what I'm drawing right here. I'm just drawing this part in the xy plane. So what we've done just now, this expression, as it's written right now, figures out the volume above that rectangle. Now if we want to figure out the entire volume of the solid, we integrate along the y-axis. Or we add up all the dy's. This was a dy right here, not a dx. My dx's and dy's look too similar. So now what is the lower bound on the y-axis if I'm summing up these rectangles? Well, the lower bound is y is equal to 0. So we're going to go from y is equal to 0 to what-- what is the upper bound? --to y is equal to 1. And there you have it. Let me rewrite that integral. So the double integral is going to be from x is equal to square root of y to x is equal to 1, xy squared, dx, dy. And then the y bound, y goes from 0 to y to 1. I've just realized I've run out of time. In the next video we'll evaluate this, and then we'll do it in the other order. See you soon. Is that the regular report? Yeah... A fog is forming. According to the unit we're taking over for, it's apparently created by the Three-Tails. It induces hallucinations, so be careful. That's news to me, hmm... You! That costume... Damn-! Oh wow! Deidara Senpai, that was awesome! That's the last of the lookouts. Your info was way off. "A force separate from the Leaf Ninja was engaged in a vigorous clash over the Three-Tails." Wasn't that what you said? Well, that's how it was supposed to be... That's odd. But oh well, it's good that we got rid of the ones in our way. Let's make our quota right now while we have the chance! You're a hundred years too young to be giving me orders, hmm... H-H-Hey, Senpai! Weren't you listening to the story about the hallucinations? Who do you think you're speaking to? Don't underestimate my art. Sheesh, he's got a short temper... That's a huge lake to find the Three-Tails in. It'd be faster if it appeared on it's own. Oh! On closer inspection, it looks something like a huge turtle. A powerful one... So that's the Three-Tails... I think I'll leave it for you to handle, Deidara Senpai. Tobi, you formally became a member of Akatsuki, right? You take care of the rest, hmm! No way! It's coming! If it's a water creature, shouldn't we have let Kisame handle it?! I'd say they assigned the wrong person for the job! Pitiful, I'd say. I did it! Banzai! Banzaai! Deidara, did you see my Jutsu?! Just one time, and bam! You can understand why I was given this important assignment right after formally becoming a member of Akatsuki, can't you?! No... It was probably my clay bomb doing its artistic work. You have my art to thank, hmm. Don't get so carried away that you forgot that I lent you a hand! If you're a member of Akatsuki, don't talk so much and act more cool. In other words, "cool = art"! Listen, art is a passionate moment coming from cool emotions--! Senpai, you talk a lot. I was joking...! Listen, Tobi. You shouldn't press your luck! The Three-Tails was just weak because it didn't have a Jinchuriki host. It didn't have a mind to control its power. Hey, Tobi. You don't have to be so cool as to stop talking altogether. At least answer me... Hmm?! Oh that's the spot... Oh my... You bastard! I'd say this is the perfect wake up call for you! 1 times A0 + T0 times A1 + T0 squared * A2 + ... + up to (T0 to the power of n) times An equals to P0. A0 + A1 times T1 + A2 times T1 squared + ... + up to AN times (T1 to the power of N) And finally on the last line you will have 1, Tn, Tn squared, all the way up to Tn raised to the power of n. Hence the unknowns of the linear system will be A0, A1, A2,... up to An. Here the formula is not explicit because I have to solve the linear system Here we are supposed to solve a linear system, but this method is a bad method because However, by the end of the course we will have an explicit formula, I can put all of these N+1 relations in a linear system form I then have n+1 unknowns that are the coefficients A0, A1, A2,... up to An In chapter 4 from the book, we will see that this is of the order N cubed, N3, On the second line you will have 1, T1, T1 squared, all the way up to T1 to the power of n. Since I am looking for P, a polynomial of degree n, I can write this in the form The Wrong Method Introduction to Numerical Analysis Prof: Marco Picasso The wrong method: The wrong way to solve the problem is the following. These A's are the components of vector A. To the right of the equal sign, you have the given values P0, P1, P2,... up to Pn, and components of vector P, and I must now write the coefficients of the matrix T, TA equals P, where the first line is and secondly we have another method that will give us an explicit formula for the polynomial P(t). and so on up to P(Tn) which must equal Pn. and then I have N+1 equations where P(T0) has to equal P0, the first equation and we will now talk about Lagrangian interpolation. in order to know the coefficients. p(t)= a0 + a1T + a2t²+ ... + up to AN*(t to the power of n). similarly P(T1) should equal P1 and this is equal to since the unknows A0, A1, A2 interact in a linear manner. so A0 + A1 times T0 + A2 times T0 squared + ... + An times (T0 to the power of n) should be equal to P0; there is a large number of operations required to solve a linear system. these are the coefficients of the of the polynominial in the canonic base: 1, T, T squared, up to Tn From a women-only school that opened high on Marye's Hilltop at the turn of the 20th century in an area where Civil War battles were fought and the father of our country was raised, Mary Washington has transformed itself into a premier, coeducational, public liberal arts and sciences university. Like the gift it gives its graduates, this selective institution has the tools it takes to reinvent itself in an ever-shifting world, to flourish in the face of challenge and change. And as the University of Mary Washington continues to shine, so too does its family. Princeton Review just ranked the top 300 professors in the United States of America and many of our teachers were on that list. Eighty-six percent of our faculty have terminal degrees in their field. They're real-life experiences that they bring into the classroom, and we definitely benefit from that. One of our professors, Claudia Emerson, is a distinguished poet and Pulitzer Prize winner. Our alumni garner Emmys, lead corporations, and hold powerful positions in City Hall and on Capitol Hill. Here we are again in a Google hangout by protagon.gr for the platform uploaded on youtube. Today I would like to change tone and add some music and light. I will start with Popi Diamantakou, a nominee of DHMAR. Mr. Thanassis Himonas, a writer and a nominee of PASOK. And Mr Stelios Elliniadis, a nominee of SYRlZA. Popi, I would like to ask you first about the semiotics of the upcoming elections. Is it true that TV will no longer be a pre-electoral tool? Aren't the campaigns performed mostly through the social media? Hello to everyone. I don't believe that we can reach the definite end of anything. I believe in a constant restructure, in new rules that the new media impose. I don't believe that TV will be shortly over. Maybe a specific kind of TV is over or a kind of TV speeches, to which I was opposed too. The social media will reform the rules. And this is quite positive. New media don't exclude the old ones. Television is a means of entertainment and information, not interactive like the social media. It has a certain role. It just shouldn't form our culture or deal with parapolitics. I may have the chance to explain that later. This was an extorted version of TV. It will soon regain its proper role. So will the social media after the big explosion. Thanassis Himonas, you have run your campaign through Facebook. You have been really active there. What feedback did you get? Is it effective? Is it persuasive? I don't know whether it is effective. I don't know how many people visit my page. I am aware of the number of the members but I think those who visit are more. I acted this way because I couldn't open an office. It is not the time to do so. I also liked it. I am an active user of Facebook for years. I have gained a lot. I have made many friends and some enemies. Facebook can give the chance to say exactly what you want. Writing articles or interviews don't. I will know whether all this have been effective on the 7th of May. Mr. Elliniadis, at the last demonstrations before the vote for the memorandum, we constantly heard on the radio this song about poor Anna that didn't even have a piece of bread. This old song that can be considered timeless can no longer touch the heart of people. Why aren't there any more political songs? Why is there no cultural development similar to the one on the first years of the political changeover? The current political conditions are equally intense and critical. Why is this happening? Political songs still exist but they have been marginalized. Young amateurs that participate in thousands of small groups all around Greece sing either rock or rap political songs with a very aggressive and sharp content. There is not a specific movement but separate political songs. We should ask the intellectuals of the prosperity period. Popi Diamantakou, do you think we have a contemporary political expression? I watch some political advertisements of the parties that remind me of Greek old porn movies. The truth is that we lack of aesthetics although we have the technology to make better spots. I believe that in such times of maturity, we got rid of the political way of thinking. We decided that it didn't match with the new impressive luxurious lifestyle. There was also a dominant perception that an excessive political activity was not liberal, it was obsolete. The depreciation of politics has started long ago. Thanassis Himonas, what can people that don't read books hope for? I don't know about the people but I know about the writers. We have nothing to hope for. This is an existing phenomenon that was further affected by the appearance of TV. I believe that literature is not correctly integrated in school lessons. I believe that we need to introduce contemporary books in the educational system. Children will be considerably helped. They will read about contemporary people with similar concerns. They will treat literature differently. Not only as a lesson but mainly as a great enjoyment. Mr. Elliniadis, one of the most important causes of the actual crisis is our culture and our Greek mentality. Do you agree with that? We are now here because our country's culture was gradually deconstructed. We had a very powerful popular culture originating either from the agricultural or the urban environment. It was developed in every form of art, painting, music, sculpture. Let's not forget how during the "50s under very difficult conditions some exceptional intellectual personalities arose from every political group. The left may have had the initiative but, for example Hatzidakis, didn't belong to the left as we know it today. Hatzidakis, together with Tsarouchis, Elitis, Theodorakis, Livaditis, Leontis and many others, tried to create a new Greek culture of high quality that would be popular at the same time. And then the dictatorship took place. And after that this fake prosperity. Lifestyle, imported products and ideas. People were no longer productive but became consumerists. Mass cultural products were imported and consumed. All that affected everyone, even us. We gradually noticed that society no longer reacted, for example, when great schools turned into prisons. If we compare the 8th high school in Koliatsou square where I graduated, a great building with a yard of 10,000 m2, to the schools of Grava, concrete buildings like prisons, we can see the difference in the perception of each generation. This happened everywhere. We keep saying that the immigrants ruined the neighborhoods. But the neighborhoods were already ruined. Where I grew up, in Amerikis square, there were 25 cinemas and theatres. There is only one now. What happened? Parking stations and super markets were built instead. This is a cultural change. Popi? I would like to add something very important. Apart from what Stelios mentioned, we were also surrendered to reality shows. These shows limited our perspective. We sat on the sofa and watched other people. And I don't mean only the TV reality shows; I mean the public speech. Public sense was moved from the public, where there were strict rules, towards a restricted private space. Everyday human passions have been confirmed and dominated entertainment. This was a political choice which didn't take place consciously in Greece. It was an imported trend. It was an easy and cheap TV. Politicians were funny talking about their private life instead of the big and important issues that could be boring. A political reality destroyed Clinton. This case didn't only involve his personal unethical behavior but an entire policy that collapsed after his failure. A collapse that affected both the American people and the markets. The same thing happened here. We lost the correct perception of scale. We stopped searching for more important values. Maybe because people didn't read anymore, we noticed a distance from literature, music and many other things. Anyone could appear on TV and become a star for one day until he was replaced by the next one. We shortened our perspective. I believe that reality shows have a huge responsibility. Mr. Himonas, do societies change on their own or could the civilization be the central choice? I believe that civilization is something bigger and far more important. I have already said that I was a fan of reality shows. I even voted. This didn't stop me from becoming a writer, writing and reading literature. Culture must be introduced in the environment where you live. Not by forcing children to read or to watch theatrical plays. They must let you choose it yourself. It is a vaguer than what we are talking about. I consider the role of education very important. Like a chore most of the time. It is a mistake to force a child do something. I come from a literary family but my parents never made me read or visit an exhibition. I had a TV since I was little and I don't consider it a bad thing. People say that they don't own a TV as if they have made an impressive discovery. I don't think TV is a bad thing. In my case it didn't stop me from having a window to the world and civilization. We have one minute left for each of you to talk about your political parties. Stelios Elliniadis, you are a nominee of SYRlZA in the first electoral districts of Athens. I want your opinion on what is being said about the cooperation with Kammenos, with Papariga as a prime minister and Kammenos and others. What do yo you think about this cooperation of Tsipras with Kammenos? We shouldn't give false dimensions. But, I agree with Tsipras policy. I mean a policy of honesty. We should say what we really think, the most likely scenario. Saying that we have no clue what will happen after the elections or refusing to talk about any future actions is an evasion. I feel as if the tanks from the borders are heading towards the mainland. The country is being led to a complete conquer. We need to unite all the forces that are against these tanks provided that they don't support any other barbarities. On this condition, all the forces must find a channel of communication in order to prevent the invasion of the tanks. So, although I have differences with KKE leadership and even more differences with Kammenos, I believe that after the elections we must communicate and determine a common policy against the common enemy. Our country is now facing a great danger. We are not only risking our rights and salaries but mainly our souls. They are now conquering our souls. A national alliance is the only solution I see. If I felt that we were about to let Lenin take over, we wouldn't act this way. But we now have to unite against the visible immediate danger. Popi Diamantakou, I sometimes think that for a PASOK voter DHMAR is something like the electronic cigarette for the smoker. As a nominee of DHMAR, I want you to tell me towards which direction will you be moving after the elections. Towards the memorandum or the anti memorandum block? DHMAR believes that the obligations of the country have to be fulfilled but the memorandum is not an ideology or a sacred heritage. It is a technocratic perception about Greek economy with many fields for renegotiation. There many recipes for the implementation of the solution. One that will protect the financially weaker classes. I think that we are very clear. I don't know what people say about its relation to PASOK. We hope that this force will become stronger in the parliament in order to support the renegotiation process. Always believing in the necessity to keep the euro currency and preserve the relationship with Europe. Because Greece alone will end like North Korea and even worse due to its geographical position. It is not the right time for isolation. It is time we faced the crisis. Thanassis Himonas, what reasons could justify your request for a vote? I haven't started meeting my voters. Not yet. I am aware of PASOK's mistakes. I used to vote for PASOK believing in its good aspects too. I believe the last PASOK government made mistakes in the beginning. It avoided conflicts. There were things that could be done. That's why we are like that now. But it then chose a different path and was consistent to it. Despite the attacks and the difficulty of the task. Those who consider this recipe wrong obviously won't vote for that and I wouldn't ask them to because I respect their opinion. But if one believes in reforms, in things that can be done even now in order to exit the crisis. And this won't happen in 2020. It will happen on the day when the unemployment will decrease by 0.5% or when there will be no extra measures to reduce salaries and pensions. Generally, on the day the changes and reforms will start functioning and being effective. I want people to study PASOK's political activity during this period and the activity of other parties too. For example, Samaras who made an anti memorandum campaign with Zapio 1, 2, 3 but when he got in the government changed its mind and voted for it. Good luck to all three of you. Thank you very much. Bye. Find the probability of getting exactly two heads when flipping three coins. So let's think about the sample space, here. Let's think about all of the possible outcomes. So I can get all heads. So, on flip #1, I get a head. Flip #2, I get a head. Flip #3, I get a head. I could get 2 heads and then a tail. I could get heads, tail, heads. Or I can get heads, tails, tails. I could get tails, heads, heads. I could get tail, heads, tails. I could get tails, tails, heads. Or I could get tails, tails, and tails. These are all the different ways that I could flip three coins. And you could maybe say that this is the first flip, the second flip, and the third flip. Now, so this right over here is the sample space. There's eight possible outcomes. Let me write this. The probability of exactly two heads, exactly... exactly two heads... two, I'll say h's there for short, the probability of exactly two heads. Well, what is the size of our sample space? I have eight possible outcomes. So, eight... this is possible outcomes, or the size of our sample space... possible outcomes. And how many of those possible outcomes are associated with this event? You could call this a compound event because there's more than one outcome that's associated with this. Well, so let's think about exactly... exactly two heads... This is three heads, so it's not exactly two heads. This is exactly two heads right over here. This is exactly two heads right over here. There's only one head. This is exactly two heads. This is only one head, only one head, no heads. So you have [counting] 1, 2, 3 of the possible outcomes are associated with this event. So you have three possible outcomes. Three outcomes associated with the event. Three outcomes. Outcomes. Satisfy... satisfy this event, or are associated, with this event. So the probability of getting exactly two heads, when flipping three coins is three outcomes satisfying this event over eight possible outcomes. So it is three-eighths. Bell Tone Bell Tone Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Music Beeping >> Hey Buddy, come here. Come here. Come on. Come on, Buddy, come here. Come here. Come here. Come here, Buddy, come here. Come here. Come here. Come here. Come on. Oh, who's a good boy? Huh, what's that about? What's got 'em so upset? They're taking steps to depose... WHAT? Depose? Who? The Queen? It's gotta be the Queen or the consort. I can't believe... how did it happen? The King ordered it? Not officially, not YET, there's been talk. My lady, they're deposing the Queen? Yes. Steps will be taken after the Queen Mother passes. My lady. It may be tonight. She doesn't have long. You should do something. It will be up to us to deal with this. But we don't have Dong Yi and Chief Seo's report yet. This SI is not dependent on J. So, we can pull this out of the equation and start doing approximation. So, let's do that approximation here. Let's write down, for example. The I-I times t and its rate of change with respect to t, is beta, okay? Times SI of T after this first order approximation and pulling SI out of the summation over J times the summation of AlJ times IJ of T Now this is S, is just one minus I by definition. And now, we have to make yet another approximation to say that during the early time of infection, the percentage of in, the probability of find yourself infected is very small. So approximate this by erasing this part. And now we can write this down as a vector equation. Write a probability of each known may finds itself in the infected state at time TSl. This is not identity matrix in this lecture, okay? It's just some vector of these entries stacked up equals beta times the matrix A, Adjacency matrix times this vector at time T. This is almost the exact same as before the scalar evolution, except now is a vector evolution with a, a weighting by this adjacency matrix A representing the topology's impact. Again, we can apply the trick to represent this vector S, a weight of the sum of eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix as before. Skipping the derivation, we see that the solution of this vector of probabilities, is the summation of some weighting factor, It doesn't matter times E to the beta lambda K times T times of VK. These VK's are the eigenvectors of the adjacent symmetric A of this given draft index by K. And the summation by K. N is our weighted by this exponential factor E to the beta. Beta is the given disease spreading right times. The current time T times the corresponding eigenvalue so as time goes on, the largest eigenvalue will dominate effect and thus, going back to our little story again., Okay? Now, I want to end this model, and therefore actually this lecture. And this sequence of two lectures on influence model with case study, on the disease of Measles. Measles is an infectious disease that causes about 1,000,000 deaths worldwide each year, but in developed countries the population is sufficiently vaccinated. It effects very few people. Each year was called a herding immunity, in the sense that there is enough immunized population that the infection would not cause an, a pandemic, One is a herd immunity then. So, we want. S of zero at initialization times sigma to be less than one to prevent the infect population from flaring up. That means we need S of zero less than one over sigma. That means when you need initial recovered presumably through vaccination program, population percentage being bigger than one minus one over sigma. From missiles people have estimated from previous outbreaks of the infection that the sigma is very big, is about 16.67. That means we need. This initial, vaccinated rate to be 94%. Which is big but not that close to 100%. Now, however, the vaccination is not always effective. It's only about 95% effective. So, that translates we actually need the vaccination rate to be 99% in order to achieve herd immunity, to achieve this condition. So, back in 1963 in the US okay? A measle population started drop because of the introduction of the measles vaccination but then still stayed around 50,000 people every year. In 1978,,. The US government tried to, make the immunization coverage wider to eliminate measles but it dropped to about 5,000, but stayed around there. In fact, sometimes it went up to 15,000. So, just increasing the coverage of immunization didn't help. In 1989, US Government introduced the two dosage program. So you have to get one dosage when you're around one year old. Another around five years old before you go to school, a public place, all the time. And this time, the two dosage program, which is much more expensive than the single dosage program, was able to achieve the vaccination rate, 99% needed to counter this large sigma of 16.65 for measles in order to satisfy this condition, and thereby, achieving Herd Immunity. And indeed, since then, the number of reported case of measles dropped to under 100 within a few years time. This is a very interesting story, showing the power of the particular differential equation model we just developed for infection. Now, we have touched upon four influence models together with three more in the vast material part of these two lectures videos All together, seven influence models which one to use is an art. And there is a big gap between theory and practice. But some take home messages offer insights. For example different ways to think about and quantify importance of nose and links. For example in today's lecture of the contagion model and optimal seeding being a difficult problem and infection model that we just talked about, How differentiation model change of states allow us to make some prediction and a very useful public policies. So with that we finish the influence model part of the lecture and we move on to the topology reverse engineering part. So see you in the next lecture. TS: Good morning! Team: Good morning TS: Are you ok today? Team: Yes! TS: Are you ready for another part today then? In today's leg you will compete divided into two teams. And this time it is Espen and Didrik who will choose teams. Didrik, who do you choose first? TS: Trine, then you go with Espen and Ole Edvard. TS: Trine, you said after the journey in Trollheimen that you started enjoying cycling? TS: You will get to feel more of it today. T: Yes... TS: You will totally go the whole of 90 km, 10 km on foot, and 80 km on bicycle. One team starts walking, the other starts cycling. Which team starts with what, you have to agree about now. E: OK, we'll start walking... D: You'll start walking? E: Yes. S: Do we agree or not? D: I was going to say that we would start walking, but... E: We said it first! T: We agree! TS: OK. Here is the description of the leg: map and compass for each team. Have a nice trip and good luck! Team: Thank you! D: OK , so here is another sheet of paper - that must be a hint... S: It is surely a café... D: When I got to choose first, it was not a lot to think about, really... I have got a good contact with Stig, and I like being in a team with him - so my first choice was simple. D: To find the place we have got the hint about, I think we will just go to the first house and ask the locals, if they know what it is. For all we know, it could be closed.... So we will have to see, we just have to ask our way. D: I think it will be smart to go cycling first, and walk afterwards, because we experienced when we cycled at Dalsnipa in Geiranger... we realized that when it got hard to cycle, it was actually very good to get off the bike and walk. So most likely it is most rewarding cycling first, and then we must rather push on and walk the last 10 km. D: Is it too fast? D: Now we have got an advantage on the others, since they started walking, and I know that feeling, to chase the team ahead of you. I have done that before, and I know that you often get "blood on the tooth" and get very excited and eager to catch up with those ahead. So it can be an advantage to lie behind and chase, you really get the hunting feeling! D: Now it is one in the front, pulling - and two lie behind and try to stay in the tide. Worst to be in front, the two in the back save their strength - and then we change who will be in front. D: We are going there... D: ...the border between Sortland and Bø - the road crossing there... S: Let's take it with us.. D: Yes... D: Probably it's no use to start searching for it on the map, since this is a crossing we will get there... S: We can get to several crossings on the road before we get there, so we have to find... D: Let's take a little recognising. If you could just pick up my water bottle, it's in one of the side pockets - and I will try to find out where we are. North... that's this way... D: Hi! W: Hi! D: I'm in a "70 degree North" competition, and so I'm just wondering if you could tell me where we are? W: Now you're at a place called Lahaugen. D: Lahaugen? W: Yes, you are innermost... you have Eidsfjorden... D: ... Valfjorden... W: Valfjorden, yes - you are at the top... did you get up this way? D: Yes we came that way... W: Yes, so then you go down again the other way... D: So we are all the way in here... W: Yes, at the top, and... D: ... down along the fjord, yes exactly... Thank you so much! W: My pleasure! D: Good bye! D: Yes - anyway, we're here somewhere, so I suppose we will see some signs, so we're.... Yes.. S: How far have we got? D: Now we have cycled..... D: Yes, there it is! S: It's a whale! G: and... it's a well known landmark.. D: Stig, you go to the nearest house, over there.. S: Shall I bring this? D: Yes, do. D: What did he say? S: The whale at Myre.. D: There! Now we will keep... S: It is smart to go over the mountain? D: ... to the left. We won't go over the mountain then? G: We can go along the water... D: We have to go over that hill, anyway. G: But it isn't many hundred metres to talk about... D: Here we are at about hundred and... yes we're at 83m, it's not as steep here. G: No, that's good... D: 110 at the most. S: Is that the only way to Myre? D: Yes, if not it's along here, and that goes over the other way, and there you see... we have to go this way. D: We have actually taken a little time for talking and some hugs and such over here when we asked about the way to this post. Stig thinks maybe we have used too much time, but I think it is necessary. The plan now is that we will soon, in a couple of hundred metres, take the road to Myre, and then we will keep up the tempo on the first hill, and when we reach the crossing up there where we will go to the left, we will calm down the speed a little, and try to eat and drink a little. D: My butt hurts! D: It's really strange not to know where the other team is! And in addition to have the fear that they will catch up with us during the last 10 km that we will walk. We saw for ourselves how long those first 10km were, that we know they have to walk now... No, we are excited and will keep that tension up all the way till we reach the goal. D: It's great, boys! D: Stig, I'll take it! Now you'll have something to drink and calm down here a little. D: Do you know where it is? Driver: Yes. It is at Støp D: Støp? Which direction is that? Dr: It's over at the crossing there, and then you just cycle ahead... D: Over there - to the left, to the right? DR: Yes, you just follow that ahead, and you get to Strengevåg. At the first crossing you go left. S: Would you mind showing us ON the map? Do you have time for it? Dr: Yes... S: Can you get my map? D: That's ok - thanks a lot for your help! DR: No problem! Just step on it! S: We will! Bye! S: We have cycled ... at least 60 km... D: ...if we should suggest... S: So we're cold, so let's finish this, let's do the rest... D: So, now it's up there - to the right there, then we come here and won't go there but we're going out... first we go right, then we go left here... upwards....OK? D: Ok, ok - then we will just take something to drink, and then we're ready again! G: I'll stand under the whale to get some warmth.... D: Ouch! Now I actually got rather wet... Stig, take it easy! I need something to drink! D: Stig is very good at pushing. He is very good at keeping the performance level high in the team. Maybe me and Gustav are more silly and fun, and love chatting, then Stig is there looking after us. He's like a coach or a manager-like. D: Now we have just passed Myre and are on our way to Stø. We saw a sign saying 15 km, and that's not far. So it's just to keep on going. We will soon get to the point where we have to leave the cycles. I'm a little concerned about just that point, because it is now it starts getting critical with the others, that they eventually will catch up with us... No, we will just keep on cycling as long as we can... D: This means, folks, that it is only 10 km left! G: Look here, Didrik, you can't mean this! D: The map bag must on... D: Now it was just incredibly good to get off the bike. I feel it was in a way a little sticky up by the balls here - like between my butt and balls - it hurts a lot! So now I feel that I'm at home again! With the backpack on my back - and we're ready to walk to the goal! And always cast a glance over your shoulder, boys... D: Stig has an insanely high walking speed, that is just physically difficult to keep up with, because - like, I have to... It's not that I get exhausted, it's just that he walks faster in a way... it's very strange... so we have to slow him down a little. But then it's just to get as fast as possible out to Stø. It's just to step on it, just have to walk as fast as possible. But what sucks now, would be if at the end of the plain, we perhaps can see the others... TS: Welcome to the goal! D: Thank you! TS: Didrik, there were rumours that you were speechless when you were passed by the cycles? D: No, I wasn't speechless, but I was surprised... TS: Surprised? D: Yes, I was. I was taken by surprise. We thought - anyway I did - that we had a little more lead... G: Yes... D: So, that's the way it is! It sucks... But of course, we think it's ok for the other team, they have really worked hard. TS: Apparently... What did you think, Stig Inge, when you suddenly saw them coming along you side? D: Don't tell that you thought that you knew! S: I had a gut feeling that it would be even... TS: That's what you depend on, guys... D: But we have had a great session - oh my God... S: Yes, yes... a good session... TS: Then you can just rest your bodies and we will meet tomorrow morning for the freecard competition. Team: Thank you! D: Thanks for a nice trip today, guys! S & G: Same to you Didrik! G: It was great! S: Yes a great trip... D: Even if we lost, it was good in a way . I think we worked well together. G: Agree... S: Yes it was nice, a great trip. G: It's bedtime, boys! Good night! TS: Good morning and welcome to Sortland! All: Thanks! TS: A nice day for the freecard competition, or what? All: Yeah! TS: When you see this, what do you think? T: It will be wet - and cold... TS: Today you will walk the quiz board: I will make a statement and you will answer YES if you agree, and NO if you disagree. For each wrong answer, you have to move outwards one place. The first one to hit the water has to do a duel afterwards. The one who is left dry in the end, has won the freecard, and is secured participation on the next trip. Does this seem all right? TS: Good luck! D: This is the worst competition that I could ever be exposed to... I hate cold water! I can't say it enough, it's just... yes... I seldom go bathing if it is below 18 - 19 degrees, at least not voluntary... TS: Are you ready? TS: Stokmarknes lies on the island Hadsel. I need an answer... TS: Gustav, Stig Inge and Espen - one step backwards! TS: Sir Edmund Hillary was the first to climb "Snøhetta". Answer? Trine - one step backwards! TS: "Numedalslågen" is Norway's second longest river. Answer? All except Stig Inge - one step back... TS: "Smørstadbreen" is Norway's third biggest glacier. Answer? Gustav, Espen and Trine - one step back! TS: "Femundsmarka national park" lies in Hedmark and Sør-Trøndelag. Answer? TS: Gustav, Didrik and Ole Edvard - one place backwards! TS: Geiranger fjord is at UNESCO's World Inheritance list. Answer? TS: Gustav - one step back! You're far out now, Gustav! TS: The highest mountain in the county of Hedmark is more than 200m high. Answer? TS: All except Gustav - one place backwards! TS: Hovden in Setesdal lies in Valle municipality. Answer? TS: Everybody except Stig Inge one step back! G: Dear God! TS: Gustav was the first person into the water, and will have to go to duel afterwards. TS: It is nice to watch, Trine? Are you all right, Gustav? G: Cold! TS: Is it cold? G: Yes, it's cold... TS: The artist Nikolai Astrup found most of his motives in Jølster in Sogn og Fjordane. Answer? TS: Stig Inge - one step back... TS: Sognefjorden is the world's longest fjord. Answer? TS: Trine and Ole Edvard - one step back! And you know what that means, Trine... T: Hæ? I have to take a bath now... TS: You must take a bath... T: Seriously... D: One, two, three! TS: Are you ready, boys? Ole Edvard and Espen - you are in a bad position... TS: Lindesnes lighthouse is 32m high. Answer? TS: All except Espen - one place backwards! Let's see what you can offer, Ole Edvard! Wow! Beautiful! TS: Roald Amundsen's boat "Maud" was built in Asker. Answer? TS: Stig Inge and Espen - one step back! E: Thank you! TS: Good bye! TS: Ready? The South Pole lies at 90 degrees North. Answer? TS: Didrik! One place backwards! D: SHlT! TS: Let's have a salto, Didrik! A straight backwards would be good! D: No, this! I don't want to go!! [sound] Hi, I'm Jan Kabili and this is Up and Running with Photoshop Lightroom 4. This streamline course, zeros in on what every photographer, hobbyist or pro, needs to know to get started using Lightroom 4 to edit, organize and share photographs and video clips. In this course, a focus on core tasks, starting with how to import your photos into Lightroom's library. Then I'll show you practical techniques for organizing your growing Photo Library so that you can quickly find particular photos later. Next, we'll turn to the Develop Module, the heart of Lightroom where I'll walk you through a straight-forward work-flow for editing your photographs using the Global Controls in the Basic Panel. We'll talk about setting white balance, bringing detail back into highlights and shadows and making colors pop. I'll show you how to correct part of a photo with the powerful adjustment brush and graduated filters. I'll even cover how to correct and trim video clips right here in Lightroom. We'll finish the course with the look at popular ways to share your work directly from Lightroom including emailing, uploading to Facebook, printing and creating stunning professionally printed books to show off your best photos. This course is designed to get you up and running with Lightroom 4 with the minimum of time and effort on your part. So let's jump right in and get started. How can you deal with an NP complete problem if you can't avoid it and a simple algorithm doesn't work. Well, unless P=NP, you know there's not going to be a polynomial time algorithm for your problem. Now, that statement actually allows for some loopholes, which we'll investigate in this unit and the following units. The first loophole is to try and find intelligent algorithms that allow you to search through an exponential number of solutions still on exponential time, but so efficiently that sometimes you actually get a perfect solution. The second case we'll be looking at is if you accept that your solution is not going to be the best possible one but maybe within a certain range of the best possible one if you can then find faster algorithms to solve your problem. For each of these approaches, we'll be discussing the main ideas. I'll give you some examples and of course, we'll also be discussing a bit of the theory behind them. [Keonu who is getting ideas for group publicity from the magazine] [AB blood type Hyosuk sharpening his pencil for then 10th times] [Kyumin who is drawing his members] [Youngjoon - making nicknames for the members] [Hanbyul, who has interest in girl idol group] KY: This is seriously not what we should be doing now. KY: Let's check out the event invitation post we made earlier. KM: Ok! Let's do it! [Bread's ready when President lifts his right hand] [Assistant Keonu not making any complaint] KM: President, can I have that sausage bread? HB: President, may I show you an interesting game? HB: First, please bite the bread. [Attacks] [Hanbyul who shocked President with his tactic] [Slaps] Oh there are many requests received There are really a lot of requests, there is even a request from Busan. HB: [Fans] Just come to my house~ HB: Of course we can go to your house, isn't this a good idea? KM: Oh? This place is good KM:[Fans] If you guys are coming to HyeHwa, you guys can talk[Hweehwa] really well right? kkkkkk KY: There is a person who gave really detailed information to us [reading an address with direction guides] Is he/she asking us to go to an elementary school? KM: Oh oh? We must go this place! KM: [Fans] Oppa, if you are not coming to my house, we will get married. KM: Let's go! YJ: We definitely need to go this place HB: [Fans] Please come to AnYang Girl highschool's graduation ceremony on 9Feb~ YJ: We should go for this one HB: We have three 3rd year senior students in our group [ps:OMO I didn't know! O_O] HB: This is going to be a really meaningful event HB: You can join and graduate with them [the girls] YJ: Alright, let's keep this as one of the final choices HB: Ah, Keeping HaeDuo [means he's keeping it -.-;;] [Hanbyul never forgets about the camera shot] HB: President, this is pretty good too [KY reading a fans reply] YJ: Oh this fan is giving us support even she's far away from here KY: She came all the way from Busan to Seoul for her degree studies KM: Congratulations! (to the fans maybe? -.-;;) HS: [Fans] Please do a Sign event in Yang Ju [name of a place] HB: Yang Ju? Isn't a name of alcohol? [Yangju = name of a place/alcohol -.-;;] HS: Yea that's right HB: Ah~ In Yang Ju... KU: You drink a lot of Yangju(alcohol) right? HB: Ayy ya-ak.. [He's satisfied with Keonu's adlib] [KU: I did it very well right?] HB: ....Johnny walks in there [Yangju] KU: Euhahhahahahaha [Keonu burst out laughing at walker Johnny walking in Yangju] (ps: the boys need psychology counseling -.-;;) [Other members get confused] [Keonu super satisfied with Hanbyul's adlib] HB: He will get the most expensive alcohol drinks... KU: How about wearing a hat? With his staff (walking stick) [President who understood the story later] HB: He will be walking on the road with his walking stick HB: and he stops after every step he made [Keonu giving supportive reaction at Hanbyul's adlib story] YJ: As for now, the first event that we can do is.... the graduation ceremony, I think this is really good HB: Since graduation ceremony is kind of meaningful to some of our members... KY: It's going to be even great if we can graduate together with them.. [Nyam nyam~ Kyumin finally get to taste sausage bun] HB: I have a good idea HB: We are not telling them (the students) about this They will be with their friends during the ceremony right? KY: Surprise~ HB: Yes! All: Ahhh [Hanbyul receiving good response since his adlib story] YJ: So this will be Gorrilla (surprise) graduation congratulatory performance? HS: We will sing songs there YJ: We will sing it ourselves HB: This is not our first time doing this kind of performance But still I am a little worried about it KY: Dear brothers, let's do this well~ [native accent/satoori] [What is this......] HS: Which region is that satoori from? [Maknae kyumin with his sudden aegyo, unidentifiable satoori] YJ: This is very really embarassing JY: This is our first time organizing events... We have worked hard to make this happens.. YJ: But let's just do our very best together HB: Let's do a fighting jinx! [Bread joins in too] 1, 2, 3 Fighting! [First preparation for LED performance] [Secretly come to Practice room] (KM singing a graduation ceremony song) YJ: Oh that's the only song that I know KM: There was a song by Senior 015B <Goodbye now> [Singing to the song] YJ: Yea that's one of the songs, it's pretty good KM: Shall we try listening to this? <Graduation> YJ: Probably more people will know this song? <Graduation> by 2AM HB: They (2AM) are the popular group, I don't think there are many people who don't know about their songs HB: This song seems to match the latest trend pretty well HB: The song is nice... HS: Are we going to perform it live (with the instruments) ? KY: Of course we have to do it Live HB: We have to look good in Live performance KY: Because we are a band group KY: We are now on our way to Anyang high school right? YJ: Yep, Anyang girls' high school HB: How do you feel? You are meeting your fans HS: I am really happy to do this YJ: This fan really likes Hyosuk HS: I am really happy that we will be there for graduation ceremony [Yep yep] KY: We are graduating with them, aren't we? HB: You don't know how she looks like right? HB: And I saw her details just now 1. She's wearing Pink Padding (down jacket) 2. She has a bob hair 3. Height 155cm, wearing glasses YJ: It wont be difficult to look for her right? HB: No, it's not difficult at all KY: Pink padding can be easily spotted HB: And most of the students will be wearing black gown at the ceremony It's really easy to spot pink padding YJ: We have 6 members, we can find her really fast [Arriving at the school] [Finally, here it comes the first event by LED] [KU: Annyeonghaseyo, we are Led Apple, led apple~] YJ: We have to search for today's heroin YJ: This picture is all what we have for now KY: Does anyone know Maeng Hyo Im (MHl)-sshi? [who is that?] HB: Does anyone know MHl? YJ: Nobody knows... HB: We are looking for a girl with bob hair, glasses and pink padding [Celebrity?] HB: She is 155cm tall HB: We are looking for a mini-size girl Ms. MHl, please come out~ HB: She's is Year 3, Class 4's [Y3-4] student Girl: She's is from Y3-4! HB: Oh really? Please stay there! Members: Come back here! HB: Please help us to look for this girl Girl: No I am not from Y3-4~ HB: There are more people who know her? Alright, thanks~ Take care~ Girl: Pink padding! [They found a girl with pink padding!] HB: Ah that's a mink jacket HB: Ms. Maeng Hyo Im~ KM: We are looking for a girl who looks like this~ A girl with an interrogation mark! HB: I have a feeling that we are getting near to the girl We are looking for Ms. MHl~ [Students who gathered to see Led apple] Anyang Girls' high school Y3-4~ [Here's a girl with pink padding!] KY: Could it be.... HB: Height 155cm, wearing glasses [Pretended did not see the girl] HB: Does anyone see her? Anyone knows her? Girl: Here here~ HB: Oh? Annyeonghaseyo! 1, 2, 3 Annyeonghaseyo~ We are Led Apple! HB: I heard that you really liked Hyosuk? HB: Oh? Don't cry! Please don't cry~ YJ: Why are you crying~ [MHl's friend who is also a fan of Led Apple] HB: Who do you like? (MHl's friend) Girl: I like all of the members HB: Do you really liked Hyosuk? Girl: No, I like all the members [Girl asking for a hug from Hanbyul] HB: Congratulation on your graduation! HS: Congratulation! [MHI receiving flower bouquet from Hyosuk] Girl: I don't get flowers? HS: You can steal her flowers [President Kwangyeon with his congratulary band(?)] [You're still my fan after graduation, and forever] HB: MHl, don't stand there, please come here~ HB: You are the heroin of the day Hyosuk, please say a few words HS: Oh today is also my graduation day, but I came here to celebrate it with you You feel grateful right? MHl: Yea HS: So just listen to song that we'll be performing now, and again congratulation to you~ HB: Congratulation! HB: This is a song for your graduation <2AM - Graduation> HS: Let's wave our hands~ Led Apple is awesome! Led Apple is awesome! [First event - Success!] Oh where is this? KY: Oh paper scissor stone! (ps: I cant handle his randomness -.-;;) KM: Are we meeting our fans here? KY: The fans didn't know that we are here, so we are giving them a surprise~ KY: Those who are coming are actually my fans HS: Let's plan how to make the surprise [Hanbyul who has more interest with the interior] KY: First, the write (scriptwriter) will be meeting the fans here [Hanbyul with his own alcohol gag] KY: While they're meeting here, I will come out to serve them food KY: So I will be hiding at the sides.. [HS: What is he trying to do...?] KY: And I will serve the food.. [Hanbyul stealing things for LED company] KY: And they will go Oh-Uhhh! (surprised) [10 minutes before the start] [Fans for the second event coming in] PD: Welcome~ Please come in~ [The fans who were told to have meeting with the producer team] Writer: You girls have heard about this meeting right? [The members standby-ing] [Fans ordering drinks] [Prepared to serve the fans] Fans: Oh?! Fans: Why why? What is it? [Ta-dah!] [Part-timer appears] [Fans who are totally surprised] [The man who is satisfied with his surprise] KY: Annyonghaseyo~ KY: Members~ Come out now~ Fans: What am I gonna do? What am I gonna do? Boys: 1, 2, 3 Annyeonghaseyo! We are Led Apple! KM: We saw the reply on our fancafe and we came here to look for you girls KY: Have you ever thought that you all would be chosen? Or you girls think it's impossible not to be chosen? HB: Who's that heroin came from Busan? Fan: My name is Lee Yoo Jin HB: Your name is so beautiful! [powerful reaction] [Fan started crying] HS: You are 20-yo? We are chingu! (friends at the same age) HS: Nice to meet you~ HB: We have just established our own company We would love to gather the fans and to know what do the fans wish for HB: What kind of wish do you have? Fans: Please sing a song~ HB: But we have been performing song on stages Fans: Live live performance HB: Ah~ live performance? Fans: We want to have live performance, right here! HB: What song? Fans: I wish for <wish> [Amazed at the fans' adlib] KM: Oh we have found a friend here~ We should do more gags KY: Oh well, we are doing our performance here, Young joon-hyung.. YJ: Yea [The romantic vice president with his guitar] KY: Youngjoon-hyung is not going to play the guitar if he doesn't hear loud cheers [Fans cheering] HB: The song that someone has suggested just now.. HB: <Wish> A really good, a nation song, no one doesn't know this song HB: We had shown our singing by the vocal team We don't actually get to see the other members sing right? HB: This would be the first time doing it! [they actually had it once] [This is when we get to hear from non-vocal members] YJ: Shall we sing together? KY: This is specially for fans who are here today HB: For fans and high rating of audience... 98% of the audiences [The man who feels absurb after saying those words] YJ: We will start now HB: Actually I really wanted to try this instrument <Wish> by LedApple HB: Bread Dduk! HB: This is the bridge part YJ: It's my turn! HB: But why are you not singing? (Youngjoon) [...] KY: We are still at the bridge part.. YJ: It is indeed the bridge part, please be patient [Second event ended perfectly] [LED moving on to the last event mission] KY: Hold on, is that the girl? that one? front front, at the front KY: She's wearing the red jacket KY: Oh, she's not, that was a red scarf.. Eyyy... it was a scarf.. Oh there! Where where where! It's again red scarf.... KY: Why are there so many people wearing red item~ Oh? oh? This is the right one! Red jacket! KY: Get down get down get down! Fast faster! [Members ran to the red jacket girl] HB: Are you both couple? Fans: No we're not [The members reconfirming the fans' identity] KY: She's in the cafe right? [Giving surprise to a fan who is currently doing part-time job in a cafe] HB: Walk slowly walk slowly~ [The members came with food for the fans] HB: This is the one! HB: Are you Hyosuk's fan? (-.-;; he asked the owner of the cafe) [Fan realized ledapple] KY: Someone has fainted there~ KY: Annyeonghaseyo~ KM: We have found her! KY: Are you xxx? HB: Girl with permed hair, we found her! Fan: Annyeonghaseyo~ HB: Congratulation~ HB: First we would like to present you some food [President has contributed his bread] HB: Congratulation! Since you have received the bread, we don't have to get married now. HB: You said if we are not coming, we have to marry you. KY: We should make an agreement that no mentioning of marriage will happen again KM: [Agreement] From now on, I will not mention about marriage. KY: We have to show this to the camera [Approved!] [Another meet up in office] YJ: When we first established this company, when we were choosing President, it seemed like we had simply made the decision. [Speechless President KwangYeon] KM: Re-election, I Agree! HB: Personally, the reason I don't like the President is because... YJ: It seems like you really disliked the president.. HB: It has a really simple reason to it.. [Q: What is the reason that Hanbyul dislikes the President?] A: Because he looks to old, his hair is all white [The man who has prepared the adlib] [Speehless] KM: We were just playing around with the game when we were choosing the president YJ: Since we have to reconstruct the goals of the company, why don't we have another election of President [To do an official election of President] KM: And fair! KY: I think it's going to be me again (ps: not sure about this) HB: It has to be fair HS: Using hair! HB: Hair? HB: Oh It looks pretty here no? [Kwang! Mohican's anger] [KeonU anger Stage 1] KY: Keonu just coughed YJ: We have done this during elementary school KM: Making pledge? YJ: "If you choose me as the class rep..." Isn't this what we did? YJ: Something like election campaign KY: Why not we let the fans to decide who will be the president KM: Well, everyone just try to do your best KM: We are now competitors, chingu(s) KY: To our JYP-nim & SM-nim.. KM: Come here! HB: We will do this fairly, are you okay standing next to him? (KM is much taller than KY) KY: Aren't we suppose to stand up? HS: You are standing now YJ: But why are we standing? KM: To shake hands and make an ending HB: We are on the same side, please do not misunderstand KM: Let's see who is going to be the president! YJ: Everyone please help to vote for us~ We will do our best KY: To show more love KM: Just like my red burning hair, enthusiastically HB: I will do Free Hug event! KU: My nickname is xxx (sorry, couldn't understand this) YJ: If you want to see the good things of our company HS: Every vote counts. I love everyone~ Let him film these scenes, let him film There is no god but God, and our oppressor is God's enemy! We're not afraid, we won't bow down, we won't be silenced anymore We're not leaving, we're staying in the factory (Demands of the Telemasr workers: return the factory to state ownership, investigate corruption, and expose the corrupt) (Telemisr workers call on the prime minister to intervene in the decision to close the factory and fire the workers) We won't calm down, we won't go to sleep, we want to go back to the public sector Between sale and rent, we're the victims of investment This is not investment, it's colonialism (Lutfi, Telemisr worker) No one cares about us, not the minister of investment and not the minister of labor We've been sitting in for 15 days (Telemisr workers' rights: 1. Bring back those who were fired, 2. 15% raise, 3. 7% serial raise, 4. health insurance, 5. transport and different working hours, 6. payment of bonuses in kind) (Telemisr workers are sitting in until their legitimate demands are met) (Saadiya, Telemisr worker) 52 of us women were sent home. They're paying our salaries until they put us on early retirement, although not one of us asked for it, and we refuse to retire early because we're used to working and we've been in this factory for 32 years (Mustafa Ashmawi, Telemisr worker) I work in the television factory. I've served the company for 27 years. The head of the company wants to kick us out and it would be impossible to humiliate us more than he's done He stole all our rights -- we don't have transport, or healthcare, or pay raises. We only get our salary, and he wants to cut that too He wants to kick us out permanently. Now I'm a man, as you can see, who has obligations I leave home before dawn and come back home after dark I take four buses to get to and from work -- I pay eight pounds in transport He's an oppressor and a tyrant And he does things -- as if we were prisoners, not company employees (Salma, Telemisr worker) Our factories were all on this side. There were lots of factories, carpentry, a lot of workshops, TVs and washing machines and everything He tore down all those factories to make a mall. There's the mall, she's holding it He sold everyone to build a mall that would only benefit him (Manal, Telemisr worker) Now we're all forbidden from entering the factory Why? Because he tore it down and built a mall. He's going to build a mall Have you ever seen an electronics factory, fifty years old, with a residential building inside it? When the residents go in, are they going to enter through the factory door? How is that going to work He helped the building owner tear the wall down. He came and tore it down at 2 a.m. (Hanafi, trade unionist and Telemisr worker) We found out and came -- I stood in front of the trucks that were filling in the street So that he could widen the street to ten meters and then force the authorities to give him a permit to build on his plot Land here is worth twenty or twenty-five thousand pounds a meter He wants to sell it all to private owners as apartments and the like And that's why he fired us And fired the whole group of trade unionists, because we stood here and said that man has no right to build (And al-Alim, trade unionist and Telemisr worker) The labor law has to change, because it was designed to benefit investors Law 12 of 2003 Because now, if an investor doesn't like the look of someone, he can kick him out and fire him And the worker has to go to court to get his due It's been almost a year and we still haven't got our due Hani al-Ghazzawi is not the company owner, he's an investor ... (How did Hani al-Ghazzawi's shares rise from 40% to 76% and then 84% when he was in debt to the company and the banks? This means his shares rose more than 100% under Dr. Mahmoud Salem) ... like the others, but he's the biggest investor Dr. Mahmoud Mohamed Abdel-Nabi Salem Atef Ebeid's executive secretary during privatization Plundered the companies He came to close down Telemisr, which was the biggest electronics factory in the Middle East (Khaled Mohamed Atef, head of the stockholders' board) When they came to buy the factory Hani al-Ghazzawi took merchandise from al-Nasr company -- the same products as Telemisr For about 50 million pounds, but he didn't pay the money. He burned the machines and took the money Al-Nasr, with Ashraf Hamdi as head of the board, sued him He couldn't pay -- God knows if he put the money in his pocket or what happened And they agreed to take machines from here and send them there so the case would get thrown out They sent the machinery to pay off Telemisr's debts and the case was thrown out With the money from the machines, they bought shares The current board, Mr. Mahmoud al-Imam, was the commercial director of Felemisr company, which belongs to him and his brother -- Hani al-Ghazzawi Alaa al-Dali was the financial director of Felemisr (Sayyid, Telemisr worker) We're asking the general prosecutor to open an investigation into the corruption that's happening in this company He sank it, he sank the workers, we're all on the streets People lost their livelihoods, there's nothing left Where's the governor? Where's Said al-Katatni? Hani al-Ghazzawi used to meet with us and say 'I'm the company owner, what I take out of one pocket goes in the other' 'I'm the owner. And it's not your fault; it's the fault of your country, because it sold you down the river' 'Neither your president nor anyone will be able to do anything.' And it's true, that's what happened We're not afraid, we won't bow down, we won't be silenced anymore The country's boiling, people are eating each other alive, and our salaries are less than EGP 500 or 600 I'm not going to eat or drink or pay water or electricity bills or butane bottles, which are EGP 50 now. What can I afford? Nothing Should we sacrifice one person, or 500? We get our rights, or die together (Appeal from the Telemisr workers to those in charge: restore our stolen rights) Say it loud, say it high, if you shout it you won't die This is the Earth at a time when the dinosaurs roamed a lush and fertile planet. A piece of rock just six miles wide changed all that. It hit with the force of 10,000 nuclear weapons. A trillion tons of dirt and rock hurtled into the atmosphere, creating a suffocating blanket of dust the sun was powerless to penetrate for a thousand years. It happened before. It will happen again. It's just a question of when. Houston, affirmative. Now try again. Almost got it. - Atlantis, I'm almost there. - Houston, Pete's lookin' real strong. Okay, Pete, we got that coupling on the board here now. We'll give you the go-ahead from down here when it's in alignment. Sounds good. Give me ten seconds. His heart rate's racing. Hey, Pete. - It's Truman. - Hey. - How you doing up there, hoss? - Pretty good. Listen, Pete, we got an eye on your meds here. I'll give you a buffalo nickel if you'll calm down just a little bit. - Can you do that for me? - Whatever you say. Okay, now, we got plenty of time, buddy, so don't you worry. Looking good here. He'll be all right. - Go ahead, Atlantis. - Roger that, Houston. Suggest we start reeling Pete in. - What the hell is that? - My Lord. We're down! Houston! We've lost all contact. Stewart, play that tape back! Houston! Multiple bogies! Multiple bogies! Sector five, niner. I have three. Now five. - Unidentified tracks. - My screen's full. Multiple tracks headed toward the Atlantic seaboard! This could be a surprise missile attack. Mr. President, the shuttle Atlantis just exploded in space. Okay, I want three groups! One, internal malfunction. Get the log tape. Start working back. Maybe it's a glitch. Two, I want NORAD, Space Command and the 50th tactical, comparing all the space junk you tracked in every orbit. I want you to check, recheck and then do it all over again. Number three, wild cards. Anything and everything. All right? Now, Big Ross, get on the telephone. Wake up 11,000 people. - Walt, get 'em going. - Let's go! Karl. Karl! Karl. Karl! Your Stouffer's pot pie's been on the table almost ten hours. - I want a divorce. - Dottie, I'm on to something big here. I... I don't know what this is, but it looks like something's burnin' up there. Go get my phone book, will you? Get my phone book. Get those names of those guys from NASA. Excuse me! Am I wearing a sign that says, "Karl's Slave"? Go get my goddamn phone book! Get the book! Get the book! Get the book! Space Command is reporting negative. That is zero global launches. It might just be a piece of the shuttle breaking up as it comes in. It might be Santa Claus. Until we get definitive, reliable confirmation, General, we go to DEFCON Three. I'm gettin' ready for the big time Someday you're gonna say I'm big time, too Hey, little man! Little Richard! Me and you, man! We're going to the top, baby! Big time! I ain't gonna be ridin' this bike for the rest of my life. You know what I'm sayin'? I'm gettin' a motorcycle, baby. We're gonna travel in style. I'm gettin' ready for the big time Someday I'm gonna be in big time news Watch where you're goin'. I bet you, none of you all stop for brothers. Slow down, Little Richard. You've been ridin' all morning. You gotta take a dump? We interrupt our regularly scheduled program... - What happened? ... to bring you this special report. The shuttle ATLantis exploded in space at 3:47 a. m., Eastern Standard Time. Hey! Get, get. - That's my Godzilla. Come on, now. - Yo, fool! Don't be kickin' Little Richard. What the hell your problem? That dog's eatin' my Godzilla. What's a little runt like you gonna do about it? Get him, Richard. Sic him. If I wasn't no Christian, I'd be throwin' your fat pineapple-eatin' ass through the window. Why we not going? You know why? 'Cause this is New York City. Anything could happen. Let's see. Could've been a terrorist bomb. Could've been a dead body. Somebody shot, stabbed, and it's Friday, payday. Dude, somebody probably didn't get their paycheck. Yes? I want to go shopping. Me, too, but we ain't goin' nowhere 'cause this is a traffic jam. - Little Richard! - Right over there! Little Richard! Hang on, Little Richard. I'm comin'! Don't you worry about it. I'm gonna get you outta there! You okay, buddy? Don't worry about it. Hang in there. Somebody dial 911! My screen's full. They're all over the place. Bogies are breachin' the atmosphere from Finland down the North American seaboard. Look at that! Oh, we at war! Saddam Hussein is bombing us! Let's stay focused. We need to - map the trajectory now. - That could take a week. Just find it, okay? I wanna know if the worst is over or if it's on its way. We've got General Kimsey on the line. We've got hits from Finland to South Carolina. We know they're not missiles. Now what the hell is it? It's a meteor shower. That's what took out the shuttle. I've got the president on AirForce One demanding answers. Is it over? General, we've got 11,000 people at NASA trying to figure that out right now. When we know, you'll know. Okay, Karl, listen. I want you to take your time. Yes, sir. You're definitely the first. Okay, first coordinate. One-two-three-nine. 1239, right? - F.B.I. locked his location. - Saw an explosion in space. Okay. - Listen, Karl, this is top secret. - Sir, I'm retired Navy. I know all about classified. But one more thing. The person that finds her gets to name her, right? - Yes, that's right. - I wanna name her Dottie, after my wife. She's a vicious life-suckin' bitch from which there's no escape. - That's sweet, Karl. - S.D.I., this is flight director! I wanna get that Hubble movin', and I want it now. Roger that. We're movin' the Hubble! It's enormous. This is the anomaly at 1643. Here is the anomaly at 1658, and here is the anomaly at 1700. Enough with this anomaly horseshit! - What is this thing? - It's an asteroid, sir. How big are we talking? Sir, our best estimate is 97.6 billion... - It's the size of Texas, Mr. President. - Y-Yes, sir. Dan, we didn't see this thing coming? Well, our object collision budget's a million dollars. That allows us to track about three percent of the sky. And begging your pardon, sir, it's a big-ass sky. - And the ones this morning? - Those are nothing. They're the size of basketballs and Volkswagens, things like that. - Is this going to hit us? - We're efforting that as we speak, sir. - What kind of damage are we... - Damage? Total, sir. It's what we call a global killer. The end of mankind. Doesn't matter where it hits. Nothing would survive. Not even bacteria. My God. What do we do? We have 18 days before it hits Earth. Have mercy Rise and shine! Stop the drilling! Stop the drilling! Stop the drilling! Fore! Stop the drilling! Stop the drilling! - Hey! - Hey, that was close! I give you 50,000 a year in donations. What do you think they're so mad about, Chick? Well, I think they feel that drilling for oil is an evil thing. You know how much diesel that clunker boat pumps out an hour? I just found out something interesting. Number two chewed 180 feet last night. - Who do we have to thank for this? - I'll give you two guesses. But you're only gonna need one. Goddamn it, A.J.! A.J.! A.J.! A.J., you in here? Oh, that's just perfect. In bed. Get up! - Uh, hey, you wanted to see me? - Yeah, I was lookin' for ya. You're pissed. Okay, I can see that. No. You know what, A.J.? I'm not pissed. You've seen me pissed. This is way, way beyond pissed, though. You know I shut down number two last night, right? - Yeah, man, I had a hunch on that. - Let me tell you something. Someday, many years from now, when you're all growed up, and you got your own oil company and $8 million of your own money on the contract, you can do whatever comes into that little A.J. -idiotin' mind of yours you want. But as long as it says "Harry Stamper Oil" on the rig, you will not disobey my rules. - You got that? - Yeah, I do got it. All right, now I need to hear five words from you. - Uh... - I'll... Never do that again. I'm a fool. That was idiotic. I... I mean, that was stupid. I'm an idiot. I know what name's on the sign. I'm not... - What's goin' on here? - What's goin' on? Well, I mean, you know, I screwed up. I'm a little edgy. - How long you work for me? - Five wonderful years. In five years, you have never apologized to me this quickly. Something's going on here. I'm gonna find out what it is. Well, I'm turning over a new leaf. I'm trying to learn from the man. What would Harry do? I'm at a loss for words. Okay, I can explain this. - You can explain that? - I can. I would really like an explanation. You just stay right here. Grace? Hi, Harry. I have asked you repeatedly to call me Dad. Sorry, Harry. Get up and get your clothes on. You just stay right there. I'll be right back. Here's what we're gonna do. I want every strategy we've got on near-Earth object collision. Okay? Any ideas, any programs, anything you sketched on a pizza box or cocktail napkin. For 30 years, they questioned the need for NASA. Today, we're gonna give 'em the answer. You know about this, Rockhound? - You knew? - No, I had no idea. Where's Harry? Harry, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa. I understand, okay? You're mad. Who... Who wouldn't be mad? - He's gonna shoot you. - Nah, no, he's not. Oh, shit. - Harry! - What's wrong with you? Make your peace with God, A.J.! This guy's got a gun, man. He's shooting at me. Harry, this is not funny! Harry, listen to me! We can talk this over! - Oh, is this a serious thing? - Yeah, pretty serious. - Bear! - What's up? He's shootin' at me. You see Harry comin', crack him with that wrench. You told A.J.'s dad just before he died that you would take care of the boy. Now I'm not sure that shootin' him is takin' care of him. Why don't you put the gun down? You don't want none of this. Get out of my way. Just tryin' to give my man a head start, that's all. Not to mention the fact that I don't think you wanna kill the best man on your crew, - before we strike oil. - Aw, Chick, I ain't gonna kill him. Just gonna take a foot off. A man can work with one foot. You remember old Frank Marx who worked with one hand all them years? Yeah, but he wasn't very good. Harry, put the gun down! You're acting insane! Now, honey, go get some clothes on and get out of the way. - You can't control my life! - Fine. Clothes. Now! All right, stop! All right! It was funny for a minute. It's not funny anymore. - Fuck! - Harry, this is illegal, man. I'm temporarily insane, Rock. It's all right. - Do I look like I'm crazy to you? - Well... Harry! Hey, just cool down. What are you doing? Harry, stop! Cut it out. - All right, Harry. - All right, now, listen. Man to man. I'm serious. I love her. Way wrong answer! - Whoa, whoa, Harry. It's gettin' real. - Harry! Come on, Harry! - You shot me! - You shot him. That bullet never got close. Just a ricochet. You know, it's all funny till somebody gets shot in the leg! Hey, pucker up. We got clients incoming. Uh, b-back in-in... In 1974, we-we first got the idea the-the possibility that-that a meteor or an asteroid... I need somebody who's had a little less caffeine this morning. Doc, translate. Yes, sir. Our first feasibility plan was to use a spread-focus laser generator to heat the object to the point of fracture. That's like shooting a B.B. gun at a freight train, Doc. Uh, some of us have got this idea. We wanna land a craft, deploy solar sails. You'll have a big canopy. Solar winds will be caught by these Mylar sails. - Okay... - Come on, guys! We gotta come up with something realistic here. We got 18 days. That's 431 hours, 15 minutes and 18 seconds. Time's a luxury we don't have. What? Listen, Harry, A.J. is my choice. My choice and not yours. He's the only one in your age bracket, Grace. It's not a choice. It's a lack of options. I don't know what in the world makes you think that you have the right to tell me what to do anymore, Harry. I suppose being your father doesn't count, huh? - Not really. - Since when? Since I reached the age of ten and became older than you, Harry. Since Mom split. Why don't you take your pick? Look, I understand that you are handicapped by natural immaturity, and I forgive you. I may be an immature father, but I'm still your employer. And as your boss, I want you on that crew boat tonight and back in the office by Monday. - You got that? - Okay. I quit. Grace, you can't quit now! I need you to keep on working. Hi, Harry! What are you smilin' about? I've been seein' A.J. for more than five months, Harry. You little hypocrite. I ever held you back once from doing anything? What about having a life, Harry? The first time I got my period, Rockhound had to take me into Taipei for Tampax and then he had to show me how to use 'em, Harry. Ho-ho. I ju... No, I... I told her how to use it. I didn't show her, Harry. I was playing with titanium depth gauges when I should've been playing with dolls. I mean, I learned about the birds and the bees from Freddy Noonan's tattoos. Look, I was raised on roughnecks by you. And now you get all shocked and shaken when I fall in love with one. So who's the hypocrite here, Harry, huh? Look at those nice pipes. - Listen to me, Grace. - No, you listen to me, Harry. I grew up. With the proximity of the asteroid and no prep time, none of our primary plans can work. Why don't we just send up 150 nuclear warheads and blast that rock apart? Terrible idea. Was I talkin' to you? This is Dr. Ronald Quincy from Research. Pretty much the smartest man on the planet. You might wanna listen to him. General, if you consider your target, her composition, her dimensions, her sheer velocity, you could fire every nuke you've got on her, she'll just smile at you and keep on coming. You should know that the president's scientific advisors are suggesting that a nuclear blast could change this asteroid's trajectory. I know the president's chief scientific advisor. We were at M.I.T. together. And, in a situation like this... You really don't wanna take the advice from a man who got a C-minus in astrophysics. The president's advisors are wrong. I'm right. Hitting the rock from the outside won't do the job. Imagine a firecracker in the palm of your hand. You set it off. What happens? Burn your hand, right? You close your fist around the same firecracker and set it off... Poof! Your wife's gonna be opening your ketchup bottles the rest of your life. Are you suggesting that we blow this thing up from the inside? - That's exactly what I'm saying. - How? We drill. We bring in the world's best deep-core driller. Harry, get up here. We're takin' a hit. - Get A.J. up here! - Come on! Oh, shit! Send another pipe down! Right now! It's a gas pocket! I told you! Am I lucky, or am I just a genius? I shut it down for a reason, you jackass! The relief valve's... Shut off the number two valve! Grace, get the clients out of here now! No, Daddy! Chick, get 'em outta here! Get 'em off the rig now! - Get the hell down! - This thing is gonna blow. Chick, get down now! Get down! Three dozen research calls, and every time, the same man is recommended. He's worked on every terrain this planet can offer. Whenever they said it couldn't be drilled, this guy drilled it. - Everybody all right? - We struck oil, baby! Somebody could've got killed out here today. You want that on your conscience? High thumb. You are man, Harry. Thumbs high. You're fired. Who's Harry Stamper? Hey, I'm Harry Stamper. What's all this about? Mr. Stamper, I'm General Montgomery, commander of the Pacific Air Forces. I've been sent here by the Secretary of Defense on direct orders from the President of the United States. It's a matter of urgent national security. I need you to get on that chopper right now, no questions asked. Crazy Willie put you up to this? I'm afraid I don't know Crazy Willie, sir. I'm dead serious about this. - Harry. - What? I swear to God, she never told me her age. It's all right. Relax. It's about me. Oh. Forget it! All right, General, I'll go with you on one condition. We're gonna have to take my daughter along. What did I do? Whoa, whoa, whoa. Where you guys takin' her? - Sir, stay right here. - Wh... Chick, get him paid, get him off the rig! - Mr. Stamper? - Yeah, I'm Harry Stamper. How you doin'? Miss Stamper. I'm Dan Truman, Executive Director here. Listen, on behalf of all of us, I'd really like to apologize... Apologize. I don't know if we can take any more apologies, Mr. Truman. We've been apologized to for the last 18-and-a-half hours. So if you don't mind, how about if we just get on with it? You tell us why we're here at the NASA Space Center. We should probably talk alone. Mr. Truman, I don't keep any secrets from my daughter, Grace. So whether you tell her now or I tell her later, she's gonna find out one way or the other. So, why don't we just get on with it? So when the Rogue comet hit the asteroid belt, it sent shrapnel right for us. For the next 15 days, the Earth's in a shooting gallery. Even if the asteroid itself hits the water, it's still hitting land. It'll flash boil millions of gallons of seawater and slam into the ocean bedrock. Now, if it's a Pacific Ocean impact, which we think it will be, it'll create a tidal wave three miles high, traveling at 1,000 miles an hour covering California and washing up in Denver. Japan's gone. Australia's wiped out. Half the world's population will be incinerated by the heat blast. The rest'll freeze to death from nuclear winter. That's unbelievable. Well, actually, this is as real as it gets. Well, it's coming right now. Right for us at 22,000 miles an hour. Not a soul on Earth can hide from it. I take it you're not alerting everyone like this. Nobody knows. That's the way it stays. For the next ten days, there are only nine telescopes in the world that can spot the asteroid, and we control eight of 'em. The president's classified this information top secret. If news like this got out, there'd be an overnight breakdown of basic social services worldwide. Rioting, mass religious hysteria, total chaos, you can imagine. Basically the worst parts of the Bible. Six billion people on the planet. Why'd you guys call me? We need you to prep the team - we're sending up. - Up? We'll send them to the asteroid, they'll land, drill a hole, they'll drop some nukes, take off and detonate, if we can fix this equipment problem. The drilling unit's a prototype we've been building for the Mars project. You, uh... You might recognize the rig. Yeah, well, I guess I should recognize it. It's my design. Did you steal a key to the Patent Office? Yeah, basically. Let me get this straight. I got pulled off an oil rig, flown halfway around the world because you stole my drill design. Couldn't read the plans right and did a pisspoor job of putting it together. - Patents don't apply to outer space. - You shut up, Quincy. It's not going to Mars anymore. It's gonna try to save this planet. And we need to know what's wrong with it pretty quick. You said we did a bad job of putting it together? No, I said you did a pisspoor job of putting it together. First of all, you got the flow system all reversed. Let me guess. You've been tearin' up rotors and you can't figure out why. Yeah, that's right. Well, that's because your cams are all wrong, Mr. Wizard. Who's been operating this thing? - Right there. - We've actually... We've had them training for eight months solid now. Eight whole months? - Well, pretty much, yeah. - Well, gee whiz. Well, this is the team that has to do the job up there. We need you to train them down here. Well, Mr. Stamper, what do you think? You know, drilling's a science. It's an art. I'm a third generation driller, doin' it all my life. I still haven't got it all figured out. I assume you sent for me because somebody told you I was the best. Well, I'm only the best because I work with the best. You don't trust the men you're working with, you're as good as dead. Now you wanna send these boys into space, fine. I'm sure they'll make good astronauts, but they don't knowjack about drillin'. - What's your contingency plan? - Contingency plan? Your backup plan. You gotta have some kind of backup plan, right? No, we don't have a backup plan. - This is it. - This is the best that you could... That the government... The U.S. government can come up with. I mean, you're NASA for cryin' out loud. You put a man on the moon. You're geniuses. You're the guys that think this shit up. I'm sure you got a team of men sittin' around somewhere right now, just thinkin' shit up and somebody backin' them up. You tell me you don't have a backup plan, that these eight Boy Scouts right here, that is the world's hope, that's what you're tellin' me? - Yeah. - Oh, Jesus. Damn it. We're a little short on time here. Will you help us? - All they gotta do is drill? - That's it. No spacewalkin', no crazy astronaut stuff. Just drill. How many men were you plannin' on takin' up there? We're sendin' up two shuttles, two teams. If I do this, I'm gonna wanna take my own men. You got it. - So you're saying you'll help us? - Yes, sir. Thanks. I just don't trust anybody else to do it, that's all. No, Mrs. Curlene. It's Harry Stamper. You see Bear, you tell him Harry's lookin' for him. Those guys get off this rig, they scatter. Jayotis Kerleen Bear. Probably the only black man on a big dog in Kadoka, South Dakota. Come and get Papa Bear! - Uh, Max. - You got a weight limit on the shuttle? - Max. - Hey, Mama. So sweet, Maxie. Hey, would you give me one of them yellowjelly bear claws I like? - Are you in trouble with the law again? - No, Mama. - Maxie. - I swear, Mama. I'm... You know I want Rockhound. We call him Hound because, well, he's horny. You might wanna start with every bar in New Orleans. That is a big, shiny mount, isn't it? - How long you been married? - For two weeks. - See this diamond? - Yeah. It's not a diamond. - Would you like another drink? - Yeah. - Sir, F.B.I. - So cute. No, thanks. - We have a national security matter. - Good for you. - Let's go. Now. - How old are you? Oscar Choi. Spacy but absolutely brilliant geologist. He owns a horse ranch outside of El Paso. What the... Mr. Chick Chapple, at the craps table. Caesar's Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada. Yes! About time. Charles Chapple, game's over. Who's gonna run the other rig? How about Benny? He's good. The only one who knows how to run it as well as I do is A.J. I thought you said you couldn't trust him. I thought you said I could. Yep, you are on your way, A.J. Well, being in business for yourself has its advantages. Make my own hours, nobody shoots me in the leg. You don't got a gun on you now, do you? Oh, good, 'cause I kinda wanted to get back to this whole thing about you askin' me for help. Does that mean that there's a job that Mr. All-Go-No-Quit-Big-Nuts Harry Stamper can't handle by himself and needs my expert advice? Somethin' like that, yeah. Well, no, no, no, no, no, no. I mean, is it something like that, or is it that? You know, you and me got a real problem. You know, Harry, there are only five words I wanna hear from you right now. Those words are: You know, A.J., I really look up to you. You've been a hero of mine for a long time, and I'm very impressed with your work. I'm emotionally closed off. That's like... That's like 11 words or something. You know what? How about just, "A.J., I'm sorry, - and I love ya. " - You know, A.J., there's not a job on the planet I want you to work with me on. I mean that. So what are you doin' here? Harry, what's the job? - Hey, Bear. - What's up, baby? Yeah, baby. What's up? What's up? What's up, Harry? Did NASA find oil on Uranus, man? None of you have to go. We can just sit here on Earth, wait for this big rock to crash into it and kill everything and everybody we know. The United States government just asked us to save the world. - Anybody wanna say no? - Twenty years. Haven't turned you down once. I'm not about to start now. I'm there. Guess I can't let you go up there alone. I'm with you. I mean, this is... This is historic. Guys, this is like deep blue hero stuff. Of course I'm in. While I don't share his enthusiasm, you know me. Beam me up, Scotty. - You all right, Max? - I-I don't... I-I don't... Whatever you think. - What about you? - I'm in. All right, then. We go. I don't mean to be the materialistic weasel of this group, but you think we'll get hazard pay out of this? If you're trying to make me feel better about this scenario, give it up. To tell you the truth, I'm kind of encouraged. This guy Chick here was an Air Force commando for six years. We got robbery, assault, arrest, resisting arrest. We got a collection agent for the mob. Two of these guys have done serious time. - Look, they're the best at what they do. - So am I. And I'm not so optimistic. We spend $250 billion a year on defense. And here we are. The fate of the planet is in the hands of a bunch of retards I wouldn't trust with a potato gun. So, what's the verdict? They'll do it. They've made a few requests though. Such as? Just a few things here. Nothing really big. Just... Well, as an example... Uh, Oscar here's got some outstanding parking tickets. Wants 'em wiped off his record. Fifty-six tickets in seven states. - I'll tell him, Oscar. I got it. - Okay. Uh, Noonan's got two women friends that he'd like to see made American citizens, no questions asked. Max would like you to bring back eight-track tapes. Not sure if that's gonna work, but let's see what else. Chick wants a full week's Emperor's Package at Caesar's Palace. Hey, you guys wouldn't be able to tell us who actually killed Kennedy, would ya? Uh, Bear would like to stay at the... White Horse. White House. White House. White House. Yeah, he'd like to stay in the Lincoln Bedroom of the White House for the summer. Stuff like that. Sure, I think we can take care of some of that. Harry! Yeah, one more thing. None of them wanna pay taxes again. Ever. Who's that for? Mr. Ed? You stick that in me, I'm gonna stab you in the heart with it. You ever see Pulp Fiction? Oh, say can you see Uh-oh. We're losin' him, we're losin' him. Clear! Kaboom! - Freddy, you all right? - Does this look okay to you? - Does this look okay? - It's not all bad. It's kinda tingly. Mr. Chapple, you're next! Oh, gee, lady, I just came here to drill. Oh, so did I. Your triglycerides are way high, and your bad cholesterol is shockingly bad. Gotta lay off those pork rinds, Bear! Pork rinds this! Yeah! Well, at least they're in good spirits. Piece of cake. Look, you wanna compare brain pans? I won the Westinghouse prize when I was 12. Big deal. Published at 19. So what? I got a double doctorate from M.I.T. at 22. Chemistry and geology. I taught at Princeton for two-and-a-half years. You know, I think this might be the most uncomfortable room I've ever been in in my life. Why do I do this? Because the money's good, the scenery changes, and they let me use explosives, okay? Okay, you wanna be all psychological with me, that's fine. I'll tell you one thing that really drives me nuts is people who think Jethro Tull is just a person in the band. Who is Jethro Tull? My favorite dish is haggis. Heart, lungs, liver. You shove that all in a sheep's stomach, then you boil it. That'll put some hair on your ass. I am not crazy. I'm just a little emotional right now, okay? You're all throwin' all this stuff at me, man. I mean... After this is over, could I, like, get a hug from you or somethin'? Okay, Cyclops lady is startin' to bug me. Can you handle it? I mean, I can handle what I'm, you know, gonna do. I can handle that, but I don't know if I can handle this room. Woman with large breasts. Woman with medium breasts. Here's Harry givin' me a hard time. And this is Harry tellin' me it's not good enough. And this is Harry tellin' me I can't marry his daughter. Thanks a lot. I appreciate it. Just let it out. I suffered a major head injury when I was in high school. This one looks like you, with breasts. Yeah, I can handle it. Yeah, I can handle it. A home run! The Cubs win the World Series! Ah... Fail. Fail. Depressively fail. One toxicology analysis revealed catamen. That is a very powerful sedative. Sedatives are used all the time, Doctor. This one's used on horses. Some of these guys are pretty big. It would normally take 18 months to psychologically prepare, prescreen viable subjects for space travel. We have seen evidence of a wide variety of territorial aggression. Can they physically survive the trip? That's all I need to know here, okay? Personally, I don't know how they survived the tests. Talk about the wrong stuff. Good morning. I'm Colonel Willie Sharp. In addition to flying one of the X-71 teams to that rock, my job is to train you to deal with the mental and physical rigors of working in space, so you don't freak out on the asteroid. United States astronauts train for years. You have 12 days. Do we have any intelligent questions before we get started? What's an X-71? You're the first civilians to ever see her. We call 'em the X-71 s. It's a top secret joint venture with the Air Force. She and her sister ship in Vandenberg are leaving for launch prep in Florida. Thought you oughta take a look. The two shuttles going up are the Freedom and Independence. Her titanium alloy impenetrable skin covers the toughest, meanest, most sophisticated space vehicle man has ever made. Okay, Air Force Colonel Davis, NASA pilot Tucker will command the shuttle Independence. Air Force Colonel Sharp, NASA pilot Watts, shuttle Freedom. Munitions specialist Gruber and Halsey will supervise the nuclear ordinance. Anyway, I just thought... Thought you guys should meet. Gentlemen, welcome to our weightless environmental training facility. So we're going swimming on this asteroid. Is that what this is for? Here at downtown NASA, we call this monster "Armadillo. " Going to be retrofitted with your drilling arm. She'll turn 800 turbo horses in near-zero gravity. Mind if we take a look at her now? All these rubber hoses gotta go, Max. Count 'em up. Make sure it's short-throw shifters. Quincy! Somebody tell me what this is. Plastic ice cream scoop? What'd that cost? About $400. This is about the sorriest group of people I've seen in all my entire military career. Your space flight's gonna be a brutal assault on your senses. I'm here to give you a taste of that. NASA's got some of the finest pilots in the world. They're gonna be suckin' your eyes into the back of your heads. Go easy on me, okay? It's my first time. I just wanna seriously say I have a small fear of flying. I'm gonna twist ya. - I'm gonna flip ya. - What's the matter with you? Frap your body till your bones hurt. When you squeal, I'm just gonna go faster and harder. No, take me down! - How's the rest of the crew? - Well, uh... Sorry about the rib chunks all over your dashboard. Don't forget: We gotta X-ray all these... - If you had to say, who would you say? - I don't know, Oscar. - Who do you think you are? - Han Solo. No, if anybody's anybody, I'm Han. And you're... You're Chewbacca. Chewie? Have you even seen Star Wars? All right, let's go. Neil Armstrong, 1969, bouncing on the moon. He's bouncing up there because there's less gravity up there than on Earth. This will be similar to the asteroid, so watch it. Something gets launched off that asteroid with enough force, it's gonna keep on going right into outer space. What is the deal? Is it just me, or is Watts really hot? Yeah. We have these new generation suits with directional accelerant thrusters. - You won't bounce like Neil Armstrong. - Yeah, think so? - Bear! - Yes? - Do we have a problem? - No. 'Cause I'm trying to describe to you how these D.A.T. s keep your ass on the ground. So that if I were to kick you in the balls... Ooh. ...and you don't know how to work them, what happens to you? - I float away. - Yeah. And when do we start training for that? Gentlemen, I'll give you 30 seconds to put your helmets on. Then the oxygen will be sucked out of this vacuum, and you will know what it's like to be in space. Go! Depressurize in 30 seconds. Main valves have been activated. Okay, gentlemen, so here's the flight plan. Now let's keep the laughter to a minimum. I know this is not to scale. Both shuttles will take off Tuesday at 6:30 p. m. Now 67 minutes later, you're gonna dock with the Russian space station to meet cosmonaut Andropov, who will refuel the shuttles with liquid O2. That's your fuel. Then you'll release and take a 60-hour trip toward the moon. Now we only have one shot of landing on this rock, and that's precisely when the asteroid passes by the moon. You'll then use lunar gravity and burn your thrusters, slingshotting you around the moon, coming up behind the asteroid. - You'll be upward of 11 Gs. - Yeah, I remember this one. It's where the coyote sat his ass down in a slingshot and he strapped himself to an Acme rocket. - Is... Is that what we're doin' here? - Rockhound. No, no, really, because it didn't work out too well for the coyote, Harry. Actually, we have a lot better rockets than the coyote. Now when you've finished your Road Runner thrust move, you'll be moving at 22,500 miles per hour. Coming around behind the asteroid, where we're hoping that the tail debris will be cleared by the moon's gravity. And you'll land right here. That's it. We got separate landing sites for each team. Softest parts of the rock as we can figure. At NASA, we don't take chances. We double up on everything. First team that hits 800 feet wins. Now this rock is big, dense. It's got some gravity. You can walk around, but use your thrusters so you can work easier. Okay, Mr. Truman, let's say that we actually do land on this. What's it gonna be like up there? Two hundred degrees in the sunlight. Minus 200 in the shade. Canyons of razor-sharp rock. Unpredictable gravitational conditions. Unexpected eruptions. Things like that. Okay, so the scariest environment imaginable. Thanks. That's all you gotta say, scariest environment imaginable. Okay, so you drill, you drop the nuke and you leave. Now here's the key. You're gonna remote detonate the bomb before the asteroid passes this plane, zero barrier. You do that, and the remaining pieces of rock should be deflected enough to pass right by us. Now if the bomb explodes after zero barrier, game's over. Apollo, this is Houston, fire your rockets! Okay, your rockets are maximum. - Oscar! - Hey, Harry. Hey, how's it goin'? - Have you seen Grace? - Yeah, she's over in the hangar with A.J. Harry, wait a second. Did you say Grace? Okay, I thought you said Bear. Will you marry me? Grace is old enough to vote, Harry. She's old enough to drink or get married if she wants to, get a divorce. Let me tell you something, fellas. When I get back, when we get this job done, I will deal with this in my own way. Come on, Harry. It's not like I'm rootin' for A.J. here. I'm just sayin', Grace is not a little girl anymore. Hey, Rock. Wait a minute. Let me get a pencil and a piece of paper. I wanna jot down all your pearls of wisdom here. Get serious, Harry. Come on. While we're off trottin' the globe, hunting mud, Gracie grew up to become a full-blown hottie, you know? - Harry, she is fully hot. She is... - She's a babe. Max, okay, you're talkin' about my little girl, all right? I think I know who and what she is, okay? Harry, all we're sayin' is, we're talkin' about a kid who's comin' into her own right now. She's gettin' curious about her body, and she's exploring her sexuality. You know what? - Oscar. - That's a natural thing. You are about five minutes older than Grace is. Why should I listen to you? I know what it feels like to have your hormones pullin' you in just a thousand different directions. No disrespect, man, but we all helped to raise her. So, in part, we all feel like - a bunch of daddies here. - That's true. I'll be damned if I worked all these years so my little girl can marry a roughneck. She's better than that. Better than all of us. Harry, just sit back, relax. I'm gonna put on a free Armadillo driving clinic. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, Harry! Two shuttle teams. A.J.'il be running the drill team with Oscar, Bear and Noonan on the Independence. I'll run the drill team on Freedom with Chick, Rockhound and Max. Once we land, we'll have eight hours to get the job done. In order to split this rock on the fault line, we're gonna have to drill to 800 feet. Let's get our game faces on. Now it's time for underwater simulation. Come on. Let's keep it up. Let's go. We're the younger team here. We're the varsity team. Take it to 11,000. Okay, gentlemen, we're gonna trick 'em up. My computer will simulate a gas pocket at 625 feet and then hard iron ferrite at 635. I'm gonna drill some more. We're takin' her up. - I'm givin' it more torque right now. - All right, lookin' good, Bear. Clamp it down. Watch your time, Independence team. Thanks, Harry. Would you mind lettin' me run my own team? You're gonna blow the tranny. - Slow it down, baby. - Take it easy, Bear. Just relax. She can handle it. A.J., you're at 600 feet. Your pipe is long. Let's back the R.P.M. s down to 8,000. - We don't have time for 8,000! - A.J., take it back down. You're gonna snap the pipe. I don't wanna blow this transmission. - Damn it, 11,000. - Slow it down, A.J. Bear, come on. Get on our team for a little bit. Oh, space cowboy. - Harry, are you listenin' to this? - Yeah, I'm listenin', Bear. You don't work for Harry anymore, okay? Out there, you gotta listen to me. When we're on that rock, you gotta do what I say. I'm throttling up to 11,000. A.J., back it off. You're gonna blow the transmission. Hey, Harry, would you let me run my team, please? R.P.M. s are at red line. Bear, goddamn it, I know what I'm doing. Come on. She can handle this. She'll be fine. Trust me. - A.J., back down. - The number one transmission is down. Oh, son of a... The computer's wrong, and you know that. - We did the right thing. - We're gonna restart the simulation. If you wanna replace a member of the crew, now is the time. I'll take care of this. Get him out of the tank, Chick. You wanna go home? Is that it? - You wanna be fired? - No, I don't. My crew was doing the right thing. - Your crew? - Yeah. Your crewjust blew the transmission, A.J.! Listen, that NASA computer is just playin' it safe. The machine you built, the rig, could do it. Shut up. Just shut up! Shut your mouth! Those men in that room have zero tolerance for showin' off, hot doggin', goin' by your gut instinct or you tryin' to be a hero, you got that? - Say the words, A.J.! - I got it! I want my men to have tomorrow night off. What do you mean "off"? I mean, off. Out of here. For at least ten hours. Then we'll go to Kennedy. Well, there's no possible way we can do that, Harry. There's a potentially huge security risk. What if they talk? What if they get hurt? What if they're too burnt out to do the right thing? What if they get up there, and they forget what they're fighting for? You see what's goin' on. These boys are ready to snap. They didn't ask to be here. They got pulled off the street. For all we know, tomorrow night could be the last night they ever see Earth. I don't think it's too much to ask to let 'em spend it with their families. Listen, there's no possible way we can do that. You got family, Colonel? Two girls. Wouldn't you like to spend tomorrow with your girls? I'm not askin' ya. I'm tellin' ya. Make this happen. This is a pretty big loan. Why don't you count the cash? Nah, this looks like 100 grand to me. I'm givin' you this at 60 percent. I hope you know what you're doin', because I'll bust your head with a sledgehammer. You'll get your money back. You don't look too healthy. You're not gonna die on me, are ya? Let's just say, no more than you are. Thanks, Vic. Don't wanna close my eyes I don't wanna fall asleep 'Cause I'd miss you, baby And I don't wanna miss a thing You know what I was thinkin'? What? I really don't think that the animal cracker qualifies as a cracker. Why? Well, 'cause it's sweet, which to me suggests cookie. And, you know, putting cheese on something is sort of the defining characteristic of what makes a cracker a cracker. I don't know why I thought of that. I just... Baby, you have such sweet pillow talk. I got a little animal cracker, Discovery Channel thing happenin' right here. Watch the gazelle, as he grazes through the open plains. Now look, as the cheetah approaches. Watch, as he stalks his prey. Now, the gazelle's a little spooked, and he could head north to the ample sustenance provided by the mountainous peaks above. He could go south. The gazelle now faces man's most perilous question: North... Or south? Way down under. Tune in next week. Baby, do you think it's possible that anyone else in the world is doing this very same thing at this very same moment? I hope so. Otherwise, what the hell are we tryin' to save? Don't wanna close my eyes I don't wanna fall asleep 'Cause I'd miss you, baby And I don't wanna miss a thing Hey. What are you doing here? I was just passin' by on the, uh... I came... Who's he? That man's a salesman. Would you go inside? Thank you. He got big. You can't come around like this. The court says you can't. It confuses him. No, I know. I just... I wanted to say that I'm sorry about everything. I got somethin' comin' up. It's somethin' kinda big. You just might be proud of me. Would you do somethin' for me? Would you just give him this? You don't have to... You don't have to tell him who it's from. Just... Everybody talkin' about what it is, what it ain't Kiss on the devil and you piss off a saint But it can't be love if you don't have to crawl You say you only love him but you got to have it all Hey, Noonan, you need ten grand? We gotta put these girls through college. I love this astronaut stuff. Good work, if you can get it. Yeah, I'm just in town doin' a little astronaut training. Ooh! Astronauta. Ah, si. I'm a mission specialist. Yes, and what's that mean? I don't know. Hey! Who the hell do you think you guys are? You're hoggin' all the action. Hey, pinhead. Why don't you go find your own party? Why don't you spread the wealth, pal? Here. Why don't you go buy yourself a neck? Hey, Mr. Clean! Call NASA! They'll confirm it! We're astronauts! Get over there. Yeah, yeah. - Yeah, we're astronauts! - Yeah, we're all astronauts. You are so messing with national security right now, man. You are fired tomorrow morning. I'm telling ya. I'll get the C.I.A. and the F.B.I. You'll be workin' security at Toys 'R' Us. - Oh, oh, baby, no, no. No, no! - Bye-bye, little astronaut. Oh, don't leave, baby. No, no, no. See, I'm goin' into space, and I'm not comin' back. It's coming in at 30,000 miles an hour! Give me a projected impact. East Asia, 11 minutes. - We're gonna have to warn... - Warn who? The entire South Pacific? So the whole world knows. Tell me you've never let anybody down before. I never quit yet. How's that? I guess that'll have to do. You know somethin'? I still remember the first, middle and last name of every guy that qualified for the astronaut program first year I was here. Thanks. I went into the engineering program. Kinda had to. But boy, I wanted to go up there. I wanted to be one of those guys with a mission patch on my arm. I tell you, I'd be on that shuttle with you, Harry, if I could. You don't want to be up in that shuttle any more than I do. Good luck in Florida tomorrow. The death of 50,000 people in Shanghai yesterday has rattled... A French satellite has tracked an object in space... Sources are estimating that the tidal wave was five... This is CNN, live in Florida. We have just learned that NASA is on a full-scale military alert. They're calling this a global killer. The government has been very tight-lipped throughout this... The Pentagon is getting involved at this point with some kind of a project involving NASA and perhaps a shuttle mission... Senior Pentagon officials refused comment, adding fuel to the speculation that there could be a very serious problem. We have a special team of astronauts that arrived in Florida this evening. NASA's in emergency launch preparation in cooperation with Russian, Japanese and French space agencies on the most massive joint space venture in history. Gracie? Got your note. What're you doin' out here, honey? Um, just thinkin'. - Yeah. - I, um, want to apologize to you for... Oh, no, Grace, stop. You don't have to apologize at all. I... I... I shouldn't have dragged you around on all those oil rigs. I just... I don't think that I did the right thing with you. You're wrong. I love my life. I love everything about my life. And I don't blame you for my mother leaving. She left us both. And I love you. And don't talk like you're not comin' back. Promise me that you'll come back. Okay. Say, "I promise. " I promise, Grace. It's gonna be all right, Grace. If it's not too much trouble, can you please bring my fiancée home with you? Oh, Jesus. The president will be addressing the nation and all of you personally within the hour. Astronauts. I'll see you in a couple days, honey. All my bags are packed I'm ready to go I'm standin' here outside your door I hate to wake you up To say good-bye So kiss me and smile for me Let me know you'll wait for me Hold me like you'll never let me go 'Cause I'm leavin' On a jet plane Don't know when I'll be back again Leavin' on a jet plane I don't know when I'll be back again Leavin' on a jet plane I don't know when I'll be back again Leavin' on a jet plane Don't know when I'll be back again So, Truman, this is who you found to save the planet. - Frost, you good to go? - Mm-hmm. One... One sec. Leavin' on a jet plane That boy don't take anything seriously. Yeah. Reminds me of a guy I used to know. Leavin' on a jet plane I don't know when I'll be back again I'm marrying you. Bet your ass you are. Leavin' on a jet plane I don't know when I'll be back again I address you tonight, not as the President of the United States, not as the leader of a country, but as a citizen of humanity. WE are faced with the very gravest of challenges. The Bible calls this day Armageddon, the end of all things. And yet, for the first time, in the history of the planet, a species has the technology to prevent its own extinction. All of you praying with us need to know that everything that can be done to prevent this disaster is being called into service. The human thirst for excellence, knowledge, every step up the ladder of science, every adventurous reach into space, all of our combined modern technologies and imaginations, even the wars that we've fought, have provided us the tools... to wage this terrible battle. Through all the chaos that is our history, through all of the wrongs and the discord, through all of the pain and suffering, through all of our times, there is one thing that has nourished our souls... Mom, that salesman's on TV. ...and elevated our species above its origins, and that is our courage. Dreams of an entire planet are focused tonight on those 14 brave souls traveling into the heavens. That man's not a salesman. That's your daddy. And may we all, citizens the world over, see these events through. Godspeed and good luck to you. Freedom crew. Independence crew. How ya feelin'? Uh, good, you know. I mean, considering I've never been this scared in my entire life. I... You know... Listen. Once you get up there, you're gonna be on your own. If anything should happen, I just wanted to... I know, Harry. I'll, uh, try not to disappoint you. Take care of yourself, kid. Freedom's on the bridge. Attention in the firing room. Oxidizer loading is complete. Independence on the bridge. Attention all personnel. We are T minus two hours to the program goal. - Hey, Harry. - Yeah, Rock? You know, we're sittin' on four million pounds of fuel, one nuclear weapon and a thing that has 270,000 moving parts built by the lowest bidder. Makes you feel good, doesn't it? Yeah. - How ya doin', Oscar? - Great. I got that excited, scared feelin', like 98 percent excited, 2 percent scared. Maybe more. It could be 2... It could be 98 percent scared, 2 percent excited. But that's what makes it so intense, is it's so confused. I can't really figure it out. Will you make mine really tight, 'cause I don't want to fall out? I mean, almost to the point of cutting off circulation. It must be a comfort to know that if the space program goes under, you can always get a job at Helga's House of Pain, huh? All right. Flight directors on with the go/no-go for launch. - Retro. - Go flight. - Booster. - Go flight. - Ecos. - Go flight. - Trajectory. - Go flight. - FlDO. - Go flight. - EVA. - Go flight. - CAPCOM Freedom. - Go flight. - CAPCOM Independence. - Go flight. All right, ladies and gentlemen, it's pucker time. Independence and Freedom, this is Kennedy firing room. We're T minus one minute. All crew members, close and lock your visors. Independence, this is launch control. Be advised, we're in a smooth count. T minus 31. You're go for auto-sequence start. P.L.T.s, perform your A.P.U. pre-start. Okay, gentlemen, you're our warriors up there. God be with you. You're already heroes. Just sit back and enjoy the ride. We're T minus 20 seconds. Ten. Nine. Eight. Seven. Four. Three. Two. One. We have main engine start. - We have booster ignition. - We're going. And liftoff. Freedom, this is flight deck. Roger, Freedom. You're looking good. We have go for Independence. Three. Two. One. Independence, we have booster ignition. We have liftoff. We are cooking, Houston. Houston, the tower is clear. They're all yours. Heads up, everybody. They're ours now. All engines are go. Keep a sharp eye out on both of 'em. Start roll maneuver. Two good roll programs. - One down. - Independence, we have max cue. Roger, Control. We are a max cue. S.R.B. sep... We are single-engine, press, demi-go. Copy, press, demi-go. Houston, this is a kick-ass ride! Freedom, this is Houston. Main engine cut out on schedule. Out. Freedom, stats are good. Independence, telemetry is up and running. Oh, my God. This is space! Course, we're just in the beginning part of space. We... We haven't gotten to outer space yet. Roger, Houston. We have a visual on the Russian space station. Initiating retro burn. Gentlemen, remember the Russian space station has been up there for 11 years. Most of us don't have cars that old. Now, the cosmonaut on board has been on that tin can for 18 months, alone. So don't be surprised if he's a little... off. Independence, we're gonna put you... All right, crew. Let's exit these flight suits. Hello. This is Russian space station. Can you hear me? We copy, Russian space station. This is Houston. I'm ready to fire my thrusters any time. - Stand by. - Okay. I'm not going anywhere. We have a go. Initiate gravitational spin. You are maxed at 40-percent spin. Okay, Houston. I can feel I'm having gravity. All right, gentlemen. We're gonna dock in a minute. Now, the Russian space station - has fired her rockets... - Whee! ...to simulate gravity and let us work faster. It's gonna make you queasy, so prepare yourself. Well, it's about time. I haven't thrown up in about an hour. Initiating first phase of docking procedure. - Switching to manual. - Manual override. One foot per second. Let's take this slow and do it right, folks. Twenty feet. Ten feet. Looking good on radar. Five feet. Locks are engaged. Fuel teams, let's go. Freedom, telemetry is looking good. We have soft dock. Fuel teams, prepare to unload. All right, gentlemen, watch your heads. Let's go, Independence. Colonel. Where is he? Anybody home? Welcome, everybody! I am not gas station. This is sophisticated laboratory. I'm in charge. So do not be touching anything. - I need one... I need you. - Go with him. I need you. Hurry up. Hurry up. Come on. Come on. It's very important you watch the fuel gauge, okay? Put on cold suit. - Countdown clock will hold at... - Copy that, Houston. Prepping for fuel transfer. Countdown clock will hold at T minus 20 minutes and... Fuel pod is down there. It's down here, huh? Great. Okay, let's connect these fuel lines. Freedom on the left, Independence on the right. All right. We're goin' left here. To the right is fuel gauge. You watch the fuel gauge. One fifty, okay. One sixty, okay. Two hundred, bad disaster for space station. So if you watch 200, you call for Lev, on, and you see here number one. Off. You ask for Lev. And you pull this down, all the way down. What's Lev? I am Lev Andropov, colonel of Russian space agency. In Russia I'm a very big man. We're ready to transfer. I'm coming. No problem. You. You. You there! - Hard locked. - Ready for transfusion! Fuel is pumping. Hey, Lev, the, uh... The... The pressure's climbing. Still, we're on fuel transference. Don't touch my uncle. You know? He's a genius of my family. Lev! Can anybody hear me? Guys? Hello, guys! He used to work for a big bomb factory. He used to make the tip of the bomb, the thing that finds, uh, New York or Washington, you know? Ooh. Check your hoses. We got some thermal variation. Stamper, let's look at the couplings, back on the shuttle. Okay. Shut down. Uh... Uh... Guys! What's that noise? Oh, no! God! What is it? Leak! Leak! Get your men back to the shuttle! Go! Go! Hurry up! Get out of there! You know, this really smarts! Pull lever! This is the lever! Colonel, we must get him out of there! A.J., come on out! Hurry! Hurry! Emergency break away! We got a fire in the fuel pod! - Come on! - Come on! Get in here! A.J.'s stuck in the fuel pod! We're losing it! Control, this is Independence. I am seeing vibration... Malloy, talk to me! Not good. We got sparks and fire in the fuel pod. Independence, blow those locks and get outta there now! Dump the hoses now! We're going! What happened? Let me shut off the O2 feed! Harry, it's burnin' up! Damn! Max, Rock, get in here! Get down there and crack these pipes over here! Harry, it's burnin' up! We're goin' back for the other team! Switch on the personnel locators. Trackin' A.J. He's climbin'. - No! - Go! Go! It's too late! Get back to the shuttle! This thing's gonna blow! No! Colonel, we gotta move now! Come on! Close the hatch! Wait a minute! Wait a minute! We got a man in there! - Open that door, and we'll all die! - Fuel leak! Evac now! Let's go! Let's go! Come on back! No, wait! The door is broken! No! They got the fire sealed in the fuel pod. They locked it down. Tracking men to the shuttle. They've still got two men trapped in there! Keep running! The shuttle's another 75 feet! Where's the rest of the team? Where's A.J.? - A.J.'s gone! - We're not leavin' without A.J.! He's gone! It's too late! Come on! This way is our only chance! So it's minus hundred! Very cold. Hold breath, or lung freezes! Get back to the shuttle! And lock that door! It's on fire! It's on fire, Harry! - It's them or all of us! - It's on fire. - Full thrust. - We're gonna get hit. Lev! Lev, the door's gonna blow! No! We're going! It's gonna blow! A.J.'s still in there! Blow the locks. No, the bolts! We've gotta... I think we're almost there! Flight, Independence does not have A.J. They're gonna close the door without him. Tracking. They're 75 feet from the shuttle. Just tell 'em to air lock the door and go! Dog the hatch now! Close it! Ho... Colonel! That thing's comin' right for... We got to move! Hurry up! There's the shuttle door! Fire's coming at us! Close the door now! Go! Go! Go! Freedom, the Independence crew is on board and accounted for. We're even heavy one cosmonaut. They got 90 percent of their fuel. Pretty intense, huh? That's why I told you, "Touch nothing. " But you're bunch of cowboys. So while the consciousness of the planet is unified, focused on the NASA mission taking place right now in the vast ocean of space, we're now in the final hours of the mission, as the Freedom and Independence prepare to slingshot around the moon. Morning, guys. It's time to suit up, I guess. Uh, we got a big day. Eighteen seconds to radio interrupt. Booster sequence confirmed. This is Houston. Roger that, Freedom. We copy Shuttles are ready for the burn around the moon. Radio contact terminated. We're out. Nine and a half Gs for 11 minutes. I'd start praying about right now. So this is the part where we're supposed to just hold on real tight and, uh, hope we don't die. Stand by for lunar roll. High inclination. Lunar orbit. You boys got those wills filled out correctly? All right, men, this is what we trained for. Nowjust suck it up! On the mark. Five. Four. Three. Two. One. Is this supposed to be like this? Don't worry. This is normal. How would you know? - Fourteen thousand miles an hour. - Four Gs. - Ahh! - How long does this last? Six Gs. Fifteen thousand. - Really heavy, man! - This isn't normal. What do you mean, "this isn't normal"? This is way worse! Eight Gs. Hang tight! We're not gonna make it! Oh, we're gonna die! Twelve minutes. Flight, we still got nothin' here. This is too fast! Ten Gs! We're maxed at 22,500! We have acquisition of signal from Independence and Freedom. We're in, guys. All right. Welcome back, team. We have visual of the target, Houston. You see that? Wow. Come in, Independence. Houston, you gotta see this to believe it. Okay, team, let's take 'em in. Okay, Quincy, how much tail debris do we have? Freedom, turn on FOD radar. FOD radar on. Everybody, hang on. This could get a little rough. Engaging evasive radar. Hold on! Goddamn! We got debris! We're dumping auxiliary boosters. - Houston, do you read me? - We got debris! We're goin' in! We're comin' in hot! Independence, try to maintain your present heading. You've got a target L.Z. There's too much debris! We gotta peel off! Negative! We're hit! Mayday, mayday! I've lost main thrusters. Get 'em back up! Mayday, Houston, mayday! We've lost R.C.S. thrusters! Mayday, Freedom, mayday! We are out of control! We are going down! Do you read me? Freedom, we are going down! We're gonna hit! Everybody, go to your own life support! Lock yourself in the cargo bay! We are going down! Houston! Houston, we are going down! We have lost control! I can't get it on! Good luck, Freedom. Oh, my God, this is it. Sharp, what the hell is that? Is that the Independence? Houston, Independence is a dead stick. They're not gonna make it. Houston, Independence has gone down. When I touch this baby down, full reverse thrust. - Fires on your right, Sharp! - Reversing the thrusters! Hang tight! Hang tight! Houston, we overshot our landing field. We overshot our landing field. Oh, no! God! Initiate system light system check. Make sure we can still get off this rock. Our electrical system is screwed. I'm going to back-up. Fuel seals check. Engine seals check. - Oh, God. Oh! - Pressure seals check. Anyone hurt? Where's... Where's the other shuttle? What happened to the other shuttle? Independence is off the grid. "Off the grid"? What are you, a freakin' cyborg? What does that mean? Hey, you saw it yourself, right? They're gone. Come in, Freedom. This is CAPCOM Houston. Freedom, come in. This is CAPCOM Houston. Come in, Freedom. - God! - Let's just ask God to take care of our friends. May they rest in peace. Amen. We got eight hours. Let's get this job done and go home. Nothin'. Come on, Watts, Sharp, somebody. This is CAPCOM Houston. Come in, Freedom. Freedom, come in. This is CAPCOM Houston. Maybe you shouldn't be here. I don't have anywhere else to go. Freedom, come in. This is CAPCOM Houston. All right, let's get the tools unpacked and fire up the Armadillo. We're not getting a damn thing on the inertial nav system. - I know where we are. - Please step away. Radio signal's dead. I'm flipping the backup generator. Radio signal's gonna be cut in half till we get main power back. We're in segment 202, lateral grid 9, site 15H-32, give or take a few yards. Captain America here blew the landing by 26 miles. How the hell do you know that? Because I'm a genius. The gauges will not read. They're all peaked, like we're plugged into some magnetic field. Well, who on this spaceship wants to know why? - By all means. - The reason we were shooting for grid 8 is because thermographics indicated that grid 9 was compressed iron ferrite. Which means that you landed us on a goddamn iron plate. All right. Well, you heard the man. Let's wheel out the remote satellite link. We need that radio. Oh, God, please tell me we still got one of 'em. Independence has flat-lined. Oscar! Oscar! Oh, God! Hello! Anyone! Is anyone else alive? Somebody, help me! A.J.! Where are you? I'm here. Lev, there's no one else. There's no one else. I know. Oh, man. Bear, where are you? A.J.? A.J.? I'm in the shuttle, man. Are you all right? I'm so glad to see you, man. I never thought I'd be so happy to see your ugly face. Houston, do you read? This is Freedom. Check your thrusters. Houston, do you copy? Is everyone good to go? Wow. Down here! In the valley! This place is like Dr. Seuss's worst nightmare. Let's get the remote satellite. We'll get better reception up there. Bring Max down. Watch yourself through here, Max. There're a couple big fissures. To the left! Bring it to the left! Rockhound, you come on down here and take some readings down in the flat spot. Iron ferrite. I have fire. Watts, I'm comin' back. Stand by. Mostly iron, Rockhound. God, I hate knowing everything. We couldn't have picked a worse spot to drill. Well, I can pretty much guarantee it's not gonna be thicker than 50 feet. - How do you figure that? - 'Cause if it is, we're screwed. - Max, you good? - Yeah. Just makin' hole. Turn it around. Friggin' outer space. It's good. All right. We're in. Another light. We're cuttin' through pretty good. There's some stuff in here I ain't never seen. All right, let's punch it down! - Hey, Harry, did you see that? - Yeah, Max, I see it. I see it. What is it? We lost the bite in the bit. All right. Back it off. Back it off. Goddamn it! Sounds like we twisted a shank. Back it out of there, Max. Good. Good. Hold 'er there. Wow, this is a goddamn Greek tragedy. We've all seen broken drill heads before. Not after ten feet. - I never seen one. - Well, now you've seen one. - What do you want? - Unpack the Judge. Bear, Lev. We're only three astronauts left now. We're not astronauts. We're oil drillers. We're not even supposed to be here. What? You're not astronaut? - I'm getting us outta here. Get in. - Why? Just get in the Armadillo. I have an idea. Houston, this is Freedom. Do you copy? Houston, do you copy? Freedom shuttle has... We're gettin' some scattered video feeds here. Houston, this is Freedom. Do you copy? - Thank God we have you, Freedom. - Freedom, this is Houston. Go ahead. - Don't lose 'em, Malloy. - Sharp, I'm getting something. Houston, this is Freedom. - We have landed safely. - Where are they? We are at site coordinates approximately 15H-32... Okay, I want to know everything we can about that location. - Got it. - Get it before we lose 'em. We're also having electric and antenna difficulties. Walter, get Mechanical on that. But we have commenced drilling. Stevens, we're losin' him. Bring it up on four. On four. - Come on. - Shuttle flight capability not yet known. - Bump the signal. - Bumping. Houston. Houston. We lost 'em. Get 'em back. Gruber, we need that hookup. Show you how we do things where I come from. Hold on! Seat it. All right, get ready. Max, thread it. Guys, the clock is tickin'. Let's go, go, go, go, go! All right! Good! Crank it loose! Keep it at 25. Let's kick a little asteroid butt! All right, Chick. Give me more torque on the turbine, huh? Max, I need some more power down here! - All right, boss. - Throw it in fourth, then drop the hammer. Let's drill through this turd. Come on, boys. We gotta hop. We're fallin' behind. Dig, dig, dig. Chew this iron bitch up. - Chick, the tranny's stuck. - Harry! What is it? Chick, come on! Help! - Release the clutch! - Pull it up! Okay. Well, this thing's not movin'. No, no, no! Shut it down! Shut it... This is not workin' out, Harry. - Oh, are you all right? - Oh, blew the tranny. Blew the tranny. Come on, God. Just a little help. That's all I'm askin'. I think we're close enough. He might've heard ya. Here's the bad news. Before the asteroid passed the moon, her rotation was stable at 32 degrees on an x axis. But now look at this. The lunar gravity's put her in a spin. She's tumbling on all three axes. This wasn't expected, sir. - What does this do for communications? - Not good. We'll have definite contact with the shuttle for only seven more minutes. - After that it's radio darkness. - For how long? And after seven minutes, we may never hear from them again. But we're trying to bounce a signal off a Russian military satellite, reestablish contact that way. If we lose the shuttle com, when do we lose the ability to remote detonate that nuke? The weapon remote receives a signal from a Milstar satellite. Higher orbit, more powerful transmitter. If we've got the shuttle for seven minutes, we can remote detonate for an additional five. What he's trying to say, General, is that, uh, in 12 minutes' time, you may lose the ability to detonate the nuke... permanently. I've got to inform the president. Just want to make sure you know we're stuck on an asteroid. - Do you know what you're doing now? - No, no. You know what? I have no idea what I'm doing. I have no idea. This button, I don't know what that does, okay? All I know is that we just crashed back there, I lost two of my friends, we're 25 miles from Harry's shuttle. We don't know if he's alive. We don't know if he can fly. All I know is, there's a beep on this thing and I'm trying to get us there. Let's get it unpacked. What's up? We're drilling through some kind of metal I've never seen before. It's fried two of our drill bits, and now we blew our first transmission. So how deep are we? We could use your help with the transmission, Colonel. I have an assessment report due now. We're supposed to be at 200 feet. - So how deep are we? - Not as deep as we'll be when you quit askin' me these questions and help us load this transmission on. What is our current depth? Our current depth is not important, Colonel. I'll decide what's important. We've got 800 feet to drill. You've had two and a half hours. Where are we? We're at 57 feet. Now, if you're not too busy, maybe you can give us a hand with this transmission. Colonel Sharp! Get this strapped up. I'll be right back. Colonel Sharp! All right. I'm coming through. We have contact. Over. That's as clear as it's gonna get. Houston, this is Freedom. Do you copy? Working at a remote satellite link at this moment. - Transmission change. - Colonel! Twenty minutes. Puts drilling final at ten hours. Please advise. That's four hours past the zero barrier. Please advise. What the hell is this? "Zero depth"? And where'd this come from? Who are you talkin' to? Is that Truman? Lemme have that phone. Gimme the phone. Truman! Look, this is what happens when you drill. We cannot use your "U.S. Air Force Personnel Only" drill time card. - Who wrote this thing, by the way? - We're losing coms again. Look. Is he getting this? Does he hear me or... - What's wrong with this? - The com's down. What do you mean, "the com's down"? What do I mean? I mean we've lost - communication to mission control. - Fine. Let's go back to the cargo bay and get the transmission... Harry, guess what. You had your shot. You didn't do it. You understand me? - You can't... - Why don't you stay here... Write a report, why don't ya? That'll be... My men and I will go and get this hole dug! You and your men are the biggest mistake in the history of NASA. - We've lost communication. - Oh, God. - We're not lookin' too good right now. - No shit. We gotta get that radio back up. Mr. President, it's time to make a decision. We can remote detonate the bomb for only another five minutes. Yes? Kimsey here. Yes, Mr. President. Yes, we saw that, too, sir. But maybe we should wait until they... Dan, get them out of there. - Evac right now. - What's goin' on here? I've been ordered to override the system. Well, what is this? Secondary protocol. But they haven't drilled the damn hole yet! The president's advisors feel that the drilling isn't working. And we've lost radio contact, maybe for good. We've only got a few minutes left of guaranteed ability to remote detonate that nuke. If we don't do it now we could lose control, and we may never get it back. Well, you tell the president that he better fire his so-called advisors. If you detonate that nuke on the surface, we waste a perfectly good bomb, and we have one chance to save this planet! I need that radio. Gruber, give me everything you got now! Roger that. Yes, Mr. President, I understand that completely, but my point is very, very simple. And I think you need to trust me on this because I know something about it. I guarantee you, if you do this, you kill us all. Yes, sir. General, he wants you. This is Kimsey. Yes, sir. I understand. The orders are to remote detonate in 30 seconds. You have not told them yet! That is my father up there! This is one order you shouldn't follow, and you fucking know it! Let her go. Let her go! Your key, sir. God be with them. Slow it down. Harry, the clock on that nine-foot nuclear weapon is ticking. Oh, my God! Sharp! Get back here now! What? Get the shuttle ready to evac now! It just came on all by itself. - What the hell's happening? - Secondary protocol. - What's that? What? - Secondary protocol. - What does that mean? - What the hell's secondary protocol? They're detonating this thing from Earth. What do you mean, detonating? - We haven't even drilled the hole yet! - We'll drop it in the hole. - What're you talkin' about? - The hole? Get your helmets on now! - Oh, no, no. How... How you turn it off? - I got two men out on that rock! I got a man out there, too. We gotta evac now. Max, Rockhound, get back to the shuttle, double-time! - They could be on their way here. - They're not on their way here. They would've talked to us by now. We would've seen them. - Watts, air lock the cockpit now! - I copy you. - Max, Rockhound! - Hey, wait a minute! How do you turn this thing off? - Harry, do you copy? - Something's wrong. Yeah, it's all wrong, man. We shouldn't even be up here. I know. Let's go back to the ship! I'm not leavin' without my men, Sharp. We've got two and a half minutes to drop it and get off this rock. If they're not back by the time we finish, we leave without 'em. Okay, let's simplify this. Let's just turn the bomb off right now. If we don't put this bomb down in a hole 800 feet onto a fault line, all you're gonna have is a real expensive fireworks show. This is turnin' into a surrealistic nightmare here. Watsler, are you listening? It's Truman. Okay, listen to me carefully. I want you to kill it. Kill the uplink. Give us the time, Sharp. Shut this bomb down now! - It's not my call. - Then whose call is it? An order to detonate can only come from the president. - The president's not here! - Let's just turn it off now. You've gotta give us more time! I'm telling you to shut this bomb down now! And I'm telling you it's not my call! Well, guess what. I just made the call for you. Harry! Don't. You could set it off. Oh, man. What're you doin' with a gun in space? Come on, come on. We gotta stop that bomb right now. Kill the uplink. This thing is gonna blow. - We gotta get it off the ship. - Easy. Stand down, Sergeant. Shut this bomb down and let us finish our job the right way. I'm under orders to protect a surface detonation. I'm gonna give you three seconds to shut this bomb down, and then I'm gonna make you shoot me. Hurry, Watsler. For Christ's sake, hurry. What happened? Sir, the override... It's been overridden. I bought us a couple of minutes, so get that radio workin', okay? Hurry, hurry! Bring me all the way up here just to blow me and my friends up? Is that it? - Listen... - Shut up! Shut up, Colonel. I'm talking now. It could start again. It might've been a warning. Uh-oh. That's why you are gonna dismantle this bomb. All right. What'd we miss? - Do it again. - Go. Keep tryin'. Sir, I need you to cease and desist. I need your terminal... Now. - They're reactivating the bomb. - Comin' back on-line, sir. Oh, geez. Here we go again. What're you doin' up here? And why did you even bother to make the trip? To do the right thing, to see that it's done. For God's sakes, think about what you're doin'. Why are you listenin' to someone that's 100,000 miles away? We're here. Nobody down there can help us. So if we don't get this job done, then everybody's gone. One minute. I've been drillin' holes in the earth for 30 years. And I have never, never missed a depth that I have aimed for. And by God, I am not gonna miss this one. I will make 800 feet. Forty-two seconds. But I can't do it alone, Colonel. I need your help. You swear on your daughter's life, on my family's, that you can hit that mark? I will make 800 feet. I swear to God, I will. Then let's turn this bomb off. Steady. Take it back. That's what you'll have to do. Get 'em off backwards. Rainbow track? Under... - Under one? Under... Okay. - All of 'em. All of 'em. - Okay. Are we free of static? - Oh, do a good job. Do a good job. - Steady. Steady. - Good job. All right. All right. Go! Go! Go! Red wire "A." Ready? And... Now. Come on! Come on! Come on! Come on! Negative "B." - Ready, and now. - Do a good job. Do a good job. Track flipped. Hot's in. - It better be. Go. - Red or blue? Re... Blue. Good job! Oh, God, it sucks up here. Sir, the clock has stopped at three seconds. What? Have we lost complete radio contact? I got some magic happening. We're bouncing off Russian and French satellites. - It may have a faint signal. - Houston? Houston, do you copy? Go ahead, Freedom. Houston, you have a problem... Problem. See, I promised my little girl that I'd be comin' home. Now, I don't know what you people are doin' down there, but we got a hole to dig up there. Go, go, go, go! Come on. We got work to do. Okay, guys. All go, no quit. How ya doin' down there? Good? Okay, got the tranny. We're back in business. Hey, you guys should take a break and come up and see this. Wow. Got a great view of the Earth from here. Too bad we'll never set foot on her again. - Lev, do you see anything? - No. Well, keep goin'. I'm not givin' up. Hold up here, Bear. - Oh, boy. - This is great. We just happen to run into the Grand Canyon on the asteroid? I told you, you took a wrong way, a wrong road. What... What road? Do you see any roads around here? You know what? I do not have much pleasure being near God's ear. But you think this is looking good, or what? Lev, why don't you just do humanity a favor and just shut the hell up? Have you ever heard of Evel Knievel? No, I never saw Star Wars. All right. Doin' a good job. - Give me a depth reading, Max. - We're 150 feet, Harry. Yee-ha! Ride 'em, cowboy! Yippee-kai-yo, kai-yay! Get off the nuclear warhead. I was doin' that guy from that movie, you know, Slim Pickens, where he rides it all the way in, the nuclear warhead. - Now. - Oh, you didn't see that one, huh? We got 700 feet of hole to dig, Rockhound. All right. Just... Just wanted to feel the power between my legs, brother. Hey, Sharp. No nukes! No nukes! No nukes! You got any more bullets in that gun, Sharp? What did Watts tell you, Bear? If she kicked you in the balls, - you'd keep floating. - Yeah. We turn the thrusters off, we jump this thing, we float right over it. Go over it again, Lev. Throw the jet thrusters off exactly when we jump. - Okay. - And then we're gonna put them on, and we gonna go down nice and slow. - That's it. That's it, baby. That's it. - Is this gonna work? - I don't know. - Lev, you know what, just lie to me. Let's say 50-50... No. More like, uh... Like 70-30 or 80-20. But you know what? If it works, the two of you gonna be heroes, just like me. Screw it. We're jumpin' over this canyon. Just for the record, this is a very bad idea! Wait for the edge. - Don't hit it till we get there. - I'm waiting. Three. Two. One! - Yes! It's working! - It's working! Oh, my God! I'm a genius! Wait a minute. - We got some rocks! - Go left! Go left! Lev, Lev, I can't do anything! Oh, okay, okay, we're floating into outer space. - Check main switch. - Uh, this could be a little bit of a problem. - Thrusters on... Now! - All right, turn 'em on. - What's wrong? - I... I don't know. The... The thrusters not working. I hate this machine! I thought you had this planned! - What're we supposed to do? - Be quiet! I must think! - I'm stepping outside. - You're... You're going outside? I am the only certified astronaut, and I'm saving your American ass! Yes. You'll listen to him. Right. Hurry up, Lev, because we're about a mile off the asteroid! Just a second. The fuel line is iced up. - I think maybe workin' now. - No, Lev, it's not working! I'm sorry, A.J., I was way off the odds. We're gettin' higher, man. Look out! The rocks! Rocks are coming! Hold on! - Pull the thrusters! - Lev, look out! - We lost Lev. - A.J.! A.J., the thrusters! Let's get Lev back! Lev, hold on! We're comin' in! Thank You, Jesus. Thank You, Lord. Thank You. Thank You, thank You, thank You, thank You. Lev! - Now I'm really a Russian hero! - I told you! - I know! - I knew this would work! - Good odds, you know? - Come on, Lev. - Get in here. We gotta go. - Yah! Rockhound, keep on that transmission. - Tranny looks good, Harry. - All right. Take it outta there. Lock it down, Chick. Nice. How come we didn't get any training on this thing? Whoa. Very cool. I could take out this asteroid single-handedly. Okay, boys, give it a rest. I'll take it from here. - What the hell is that? - It's Rockhound. Whoa. This is so much fun, it's freaky. Rockhound! Whoa, watch your heads. Sorry, Harry. - Outta my way, boys! - Rockhound! Meet your maker, asteroid! What the hell's the matter with you, Rockhound? - Goddamn! - This is insane. - Have you lost your mind? - No. He's got space dementia. Harry, you want to watch your man. Max, downshift and put it in reverse. We gotta get that pipe outta there. Uh-oh. - What's happening? - The ground's cracking! Earthquake! Quick, shut it off! - Shut it off! Shut it off now! - We're gonna have a blowout! - We hit a gas pocket! - We got pressure out the ass! Max, get your helmet on! Max, she's gonna blow! - Aah! Oh, Jesus, I'm cooking! - Max, get outta there! This is it! Harry! I'm bailing! Max! Good-bye, Max. - Max! - Take care, buddy. - Armadillo's off the scope. - I think we've had a blowout. No sign of the Armadillo. Get a hold of Truman. Prepare the world for bad news. We're getting sketchy information that the mission has suffered massive failure. And what we're trying to do right now is to confirm that and find out exactly what that means. Repeat. We're getting leaks from several NASA officials, some rushing home to be with their families, that the drilling was unsuccessful. This could very well be our final hour. We're gonna go off the air now. Good luck and God bless. - We've got incoming. - I got tracks. NORAD's tracking four small incoming over Europe. I think one's about to hit near Paris. Reports are coming in. Martial law has been implemented in 42 countries. Once the asteroid hits zero barrier, it will take about three hours and 57 minutes to impact Earth. I guess we do it the president's way. I'll order an evac. You can remote detonate. You still don't think this'll work, do you? What I think is irrelevant. - We need to do it now. - Fine. - Can they still take off? - We hope so. You are the one that pulled them into this! That is my family up there, so I don't wanna hear, "We hope so"! Guess what, guys? It's time to embrace the horror. Look. We got front-row tickets to the end of the Earth. Yeah! Way to go, baby! Harry! Yo, Harry! What's up, baby? Hey, get that bomb outta there! We got a hole to make! Houston, you're not gonna believe this, but the other Armadillo has arrived. All right, people, listen up. Settle down and focus. - Mechanical, get on-line. - P.P.O., gimme a setup. Your boyfriend's back. Yo, Harry! Hey, Harry. You miss me? A.J., I got just five words for ya. - Damn glad to see ya, boy! - That's six words. Chick, walk 'em down. So where's this hole you need dug? Houston, drilling has recommenced. Do you think they can drill 250 feet in an hour? They better. Bring that piece on in, Bear. Tractor pull. - I'm comin' down! - We got 250 feet to go. It's our last transmission, last drill head. Punch it through. First gear. We got contact. Come on down, A.J. I got this, man. Let's go! Lev, the right engine hub. Houston, I'm getting no response from the preflight sequence. Come on, now. This is not... Hey... Hey, come here. Can you get me outta here, please, Lev? Thank you. - Ow! Jesus! Hey! - Wait. - Lev, the right engine... - Okay. Lemme outta here, will ya? Just tryin' to have some fun before I die! - How deep are we? - Seven seventy. - Whoa, they got problems. - The gauges are spiking. Methane! Shut it down! Back it down! I can't pull back now. The bit'll get lodged. We don't have enough time! Whoa, whoa, whoa! It's gonna blow! It's how we lost Max! I know what I'm talkin' about. We can punch through this. We can knock this outta the park. This is our last transmission, A.J. Goddamn it, if you're ever gonna trust me, ever, once in your life, trust me now! Harry, it's gonna blow! Harry, I know what I'm doin'. You just gotta trust me. Make the call. All right. Hold on. I'm pushin' through her. I'm pushin' through her! - What's your depth? - Seven seventy-five. Seven eighty. Take it up, baby! Ram it home! Drive on down, A.J.! Seven eighty-five. Come on. Come on. - Come on, A.J.! - Punch it! Ninety-one. Come on. Seven ninety-two. Seven ninety-five! Drive it down, A.J.! Seven ninety-seven! Ninety-nine! - Breakthrough! - Eight hundred! Eight-oh-two, Harry! - Yeah! - We did it! - Yes! - We did it! - Yeah! Kid, way to go! - I knew it, baby! It's not over till we get the bomb down that hole. Watts, they've got 38 minutes. Harry, you've gotta give me that hole. I'm gonna need two more minutes. I got a bent pipe jammed in the hole. We gotta cut it out before we can send that bomb down. A.J.! - She good to go? - Yeah, I'm all set. All right. - All right. - A.J., come on! Make it fast! I'm goin' as fast as I can! There's a lot of gas pressure! You feel that? Harry, you gotta give me that hole. The bomb is almost ready. - Pull that pipe out! - Harry, I'm almost through! Give me 15 more seconds! Well, this is somethin' new. I don't think this thing likes us. That's 'cause it knows we're here to kill it. Hey, what's goin' on up there? A.J.! - What the hell was that? - A.J.! Goddamn it, I'm finished! - A.J., you all right? - Oh, lot of gas pressure in here, man! - Get me out! - Whoa, whoa, whoa! Hydrogen pocket! Oh! Harry! Pull me in! Aah! A.J., hang on! Secure the bomb! Sharp, heads up! Gruber! Get outta there now! Oh, no. Oh, God, no! Look out! Help! Oh, no! Do you believe that just happened? - Sharp, you all right? - I'm okay. - Bear? - Yeah. I'm here, Harry. - A.J.? - Yeah, I'm okay. We lost Gruber. Gruber's dead. Let's get that bomb ready and go home. Oh, my God. Is there a problem, Colonel? The timer, the remote, the whole thing's dead. What, the bomb is dead? No, the trigger's dead. It must've gotten damaged during the rock storm. So how do we detonate it? We have 18 minutes to zero barrier. We got some bad news. The remote detonator on the bomb has been damaged. That means that somebody's gonna have to stay behind. It takes two people to fly this thing. Either we all stay and die, or you guys draw straws. I say we all stay and die. But that's me. I'll draw. Let's draw. Nobody's gonna draw straws. I'll stay and take care of it. - Well, I can't live with that sort of thing. - Nobody asked you - if you could live with it, all right? - Bullshit! No way I will let you volunteer for this so I can go back to my home country like the man who didn't volunteer. No way! Hey, man, let's draw, and let's see who's gonna stay up here and dance. Guys, I... I know you guys think I'm crazy right now, but I would really like this responsibility. - All right. All right. - I can do it. Let's just draw straws and get it over with. Come on. I ain't drawin' against you, Harry. Well, I'm gonna draw against you, Chick, so you better just go ahead and do it. Just gimme this thing. Is this good or bad? Oh, man. Well, we all gotta die, right? I'm the guy who gets to do it saving the world. So, uh, let's go. We... We got about ten minutes, right? You plug this into the port. Lift, press, hold. That's it. Lift, press, hold. Shouldn't be too tough. Even I can't screw this up. I'll take him down. Do me a favor, will ya? Just tell Grace that, uh... That I'll always be with her, okay? Can you do that? Yeah. Okay, kid. Give this to Truman. Make sure Truman gets that. Get in there. It's my turn now. Harry! Harry! You can't do this to me! It's my job! You go take care of my little girl now. That's your job. Always thought of you as a son. Always. But I'd be damn proud to have you marry Grace. - Harry. - You take care of yourself. - Harry, no! - I love you, pal. Harry, I love you! Don't, Harry! Wait a minute! - My son. - Don't do this, Harry! Don't do this! Harry! What happened? That crazy, stubborn son of a... Well, this was a real good idea. All right, let's go, Sharp. Let's get our team outta here. Come on! Let's get ready to initiate thrusters! Let's go! - Strap it in, guys! - Get the O2 masks. Are they green? Are they green? I can't believe this is going down like this. You all right? - O2 vents locked, pressure loaded. - Engine board is green. T minus three minutes and counting. Houston, do you copy? This is Harry Stamper. It's down there. - Electrical systems primed. - A.P.U. is set. Oxidizers are loading. Houston, we're outta here in T minus three minutes. Daddy! Hi, Gracie. Hi, honey. Grace, I know I promised you I was comin' home. I don't under... Understand. Looks like I'm gonna have to break that promise. I, um... I lied to you, too, when I told you that I didn't want to be like you. Because I am like you. And everything good that I have inside of me, I have from you. I love you so much, Daddy. I'm so proud of you. I'm so scared. I know it, baby, but there won't be anything to be scared of soon. Gracie, I want you to know that A.J. saved us. He did. I want you to tell Chick that I couldn't have done it without him, none of it. I want you to take care of A.J. I wish I could be there to walk you down the aisle. But I'll... I'll look in on you from time to time, okay, honey? I love you, Grace. I love you, too. - I gotta go now, honey. - Daddy, no. No, no, Dad, no. O.M.S. pod pre-start. O2 vents locked, pressure loaded. What the hell's goin' on up there? Why haven't you guys left yet? We're going, Harry. Houston. - We got O.M.S. pod pre-start. - Pod pre-start confirmed. - What's the problem? - I don't know. - What's wrong? - Fix it now! No time, no time! - What? - What's that? - Where you goin'? - Come on. We're stayin', we're goin'. We're stayin', we're goin'. Make up your mind. Sharp, get out of here now. You got less than three minutes. Come on, Watts. Come on, come on. Blow the bomb, Harry. We're with you. - Uh, it's stuck. Yes? - You don't know the components! Components, American components, Russian components. All made in Taiwan! We're gettin' tight for ignition, Freedom. Houston, we've got no fire. - What does that mean? - It means we got a busted ship. A busted ship? And I'm strapped in here. I had a great spot picked out there. Freedom, you fire that engine. If there's not a way, you find a way. The clock's tickin'. Let's go! Let's fire that engine, Freedom! You got less than a minute. Don't think I won't blow this thing. Sharp, get out of here. It's gettin' bad down here. I know how to fix it. Please, move. I... I have to take you away if you don't move. Watts, you gotta get that shuttle started. You gotta fire it up now! Damn it, Sharp. Get off this rock! I'm telling you, please, move! This is how we fix problem in the Russian space station. Because I don't want to stay here anymore. Yeah! Finally! We can go home! - She's coming back. She's coming back. - We're hot! Watts! Let's go, let's go! Rain all you want, you son of a bitch. Let's go! We don't have time! Hurry, hurry. We got no time! Initiate thrusters on my mark! Two, one, mark! Come on. Get some altitude. Let's go, let's go. Freedom has max thrust! Thank you, Harry. Shuttle's out of range. Still no detonation. Something's not right. Too much time has gone by. Zero barrier's about to be breached. One minute. Harry, come on. Press that button. - We're goin' back and do it ourselves. - Just don't. Wait one minute. Dan, we're about to cross the threshold. Come on. Press the button. Colonel, I'm askin' you. Just one more minute! Press the button, Stamper. Come on. Harry'll do it. I know it. He doesn't know how to fail. We win, Gracie! Press it! We have detonation. Confirming detonation. The two halves are gonna miss us by 400 miles, and most of the small particles have been vaporized. - Houston, we're comin' home. - We copy that, Freedom. Yo, Harry, you the man. Kennedy, we see you. And you never looked so good. I never told anybody this before but I hate flyin', so it'd be an awful shame to die now. That's easy for you to say. I owe 100 grand to a bad-ass loan shark, which I spent on a stripper named Molly Mounds. Boy, that's bad. Kennedy, we are 100 percent. Flap suspension control on full. Welcome home, astronauts. Hey, guys, remember, we're heroes now. So that incident with me and the gun on the asteroid, let's keep that under wraps, all right? Miss Stamper. Colonel Willie Sharp, United States Air Force, ma'am. Requesting permission to shake the hand of the daughter of the bravest man I've ever met. Hello. - Oh, my God! - Hi, you're my hero. Oh, baby, I wanna have babies with you. Welcome back, cowboy. Uh, Harry wanted you to have this. He did, huh? I could stay awake Just to hear you breathin' Watch you smile while you are sleepin' While you're far away and dreamin' I just wanna stay with you In this moment forever Forever and ever I don't wanna close my eyes I don't wanna fall asleep 'Cause I miss you, baby And I don't wanna miss a thing 'Cause even when I dream of you The sweetest dream would never do I'd still miss you, baby And I don't wanna miss a thing And I don't wanna miss one smile And I don't wanna miss one kiss Well, I just wanna be with you right here With you just like this Well, I just wanna hold you close Feel your heart so close to mine And just stay here in this moment For all the rest of time Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah Yeah Don't wanna close my eyes I don't wanna fall asleep 'Cause I miss you, baby And I don't wanna miss a thing 'Cause even when I dream of you The sweetest dream would never do I'd still miss you, baby And I don't wanna miss a thing Don't wanna close my eyes I don't wanna fall asleep Yeah I don't wanna miss a thing All my bags are packed I'm ready to go I'm standin' here outside your door I hate to wake you up to say good-bye But the dawn is breakin' It's early morn The taxi's waitin' He's blowin' his horn Already I'm so lonesome I could die So kiss me and smile for me Tell me that you'll wait for me Hold me like you'll never let me go 'Cause I'm leaving on a jet plane I don't know when I'll be back again Oh, babe, I hate to go I'm leaving on a jet plane Leaving on a jet plane [Music] >> Zach can't stop writing lyrics. There are so many songs he wants to leave behind. With only months to live, his song called "Clouds" was born. ♫ I fell down, down, down into this dark and lonely hole. ♫ There was no one there to care about me anymore. ♫ >> [Zach] I think every teenager out there feels invincible and they'll, never admit it. It's the not the kind of invincible like Superman. It's the kind of invincible like, "I'll see you in five months." I thought I was invincible. I was ready for college, pretty much. And I was planning out way ahead, and it turns out sometimes you can't do that. My name is Zach Sobiech. I'm 17-years-old, and I have osteosarcoma. I've been told I have a few months to live, but I still have a lot of work to do. I want everyone to know. You don't have to find out you're dying to start living. [Music] You know, most people live kind of in the middle -- in between like a dream come true and you're dying. And it's -- it is a very comfortable place to live. I'm living on the two extreme ends; so you have really, really good days and you have really, really bad days. >> [Laura] Zach has always been incredibly empathetic and compassionate. At this basketball game I was kind of laughing about how one of the players had kind of a funny run. And he goes, "Yeah, but he's really good at --" And then he listed all these things. And I thought, "Awww." He's just always looking for the good in people, and I think he's taught all of us that's how it's done. >> [Ally] I would say that Zach is a testament to the fact that things are okay when you believe in something greater than yourself and the world. >> You can be with Zach and just by sitting there with him, feel better. He's got -- I don't know how to describe it. He's got this aura about him. >> [Zach] What makes you happy is seeing someone else smile because you put it there. That's what awesome about living in this world. It's that you can help people. I like the structure of our family with two guys, two girls for the kids and mom and dad because it kind of evens everything out. >> [Laura] Grace has always been his baby. >> [Grace] Zach is like the other half of me. All we need is to be there like in the same room with each other, and that's enough for us. I'm thinking about my life without Zach. It's really hard to think about it. Like, I really get, like sick to my stomach when I think about that. >> [Laura] Zach had been going through the eighth grade, and he and his sister decided to go for a run. And he came back from the run and he told me, "Mom, my left hip hurts." So, we went in for an MRI and at this point still I'm thinking cancer was still not on my radar at all. >> [Zach] They went in and found out that it was cancer. It was osteosarcoma. And it was so unbelievable, honestly. >> [Grace] I was upstairs in the kitchen, and I just went upstairs and I cried. And I just said that I've got to live life like, well, Zach's going to die tomorrow. >> [Zach] My mom walked in on me once, and I was laying on the ground because I didn't want to associate my bed with being sick. >> [Laura] Five days after he finished chemotherapy, he had his routine CT scan of his chest, and they found tumors in both lungs. She told us six months to a year. >> [Zach] I just didn't understand that. Like, it didn't make any sense to me. >> [Laura] We did have an option of surgery, but that would mean they would have to take his left leg and half of his pelvis, and he wouldn't even be able to sit up. That's when we got to the point where we have to make decisions about quality of life. >> [Zach] With the hospital it's the most sterile place in the world, but you just do not feel clean there at all. And it was tough being there because you just -- you felt totally disconnected. >> [Laura] He decided, "I don't want to be in the hospital all the time." "I want to be out with friends. I don't want to feel sick, and I want to be home." >> In a house like this where we have six people and four kids, part of time time I enjoy Zach is just when we are alone -- just sittin' there. We could be watching a movie. We could be talking cars or whatever. >> Zach likes to dream big, so he kind of got into cars and car magazines and stuff and that was one thing he would do in the hospital. >> I would sort through the cars and would be like, OK, which one is the least expensive but has the highest performance? Nissan GTR is like, oh, it's perfect. I've dreamt of that car for years. >> So, we have a little tiny surprise for you. >> I don't like surprises. >> Oh, I think you're gonna like this one. >> What is it? Holy crap! Are you serious? >> You get to drive it for a week. [Laughing] >> [Grace] You're driving me places. >> [Zach] Oh, my god. >> Hey, Zach, what's up? You like that? >> Yeah! >> It's pretty impressive, huh? The look on his face was so cool. And when Zach lights up, it makes everyone happy. >> [Zach] It's like being dunked in cold water and not being able to breathe but in a really good way. [Music] >> It wasn't the car. It was the experience the car created and the joy that Zach receives from driving it. And the joy I receive from being with Zach when he got to drive it. >> [Zach] Being able to experience these things things it helps a lot. Because you can either sit in your basement and wait, or you can get out there and do some crazy stuff. [Music] >> When we found the cancer in his pelvis, I said, you know, maybe you should start writing some letters. >> [Zach] Music is a way I can express myself without having to burden everyone else. >> [Laura] I was cleaning up downstairs, and there was a lot of paper laying around with different scribblings on it and I picked one up and I read it and it was "Clouds." [Music] >> Sammy and Zach have been dear friends for many, many years. They're song writers together. That's how they communicate with each other. >> [Sammy] Our musical thing has like -- it's like really become something, and it's become a part of us. There's going to be nobody like him to do it with again and, like, that's going to be really hard. >> [Zach] I find that with my situation it is unchartered ground at the other end. I have closure, and she won't have closure. >> [Sammy] There are very, very, very few people I love as much as I love Zach. [Guitar music] >> [Zach] My closure is being able to get my feelings into these songs, so they can have something to remember me by or, you know, lean on when I was gone. >> For me it's Zach's way of saying, "I'm okay." Saying good-bye. And I'm just so grateful that it's there because I'm gonna need it later. >> [Sam] His music is kind of like a record of his like how much he cares for us. >> [Grace] There's a little song that we wrote me: "For my Grace." So, I'll keep that always with me constantly. [Guitar music] >> Yeah, we'll stop there. >> Okay. I love you. >> Aww, I love you too, Grace. See that's like the first time ever. >> Is it really? >> Pretty much. Yeah, she's pretty cool. I think with my diagnosis we've become a better and stronger family. We all love each other just that much more. Because when you go through stuff like that, you go through it together. >> You have to stick together as a family. I mean that's imperative. Because, you know, we've been there ever since Zach was first diagnosed. We've been there as a family. We are all together, and we have to make it through as a family together. >> [Ally] How I remember my brother? Happy. Always smiling. Always limping around with his funny little walk. That's as simple as it is -- happy, I guess. >> My friends -- I don't know if they've accepted, you know, me being terminal or not. They know that if they just treat me the same everything will be fine, honestly. >> He someone you can trust is going to smiling the next day despite his condition. >> He is kind of just like a light in this school. If I have a bad day, it's not actually really a bad day if I am complaining about something. It's all about perspective, I think. >> He will always live on in my life because of the values he's taught me, the memories we've had. They are so ingrained in who I am as a person. >> Amy -- she's a smart girl. We knew he was terminal when they started dating, and she knew that. She sat down with her mom and talked through it and what they decided was, "Would you date him if he didn't have cancer?" and she said, "Yeah." She's really helped him through some hard times. >> One of our first dates was -- we planned a picnic, you know, just in a park somewhere. >> I knew he had, um -- he was going in for scans that day. >> We get the results back and my doctor walks in and she's pretty quiet and she looks pretty serious. And it's like, well, it can't be that bad. I mean, come on. And she goes, "So, you've got a collapsed lung." I'm like, "Oh, okay." >> I broke down crying because it was like the first time that it was real that he had cancer because before it was, everything seemed normal. >> I was like, can I at least go to the picnic and then come back and have surgery? And they were like, "No, we need to do this now." >> He was so devastated because all he cared about was getting to that date. >> Yeah, I was pretty angry that I had to miss the picnic because who doesn't like a good picnic? I mean, ya' know? It's awesome. Stupid lung. [Music] >> Good morning! >> Good morning. >> Why are you all dressed up? >> Oh, yeah, it's for school. >> For what? >> We're not going to school today. >> Where are we going? >> I'll tell you. >> I want to know where we're going. >> Just - no. Start driving and I'll tell you. ♫ And now we demonstrated it to the cops. And all the things we said. We were self-assured. ♫ Cause it's a long road to wisdom, but it's a short one to being ignored. ♫ Be in my eyes. Be in my heart. Be in my eyes ai yai yai. And be in my heart. ♫ So now I think that I could love you back. ♫ >> I almost burst into tears just because it was so perfect -- a picnic basket of cold pizza which pretty much defines our relationship right there. ♫ It takes a man to live. It takes a woman to make him compromise. ♫ >> [Amy] We know what we both would want in our future. We know that we love each other just the same amount. Well, we've talked about getting married and having kids and our jobs. We do that a lot when we have bad days. So, like, when we start to cry, that's when we'll sit down and just plan it all out. >> We'd have four -- three or four kids. We haven't decided yet. But I kind of want four because you can have two boys and two girls then. Because that's what we have in our family, and it worked out pretty well. It's one of those things that, you know, it's like your ultimate dream kind of thing. Most people just ignore it, or most people think, "Ah, it'll never happen." And, you know, mine, obviously, probably won't. >> Um, I think the moment I'm most scared about is leaving the hospital after he's gone and knowing that he's not coming with and having to walk out of there. >> I will actually love her to death -- till my death. But, yeah, it's -- that's the thing. It's like, "why not get married" because, you know, til death do us part and I'm dying so we better get on this. That kind of thing. But, yeah, I do love her to death; and I will forever. [Music playing] >> Do you know a dance to this? No? >> You can walk down the isle to this. >> Okay, Sobiech family. Everyone come downstairs. So, I'm Justin, and I'm the director, and we are here making a little documentary about your amazing family member. And I came here and I was expecting to meet a great kid who had a cool YouTube video and was inspiring, but I was not expecting to meet a 17-year-old that would change my life. So, when I first contacted your mom, I told her I wanted to make a music video for you, which we just, unfortunately, could't do. But what I was able to do was reach out to a few people, and I just told them your story. And I told them I wanted to do something for you because you've done so much for us. What resulted was something very special. I just want you to know, this stuff is not happening because you're dying. It is really because of the way you are living. I just want you to know that. >> [Bryan Cranston] Zach, such a beautiful song. This is for you. [Music - Clouds] >> Look at that. [Laughing] ♫ Well I fell down, down, down into this dark and lonely hole. ♫ >> You can just tell that they all loved Zach's story and admire him so much and it was amazing to see. >> He was in awe. Like, he could't believe it, and none of us could. ♫ You were sitting there holding a rope. And we'll go up, up, up, but I'll fly a little higher. ♫ It won't be long now, it won't be long now. ♫ >> The most bizarre thing I think I've ever seen. Craziest feeling in the world. >> Seeing everybody who loves him at the end -- it made me cry. >> It really makes me want to keep on going. [Music] >> Aww, Grace. Grace you've been my best friend for 14 years, and we've done so much together. It's going to be tough goin', but you got to keep being strong. You got to kick some butt on the basketball court too. You take them to the championship. Sam, oh, you've been the best big brother anyone could ever ask for. You've given me so much knowledge. You've helped me through so much and I think it's important that you know that I love you because being guys I don't think we say it too much but I do love you so much. Ally, squeeze from the back of the toothpaste bottle. [Laughing] I'm going to miss you so much because you've always kept me strong in my faith and everything. Mom and Dad, you are the best parents that anyone could ever ask for. I could only wish I could have kids and raise them like you raised me because you did one hell of a job. You're the best parents anyone could ever ask for, and I love both of you so much. And thank you for being my parents. [Guitar music] Life is just really beautiful moments one right after the other. All of these experiences are super, super cool. All of them are giving me just a little bit more closure on everything and kind of accepting everything a little bit more. [Music] >> He's shown me that it's not all about the grades you get or how cool you are in high school. It's about doing what makes you happy and no matter when you are going to go to live life to the fullest every day. >> It's really simple, actually. It's just try and make people happy. Maybe you have learn it when it's time. Maybe you have to learn it the hard way, but as long as you learn it you're going to make the world a better place. >> I think that's actually one of the blessings of cancer is that you kind of come out of denial. And so in doing that things are better. That life is richer. Everything means more. Beauty is more beautiful. He's a beutiful person. And I'm am so happy to have been Zach Sobiech's mom. >> Death is just another thing on the agenda kind of. Yeah, it's scary, but the only reason it's scary because you don't know what's next or if there is a next. So, it's kind of like sitting in the dark. So, you can choose to be freaking out in the dark and thinking, okay what's out there? Or you can just relax and fall asleep and just be happy and content with everything. I want to be remembered as a kid who went down fighting and didn't really lose. Ahh the green testicle story, so I was playing ultimate Frisbee in College and there was this barefoot dude with weirdly sharp testicles. Oh Come On Laughing Laughing Laughing I Did It, I Did It. Oh my god I love it so much. I knew I was going to do that. He had weirdly sharp testicles right over there. No you're the only one left, spill it Mosby. Fine uhmmm the green testicle story, so I was playing ultimate frisbee in College, sorry I tried to sneak that by. Spill it Mosby. Laughing Spill it Mosby. Fine uhmm the green testicle story. Laughing So I'm the only one she didn't tell, she told you and not me? Well I guess she's better friends with me than you, oh well I'm better friends with Ted than you are. That is a lie, it is not a lie, Ted is one of my....HEY! Laughing Alright as Ted's best friend I have to put a stop to this, Ok that's it, you and me,ARGUlNG oh you think you can take, i'll show you things you've never seen before, I use to box in the army, I boxed in the army, get us down to the kitchen for latrine duty. Laughing Hey Ohhh, I'm so sorry, oh believe me, I I I I don't know what the line is and Janet's gonna kill me. Laughing No it was awesome, I had a great night and I'm never gonna see her again and there is know way to ruin it. Ted, how do I explain this to you, last night I ate the best cake of my life, now do you think I'm gonna let that Laughing You can't even say it. Oh Sht there is a phone ringing, I don't know who's it is but i'll turn it off. Laughing* Jason's mad at whoever that was by the way. Jason SingingPhone RingingLaughing I totally checked plus one I'm sure I did, yeah right, I did, yeah I don't think you did, you know why, because deep down Laughing that made me laugh. I went all ghetto with that line and I cracked myself up. The Thankstini, a fun and delicious new novelty drink I invented. Cranberry Juice, Potato Vodka and a Bouillon cube, it's like eating a turkey dinner, havva thanksgiving.Laughing Spit it, Spit Spit Spit, down it goes. It's like a turkey dinner in your mouth. No god dammit Laughing I can taste it now. Laughing We are just gonna keep rolling until you finish that up. Laughing Lower your voice or I will restrain you, seriously dude relax. We get to call our lawyer. EXACTLY! Laughing I love you Marshall, I love you Lily.Intensity Laughing NOW......noooooo Laughing I still got the deuce, I still got the deuce, is that alright Pam? Laughing Just do one take, please? I can't, alright i'll do one. Well we still have one frontier left Laughing I'm sorry, I'm sorry I'm Sorry. Well we still have one frontier left Laughing Well we still have one frontier left Laughing But may I suggest one little modification. Cut Please. Laughing And here come the paramedics. Oh thank god your here, What is going on? She have some internal bleeding definitely some fractures, we got to get her to the hospital. What are you talking about? You've had a terrible fall, no I haven't, really because I could swear fell you fell straight out of heaven angel BlNG Give him your number Give him your number Give him your number Give him your number Give him your number Give him your number Cheers and Applause It's still there, you want me to get it? Yeah it's still there should I just get it, Get It. Ok guys we are rolling and speeding, wait I have something in my teeth. Laughing Hello X Camera, we meet again. So your my baby, ok? Settle guys here we go. Sure, I got a new baby, it's called Camera X, OH MY GOD! Laughing What sort of dress did you have in mind dear? Well nothing to huge or poofy but I would like to look like a Beaful Princess Laughing You know who likes long distance relationship....s Laughing I've just been offered a fellowship at a culinary institute, in Germany. We make that, maybe we add a 19 year old to that 60 year old, no wait, 50 year old and a 1969, Hello 69, Hello. No that won't work, who else could we add? One More Please. Thanks Dude. Laughing So, ahh f*ck say it again, sorry sorry ABC.....CBS....NBC, settle guys here we go, should I even do it with him or shall we wait for the new guy? Perseus Script A Simukov Director A. Snezhko-Blotskaya Art director A Trussov Music B Geviksman Camera B Kotov Sound B Filtsjikov Assistants E Novoselskaya A Gorjeva, M Popova animators Leonid Kayukov, Nikolai Fedorov, Ye. Vershinina, Renata Mirenkova, Vladimir Zarubin, Violetta Kolesnikova, Valentin Kushnerev, Victor Shevkov voice artists Anna Kamenkova, Yevgeny Gerassimov, Vsevolod Larionov, Zinaida Naryshkina, S. Zaikova, Luciena Ovchinnikova Script editor A Snessarev Cutter T Sazonova Executive producer L Bytyrina Hah-hah-hah, do not be angry, Perseus, son of Danae. - How do you know my name? - I am obliged to know. King Polydectes has sent you for the head of the Gorgon Medusa...Right? Yes. King Polydectes is a sly rascal. Do not speak about him like that. Polydectes is a kind person. He has taken in my mother and me when we did not have a home anymore. HA HA, in a storage room, next to the pig stall. And who are you to say that? My mum said that I'm always going to believe in kindness. Kindness, my dear kid, is a commodity just as anything else. It can be bought and sold... Trust me as a God. You, a God? I'm a god. But to be honest, I am a minor god. Placed under my jurisdiction are the connections between people. the exchange of letters, contracts, commercial transactions, and so on ... My name is Hermes! I am there were payments and profits are involved. You insulted me! - I didn't, I rescued you. The Medusa Gorgone has flown over us. All those people have gotten petrified by her sight. By the way Medusa Gorgona believes in that way people are given immortality. - She is dangerous opponent. - You were meant to have the same fate. I'll kill her! Heh, I like you, Perseus. You me be a bit hot-headed, but I decided to help you. Take my sword. When you'll fight, never look at her eyes. Look only on her reflexion in the shield Otherwise you'll be lost. The road to the medusa is guarded by three old women- the Graeae. You need to obtain winged sandals and a magic bag from them. Be careful, the Graeae are very cunning. Do not let them fool you, Perseus. Twelve is what I threw! Allow me the eye, Oldest sister. I will check that number A game is a game. - Here, take it, middle sister. No! To me. Give the eye to me! Both of you have cheated. Haven't you done that before! Five, you rotten pains in the ass, I checked Oldest sister, where now is your twelve? Oh...sisters, here is such a pretty young man. Who is he? A young guy, slender and beautiful. - A man? A man? - Yes, yes, yes. Give me the eye. I want to see him. Wait. I wish to see him myself. - You're ruthless. - Heartless! Demand from the old women in return for the eye, the winged sandals and the magic bag. Here is you eye, kind women. What have you done? We are saved! Many thanks, young man... Take a look sisters He looks like a young God. What can we do for you? I need your winged sandals and your magic bag. like the one we have in our possession? Yes Wait a minute. Isn't it there? Hold it! don't fly away! Take them. hang on, first take the shoulder bag! Sisters, he has given us flowers. Fly! Fly! - Give me the eye, sister - Get away! - Me first ... - Get off! I want to watch him myself! You were lucky with these sisters in this case. It's not an option to be just kind. You shouldn't give in to your feelings. Mankind should have only one consideration. Is it profitable or not profitable. Just let me lead and you will be the sole master on the earth... Olympic gods respect strong heroes. That's the island of the medusa Gorgone Remember, don't look into her eyes or you will die O, he looks so decorative. He shouldn't miss on my island. Why don't you look at me, kid? I wish to admire you Look at me. You worry too much my darling... Just look at me. You'll gain the best of all states: - complete rest. Don't you wish to become immortal?...Look at me. I congratulate you! \ NFor your achievement a reward awaits you . The head of a medusa Gorgona is here take it. Whereto are you leaving now? To king Polydectes... I'll bring him Gorgona's head Was the contract between you written or oral? I promised him Hah-hah-hah- so only oral. And you know what Polydectes needs the head of Gorgona for? No So know that even the dead medusa Gorgona's head has an awful force... Her dead head can turn all that see it into stone for a last time For what would you give such a terrible weapon in the hands of this useless Polydectes Take advantage of it yourself What for? What do you mean "what for?" The fear for the sight of the medusa will support your power. I am ready to declare all: People, if you don't wanna die, accept Perseus as master or he will petrify you. You'll be master of the universe. So what's the advantage for you? Keep it silent and I will tell you a secret. I wish to become a main God. You will construct temples and sanctuaries in my honor... And then to the grief of the Olympic Gods they have to move up a bit As I said: I'll help you and you'll help me, right? Deal? What is the country under us called? It's Ethiopia I'm awaiting your answer. What do you think about my offer? Who is that there? I will have a look. Why go looking, when in your hands lies the destiny of the world. It's a girl! She is chained to a rock! Now isn't the right time to think of girls. We need to talk about the deal I have offered you Who are you? What is your name? Andromeda. Why are you chained to a rock? It was the wish of the Gods. The oracle has told that the city where my father reigns. will get rid of a sea monster only when he will sacrifice me. His own daughter. Father loves me. But he didn't have a choice. Ah! The monster is coming. Escape. Leave me. I wouldn't want you to die because of me. Don't be afraid. I'll rescue you. Madman. Don't do it. Don't do it! You are free, Andromeda! Do you wish to stay with me? Ah...He has ruined our business deal! And for what?! Perseus. You haven't understood that a person first of all should care of his own wellbeing I've found my own... wellbeing. Farewell, then. Love isn't my thing. "Perseus"........."Andromeda" The End In likelihood weighting, we're going to be collecting samples just like before, but we're going to add a probabilistic weight to each sample. Now, let's say we want to compute the probability of rain given that the sprinklers are on, and the grass is wet. We start as before. We make a choice for Cloudy, and let's say that, again, we choose Cloudy being positive. Now we want to make a choice for Sprinkler, but we're constrained to always choose Sprinkler being positive, so we'll make that choice. And we know we were dealing with Cloudy being positive, so we're in this row, and we're forced to make the choice of Sprinkler being positive, and that has a probability of only 0.1, so we'll put that 0.1 into the weight. Next, we'll look at the Rain variable, and here we're not constrained in any way, so we make a choice according to the probability tables with Cloudy being positive. And let's say that we choose the more popular choice, and Rain gets the positive value. Now, we look at Wet Grass. We're constrained to choose positive, and we know that the parents are also positive, so we're dealing with this row here. Since it's a constrained choice, we're going to add in or multiply in an additional weight, and I want you to tell me what that weight should be. ♫ ♫ White Christmas ♫ ♫ We're here to celebrate our 10th Annual Shop With a Cop Program. This year we have 12 families, 20 children; the most ever. The kids are really excited. They just had breakfast with Santa this morning and got some nice gifts. They're going to go to a Christmas show at the end of December at Zoellner Art Center. They're excited about being with the officers today, meeting Santa Claus, and getting all the best wishes for Christmas this year. Anybody want to see anybody special here today before we leave? No? You just wanna leave? Anybody want to see like a big fat guy? Not me now; not me. Another guy. I think I hear him coming now. [ Applause for Santa Claus ] (Bell ringing) (Applause) Wall Street, we have a problem. There's a growing sense that the global economy is broken, that the world is becoming more unfair, that fundamental changes are required, and that Wall Street is at the heart of this mess. Imagine four years ago, who would have dreamed that a big theme of business books today would be: "How to save capitalism," or "Is capitalism even saveable?" And these books are not, and these articles and so on, are not just coming from Occupy protesters, although one said, "It's not a crisis of capitalism; capitalism is the crisis." But rather these books are coming from capitalists, from "The Economist," the "Financial Times," and business writers like Matthew Bishop, business editor of "The Economist." And to fix Wall Street, to me, we need to do more than tinker; we need to bring about some very fundamental changes, because the core modus operandi of Wall Street almost brought down global capitalism, and it hasn't changed fundamentally. To restore long-term health and trust in the financial services industry, it will require more than individual companies making changes, or more than just some regulation, but really a change to the whole operating model of Wall Street, where the banks, the brokerage companies, the rating agencies, insurance companies, even government regulators, get together and collectively rebuild Wall Street around three new principles. These principles are integrity, collaboration and transparency. And what I'd like to do today is just to tell you a story to make the case about how Wall Street can change itself. Let's begin with integrity. Integrity is really about doing the right thing, and it has a few values. One is honesty; you tell the truth, you don't steal, rip off people. Number two is you're considerate of the interests of others; you understand, for example, that business can't succeed in a world that's failing. And you have accountability; you abide by your commitments. Now, the problem with Wall Street, in my mind, is not that there are a lot of bad people that lack integrity; I think Wall Street is mainly full of good people. My son is one of them. He is an investment banker on the Street, and he has a very strong sense of values that drives his life. He says he wants to live a principled and consequential life. The problem is something very different. And let me tell you a story to make the case. A number of years ago, Royal Caribbean, it's a company that's now probably the leading cruise line in the world, enormously successful, they had a big problem. Engineers were found to be dumping toxic waste and oil into the sea. And this is complicated, and unfortunate, when all of your marketing material is about the sea and the beauty of the sea, and come share the sea with us. It became a huge crisis. Eventually it was the cover story in "The New York Times," the CEO had to resign. They brought in a new man, a man of great integrity, to run the company. And he said, "I'm going to find out what happened." And he did some research, he looked around, and he spent time with people, and he stood up before the world and said, "It's true. We were polluting the sea, and this is a violation of everything that we believe in as a company, and we have great integrity. And I'm here to tell you today this will never happen again." Four weeks later, Royal Caribbean was found to be systematically dumping oil and toxins into the sea. What's going on here? Here's a man of great integrity, they have integrity as part of the value statement of their company, but they hadn't baked it into their DNA, into their IT systems, their business processes, into their compensation system. Engineers in boats found that they could bypass the pollution control devices, and they get compensated for saving money. They could save hundreds of thousands of dollars and get bigger bonuses. So Royal Caribbean had to go back to the drawing board, and dig deep and figure out: How do we infuse integrity into our bones? And to me that's what every Wall Street company needs to do: to dig deep and to look at all aspects of your operation to ensure that you are doing the right thing. Compensation, for example, it's hard to ask people to not be bad when the reward for being bad is to acquire huge riches. So bake integrity into the DNA. Theme number two: collaboration. I'm not talking about a bunch of people getting together in a nice meeting; I'm talking about collaboration enabled by the Internet that can now occur on a astronomical scale, and can lead to profound changes in how we orchestrate capability in society to innovate, to create goods, and to create financial services, that are sustainable and that are innovative. And here's a story for this one. There's a guy named Rob McEwen, this is actually a picture of him. The reason I know this story is he moved across the street from me in Toronto, and he held a cocktail party to meet the neighbors. And he says, "You're Don Tapscott, I've read some or your books." So I said, "Great, what are you doing?" He says, "Well I used to be a banker, and now I'm a gold miner." He's a funny guy, he introduces his wife Cheryl to the group, and says, "This is Cheryl, she's a gold digger." (Laughter) Fortunately she is an enormously capable person with a sense of humor. So - and she is not a gold digger - but anyway, he tells me this amazing story that he's taken over this gold mine, but his geologists can't tell him where the gold is. So he gives them more money for more geological data, they come back, they can't tell him where to go into production. And he's so frustrated - after a few years he's ready to shut the company down. But one day he goes to a meeting of young presidents at MlT, and he hears about this thing called the Linux operating system, you know, where people put an operating system in a commons, they're sharing the development of an operating system, and nobody owns it. And he wonders, if my geologists don't know where the gold is, maybe somebody else does. So he does a radical thing. He takes his geological data, which in the mining industry is your biggest secret, it's kept in safes, in high security computer systems. He publishes it and he holds a contest on the Internet called the Goldcorp Challenge. It's basically half a million dollars in prize money for anyone who can tell me: Do I have any gold, and if so, where is it? (Laughter) He gets submissions from all around the world, 77 of them. They used techniques that he's never heard of, and for his half a million dollars in prize money, Rob McEwen finds 3.4 billion dollars worth of gold. The value of his company goes from 90 million to 10 billion dollars. He merged with another company and sold his interest: The value of Goldcorp today is over 35 billion dollars, and I can tell you, because he's my neighbor, Rob McEwen is a happy camper. (Laughter) He thought very differently about the boundaries of the firm, and about collaboration. We could apply this to financial services. So here's a huge problem, not just for Wall Street but for America. Today the banks have 2 trillion dollars of so-called toxic assets on their balance sheets. Actually, it's 2 trillion plus or minus 2 trillion, because nobody knows what these things are worth. It's the hangover from the whole subprime mortgage mess. And how are we going to figure what the value of these assets are so the banks can get rid of them? Why not create a Linux of risk management data? Take information about all these assets, place it into a commons, and hold a challenge and bring all of the world's leading modelers, 5-6,000 of them, together, to determine, essentially, value at risk. In doing so, we can value the assets, get them off our balance sheets - and this is really important, because 80% of new jobs come from companies that are 5 years old or less, but the banks aren't lending money to companies or entrepreneurs, because of this problem. So we have this so-called jobless recovery. Right? An oxymoron if I ever heard of one. There is no recovery unless it's inclusive. The key to fixing the problem of employment comes all the way back to figuring out how to get these assets off our balance sheets, and we could collaborate like Rob McEwen and Goldcorp did to do that. Theme number three is transparency. Now here's my story here. Back in 1947 the troops came home from the war, and they hadn't had a raise for a long time. And so what happened was that the biggest strike in American history took place. The workers of the United Auto Workers against America's largest corporation, General Motors. And the workers put forward these demands, and GM said, "We just don't have the money." So Walter Reuther, this head of UAW, the old fox, he put forward, as the main demand of the strike, he said, "OK, you don't have the money, then open the books." The main demand of the biggest strike in American history was a demand for transparency. And I found in this obscure transcription of the negotiations, what the head of GM said to Walter Reuther. And I paraphrase, he says, "Open the books? No bleeping way. We don't even open the books to our stockholders." Sixty years ago, the stockholders of GM didn't know how they were doing. It wasn't until the SEC act of 1934 that public companies were even required to tell their shareholders anything about how they were doing. Well, imagine how the world has changed today. Transparency has become this powerful new force. And people think that it's about WikiLeaks; it's not. WikiLeaks is the tip of the iceberg. People have at their fingertips the most powerful tools ever for finding out what's going on and informing others, organizing collective responses. And corporations are becoming naked. And if you are going to be naked, there are some corollaries to that. One is that fitness is no longer optional. Or if you're going to be naked, you'd better be buff. (Laughter) Now, by buff I mean you'd better have good value, because value is evidence like never before. Say you have good products and services - they'd better be good. But you also need to have values, you need to have integrity as part of your bones, because if you don't, you'll be unable to build trust. So, WikiLeaks announces next: In the former Tsar's palace, the leaders faced a heavy agenda. They must decide how to govern a defeated Germany. And they wanted to get the Polish question settled. "Eastern Europe, important though it was, was only one of many other things - first of all winning the war and then occupying Germany, secondly seeing to the war against Japan, thirdly the post war arrangements." "Stalin knew that the war was won. After all, the Russians were only 40 miles from Berlin at that time. They were on the point of capturing Budapest. They'd swept through parts of Eastern Europe, not the whole lot yet." "He was a very shrewd negotiator. He doesn't look you in the eye; he's just sort of smoking - he was a chain smoker - and he was sort of smoking, and you think that probably he's not listening, you know. Then all of a sudden he would raise his fingers and say 'Ah'." "The terrible mistake that Roosevelt made was that he was trying to ingratiate himself into Stalin's favour by stressing the divisions between Churchill and himself, so he made it quite clear to Stalin that there were real divisions as well as imaginary ones." "For us, of course, the major topic was the future of Eastern Europe and above all, Poland. And on that Stalin obviously was bound to get what he wanted because the Red Army was in occupation of the whole area including Poland - they had already gone through Poland into Germany by the time we were in Yalta." By now, the Balkans and most of Poland were in Soviet hands; so too was much of Czechoslovakia and Hungary - battlefield facts that diplomacy could not alter. "We got at Yalta two diplomatic documents which on paper were perfectly satisfactory. I mean that there would be a coalition government in Poland including people from the West, and there would be free elections in Poland. And then there was a declaration covering the whole of Eastern Europe called the Declaration on Liberated Europe, which again was to be rebuilt on the basis of democracy and free elections and all the rest of it - of course, phrases which the Russian used but interpreted rather differently." Stalin promised that the Polish elections would be free and fair. Tired of arguing, the others took him at his word. Germany would be governed jointly by the victorious Allies. And Stalin secretly pledged to join the war against Japan. Churchill was confident. "We have all bound ourselves to work together, to make sure that there is increasing happiness and prosperity for the broad masses of the people in every land - no longer subject to the hard strains of war. There is the prospect which has now opened before us." "The Funeral Special heads for Washington. An honour guard of servicemen keeps vigil beside the flag-draped casket. At villages, crossroads, way stations, the people who were so close to his heart stand silently, expressive of the devotion Franklin Roosevelt inspired." As the President was buried, the last battles in Europe were ending. American troops were taking over German towns without resistance. "They were glad to see the American troops because they had a terrible fear of having Russians occupy or come into their area." As the Allies advanced they discovered the full horror of German crimes. The Jews had been the Nazis' special target. But every nation was mourning over mass graves. Fear of a German revival, would overshadow the first years of peace. Soon Soviet and American troops would meet in Germany. "Our lieutenant came in one day and said he'd got ... he wants to get a patrol together - we're going to go and see if we can find some Russians. Well, none of us were too eager to go on that patrol really, because we realised the end of the war was imminent and we didn't know what was out there. You know, we had gotten this far, why stick our necks out again?" "We kept going and we kept running into no resistance and everybody was retiring and surrendering and we just, I guess, were lucky. We got to the Elbe river and we saw the Russians on the other side." "I told my girlfriend, "You stand there and I'll stay here". We waited for them to come ashore. We could see their faces. They looked like ordinary people. We had imagined something different. Well, they were Americans!" "I guess we didn't know what to expect from the Russians, but when you looked at them and examined them, you couldn't tell whether you know ? If you put an American uniform on them, they could have been American!" "We didn't know who we were kissing. We were just kissing everyone." "I think that for us the war was over. We washed our feet in the Elbe river. We washed our faces and hands. We thought that now we'd met the Americans, the war must be over." Two days later, the movie cameras were ready. The moment of history, the meeting of ordinary soldiers from Russia and America, was re-run, dramatically, with a bigger cast. By allied agreement, the capture of Berlin was left to the Russians. April 1945. The Red Army launches its final offensive towards Berlin. The war cost the Soviet Union 27 million lives - nearly 40 times American and British losses put together. The Red Flag destined to fly over the Reichstag was a home made affair. "We used tablecloths. One night, I helped my friend, a Jewish tailor, sew them into three flags. We took them to Berlin. I found three soldiers and we climbed up. The first photograph I took was of the flag I'd brought from Moscow - the Soviet flag over Berlin." As Hitler's Reich fell apart, hundreds gathered in San Francisco to found the United Nations Organisation. The Soviet delegation was led by the man who had signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact - Molotov. "Molotov was very nervous because he felt that the war is coming to an end, victory would soon be here, and here he is in America. That's why everyday he sent cables to Stalin, 'When may I return?'" As the San Francisco meeting continued, news came of Germany's surrender. "General Eisenhower informs me that the forces of Germany have surrendered to the United Nations. The flags of freedom fly all over Europe." As the fighting stopped, the Soviet front line had cut Europe in two, from the Baltic to the Adriatic. The war in the Pacific dragged on. American marines had stormed Iwo-Jima. It was a foretaste of how difficult and bloody the final invasion of Japan might be. Potsdam, in conquered Germany - site of the third allied summit. "The attitude in Washington toward the Soviet Union had begun to change well before Potsdam. Storm signals were already flying." "Truman declared officially and quite sharply that the declaration on Europe adopted at Yalta is not being carried out in some countries. Governments are being set up which the United States will not recognise." "I'd call the Potsdam conference a bad-tempered conference, because apart from the ceremonial occasions, it was really very bad-tempered." The allies couldn't easily agree about a German Peace Treaty or on how to carry out agreements reached at Yalta. Stalin confirmed that his troops were ready for war with Japan. But the day before the conference, America had successfully tested an atomic bomb. "President Truman, after consulting with the British, and with his own military advisers, decided that he would tell Stalin that we had a powerful new weapon, without identifying it as a nuclear weapon." "Truman repeated what he was saying about the new weapon. He thought Stalin didn't hear or didn't understand him. Stalin said, 'Okay, thank you for the information'." "There was some question amongst the Americans as to whether Stalin had really understood what Truman was saying. As we now know, they knew all about the Manhattan Project through espionage and their own agents." With the conference still in session, news arrived from London that Clement Attlee had been elected British Prime Minister. "I had a feeling that the biggest sensation for Molotov and Stalin was not the bomb explosion but the fact that Churchill was not re-elected in England." Another photo-call. The world must see that the Allies were still united. On August the 2nd the conference ended and the statesmen went home. Four days later, America dropped an atomic bomb on the city and people of Hiroshima. Three days after that, another was dropped on Nagasaki. Soon the human race would be able to destroy itself in a day. At each Cold War crisis to come, the nuclear shadow threatened. That's prolly enough about us, tell us about you! -- Oh, me? okay.. I'm a Sagittarius, which probably tells you way more than you need to know.. -- Yes.. It tells us that you participate in the mass cultural delusion that the sun's apparent position relative to arbitrarily defined constellations at the time of your birth somehow affects your personality. Participate in the what?! I think that... 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A very good product I recommend it You can take it Because is recommended This product has been Good for me Thanks to the supplement That is a 100% truth Healthy for the body Carolina, our Andean and Amazonian cultures have a large cultural heritage that can be stolen by first world corporations through copyrights, as it has already happened in some cases. So, how can Creative Commons help the indigenous communities keep their cultural heritage? I think it is a mistake to think that Creative Commons will help them to do so, because Creative Commons isn't used to protect. In other words, it protects but within the framework of copyright, in fact, it makes this protection more flexible; its goal is to protect. In the case of indigenous cultures and traditional and ancestral communities, I agree that they have been the object of a never ending spoliation, but it doesn't make sense to think that the free culture is a praise to everything that is free without a reason, there is an explanation behind it. Let's say, for example, the equality among the equal; you can't have equality among the unequal. In that sense Creative Commons is part of the copyright and it shouldn't be used by indigenous communities just to protect something, it should only be used to protect something that is being shared, then it makes sense. We have witnessed, for example, how the indigenous cultures are taking charge of documenting their heritage, they are producing and reconstructing their legends and stories through the use of audiovisual technology. Since that material is meant to be shared with the world, it makes total sense that they do it through Creative Commons, and also matches the way they think. However, to use Creative Commons to protect their heritage doesn't make sense. A while ago you were asking me about free software. It seems to me that free software makes way more sense since, in the end, the software is being used as a tool. As long as the free software conveys the transference of information, it helps them to adapt it to their needs, besides they don't have to worry for the continuous licence payments. Therefore, if the free software is used as a tool, it makes sense to be used by indigenous people. As I said before, my opinion holds the same worries that you are considering for copyright, and in this case, it is exactly what we are talking about; we are talking about yielding copyrights . Ok then, in your opinion, what do you think the indigenous communities should do to protect their legends, their ancestral stories, and all this kind of knowledge that they keep in an oral form, since they don't have written documents? The problem is that there is a lack of reflection by the indigenous communities about the best way to handle this situation. It is hard to see it from their point of view. The question is how much are they going to be able to keep this [knowledge] if it is not written, this is too complicated. This type of knowledge is more complicated that the knowledge in its traditional form because in the end there are existential differences. However, we have seen some advances in certain countries particularly in Panama, Venezuela, and Peru who have been looking for different alternatives depending on the different risks. I don't remember which one of these countries already has a data base of ancestral documents that holds this prior knowledge in case they need to legally claim a copyright abroad. One of the reasons to claim a copyright can be that it existed previously; since it is considered as an invention, then it is not protected. In this case, if there is already a data base of the ancestral knowledge, the copyrights can be enforced. This is just an example. Right now several countries and communities are already working on alternatives from the western point of view as well as their own point of view. I don't know if you remember the simile that I used in which I compared the copyright with marriage or family law the problem the indigenous communities have when considering copyright or intellectual property in general is precisely that it can be compared with same sex marriages which creates a clash. Creative Commons is like a typical marriage; it fits the idea of people of different genders forming a family. The issue of the indigenous ancestral communities is different than the copyright. I think this is what they are fighting for now and the same idea has been expressed on the issue of the cultural heritage of humanity, but still these subjects don't suffice to fulfill the needs of the indiginous people. The subjects that need to be discussed, in my opinion and I wish they were discussed, are the ones about community, and collective rights from a point of view different than copyright. I again make the comparison with the XlX century idea of family, which right now is in crisis. The same way the idea of copyright is in crisis. The problem doesn't get solved just by saying, "now we will have to go to the Vatican and sign a new treaty with them", what was the name of that reaty? Obviously that is not the solution. The same thing is happening to copyright. It is going through a change process, it is a time of change and issues like the one related to indigineous communities represent the real challenge that copyright has in the present, which is its ability to diversify, even within its own premises and its foundation, that is what I think. Yes I also think it is very similar to the indigenous concept of land ownership. They believe that the land shouldn't be owned by anybody; that it should be everybody's not yours or mine. Exactly, the idea of collective property. The Western world is centered in the idea of individuality, private property, and the individual. It doesn't matter how much they talk about collectivity, they are always trying to identify who the individual is. On the contrary, this idea doesn't exist in indigenous communities. Everything is common, belongs to everybody, and this idea breaks the foundation of all these theories and there you have it, we are facing a great challenge for the upcoming decades. ECHOES PART ONE Overhead the albatross hangs motionless upon the air And deep beneath the rolling waves in labyrinths of coral caves The echo of a distant tide comes willowing across the sand And everything is green and submarine And no one show us to the land And no one knows the wheres or whys But something stares and something tries And starts to climb towards the light Strangers passing in the street By chance two separate glances meet And I am you and what I see is me And do I take you by the hand And lead you through the land And help me understand the best I can And no one calls us to move on And no one forces down our eyes And no one speaks, no one tries No one flies around the sun CAREFUL WlTH THAT AXE, EUGENE Down, down. Down, down. The star is screaming. Beneath the lies. Lie, lie. Tschay, tschay, tschay. Careful... Careful... Careful with that axe, Eugene. The stars are screaming loud. Tsch. Tsch. Tsch. Tsch. All that you touch All that you see All that you taste All you feel All that you love All that you hate Us, and them And after all we're only ordinary men. Me, and you Haven't you heard it's a battle of words The poster bearer cried. Listen son, said the man with the gun There's room for you inside. ONE OF THESE DAYS I'M GOlNG TO CUT YOU INTO LlTTLE PlECES One of these days I'm going to cut you into little pieces. MADEMOlSELLE NOBS The lunatic is on the grass The lunatic is on the grass Remembering games and daisy chains and laughs. Got to keep the loonies on the path The lunatic is in the hall The lunatics are in my hall The paper holds their folded faces to the floor ... and if the cloud bursts, thunder in your ear... ... and throw away the key There's someone in my head but it's not me And if the cloud bursts, thunder in your ear You shout and... And every day the paper boy brings more And if the dam breaks open many years too soon And if there is no room upon the hill And if your head explodes with dark forebodings too I'll see you on the dark side of the moon. The lunatic is in my head The lunatic is in my head You raise the blade, you make the change SET THE CONTROLS FOR THE HEART OF THE SUN Little by little the night turns around Counting the leaves which tremble at dawn Lotuses lean on each other in yearning Under the eaves the swallow is resting Set the controls for the heart of the sun Over the mountain watching the watcher Breaking the darkness, waking the grapevine Knowledge of love is knowledge of shadow Love is the shadow that ripens the wine Ajuste os controles para o coração do sol Set the controls for the heart of the sun Witness the man who raves at the wall Making the shape of his questions to Heaven Whether the sun will fall in the evening Will he remember the lesson of giving Set the controls for the heart of the sun of the sun... the sun... Overhead the albatross hangs motionless upon the air And deep beneath the rolling waves in labyrinths of coral caves The echo of a distant tide comes willowing across the sand And everything is green and submarine ECHOES PART TWO Cloudless every day you fall upon my waking eyes Iniviting and inciting me to rise And through the window in the wall comes streaming in on sunlight wings A million bright ambassadors of morning And no one sings me lullabies And no one makes me close my eyes So I throw the windows wide And call to you across the sky The outcome of the last lecture was, in some sense, quite glorious. We ended up with this beautiful hybrid atomaton that solves the general navigation problem. And it had all these cool things in it. Now, the problem is that, after we have solved the general navigation problem i said, but it doesn't work. It was a kind of annoying to be completely honest and today I want to make it work by dealing with some of the practical considerations that we really have to, to think about. the first is that we have this notion of XO everywhere. Now, its hard to see, but this is the distance. Or the point where the obstacle is. Well, obstacles aren't points. And it's not entirely, clear how we should translate these, real world obstacles that aren't points, into something that we can deal with here. The other is what I call fat guards. Here for instance, we're saying that the distance to the obstacle should be exactly equal to delta. Well We're never going to be exactly = to delta, because sensors are noisy. So what we need to do is, we need to say, you know what? The distance is delta + -epsilon. So we basically just need to just fact ta fi the guards, make them larger. So that instead of switching exactly when we're at the distance delta, we're building some slack into the system. . And then, I have a third bullet here, that I'm calling tweak, tweak, tweak. And the point with that one, is that, even if you have dealt with non point obstacles. And we have fat a fi our goal, guards. There are parameters. There are things like, CGTG. Which is the coefficient in front of the goal to goal behavior. We have things like, delta and epsilons. And there are all these Parameters that we have chosen. That, mathematically, they're all fine. But, in practice, there is no way out of the fact that you need to test, test, test, and tweak your parameters. And this is, in some sense, why robotics is so hard. And that's, how do you actually transition from your beautiful theoretical design, into something that works on the actual robots. Well , lets start with obstacles that aren't points. Green ball is the robot, red thingy is the obstacle, it's not a point. Now the first thing to note is that almost all actual sensors they're really the return points. Point , laser scaners, Infrared, ultrasonic sensors, all of them measure distances to things in certain directions. So, here are the points that I'm actually detecting on this obstacle. So now the question is, how do I actually deal with this situation? Where I have not one obstacle, where I have one obstacle but for the purpose of robot these are let's see, one, two, three, four, five, six obstacle points. So, I have six points all of a sudden. Then I somehow need to deal with. So how do I do that. Well, We have some options. One options is, you know what? I'm really not interested in driving into this obstacle, so, the point in my algorithm that I'm going to care about, is simply the closest obstacle. In this case, it's this point, right? So, I'm simply going to say that xo is there, that's actually not bad, it's not a bad idea at all and then this is supposed to be straight line. you avoid obstacle would simply take me in this direction, just straight away from the closest point. That's not bad at all. But you know what, we have all this other information. Why don't we take that information into account a little bit more? So, another option would be to, weigh and add obstacle vectors together, depending on the distances. Right so, here it's closer, so I'm going to get more in this direction. And I'm kind fo far away so I'm going to get little in that direction. And then I'm going to weigh these together and maybe, get something out like this. That's better. So, there are different ways of weighing them. Let's say that I get these weighed or scaled obstacle vectors. And then my obstacle avoidance is simply going to be some scaled version, or weighted and scaled version of that. So this would be, U avoid obstacle now. And what you now need to do, to find x obstacle which we need, is to backtrack this thing, and say th at this point here, would be x o. Now x o is not necessarily a point that we're measuring now. It's the scaled and weighted version of the other points but, this is a much better way of, Of doing.Now the last thing I should point out this you know what , you should weigh these things depending on the distance.But then you should also weigh depending on the direction of travel, excuse me and what do I mean by that.Well you know what, if I'm really on my way In this direction . What do I care about obstacles behind me. Why should I care about that. I really shouldn't right? So, what I really want to do is weigh it also based on the direction of travel and in that case I would get a weighted obstacle avoidance vector out like this. So this is almost a I would say the best way of doing it. And that's in fact how we're going to do it. Now, the last thing I want to point out, though, you know, there's another option. I should be able to collect all the points I'm getting, building a map of it, so here is the obstacle service. And then, you know what? Instead of just dealing with the questions, like you know, sliding, or snow sliding. Maybe I can, plan my way around this obstacle. Now, what I want to point out , this, in this class, we don't say things like most bestest, because it's grammatical nonsense. we stay with grammatically correct things, which means that Ultra4 is out. what I really want to say is that building maps is an entirely different type of topic, and all that we are learning in this class is still very much applicable. So, I just want to point out that there are ways of building maps and then planning in those maps and then you're goal to goal behavior, for instance, wouldn't aim at the goal point but aim at following planned path based on these obstacle maps. So want to point out option four but its really not part of what we're going to pursue in, in the class. Now the last thing or did the second thing I said is we need to allow for fat guards and this is because no sensor is perfect, no actuator is perfect. Robots aren't prefect, right? So if I have this as my navigation hybrid automaton, when I'm doing f1 for some reason until g is negative, then I'm doing f2. And then when g becomes positive I'm doing f1 again. This is not sufficiently fat. Because I may end up actually switching a lot, I may do C note for instance or I may not but, the point is that what I really should do is replace these guys with this, right? Instead of saying G less than zero, I should say G less than negative epsilon. And instead of saying g positive, I should say g greater than epsilon. so Instead of having this as my switching surface, I'm actually building this little corridor here where I'm saying, I'm going to use f1 until I've gone through the entire corridor and so here's f1. And then I'm going to use f2 until I've gone through that corridor. And this factification not only reduces chattering but it also allows us to switch not when we're exactly delta away from an ob, obstacle but in somewhere delta plus minus epsilon. So always build fat guards as a practical precaution against the fact that de, deployed real world is not as clean as the theoretical world on my powerpoint slides. And then, like I said, the final advice, when it comes to practical considerations, is even though you have built a beautiful hybrid automotan, you've thought about everything, you have dealt with practical considerations and that you deal with point obstacles or non point obstacles as susceptible points since [UNKNOWN]. you are using sufficiently guards, you still have to tweak, tweak, tweak. You have to test these parameters. You have to do it over and over again and Like I said, this is what makes robotics hard and why it's a little frustrating at times, but at the end of it, it's also what makes it satisfying when you get it right. So what I'm going to do in the next lecture is not talk at you or to you at all. Instead, what we are going to do is to actually going to build this system that we now have and tweak parameters until we are satisfied with our glorious, great, unifying navigation system. CAPTlONS (Transcription and synchronization): youtube.com/SANTSUMA & youtube.com/AMhiro2 First let me begin by clarifying the purpose of Non Violent Communication. It's purpose is to help you to do which you already know how to do Now why do we need to learn something today that you already know how to do. Because... sometimes we forget to do this. We forget because we've been educated to forget. Now, what is it that I'm talking about that we already know how to do? The purpose of this process is to help us to connect in a way that makes natural giving possible. Natural giving possible what do i mean by "Natural Giving"? Let me do you a song to make it clear what i mean by Natural Giving... I never feel more given to and when you take from me when you understand the joy I feel caring for you... and you know my giving isn't done to put you in my debts But because I want to live the love I feel for you To receive with grace may be the greatest giving There is no way that I can separate the two. When you give to me I give you my receiving And when you take from me I fell so given to You all know that giving... You know how to do it and that's what I'm interested in. A remembering to stay with that quality of giving, moment by moment in any connection. But we also all know that it's easy to lose it, it's easy to lose that connection. So that instead of enjoying that quality of giving which is possible in every moment in every contact we have. And in spite of how precious that is, we forget. And instead of playing the game that that song is about, which i call "making life wonderful" It is the most fun game I've ever heard Instead, much of the time, we play another game called who's right Have you ever played that game? It's a game where everybody loses Isn't this amazing? We all know about this quality of giving that the song was about. It is possible every moment We find that the richest thing to do and much of our lives we end up playing who is right now the game of who is right involves two of the most devious things human beings have ever come about One... punishment. Because if you're wrong in the game "who's right" than you deserve "to suffer". Can you imagine a more diabolical concept to educate people? So...if you haven't already abstained from punishment I am sure by the end of the day that will will no longer be a part of your consciousness no more punishment. You won't do it in your families, we will get rid of it with criminals, it just make things more violent. We will find other ways to deal with other nations, beside punishment. No more punishment, no more reward. It is the same game. It's part of the game of who's right. If you're right then you get rewarded if you're wrong you get punished. No more...no more. It has created enough violence on the planet no more guilt induction... no more shame No more concepts of duty and obligation just what the song is about, natural giving. So how did we get off target? We got off target according to Walter Wink, a theologian, who writes in his book, "Powers That Be", we got off target about 5,000 years ago we lost... we got off target because we started to get some wild thinking. wild thinking that human beings are innately evil and when you believe that, that human beings are innately evil ...the things aren't going as we would like What is the corrective process? The corrective process is "penitence". When people are evil, you think that the way to bring about change when people are behaving in a way you don't like is to make people hate themselves for what they're doing. So, for these political reasons and theological reasons, we started to develop a language then I call jackal language. It is a language that cuts us off from life, and uh... makes it very easy due to be violent very easy to be violent. In fact... in that book I mentioned, Wink says that in domination cultures one of the things you have to educate people is to make a violence enjoyable. and we've done a good job of that, we have made violence enjoyable in our culture. The 2 hours a night, from 7 to 9 when children are watching tv the most in 75 % of the programs they watch, the hero either kills somebody or beats them up. And when this happens, it is the climax of the program. We have been educated for quite a while to make violence enjoyable. so... even though i think what that song was about is even closer to our nature, this "natural giving"... we've been educated to make violence enjoyable and educated in a way we can even be violent to our children. So, what is "jackal language" like? Jackal language is, as mentioned, the language of moralistic judgments. Think in terms of who is right, who is wrong, who is good, who is bad. and when you mention change, yes we want change at times, so how do you get change in the jackal system? Watch a parent trying to bring about change in the child. This is a parent teaching a young child say one of the most important words in "jackal". Say you are sorry! I am sorry. You are not really sorry. I can see it, you are not really sorry! :( :( :( I am sorry. Ok, I forgive you. Can you imagine a game like that? can you imagine a parent responding to a child that way? And if a parent is doing that to a child in his own family what are they going to do to people from other cultures who behave in a way that they don't appreciate? So of course you going to have violence wherever you have this kind of thinking In cultures that do not have this thinking you don't see violence. So, that is how we got off target, even though we could be playing the game make life wonderful each moment, we have been educated for quite a while to play another game; "who is right"? So what are the parts of this game of "who is right?" I have just mentioned one of them. One part is moralistic judgments learning how to go up to our head, and think basically in terms of right and wrong. good and bad, normal, abnormal. I have learned this game very well, I speak several dialects of Jackal I grew up speaking... I grew up in Detroit, we spoke a rather harsh dialect of Jackal you might call it Detroit Jackal. For example... if I am out driving and someone is driving in a way that I don't like, and again I want to install change... I roll down the window... Idiot! Now, theoretically the person is supposed to repent i confess i was wrong, Sir I will change the air of my ways... It's a great theory... it didn't work. I tried it more than once, it doesn't work. So I thought maybe it was that particular dialect of Jackal, so I decided to get a more cultured use of Jackal, so I went to the university and got a doctor's degree in professional Jackal. Now when somebody is driving in a way I don't like i roll down the window... Psychopath! Still doesn't work. There is another part of this language of Jackal "Amtsprache" "Amtsprache" That's very important, you see... a language that denies choice. Denies responsibility for our actions, I use the word "Amtsprache" for this part. Having read an interview with the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann at his trial for war crimes in Jerusalem, Eichmann was asked, "was it hard to send tens of thousands of people to their death?" Eichmann answered candidly, he said, -"To tell you the truth, it was easy," "our language made it easy". that interview shocked... that answer shocked his interviewer and his interviewer said, "what language?" Eichmann said, in fact my fellow Nazi officers and I, we had our own name for our language we call it "Amtsprache". "Amt" in German means office and "Sprache" language I call it bureaucratic language He was asked for some examples Eichmann said, it is a language in which you deny responsibility for your... your actions So if somebody ask you why you did it, you say: "I had to". Then, don't feel so bad, if you have to do, you see... you are not responsible. Why did you have to do that? Superior's orders... Company policy They made me do it... i couldn't do else what... Very dangerous language, "Amtsprache", very dangerous... We have giraffe schools... I use the word giraffe, you see, as a symbol for nonviolence We will see today that the language we're going to study is the language of the heart and so i use giraffe language for that because giraffes have the largest heart of any land animal Giraffe requires always being conscious of choices, you see... We never do anything that we don't choose to do, but i was teaching "giraffe" to a group of parents and teachers in one community and... we have giraffe schools throughout the world we have 5 in Israel, 4 in Palestine some in Serbia and so forth... and in Giraffe schools of course we want to make sure that certainly teachers and parents never use "Amtsprache", one of the most dangerous languages in the world. to teach a child you have to do so. So I was saying this one time in Saint Louis, Missouri to a group of parents teachers a mother got very upset, she said... "But there are some things you have to do whether you like to do or not, it is our job as parents to teach our children what they have to do. I mean there's things I do everyday that I hate to do but just there are somethings you have to do. Oh, I said...could you give me an example? She said, "easy, there are so many let me think Ok, like when I leave here tonight I have to go home and cook I hate to cook! I hate it with a passion, but I have done it every day for 20 years even when I have been sick. Well, I will be very happy today to show you another way of thinking Another language that I hope will open up happier possibilities for you Well I am pleased to report she was a rapid giraffe student. She went home that very evening and announced to her family that she no longer wanted to cook. I got some feedback from her family The feedback came 2 weeks later when I went to that city again and... was doing an evening workshop, and... who shows up? Her 2 older sons, she had 4 sons. They came up at the beginning to introduce themselves and I said, hey I am glad you guys came up here, I've been very curious what's going on in your family. Your mother has been calling me regularly telling me about all the changes she has made in her life since the training and... what happened that first night when she came home and announced that she no longer wanted to cook? The oldest son said to me... -" Marshall, I said to myself... Thank God!" I said, help me to understand that one He said, "I said to myself, now maybe she won't complain at every meal, you see... You see, natural giving, what I started today with that song... Anything we do in life that isn't coming out of that energy, we pay for it and everybody else pays for it. Anything we do out of fear of punishment if we don't, everybody pays for it. Anything we do for a reward... everybody pays for it... Everything we do to make people like us, everybody pays for it. Everything we do out of guilt, shame, duty, obligation... everybody pays for it. That isn't what we were designed for. We are designed to enjoy giving... to give from the heart. Marshall... Yes... I am over here... My son brought me to one of your seminars.. and I met you some 10 years ago, ... in Oakland Now, I am trying to bring my son back to come here, and he said last night when I told him I was coming here, he said what why don't you go and have a couple appointments uh... maybe you can teach me something. So, I thought i would come to learn something, maybe i can teach him. Well, I'd like to teach him and I don't know how to do that Well. I'd like to teach him to, at least give me the time of day to communicate with him. He doesn't do that... willingly. And when I try to demand it it becomes worse. So, how do i do that? Well, that would be a good situation to work on today, because I'm going to ask everyone to think of a situation right now where somebody is behaving in a way you don't like, so in this case it is your son, who , when you ask him to communicate, he just says no. The first thing I will suggest is you can't teach anybody anything. That's right. And to have that as an objective is itself to create problems. So let's change the objective Let's never try to teach anybody anything or to change anybody. If that is your objective you will create resistance. So that would be my first suggestion today. Never try to teach anybody anything or to change anybody. Is that clear? So what you do then... give up? No, no, no.... See, this is the thinking that has been shaped on us by jackals... the game of who is right... win, lose so then if we can't change and win, then the option we think of is to be a chump and lose, you see? We have been educated to think in these two ways; win-lose, right and wrong... No, I will show you a way... another option. Okay, let's get into it, let's give you a chance to to practice it, some of you have already thought of a... situation such as somebody you want very much to communicate with... they say no. So, think of somebody at the moment who is behaving in a way that is not making life wonderful for you and you would like to get to the place where the song was about Where everybody's needs can get met and people are giving to one another from the heart, willingly. Not out of coercion, you see... Let's see if we can show you a process to get there in this situation, to get everybody's needs met and where people give willingly, not out of any coercion. So, maybe you are living at home, maybe you choose today to work on a child that you are living with at home who says horrible, horrible jackal things such as... No! Oh, you laugh... you try living with one for a while... Please brush your teeth... No! Maybe you were living at home with a jackal speaking partner... who says horrible jackal things such as... That hurts me, when you say that We will see today that it is a violent act, to say others make you feel as you do. To imply that others can make you feel hurt or angry Maybe at work somebody is behaving in a way you don't like, they come late, they are not producing as well as you would like Maybe your next-door neighbor has been sexually molesting children... whoever you want to pick ... somebody is behaving in a way you don't like and you'd like to see how we would arrive at the objective of creating the quality of connection that will get everybody's needs met through natural giving, that is our objective, you see... Ok? N0w now open up your materials to... the last page, second to the last page, at the top it says... expressing how we are and what we would like and it says under "a"... think of someone who does something that makes life less than wonderful for you So, this person that I'm asking you to think about, is presently behaving in away you are not crazy about and what I would like you to do is answer this question: right here... one thing that the person does, that you don't like we're going to work on one specific action that the person does, that you don't like, to get you familiar with the process today. Maybe the person does several things but we are going to show you how the process works, by showing you how to communicate with the person about one specific thing they do. So, right under "a", one thing this person does that you don't like. Now when i was here ... in San Francisco working with the school system, back in the seventies, the superintendent of schools asked me to go into an elementary school. He said the parents are complaining about the quality of the relationship between these teachers and the administrator. He said tension in the school is so great that the parents want to take their children out of the school He asked if i would go and see if I could open up better communication between the staff and the administrator. The plan was I would meet first with the teachers and then get the teachers and the administrator together, so, in my meeting with the teachers I started with a question that i just asked you, I said to the teachers... Can you tell me one thing that the administrator does that makes it hard for you to work with him? I was asking for an observation a concrete behavior, what is one thing he does The first teacher to respond, said this... he has a big mouth now, can you see the difference between the question i asked and the answer i got? I did not ask... what size mouth does the principal have? So, this teacher was giving me an evaluation an analysis that implies wrongness, you see? We have been so trained to think that way that sometimes we can't separate fact and opinion all we see is our enemy image whether it's an individual or a Nation, we have been trained to think in enemy images wrongness... and it obscures reality, we don't see the behavior we just see our enemy image. In his book "OUT OF WEAKNESS", Andrew Schmuckler says that when cultures are thought to think this way... not to just see the person, but an image, a judgement they have made... bombs are never far away. So I pointed this out to the gentleman this was not an answer to my question, I wanted to know one thing that the Principal did. This man was stuck, he just couldn't get it A woman sitting next to him tried to help, she said: - "Well i know what he's referring to" I said, ok, help him out... what is one thing that the principal does? - "He talks too much!" No... "too much" is a judgement, I asked for an observation, not a judgment. See, this is how jackal speaking people think, they really have been brought up to think there is such a thing as the just right amount of everything... and too much ... and too little... and that they know what it is! So, they think that way... It doesn't make resolving conflicts too easy with them. People have an idea that there is a right, and a too much, and a too little, and they know what it is... And especially when they mix it up with an observation, I was just asking what is a person do and again, for the second time, this person couldn't see the behavior separate from the judgment. A third person tried to help - "Well i know what they're talking about, Ok, what? He thinks he is the only one that has anything worth saying No... telling me what you think he thinks is an evaluation you are making of what you think is going on in his head I was asking for what does he do... A fourth woman said: - "He wants to be the center of attention all the time." I said, now you're giving me a judgment or a diagnosis of his motives, Even if it is accurate, it is a diagnosis of his motives, it's not an observable behavior. My question was what does he do? Now the entire faculty sits there quiet, nobody can answer the question. And one of the women said to me; -"Boy, Marshall that's hard to do!" In fact the philosopher Krishnamurti said that... "To observe without evaluating is the highest form of human intelligence" So those of us who have been taught to think in these "enemy images", immediately to think right-wrong, good-bad normal-abnormal, appropriate-inappropriate too this, too that... We can't see reality, all we see is our "enemy images" well with great help and great effort on my part, I finally got them to get rid of the images and answer this simple question... "What does he do?" There was several things, but one they wanted to particularly to start working with him on was this: That during their once a week faculty meetings regardless of what was on the agenda, he would relate it to a war experience, or a childhood experience and the average meeting lasted 20 minutes longer than it was scheduled. Ok, that answered my question of what he did, he talked about war experiences, about childhood experiences rather than sticking to the agenda. I said, have you called that to his attention? they said, well we can see now that when we try to talk to him about it, these other judgements get mixed in, and he gets defensive. So they thought it would be a good idea to talk to him about it but they asked if i would be at the meeting, just in case... So, I attended their next staff meeting and I saw rather quickly what they were talking about, because almost as soon as an issue came up, the principal would say... "Oh, that reminds me of a time... and he would start to tell a story... and i was waiting for somebody to confront him on this, in "giraffe"... but instead of that, there was a lot of nonverbal "jackling" going on... People were going like... rolling their eyes... poking the person next to them... yawning... looking at their watches, holding their watches up to their ear... And I watched this scenario going on for a while and I said: -" Excuse me, but isn't somebody going to say something?" Now there is a silence, and the man who spoke up in our first meeting ...I could just see him getting his courage he looks at the principal and says... -" Ed, you have a big mouth!" So, let's see if what you wrote down answers the question I asked There is an observable behavior or did you mix any evaluation... my two friends here will help us to make this the evaluation this animal has been taught... to somewhat like a police dog that sniff out narcotics. If there's any jackal mixed in he will haul. If you answered the question this animal will dance. Sir, what did you write down? My dad blames my wife... for my choices... He does what? Dad blames my wife for my choices... Yes... "blames" is a judgment that's already putting evaluation into it. Dad, do you see yourself as blaming her? No! I see myself as calling attention to the facts so... see? Dad doesn't see that as blaming... No, I am educating... Thank you dad... So, how do we say it? We need a direct quote, we need to make it an observable behavior we need to say---"my father says..." what? all of his problems you are responsible for all of his problems he says this to the wife... you are responsible for all of his problems yes... ok, that is a direct quote, that is what he says. That's giraffe language, you made a direct quote... ok? See, as soon as you use half the word blame in your consciousness, it' gonna change the whole energy with which you approach the person. because you are basically making a judgment, you are blaming her, which everybody knows is wrong. Yes? I have the micro Lately my son is not doing his history homework... hmm... ok... My dad makes harsh judgements and insulting remarks. Oh my god, you killed my poor jackal... he could have handled the harsh, that was one judgment but insulting, harsh and insulting... those are two judgments. Actually he does use insulting words No! There is no such thing. After today, in fact, seriously by 4:30 this afternoon you will never hear another insult. They won't exist Insults will not exist. I'm going to show you to use some technology today the takes insults and criticism out of the waves, airwaves so that no matter what your father says you can never hear another harsh statement, or another insult, because we are going to show you today how to use this technology. And with this technology it will be impossible for you to hear criticism harsh remarks, insults... With these ears, all you can hear is the only thing human beings are ever saying please and thank you... that's all... We're going to show you today that all that used to sound like criticism judgments, blame are simply tragic suicidal expressions of please.... My brother yells at me to get in the car to go to school and then he makes me late to school. WHO YELLS? ...this guy... See... but you see yells... ... yells is a kind of a little bit of an evaluation. He speaks in a tone of voice... Yeah... Ok, it is a tone of voice. I was asked at Lincoln high school, Is a Lincoln high school in San Francisco? Many years ago I was asked to work with the faculty there they were having a lot of tension amongst the faculty, racially, ethnically, there was a lot of tensions the superintendent asked me to work there I started the day asking, "tell me something that somebody else in the faculty does that you don't like a man turns to the woman next to him and says: I don't like it when you yell at our faculty meeting she says... WHO YELLS? She was from a different culture than this man See, what was yelling in her culture was quite different and about 10 minutes later when she started to yell at him by her own definition I saw a difference, you know? So he raises the voice when he's asking you to get ready for school. ---------------- Revised ----------------------- -------------------- Until here ------------ Gets angry, maybe accurate but it is a diagnosis all of the reason you might be scared that he is gonna miss school It might sound to you that he is angry, maybe he is maybe he isn't raises the voice has smoke coming out of his ears that you can see, that is observed Fifth grader, Jesse, refuses to deceit work at refuses as a guide mars maybe an accurate diagnosis but it doesn't tell me what he does two says no i don't want to says no i don't my husband doesn't tell me things which will effect me deeply the first check on the matter fondue experience into the student in my class incessantly talks about wants to see the repeat this handsome self right here about three judge in stanley's let's go over it slowly present your three diagnosis again saluted three-day incessantly talks about loaders your interpretation louder than you would like if you want to say it put it that way louder than i would like wants to see it want is a diagnosis doesn't stay in a state of ca problem in light of the future we don't know whether has indicted was doesn't at the moment doesn't when i asked him to stay in this and is not to distance himself and does not keep attachment since coming to the intricate the and presentation on Tuesday night advance their you where at evaluations give in myself and especially in other people and so i started wonder you know are all of those violent communications or would there be away that some of those are according to this model non-violent i would say that any devaluation of others that implies rahman's is a tragic expression of an unmet need tragic in a sense for two reasons first it decreases the likelihood that we will get what we want even if we don't say it out loud even if we think if we are even thinking that what somebody else does is wrong it decreases the likelihood that we will get what we want and seconded increases the likelihood of violence what could be more tragic than that, expressing ourself in a way that gets in the way of getting what we want and increases violence anything that we want to say that implies wrongs on the part of the other person, I'm suggesting is the tragic suicidal expression of an unmet need. Say the need Learn the need consciousness which is what we're going to get to now you see...that's how we evaluate in nonviolent communication We evaluate from the heart we make judgments, but we make need serving judgements we judge whether what people are doing is meeting needs or not we don't moralistic judge the person for what they did We judge whether it's serving life or not, because needs are a direct connection with life. there's a life that is going... needs are the life seeking expression within us So, we evaluate with reference to that... And that requires two kinds of literacy feelings and needs So let's be sure that we are all speaking the same language when i use the term feelings and needs so under "b" it says imagine that you are talking directly to the person and express how you feel when the person acts in the way described above and use this form again we're talking to the other person we're telling them now what they did and we say when you do this I feel... How? How do you feel? when a person does what you wrote down under in write that down when you do this i feel angry saying there is a feeling created by a natural setting will get to that when here when you're not ready to leave at the agreed time i feel anxious and impatient when he speaks out bill intimidated intimidated is a diagnosis be careful of words that are more descriptions of other people if you think they're doing to you like intimidating right down the following is not feeling words matt mistake these words is feelings i feel misunderstood i feel use i feel manipulated i feel judged i feel criticized i feel ignored per example aren't there times when you think somebody's ignoring you don't you feel relieved and at other times don't you feel angry uses so of words like that really say very little about what's alive in you they say much more about how you are in pretty the other person's behavior and above all never mistake the word rejected it i feel dejected that's not feeling that's a suicidal interpretation okay who's got the mike tyson hurt disappointed dismantlement feel angry in the train and rehearse all all-party tray the trade is one of those words like intimidated ignored misinterpreted use manipulated more diagnosis of the other person than a few contracted contracted if you mean canceled like that okay them when you call me up and speaking of lead tell me you're going to cut off Sunday until ingredients there when you leave the dishes in the same i feel powerless of remind fireman time which feels frustrating and scary when you start talking loudly in the middle of my sends how i feel hurt because the president here are not listening to me though the feeling is great that you're going to lose it when you fall of the word feel with the word because i think anytime you're thinking your chance to get what you need is greatly decreased especially when you follow the word think with the word you then i think you not only what you heard i predict the defense of the dress of reaction so going to be hard for people to care about your feelings when you follow that with the diagnosis that implies wrongs this is a warning for that next 'cause we're going to see you next that remit we went after the feelings there's two places we don't go and one is up to our hair restate in the heart the few we don't go up to them you stay in the heart and connect with needs but we'll get there want to use nonviolent communication we want to be sure that we do not use the ceiling in a violent way because feelings can either connect this at the heart or they can contribute two more division and violence so we certainly do not want to ever expressed our feelings in this way i feel as i do because you we never want to express our feelings this way you make me feel now that will be a hard habit to get away from because in a jackal culture feelings are very instrumental to using guild as a way of manipulating wait a minute pilate people as if you can convince them that they make you feel as you do then they should feel guilty and change it's another form of this wilensky so for example if you are a parent you want to use feelings in a violent way rather than a connecting with you express that this way it really hurts me when you don't clean up your room or you make me angry when you say that i was talking during the break about one of my happiest days is a parent when my oldest son went to a jackal school for the first time he had gone six years to address glue right helped create repent use i wanted him to learn how to enjoy jackals as well it and ensure at schools we also want to be aware that the children are not always going to be in the seven so we want them to learn how to stay with their own values week regardless of which structure there solely comes back the first day from school look less than half sir house a new school rip and he said it's ok dad who by some of those teachers as to what happened today i wasn't even in the front door really i was halfway through the front door and some and teacher comes running over and said is my ma with the little girl can you guess what the teacher was reacting yeah my son's here was down the shoulders c_n_n_ jackal spose we all know before he knows what's right see there's a right way to wear your hair is aboard and wrong right way to do everything and all of the teacher and then what do you do if somebody doesn't do it you sharing guild and so forth use the word guerrillas or someone's welcome to jackal land. so I'll get burned up ready to go to middle back therapy with the teachers mine teaches the and i said to my son, how did you handle it? He said, I remember dad but you said that when you're in that kind of environment never given theor rebell One of the things we want to teach children very early no matter what structure you're in never lose track that you are free to choose what you do. Don't allow institutions to determine what you do I say, hey man if you remember that, that's a big gift I'd really love that you could remember that under those conditions then what you do? I put on my giraffe ears dad, tried to hear what he was feeling and needing I said, you remembered to do that? What did you hear? Pretty obvious, dad looked irritated, wanted me to cut my hair Hey, wow man I'm really glad you could remember that how did that leave you feeling? He said, dad I felt sad for the man, he was bald and seemed to have a problem about hair. So we want to run the same thing we want to two dollars institutions can't make you do anything other people can't make you do anything no human being has ever done anything they didn't choose to do a Palestinian and religion had run disagreed with me one time he said i don't agree Marshall that we only choose to do why was my choice two days ago a soldier puts a gun at my head and says take off your clothes are offshoots where's my chart said seems pretty obvious to me you have a choice of whether to take off your clothes on he lacked okay i got your point actual not to take off my clothes sideshows that soldier in Iraq didn't have a gun he was doing this to dishonor and chose to risk my life to protect my own okay I'm not saying we always like the choices we have been nobody can make us do anything we don't use it so i said apparently the soldier also chose not to shoot you or it was a very poor shot My children taught me this about nobody does anything they don't choose to do. From the time they were two years old they educated me that couldn't make them do anything All i could do was make them wish they had and then they taught me another lesson... that anytime i would do that they would make me wish i hadn't made them wish they had. They taught me that violence creates violence. PART 2: EXPRESSlNG NEEDS AND REQUESTS okay the next step and we do not attribute responsibility for our feelings to the other person never say that you make me feel uh... i feel because you instead we're concerts that the route feelings arnie behind every there is any now certain feelings tell us that there is an obstruction in our thank you that instead of are being directly connected to our needs reinsurance in blow off the jackal that what are these feelings that tell us that we're not directly connected to work anger depression guilt and shane those feelings are very valuable they tell us that at this moment i'm not directly connected to miami instead we are open our head filling ourself moralistic judgments about summer anger were making moralistic judgments about somebody else depression guilt and shame word predicting marcel but we're not all i've been as i would be fine lot being alive which is connected to one do you make a distinction between needs and preferences or disinvest we make a difference differences will see when we get to the next step because these configure reference to specific ways of getting the needs met knows the press or strategy or requested we make a big difference between knees and that we preferences requests that let's get into that strengthen our connect i feelings with me it's not good for her copy of the person that's going to our hard connect clearly whether need because maze device that most power with people c giraffe is based on a power model color with him increases are with that in the sense that it increases peoples willing giving to us who enjoyed getting to that's power with people we've been trained in a power over model the use of punishment and reward explore over p to get them to do things not because it's coming from their heart and they want to contribute to our well-being or to life now they want to avoid punishment or get a reward so we want to increased power with people and the most powerful form of communication to do that is to bring people's attention to our needs that are not getting when people's full attention is on on me you know criticism no demand natural to enjoy your but if we hear any criticism order ma'am loose connection with that natural desire to give and how we were concerned and at that so salerno a language of these orders it says imagine again that you were talking to the person and expressed your reasons for feeling is you do this way when you do it i just grab writes the last night that stressed because i am the or because i'm well see if you can identify what need of yours is not getting that leave the word you out of here because that will be except need and preference the other person expressed in the without reference to the other armies universal every human being in the world has the same me you can look at what you said see whether supply what you wrote down his attorney every other human being in the world has that where all three within them you know the status at the level of me all human beings at the same needs what differs immensely business strategies that we have been educated for meeting the needs different cultures educate people to meet the needs of a different way needs ends who wants to chat there's up okay to know that you are responsible an honest that noticed but the other person in there i have a need tour with u are responsible halloween stressed the need without bringing the other person no weekends bringing in one way i have a need for your happiness your protection reconsider that that uh... i need to be seen and heard as like truly army he's seen and heard as who works for me the on impulse paul state free to be kimberly last word sentences who actually free army who works in the apt to be free that's that some people we all have important thing will come up when we get to request 'cause that's a request that only you can meet whether people can't do that they can't make it so if you don't know how to read it for yourself for freedom you won't have that we met um unfeeling expressed it because i didn't notice ended everything is a strategy in other words mine is indeed for anesthetic environment but underneath that there's a need for serenity and my serenity doesn't come from the environment so this entire request starting it is the strategy to get something cults serenity okay that's the need to have a need for certain pieces of the isn't there a need to know for certain aesthetic fruit loop but they did it crumbles the house of cards for me of wanting this sink not filled with dirty dishes we understand that what with the uh... if you have a need for serenity serenity just come from a clean sick okay then we haven't got to the right need them or the right that it's not that you want to spend distinctly but i'm projecting that need onto this sink that's onto a behavior someone else we have a person's behavior to be getting in the weight of are needed the dishes and could be some means of years about being that bad when you have to identify what that means either not kidding and not sure and grammar i'm really not sure that i'm not basing my and as sumption that by having that same cleaned and a half serenity and i think it's falls distinction let's think about the clear about our request is we can test it out before a singer for money for surrender to god really be grateful if you would do clean up the scent the person does it and i'm still not sorry okay that helps to know that doesn't work state we never really know what we want until after we get if after we get it it makes life more what witness ruble that we know that isn't what we want if it makes life more wonderful then we know that is what you know a strategy that will be done that's what makes life fun we never know what what we want until after we get it that's why i thought that was the theologian says that christianity requires a willingness encourages you ask for what you want to meet your needs you get it makes life worth something living wouldn't it be boring know what is we do when i described i feel that expressed because i need respect an acknowledgement and i need to be able to feel safe in my job in time your needs too tag k he'll sites that's because i need to express might decide in need without it hurting me no no no no i haven't got a bunch of stuff though walk to avoid the only way i can offer you to do that it's become a nice did first because of other people have shackled is they can get her if you have heartburn so what i just cut out that second hand i need to express my design yes and that i and then what you want to say to yourself and i want to learn to enjoy your pain which is let's show you after about how to enjoy the other persons below extent for the most loving things you could as i will define obviously i don't need to know statistically that so i have a couple of working on one of the day because i have a need for predictability resonating respectability broke it and because i think for privacy might be useful comradeship and militant montgomery anita memorialize the life of your father endurance so honor the life of your her family we need to honor that's life yes the tensed communication with other people orphan in support of life major supporting of life openlist when you do there is very you're hurt because i have in the tv understood the important you understanding to be heard it because into empathy there's different ways of expressing but it's a critical me one that we have gained bottom line and happy u and to make you happy heavenly for love don't bring the other person tuesday ever need throughout luxury the into met them the needs help one week believe that our needs involved another person doing something we take the very abundant world to make its case very quickly so we don't want a mix up are needed to request we may have a request a strong request of a particular person need our need for a lot that's the strategy you may want this particular person but we don't have a need for that person two months that's mixing up the need at the request we have a need for a lot they have a strong preference this person take the actions to make we don't want to make that the media strategy okay let's uh... take one more and then we'll go we've gotta move on here used immediate steps or kidney him uh... well there's a very important word and need but now that word love is so important critics we gotta get real clear what we'd need about it when we use it as a giraffe watch what happens when a giraffe and a jack we'll get together and slow since watch this jack alaska very dangerous question but noticed that the giraffe is too smart ever to answer this question do you love them jackal before i can answer your question honestly i need to get some important things clear are you using the word love that there's a feeling well of course okay well i needed to get that clear so you mean and my feeling certain warm cuddly tender feelings toward okay i needed to get this critical seaweed u_s_ do not use the word love as a field and it's much too important to us to get a confused with the field it's a need for us but since you use it was a feeling okay i'm glad to know that so would you please there now that i know that would you ask the question again do you love them but well i want to be honest i can see how important this is to be how can i be honest with you about what i feel toward you without reference to a specific moment feelings change every few seconds life is changing feelings are part of life so i'd have to know a specific time and place to ever answer your question of how i feel what about right now no and but try me again in a few moments don't so easy to read your outlook is indeed and it certainly for which we must be the clear about what request do we have about the people to make that name mather what's working and what happens with reference to that at work if we're in a love relationship i want you to love them i'll see you have a need for a lot of jacqueline you're giving me the honor of wanting to be to meet them yet i really hope to see how important the need of love you so i want to be clear what you would like for me tumi journey could you tell me what you are requesting of me too me too me uh... projects they don't live in the moment he's and and could make it clear request you have to live now you have to be clear what you want to watch on the jackal hunts so could you tell me what you want me to do to meet you need from them you know and i'm not sure i did you see on the important things need is for you so can you tell me specifically what you would like me to do to meet you need from after hardest so many words first hard for you to send you a quote from you z hard it will be for me to do his father so what would you like me to do to meet you need from it's embarrassing to get clear yesterday's 'cause much of our oppression and close relationships comes from saying to people i want you to respect were to come loved me and wanted to understand remember being real clear what we want only sing so what do you want in jack when you see one i want you to guess what i want before i even know what it is and i want you always to be willing to do thank you for dot defining adeptly jackal would you please find someone else to meet you need for the world most jackals that carry that definition of love around and find out how impossible it is to be done about their fifty four city keep thinking that they're gonna find the right person to love them not realizing the problem is other defining love them what they want from other people to meet the needs of to see that it's impossible to meet them which brings us to the next step in the process how to make clear requests after we have expressed our unmet need and a clear request the finding giraffe is first it's a positive action we say what we do not what we don't want solar woman gave me a very good example of what happens when you say what you don't in a workshop she said he really help me understand what happened uh... recently marshall i said to my husband i don't want you spending so much time at work and then i got furious with him when he signed up for a golf tournament teacher gave me a similar examples he said that just yesterday marcia listen to this young boy please i don't want to tapping on your book while i'm talking so we started kaplan is dead saying what we don't want doesn't make clear what we do but worse than that if we frame our objectives and getting rid of some these departments very off makes violence and attractive when we try to get rid of some for example i was working with some teachers school in rockford illinois their observable behaviors they wanted to work on this on the average every three months thirty-eight bright broken windows in the school so we got down to the requester said what do you want different from the school it's obviously don't want to breaking windows you say you don't want to children breaking windows yes what should we do kill them research because demonstrated dead children break no windows and almost anytime we think of what we want to get rid of the things violence look attractive in a stupid is an example was i just gave me a but in the newspaper on any given day and see how many world leaders i think we're going to teach them not to we're going to get them to stop and they think the violence is going to be she's always makes my listing the track it's only as i said earlier when we get two questions clear what do we want people and what do we want their reasons to be for doing and i think we'll see violence networks okay so we want to say what we want to stay in the positive what do we want the other person what do we want them to start doing different and second that it needs to be clear action line can't do with this one wife did with her husband came to a workshop with she said i want you to listen to me when i thought he said i do miss no you don't yes i do you don't they told me that had the same conversation for eleven years the problem is with the wordless what does that we can use the word listeners need i have a need to be listed when we moved to pack request we really been speak action what specific action we want this person fit we can't use the verb to be i want you to be more friends that do we can't use feeling i want you to feel confident six that's not true so we need to be able to make very concrete requests try it out with were is under d in relation to what the other person did in your feelings that need to know in relation to the action an engineer talking directly to the person and express request using this for i would like you to what do you want the person to do to meet your needs i want you to in my instructions how see is the word i want you to do what i told i wanted to do what i told and if you are a giraffe you would get back to the person with a little car that said please do as i requested all moving if you can do so with the joy of the little child feeding the hungry dot please do not do as i request if there is any fear of punishment motivating please do not do as i request outperform for rewards that i will like it please do not do as i request argue chain duty obligation life is too short to do anything for anybody out of that so what i'm getting at is when we do make a request we want to be sure that the person trust that's a request not a good man to will come back to that but let's just work on the clarity of the request to begin with yes so what is your request i would like you to do what was agreed upon locate uh... i'd give me these days to complete my carpool to bake cookies let me complete let me is not doable and sharing your principle residence in direction i want you to give me the freedom to be myself his i do no you don't have to hold it hold give me the freedom is not do let me no it's not due allow me not do what you want from you when you say you use the freedom to be subversive yes what's it was the best personal out would you want when you say on that i want and a smile and say it's okay no matter what i do ok your honor you see so what do you want line expect myself yes you can do that nobody can stop you from expressing yourself i'm getting in you want to have a person to wait until you finish speaking yet before starting yeah okay that's this they were black so how do we know you can only tell whether it's a request their demand by how i treat you if you don't do it that's what those people whether we are making requests to connect what is their memory of how we act when we don't get what we want if people have in their memory any punishment on our part in the past when they don't you enabling it will now be hard for them to trust that we are making the request to not have been there it will take the joy out of giving tours so let's follow that example a little bit more for me to show you what i mean so i say to you i'm really uh... lonely this evening would have a need for some company would you be willing to spend the evening with me and you say marshall and the really preoccupied with some things at work and would really need some space to myself this evening could you find someone else to do with you this evening and here's my reaction two days later you what's the matter k you come up with the man you how lonely i want if you look good melissa requested she's we can't tell from home actually at that we need to see how the person treats us when we don't do what they want that's when we trust that they make requested not to me so we're going to pay every time in the past but we used any coercive means to get what we want so now at least we don't want to pay for dad anymore we want to be sure whenever we make a request is requesting that doesn't mean you know the personal trust that even if it is because unfortunately there's been so much coercion in our world even if we are making a sincere request heather person might hear it in there was working in one school system with a group of students at the school district labeled as socially and emotionally mala just now from what you've learned today was that a jackal school system where a giraffe school system yes it sounds like a year example that the person was really disappointed and wouldn't let them not letdown who died must ok he really does this look like really hurt cell how could they expressed that without being a demand but not suppressing the fact that they really despite they could say so you have a lot to do the right now and that too would really meet you need to be about yourself the kind of the moon and right now really trust that you would need it to the better than anybody else i know is there some way that uh... we could find that you worked on it and still replied connection that's what we called on burning shows respect for the other persons means i'm not trying to use any guilt manipulation just another find a way to get everybody doesn't did the person interpersonal cannot think of somebody to replace them it will not be a problem it will only be a problem if i've put on these years and recvd what they say the rejection cassie fight here in rejection that's the problem you can't say i'm disappointed as long as you don't say you disappoint me and as long as you don't stop after saying i'm disappoint she produced a point that's just another way of saying you disappoint and disappointed we always have to interfering at the very end of it is going to be a request that we don't just say i'm disappointed we'd have to say their take responsibility for asking for what we want given the other person has a southern england would you want to and from ramshackle doesn't like like to have to be responsible for what they wanted rather sick well if they love me if they were any kind of friend i think it's only fair that they they wanna controlled by guild source code is pretty asked me to work with these students that were labeled socially and emotionally well adjusted poor school system doesn't realize that labels lead a self-fulfilling prophecy when you label people that way we're going to be havior kamon be honest if you are labeled socially and emotionally well adjusted you're one of those doesn't that give you permission to have fun in school labels to leave the self-fulfilling prophecy so i knew it was going to be a rough day just by that label so when i walk into the classroom it already starts half of the students are hanging out the window screaming obscenities at their friends and of court had so i've made a request usually i would like you ought to come on over and sit down please i'd like to tell you who are and what i'd like to do today half the students come over i wasn't sure the other half it even heard me say i repeated it would you all please come over now everybody comes over with the exception two young men just my luck pictures it didn't come over the biggest ones in the class and again i wasn't too sure they'd heard me and i was praying it might just be a problem with acoustic so i said uh... would one of you two gentlemen tell me please what you heard me say merely said we had to come over in favour you see the problem and make a request he hears a dinner so i said shouldn't i have learned always you share with people have biceps like he did especially with that that provides i said sir could you tell me how i could have let you know what i was requesting thought wouldn't sound like i was telling you what you had to do he said prone one see that's a radical paradigm shift for somebody who's been educated under domination conditions domination structures where authorities claim to know what's right you have to do it or helps so it's a medical paradigm shift in giraffe schools people don't make the man this make requests and i realize this is not going to be the with mr he's probably carrying with him a lot of traces of being punished when he doesn't do one of the people or blame expecting him to give it up like so that's that's their how can i let you know that i was requesting something u without it sounded like i was blocking your alone i said just what's happening between you and me right now is much that i wanted to talk about i was wanting to look at the way we couldn't get to react where nobody bosses others around and i didn't expect life to be so easy and it was all he needed interested at that point that i wasn't trying to tell him what and he came over and we had a very cooperative day but as long as people here are request as the man they have only two choices submission or rebuild and neither of us are going to connect us with people in a way that's good for anybody so the main thing that's the difference is not how nicely we say but how we treat people when they don't do what we want now let's here a few of these uh... we concede what kind of reactions you might get back if u hopefully express your heart to tried your best not to criticize to nag what do you get back she gets excited and defends herself but i i don't need to hear the specific state prison but which means i defend his but he said now to be specific for the next exercise we need to know specifically what the president said fitted diagnosis which is the first when she said sometimes things happen and i i'm not ready to leave on when you create will sometimes things happen and i'm not ready to leave one uh... i agree that's what the president said i can't do that because i have a hard time connecting people as partners i can't do that because i have a hard time connecting to people in the park this is their response yet as to what the person's on and he says nothing accused evergreen nothing i do is never good enough decisions are through the whole thing says she doesn't like the way i watched a systematic actually extent yours as i expressed because i need to be accepted from our willingness and ability to do job without yes i would like you to acknowledge my work positively unified or feel like how do you want me to how would you like me to respond positively than idiot could do a better job making a bet that you've that's the s_o_s_ think she would say can't because i'd never do a little later gator so the problem there is with the president quest for the one for the first i think what you want is this i'd like at least some gratitude expressed for my willingness to do what i did and if i could get at least the gratitude for that first i could better here how you would like me to do it differently we've gotten closer to be closer but i still like it except the way that i do it means that his except me now we've got a translate except into a doable request but if this person has a sense that the fed you see i can already tell what the problem is the relationship between eight and i don't money or my diagnosis you are a flower and she's in ny theater because these two kinds of people in the world slobs andes and for some reason or other they always lived together captain does that make sense to me izzy there's so much that this was on every day about how to keep that blast business out of that uh... giveaway which one i and i once in a i'd once clean the house immaculate and my partner came home and said i thought you were going to clean truth-telling juiced up so you know what i am right uh... and over phone that night if you wonder about the cause of my domestic distress it's that my partners and affect economic problem s k last night at u_n_ i had to go to the head in that time it took me she had been there k peace love the reason they always get-together i have a plan for world peace but the slots and one has to pizza tonight so how does that get back to me how the probably with this and you have to start faithful to me i'd like you to agree complete different ways and that you were my solution is that i just can't do it who uh... i hacked ethical collapse elusive after the death trap and airworks but eliminated i think now that's not expression of gratitude for what i did and i say you have to like it deputies i'd like to hear some good two different things here that that means that i was stepping out like you can believe that the different ways of defining what is an adequately the didn't really that if you could say what your preference would be without using words that imply that it's right that would be a lot easier when his you just sound like you're doing something out of the book you sound like you're doing something out of a book talk like a real person don't use any of the psychology bundy something like yes especially they're going to say that when your baby giraffe you know project trying new ways it's gonna take a while chemical slowly when i was first learning this standing conflict with my own son i was from michaels coming up with the seventh stop and think everything i've said the poor guy and his friends waiting for me is the deadliest continues along the top i said let me tell you what i can see quickly do apply where i'll kick your ass and here he said in cape town the the army mild faculties are very patient with my sounded like i'm coming out of a book there's no religion plan unsatisfied is there's no value and changing the way satisfied with that they can already tell them this person had a good man hearing it demanded so you're saying they're not ok to review and that would be all i would bet a person would respond here different ways of people respond when he heard a man my preference is for how my youngest son wants responded when he heard i said would you please hang up your coat he said religiously before i was born a k ape-like that way because i know he hears a demand and right it's pretty clear lenders of the people it's harder to get gimmick they're here and it isn't meant for example you stated would you please come over and just sit on the couch with me and talk with me person goes like this okay now if you're smart you're settled on a stairway now they're hearing a demand became giving it but the worst case scenario this is a dangerous specific person here judy met your request is that the man and they respond this way bullshit onto it and they do it but they did it go by your luck they did it because they were afraid that if they didn't you wouldn't like that how will you find out you'll find out eventually uh... you might find out like this one woman did who showed up at my door two in the morning two in the morning my door bills ranking pouring rain and this woman not eight months present crime income and consider dominant share lot's gonna i didn't know how she got their she told me that her mother had been in the workshop would be a month before and she just called her mother up tell more about what happened was that all there is a man in your town bit which in my political clout to so that's how this woman shows up in my daughter to in the morning what was the problem earlier she said i'd just need a little request don't hesitate it is it it's somewhat stroke already and what the problem was yes strange ako somebody loves wants something he feels he has to do it you too prove that he's loving person and so how did she find is down thirty eight years but then she pays for one night and i know i was right how do i know i was right and got him out of there haha why should i be up to two in the morning traffic is like while he's rate that so i call him up and invite him over and sure enough to see using it disney had no other singers and getting in you know for all these years and then finally this ninety smack so that's how you find out after eight years he found out that he was hearing demand lovingly getting into you certainly don't want to ever receive those messages anyone did you just respond you never want to hear what the other person thanks network here what needs to happen speaking person that you live long certainly have two months we're gonna say do not hear what the person thought whatever thoughts they expressed never hear buddy jack will speak in person thanks especially what they think about you so we'll show you under their options than that we'll show you how every few years we'll show you all of that after lucnh. PART 3: EMPATHlCALLY HEARlNG OTHERS There's only two things that human beings are ever saying, please and thank you. That's all human beings are ever saying. the only thing is jackal speaking people haven't learned to say plays in a suicidal way think about that from a what else is human beings ever sent except please you're behaving in a way that is a meeting nine these are my needs are not getting that by something else would you please do this to meet my needs it we need to know how to say that well to survive in the world when our needs are not getting that we need an out-of-state please in a way that makes it enjoyable for people to give it to us right this morning we learned how to do that just learn how to say what you were feeling make a clear request make sure that no words come out of your mouth would imply wrong that's on the part of other people do everything you can get promoted people to trust that when you make a request that has requested not to do and that increases the likelihood that people will enjoy getting to so weak we studied at this moment now the other half of the process is how to restrain from other people what's the live in them and what they are needing to make life wonderful however receive that without hearing any criticism order to hear what's the line and we need to learn how to do this either one of these other people are saying plea has been this range where we've been educated distinctly drop you are all speaking perfect giraffe for about a year so what i'm thinking about you're not a second language it to you first line bringing you back throughout to make sure to your first line so now the other how do you respond to a juggled please wanted jackal is expressing the please this way the problem with you is is that you are too that's please that person's input that person has a name that is in getting that isn't it sad that they only know that way to ask for is in that tragic for this person to be saying ploy is in a way that almost guaranteed you're not going to get what you're or if you do it's going to be motivated by fear guilt and shame and you're gonna pay for how sad to be educated that way of course it would be even sadder if when the person says please that way you don't hear the please you hear criticism that's when we have war somebody and paying as their best to express it person on the other end here is a tradition so let me tell you what the person that you're working on this morning all of the message is that i heard you relate what you predicted might say that here's what adhere to the person said i heard the person you're speaking with saying this back i mean play i have the needed is getting there that's what the person was staying in the message that you wrote down i'm in pain because in the united now hear that put on giraffe ears and say this back to the press are you feeling and guess what that person is feeling when they say would because you are in need and guess what their needs so i'm asking you to go back to the message that you predicted you might get back when it came out of the person that refers this to you and now if you had your air fares on here will be your reaction are you feeling guest appealing because you are needed destiny with direct ears all you can hear our feelings and needs you can hear no criticism number of years ago i was working with group of women in religious life and we have the conflict for some fifteen months it was creating great pain within their community and they asked me to help them resolve this and uh... as suggested that we begin by having everybody expressed loony sweat needs of yours are not getting in this situation and after the first speaker second word i could see why after fifteen months not only have they not been able to resolve the issue but what was causing increasing okay anybody gets with the second world but what was the second where first one was that i think that's as soon as i had the second word i can see why it with notice my question of them was what means of yours and not getting and instead of an answer i got i'd think immediately i knew here's what the rest of the message that i think that if we had to be in religious life we must take our commitment seriously and dressed as though intrested appropriate yes clooney that's what i got mad and then another religious is just that sister and i agree but i think fifteen months what was the issue the issue is whether to wear traditional clothing it's seniors fifteen months had not been able to resolve it effective prepayment fifteen mins community was divided as for the meeting and i got thoughts fall so took me awhile complete slim never to hear the phone unite here if new thoughts of the world look through the phone that means that be here that needs to be it'll be a whole different world to here on and finally got and finally started to look through the words in the box to what was behind man leasing now in short time we resolved com partners never mind i was with me at the time i saw this miracle that comes whenever we hear through the words behind i feel was sentenced by you're worried and deals so character and sent away the for i'd go out didn't know is that what you and for iraq tonight even it for us in there are if for real that wall of the world media and i really words are window is a lot of their wall symptoms are well sent us the as being and when i and let them know lifetime through is beings that mean no-man's me and i were don't make me clear where you help me serene incise being correctly and i one here if they're and and here that feelings that lesion words i went no or they'll resistance and or me lo and ice they and when i uh... that line main so with your direct there's nothing new here in the feelings behind him you've given me every moment we had feelings for me so we're hearing the trip what's really allied in this person better for you to hear only that cuz then you don't live in a world of criticism judgment you take away all power from other people to be humanized when you and your use never have to worry about other people's reaction to what she said you can be honest with m so you know i don't ever have to worry about how other response orly woody is i have on to respond to their response like control act i can't control holders bar and there were about something i can't control on the company's did cars be afraid to reveal myself for fear of what if they say who cares what this neuralgia repairs on the subject all we're saying is sold after the play is behind the methods that day first read off the message and then let's hear how you heard the feelings of means behind when expect by dynamic stainless uh... i can't control myself and i'm still angry can't control myself when i was so and uh... like that uh... and indicates they are you feeling frustrated because he really needs and other ways to express tanker that's when i ask you to do to right here the financing and universal at that time notice what it does even if it's wrong it demonstrates the value demonstrates that you value what's a lot of interest if you're taking the time to try to connect with what's allied when people trust that that's what's interesting omit already we consolidate what makes it hard to resolve things is when people feel the other person is only interested in winning i don't care about me and just out to show me that i shouldn't do this but my just stopping and trying to connect you've demonstrated a powerful value that you value what's alive now the yes uh... with might lead to placed on are you feeling distressed used because you would need help that's the idea and even if it's not accurate it gives you get it notice even if it's not accurate it brings the other persons attention to their needs gives them a chance to correct they're going to be guessing wrong what a person need is them to hearing what they think you'll be living in a different world when you're trying to connect with their needs in the world you'll be living in if you here with me and help expressing v insanity can't one of the things he said uh... before lunch which can be the most dangerous when somebody just let me make a request in some cases yes i'll do that helping any night i could gasoline like what i wrote down was are you feeling pain because you're needing recognition for the job you're doing uh... like but go ahead with it feels like there's a hugely from the response yes i'll do that a asking that question that's here trying to assess what's really behind it that's one of the children wins the other possibility would also be dresses disable singer postage don't and feeling uneasy with your ok i wish i could trust it but i don't have been like you to take a moment and really tell me whether it would be to needs to do is at so that's what i would guess that the ok isn't that's how i was simple you're also not nice much and i think the violence in the world is created by nice people don't mistake the word non-violence is denies are you feeling abandoned battlefield uh... project was the fact that are you feeling afraid networker because you're in the reassurance network i will not disappear your needs will be taken care leave yourself out of the other person's name they can live without all their needs convener without how could i satisfy your needs that subject of course yet the that kind of question that the other person is smart they'll take the fifth amendment yeah this was an answer to and my daughter said he's someone reading from a book you sound like you're reading from book sliced a are you feeling scared separate an alienated and you need to be responded to an end to anyone heartfelt but you're doing it again when you do the k so was such a gentle for awhile until you they cleared and what you're doing so they will have less distrust of it you would do just as you said but son silently sexy don't think we have to do this all out for it to be powerful it can be powerful if we don't say were as long as where our attention is is here unit so you might have heard just that but maybe not upset about love and that's all you can hear what did you have to use and you can hear that even if your silent you don't have to say out loud occurred but you'll still get your attention is here but there are because what we're hearing what is in a person's heart as a different then when we're hearing a criticism well when we're making the curtis lives not six months old now the advantage of being able to stay at all as a person can correct answer for that but even if we francais hand out loud we live in a different world would work and have been here and when we're hearing criticism defense any it his whitney contacted and would something like and like eating and for help if you need it and the president respond i am afraid because bird there's a prints almost the draft response so how do you respond to this person i'm afraid of becoming a bird now if you're a jackal you would say no you wouldn't be a bird so if you're a jackal you will try to reassure jackals try to fix people in pain he tried to give reassurance they try to make it better weekend stamping neatly with words are trying to get rid of the day in the book when bad things happen to good people by rabbi harold kushner he's talking about a very tragic time in his life when his oldest son is not and he said what could be worse watching my son died what could be worse where the things that good people were telling me to make me feel better made me feel worse and what could be even hope more horrible than that what they were doing but they were saying that made me feel worse were exactly the things i have been saying to other people for twenty years and i was around you've been responding by trying to make it better so we don't want to do that progress is wonderful put on giraffe here's what does this person feeling immediately see how you feel you feeling afraid it will be called field nazis fruit freight are you for your feeling afraid because a lot live there that you don't testimony offered to help not put that in early needs some reassurance and i'll meet you there anybody thirds that if you're there you're doing it for you and not for me they want to be sure that if you're getting your giving out of self fullness not selflessness now what about if you're not and yet don't do it i would suggest you heat joseph campbell rights having studied all the basic myths of the world and the basic religions concludes that if there's one last thing that seems president on the basic religions incidents don't do anything isn't clear yes don't do anything that is in play and it'll be play if you're making your own name symbol well the only right way hold it hold it hold your job here is just dropped off put an end politically and economic superiors around the world never hear the word around it doesn't exist if you hear that were instantly cuts never hear another person telling you what's right it's not good for them it's not good for you suggest her feelings in these certain kinds of dot was that not within his bed this so you don't you're probably not you know as if i didn't know wrestling and once they are listed running i always comes in binary sky here so lets this person feeling latent with mr reporter the so jackal is it that uh... it's frustrating when you have a certain sense of order and you'd really like uh... to have that order maintained in the house but some part of it but it's not it's not the only thing that i pulled him over and over again the you feel hurt because you have and need to feel like you need to know but i do think that it can be done can so that's really the pain for you need to feel like you're you needs now your the landfill when you hear that your concern i'm feeling and like adam them magic feeling confused confused uh... primarily because i can identify the needs that uh... being expressed so you would really like to be able to hear anything like that but it's really going on you know i would like you don't act like you do holding jack at the end of the making it easier for rather making so you're really it's really painful for you it's hard to believe that he cares enough to really mad yes is there cuz i pull over and over so so it's really through urination were your needs met i'm feeling that it's not so much it's part of the dishes something else discontinuity experts it's the general theorize mind don't matter and future still confused what makes you confused about cuz i don't know how to respond to those in need what would it would take is just empathic if she could just feel the increasing there introducing infuriating could you have a need for reassurance that year yes ash i got to tell you that i think it's you don't listen uh... something i guess now feelings said because i'm not meaning buddies hold your sex jeannie's more empathic this is what often happens we get to our feelings too quickly might help with this that started weirdest this is not being there's a lot more pain in there that she is that the people before she can hear you sent so jackal larry newman from local pollution hms comparable needs met my name's american relationship but it was that when you're not mad will propose in the future in braun yes we're having a camera pulled him over and over so you do everything you know how and when you need still don't have responded to her there perhaps he hasn't been easy for me to give this jackal them i was wanting to jump in an educator but the way you're asking for jackal i think is going to make it hard for people to do with them i wanted to say that almost every time and take a deep breath realists impact the connection before education now's not the time to educate three-year asking for us to make it pretty hard for somebody without superpower giraffe ears to hear you question doesn't does in this situation requires some kind of resolution or session of u_s_ and almost and the resolution the solution will find us when the connection is there what connection it's here's your wife in these here's your knees here's your knees without giving any criticism and it's and you'll hear her knees without any criticism and the man the solution will find you conflict will resolve itself does need to do is up what most of us do we skip that and go right to hear for example i sometimes do uh... workshops just with america or other people living together relationship and uh... what we go to begin the work we identify of the couple who uh... has had conflict the longest outstanding conflict that could not be result and i make a prediction and it's right my predictions been accurate and looked at the indian i'd sure the seventy five percent the case but my prediction is that that we will resolve the conflict within twenty minutes within twenty minutes from the point at which both parties can tell me what the other party is needed now one-time we found a couple married thirteen ninety thirty nine years in the conflict had not been able to resolve this conflict the wife said marshall i can tell you right now we're not going to be able to resolve this morning twenty minutes we have a good marriage we communicate well suggest one of those things that were different people and we just have a conflict i said let me correct one thing i didn't say that we're going to resolve it within twenty minutes i said within twenty minutes from the point at which you can both tell me what the other party is needed or she said marshall had been married thirty here's and you've talked about something almost everyday i can tell you we on the stand the problem isn't that weird just to different people in this issue lesson i've been wrong before i could should be wrong this time but let's will find out within twenty minutes ago first tell me what his needs are in this situation he doesn't want me to spend any money he responsibly next week ticket thirty nine years of communication well first of all of those that want you to spend any money c needs and strategies need to be separate they had been talking about how much money as you can spend and that's been but the more important issue there was whether whether group takes care of the checkbook he unilaterally controlled the checkbook which was really the main issue between and saying i don't even want to couple cock about the strategy solution until the collection when the connections are conflicts usually resolved without so i put it out there are no that's not a medium even if it was notices saying that's not accurate to women and tell you what is needed you see he's just like his own father they both have a depression mentality when it comes to mind at all since dot uh... now i'm hearing psychoanalytic jackal here and i was going to take another thirty nine years if you give them back you know i'm not asking for an analysis of his personality and seeing what is needs she didn't know thirty-nine years she had no awareness consciousness abuse me so i said to him ok well she doesn't know how to tell ur muscle and tell you what her knees stations on level and whom wonderful mother wonderful wife but when it comes to money she's totally irresponsible here comes another thirty nine years and screaming that he gives me a diagnosis and of course she immediately says that's unfair arsenal so i can see they didn't have any letters so i had the long run might use with giraffe years of course i'm conscious that all judgment she's totally irresponsible is a tragic expression oven on that day so if you would have had these years they would have been able to resolve this in the first year that she did she was taking it could personally so i helped them understand when you say she's irresponsible are you feeling frightened and need to be sure the family's protected economically that's exactly what i mean well westwood incentive but he didn't know how to say is feeling so i've got his needs identify he was scared wanted to protect the family economic i turned to his wife is that could you tell me back to what you heard him say but because i didn't know what time i wanted you to check book will be revealed first married now we think that excuses knows what the first word she said was and she doesn't know the cardinals referal never put your butt in the face of an angry person whether his feelings in the but no his feelings than want me to repeat them yep i hear him saying eastgate dot political calm down here his feelings inmates sued after thirty nine years of enemy image it's not easy for somebody fish if these images once we get one of these images in our mind of the other persons wrong even when they are expressing their knees we don't hear it these enemy images are hard to get pass she's been seeing yours cheap having this depression mark mentality for thirty-nine years which you can see the human being behind for it absolutely repeated again hearings saying he's scared needs summit the protective and needs to protect the fan he thinks i'm a responsible let's try it again after three more with repetitions finally she could hear his needs and feelings stuff projections fine okay uh... event dispute between his even u_s_ and after i had tried twice projected care concedes she wasn't too much pain so i had to do what i was just demonstrated is actually i had need to give her some emergency first aid and eat before i could program by the years to get hit her two kids so that i tried two times to pull jacket but here's it's hard to do that as a keypad bike that back up so it really hurts when you hear criticism yet something about it so you didn't you know now i'd like to meet people instead so yeah i did have to do a little bit of cleaning up the mess right the every units that use for it every criticism procedure uses wants that's hard for here in the with the express all along so finally i get hurt in here his feelings and needs working halfway through business trip now okay now i try to help her so could you tell me you know what your needs well just because i made the mcdonnell regedit checkbook it'll be for that doesn't mean i would do it again he said yes we could be out of money but usanys he really frustrated and if i hear you correctly you haven't you personal trust that you can learn how to handle yes husband could you tell me that there will be out of money but excuse me excuse can you tell me what your feelings and needs please let me repeat it okay about three more repetitions he hears they're it didn't take twenty minutes to resolve it whenever i do in the situations where there's a that a lot of concrete and only in a lot of people to talk about strategies until they're connected apartment was working with two tribes in northern nigeria one christian tried one must withdraw one-quarter of the population killed in one year run out of four people killed took my colleague six months to get them to agree to come into a room together during that six months sixty people killed so time it took us to get everybody in the room together sixty people so now it's not my husband and wife i have on opposite ends of the table but the chiefs of to track i started saying we had dinner with a husband and wife like to hear you expressed your needs what needs are not being i'm pretty much testing at a time i'm not going to get an answer to my question if people have been communicating it in the level that would have been honored people so i wasn't surprised when instead of getting an answer to that question i got this back these people are not ours find it estonians and get and don diagnose so just as with the husband and wife i put my ears on translate the statement into any get the other side the here it was amazing i had to do a lot of first aid empathy gift slackware got this person behind the murders was so you are frightened of any use of violence to resolve conflict and want some agreement to resolve it and some other witnesses that okay could you say that what you heard the what's up wasn't too easy anyway after of all it took about an hour again for me to get one big stress one leader when meetings this morning and one of the chiefs who hadn't spoken yet said to me if we're not communicate this way we won't have to killed simplistic one-hour to see that if they can just that reconnected info nobody asked about there's plenty of resources for getting everybody is is that but will it was that when we get up in your head and start to penalize wrong does this need understanding developed into a well sort of a that mister give-and-take person given three of personnel no compromising and not necessary to compromise everybody's needs can get nobody has to give in nobody has to give anything up we would have to say stress and when it comes to doing things for other people because a few my theory is fight do something for someone else that gives a person powerful over me without it's a if you do anything that involves giving in both people pay for nothing has been resolved create problems so certainly dialogue newsletters so you mention that isaac needed might need literacy in my book and if you're developing the university of suggest you do the following activity identify your most frequently use jackal the ones you use the most that's the ones you love to freedom directed first analysts make a list of how you talk to yourself when you're less than perfect and uh... those of you over here said your particular to skip this part than those of you aren't perfect make a list what how are you most likely to speak for yourself when you're less than perfect so that's jackal let uh... lou but list number one make a second list whether the jackal messages that go on a new when you were andrea when you're judging others and they're angry what are you most likely to be saying to yourself or outloud the press so thats the tackle this number three list of those things that one of the people say it at the moment you respond to defensively or aggressive and put on that list of things that you have been so afraid that people might think again that you've become a nice dead person to avoid so in other words put into that was not only what people have said they got to be friends of the things you scared of the mighty okay now do this exercise to build your need matters go back over that first list where u what you say to yourself when you're less than perfect now for each judgment think of what might be in the stimulus for we've got to relate each of these to a specific context thirty years i must say the first thing is you have in your list mister barone when a dumb thing to do it what you might have done to stimulate then put out here at the news and here than ny stupid i'm saying that all judgments a tragic expressions of unmet need ask yourself if i when i say that to myself in that situation house too what we need m_i_a_ expressing through that judgment what we have mine isn't getting met and here's where you can use the list in my my book if you can't come up with it yourself first look through the list and your body will tell you when you didn't call ripken's uh... yeah yeah yeah that's what made need comes much closer to the truth than any judgment unit so do that for every item on the list what you tell yourself when you're angry at others again identified concretely what the other person might have done this stimulate then ask yourself this question when i judge people as idiot doing what you don't mind was not being met in that city again trying to get it without my list if you can't find it looked to my list the fine when it comes close the third with what others say to you to get your defense practice putting on the giraffe years imagine what you did the stimulated and in that situation guess what the other persons needs were that we're getting them so we feel it's just learning a new language learning for every time there are these jackal judgment through as quickly as possible to bring yourself back to life or more specifically connected in needs a lot requested and city i'd need another person you know expectations me yes well first of all never hear an expectation that's that's thoughts expectations are thoughts don't care don't even hear expectations here what that means what does that mean that the person is asking for you to me you know i don't live up to expectations but that is fun to meet me do you think every all of our ministry i don't think you have to do it this time will bill you know the people that could begin processing even if you could do it you may choose not to and that will be a problem the other person can hear at no it's the first few empathy for their feelings and that will lead them feeling at least at their feelings in these matters but then again that you have to know how to say no injuries kapiti let me help me out never use the following words what you're saying you know it like it i don't want to i don't have time possible now you know how not to do it right here's how you do it to say no and giraffe you need to be concerts that have no as a poor expression of any so suddenly that keep you something kit so if you had your appears on this now you would never be sent now you would have said what is marshall's need it's keeping him from saying yes and you might have said that to me marshall are you reading in the the completion of other things you'd like to do it you would tell you the need behind the no solicitors on those tragic expression of me eat that keeps you from saying it's that simple the way they had this plane act feel as though i a m responding to a person's expectations social work environment on are you feeling afraid of being held responsible for the quality and quantity of the work that i'm doing insist to a supervisor are you feeling spirited protected yourself that might be needed to hear you guessing are you feeling scared tech yourself in this matter i'd just like you that i feel for a because i'm inferring there's a danger in that they have a fears endanger if that's what you're getting is alive and we're not saying it's right we we have a single rpm say are in for you we may be wrong we're trying to get clear what's going on in this price are you feeling afraid you need to protect it and taking that microphone that's parked out of it instead the the here here the feelings that means without you you think that you know we know what that is in situation you they're talking to you about some things you've done or haven't done so in the context of the river pretty clear what's going on what we want to hear now as their feelings and needs and feeling scared need to protect yourself from this now if this is an anti tests settings where the people are not used to having feelings down came into this the other person i get very upset with having their feelings being talked about in which case you do it's not a if you're interested in here feelings in these interviews reviewed your politically we adjust when we might do it out loud but we don't allow anything else in the work consciousness acceptance of the persons feelings in it and inconsiderate is that there is still compromise destination communication here sincere i would find it instructional technology that problem between has the one person is not and have it was a win-win situation for both of them ghost once they resented people feel that their feelings it needs matter which is done through the empathy uh... you don't have the competitiveness you know grandchild so here's how it went after they bought furniture he heard that it would really hurt for her not to be trusted that she couldn't there and once he felt really understood how scared he was that it she were to do which she did when he first got married overdraw the account she could hear that you want to protect the from was six-year-old children could resolve the conflict rebuke nations into wars in which thousands and ko if you gave us into your role as you said look here that needs on both sides you're on the resources unconscionable six-year-olds prints on the conflict so even if it doesn't think he is working to do she said and one of twelve period to learn how to do it precision im scared cuz you know you could go through a lot of money learn she agreed during the trial period you would supervisor into he felt comfortable it's you know how to do it okay i took about seven but they have been able to get to that in thirty nine years 'cause of all the enemy images of hurt and so forth hardened in the situation when you have a yahoo similar needs and you attempt to its best into each other and houston's honesty and motions buildup because of apparent competitive and forty that uh... neutral needs i'm not being heard but you don't want to just daily that need to get a third party began both of them the proceeding to hear it so it's a few people are in pain they don't know how to give themselves for that purpose even be able to hear the image that then you need to get a third party give the empathy the beauty of those so that they can then here and that uh... party should be together with these two individuals or separately different ways to do that there could that pretty to give emphaty to both sides separately and then help each side to hear the other side and then bring them together Thank you. PART4: QUESTlONS EXPRESSlNG AND RECElVING GRATlTUDE This morning you made a reference to giraffe morning and that there is a different way of saying you are sorry to someone, and I wanted to hear what that was. Ok, let's real quick look at what i mean by giraffe morning. Think of something you did, that you wished you hadn't done. And identify... recall as best you can how you talk to yourself when you said guarded with reduced what did you do the tourists here and then after that give me a sample of what you said to yourself when you did yet one of mine net uh... i was feeling defense certainly criticize so what you did as you said some things to another person that you wished you had located and what did you say to yourself when you did meeting in a moment i feel in defense of my though i wanna concretely no for this exercise i need to know concretely what you say to yourself when you behave in a way you know this is very important to answer your question about giraffe morning very important to identify your inner what your inner educate or is saying to you seeing this all of us pavan inner educate was function it is to educate us when we are less than perfect now most of us made the mistake of sending our dinner educator off to a proof of that goal for inner educate and so it's important to be conscious of how our inner educator talks to us and that's what i'm asking you when you said would you didn't see it has been what did your enter educator how did your inner educator try to educate you said what to you about what you had been momentarily at the book the day one well diplomats tactical regression is later with your any point what did you say to yourself about your an adventurous and how that's that's about half here is a care tries to educate you through penitence for making you hate yourself for what you've done uses language that implies is such a thing as a bad person if you apologize out of that energy that's jack any apology that comes out of thinking you did something wrong is not going to be good for you or the other person you with me so far minor feels bad uh... huh and i really want you to feel better in this situation but i want you to feel this week that this week that that will help you learn from this without heating yourself when you have a file in your head that you're a bad person as i'll be back that's a punitive back and of course will make it hard to learn and even if you do it it's out of self-hatred so whatever changes you make a great cost so that children are educated that was your inner educator speaking you when it said you're a bad person now we've been learning to date uh... judgments are expressions of means right so you're indicator means well really means what it wants you to learn from this in a way that will survive it means well let's just get the language that sucks so we don't want to hear what the inner educator thinks about we want to hear that mean that is in getting mad but it's trying to call to our attention so what we need the jury rigid catered trying to bring to your attention that you didn't meet by having the anne ki phoenicians inflation and me and what kind of relationship mutual understanding respectful so it didn't meet your needs for respecting an understanding it and how do you feel when it needed then he's still got the bad person in the gym you still think you know that there's anything can still going on and guilt comes from the jesuit like a separate and isolated that how do you feel when you emotionally you feel about not meeting your only for understanding and respect stephen gillers comes from that image of bad press but incomes will not mean you need to respond to it this person with respect and understand saying that's this week best giraffe morning so if you say to the person you know the way i talk to you know if you really sad it doesn't make my need for respecting you and understand you see there's no image in there that i'm a bad person i'm saying i didn't meet my only for respecting and understanding check with the other person what they'd rather here literally hear that you have morning or the apology that you're a bad person we have a little uh... book from kansas find keith and uh... in this in this models somehow it seems like everything is you know we're talking about are feeling well everything seems throughout interpreters sort of fundamental ellis pose an emotional level campsite operate mike and trying to try and try to get back to that senate some help basically ah... tell me how i would bear users this technique in my career and to make its map so that it's a it's natural enough sun absolutely purchase the first thing i was the first thing i would recommend it this stranger word natural progression change the word natural to have visual i think this process is natural more natural in the way you were trained to fight sometime he says it's very dangerous to mix up the words natural individual he says we have been trained to be quite had vidual communicating in ways that are quite unnatural i can't think of a more natural way to communicate at the top of all it's a lot of that is what we feel you need it when you feel like saying if i feel like say no saying those things ok reviews were saying before is it let me know what you mean by okay it's okay to say no me cat we go back and forth that's already more specific when you say no i predict that by saying no more often than you would like the other person is going to react to you in a way doesn't mean you're well it in your best interest but if you think they may be home video that's less likely that if i understand what you're saying trade deadliest is to communicate in a way that university communicate back to use of its in my best interest and saying the purpose of this process is to get everybody's needs met and interviews and that by people giving willingly not out of any congressman motivation and i think that when you say no it gets in the way of the likelihood that everybody's needs a good usse really keeps you from saying yes i predict there's more likelihood that everybody's leaves london so it's just a quick reflexes resected expressed your needs without offended me dijo clear many different clearer expression of what you're trying to straighten out you get cleared more connected to life when you say that need to keep you from saying yes agency and it's less likely to be interpreted as the rejection as you being defensive uh... but but did say that no by itself i predict is more likely to get you interpretations that are here based in sometimes when i don't hear no i'd look at it as being surpasses aggressive response to something someone you know it's a few so if i make an appointment with somebody and instead of saying no they just don't show up yes and they give me a reason why did it yes up i'm not suggesting that and that's exactly that response and suggesting that i would have liked that person to have told you obviously at the time with their neighbors i think if they had done that's it they said he has that wasn't so people or outside free let's say if the reason is free what would you can do a lot of what has happened in the past to them and they said no in whatever way they did if they had not been joy very uh... and pathak responses to early in the past and the probably afraid to be honest about as cellular phones really i guess that's the idea that it's a touchy feely type of thing it used to work what you're trying to figure out if i understand is how to really put this into idiom that you can use david feels comfortable too onward and so in our training we first show people how to develop the literacy and then how to put it into there's the regular nine and the student travelling with me and he wanted to give me a annexed the ground and he like something i did i was really working the group are during the break he said dictator that was during that because he knew that i knew what he was reacting he knew i wouldn't have judged he knew i would guess that there were using it's important for you we really know how to clearly identify feelings needs request where we can start put it into a language that can connect us with the people were speaking red disputed being one day and still working with you on making sure you understand what a feeling in the media you don't really understand that it's gonna be hard to know predicted unity i guess i'm a recovering your cap k i'm giving the impression that apologies really neat the best service of teenage rap and i'd like to know he did not all i'd like to see you model for me and in all its name missing the mark setting courageously if you recall that really right showed an example of that were unsealed person said i feel sad i would have liked to have responded with more understanding idea so you're not using the word i'm starring guessing and second-guessing so what's the word i'm sorry what we shifted from was taking that i did something wrong that it was bad it's that thinking that is the problem and the i'm sorry follows from that thinking so it's not just that i don't say i'm sorry i say i'm set if i'm set so there were sightings almost nothing to speak well people can say that an acting on any excuse me you say that the by forgetting experts if i'm feeling sad i think that feelings uh... really unlike remover where he really example where didn't take the process needs into consideration and i don't say i'm sorry that wasn't considered there's no cell weren't i didn't do anything wrong is no suspects doing anything when i get it was not in our men and women one-on-one and said i would like to have been more where needs something like that and the question while your left about situation my intimate partner dot many times we get together and we week argue a lot i have this that you were saying earlier is inappropriate and i want her to be happy and so is it appropriate said it was on the world that's just keeps on past if you don't tell me to be happy to tell me the action to get there that i can be issued from an action at that you predicted if i do that i'll be happy at the uh... that would be helped tell me the action don't just tell me again don't tell me to have confidence in myself tell me what you would like me to do to feel let down the action will get here just tell me what the field puts me into a paradoxical by one of the other things to be point get together i don't necessarily want p uh... going somewhere whether she's not and a good mood at that time there's some and advancements and advise with one another in a good mood and i'll be in the telling a and activity that it would be in one go immediately and we're still uh... reminding if there is sometimes when summary here it's on i'm feeling some anxiety about a trip from planning to visit my mother c and we have a dynamic where she really wants to helped me figure out every detail of what it's stay he so it should either and i'm afraid that if i talk to her like this can make matters much located and what did you know if it does we'll show you how to enjoy it when it gets ok k but first let me show you the first thing to do if we want a person to consider another behavior than the one they're doing start the communication by showing them that what they're doing is the most precious thing that could be start by empathizing with mothers intent in the evening is good mother and guessing that when you jump in and want to so me all the things that could be done you really care a lot about nine jo and myself on this trip and one of the issue you support that or yes yes it was a lot of them really very important to you the independent complete that's kept wants you to mean that's what i mean by started by showing you understand not the more we're concerned about that and even more important is to start that's why when i work in prisons in this person has been sexually molesting people lake people if i would like this person to find another way of being the first thing i got to do is make sure they don't hate themselves for what to do it when they hate yourself for what to do and when will continue doing so much that night that the fed with what their needs are doing okay seemed at that next step what we started off the day with uh... tell thing on my my field for americans act and grateful for your intent i really haven't needed time to make my own choices here consenting to be very hard for anybody else to really know what i need and i need this place to figure it out for myself would you tell me what you heard mister celebrity if i'm making myself clear so now i don't want to be here nine on the other didn't hear my name she probably heard a rejection probably heard that she's not valued something that's important that i don't think her reaction is because of what i said if i express my feelings and means it would be impossible for a person to react this way if they had they would have gotten again they would have the eyes of little child giving a gift from central that doesn't look like a mother's looking like that so mom could you tell me what you just finishing you don't want so you heard kind of his rejection of course how else could i have heard well thank you for joining you heard it was rejected notice i didn't think that is that what i said if you want to make it before camp people understand you differently never tell that there is a mystery never say if that isn't what i said states that you could tell me i can see i didn't make myself clear like to try again decided value very much your offering to help than i have indeed to come to get my own needs clear instruction my own time tell me what you hear me say do you think i don't have any intelligence about helping thank you for telling me that you hear still i'd like you to hear differently and let me just to hear my means that i have a real need to come to sort things out for myself construction my home town could you tell me what you heard you need to comedic cleared for yourself what you want them to figure things out see all these years to get everything from the japanese about three here because of my god now there are some eight pulls atmosphere but i can tell from house sweet you are your mothers of people just don't sit he at mentioned earlier is fine and enjoying something could you elaborate or yes that's that's very important to you from doing that folk if any of your scissors that clinton nothing i'm never amount to anything consistent clerk at age forty five brothers had his company sisters atop of training nine-and-a-half now to enjoy this person suffering we have to release ourself from two kinds of responsibility first leading cause of death that we want to release our cell phone that especially when the other person is trying to make us believe me there because the plan six with this person it started a year at fault for all of this planet especially when a person says that we did not want to in any way i think because this person's because you can't cause of the persons psychological well in this case the person wasn't saying that so that's pretty easy liberate ourselves from feeling responsible but the second is a hug to think we have to fix it to make the person field the more we think it's our job to make a person feel better the more we're going to make it works cogeco sixty the good news is you don't have to there is a very powerful healing energy always available if we don't block how do we blocked that energy by trying to fix things herself so how do we help that energy do the job by empathic empathy requires presence just to be present when we are just present when we remember in the mood is advice don't do something when we do that and that energy works through us there is a precious connection between that person than us that precious connection is what i mean i'm jim to enjoy that precious connection and whether this person's feelings your own or pain if we are presently there with them that's right we block grant beautiful energy whenever we step and i think we have to fix so leasing over there you'll feel better to get over we make it work when we start given by networks so what does that look like so your feeling really discouraged really would like to know that she is more in your life this moment yes this that every opportunity and look at me and he's never made use of anything so you're really discourage infrastructure would really like to made different views of some things that you have so just present not trying to fix and when that happens there's a very precious connection that's what i mean that and that precious connection does the healing mentioned by map here change clarified distinctions between empathizing and save them encouraging and supporting itself somebody's and sometimes by beena itself subpart spouse this little charisma but i think it got some comes about when this person is talking about what happened to them for the fiftieth time system if i'm really listening to them idon't hear what they talk about about the past cuz i know that the more they talk about the past the less healing will take place so i interrupt but i interrupted bring the conversation collide they're talking about the past and i are optimistic excuse me but sounds like right now you're still feeling her because you need respec wasn't there seekers just letting them talk about the past and asking him questions about whether about the past is just keep so-called so i interrupt when they talk about the past because we don't feel like talking about the past we heal by talking about what a lot of us right now stimulated rootsweb's here now and when i connect at that level they won't keep talking last question and i'm going to get into subjective i'd like to cover before the end it you talk about and seminar cannot star emotional came instead enacting and uh... did you use the nancy families and suffering yes experienced nightmares matter uh... yes and other people worse than it was for yourself and you were participant well you know abhorred for example if you follow me and my work you would see this very clearly in places like rwanda thoroughly sierra leon i'm working with people that have had their families some of those people have such rage that only lived for a moment by moment is the possibility of engines others have knowing had never had c_n_n_'s extended they had deep feelings not great so it is not the stimulus that determines how r u motion reaction that part is up to us i work with some women unfortunately a lot who've been raped and some of them feel shame deep shag some feel rage some field other things the same stimulus depends how people take it with me feel shame rage or other things working with the woman from rwanda meant she heard her three children being killed concei got underneath the sink hid underneath the sink in time children to make it to the hiding place in time they got killed she heard them your husband being you know brother she had to stay underneath it eleven days to save the life 'cause they stayed in the house after they killed and this woman has deep feelings but never once said she had the kind of thing that makes you want to get vengeance she's put all of her feelings and lots of into protecting preventing this happening to anybody else so the way she looked at it means here to want to prevent this happening to anybody else she came to my work yet because you want to have you with the rage toward her from other people in her trial who work here is we've heard it you don't want she will join their efforts killian faced in the last quite different reactions okay so i had a stimulus uh... to deal with him away had dealt with it and i'm going to change their house the worst thing of course would be no matter how you get used to deal with this to think it was something wrong with how you chose to do them not wanting us to get into one was right or wrong and just stand that no matter what happens to us the other persons responsible for what they do and i'm not saying the other person doesn't have a responsibility question about catholic and persons responsible for what they did what he did we're responsible for how we deal with that let's get jericho becomes responsible still children first arrived here as i wouldn't want you to tell the lesser i just thought you until i had given that child all the empathy that child needed would guess it would be a lot store conceive myself doing with the long term care in this child's enormous pain as a result of this but then in the course of this i would be seeing this trial having some pain created by how they look at so i would see that they're creating pain on the top of pain but how they look bad after the child had all the empathy usually then i would do what i could to get them to t in a way that wouldn't we it consisted this is a baby japanese okay now what i'd like to do it up precious time that we have left to deal with a very important part of giraffe cuz i wouldn't want you to get the idea that the nonviolent communication is solely interested in conflict resolution because it's equally interested in celebration how could we celebrate life in fact the part that we have left for ten minutes before then in some respects the most important part because that's where we get the fuel two-state giraffe in a what's often a very jack list world so it's going to be pretty hard to make this radical transformation into back to our nature in many situations unless we're getting plenty of fuel now where does the fuel conference feel comes from someone bridge and what kind of celebration comes from saying thank you injury so let's see now in the last minutes how we celebrate by saying thank you injury expressing gratitude injury and first i'd like to remind you about jackal is jackals statement you get a good job on that paper you are very kind person you're a good dancer can you see why that's jack moralistic judgments positive moralistic judgments are equally as violent in my estimation is negative mainly the reinforce the idea that the negative exist pricing your kind person i'm inclined to such a thing as another kind person i'm also find it on the judgment knows the difference so no more praise a conference ok no more preserve conference actually when u_n_ cameras in the war that's the ultimate dehumanization use thank you as a reward to say that for the purpose of trying to reinforce something to get the person to continue doing simpson unit would put goes on and on will be in school punishment and rewards urinate compliment or praise for the purpose of reinforcement is giving the daughter something to me to reinforce a cruise were people are not for that treatment and it destroys the beauty thank you when people have to wonder business being sent out of that energy but it works what does jack studies in management indicate that is managers praise and compliment employees daily production goes on studies in school so that if teachers prison compliments to this day they worker we'll take another look at the res i think you'll see that that only works for a very short time until people see the manipulation and then it no longer works and it destroys the beauty of thank you because now you can not even trust gravity without wondering whether it's being used as a reinforcement as we reward well what about if i want a bill that the other person selfesteem what's wrong with that jackal you don't see the irony that what if the other person can only like himself when you compliment that they have no selfless users convicted them to your rewards that they only feel good when you say something about them they have no self-respect hazards arrested program first there's three things that are involved in the giraffe expression of gratitude that give us energy to keep being a jerk first thing in a giraffe expression of gratitude as we bring to this other persons attention concrete lee what they have done that has made life more wonderful for see that's what we need to do we need to bring our consciousness kind attention through the power of attorney one of us to make life more wild each of us busy powerhouse we have words that have the power to contribute to making people's lives more wonderful we have talked we can't cut people and waves that can make life more wonderful we can provide services for people we are powerhouses the more we remember will not get caught up in any violent game why would we use our energy anyway other than to make a lot of wonderful when we remember we have this problem so that's one thing we got to make clear in our expression of gratitude specifically what the person here nazim beg generality for example a woman in geneva switzerland came up to me at the end of the workshop here's what she said to me your brilliant has said that somehow disagreement i said you know man i have been called a lot of names in my life some positive and some farmers gram-positive and i can never recall learning anything valuable by somebody tell me what i i think there is zero information value and being told what you are and great danger you might believe it and assist it's just as dangerous to believe majors markers that you're stupid both of the reduce you to a thing were much more than either of those but i can see in your eyes did you want to expressing gratitude yes and i want to recently doesn't help me to be told what i have what do you need to hear what time do to make life more wonderful well here so intelligent uh... doesn't help doesn't help what can i do all i'd that had she opens up a notebook she showed me two things that i had said that she had written she put a big star c that helped me okay that helps me to know that somehow monster in those two things this person's life more so that's the first thing we need to say and appreciation we need to bring that to the person's attention concretely what they did they'd like more what at the moment we're giving the graphic to to say how we feel at that moment about the person having done that so i said to this woman could you tell me how you feel now as a result of my head and said those two things she said hopeful and really hopeful that gives me much more than telling me what i just to know that somehow my saying those two things wells person feels hopeful and now when i hear the third thing i'll be able to really enjoy this threat i said what needed years was fulfilled by my saying what i did leaves you feeling hopeful and that's the third thing we need to see in a giraffe graham she said i have an eighteen year old son had never been able to connect with him it's been very painful that we never confirmed and i have been in some direction to help me connect with him those two things you said that morning interest on the concrete direction so hence you'd restroom gratitude injury and she was that marcia when you said these two things showed me what the two things it leaves me feeling hopeful in really needs to meet a man to connect with my son arena that's how we think gratitude injury those three things and it's also important how we receive gratitude that they should have knowledge of that jackal receives gratitude tackling you offered to give me the ride did just now over to our on going afterwards i feel very grateful because i really have a need to spend more time with my family five took the bus and have in our last time nothing japan if you want to terrorize the jackal expressed lover appreciation really if you really want to do a job i've never seen anything scared jackals begin people more and sincere gratitude why do you get some nervous chuckle when you hear i don't know that i deserve it t jackals have missed dangerous concept in their head desert so very violent concept implies that you have to be sure appreciation you have to you do deserve punishment would you be interested to see the concept of desert is a key ingredient in a violent way of life you believe in desert using certain things are worse things in you set up a very destructive economic system then set up a destructive correctional system very dangerous concept was not the only reason lions beautiful spirit when you hear gratitude what's wrong with being humble you want to have a need for humanity here well you know jack colors different kinds of humility i'm afraid that they're kind is the jackal human i think you're kind is the kind of gold of my ear the israeli prime minister was reacting to when she said they wanted for politicians don't be so humble you're not that great but the main reason i believe that gratitude for scary for many of us to receive is beautifully and politically written and of course in miracles where they say it's are light not directness what scares us tomorrow senior manager came in in this job corps waiting for us that is something wrong it's a good job releasing when i was in we an enormous holla to make life one and there's nothing we enjoyed doing more than exercising that's pretty unfortunately a pretty big jump for us to come to but we can come to so that's how we said gratitude observation feeling in me same literacy make sure it's coming from the heart to celebrate and never to praise compliment reward So, any last comments or questions before our time runs out? I am grateful for all your time and attention. Captions: Youtube transcription and... corrections by: youtube.com/AMhiro2 I am Regina from Hamburg. Im an active member of the Zeitgeist Chapter Hamburg and I came there after 2008, after I have watched Addendum. I started searching. First I have found another regular table, where there were also some other "Zeitgeist-people". And after a while, in this year the Chapter Hamburg was founded and ever since many other things were left aside, my focus was on the Zeitgeist Movement. And I am pleased to get involved with it. - Why do you support that idea? - Because... - Oh, and also, try to rephrase the sentences. Not just "because"... but... The reason I support the movement is because I makes to most sense for me right now. It is the movement that woke me up. It was something that I had inside myself for my childhood - You share. Money is not the thing to retain your lifes, and that embodies the movement. It is open and it questions itself permanently. And it doesn't stop. And what is the Movement? It can be anything. It is you and me and today and tomorrow. - A little bit about the history of the Movement and the activities of the Movement... - Um... say it again - Tell us more about the Movement in Hamburg... - Ok - What we do in Hamburg... - ta ta ta... - Once again ... in Deutsch - ach! Thank you! What we do in Hamburg is actually a lot. We meet once a week, or every second week. And plan structured what we are able to do. We have got a chapter report about the things happending nationally and internationally, what is happening here in Hamburg. There are some projects running,like the Media Festival which we organize. Soon we will be active on a concert, where the band is also supporter of the Zeitgeist Movement. Now and then we spread flyers, got a letter-project, and are trying to use all the opportunities we have got to move forward. And help the movement. - Now, if you can tell us something about your perspective on this situation in Germany altogether. Germany is doing well at the moment, and perhaps that's the problem. One lost the focus on what is happening in the world. "Oh well there is a revolution. Yes... not my problem. We are fine. We have got your social system. Nobody has to starve, if he doesn't want to. That's makes people blind and unable to look aside. They lost their far-sightedness and stopped to reflect on what is good and what is bad and what is important. Because, at the moment, its only the media that manipulate and politics that behave as if they got something to say. But most people just don't care and interact with politics. They stopped believing in it. Actually that's a good step, that you don't trust politics anymore. - How do you see the transition? - (to be cut) There are different opportunities the transition may happen. There is either the total collapse of the system. First many things have to break down, before people understand what is really important. Or we will be successful - but I think that is not our responsibility, humanity will understand step by step how important it is to be sustainable, to treat the person next to you like yourself. This thought is actually quiet common in Germany. You see it even in the media and various companies. They try to be sustainable. They try to use resources efficiently. Unfortunately that is not too often and often because of a marketing strategy. Either the conscious will come. Or it will come after the break down. - And now, looking there into the camera your message to the world... Love yourself, love your friends and love your family. But also love the stranger you don't know yet. I am from the Swinomish and Tulalip tribe. I am here today to carry the message from the silenced. To show you some of Native America's beauty. And to encourage our collective consciousness to reimagine the way we see each other. Can we re-learn to see as human beings? Does the photographic image impact our lives and the lives of those around us? If it does, can we use that image to encourage and inspire one another? Do something for me: try to remember the last time that you saw a Native American in massive media. Is this what you saw? If it is, I wouldn't be surprised, because between 1990 and 2000 there were 5,868 blockbuster-released films. Twelve included of American Indians. All of them showed Indians as spiritual or in-tune with nature Ten of them as impoverished and/or beaten down by society, ten as continually in conflict with Whites. However, the image of the professional photographer, the musician, the teacher, the doctor, were largely absent. What's interesting is how this image manifests itself into our psyche. You see, when this image is shown to a young Native person, they report feeling lower self-esteem and depressed about what they are able to become or would like to become. Shockingly, when shown to the white counterpart, their self-esteem is raised. If society only sees us as these images, it means that our modern issues don't exist. Nor do our efforts like schooling and economic development through sovereignty and Nation building. How can we be seen as modern, successful people if we are continually represented as the leathered-and-feathered vanishing race? For the last ten years, my work has been about counteracting these images, to create positive indigenous role models from this century. My most recent endeavor, Project 562, is dedicated to photographing every indigenous nation in the United States. So far, I've driven 50,000 miles, shot 106 tribes, and shot thousands of rolls of film. And each tribe that I go to, I interview folks, I ask them questions about identity and stereotypes. What does it mean to be a real Indian? How do we deal with blood quantum? Tell me about some of the issues within your community. But most importantly, can you tell me your story? Such as this one: here we have Leon Grant. Leon is an Omaha Indian. He was reared on a ranch in Nebraska. When he was sixteen years old, he decided that he wanted to pursue an education. So he left a note for his folks while they were in town, and proceeded to walk for 49 days until he arrived in Phoenix, Arizona. When he got there, he put himself through a community college, undergrad, theology school, and eventually law school. And then he set up American Indian Centers all across the country. Because Leon told me at that time, Indian People were still considered lesser citizens. This is a photo of my cousin Anna. Anna is Swonomish, Hualapai, Havasupai, Cherokee, Chemehuevi, and Salish. And, I was talking to Anna the other day, and I said, "Anna, do you think racism still exists in America?" Oh, and Anna started crying. And I was like "Oh, Anna!" and she said, "You know, Matika, if you want to know about that, all you have to do is go to the lunchroom. You can see the segregation." She said, "I just don't think it's ever going to change." And I said, "Oh, honey, of course it can change!" You see, I sat in that lunchroom. So I could relate to her. I just love her. This is Marva "Sii~xuuttesna" Jones Marva is from the Village of Nilichinden, which is a tribe in Northern California with a colonized name of "The Smith River Rancheria." However, the people are Tolowa. Marva is rad! You'd love her. (Laughter) And you'll notice her 111 tattoo. When I asked her about its significance, she said, "I always knew I wanted to get my 111. Especially after learning the history of it being outlawed in California. California independent Indian tattooing was outlawed in the early 1900s. I always thought I was going to have one. Learning our history empowered me to get my 111. It was traditionally applied through the tapping method. For me it signifies my commitment to who I am. It signifies my ability to carry forward my ancestors' message and the work that my people have laid for my community. It also signifies courage and strength. I've had it since January 20th of 2011. It'll be two years. I never thought about he experience of people staring at you everywhere you go until I got it. I really wasn't prepared for that. I didn't get it for those reasons. I'm really not one for attention, whether it's negative or positive, it's about a fifty-fifty. Airports, stores and public places, I feel like it's made me not look at people anymore. You can tell that people judge you. You can totally tell when they don't like you. And sometimes they acknowledge you and they say, 'Nice tatoo, sister.' But some people are just like, 'Who is this freak?' 'Why would you do that?' I thought you could tell it's tribal. But I guess people don't know. So it's brought on a new sense of patience for me." This is a photo of a White Mountain Apache crown dancer. I had the rare opportunity to take this photo while I was in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They represent the mountain spirit gods, and dance for traditional, sacred reasons. This is Starflower Montoya. Star is Barona and Taos Pueblo. She's wearing her traditional manta that she received during her coming of age ceremony. When I asked Star, how do we navigate being an Indian in 2013, she said: "My grandma said it best: 'You have to wear your moccasin on one foot, and your tennis shoe on the other.'" (Laughter) This is Paul Chavez. Paul is Bishop Paiute and Apache, which is in the Owens Valley. It's one of the most beautiful places I've ever been to. Paul has spent his life dedicated to the preservation of Native culture. First by serving as the tribal chairman, by setting up TANF programs throughout Indian Country and by working with Native youth. While I was visiting Paul in Paiute country, I was most taken aback by the story of the "paya," which means "water" in Paiyute. Pre-colonization, the Paiyute people constructed and managed 60 miles of intricate irrigation systems for millenia, long before the city of Los Angeles secured its largest water source through modern engineering over a century ago. After the Indian Wars of 1863, surviving Paiute returned home to find their ancient waterworks taken over by white settlers. Today, 150 years later, the Paiute tribe is still in litigation for those waterworks. It's a fine example of our tribes' continued struggle for sovereignty. When I talked to Paul about these issues, he said, "The important thing is that we are here. We survived. If you think about it, every Native that is alive today as a result of our ancestors surviving. So you have to ask yourself, 'Why are you here?' 'Why am I here?' I've come to the conclusion for myself that we are here to carry on as a tribe. Otherwise, we will become our colonizers. We will just blend in. And that's our struggle, not to do that, because being a Native person from here, or wherever you are, there's value in being who you are. Not only as a tribe, but for the sustainability of the Earth. It has a lot to do with our traditional, sustainable ways. The most fundamental part of being sovereign is believing you are sovereign. Believing that you are a nation. That's the basis. Then, the next step is acting upon that. This is Jane Blackman. Jane is from the Pala tribe in Southern California and she is a devout Catholic. Jane wanted to have her photo taken in the mission. Here we have a photograph of Hayes Lewis. Hayes is the superintendent for the Zuni school district And it's really exiting. The Zuni tribe just broke away from the neighboring district. When we were talking about how it was that they had come to decide this, we were talking about how federal policy has affected education, he said, "The next step in development is actually changing the policies and the structure of education that will make a difference. If you just take the structure of education the way it is, with its policies, practices and mandates, what difference does it make if you don't go back into the community and basically rebuild from the bottom up?" This is Guylish Bommelyn. Guylish is also Tolowa. He is an Athabascan speaker. He teaches his language in the tribal school there. Since I've been on this journey, I've met Athabascan speakers in Alaska, in California, in Arizona, in New Mexico, and the southern tribes say that the northern ones got tired of walking. (Laughter) This is Mary Evelyn Baumgarten. Mary is just lovely. Mary is a retired professor from the University of New Mexico where she taught indigenous education. Mary is passionate about training teachers to work within indigenous communities. After a very long conversation about the history of boarding schools in this country, and assimilation, she said, "When are we going to stop asking our children to choose between cultural education and western education? I think we are ready to stop the assimilation process. The time to change is already among us." This is Anthony "Thosh" Collins from the Salt River Pima tribe. Thosh is a bird singer. That's his rattle there. Thosh is dedicated to total body wellness by eating mostly plant-based foods. When I'm with Thosh, it is always way easier for me to choose the salad over the French toast! (Laughter) So, I was in Albuquerque, New Mexico. We went down for the Gathering of Nations. I got there and I was like, "Oh, my God! There's 21 tribes in New Mexico. Who am I gonna photograph, and how am I going to reach all of these people?" So I put it on Facebook: "I'm looking for friends, and I need to go to all of these tribes." And I realized that my friend Dana's mom was from Navajo Nation and Valerie called me and she said, "I'll take you." So we drove, and drove and drove and drove down a dirt road until we finally arrived here at Ray and Fannie Mitchell's house. Ray and Fannie are 82 and 83 years old. They've been married for 65 years. They only speak Diné. So, their daughter translated for me. Ray is a retired railroad worker. He's retired to ranch life. Fannie is a weaver. Here where they live on Navajo Nation, they live without running water or electricity. They live on a sheep camp. Fannie shears the sheep, dyes the wool and weaves the rugs. When I was going out there, I was feeling so sorry for myself, because it was my birthday. And I was upset that I was getting another year older. But also because I was away from my family and my friends and then I got here and they made me mutton stew and handmade tortillas and they prayed for my journey and they made me feel like family. And I just felt so blessed. So, I was going into the famous Grand Canyon to photograph the Havasupai People. And I called Matthew. After I got permission from the tribal council to go there, I said, "I would like to come on Friday." He said, "Well, do you hike?" (Laughter) I was like, "I have running shoes." He said, "Okay, fine. Do you ride horses?" And I said, "Yeah! I have cowboy boots." (Laughter) He was like, "We're going to put you on a helicopter." (Laughter) So they took me down into the Grand Canyon. Matthew says to me, "Matika, to get here, all you have to do is drive up old Route 66. You'll see a sign for Havasupai. Turn right there. Drive until you see a helicopter. When you get there, tell the pilot you're an Indian, He'll let you on; he'll bring you down." (Laughter) I was like, "What?" (Laughter) So, my mentor told me that "Courage is having fear, and doing it anyway." So I mustered all of my courage: I got in my car, and I drove Route 66, I looked for the sign. I took the right, I found the helicopter, I showed him my tribal I.D. I got on the helicopter and I arrived down there. When I got off the helicopter, Benji and Matthew were waiting for me and all of my fear dissipated. This photo was taken at about 11:00 at night after a full day of shooting in the Canyon and all around their beautiful village. The Havasupai People consider themselves the guardians of the Grand Canyon. "Havasupai" means, "The people of the blue-green water." This is Matthew in his traditional regalia with his daughter. So the next day, I took this photo: this is Rex Tolusi. When Benji brought me over to see Rex, Rex said, "I really have a hard time talking with outsiders, because in 2000, surveyors came in, and they took our blood. They said they were going to help us with diabetes. And then they used our blood to try to prove that we weren't from the Canyon." So I didn't set up my microphone, I didn't take my camera out of my bag. I sat and visited with Rex for a while. We talked about what it's like. I said, "I, too, I grew up on a Rez, I, too have suffered from the effects of our inter-generational trauma, I, too, am recovering." And we had similar paths, as teachers in tribal schools. And we cried for the students that we'd lost. Finally, after Rex heard that I could make really good fried bread, (Laughter) he said, "You can turn your microphone on." "What would you like me to tell the people?" He said, "Remind them that we all come from the same Mother Earth. I think they may have forgotten. Tell them that all of us, the brown, the red, the yellow, the purple, we are all from the same place. Our job is to take care of our Mother. But mostly, tell them we survived." As I was driving out of the Grand Canyon, on the road to come here, I was just so overwhelmed by gratitude. I was crying. And I started thinking about all the people that have supported my journey so far: the generous Kickstarter contributors, the people that have fed me and housed me, and prayed for me. And sent me off in a good way. I realized that people are supportive because they believe in a cause. Because, at the core of it all, we all want to remember that we come from the same place. That we belong to one another. So, the journey continues! Thank you. (Laughter) (Applause). Our students have all the knowledge they need to build a search engine, but what are they missing? Well, a few thousand of these. We're standing in front of the Google server rack. This is a web server, but it's using Ethernet to connect these different boards, which are actually separate computers that they've put together in a rack. These are just generic PCs, because you can run a search engine at home on one computer, but it's not going to have a very big index. How many are we talking about--10s? Many, many, many thousand. Google was not a particularly well-known one it its early years. Most of these search engines--today we think of them as being incredibly wealthy companies. At the time they were mostly losing money. They had venture capitalists put money in but they basically didn't make enough money from selling ads to pay their bills. Search engines actually go back before the web. On the Internet there were several search engines. The closest to what we have today might be WAlS, done in the late '80s, and that let you search different servers over the Internet. Then we have, for instance, the CERN Virtual Library, which was done by Tim Berners-Lee, the man who invented the Web, but that wasn't really like a modern search engine. It was more like a library cart catalog where you have categories. Early Yahoo was like that as well. The one that got the most recognition was Alta Vista, and this was kind of like the Google of its day in the late '90s. One that was a little bit different was Ask Jeeves, which was a search engine, but it was also meant to be a natural language query. You could say, "What's the capital of Spain," and it would give you the answer. Google borrowed an idea from a little search engine called GoTo.com, which was to not just have ads but to sell the search terms themselves. So like when you go to Google now, and you see the "sponsored results," those are actual terms related to what you're searching for, but they're also ads. That just took off. People really responded to that. That actually brought the entire search industry from on its way down to being one of the most profitable parts of web commerce. we have talked a lot about the formations of mountains and volcanos when plates are running into each other or one plate is being subducted under another, but that isn't the only place it is the dominant place or the most likely place to find the mountains or volcanos on the surface of the earth. But that's not the only place that mountains of volcanos can form and probably the biggest example of volcanic activity or the most popular one, this might be a slightly American, Amero-centric point of view. But the most, often cited example of volcanic activity away from a plate boundary is Hawaii. Hawaii, so this right here, these are the hawaiian islands, this is the big island of hawaii, and it is, it is experiencing active, an active volcano. Lava is or magmas flowing from underneath the ground that once its surfaces we called it lava, and that lava is actively making the island,is actively making the island bigger, so where is that volcanic activity coming from and how can we think about that volcanic activity or that kind of heat rising from below the surface of the earth to explain some of the geological features we see around hawaii. So what we think is happening once again, this is all theory right here, is that hawaii is sitting on top of a hot spot, in particular, the big island of hawaii is sitting on the top of the hot spot right now, and this hot spot,this hot spot there is different ways or different theories on how it that emerge, but we think that at the mantle, at the mantle core boundary. I don't know if this diagram were intended this white area to be the core, but that's just say that this is the outter core down here. Let us just say this is the outter core, outter core for the sake of explaining things.We think it is possible that kind of plumes of very hot material can kind of.uh, just based on kind of flow dynamics of what is happening at that mantle outer core boundary that plumes are a really hot material can kind of rise up,can kind of - let me do this in a darker color - can rise up from outter core. It rises up from the outter core and create a hot spot underneath the moving lithospheric plate, underneath the plate, now it is not necessary, we don't know for sure, where these hot spots are being created from, by these mental plumes these materials formed, or heated up at the outter core mantle boundary, but we do feel pretty confident about is that there is this hot spot here and it's independent of any of those convection patterns that we saw. I shouldn't say independent, this is obviously all related, cause we have all these fluid commotion going on in the mantle, but it's, it's seperate on some degree from all those convection patterns that we have talked about, that could actually cause the plates to move,and to a large degree or the way we think about it right now, this is stationary, this hot spot is stationary, relative to the plates. And the reason why we feel pretty good about thinking that it's stationary relative to the plates, is we see this notion right here,if you look at the volcanic if you look at the volcanic rock in Kawaii, which is one of the older inhabited hawaiian islands. The oldest rock we observed there is 5.5 million years old, and it's all volcanic rock, now the oldest rock we observed on the big island is about 7 hundred thousand years old, we also know, we also know that the pacific plate, you could look at this diagram right over here is moving in this general direction, like we know it from, we know it from GPS measurements, is moving exactly in the direction, that the hawaiian islands are kind of distributed in. So uh,uh, frankly, the only good explanation for why we see this pattern, why we see this newer land here and then as we go further and further up the hawaiian island chain we see older and older land actually if we keep going, if we keep going we have the leeward islands over here as we, as we keep measuring the rock on the leeward island as we get older and older as you go to the northwest and if you even look at what's below the ocean. this is the big island of Hawaii these are the main Hawaiian islands,these are the leeward islands but you see even beyond that submersed under the Pacific Ocean, you continue to see a chain of islands. So, The explanation for what's happening here, is that you have a stationary hot spot that is right now underneath the big island of Hawaii And I just wanna be clear, the big island is called the island of Hawaii, it is one of the islands in the state of Hawaii. So I don't want cause you confusion. I'll just call it the big island from here on out. So the hot spot is right under the big island. But if you were to rewind 5 million years ago, if you were to rewind 5 million years ago, the entire pacific plate the entire pacific plate was probably on the order of, you know, about 150, 200 miles, however far Kawaii is from the big island. It was probably shifted that much to the southeast, if you go back 5 million years ago. So 5 million years ago when all of this was shifted down and to the right, then Kawaii, Kawaii was on top of the hot spot. And so this is how each of these islands are formed. If you rewind a ton of years, then maybe this area over here in the Pacific plate was over the hot spot. Island- an island formed there then Pacific plate kept moving to the northwest. It kept moving to the northwest and new islands,new volcanos kept forming. Those volcanos would release lava that would keep piling up, keep piling up keep piling up, eventually, go above the surface of the water, and form this whole chain of islands, and as whole Pacific plate kept moving to the northwest, it kept forming new islands. Now the one question you might ask, is well, how come the big island is bigger? Has the plate kind of paused over there, is it spending more time over the hot spot so that more lava can kind of form there to form this, to form this- essentially it's an underwater mountain that's now also above the water and actually if you go from the base of the Pacific Ocean to the top of the big island of Hawaii it's actually 50% higher than Mt. Everest, so you could really just view it as a big mountain But the question is this looks so much bigger than Kawaii they keep getting smaller as you keep going to northwest is somehow the Pacific plate slowing, is it spending more time here? And the answer is it's probably not slowing, what's happening is, at one time Kawaii was also probably a relatively large island. If you rewind 5, maybe 5 million years ago, Kawaii also might been about that big, but over 5 million years it's just experienced the a ton of erosion. Remember, once it moved over the hot spot, new land wasn't being created, it's in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, its experiencing weather, 5 million years is a long period of time, and so it just got eroded over that time. So the older the island is, the more eroded it's going to be and the smaller it's going to be. So if you go these, if you go to these under water mountains up here, that don't even surface above the ocean at one time they might have surfaced, but over, due to the ocean and weather and whatnot they've just been eroded over time to become smaller and smaller, just kind of remnants of volcanos So anyway I thought you would find that entertaining, how the Hawaii islands actually got formed, and how we can actually have these hot spots, and these, this volcanic activity, and actually even earthquake activity, outside of actually eh, eh, eh plate boundaries. Actually while we're looking at this diagram we talked about, we talked about the trenches of plate boundaries, you can actually see it here, cuz this shows the depth, and the really dark dark dark dark blue, it's really dark deep parts of the ocean. So here is the Mariana Trench then you can see here over the Pacific plate just getting abducted-- not abducted- -- getting subducted into other plates, underneath and forms these trenches here. Anyway hopefully you found that entertaining. TOHO presents THE LADY OF MUSASHlNO Producer: Hideo Koi Author: Shohei Oka Writers: Tsuneari Fukuda, Yoshikata Yoda Original Music: Fumio Hayasaka Cinematography: Masao Tamai Cast: Kinuyo Tanaka as Michiko Akiyama Yukiko Todoroki as Tomiko Ono Masayuki Mori as Tadao Akiyama Akihiko Katayama as Tsutomu Miyaji So Yamamura as Eiji Ono Eitaro Shindo, Kiyoko Hirai Minako Nakamura, Noriko Sengoku, Taizo Hukami Director: Kenji Mizoguchi They're bombing Tokyo now. Where have Michiko and her husband got to? This time maybe their luck's run out. Father! Mother! Michiko, what's happened? We've been bombed out! You'd better come inside. So you've been bombed now. At least you're both all right. Michiko had me worried, though. lf looks could kill! And just because I was a bit scared. Well, you didn't once ask me if I was all right, did you? Because you didn't seem worried. She's a real handful! It's because of her samurai blood. I'm only a poor professor of peasant stock. It's better to be scared than to die in this stupid war. You're both safe, that's the important thing. We were really worried. after what they'd been saying on the radio. I've been a real burden on your father. We're glad you're both here to lend him a hand. It's over. That's a relief. I'm glad I had all my books sent here. The war will be over soon. and then my books will start earning me some money. Shall we go and see Eiji? How is Eiji Ono? His munitions factory won't be busy much longer! - Do you want Japan to lose? - What? It's a disgrace! The Meiji Restoration let riff-raff govern us, and look at the result! - Go and wake Yukiko, please. - Yes, ma'am. Tomiko! How nice to see you! - Are you going shopping? - Hardly! We've been bombed out. Really? Awful, wasn't it? But now you're our neighbours. - That'll be nice. - Yes. Here's my husband. Been out all night. A " military do " ... Geishas, in other words! Hello there! Break a few hearts, did you? What? - Your turn last night, was it? - That's right! They got you in the end, eh? Thanks for taking care of my parents. It's no trouble. So you'll be staying there a while? Yes, rent-free. No disrespect to Michiko, but the old man is really stubborn. I'll keep my distance. That's the best policy! Come on in... What rations did you get? Something nasty. Potato starch again? Potassium cyanide. I hope I die naturally before it comes to that. The army said to hand it out to anyone who wants it. That's ridiculous! The Allies aren't savages. But it's safer to take it, isn't it? Take it if you want but I certainly won't. I'm not moving from here, whatever happens. I can't leave this land. The Miyaji family has lived here for centuries. You should dig a bomb shelter, then. - How horrible! - What? What is it, Michiko? Mother... it's a human skull! What? Here, a human skull. Perhaps the ancient inhabitants of Musashino buried their dead here. That would explain why Michiko's brothers died young. It was a curse! Don't be silly. Carry on digging. We might find some stone axe-heads. There are lots of ruins around here. People settled in this area because of all the fresh water. What are we going to do? lf we're living on a graveyard, the Miyaji family will all die out. Stop talking nonsense! We've lived here for generations and we're still here now. The end came much too suddenly. Was it all that fretting about the skull we found? I don't know who are happier, the dead or the living. How terrible that her last days had to be during this awful war. I was a real burden to her. When I started working on the railways, she had to work, too, and even pawn our possessions, while all the time I was just squandering our money. But your mother never showed the slightest sign of disapproval. She always stuck by me, patient to the last. Shall we go to the graveyard, then? - Michiko... - Yes? Are you two getting on all right? Things seem a bit strained between you and Akiyama. The thing is, Michiko... You're not really very good at dealing with people, are you? Father, don't! I've said too much, have l? You know, at first, I wasn't very keen on your marrying him. But it was what you wanted. And that's just like you, thinking you can simply have whatever takes your fancy. Michiko... your husband's a vulgar fellow. You should watch out. He's your husband now, and there's nothing you can do about it. But you should work together to keep the Miyaji family going. Why are you making such a point of this? Your mother's dead now, and I'm worried that I won't be here much longer. I think it's time these things were said. Don't, father! lf you died as well, I'd... Hey, I'm not about to die! I'm not going to die. What are you crying for? Shall we go and see your mother's grave, then? The bomb they used wasn't the conventional sort. One huge flash which burns everything! An atomic bomb, wasn't it? It's the end of the world. This ministerial reshuffle means they're preparing to surrender. We don't know that yet. You're out of luck, Ono! Your factory won't be getting any more orders. But you've already made a killing from this war. You haven't done too badly yourself. Me, how?. Malnourishment has killed off lots of people in this war, young and old alike. lncluding your father-in-law. All of a sudden you're a property owner! Michiko inherited everything. Really? The house and land and everything? I don't think he trusted me. It's hot! It comes to the same thing. Michiko understands that what's hers is yours. She seems to think it belongs to you, her cousin, too. Anyway, I've got money coming in. Don't worry. I'm not so stingy as to want a woman's property. There's another cousin, remember: Tsutomu. Yes, you're right. He went off to war really young. We haven't heard from him since that letter from Burma. He's probably dead by now. He looked so sweet in his uniform. Michiko and I cried. I hope he's not dead. He's a handsome lad, eh? Talking of Tsutomu, where's his father got to? He's a chief of staff. He doesn't have time for his brother's funeral. lf Tsutomu comes back you'll get less of a share. He's like a brother to Michiko. Yukiko! Three years have passed already. It's a different world now that the war's over. Everybody seems to be running around in a fever. There are no morals any more. But I'll never forget what you taught me, father. I'm doing my best to keep the Miyaji family going. Father... Mother... Please help me. Hello! Hello. I'm back. Tsutomu! How wonderful! How wonderful! Come on inside. Haven't you been home yet? I'll go to my stepmother's later. Really, Tsutomu! She must be waiting for you. Your father took the honourable way out. Dad was a coward. What's so honourable about hara-kiri? All soldiers are cheats. Make yourself at home. I'm really pleased to find you well. Thank you. It's been so long... You did a very fine job. It's five years since I last saw you. Exactly. I was so happy to hear. that you were alive and well in a POW camp in Singapore. I cried when I got your letter. Really? Take your jacket off. - You've had it tough, as well. - You're sweet... - I hear Mr Akiyama's doing well. - Yes, with this publishing boom. His Stendhal translation has been reprinted. So he's not interested in this property? No. Things will be hard for you now. What are you going to do? I haven't thought about it. - You'll be going back to university? - Yes. Here's Tomiko. Tsutomu! Welcome home! - I've just got here. - How wonderful! It's great to have you back in one piece. You were smart. Only the stupid ones died. Clever people aren't bullet-proof! The bullets didn't want to hit such a nice young boy! - He's really grown, hasn't he? - lndeed. It's wonderful! What do you think about letting him stay here? We've got a spare room. Why don't you go to your mother's? I don't like it there. I'd be so happy if I could stay here. I often dreamt of Musashino when I was in battle. Really? Simple, green, beautiful... That's Musashino. Nostalgia, eh? Yes, homesick for Japan. ls Musashino really that beautiful? Does Musashino really exist any more? It's become part of Tokyo. Where is Musashino now?. You don't understand. Don't be horrible! Darling... No, stop it! This place is no fun for him. Young people prefer their own company. I don't know if you've heard but your friends are all having lots of fun. What friends? The Narita youngsters. Go and stay with them. That Narita lad is living with his sister in Gotanda. I hear he has lots of fun with the female students. That sounds like fun. I might go and join them! You can't do that. It sounds great. I'd join them if I were younger. No, I don't want Tsutomu to go off with them. She's inherited her parents' stoic outlook. You shouldn't listen to what she says. Enjoy yourself. A handsome lad like you will have a great time. A modern-day Julien Sorel! Take the Japanese equivalent: Hideyoshi, the lowly soldier who became shogun. Just like Stendhal's Julien Sorel. They were both ambitious and free-spirited in a similar way. But... then came along Tokugawa leyasu and an age of rationalism. He consolidated the feudal system. and used Confucianism to help maintain this system. Confucianism exalts loyalty and filial piety. This led to an erosion of basic freedoms, creating a restrictive and uninteresting society. This is how things remained until very recently. ln the lower classes, therefore, the only form of rebellion was to commit suicide or adultery. That's my theory, anyway! I believe, therefore, that adultery is an expression of free will. Students of the aprés-guerre, what do you think? Hey, you! Coming to class in your army trousers and boots? Why are you still dressed like that? So that I don't forget the war. Hello, Tsutomu. They're playing your favourite piece of classical music. Listen. Harue, can you introduce me? This is more your style! Tsutomu, this is Takako. Nice to meet you. Une amie of my brother! Here he is now. Hey, Narita... You won't be using your flat today, will you? With you everything just seems so hopeless. Hopeless? Do you know what love is? Do you? No... Sleeping with you and your friends is making me sad. There has to be more than this between men and women. What we want is to concentrate on the body, tease and excite it more, so that it becomes a cathartic experience. I think that's what love is. Don't talk nonsense! lf you tease your body, all you'll do is damage it. More passion... Something limpid and clear as a stream... - ls that Akiyama's? - Yes. Looking after your husband... He's a lucky man. I've never done that for mine. You don't have to. Even if I had to, I wouldn't! What are you going to do about Tsutomu? There's no telling how he'll end up. What if he stayed in my house and taught Yukiko English? You and I could keep an eye on him. I couldn't allow that. It might cause all sorts of trouble. Why? He's my cousin. So he can live here and come over to teach. Yes, the sooner the better! I'll go and fetch him. Tomiko! Were you waiting for me? Where's Tsutomu? He's not around at this time of day. Where, then? ln his flat? How should I know?. What are you doing here? I want to ask him a favour. You need a favour off a young chap like that? Most peculiar! Shall we go for tea? Come on. A nice place, eh? It's where I meet my publisher. What do you want to talk about? Tomiko... Don't you think... ..that Michiko treats you and me like complete outsiders? ln a way, I suppose. She thinks of herself as the Miyaji heiress, and Ono and Tsutomu as her allies. I can't bear it! It's natural to feel that way about blood relations. How about you and l raising the flag of revolt? What do you mean by that? Tomiko... I know... ..that you went out with someone else before you married Ono. Even after, apparently. So what? Now I know what you mean about raising the flag of revolt. How do you plan to do that, then? lf you'd just act freely for once, without Stendhal's backing, I might respect you. I would... if you were willing. Go on, then, do it! - Not if you're not being serious. - Stop lying! It's better for you if I'm not serious. I'm not some cheap floozy! Real life isn't like Stendhal's novels, is it? Goodnight. Goodnight. Hello. Why did you agree to Tsutomu tutoring Yukiko? You should have asked me. Why do you never pay any attention to me? Apparently, Tsutomu's turning into a bit of a hoodlum. I had to invite him here. Otherwise, Tomiko would have taken him in. It would look odd if he didn't come here. Tomiko's whims get on my nerves. I can teach her daughter English! I'm sorry I didn't ask you but please let him stay here. He has to pay for his keep, he can't bring any girlfriends here, and you're responsible for keeping an eye on Tomiko and him. Understand? " Sea " . -What's that in Japanese? -UMl, isn't it? And YAMA? That's " mount " . M, O, U, N, T. - And TANl? - " Valley " . Very good! I learnt it at school today. That explains it! Don't you want to say hello to our guests? No. lsn't that a bit rude? Don't be so precocious! - Everyone's always saying that. - I give up! - Tsutomu? - Call me " sir " ! - That sounds funny. - No, it's normal. That's enough study for today. - Don't you want to join us? - No, I'm going home. Because Michiko's waiting? Don't you want to eat here? It's not that... Akiyama's here, isn't he? Yet again! You should at least say hello. See you tomorrow. And you can teach me more difficult stuff! Tsutomu, this is Mr Kaizuka, our company lawyer. This is the lad we were telling you about. Pleased to meet you. Carry on, Akiyama. They're in favour of decriminalising adultery because they think... ..it won't actually change anyone's moral stance. That's the establishment view and it's utter nonsense! It should be decriminalised because it's not morally wrong. ln any case, laying all the blame on the woman. while the man gets off scot-free isn't right. Exactly! This equality business says that since women aren't free, men shouldn't be either. It'd be simpler just to give women the same freedom as men. It's all the same to me. I've never heard of any man enduring the shame of publicly admitting that his wife was cheating on him. Tomiko... Sounds like he's giving you the green light. You should liberate Michiko, too! I'll liberate her whenever she wants. Tsutomu, have a drink. I know what you soldiers are like. - No, I have to go. - Have a bite to eat first No, sorry. Let him go. Weren't they entertaining? Didn't you talk to their guests? - I didn't feel comfortable. - Why? I'm sorry but I can't stand Akiyama. What about you? Tell me the truth. He doesn't love me. There's nothing I can do about that now. Don't you mind? I... I can't do my duty as a wife. It's my fault. What do you mean? That's all I can say. But Akiyama's as much to blame. What do you mean? Look, I found all these books about Musashino. Father collected lots of them. Oh, yes... They're wonderful! I want to know everything about Musashino. Shall we go for a walk around old Musashino sometime? When we were children and you came to visit, we'd come here to catch cicadas and collect flowers. Yes, and acorns in autumn. They were great times. Your nickname was " broad bean " . Because my forehead and chin stuck out, and my nose was so small. It's not like that now. I wonder when your nose grew. Stop staring at me! I don't like it. Listen! Can you hear the sound of running water? Yes, you're right. I wondered where all the water in Musashino came from. The stream by the house is only six feet across. It must be because of all these springs. Yes. Musashino... ..is so natural and wild. But it's also gentle... It's free, spontaneous, unforced... bursting with health, full of life and unspoilt. I'm still not convinced a few springs account for all the water in Musashino. It looks like I was right. It didn't seem possible, all that water from just springs. Here's the real source! Seeing you in such a good mood makes me so happy. Excuse me! What's the name of this spot? Love Hollow. " Love Hollow " ? A long time ago, the village prostitute jumped into this pond because she loved a famous warrior who went away to war. That's why they call it Love Hollow. I suppose that's what real love is. Michiko... What? You've made me so happy, taking such good care of me. You're my cousin. Like Eiji Ono. But you're my cousin on my father's side. ls that the only reason? It's not, is it? What are you talking about? I came back because I wanted to help you. I thought you felt something special for me. I didn't mean for you... I thought that if you'd carried on you'd have got into bad ways, and if that had happened I'd have felt I was letting your father down. Really... I understand. I got the wrong impression. Forget what I said. I'm so stupid. Yes, you are. Shall we go home? I'm tired. - Michiko, what's wrong? - I feel dizzy. Don't touch me! I just need to rest a little. It's been happening now and then, ever since the war. Michiko, bring me my yukata. Where are you going? To Ono's for a little while. - Fetch his yukata, would you? - Yes, ma'am. It's really humid. See you later. - What is it? - Any barley tea? I'll get you some. You shouldn't! Not without Akiyama's permission. It doesn't matter, he's gone out. You like classical music, don't you? - You like it, too, don't you? - Yes. It's started raining. I hope it rains a lot. Father, don't worry. As Akiyama's wife, my conduct has been irreproachable. I won't do anything to disgrace the Miyaji family. I swear it. Tsutomu, you haven't been around for a while. I hear you're besotted with your beautiful cousin. You made her cry, you bad lad! I never cried! Stop making up stories! But I saw the two of you walking by the river. Yes, Takako went all that way to see you. It's not true. I just went to have a laugh at him. Him with his pure and noble lady! Back already? What's the matter? I think it's better if I go back to live in the flat in Gotanda. Why do you say that? Don't you like it here? Tsutomu, it must be because of me. Did Akiyama say something? No. Akiyama hasn't been very welcoming, I must admit. But I'd put up with any hardship just to keep you under this roof. lf he makes you feel unwelcome just ignore him. You're paying for your keep so you've nothing to feel bad about. Eating dinner already? Tsutomu, you were supposed to come and teach Yukiko. I've got to revise for an exam tonight. It looks like a real feast! Am I invited? Of course. What about Akiyama? There's plenty. ln that case... Anyone would think you two were going to a funeral! Yukiko, look! - It's lovely. - Where's madam? She said she was going for a walk, sir. Here she comes now. lsn't it a beauty? Give it back. Ah, it's you. I bought a doll for Yukiko. Thank you. Could you come in for a minute? What is it? There's something odd going on between Michiko and Tsutomu. No! Are you worried? You should leave them to it. Practise what you preach! Don't make fun of me! Tell me the truth! What's been going on between you two? Keep your voice down, please. lf you've nothing to be ashamed of, then let him hear us! Tell me the truth! Even Tomiko noticed something was up. You know what Tomiko's like, don't you? And you believe her before your own wife? I wouldn't ask you if that were so. How can we go on living together if you don't trust me? It would never cross my mind to betray you. - What is it? - Nothing. You two look so lovey-dovey! There's nothing wrong with being lovey-dovey! Be quiet! What do you know about it? What do you mean? You should learn from them. Anyway, it's too late for us to change now. We're stuck this way, Michiko. Don't embarrass me. Yukiko, share your teacher with everyone. No, it's my birthday party! So he has to be with me. Don't be cheeky! It's time for bed. Come on, I'll take you. - Can you read Alice in Wonderland? - Yes. ln that case I'll go to bed. Goodnight. Goodnight. Goodnight. Tsutomu, come in here. Yukiko wants to ask you something. - This way. - Where's Yukiko? Forget that. I wanted a word with you. The thing is... Michiko and Akiyama seem very affectionate, don't they? Do you think so? - Doesn't it bother you? - What do you mean? You're in love with Michiko, aren't you? Akiyama seizes any opportunity to try to seduce me. He uses his adultery theory to justify it. So? lf you love Michiko, you should tell her about it. Michiko will never leave Akiyama. That's the sort of person she is. So, for Michiko's sake, you have to steal me from Akiyama. You don't understand how lonely I am, do you? You think I'm just happy-go-lucky. Tsutomu... Michiko doesn't know how to appreciate your love. She has no passion. Akiyama. Yes? Can I have a word? Shall we go away together, just you and l? What? Are you pulling my leg? I'm perfectly serious. Michiko, you should watch out. So should you. You're too lenient with Tomiko. Don't worry. Akiyama's not her type. I have more important things to worry about. I want to ask a favour of you, Michiko. What? The thing is, my factory isn't doing too well at the moment. Could you mortgage your land, not the house, as security? This is very sudden. It's only temporary, and there's no risk to you. I'll pay you ten per cent a month. Please help me. But I inherited the land and the house from my father. They belong to the Miyaji family. I can't decide alone. It's all right, we're family. lf you say yes, I can get things underway tomorrow. Please say yes. I'm begging you. Nobody understands how lonely I am. I think I understand. No. Everyone thinks I've got no morals. I can't be content with my lot, the way Michiko can. Shall we seek contentment together? No. There's no way you'll ever leave Michiko. I will. But for me to do that you'll have to leave Ono. You do it first, then I'll think about it. You could have a pretext for leaving Michiko. Want to hear it? What pretext? What do you think Michiko and Ono are talking about? No idea. He wants her to mortgage her land as security for a loan. Security? You've agreed, haven't you? The time has come for us to get divorced! I know I have my faults... I'm not talking about that. I know you've been a devoted wife but that's not the point! At my age, how much happiness can I look forward to, once I'm divorced? There's Tsutomu. Our relationship isn't like that. I don't know if you've realised, but I'm in love with Tomiko. She's going to leave Ono. She'll never do that. It's none of your business. Ono is my cousin, so I can't ignore it if they're having problems. Whatever she might say, Tomiko wouldn't be that reckless. You'll see! I'm going to my parents' house. I'll ask you again when I come back. Please change your mind. I won't complain any more, whatever you do. But please don't divorce me! I don't think you'll be happy, either. Don't worry about me. lf we get divorced, you and Tsutomu can be together. I've heard enough. Go home! It was never my idea to marry Ono. I was forced into it. How you got into it isn't important. Marriage is a commitment. No. It means putting up with a husband you don't love. Ono has to put up with you, too! That's what marriage is. But Ono does whatever he likes outside the house. I've got to meet someone. Excuse me. Tomiko... Tomiko. You're late! I wish I knew how to help you. Don't bother yourself about me. I'm starting to hate all the husbands in the world. - They're all rotten sods! - Tsutomu! That's no way to think. They're all scoundrels. I'm one, too, but at least I'm trying to eradicate that part of me. Let's not talk about that. Just concentrate on Musashino, nothing else. Shall we go to Murayama reservoir? It's by Sayama hill, isn't it? You said you wanted to go there. We can get there and back before nightfall. Shall we? Sayama hill used to be part of the Tamagawa delta, but nowadays it's 150 metres above sea level. Really? Excuse me! Have you got an umbrella? Where are you going? It's very dangerous. Here you are. Could we wait it out anywhere? There's a hotel just over there. It's OK, let's just go home. Thank you. There's nothing for it, we'll have to stay here. Do you have a room? Could you show us? Just a second, please. - Up you go. - Follow me. Make yourselves at home. What shall we do? The rain's getting harder. We'll have to wait for it to stop. We can't go home in this. But if we stay here all night, Akiyama will... Akiyama's gone to his parents'. We'll be back by morning. I hope he really has gone. I find it hard to believe. lf he's somewhere close and goes home... No, Tsutomu, don't! Forgive me... Tsutomu! We have to behave properly, whatever happens. You think that because Akiyama does whatever he wants, we can do whatever we want too, don't you? But the more selfishly Akiyama behaves, the more correctly we should behave. You say that because you don't love me. That's not true. I have to behave correctly for your sake. That just means you don't care about me. You're torturing me. I want to help you, Michiko. I want to take you from that house. Love is freedom, freedom is power! Morality is the only power. You have to understand that. Tsutomu... you must believe me when I tell you... ..that I love you. But I will only do what I think is right. You only love yourself! - That's not true. - It is! Or why bring up morality now?. That's cowardly. It's all my fault. I believe there's something greater than morality. What? - One's word. - One's word? lf we really love each other, if we swear we'll always be true and never break that oath, then society itself will start to change. The time will come when we can be together without hurting ourselves or anyone else. It won't happen during our lifetime. - I don't mind. - What? Tsutomu, please swear this oath. - But... - Please trust me and swear it. Swear on what? - I don't know. - It's ridiculous! I don't know but there's something... God? Perhaps. I'm not sure God exists. lf we're not sure, we must believe! It's like you believing in freedom. I also believe I have a destiny on this earth. Who decided your destiny for you? Who decided that human beings are free? I don't mind if our morality is wrong. Our oath will raise us above that. But everyone's unhappy. lf there are more and more unhappy people, morality will change. Please swear this oath. Swear it, please! Swear it! I wonder if Akiyama's back. I hope not. It doesn't matter if he is. We haven't done anything wrong. People don't think like that. Especially Akiyama. But if he's back...? He'll never forgive me. What will you do then? I'll be vindicated in the end. - Good morning, ma'am. - Good morning. What a relief! Akiyama hasn't been back. I'm not coming in. What's the matter? Tell me. I don't think I can keep that oath if I go on living here. I'm leaving. Perhaps that's for the best. Send on my belongings. I don't want to risk seeing Akiyama. Or Tomiko. At least have something to eat before you go. Goodbye. I won't be seeing this scenery for a while. For a while... or maybe for ever. What's wrong, Tsutomu? What do you take me for? I'm not a tart! Michiko. Michiko! lsn't Akiyama here? - Where is he? - Gone to his parents'. - His parents'? - Yes. Quick, check your documents. - What for? - The title deed to your house. - What's happened? - Tomiko's left home. She's run off with Akiyama. I think Akiyama has power of attorney regarding this house because he's paid property tax on it. lf he has the title deed he could sell it. He's as good as stolen your house! ls it there? It's not? Just as I feared What will I do if I lose my land and my house? All I've been through will have no meaning. My duty... You once told me I was too lenient with Tomiko. But you were the same with Akiyama and now it's too late. lsn't there any way to stop them? No. Not unless you died before he sold it. lf I died? Yes. That would invalidate his power of attorney. But that's out of the question, of course. Who would inherit the property then? What? Stop it, Michiko! No, I'm just asking. Hypothetically speaking... lf you wrote a will, you could give two thirds of the property to whomever you liked. Bloody hell! It's more than I can bear! There's no point getting angry with them. It's nobody's fault but mine. I feel sorry for you. But... please forgive Akiyama. Father, what shall I do? What shall I do? Father... The documents are incomplete. Can't you do anything? I'm sorry but we can't help you. How did it go? Not very well. No one's interested. Use it as security, then. I tried that but we'd need a signed agreement from Michiko. Didn't you check that beforehand? It was all so sudden. You mean I asked you so suddenly? Could you go to your sister's in Osaka for a while? I'll fetch you when it's sorted out. I thought you'd say that. But I don't want you to come. Go back to Michiko! - Shall we go? - No, I'm staying. You'll miss the last train. I don't want to go anywhere on a train! - Shall we go to our hotel? - No. I don't want to go to the hotel, home or anywhere! You go home on your own! - Tomiko! - Hey! Tomiko... Leave me alone! Gotanda. What? Hey, stop! What? Michiko! Michiko! Wake up! Wake up! Hey, Michiko! Fast asleep, are you? Wake up. Come on, wake up... Michiko... Ono! Eiji! Eiji! Ono! - What is it? - Ono! It's horrible! What's the matter? What's wrong? It's horrible... ls this the Miyaji household? Express letter for you. Thank you. It's from Michiko. " By the time you read this letter I will be dead... " What? You like Musashino, don't you, Tsutomu? I'll help you... ..make your dream come true. The storm's getting worse. It's getting worse and worse... No... Whatever happens between us two... our relationship must be beyond reproach. I can't breathe... There's some medicine left, isn't there? Give me some. No. I have to die, otherwise... I'll never be able to make you happy. I've done all I can, but her heart's very weak. All we can do now is wait. Michiko... You're so lucky. I can't do what you've done. I can't do it... I have to go on living... ..a loneliness worse than death. Stop it! Who brought her to this? Akiyama and Tomiko. She did it to stop the two of you. It's not my fault. Akiyama's to blame. It's too late for that now. Who pushed me to Akiyama? It was you, wasn't it? Well, Akiyama? I think you share some of the blame... I don't mean that. What do you feel about what you've done? I regret it. What will you do when she's better? Well... I'm going to try... ..to make her happy as my wife. But you'll go on playing around whenever you get the chance. All men are the same. It's you men who brought her to this! Tsutomu, too. You're pathetic! Doctor, doctor! It's the end. Here... Michiko's will. ln it she bequeaths two thirds of her property to Tsutomu. Tsutomu, where are you going? I don't want anything. You can have it. By the time you read this Ietter I wiII be dead. But before I go there is something I must teII you. Your beloved, beautifuI Musashino only exists in your dreams. It's a sentimentaI idea. Factories and schools... and... the dynamic new development of the city of Tokyo... ..are the reality of Musashino. You have to start again, using aII that as your base. Lastly... I'm so happy that we kept our oath. I... ..wiII be watching over you for ever. For ever... for ever... THE END When I now ask you, with these numbers in mind that you might believe or not believe should we switch. Yes or no? Should we go from door 2 to door 1 to increase our chances of winning? >>What I expect my daughter would say was, "I can't control myself when I'm so angry." >>"I can't control myself when I'm so angry." >>And when I thought about it, I would think I could say, "Are you feeling frustrated because you're needing some other ways to express your anger?" That's what I ask you to do, to try to hear the feelings and needs. And even if that's not accurate, notice what it does. Even if it's wrong, it demonstrates a value. It demonstrates that you value what's alive in that person. That you're taking the time to try to connect with what's alive in that person. When people trust that that's what's interesting to you, already we can solve anything, you see? What makes it hard to resolve things is when people feel the other person is only interested in winning. "They don't care about me. They're just out to show me that I shouldn't do this." But by just stopping and trying to connect, you've demonstrated a powerful value, that you value what's alive in her. Ok? Another one. Yes? >> With my relating to my son, "Are you distressed, confused, because you are needing help?" >> That's the idea again. Even if it's not accurate, it gives the - notice, even if it's not accurate, it brings the other person's attention to their needs. Gives them a chance to correct it. Better to be guessing wrong what a person's need is than to hearing what they think. You'll be living in a different world when you are trying to connect with their need than the world you'll be living in if you hear what they think. The following content is provided by MlT OpenCourseWare under a Creative Commons license. Additional information about our license and MlT OpenCourseWare in general is available at ocw.mit.edu. --fundamental frequency, here, nu. Now, I should tell you that the model that we used to get these vibrational energies for a molecule is actually called a harmonic oscillator model. It is a model. And it predicts that the spacings between these energies are all equal. The reality is, that the spacings are not all equal. The reality is that this molecule is an anharmonic oscillator. And that although way down here in the well, the spacings are just about equal, v equal zero, v equal one, v equal two, as you get further up in the well they do start to come together. And they actually converge to the dissociation limit. You don't have to know that, right now. You will see that in later courses, but I just wanted to make you aware of that, that the harmonic oscillator model works pretty well down here. But the harmonic oscillator potential function actually looks like that. A real potential function looks like that. This becomes anharmonic. So those spacings do get closer together. That is for the future. Now, you can also put enough vibrational energy into the molecule to break a bond. When you get up to here, you can put enough vibrational energy. And this hydrogen and the chlorine, as they oscillate out, they will just keep going, If you put enough energy. You get up here, and when they stretch, they will just keep on their merry way. They won't come back. There won't be a restoring force. So, by putting a lot of vibrational energy into the molecule, you can break your bond. And in fact, that is what happens when you break the bond. You have a lot of vibrational energy in that bond, and the two atoms just keep flying apart. That was our diatomic molecule. What I now want to just talk briefly about are polyatomic molecules because we said in a polyatomic molecule, such as water, we have several different vibrational modes. And each of those vibrational modes actually has a different fundamental frequency. And each of those vibrational modes can be represented with this sort of interaction potential. Sometimes it is not as simple a coordinate system because you have some bends so you have to plot this as a function of angles, which is not easy to draw. But each one of the vibrational modes in a polyatomic molecule can, in effect, be represented by some kind of energy of interaction, like we drew here for this diatomic molecule. It is just a little bit more complicated because your coordinate system is a little more complicated. Particularly when you start talking about bends. But let's take a look here on the side walls. What I am showing you is a vibrational spectrum of water. And, again, this is some infrared radiation that is being directed at a sample of water molecules. And we are measuring the intensity of that radiation at a photo detector as a function of the frequency of the radiation going through our sample. And when the molecule absorbs radiation at that frequency, that intensity at the detector goes down. What you see, here, is just a hypothetical spectrum for water. You see that the molecule is absorbing some radiation, here, at 1,595 wave numbers. Well, that 1,595 corresponds to the fundamental frequency of vibration of this hydrogen bending mode. That is 1,595. That is the frequency in wavenumbers with which that hydrogen-oxygen-hydrogen bond is bending or vibrating. This is also the energy between the v equal zero and v equal one mode. This represents excitation from v equal zero to v equal one. And then, way up here, you see another transition at 3,652. Well that, we know to be the symmetric stretch. That is, both hydrogens moving in or out at the same time. 3,652 wave numbers is the fundamental frequency for that particular vibration. It also represents a transition from v equal zero to v equal one. And then, finally, at 3,756, that is the anti-symmetric stretch, where one of the hydrogens is moving out and one of the hydrogens is moving in. Anti-symmetric stretch. It also is the v equal zero to v equal one transition. And so, that is what you would measure on an infrared spectrum of water. Actually, infrared plus Raman, but we will leave that out. And what is interesting is that any molecule that has an OH stretch in it, or any molecule that has an OH group in it -- If you take an infrared spectrum of it, what you are going to see is that it has a transition somewhere in between 3,400 wave numbers and about 3,800 wave numbers. If you had an unknown compound and you put it into your infrared spectrometer and saw a transition somewhere in between 3,400 and 3,800, immediately that is going to clue you in that you have an OH stretch. Because now other molecules that are at all common are going to have a fundamental frequency in that range. You can see how this infrared spectroscopy can be used as an analytical tool to figure out what molecule you have. And, of course, the actual frequencies, then, are a fingerprint of the molecule. But, just in general, if you did not know anything about the molecule and you saw a stretch in this range, you know you got an OH bond, there, that is undergoing a symmetric or an anti-symmetric stretch if you have two OH bonds. Likewise, say you had a carbon-hydrogen bond, what you would find is that all carbon-hydrogen bonds have fundamental frequencies from about 2,800 wave numbers to 3,100 wave numbers. If you see a transition in that range, you know that you have a hydrogen bonded to a carbon. Because, again, there really isn't anything else that is common that has a vibrational frequency in that range. When you get to a little lower frequencies, well, then it is a little more difficult because there are lots of different other modes that have vibrations, which are a little bit lower frequency. But, again, the specific number will identify the molecule for you. One other thing is that just in general, bending modes have lower frequencies than stretch modes. That is a general statement that is true. Also, generally symmetric stretches have lower frequencies than anti-symmetric stretches. That is true. And you will see more of this infrared spectroscopy used as an analytical tool, essentially, when you take some organic chemistry. Well, what I want to talk about now is the other internal degree of freedom in molecules. That is molecular rotations. Well, molecular rotations are quantized, just like molecular vibrations are. Let me take my HCl again and draw this intermolecular interaction potential. And let me put my v equal zero level down here. Then, just for ease of my diagram, I am going to put my v equal one level up here. Rotational levels, they are quantized. And the rotational quantum number is given the symbol J. For example, if you have a molecule in the first rotational state, that first rotational state, then, will be right here. We will call that J equal one. And then, if you have it in the second excited rotational state, that is going to be right there. We will call it J equal two. And the third rotational state is going to be right there. We will call it J equal three. And the fourth, J equals four. Now, if you have a molecule in the ground rotational state, that ground rotational state, here, is J equal zero. And it is sitting here right on top of the v equal zero level for the ground rotational state. The bottom line is, you can have a molecule in the ground vibrational state and the ground rotational state. If that is the case, this is how much energy it has. When you are in the ground rotational state, that is zero energy, as we are going to see in a moment. You can have a molecule in the ground vibrational state in the first excited rotational state. If that is the case, that is the energy. You can have a molecule in the ground vibrational state and the second excited rotational state. Then it has that energy. You can have a molecule in the ground vibrational state in the third excited rotational state. It has that energy. But you can also have a molecule in the first excited vibrational state, right here, and in the J equal zero state. Well, if that is the case, it has that energy. You could also have a molecule in the first excited vibrational state and the first excited rotational state. Well, then it has that energy. Or, a molecule in the first excited vibrational state and the second rotational state. Well, then it has that energy. Each one of these vibrational states has, on top of it, a manifold of rotational states. The rotations and vibrations, for our purpose, are not coupled. You can have so much in vibration, so much in rotation. I want you to also notice, that the difference in energies between rotational states is much smaller than the difference in energies between vibrational states. That is a general statement that is correct. Now, we have a nice analytical expression, again, for the allowed rotational energies of molecules, and that analytical expression is the following. E sub J is equal to h squared times J, J plus one over 8 pi squared times I. I is the moment of inertia. I will explain that in just a moment. What does this say? It says that when J is equal to zero, the rotational energy, here, is equal to zero because it makes this all go away. So, the molecule has no rotational energy in J equal zero. When J is equal to one, we put in J equal one, we calculate that, and it comes out to be h squared over 4pi squared times the moment of inertia. This is J equal one. For J equal two, the molecule has 3h squared over 4pi squared amount of rotational energy. For J equal three, it has 3h squared over 2 pi squared times the moment of inertia. The energies go up. Suppose I have a molecule in v equal zero, J equal zero, and it makes the transition, here, to J equal one, what is the energy difference between those states? Well, J equal one minus energy J equal zero. That is h squared over 4pi squared times I minus zero. That is just h squared over 4pi squared I. How do we make that transition? Well, to make this transition right here, we are going to need a photon, and that photon is going to have to have an energy exactly equal to this. Our photon E equal h nu, that has got to be equal to h squared 4pi squared times I. I can solve for the frequency of the photon that I need to make that transition. The frequency of that photon then is h over 4pi squared times I. That is the frequency of the photon that I need. Now, in the case of HCl, we said that HCl has two rotational modes. It has a mode rotation around this axis, and it also has a mode rotation around this axis, in the plane of the board. These two rotations are degenerate. If you put in a photon with this frequency, here, it will excite either this rotation or that rotation. Now, let's look on the side wall here. How do we do the experiment? Again, just like we do it in the infrared, except that the energy of the photon we now need is in the microwave range. Microwave spectra measure rotational spectra of molecules. And so, again we have a microwave radiation, monochromator, coming out, going through the sample, photo detector, look at the intensity of the photo detector as a function of the frequency. At some frequency here, you see a dip in that intensity. Well, that is where the molecule absorbs. And, in the case of HCl here, the frequency of that absorption for J equal zero to J equal one, well, that frequency occurs at 6.3x10^11 hertz. That would be the frequency of the photon that you would need for absorption. Yes? I'm sorry? We got into the microwave range, here, because the spacings between the rotational states are much lower than the spacings between the vibrational states. And I just actually wanted to make that point, here. We can calculate in terms of the energy, here, what this spacing is. Let's do that. If we want to know the change in energy from J equal zero to J equal one, that change in energy is just h times the frequency of the photon, that photon, there, that makes that transition happen. You can plug that in, there, so we have 6.6261x10^-34 joule seconds, times the frequency 6.3479x10^11 hertz. When you do that, you should get 4.2062x10^-22 joules. Or, if I convert that to kilojoules per mole, it is 6.25330 kilojoules per mole. In general, the difference in the spacings here, the energy difference for vibration, we said is something between three to 40 kilojoules per mole. That is the difference between v equal zero and v equal one, generally, for a large range of molecules. The difference in the frequencies here for rotation, delta E, that is more like something on the order of 0.01 to about 1.0 kilojoules per mole. That is what is typical. So, rotations are much more closely spaced in energy. Yes? Well, in the case of the rotational spectra, there is a little bit more diversity in what units are used. And the reason is this. They are more closely spaced. And the whole wavenumber came into use in vibrational spectroscopy when the way people would analyze the spectra would be to take a photographic plate with the light coming in. And you would see the lines separated in space. And people would take a ruler in centimeters to measure the spacings between the lines. That is historically how the wavenumber unit came to be. The problem is that does not work so well in rotational spectroscopy, often, because the spacings are much closer together. And so, depending exactly on what kind of diffraction grading used, the wavenumbers are not always used. Sometimes they are the frequency. We go back and forth. And, in your homework problems, I go back and forth, too. You really have to deal with both kinds of units. But now, one of the usefulnesses of this rotational spectroscopy in getting, say, this frequency for the transition, one of the usefulnesses, there, is to calculate the bond length of the molecule. To determine the bond length of the molecule really very accurately. Because what we said over here is that the frequency for that transition is this. The frequency of that transition is h over 4pi squared times I. And I is a moment of inertia. The moment of inertia is the following. Maybe you have had this 8.01. No, not yet? Oh, you will. The moment of inertia is the reduced mass times the distance between the two masses. In our case, for the HCl molecule, it is equilibrium bond length, r sub e squared. The reduced mass is what I gave you before, m1 m2 over the sum of the two masses. Again, it is a way to reduce a two-body problem to a one-body problem, where the one-body is this fictitious body of reduced mass. But it is exact. There are no approximations. This is correct. That is the moment of inertia of the molecule. It is a property of the molecule, depending on the mass and the bond length. You can see that if I substitute that in there, h over 4pi squared times nu r sub e squared, and then I go and solve for r sub e, well, r sub e is (h over 4pi squared mu times nu) to the one-half. In the case of HCl -- Actually, I think this is all in my slide, here. If I go and stick in the value for nu, the equilibrium bond length, here, is really 1.2748x10^-10 meters. We can really measure these frequencies with high precision and high accuracy. All bond lengths, really, come from measurements, now, of rotational spectra. All bond lengths in the gas phase, wherever we can measure the rotational spectra of the molecule. That is one of the main uses for rotational spectroscopy. Questions? If not, what I am going to do is leave the subject of internal motion. I want to talk for the rest of the hour, and a little bit on Friday about another topic, which is intermolecular attraction. Interactions. Or, I am going to write it here as attractions. The bottom line is, I want to try to understand, on a microscopic scale, deviations from the inner gas law, PV equal nRT. You know PV equal nRT, that if I made a plot of the volume versus the temperature and kept the pressure constant, say the pressure is at one atmosphere, and the number of moles in my gas is constant, well, you know that what I should see from that equation is a straight line. But suppose I took a balloon filled with air and started to cool down that balloon--in that case, the atmospheric pressure is essentially constant--in that case, what would happen is that the volume would decrease. It would decrease in a linear manner with temperature; everything would be fine until at some low temperature, this volume would start to deviate from the straight line dependence, start to go down. And then, all of a sudden, the volume would go very low because, of course, at roughly 77 degrees Kelvin, which is the boiling point of nitrogen, the liquid would condense. So, the volume gets very small. I could also do that with helium. If I took a helium balloon and cooled it down, the volume would decrease. But then, as I got pretty cold, the volume would start to decrease faster than predicted by the inert gas law. And right at 4 degrees Kelvin, the boiling point of liquid helium, the volume would then just kind of plummet. And so you can understand what happens right here, but we also want to understand, why does the PV equal nRT start to deviate before we get to a boiling point of the liquid? The reason is because of these intermolecular attractions. For example, if I had in my gas this nitrogen molecule headed toward the wall of my container, and it has some initial straight trajectory, it is going to hit the wall, where it is going to exert this force, which will lead to my macroscopic pressure. But, if there is an oxygen molecule around, that nitrogen molecule could indeed be deflected by these attractive interactions, circle around it, and then finally hit the wall. So the nitrogen would be delayed in hitting the wall. If it is delayed, then my force is going to be not as great, because it is momentum change over the change in time between collisions, my pressure is going to be lower if, in fact, this nitrogen experiences some attractive interaction that delays it from hitting the wall. And, therefore, the pressure is lower, or vice versa. In this case, if I kept the outside pressure constant, then the volume would go down. Now, why is that the case? Why should nitrogen and oxygen actually attract each other? In order to talk about that, we have to think a little bit more carefully about what the electron distributions are around nitrogen molecules, oxygen molecules. We treated, in the sodium chloride, lithium chloride, those things as point charges. We have to be a little more sophisticated now in thinking about what the electron distributions are in these kinds of molecules, nitrogen or oxygen. And let me, for the ease of just drawing this, talk about the inert gas, here, argon. As you may or may not know, on the average, the electron distribution around argon is spherical. But, although quantum mechanics does not allow us to see this, this electron distribution does fluctuate. And, at some momentary time, it could be that the electron distribution here is a little bit larger on one side of this argon. And then the argon nucleus here is a little bit deshielded, so we kind of have a charge shift here, positive here, minus. When we do that, this is a dipole. We have separated charge in space. That is what a definition of a dipole is. And then, of course, if there is another argon atom around, well, this dipole then is going to induce the charge distribution around another argon, so that now, the positive end is going to attract or distort the electron distribution around argon in this way. And this will be the positive end. And so, we have an instantaneous dipole which has induced a dipole, an instantaneous dipole, in a neighboring argon atom. Now we have these two dipoles together, and they are oriented in opposite directions. And that is an attractive interaction. The next result is an attraction. And, of course, we call that an induced dipole-induced dipole interaction. We also call that, sometimes, the London dispersion force. This is not a permanent dipole. This is a momentary dipole. This is an instantaneous dipole, which induces, then, an instantaneous dipole in the neighboring molecule or the atom. The result is, because you have these two dipoles now, align in opposite directions, a lowering of the energy. There is a net attraction. That is a reason why, in this nitrogen and oxygen, there might be some attraction. The nitrogen may, in fact, be deflected from its trajectory and hang around the oxygen a little longer before it hits the wall. Therefore, the pressure is lower than you would expect, or the volume is lower than you would expect, if you were keeping the pressure constant. And we can draw that interaction energy for two argons. Here are two argons separated. Argon limit, we draw the energy of interaction, there is some net attraction. This is zero. And that net attraction, here, as they come closer and closer together, is a whopping 0.996 kilojoules per mole. Not very large. But there is a net attraction. You can also see that there is a value of r at which that attraction is the maximum. And that is the equilibrium bond length of the molecule argon two. Can you form a molecule between inert gases? You sure can. And sometimes we call this a van der Waal's dimer. You can make these molecules. There is the bond length. In the case of argon, that bond length is 3.8 angstroms. But the origin of that attraction is this induced dipole-induced dipole interaction. You can make two argon atoms stick to each other. But now, I do want to compare this energy of interaction right here between two argons with the energy of interaction between two hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded. The energy of interaction between two hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded, what does that look like? Here are the two hydrogens separated, and the bond length, here, is 432 kilojoules per mole. Look at how much stronger the H two bond is in the case of a covalently bound molecule, 432 as compared to the 0.996 in the case of the argon. Look at what the equilibrium distance is, here, in the case of H two. It is 0.74 angstroms, compared to 3.8 angstroms in the case of argon. This is not a covalent bond, the induced dipole-induced dipole, but it is a bond. But now, you might say that was not really a fair comparison because hydrogen is much smaller than argon and, of course, the bond length in hydrogen is going to be much smaller than that in two argon atoms. Therefore, if the two hydrogens are much closer together, then the energy of interaction has got to be much stronger. Well, to show you that isn't really the appropriate way to think about it, look at this diagram, here, on the side board, where what I am plotting for you is the argon-argon interaction potential. Here it is. It is this light kind of reddish line, argon-argon. Versus the chlorine-chlorine. Here is chlorine-chlorine. Argon and chlorine are about the same mass. They are about the same size. What do you see? Well, you still see that the argon-argon interaction is much weaker. You can hardly see, in this drawing, the attractive part of the interaction potential on this scale. Chlorine-chlorine, on the other hand, look at that, minus 200 kilojoules per mole. And chlorine-chlorine is much closer in. The equilibrium bond length, what is it? 1.9, or something like that. Whereas, we have 3.8 over here for argon-argon. In that covalent bond between two chlorine atoms, that is a different interaction than this induced dipole-induced dipole where we have overlaps of electrons, the wave functions constructively, destructively interfering. That is different than the induced dipole-induced dipole interaction. Now, it turns out that we actually do have a nice analytical form for the interaction potential due to these induced dipole-induced dipole interactions. Let's take a look at that. They are sometimes called dispersion interactions. We leave off the name London. We have a nice analytical form for these dispersion interactions. And the name of that analytical form is the Lennard-Jones potential. Lennard-Jones was way ahead of his time, a gentleman in England in the late 1800s who decided when he got married that it was not really fair for his wife, whose last name was Lennard, to take his name. So, they both had hyphenated last names, Lennard-Jones. That is Mr. Lennard-Jones. And that potential function looks like this. We are going to call it capital U, LJ, Lennard-Jones. It is going to be as a function of r. R is the distance between, I am going to use argon as the example, the two argon atoms. That is going to be equal to 4 times epsilon, I will explain what epsilon is, times (sigma over r) to the 12 power, I will explain was sigma is in a moment, -- -- minus (sigma over r) to the 6 power. That is my potential form. Now, when I plot it, it is going to look like every other interaction potential that we have drawn here because I cannot, on the board, draw things very accurately. This is argon plus argon, way out here. This is a function of r. We are going to start out at zero, this is going to go down and then come back up. That is the general form, and this is the actual expression for that interaction. What are these parameters, here? Well, the epsilon is this well depth. It is measured from the bottom of the well, although the argon atoms are never at the bottom of the well. They have the zero point energy. This epsilon, here, is this energy, from the bottom to the dissociated atom limit. What is this sigma? Well, this sigma is related to the equilibrium bond length. In the Lennard-Jones potential, here, the equilibrium bond length is equal to 1.12 sigma. That is a parameter. To get it, you would take the derivative of the potential function, set it equal to zero, calculate the value of r, and that would give you a zero in that derivative. That is a maximum or a minimum. And it will turn out to be a minimum in this case. That is what sigma is. What are these two components, right here? This component, this (sigma over r) to the 12. What this describes are the repulsions in this interaction. It is a good description of the core electron-core electron repulsion. Not the repulsion due to the outermost electrons in argon, but the repulsion due to the core electrons, the n equal one, the n equal two electrons. And it describes the nuclear-nuclear repulsion. It is a (one over r) to the 12 dependence. If I plot that, it would look something like this. It is repulsive everywhere. It is what we call a short-range interaction. And this is important. What do we mean by short-range? Well, short-range means that it only has a value when r is small because it is a one over r raised to the 12 power. If r is large, and you put a large number in the denominator and raise it to the 12 power, the result is nothing. The result is something close to zero. This first term is zero when r is very large. That is why we call it a short-range interaction. And you can see that this really starts taking on value when r is pretty small. But then there is this part, the (sigma over r) to the 6 term. That is the attractive interactions. If I were to plot that, it would look like that. That is the induced dipole-induced dipole interaction. We could actually write down the energy of interaction between these two induced dipoles and find out that this is a one over the r to the 6 power. We are not going to do that, but we could do that. These are always attractive. The sum of the two, of course, gives us the actual shape of that interaction potential. But this interaction, here, is longer range, or we call it longer range. It is longer range because it is only one over r to the 6. And so r does not have to be that small in order for this term to make the contribution. As r has a larger power here in the denominator, that is shorter range interaction. As it gets a smaller power in the denominator, that is a shorter range interaction. The other thing that is interesting and important here is this value of sigma. And I said that r sub e was 1.12 times this sigma. The value of sigma is actually the definition of what we call a van der Waal's radius. That is, in the case of argon here, the equilibrium bond length is 1.12 sigma. And so, r sub e, 1.12 sigma. For argon that parameter is 3.4 angstroms. And so the bond length is 3.8 angstroms. But the van der Waal's radius is given by this 1.12 sigma over 2. The van der Waal's radius, in this case 1.9 here, is the radius that you use in these space filling models. On the side wall, that top model is a space filling model. And somehow you have to decide, how large should those hydrogens be that are sticking out in space that are not bonded to anything? And the radii that are used are these van der Waal's radii, because that is the radius at which you have this attractive interaction due to the induced dipole-induced dipole. And that is how those sizes are determined. The badger sees a linx This cat has black spots the spots make a pattern too Okay, wrap it up. So what did you guys find? What were some instances of dramatic irony here? I've talked to a couple of you and I heard some good things as I was walking around. Any volunteers to share? Robert. Say it loud, so everyone can hear. Umm, when Banquo says, "By the name of most kind hostess..." He's talking about Lady Macbeth. Yeah. So, on page 19 towards the bottom, Banquo's relaying what King Duncan told him earlier. The King perceived Lady Macbeth as being this kind hostess - why would that be an example of dramatic irony, though? Class: Because she isn't Because she's not. She's evil, right!? They're gonna kill him! They're gonna kill him! Yeah, Ryan. The King's about to be shanked in the night. (Cooperating teacher laughs) Yeah, the King doesn't know he's going to be killed. So, is there a line in there that... Yeah, it's underlined... It's underlined, good! So, the King is asleep, right? "The King's abed, he hath been in unusual pleasure..." So he's having these sweet dreams, he had such a great night, he's in a good mood, he's sleeping peacefully, he doesn't know that he's going to be murdered. Yeah, Ian. Well, Banquo says that "All's well" and "I dreamt of the Weird Sisters and they've shown some truth." But then Macbeth lies and says that he doesn't think about them. Yeah! And so why is that dramatic irony that he says that? Because he does think about them! Because he thinks about them all the time, right! They're consuming his thoughts to the point of near madness, right. They're all that he thinks about. So I wasn't sure of, there's a part where Macbeth says "We were not prepared..." But they were kind of prepared for this, so I just, I don't know. Yeah, okay, so can you say more about why that's specifically dramatic irony? Because they were prepared to, like, take them in and do what they were going to do - what they had planned. Yeah He was pretending to be like "Oh" That they weren't prepared... "We're caught off-guard!" Yeah good, good! (CT: Number four!) Yeah, you found a number four! I actually found another one as well. On page 19. It can kind of be dramatic irony, but it's sort of on a line. So, Banquo's sort of startled when he hears Macbeth coming and he says, "Who's there?!" and Macbeth says, "A friend." So at this point, he's still Banquo's friend, but you kind of get the sense that he's not everybody's friend at this point. Right, he's kind of lurking around in the dark... I don't think your friend really does that too often. (Class laughs) So that could be considered some dramatic irony. [Child thinking] [Child thinking off camera] *In the future* *All will be forgotten* *Even Hitler* *ESPEClALLY Hitler* [Child stops thinking] Youtube doesn't allow spoofs on Hitler anymore They have reasons, I am sure but it's all English to me Pushing down popular art always makes it sexier Hitler's still funny in HTML5 or as MP4 on cellular You can not conduct our lives even Google can't we swap videos in the streets that you're afraid to enter What will you do, send in drones? much good it did you in Afghanistan [This space is intentionally left blank] [Be careful] [his bowtie is really a camera] Behind the wall, your kids sleep their router has parental locks but behind a russian proxy they see porn you wish YOU could This isn't bad, they'll need these skills to penetrate firewalls When social order goes down soon they will set you up with Fidonet In the 90s they've raided many raves made trance music popular now they're busting up THlS joint I just saw on twitter We [Chinese] are expendable there are more where I came from Do you have a warant? Is everyone having a good time? All right! What an amazing set of speakers, ha? TEDxBerkeley go! All right. (Laughter) Great to see you all here, hope you're having a great day, and a wonderful Cal Day outside as well. I want to tell you today about the accelerating expansion of the Universe, a revolutionary discovery that definitely has catalyzed change, a discovery that was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physics to the team leaders: Saul Perlmutter, here at Cal, professor of Physics, in the middle, Brian Schmidt on the right, at the Australian National University, and Adam Ries at the left, now at Johns Hopkins University. He was a postdoctoral scholar working with me at Berkeley in the mid to late 1990s when we made this discovery. There were 48 other people associated with the discovery, but the rules of the Nobel are that at most three can get the prize, other than a Peace Prize, which can go to organizations. Fortunately, these gentlemen understand that without the rest of us working in the trenches, they wouldn't have been so honored. So they spent part of their prize money flying the rest of us out to participate in Nobel Week in Stockholm in December of 2011. We went to the most of the parties, and the celebrations, and lunch and dinner at the embassy, and all-night things put on by the students; it was just a wild time. About the only thing we didn't get was the gold medal and part of the million bucks, or the chauffeured limousine. But, oh well, here we are. Here's one of the two teams on which I participated. I had the interesting distinction of being the only person who was, at one time or another, a member of both teams, and if you get me sufficiently drunk, I'll tell you the inside story behind that. (Laughter) Anyway, the story starts with Edwin Hubble, who nearly a century ago studied these gigantic collections of stars, called spiral nebulae, and their true nature was not yet known. It was thought by some that they are clouds of gas in our own galaxy. Others thought that they are other galaxies. He studied certain types of stars within them and showed that these are gigantic systems far, far away, millions of light years away, consisting of hundreds of billions of stars; island universes, if you will. They come in many shapes and forms, mostly these beautiful spiral ones, like the one we live in, and elliptical ones. He noticed something very interesting: they're all going away from us, or almost all of them are going away from us. This had been discovered actually by some other astronomers. By looking at the spectra, you can tell that they are moving away because all those dark lines, which are produced by chemical elements in the atmospheres of stars, showed the same pattern, but that pattern was shifted to longer wavelengths, redder wavelengths, as though the things were moving away from us. But Hubble noticed that the nearby galaxies are moving away only pretty fast and the more distant galaxies, which generally looked smaller and fainter in the sky, are moving away faster, and the more distant galaxies are moving away really fast. So at a given time, right now, the Universe is expanding, but the more distant galaxies are moving away from us faster than the nearby galaxies. And we now know it is space itself that it's expanding. Hubble resisted this interpretation for a while, but we can now tell that it's not that the galaxies are moving through some pre-existing space, rather the space itself is expanding, and the waves of light stretch with it. This is the cause of the redshift. It's not that they're moving away, not the classic Doppler effect, but rather that the waves themselves are stretching. You're not stretching because you're bound by electromagnetic forces. You may think you stretch after a big lunch, but that's your fault, not the Universe's fault. The Earth isn't stretching because it's bound by gravity. Our galaxy isn't stretching either, but it's the space between the galaxies that is stretching. The Universe is expanding. So here's, from our perspective, the view: we're in the middle there, and all the galaxies are moving away from ours, and the more distant ones are moving faster than the near-by ones. Now, it's a bit strange that we're at the center, right? Do all the other galaxies not like us? Is it something we said? Do we smell? (Laughter) Are all these other galaxies lactose-intolerant? Get it? Milky Way Galaxy, lactose-intolerant? (Laughter) Or, since this is a Cal-friendly crowd, what is it? Are we from Stanford or something? (Laughter) With due apologies to those of you who might be Stanford alumni, it's an outstanding institution, just not quite as outstanding as Cal. Anyway, yeah, so... (Laughter) No, we're not in any central position. In fact, we think we would see the same thing no matter which galaxy we happen to be in. Imagine a one-dimensional expanding Universe where you have the galaxies - the ping pong balls, and the rubber - the space between them. From the perspective of the orange ball here, all the others are moving away, so it thinks it's at the center, but the same can be said from the perspective of any other ball; all the balls are going away from it. So there is no unique center, at least not in the dimensions to which we have physical access. With today's great telescopes, we've measured the current expansion rate of the Universe, and it's just some number; I won't bore you with what it is. But in fact, the expansion rate should change, and that's because the Universe isn't empty; it has things in it. All those things will gravitationally pull on all other things; the galaxies pull on each other, just as the Earth pulls on the apple, and so, in its upward journey, the apple slows down; eventually it stops and comes back. So, if the Universe is dense, every little volume will pull on every other volume a lot, the Universe will slow down in its expansion, some day stop, and then reverse itself. It's hard to see with the lights here, but it goes - it starts with the Big Bang, ends with a Big Crunch, or you could say Big Bang, Gnab Gib, which is Big Bang backwards. In a similar way, though the Universe is expanding now, you could be lying on your back, looking at all these galaxies, saying, "Tam-ta-ram, the Universe is expanding." Then you notice something strange, and right around now, you start getting a little bit nervous, then it's sort of "Goodbye, cruel world!", and the Universe implodes in on you. But there's another possibility. If the Universe isn't very dense, then, although the galaxies are pulling on one another, slowing down the expansion, that expansion should never stop if the Universe has sufficiently low density. That would be like an apple that I heave up or above Earth's escape speed; it keeps on going away from the Earth forever. So in that case, the Universe would expand eternally, becoming ever colder, darker, more dilute, and you're sitting there on your back, looking at the galaxies living for billions of years, and all is fine, except that the Universe is going to become a very cold, and dark, and lonely place eventually. We would like to know the fate of the Universe. It's a central question of cosmology, and we can figure it out by examining the past history of the expansion. After all, if I measure the speed of the apple at many different times during its trajectory and I notice it's been slowing down a lot, then I can figure out that it'll some day recollapse, whereas if I measure it and it hasn't been slowing down very much, then it'll keep on expanding forever. So in a similar way, we examine the past history of the expansion, and we can determine the future, at least in principle. Well, we have to look far back in time in order to examine the history, and that means look far away. The farther away you look, the farther back in time you're seeing, because light doesn't travel infinitely fast; it takes some time to travel. You're seeing typical stars as they were maybe tens, hundreds, maybe a thousand years ago, because they're tens, hundreds or thousands of light years away. Well, these galaxies might be one billion light years away, 4 billion, those little tiny specks might be 9 billion light years away, and encoded in their light is information about the expansion of the Universe one, four, nine billion years ago, that is during the time that the light has been traveling. The redshift keeps on increasing. So measuring the redshift as a function of look-back time tells you the expansion history of the Universe. To get distances of galaxies, we need to see individual stars whose properties we recognize. We know how powerful they are, we see how bright they appear to be, and that tells us the distance. But you can't see individual stars in those galaxies unless they blow up. The individual stars are too faint, but some stars blow up. They are supernovae, they become millions or even billions of times the power of our Sun. And they can been seen in very distant galaxies and distinguished from their neighbors. If we know the true peak power because we've measured them in nearby galaxies, - we measure how bright they appear to be - we know how far away they are, and hence, how far back in time we are looking. Now, our Sun won't do this. If it were to do this, then sun blocker of 50 just wouldn't cut it, folks; you'd need sun blocker, supernova blocker of a few billion to protect yourself. But don't worry, be happy: our Sun isn't going to end its life this way. What we do is we find galaxies like this that are nearby. We can measure their distances using relatively normal stars. We find a supernova, measure how bright it gets. If we know the distance to the galaxy, we then calibrate the true power. This is how you judge the distance of an oncoming car; you look at how bright the headlights appear to be, you know how bright the headlights of a nearby car are, and so you almost intuitively, almost instinctively make this calculation. If you're not very good at doing this, you shouldn't be driving at night. We find nearby ones, and we've calibrated them - that has been done - so now we want to go and find distant examples in faint, fuzzy, distant galaxies, find the supernovae, measure how bright they appear to be. You know how powerful they really are, that then tells you the distance. By measuring the redshift - I don't know if we can see, you can see it, I can't see it on my screen - you can measure the redshift; you can see how much space has expanded during the time of flight. That's the idea. We find them in these distant galaxies, and we measure their brightness, we calculate the distance, we compare with the redshift, we reconstruct the expansion history of the Universe, and here's the punchline: the Universe is accelerating in its expansion. These supernovae are all fainter than they were expected to be. The implied distances are so great that no decelerating Universe could have expended that much. Even in the Universe that expands at a constant rate, you can't get the galaxies, the supernovae, the apples far enough away to make them look that faint. Instead, the Universe had to have accelerated in the past 4 or 5 billion years, as though there is a cosmic anti-gravity force at work. Here's the headline that came out in February of 1998, after I had the privilege of announcing this result for Brian Schmidt's team. We use this term anti-gravity hesitantly because people ask us, "Can we attach this stuff, whatever it is, to our cars, and levitate over Bay Area traffic jams?" And the answer is no. It's either a property of space itself, or there's so little of it that you can't harness it and attach it to your car. By the end of 1998, the editors of science magazine proclaimed this to be the single, most important discovery in science that year. Obviously, we were very pleased. You might wonder why the caricature of Einstein looks surprised here. It's because he's blowing universes out of this pipe. You might not have known that universes exist in multiple forms and come from the pipes of theoretical physicists. Well, maybe not, but we do think there may be multiple universes. But anyway, he's surprised because this one Universe is expanding faster and faster with time, rather than more and more slowly, as it would have been expected under the influence of normal gravity. That was really surprising. It's even more surprising because he has a sheet of papers under his arm where there's an equation, the Greek letter lambda equals 8πG, Newton's constant, times the density of the vacuum. And you say, "Density of the vacuum. Boy, Berkeley really has become Berserkeley." Who is this bozo telling you about the density of the vacuum? You were taught on your mother's knee that vacuum is nothing, zilch, nada. How can it have a non-zero energy density? Well, I'm just the messenger here. This was Einstein's idea, OK? He came up with this idea in order to explain in 1917 the apparently static nature of the Universe. The sky didn't appear to be falling, it didn't look the Universe was expanding either; it looked static. It's like this apple. If gravity pulls down on it, but I'm pulling up with the same force upward, the net force is zero, the apple doesn't accelerate. You know, they say, "May the force be with you." Lucas got it wrong: may the net force be with you. (Laughter) The force may be with you, but if some other forces are against you, you're going to lose, so here, Einstein came up with (Applause) - thank you - he came up with an anti-gravity, so to speak, that cosmological constant that would make the Universe static. Twelve years later, Hubble discovered that the Universe isn't static after all; it's expanding, there was a Big Bang. We don't know why that happened, but given that there was a Big Bang, nothing needs to keep it going; it keeps going on its own. So Einstein renounced the cosmological constant as having been the biggest blunder of his career, because had he not introduced it, he could have predicted that the Universe is expanding, not static. He could have been famous had he not introduced this; So here he is, sad that he ever introduced the idea. I don't know if that's what he's thinking, but he might be thinking that. What have we done the better part of the century later? We've reincarnated the idea not to have a static Universe, but one which, on the larger scales, is expanding progressively faster with time. So here, in this room, the down arrow dominates. In our Solar System, down. In our galaxy, down. In our local group of galaxies, down. But as you get to tens or hundreds of millions of light years, the up arrow begins to dominate and the Universe accelerates in its expansion. If Einstein were around right now, his reaction might be something like this, because what he thought was his biggest blunder may well have been his greatest intellectual triumph. Alright, well, you might say, you know, "What is this stuff? Is it the visible matter?" No, because that all pulls. "Is it dark matter that holds galaxies and clusters of galaxies?" No, that all pulls as well. "Is it anti-matter?" No, anti-matter has a normal gravity. It has to be something new: dark energy. As a consolation prize to the rest of us, my wife Noelle came up with this T-shirt, "Dark energy is the new black." Dark energy is the term we give to this mysterious invisible stuff that's accelerating the expansion of the Universe, and it's dark because we don't see it. It's also dark in the sense that it's mysterious; we don't know what it is. You could say maybe the supernova technique is wrong, maybe we're flawed somehow, but it turns out there are now other techniques that give exactly the same result and most recently splattered all over The New York Times and other newspapers with the results from the Planck satellite, a satellite that takes a baby picture of the Universe, a picture of the Universe as it was when it was only 380,000 years old. And analysis of that baby picture supports what we have done. And indeed, though this is very recent, it is just the latest in a set of a number of observations and experiments that lead to the same conclusion, that the Universe appears to be accelerating in its expansion. It's not just the supernova result. And those little fluctuations you saw were fluctuations in the temperature and hence the density of the baby Universe. Those tiny little variations, set up by quantum fluctuations at the very beginning, grew under the influence of gravity, that great sculptor of the Universe, and the dense regions became denser by stealing material from their surroundings. It's like global economics: the rich get richer at the expense of the poor. So here you can see, in front of your very eyes, the growth of what we call large-scale structure, galaxies and clusters of galaxies under the influence of gravity, but thwarted to some degree by this repulsive negative effect, this anti-gravity. The dark energy is thought to constitute something like 70% of the contents of the Universe as a whole. Not in this room, but averaged over spheres of like a billion light years. And we don't know what it is. It has really catalyzed change in physics. Dark matter, mostly remaining pie. We don't know what that is either. What we know of are the atoms; they are a small sliver in the cosmic pie. So, because of the importance of this dark energy, the recognition of the accelerating expansion of the Universe was honored with the Nobel prize. It has truly revolutionized our view of the Universe, it is changing physics as we speak. Many physicists think that the physical origin and nature of the dark energy is certainly among the most important problems in physics, and some say the single most important problem in physics. It's 70% of the Universe. Moreover, it perhaps provides a clue to a quantum theory of gravity, a unification of the two great pillars of modern physics, quantum physics of the very small, and the physics of the very large. No single observation has eclipsed the magnitude of the change that has occurred in the physics and astrophysics community over the past 10 years, and I feel incredibly privileged to have played a role in this discovery. Thank you very much. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) So let's test out our knowledge of this with a quiz. We're going to go back to our JavaScript interpreter and add support for looking up variables like (x) and (y). The first change is that our recursive Evaluate_Expression procedure now takes 2 arguments: the Abstract Syntax Tree--and the environment because we've just established that the meaning of an expression depends on the context in the World--depends on the environment. We've already seen these 2 cases before. We peel apart our abstract syntax tree, which is just a bunch of nested tuples. We look in the zeroth component for the type. If it's a "number" node, then we just return the string value, converted to an integer. If it's a binary operator, like (+) or (-), we'll have to do the Addition or Subtraction. Here, I'm skipping a few steps, compared to last time. Last time, we assigned tree[1] to left_child and then called eval_exp on it. I'm going to do it all on one line now, just to say a little space. But notice that when I make my recursive calls to eval_exp, I have to pass in this environment in order to have my subchildren--the subparts of the AST-- know what the values of variables are. And since there haven't been any intervening assignment statements, the environment stays the same--whatever I was given is whatever I will pass on to my subtrees. So now I just check to see: if the operator is a JavaScript Plus, I evaluate it, using Python Plus. If the operator is JavaScript Minus, I evaluate it, using Python Minus. I translate these basic universal concepts, like Addition and Subtraction, from one language to another. I'm writing an interpreter. But what if, instead of being a "number" or a "binop" our nodetype = "identifier" is actually a reference to a variable? And just to remind you here, I've written out our Abstract Syntax Tree for (X) + 2. At the highest level, it's a binary operator where the left_child is the ("identifier", "x"), and the right_child is the ("number", "2"). So we started up here with "binop" but that involves calling ourselves, recursively, to evaluate our left_child. When we do, the nodetype for our left_child is "identifier" so we're going to have to figure out what the value of (x) is. So your mission is to complete the code for this case, by finding the identifier name, looking it up in the environment and returning it. This is the University of Rochester. I love it when they play the carillon ("kuh-ril'-yen"). Or is it "carol-on?" I say, the "carol-on." "Carol-on." "Kuh-ril'-yen." "Carol-on." My name is Joe Hanson, and I'm the manager of music performance programs in the music department. "Carol-on." A lot of people say "kuh-ril'-yen," or something similar, but it's "carol-on." Originally, 17 chimes were installed during the construction of River Campus in 1929. They were a gift from the children of Arendt Hopeman, who was the general contractor for both River Campus and the Eastman Theater. The chimes were replaced in 1973 with the 50-bell carillon we play now. The carillon is played by a series of guest carilloneurs during the summer, by Doris Aman, and by interested students. I'm Blair Germain. My name is Gabriel Fanelli. So, I've been playing the carillon about a year. My high school had a 23-bell carillon. I came here, and luckily enough Rochester had a beautiful carillon. I just was able to keep with it. It's a challenge; I always enjoy challenges for whatever reason. And, it's fun! So, this is the actual carillon and the cabinet in which the console is housed. And, as Gabe said before in the practice room, these are the actual cords that attach to the clappers way up top. So the bells are actually way up above us and completely closed off, and actually we can't hear them. Except that there is a stereo system up there and a microphone that allows us to hear what we're actually playing, because otherwise we're sitting here and we have no clue.. So, with just closed fists and just the feet we can get up to four notes. But sometimes pieces call for a little bit more than that. (music - playing 'The Genesee') The Bellman Society is sort of coming back the the surface. We just starting - we're at a very exciting time. The goal is, to have students running the entire operation, so we want to have students teaching students, basically, almost like a generational thing in a family that you kind of pass down from generation to generation, and that's how we're hoping to keep going. Just paying attention only to this moment... which is not merely a moment of time, but of Presence. It doesn't matter if some thoughts, activity arises...it's OK. Don't put any energy to control. To either push away or to invite. Leave everything as it is. You're simply here. Thoughts such as coming and going are only that - thoughts. You're not in need of them. You're simply here. There is no need to 'try' at anything. There's no such thing as 'trying to be aware' because even the attempt is itself appearing in awareness. You are This. There is nothing to change ...to fix ...to heal ...to carry ...to hold on to. Notice this. There is no need to evaluate or summarize how you feel. It's irrelevant. You're simply here. And this sense of hereness is not a geographical placement. Hereness can only be Presence. Undivided, effortless. You are not imagining that ... not creating ...simply observing. There is nothing to capture. Whatever thoughts may suggest, it is not for you ...not now. No preferences ... no posture. You're here but you're not waiting. There's no 'next' to expect. Thoughts such as 'feeling well or not well' don't matter to you now ...not here. Be only in your Unassociated Being. There's no effort to make. Simply 'I AM'. Feel, experience the wholeness ... the natural sense of wholeness, of completeness, that is here by itself, . . .that belongs to no-one. There is not a 'you' living life . . . you are life, and the awareness of life. You do not need to be prepared 'to be' . . . 'you are'. There is only awareness here, and the body is present in the awareness also. And awareness is present in the body also. There are no 'starts' and no 'finishes'. No beginnings and endings, significantly ... ...just a movement, a play in consciousness. Nothing troubles you. Notice the effortlessness of your own Being. There is no need to try 'to be'. Such thoughts are far, far away from you. You did not arrive, nor can you leave. You're simply here. Your attention may come out and come back, but not you. This is your natural silence. There is no effort to be silent. There's no one to be silent. There is only the silence of Being. You are not imagining or creating, therefore, there is no effort. What practice, what religion do you need to be as you are now? This Itself is your own Blessedness. You are beyond force ...intention, expectations don't exist here for you. You will notice that when you open your eyes, inwardly it will make no difference. Be aware of this. You're not creating or imagining ... you're 'at-one' with your own natural Being. Natural joy, space, stillness. Don't allow your mind to suggest any effort about this because you're in the direct experience of the taste of your own Being. Nothing more is needed. The mind cannot help you here. It is you who will help the mind to be quiet. Not by effort . . . by remaining One with your Being ... undistractidly. Then mind may also enjoy this peace. When you were governor of Arizona, you signed into law a law requiring Arizona employers to use an employment verification system called E-Verify that made sure their employees are legally in this country. Do you think the U.S. Federal government should make a blanket requirement in the United States that employers use E-Verify? And and use the system to make sure their uh employees are in the country legally? [Napolitano] Well, the government is already doing it with contractors Ben. I believe with employers we have to create a culture of compliance. They have to comply with our nation's immigration laws. Uh, Otherwise, they keep creating this demand for illegal labor and I don't care how many millions we spend on the border itself if you keep having that big demand for illegal labor, you're going to continue to have that movement North. Both of these systems have to work together. Employer verification, the legal residency of employees and effective border control. [Interviewer] Why not make E-Verify, Employee Verification mandatory for all employers in the United States? [Napolitano] Yeah, I don't know if the administration has made a call yet, or be a piece of legislation that is offered. All I will say is that we feel the E-Verify system every day is bigger and more robust. We have more than a thousand businesses using it every week. So, uh, as the system builds out, it does add to and create that culture of compliance I am talking about. jdfhjsls;lkf'psi hghala';klamcbjhslj;s wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww -Hey hey, Carl, how's it goin'? What you been up to? -Eh, not too much, man. Just been lying around, you know? -Yeah man, I hear you there. I hear you there. Whoa Carl, where you goin', man? Hey, put him down. Where you taking Carl? -[munching, Carl screams] -Huh? -[munching, Carl screams] -[screaming] [both screaming] -[agonized scream] Ow, my butt hurts. -What? What'd you say? -Oh, I said my butt hurts. -What? I can't hear you. -Ow, my butt. -Ow, oh, my ears. -Ugh. Captioned by SpongeSebastian -Hey, guys. So a lot of you have been noticing that my subscribers are over 5 million and a lot of you have been asking, [gawky voice]: "Hey Ryan, where's your 5 million thank-you video?" I don't think you guys talk like that; I'm trying to do a different voice. Anyway, the reason why I haven't made this video till now is because YouTube is deleting a lot of YouTube accounts that are inactive, so technically, I don't even know if I have 5 million yet. Either way, I wanted to thank you guys so much. Whether you subscribed yesterday or five years ago when I first started, I truly appreciate it. Seriously, from the bottom of my esophagus to the top of my sternum. I thank you guys so much. And I know I don't have a weekly schedule like a lot of YouTubers, but writing, filming, and editing a video that I'm happy with takes a lot longer than you probably think and I don't have a production company working for me. In fact, this is what my production company looks like. -Here with The Ryan Higa Production Company, we believe that... we are good. Take a look at our writers in action. -No, that's not funny. -Beautiful. One of the most important parts of making a Ryan Higa Production video is, well, the filming. Take a look at our film team on the ground. Terrific. Lastly, but not leastly, we take you to the editing room where all magic happens. And the editing. [click] We're having fun. So come on down to the Ryan Higa Production Company and your video could look like this. -At The Ryan Higa Production Company We're a real production company And we make music! -Yeah, maybe I should get a real production company. Anyway, I'm already working on my next video. Here's a preview to the ending of my next video. Tee-- Might look something like that. Captioned by SpongeSebastian Teehee! Hey everybody, I'm the HappyCabbie. Boy has there been a big can of worms in the past 24 hours! As some of you guys may know, In the Youtube Creator Blog, they announced everyone is now a YouTube Partner. Previously, when people said they were a YouTube Partner They could say, I have custom thumbails, a banner, and access to Partner Support. Not really. What happened is the old monetization program where basically just let people monetize videos but they did not have any of the features that the Partner Program had basically YouTube just said, "Ok these guys are going to be called Partners now" but they are not going to have full Partner benefits. Now the people who had full Partner benefits up until yesterday still have them. That hasn't been changed. If you were a full Partner, nothing has changed for you. If you were in the monetization program and were rolled into the Partner Program basically, nothing has changed for you. You don't have banners, you don't have custom thumbnails, you don't have access to Partner Support. Basically it is the same thing just called a different name. Now, what is going to be changing however, is you no longer apply to the Partner Program. To get all these features, you just keep plugging along and as your channel grows more and more of these features will become unlocked. Now unfortunately, what stages these are Like for say for example, if you hit a certain subscriber threshold or a certain view count and it doesn't look like they are going to share that publically. It is basically you just keep plugging along and eventually these things will become unlocked for you. Now if I ever do find out I guarantee you I will put the stuff down in the video description. Now what is in the video description is basically what I have got. It's the blog post that YouTube has made a couple of public forums in the YouTube help forums. But essentially what has happened is monetization program has been renamed Partner, and the people who were Partners before are going to be Partners now. As you can imagine it is confusing. A lot of people got the email saying "Congratulations you are now a YouTube Partner" Only you are NOT a YouTube Partner. It just doesn't make any sense. Oh my goodness my mailbox is full the Partner forums are going crazy and it it is not good but nevertheless you got to do what you got to do with it. So if you want to get Full Partner benefits such as custom thumbnails and all that stuff basically you got to grow your channel, that is what you got to do. And in order to grow your channel you got to put out good videos You also got to make sure that you respect copyright you got to make sure that you respect terms of service and put out good quality videos, build an audience. That's the only thing I can tell you. Obviously, when it comes to good videos, don't do the stuff I do because my videos suck. Nevertheless, I'm the HappyCabbie and if I ever find out more information I will put it in the video description as well as post it on twitter. Make sure you follow me on twitter. How to be a youtube partner, Partnership, make money, YouTube, monetizaiton, earn money, make money online, adsense, google adsense, become a Partner, revenue sharing Hello everyone. OK, here we are with Dead Trigger on the Iconia B1 by Acer. Again, this is a £99 tablet and it works very very well. You're obviously not going to have the same level of graphic fidelity as you would get from the game running on, say, Tegra, the Tegra 3 system so no water effects, no smoke or anything like that. Basic lighting but the game is infinitely playable and the frame rate is fine, absolutely spot on in fact. So again another win for the £99 tablet. It's now increasingly looking like you can kind of say the Nexus 7 has a good rival here. Make you kind of think do I need to drop that extra £60 and get the Nexus 7 or will this £99 tablet fill the void? Certainly I think for young people kids, etcetera, where you really don't want to hand them a more expensive tablet this is absolutely the winner. My name is Bob Wicks, I am the director of the Miami University Art Museum. I would like to talk a little bit about the collection of Pre-columbian art from Walter Farmer and Ted Foley. Two generous donors early in Miami University Art Museum's history. The exhibit that we currently have on display in our back gallery is called Gold and Jade emblems of power in the ancient americas, two substances that were valued among the ancient american peoples. Gold sometimes called Tears of the Sun were alluvial deposits that were then used to make jewelry and various other implements. Such as bells, fish hooks, ear plugs, nose plugs, nose rings, as well as labrets, which were a piercing you know in the lower lip of the individual, sometimes they would cast the gold into sculptures which consisted of scenes from everyday life as well as ritual scenes such as a ruler on a raft that is his control indicative of his control of natural forces. The gold itself typically was either beaten or cast and in cast pieces, this is not solid gold but it is a low alloy of about ten or fifteen percent gold with a mixture of copper and other metals to create the overall substance. Many of the gold objects were thrown into sacred ritual wells, called sinotes, or deposited with the deceased. Jade or green stones were also frequently used by the ancient Mesoamerican peoples. A number of the jade pieces are in fact unique. This is one of the earliest from about three to four-hundred B.C. of the Olmec culture. It's a carved head of a called a Carian or perhaps an alligator or a lizard of some kind and its very dramatic in fact its one of the largest pieces of carved jade from the Olmec period. Some centuries later the Maya continued to carve Jade and this is an example again of a larger piece than you would normally find. This ones somewhat unusual again because of the fact that it was originally a larger boulder perhaps twice as large as you see here, with a carving of a diving god. However, it was broken at one point and then they decided to recarve this piece, that's one indication of the importance of jade and general green stones among the ancient Maya. We often refer to jade carving, however actually its a grinding process of one bit of stone against the other. Usually the jade would then be carved or grand with bits of quartz or garnet which were slightly harder. So this was a very long and drawn out process, not surprisingly then, this activity would have been limited to craft specialist who were trained over long periods of time to reduce the artworks that you see and on display. Within the world of jade carving in the ancient americas there are a number of different forms that you find repeated over and over again. One particularly popular group is that of the adzes or axes, you'll see that they are actually very, very good condition so they would never actually been used for agricultural or for hoeing or chopping purposes, these were ritual objects and the axe or the adzes is a symbol of water, of rain, and it also is used as a ritual object an object of status for Mesoamerican rulers. Another large group is that of the mask, that are often quite small. But others are somewhat larger then they would've been either placed on the lower face of the individual or sown onto the garment as an emblem of rank. The hunchbacks, or dwarves were also commonly used in the sculpture, sometimes combined with the adzes form and they were frequently seen as companions to the maze god or its counselors to the ruler, so they had a special role to play as a communicator with the afterlife or the underworld. Gold and jade in the ancient americas had an important role to play. One scholar refers to this tradition as the aesthetic of brilliance, the idea of bringing life and brilliance into the jade and into the gold that formally was somewhat nondescript. Jade and gold also played important role as transformers, that is the idea of transforming from one state into the other and so that the transition from one being to another, from human to bird, to reptile, can also be found in these representations. In addition to the carvings of sculpture and plaques and mask and adzes, and so on, many of the examples also include elements of writing, especially among the Maya who were the first group in the ancient americas to develop a full fledged writing system. We are fortunate to have this collection of gold and jade from the ancient americas at the Miami University Art Museum and these are a great way to gain a better understanding of these ancient cultures. John is super competitive. Very focused. Laser focused. He really focuses simplistically on what needs to be accomplished. But John's the kind of guy that's always wanted to win the right way. He still maintained all those other qualities that just make him a fine human being. You gotta to be creative. You gotta be imaginative about it. You gotta break the mold so to speak, and that's what business is all about. I learned those skills in South Central L.A. You know, finding a way and believing in myself. How many places in the world can you have the opportunity to go to fantastic schools, work for a fantastic company and have the kind of career that he's had? It's a great American story. (music) NARRATOR: Alumnus John Harris, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Nestlé Waters, exemplifies the ideal qualities of a 21st century leader. To his colleagues within the Nestlé Group of companies, he is a trusted friend and role model, who epitomizes the company's values and principles. Prior to serving in his current post, John was responsible for Nestlé Purina's operations in Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa, and before that, John held various leadership positions with the Carnation Company, and later Friskies Petcare, both part of the Nestlé family. HARRlS: The reason why I stayed for 38 years was because of the opportunity. You are not going to find a company that offers you more opportunity than Nestlé. ALFORD: I think John's biggest impact is his focus on performance. From the day I meet John until today, and that is roughly thirty years, he talks about performance whenever he talks about business. And he had that impact here, domestically, and I think, importantly he's had that impact globally, too. You gotta remember we're a Swiss-owned company and a hundred and fifty years of experience. And I think John is one of the first two, three, or four Americans that have ever been on that executive board. I think what John has been able to do is bring an American business perspective to a European global company. NARRATOR: John was named Chairman of Nestlé Waters in December 2007 and one year later he was appointed CEO as well. John is responsible for overseeing over 30,000 employees and a portfolio of 67 unique brands. Nestlé is the world's largest bottler of water, with production in nearly 40 countries and annual sales in excess of 8.2 billion dollars. John recognizes his company's responsibility as a corporate citizen. Nestlé Waters leads the industry in addressing global and region-specific environmental concerns and other societal issues relating to water management and hydration. In keeping with Nestlé"s vision and training philosophy, Nestlé Waters offers a range of employee educational programs in core skills, and management and leadership development. ALFORD: Mentoring is important to John, I think, on many levels. He has helped lots of people along the way in their career. He realizes the company is going to do better, the better people that we have going forward. And I think he realizes that for society, too. RElD: Is there anything you could pick from your life that you could to say to a young person today that they could use to nurture that kind of self confidence? HARRlS: You can, if you choose to. You just have to choose to. You can be a businessman. You can be a doctor. But you have to choose to, and oftentimes we forget to tell our young people that, hey, you gotta want to and then you gotta work at it. BENTLEY: He really feels like it's his responsibility to develop the next generation of business leaders. We established a scholarship at Crenshaw High School, his alma mater. He's looking to establish scholarships other places, so he's really using the resources that he has gained over the years to help young people be the very best that they can be. NARRATOR: In 2008, John was highlighted as one of the world's emerging black leaders in Ebony Magazine's feature "Twenty Rising Stars," and in 2009 he was named to Black Enterprise Magazine's "100 Most Powerful in Corporate America". BENTLEY: For years John talked about how Cal State Northridge helped him become the person that he really is. He talked about the relationships he developed, the professors he had, and the fact that they believed in him gave him the confidence to be the success he is today. RHODES: John's lesson to our students is that you have to always honor your potential, and there's no limit to what you can accomplish if you allow yourself to continue to be receptive to opportunities and to always pursue excellence. ALFORD: John, all of us here at Nestlé want to say congratulations first and importantly that we're gonna donate to the Cal State Northridge scholarship fund in your name. Hopefully, it's gonna start the next John Harris on their career path. So, well done, my friend. I can't wait to shake your hand afterwards, and there isn't a more deserving guy. Congratulations! (music) You got married... again. Yes. So that's your second marriage in two years. Yes. Second in two years. Third overall. Ross, I have been a divorce attorney for 23 years and never have I had so much business from one client. Why don't you tell me what happened. Basically, Rachel and I were in Vegas and we got drunk... I'm sorry. Is this the same Rachel whose name you said at the altar in the second marriage? Yes! Yes! Yes! But I do not love her. Oh. That's better then. This was just a drunken mistake and I need to get it annulled. I see. Have you considered therapy? I think just the annulment for today. There are a couple of forms to fill out. Easy. And we'll need to have witnesses who can testify that you were not of sound mind. No problem. And we'll need you and Rachel to testify before a judge. Ooo. There's no way to do this without her? 'Cause I kind of already told her it was taken care of. Of course you did. Look, Ross, you can't get an annulment unless you and Rachel are both there. Uh-huh. What about somone who looks like Rachel? I will think about the therapy. >>This is 4-H Poultry Judging: Class I - Interior Egg Quality This is a Grade AA quality. To properly candle an egg, we take the egg and put the large side straight into the aperture where the light is coming out. We never turn the egg on its side because you cannot see the air cell. This is the proper technique and you can clearly see the air cell. Because this air cell is very small, 1/8-inch or less in depth, it is a AA quality egg. Next, spin the egg while up to the aperture watching the yolk go around inside the egg. Do this from both ends of the eggs and look for blood spots or meat spots. If there are none, then grade the egg by the size of the air cell. As the egg sits in storage the larger the air cell will become. As we look at this egg we can see that it is an A Grade because the air cell is between 1/8-inch in depth and 3/16-inch in depth. Students should practice looking at air cells with a ruler to master the ability to judge the grade based on the depth of the air cell. Next, as with the previous egg, it is spun and the yolk is watched to ensure there are no blood or meat spots. If there are none then the grade is based on air cell depth. There are no blood or meat spots in this egg. It is an A Grade. As the egg is stored for even longer periods, air will seep into the air cell making it larger. This egg has deteriorated to a Grade B egg because the air cell is larger than 3/16-inch in depth. When this egg is spun, it looks like there is a possible blood spot. However, this is dirt on the surface of the shell and does not move when the egg is spun around. Because there are no blood or meat spots in this egg, this is a Grade B egg. Notice the dirt spot there. This is an excellent example of an egg with a blood spot. A blood spot smaller than 1/8-inch in length makes the egg a B Grade, whereas a blood spot that is larger than 1/8-inch makes the egg inedible. © 2012 University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences A lot of times, experiments in science or discoveries look like accidents But they're only accidents in the sense that we were trying to find something else and then we realized that what we had was better for a different application Graphene is a single layer of carbon it's one of the strongest materials ever known and it's completely flexible The discoverers of graphene won the Nobel Prize in 2010 However, the method they used to make it which was taking graphite and peeling it with scotch tape is not practical So we set out to find a better method We start with graphite oxide Which is a water dispersable material We then coat it onto sheets of plastic We then hit it with light from a laser Deoxygenates, turns it into graphene Flo. Where's my white scarf? Right here. Why don't you keep my things where I can find them? See who that is. Yes, Miss Marlowe. It was a messenger boy. If that's all, I'll be right back after the last show. Put on some soft music before you go. Have a good time. Thank you. #I've much to regret # #Finding your arms so thrilling # #And finding myself too willing # #So what do I get ## Must you play that song? But you sing it so beautifully on the record, Miss Marlowe. When I want your opinion, I'll ask you for it! Doorman. This is Miss Marlowe. Oh, yes, Miss Marlowe. If Mr. Blair comes here tonight, I don't wish to see him... now or ever. I'll take care of it, Miss Marlowe. Who did you wish to see, please? Miss Marlowe. Tell her Martin Blair. I'm sorry. Miss Marlowe left instructions she doesn't want to see you. She'll see me. She's my wife. It's our anniversary. That isn't what she just told me. She doesn't want to see you... now or ever. Now don't blame me. I just work here. Come on. Good evening, sir. Miss Marlowe. She's expecting me. Yes, sir. Got a match? Looks like your friend's headed for a beaut this time. Yeah. Thanks for calling. I thought for a minute that ambulance might have been for him. He ain't that bad yet. I'd better get him over to the hotel. Why do you bother with a stew like that? I kinda like the guy. That's all. He sure can play a piano. Marty. Marty! Hello, Joe. Come on, Marty. I'm all right. I'm all right. Yeah, yeah. All right. All right. What is it, anyhow? That Marlowe woman again? Why don't you get wise to yourself, Marty, and forget about her? Were you ever in love? Yeah, yeah, yeah. When is he gonna learn you can't drink it as fast as they make it? Well, it's his stomach. #I try to pretend # #Saying that I don't mind it # #But everyone knows behind it # #I'm trying to mend # #A heartbreak # # That's what you get when you set love so high # #I gave it a try # # Then kissed it good-bye # Mavis? # They say you love and you learn # #Maybe I learned the wrong way # # Or maybe I took the long way # # To the moon # #It ended so soon # # With heartbreak # #I've much to regret # #Finding your arms so thrilling # #And finding myself too willing # #So what do I get # #A heartbreak # #I try to pretend # Mavis! #Saying that I don't mind it # #But everyone knows behind it # #I'm trying to mend # #A heartbreak # # That's what you get when you set love so high # #I gave it a try # # Then kissed it good-bye # # They say you love and you learn # #Maybe I learned the wrong way # # Or maybe I took the long way # # To the moon # #It ended so soon # # With heartbreak # #I've much to regret # #Finding your arms so thrilling # #And finding myself too ## Mr. Bennett. You Mrs. Bennett? Yes. Your husband at home? No, but I expect him any minute. Mind if we come in? - What do you want? - Any idea where your husband might be? - Who are you? - We're from the police. Has anything happened? He's been hurt? There's been an accident. Take it easy, Mrs. Bennett. There's been no accident. Well, then what is it? My husband said he had some business to attend to. I'm Captain Flood, Homicide Division. Homicide? There's been a murder... woman by the name of Marlowe. Marlowe. That was the business your husband was attending to. No. Yeah, he was there. The maid saw him and recognized him. He was trying to get away unobserved. And he'd been there before too, Mrs. Bennett. - Kirk didn't do it. - I admire your loyalty, but... We've been waitin' for you, Bennett. I've been walking the streets. I was going to phone you. Sure. Now we're going down to headquarters for a talk. Why didn't you use this? You sensitive to loud noises? "M.M." I didn't kill her. Then you've got nothing to worry about. Shall we go? Kirk. Don't worry. I can explain everything. Still, if I were you, Mrs. Bennett, I'd get myself a good lawyer. She was blackmailing you, wasn't she? All right, she was blackmailing me. I've told you that. Might as well admit the rest, then. Wouldn't let you off the hook, would she? I didn't kill her. That record she was playin'... "Heartbreak." Must have meant a lot to you once. I never heard the thing before. Funny she was playing it for you. She wasn't playing it for me! "Better call on me, sonny boy, or else." Or else she'd tell your wife. I didn't want to have my wife hurt. So you went to Marlowe's apartment for a showdown. I couldn't pay her any more. - I hoped I could persuade her to... - What? With this? I never intended to use it. I only wanted to scare her. You scared her, all right. She had her own little automatic ready just in case. She pulled it on you. You grabbed it. Your fingerprints were all over it, Bennett. There was a struggle. You grabbed hold of the scarf... And didn't let go. Do I have to deny it all over again? The maid seeing you was a tough break, Bennett. If you'd listen to me about that brooch... We listened. You're asking us to believe in an awful choosy robber. Yeah, one who overlooked five grand in cash and a mink coat. All he took was a heart-shaped brooch... and a woman's life. You won't even try to find it? We'll try. Maybe there was such a brooch. Maybe you took it yourself after you strangled her. You can keep this up all night, but you'll only get one answer. I didn't kill her. Somebody did. You better sleep on it, Bennett. We're holding you for the murder of Mavis Marlowe. If only I could do something. You've done all you could, darling. You've been wonderful. Especially after... Please, Kirk. You're my husband. I'll always stand by you. You know that. The jury... they did seem to believe you, didn't they? I'm not so sure. Well, the foreman seemed for us. He'll win the others over. I'm sure. Even if they... Jury's coming in. They really had it in for him that time. Yes, it was a tight corner. Yes. He just keeps up those easy cases. Give me the city desk. Clancy? This is Kelly. City desk. Bennett's guilty. The jury just brought in the verdict... guilty. I know how you feel. Believe me, we've checked everything. You've overlooked something because Kirk didn't kill Mavis Marlowe. You've got to keep trying! We're three months behind on unsolved homicides now. You know, Mrs. Bennett, you'd think the people in this town... would have something better to do than figuring out ways to get rid of each other. The whole thing may seem very humorous to you... I'm sorry. Your husband's been convicted. The case is closed... out of my hands. And unless new evidence is discovered, it's going to stay closed. Thank you. Hello? Uh, I've been trying to get some information... about a woman who used to do extra work. They told me that you might be able to help me. That Mavis Marlowe was plain poison. You're telling me? Treated that poor Marty Blair like dirt, and after he wrote that beautiful song for her. "Heartbreak." The dope married her, didn't he? You know what I said to myself when I heard she'd been cooled off? I said to myself, "Marty Blair finally caught up with her... and wrung her neck!" Pardon me, but I-I couldn't help overhearing. That's all right, honey. Sit down. Thank you. You see, I'm Mrs. Kirk Bennett, and I heard you talking about a man named Marty Blair. Do you know where I could find him? Look, I got to get back on the set! Me too. Oh! Oh! Stuck. You really want to know where you can find Marty Blair? Oh, please... so very much! Well, you might try Al's Place on Iris Way, near Western. If he's there, you can tell him by the song "Heartbreak." He's always playing it. Oh, thank you. Well, I have to get back. I'm late. See you later. Excuse me. You'll find him right across the street at the Palace. But if I was you, I wouldn't bother him this early in the morning. Not unless it's important. Oh, but it is... very. Thank you. Right through that door there, lady. I'm looking for the clerk. I haven't seen him. Anything I can do? Does a man named Marty Blair live here? Who? Oh! "Heartbreak," huh? What do you want of him? I want to talk to him. Well, I wouldn't disturb him if I was you. He likes to sleep late. Oh, please. Uh, this is, uh, important. Which is his room? Right there. He had a bad night. Bolt. Bolt. Marty. Marty Blair. What do you want? I want to talk to you about Mavis. I don't know anything... about anything. Get out of here, will ya? No, please. You've got to help me. I have to know. She's dead. That's all there is to know. But wait, I... What are you bothering me for? I'm Mrs. Kirk Bennett. Mrs. Kirk Bennett. So you're the one he left sitting at home. Some guys are never satisfied. I had to see you. Why? Because I had a wife who needed killing, and you had a husband who took care of it? She didn't give you a very fair deal, did she? You weren't exactly dealt a handful of aces. And stop feeling sorry for me. I don't go for that stuff. Feeling pretty sorry for yourself, aren't you? I've been on one, if that's what you mean. Ever since... Ever since? The night she was killed... when I saw your husband go in. You were there? Yeah. Outside. And you didn't go in? Not a chance. I was given the brush-off by a very large doorman. So, I found a saloon, and then another, and I kept on finding them. Please. You've got to tell me more... who her friends were... who might have been in her apartment. Why don't you ask the police or your husband? He seemed to know the password. Please, no one else can help me. You're the only one. I don't know anything about anything. I suppose you don't even know why she was playing your song. I don't know any... My song? "Heartbreak." That night. She was playing it. Uh-uh. No, she wouldn't. Not "Heartbreak." You're crazy. Maybe. Maybe someone else was playing it for her. Maybe you! Don't give me that! I didn't see her. It was your song. You were playing it just before you... You've got it all figured out. You were in her apartment. Admit it. You strangled her. Hey! What's going on in here? She's Bennett's wife. We were talking, but we've finished. No, we haven't. Forget it. I won't. Not until I... Now take it easy. Marty was right here in this room when his wife was killed. I'm the one told him about it. I'd heard it on the 2:00 news. Two o'clock. He had plenty of time to get back here. She was killed between midnight and 12:30. Come here. See that bolt? It was locked when you came in, wasn't it? Yes, but what's that got to do with... Plenty. I always lock it when he's on a real tear. He was on one that night, and I locked him in... a good two hours before the murder. He's in the clear, Mrs. Bennett. Ask the police. They'll tell you. The police? They were here? Sure. They're not stupid, you know. Then I... I see I've made a mistake. Please forgive me. I- I was grabbing at anything. I'm dreadfully sorry. I thought I told you to stop feeling sorry for me. I seemed to have said all the wrong things. Yeah. Most women do. I wish there was something I could do to help him. Maybe, maybe some clean linen and a shave. Here. Would you give this to him? Not me, lady. He has pride. I have a glass jaw. Did you have anything to do with this? Not me, pal. It was all her idea. She thought you might want a shave. I don't need this. Thanks, anyway. But... I do all right. They still buy my songs. Won't you come in? Please do. Well... You know, it took a lot of courage for you to come down there. I guess I was a little rough on ya. I'm afraid I asked for it. You see, I needed help. I still do. Yeah. It's tough. If I could do anything... but I don't know. Won't you sit down? Thanks. I wish I knew more about her. What she was like. Where'd you get this? Music store on Hollywood Boulevard. When I found out she was playing it that night... I've been thinking about that too... ever since you told me. Do you play? No, no. Kirk played and I'd sing. At least we did when we were first married. Hmm. He didn't do it. Knocking yourself out, aren't you? Trying to help a guy who let you down. He's in trouble. He doesn't look like a murderer, does he? They never do. This isn't the man I saw. Are you sure? Yes. There was someone else there. Of course, there was. Kirk heard someone. But I took it for granted that the man going in was your husband. It must have been the murderer... the man who stole the brooch. Brooch? Yes. I brought him to see you, dear, because he's interested in that brooch. I thought you ought to describe it to him. Well, it was an odd sort of piece. Heart-shaped? Made of rubies? You've seen it? I gave it to her when we were married. It was the only thing she left behind when she walked out. But it was there that night. Kirk saw it. It was our anniversary. I just sent it to her by messenger, hoping she'd remember. She'd have been alive today if she hadn't brushed me off. If you think I did it, you're wrong. You'd, uh, recognize this other man you saw? Oh, yes. I'll recognize him. And I'll know that brooch anywhere. And here's a last minute bulletin: The State Supreme Court has sustained the sentence of Kirk Bennett, convicted for the murder of Mavis Marlowe. He moves to the death house today. This is George Mitchell from Hollywood. They sent me his things... as if he were already dead. I gave it to him for his birthday. Won't even work. They even included that. It's hers. No, it isn't. She had a double "M" on everything. That looks like a phone number. It's in her handwriting. Crestview 2111. Does that mean anything to you? Not a thing. There's one way to find out. Oh, it's over there. Rio's. Where is it? On the Sunset Strip. You know what he did, Mr. Marko? He hung up. You know what I'd do in your place? No. I'd hang up too. What'll it be? A Coke, please. And yours? Make it two. It's a pretty big haystack for one little needle. Hey, you. This goes to Mr. Marko's private office. Sorry. Just looking for the phone. It's right over there. Thanks a lot. It's all right. Could that be the man you saw? I can't tell from here. Shall we dance over? Do you wanna go back? Let's keep looking. I like it. The one coming down the stairs. Check, please. Who's the gentleman you were just talking with? Mr. Marko. Owns the place. Would you happen to know how often Mr. Marko changes the talent in his floor show? He has auditions every Monday afternoon... for professionals. Mr. Marko is going to have company starting Monday. Professionals. What do you mean? Carver and Martin. Relax, Cathy. Don't forget I put Mavis over. You've worked hard, and you're gonna do all right. So relax. Suppose somebody recognizes me. Oh, stop worrying. Good? No? No. Then why do you waste your time listening? Well, I'm a dreamer. Someday I hope I'll pick up something good... cheap. But that's not it. That's enough. Thank you. That's enough! Thank you. Carver and Martin, you're next. That's us. Thank you. # I wanna be talked about # # I don't care what they say # # Go bandy my name about # # In the end it's bound to pay # #You're in the swing when nothing daunts you # # Once you're in demand the whole worid wants you # #Long as I'm a big sensation ## Tell 'em you can't compete with busboys, and make it strong. I'm sorry, but those busboys... I can't compete with them. Don't you hear? Keep quiet. Yeah! Keep quiet. Hey, that goes for you too. All right, madam. Go ahead. # I wanna be talked about # # I don't care what they say # # Go bandy my name about # # In the end it's bound to pay # # You're in the swing when nothing daunts you # # Once you're in demand the whole worid wants you # # Long as I'm a big sensation # # I can get along on my reputation # # I wanna be talked about # #That suits me to a "T" # # 'Cause I'll have nothing to squawk about # #As long as they talk about me # # Sticks and stones won't break my bones # #And names will bring me fame # #A man in the hand is worth two in the arms # # Of some other dame # #I wanna be talked about # Don't you know it's not polite to stare? #It suits me to a "T"# I've seen her somewhere. It's still not polite. # 'Cause I'll have nothing to squawk about # #As long as they talk talk, talk, talk # #Talk about me ## Tell 'em to come over. Mr. Marko, I think... Now, look. I don't slug, and you don't think. Is that a deal? Yeah. Now will you tell 'em to come over? Mr. Marko wants to see you. Your name is Miss... Carver, Catherine Carver, and this is my partner, Jack Martin. How do you do? Nice to know you. Oh, these artists. I hate them. Make so much noise. Let's go up to my office. Oh, what relief! Joe, I'll be right with you. Sit down. I liked your performance. Very nice. Thank you. Very nice too. Incidentally, uh, I write all of Miss Carver's material. Well, naturally. Thank you. - Where was your last engagement? - Seattle. Pardon me, please. How much have you been getting? Two hundred. Two hundred! But, of course, we might take a little less... for the opportunity of working here. Huh? Take less? No, no. That won't be necessary. I was just wondering why two artists as talented as you are should ask so little. Funny I haven't seen you before. Well, shall we say 200 a week? All right? After that, who knows? How are ya, professor? Good morning, Mr. Marko. I brought you some flowers, Cathy. Thank you, Marty. Where do you keep, uh, something to put 'em in? Oh, a vase. Here we are. They're lovely. I thought they might brighten up the place. Thank you. Do you like it, Cathy? Love it. Read the words. "Time will tell... "how much you mean. "Will love keep growing? "Time will tell. There seems to be no way of knowing." I wrote it for you. "Here's my heart. It's yours to keep." "Till stars of evening cease to burn." They're beautiful words. Marty, Thanks for everything you've done for me. You haven't exactly kicked me in the face, you know. Cathy? Yes? If we find the brooch and Kirk is cleared... We'll find it. Sure. You've stuck by him. Then when he gets out of all this, you won't owe him a thing. Let's go through it once. Shall we, Marty? Sure. #Time will tell # # How much you mean # # Will love keep growing # #Time will tell # #There seems # #To be # # No way of knowing # #Though I try # # I know well # # By and by # #Time will tell # # Here's my heart # #It's yours to keep # #Till stars of evening # # Cease to burn # #To have # #To hold # #Will you give your heart # # In return # #And while # #I'm in your spell # #Will I love wisely # # Or too well # #Who can say # #Time # #Will tell ## Wonderful. Thank you. Martinis, please. Freddie, how about a drink? Two Cokes coming up. Say, I see you made Mitchell's column this morning. No! "What Sunset Strip cafe operator... "heretofore billed as a woman-hater... is belying his billing and cooing at the spot's new thrush?" Where does he get such drivel? Freddie, do you mind? This is kinda private. Oh, not at all. I phoned it to him. You what? I was hoping to get closer to that safe. That's the hard way, isn't it? I have to get into it, Marty, no matter how. Mr. Marko wants to see you. Me? Right now. You wouldn't know what this is about, would you? You better go up to his office. No, no, no, Mitchell. I'm not complaining about the story. You know I love to be in your column, but why didn't you use my name? Who wants to be a puzzle? Hello, Catherine. Come in. Oh, nothing. Huh? By the way, uh, who tipped you off? Oh, anonymous lady. Another puzzle, huh? Thank you very much, George. I'll be seeing you. Sometimes I, I find myself surrounded by puzzles. Lucky said you wanted to talk to me. Uh-huh. Come here. Something that might interest you. Why don't you open it? It's lovely. It is? Then it's yours. Don't worry. It's my business to clip people, so... why shouldn't I give a clip to somebody I like? Any reason why you shouldn't accept it? Oh. Martin. I thought your association was strictly professional. Yes, we're... We're just partners. That's good. Look. Isn't it nice? Thank you, Mr. Marko. I forgot. I'm so careless. And now, here's really something. I've been saving it for a special occasion. Good evening, Mr. Mitchell. Hello, Freddie. Haven't been in lately. I've been taking in some of the new spots. This is Jack Martin... of Carver and Martin. This is Mr. George Mitchell, Jack. Happy to know you. Hi. What'll it be? The usual? Yeah. Say, who's the doll with Marko? Miss Carver, my partner. Ooh. So that's the girl. Here you are, Mr. Mitchell. House. Thanks. Cheers, Freddie. Nice meeting you. Hello, Mr. Mitchell. How are you, Charles? Hi, Marko. Why, hello. Won't you join us? Thanks. Miss Carver, may I present the most harmless man in town... George Mitchell. Oh, the columnist. How do you do? I do all right. Haven't I seen you somewhere? Seattle? No. I'm afraid not. This is my first engagement in Los ﾁngeles. My mistake and hard luck. I dropped in to see if you'd like to go to the Bowl. I've got tickets. What's on? Oh, Shostakovich, isn't it? The seventh. Good exercise for your musical appreciation. Yes, very tempting, but thank you just the same. Okay. Some other time. Why don't you go? It'll do you good. I'll be here when you get back. Sure. Maybe I can dream up a nice plug for her and, of course, for Rio's. Huh. Who am I to turn down free advertising? Perhaps an evening with Shostakovich might prove very... enlightening, what? Be a good girl, Catherine. Where'd they go? To the Bowl. Good. That columnist was at the trial. He might have recognized me. We've got to risk that. This looks like the ideal moment. What's the combination? No, Marty. That's my job. If anyone's gonna stick their neck out from now on, it's going to be me. You can't. You go on for dinner music in a minute. That can wait. No, Marty! Well, I'll keep an eye on him. If he starts up these stairs, I'll segue into "Moonlight Sonata." Right? Thanks. Tell him to come at once. It's very important. Thank you. Lucky. I was just having a sandwich. Yeah? Look. So this is why you wanted me to go to the concert, Mrs. Bennett. George Mitchell told you. What do you take me for, a sucker? I knew it. Knew it all the time. Huh. All right. Where are they? You know what I mean. The box and the letter. I want them. If you knew who I was, why did you... Look, Catherine, I liked you. And if Mrs. Kirk Bennett wants to make a new start, that's her business. Great respect for that, but unfortunately, I'm a very suspicious man. Why do you think I laid that little trap, and let you see the combination? Simple, isn't it? Now may I have the box and the letter? Remember, Catherine, you promised me to be a good girl. Let me out of here. That's entirely up to you... and Lucky. Let me go! Let me go! Ow! Go ahead. Scream. No one can hear you. Wastepaper... basket. Oh. All right. That's enough, Lucky. Oh. I came in too soon. You didn't have time to open it. - But you know what's in it. - Yes. - Mavis tell your husband? - I'll ask the questions from here, Marko. Oh, Marty, I couldn't get the box open. Marty. Unlock it, Marko. How much hush money do you want? Open that box. What's your price? Our price is what's in the box. I can take him. It might be interesting if you tried. I wouldn't. I thought you'd never get here. What did you people want to fool with Marko for? He's got an alibi. His alibi means nothing. Take a look in this box. What's in it? Nothing of any interest to you whatsoever. I'll be the judge of that. Better open it. You realize that this is quite illegal. I agree. Open it. - Who's this? - It's my daughter. Are you kiddin'? You don't have to read it. It's only her birth certificate. Ohhh. It was your daughter who married... That doesn't concern you or anybody else! I want nobody to know that she's the daughter of a man who served time. Understand? Sure. All right. Mavis was the only one who did know. And you tried to shut her up with that 5,000. Yeah. As it turned out, I could have saved the money. Yeah. Satisfied? No ruby brooch. You've just gotta play detective, don't you? Do I go around playin' piano? He was there. Marty saw him. Sure he did. So did I. That's where I picked him up, at 10:45... more than an hour before the murder. I just wanted to have a little chat with him about a suddenly dead ex-partner of his. Didn't know anything about that, did you, Marko? You let me go, didn't you? Mavis wasn't killed until after 12:00. He had plenty of time. No, he didn't. I was still talking to him... when the phone call came into headquarters. You mean we... All this time, just wasted. Let her cry it out. Cathy? I've gotta talk to you. Marty, please. But I've got to. It's important. Nothing's important anymore. That's what I wanted to talk to you about. He's gonna die, Marty. Kirk's gonna die. You did all you could. So did I. I even convinced myself he was innocent. He is. I won't give up... until that brooch is found. It won't be found. Can't you see? He took it himself... and destroyed it. It was never meant to be found. Do you believe that? You gotta face it, Cathy. He killed her. They were two of a kind... Mavis and Kirk. Don't let him do this to you. You gotta go on. I can't. I just can't. That's what I thought once... until you came along. I needed someone. I still do. We both need someone. We need each other, Cathy. Please don't. I knew from the very beginning... that you were everything I wanted... and everything I'd missed. It has to be you and me, Cathy. Marty, I can't. There's only been one man. There can only be one man... ever. You don't mean that. I should have told you before. I just couldn't bear to have you hurt like that again. Very considerate. I'm sorry. Whiskey. The citrus growers are very concerned about the situation... and feel something should be done immediately. In Sacramento, the fate of the bill was in doubt for some time. However, after a bitter debate on the floor, it was rejected by the legislature by a vote of 49 to 40. San Quentin prison. Mrs. Kirk Bennett arrived by plane tonight... to say good-bye to her husband who dies in the gas chamber... at 10:00 tomorrow morning for the murder of Mavis Marlowe, the night club singer who was found dead by strangulation... in her apartment in the exclusive Wilshire House. And now a few baseball scores. The San Francisco Seals took the Hollywood Stars into camp today... by a score of eight to five. Well, hello. Where have you been keeping yourself? Remember me? I'm Milly. Milly? I know. You need a drink. Two bourbons, George. Where did you get that? Why, you gave it to me. I gave it to ya? Sure. Months ago. Came in here stinko, pinned it on my dress with your own little hands. Hey! That's mine! Are you trying to start something? Who are you shoving? Break it up! I'm all right, I tell you. I'm all right. You're all right. Get the straight jacket. Get his arm in there if you can. You gave it to me. Sure. Months ago. You gave it to me. Sure. Months ago. You gave it to me. Sure. Months ago. You gave it to me. Sure. Months ago. You gave it to me. Sure. Months ago. You want out, "Heartbreak"? I'll let you out for a quarter. A quarter. Where's my quarter, "Heartbreak"? You always give me a quarter. A quarter. Feeling better? I'm all right. That's fine. Doctor, I've gotta talk to you. In the morning you can talk all you like. In the morning would be too late. He'll be dead. He's innocent. A little rest is all you need. Don't give me that hypo. I want you to call the police. Yes, yes. In the morning. You don't understand! I killed Mavis Marlowe! Don't let your imagination get the better of you. I know what I'm saying. The man who killed Mavis Marlowe has been convicted. They've got the wrong man. I was her husband. I- I strangled her. It all came back to me. I'd forgotten because I was drunk when it happened... because I wanted to forget... but tonight I relived it. You've gotta believe me. Oh. That's possible. Korsakoff's psychosis, it's called. It's a kind of alcoholic amnesia. I can prove it. Let me talk to Capt. Flood. He knows me. Let me talk to him. Please! All right, you can talk to him. Get me Capt. Flood, Homicide Division, please. Homicide. Sergeant Baker. This is the County Hospital. Dr. Courtney speaking. I want to talk with Capt. Flood. Well, I'm sorry. He's out on a case. Anything I can do? We have a man here who insists he killed the Marlowe woman. Yeah? What's his name? Martin Blair. That screwball. We checked on him. You better lock him up, and then throw the key away. Sorry to have bothered you. Tell him to have Capt. Flood call! Get some sleep. Come along. You said you'd let me talk with Capt. Flood! You can talk to him in the morning. But you said... You've got to. Here. Put your coat on. Doctor, wait a minute. Look, I... I found it. The brooch. Here. I'll take care of it. Quick, Doctor! Cathy? Operator. Police Department. What's your number, please? Hollywood 7-1-2-4-6. Police Department. Homicide. Capt. Flood. Homicide Division. Sgt. Baker speaking. Is Capt. Flood there? No, he's not. Who's this? Where can I reach him? I don't know. Can I help you? Will you ask him to call Mrs. Bennett? Mrs. Kirk Bennett. Hollywood 7-1-2-4-6. Hollywood 7-1-2-4-6. I'll tell him. Thank you. Marty. Why did you... You found it. Who had it, Marty, who? Marty, wake up. It's me. Marty! Marty! No! Please, Marty. You've got to tell me. There's so little time. I phoned as soon as I got your message, but nobody answered. I couldn't get here till now. What's been goin' on? He found the brooch. Turn it over. Where'd you get this? From the woman I gave it to... after I killed my wife. You know what this means, don't you? But before we go into it, you better call someone about Bennett. I told you you had the wrong man. Remember? Yeah. Yeah, I remember. Long distance? Capt. Flood, Homicide calling. Get me the governor's mansion in Sacramento. Hurry it up. It's urgent. Oh, Marty. Don't be unhappy, Cathy. I'm not. Carver and Martin. It was a good team... while it lasted. Hello? I've gotta talk to the governor. I'm afraid you'll have to wake him then. At night I fear that soldiers can surround us and attack the guys. This one is necessary at night as a protection from behind. Army can come and our guys remain in the middle. -- From which area of Damascus? - From Tadamon. -- Tadamon! What's your brother's job? -- What's your brother's job? - There is a son of a bitch among you. -- We have no one, that one is one of you. - [...] -- He's not in this building, maybe in the other building. -- What's your brother's job? Your brother, your brother. You said that they killed your brother's wife. But what's your brother's job? - At a cigarettes stand. -- At a cigarettes stand? - Yes. -- You can be a sergeant, a soldier, an officer, it's not a problem. I'm talking to you as a sergeant. I have defected from the regiment 155. - [.....] -- At first this question should not be asked to me because I even don't know what happened in Tadamon. - [...] because we are from the coast? -- No my dear, come here to see the alawites with us. Here we have an Alawite Dean. And we have Alawite guys here in Daraya. - Yes, you are saying the true. -- We don't hate the coast's people neither the Alawites. Listen to me I want to say you a thing: when Bashar Al Assad leaves we'll have no problems with anyone, also Alawite or Ishmaelite -- Because anyone has his religion and God guides his people. Have you understood? - Who will take his place? -- Who will take his place? I swear that I'll accept also Nuri who comes from the street. Do you know why? - Why? -- Because who launches a Scud missile destroying a whole neighborhood in the north is not a human being. Nouri is better instead of Bashar. [....] -- Ahmad, maybe someone killed your brother's wife and her son.. - I'm not Ahmad. -- What's your name? - I am Abu Saleh. -- Abu Saleh, where are you from? - I am from Ras Al-Baseet. From Lattakia, Ras al-Baseet. -- At the beginning of the revolution, during the first year, have you seen that somebody killed anyone there? Have you seen a child killed there? - In Tadamon, where I was living, people began to be slaughtered. -- Don't have you begun the slaughtering in Houla of Homs? - We have not done it. You have done it. -- Who have killed them? - You have done it in Houla. - Have not the people from the nearby villages done it? -- I am from Lattakia, how can I know about Houla -- Then how did you come here in Daraya? - My task is here. -- Your colleagues whose task was in Houla killed the people in Houla. - You are Abu ...? -- I'm Abu Shaheen. - If I come to you, will I be safe? -- Yes, sure you'll be, because I have defected as well as the other guys. - Where are you from? -- I'm from Rastan. - From Rastan? -- Yes. - My friends are from Rastan. They have defected. -- What's your rank? - I want to defect but I want a salary to allow for a surgery to my father. -- Do you want a salary for your father? - I want a salary for a surgery to my father. Daraya, a dialogue between Free Syrian Army fighters and a soldier of Assad's Army to let him defect from this oppressor. -- I guess he is from Rastan, not from the coast. -- What's your complete name? - My complete name is Ahmad Omar Mustafa. -- Are you from the coast? - Yes. -- There are officers or soldiers from Rastan with you now? - There are no officers, only soldiers. -- They are with you now? - No. -- Does someone of them come here? - No. A FSA fighter whispers: "They have defected". -- Oh Abu Saleh, Bashar himself knows that he is leaving. I swear to you that he does not care of anything and that he will go with his wife and children. He has many properties abroad. -- If he really cares of you, he should have protected your houses in the Nazha and Zahra areas of Homs. -- Do you guarantee me the money for the surgery to my father? - Maybe you'll think that I'm a liar, but surely yes, we guarantee you this. -- Really? - Yes, I swear on God. - Swear on your honor! -- I swear on my civil and military honor. - Then if I come now, they will shoot at me? -- No, they will not at a condition: you must come without weapons directed at us. I swear on God that no one will shoot at you, just come here. - I want to come without weapons, but Ahmad will not permit me to do it. -- He will not permit you to come? Ahmad your colleague? - No, I'll not permit him. -- You will not permit him. As you want, it's your decision. -- I swear on God you'd be happier than down, I swear on God. - What's your name? -- I'm Abu Shaheen. - No, your name, your name? -- My name is Ahmad Taqtaq from Rastan. - Welcome Ahmad. -- Thanks. - Tonight, at 1 am .... -- Today at 1 am what? -- I have not understood, can you repeat please? Ahmad, I swear on who created you and me that if you come out of there you'll be safe and nobody will touch you. -- All the insults that have been are nothing. - I know. -- I swear on who created you, if you come out of there nobody will touch you. You'll have your money and you'll be brought safe to your family. - I can' accept insults to a sister, mother or father. -- My dear, have I insulted them? - No, you have not. -- You know, the people of Daraa don't insult anyone. - Have I insulted you? -- No, You have not. I don't know. I heard insults coming from down, from you. -- I told you before, my problem is not with your mother of sister. - Your problem is with me. -- Neither with you. My problem is with Bashar. Bashar is using you to kill us, our chilren and brothers. -- If you come, you'll be happy, I swear to you. - Ok, ok, I want to come, but a condition, will you accept? -- Yes we accept. - I'll come but at a condition. I want 150000 Syrian pound... Keeping in mind how much salt you should be taking if you're on a low-sodium diet, I'm just gonna write that here: "Low sodium diet". I was thinking, of all the food that I typically like to consume and where that fits in the amount that I'm allowed in a given day. If I'm on a low sodium diet the amount was about 1500mg of sodium per day. This is sodium - not salt, remember. If I go through a few foods that'll be fun to figure out how much sodium is in these foods. Let's start out with something I had not too long ago: I was recently on a road trip and I stopped off on the side of the road and I picked up one of my favourite little snacks which was a large carton of fries. I had some fries and they were delicious. These are large fries. I actually love to eat fries with ketchup, so I had 5 ketchup packets, so this is one food item. Another food item I've had many many times, especially when I'm in a big rush and I don't have time to go out and get a proper lunch, I'll sit down and grab a cup of noodles. I'll grab a cup of noodles and if you had these, they are dehadrated noodles that are in here. If you like me you'll love them. This is a cup of noodles. This was another item that I thought would be good to look at. The next item or the last item is similar to the cup of noodles. It's another cup of noodles but the kind that you might take when you're sick. Whenever I'm sick one of the things I always reach for is a pot of water. I like to boil up the water and cook a block of noodles inside of it. Put the flavoring packet there and these are dehydrated noodles. I like to eat those, so these are my dehydrated noodles in a pot of water. I call that a block of noodles and I usually eat one whole block at a time with the flavoring. I've gotta a few things here: block of noodles, cup of noodles and also my large fries with ketchup. I know my limit is 1500mg in a day, so how far along do these things get me? One by one, let me just tell you the answer. The large fries with packets of ketchup - 5 packets, is about 900mg of sodium. The cup of noodles is about 1200mg of sodium. You can see I'm going up-up-up, so my block of noodles is actually 1600mg of sodium. This one puts me over the amount that I'm allowed in a whole day and that is usually what I would have just for lunch. It's an immense amount of sodium, tonnes of sodium and it got me thinking: how in the world, and I'm not actually on a low sodium diet, but if I was... How in the world would I be able to do it? I was browsing the Internet and I came across a website which I'm gonna share with you. It's from the Mayo Clinic. I don't want to say this is the only website, there'are tonnes of great websites out there, but this one website actually got me thinking. What I thought is, why don't I figure out what kind of food I could actually get? If I was on a low sodium diet, what would make sense? I picked out a few things from there that I thought would be tasty. They have one thing that's a roasted salmon - this is my salmon. If I eat a roasted salmon with all of oil and chives, the amount of sodium is 60mg. Not bad, right? Let's say I wanna eat that with some potatoes - I've got some roasted potatoes over here which I love, so does my dad. These roasted potatoes get me 7mg of sodium. Potatoes are great, salmon is great but I like my vegetables. What if I get some asparagus in there? Some roasted asparagus and other recipe for mushrooms with a roasted asparagus. This meal is looking better and better and if I get some asparagus with the mushrooms that's an additional 11mg of sodium, so that's pretty reasonable. Since since I'm doing so well I was tempted to go to their 'Dessert menu' and I grabbed one of the recipies for apple pie. Apple pie is an American favourite, certainly one of my favourites. I love to make apple pie and that gets me about 16mg of sodium. If I'm totaling all of this up, I've got 60+7+11+16. That total comes to... 94mg of sodium. It's 94mg of sodium is well within my limit of 1500mg of sodium per day. This is one place you can go to get some good food recommendations. As I said there are many many others as well. Determine whether this system has no solutions or infinite solutions To solve this system, we want to eliminate one variable first So let's say we want to focus on eliminating x(s) We're going to look at the simplest kind of games that involve time, which are called perfect information extensive-form games. So, recall that normal form games model situations in which all of the players take action simultaneously. and that means that it's difficult to use them to think about cases where people really are doing something in sequence, where there's some kind of explicit time in the setting. Here, we're going to look at another game representation called the extensive-form, which makes the temporal structure explicit so it allows us to think more naturally about time. There are two different kinds of extensive form games that we'll talk about in this course, perfect information extensive form and imperfection information extensive form. We'll start with the first case. Basically, they differ by whether the players are able to reason about everything the other player does or whether sometimes they can't observe it. So, a perfect information game in extensive form is defined in a way that's much more complicated than normal form games were. We need a lot more pieces to make it work. So, we need all of these different pieces here. And intuitively what's going on here is that we have a set of players, as we did before. We have a set of actions, which now is just a single set for all of the players rather than having a, a different action-set for everybody. And then, all the rest of this stuff, is going to be used to define the utility function. And in order to get to utilities, we need to think about the temporal structure of the game. So, we're going to build up effectively a game tree, where players take turns taking actions in the game tree. And eventually, they end up at some node where the game ends. and we're going to have a utility marking that node. So, let's formalize that intuition. We'll start with a set of choice nodes. So, these are going to be the nodes in the tree where players take an action, where something happens. And, we're going to call that set of choice nodes H. Now, to make the choice nodes work, we need to assign to a choice node all of the different actions that can be taken in that choice node. So, we have a function called the action function, chi which assigns to each choice node which actions it is that are available to a player in that choice node. And we also have a player function. And the player function tells us for every choice node who it is that gets to make the choice in that node. That's the choice nodes. We have another kind of nodes which are the nodes where the game ends, and we call these terminal nodes. So, this is a different set of nodes, it's disjoint from H and we call it Z. So, this gives us all of the different nodes in our game tree, now we need the edges in the game tree. And we build those up using the successor function. So, the way the successor function works is that it's a mapping from a choice node and an action that was taken in that choice node, to a new node. And that new node can be either a choice node, another choice node, or a terminal node. And what we want is that the successor function combined with the nodes defines a tree. And, in order for that to happen, we need to say that there's only one way of getting to any given new node. So, the way we say that formally is that for all pairs of choice nodes, and for all pairs of actions that could be taken, the only way that it can be that the successor function is equal in both of those cases is if the two, whoops. If the two choice nodes were the same, and the two actions were the same. So, these this condition means that the choice nodes form a tree, which is what we want. So now, at this point, we can finally talk about what the player's utilities are in the game. And so, we're going to have a utility function for every player and it's going to assign a number to every terminal node. So, and for each player, for each terminal mode, we're going to associate a real value, which is going to tell us how happy that player is if they end up in that terminal mode. Let's look at an example. This i s the sharing game that talks about a situation where a brother and a sister want to decide between each other how they're going to share $two. So, they have $two bills. And it begins with the brothers saying how he proposes to divide the money. So he, he starts out in this first choice node here. The brother's player one. And so, he has three actions that he can take in the first choice node. His first action is labeled 2-0, what that means is that he keeps $two and he gives nothing to his sister. His second action is labeled 1-1, and that means that he offers to split the 50/50 with his sister. And the last action is labeled 0-2, and that means that he proposes to give all of the money to his sister. In each of these cases, after the brother takes his action, we transition to a new choice node where the sister gets to act. And she gets to take one of two actions. In each case, she has the same two actions. She gets to accept the offer that he made or she gets to reject it. And the way this works is just what you would expect. So, if she rejects the offer, then both of them get a payoff of zero. Whereas, if she accepts the offer, then both of them get the payoffs corresponding to what the better proposed. Tell me about these days we've spent here in Nairobi at the Global Voices Summit. What impressions do you take with you? Well, the best. I love being here. I have met so many people from all over the world and there have been very interesting topics and speeches about citizen media How has it been finally putting a face to the names of everyone you knew via email? It has been really good, like when I finally met Silvia, who is my editor, for the first time because she lives in Chile and I live in New York, so it was really nice to meet her in person given that I talk to her everyday by email. Of course, it's a daily correspondence you both have. What places have you visited? Have you gone out or seen the sights? Yes, we went to a restaurant in my second night here and we went to the national park, which was very interesting and we also to a bar to watch the Euro Cup soccer match. There I met some Kenyans who lived in Madrid a few years ago so it was really interesting. Well, coming back to our work here, what would you recommend for the next Global Voices Summit? You told me earlier that you would like it to be more focused on Lingua. Yes, firstly, like I said, the topics and speeches here are really interesting but I think there should be a bit more for the translators. What I mean is there should be options for translators, like the working groups. I think there should be at least one for translators. Alright. Thanks! nothing's so loud as hearing when we lie the truth is not kind and you've said neither am i but the air outside so soft is saying everything everything all i want is to feel this way to be this close, to feel the same all i want is to feel this way the evening speaks, i feel it say... nothing's so cold as closing the heart when all we need is to free the soul but we wouldn't be that brave i know and the air outside so soft, confessing everything everything all i want is to feel this way to be this close, to feel the same all i want is to feel this way the evening speaks, i feel it say... and it won't matter now whatever happens will be though the air speaks of all we'll never be it won't trouble me all i want is to feel this way to be this close, to feel the same all i want is to feel this way the evening speaks, i feel it say... and it feels so close. [all i want is to feel this way] let it take me in [to be this close, to feel the same] let it hold me so [all i want is to feel this way] i can feel it say... [the evening speaks, i feel it say...] [Background music] Agriculture is so much more than just farming. Farming, in production agriculture is critically important but it's not just about farm work, it's about suppliers, it's about the support throughout the community. There are just so many jobs tied to agriculture in this state. I work for Senator Saxby Chambliss of Georgia and I am senior professional staff on the Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee. Agriculture is the number one industry in Georgia and you know I love being a part of that. I love supporting communities and people involved in agriculture. And I do believe long term there's just a tremendous opportunity for folks in the field of food science. There will always be a need for people to eat safe food so I think just in terms of food safety, product development, there's so many, there is such a bright future I think for food science. [ Music ] >> The heart's conduction system controls the generation and propagation of electrical signals, or action potentials, that cause the heart's muscles to contract and the heart to pump blood. This electrical activity can be measured at electrodes placed at specific points on the skin from which a composite recording is produced in the form of a graph. This recording is known as an electrocardiogram or ECG, sometimes referred to as an EKG. A tracing of the overall electrical activity of the heart resulting from the propagation of many action potentials. Let's look at what happens during a single beat of the heart and how these events are depicted on an ECG. In a normal heart, each beat begins in the right atrium with an action potential signal from the sinoatrial or SA node, the heart's natural pacemaker. The signal spreads across both atria, causing the muscle cells to depolarize and contract, inducing a phase known as atrial systole. On the ECG, this atrial depolarization is represented by the P wave. The period of conduction that follows atrial systole and precedes the contraction of the ventricles is depicted on the ECG by the PR segment, a flat line following the P wave. When the signal leaves the atria, it enters the ventricles via the atrioventricular or AV node located in the interatrial septum. It enters the bundle of His and spreads through the bundle branches and the large diameter Purkinje fibers along the ventricle walls. As the signal spreads through the ventricles, the contractile fibers depolarize and contract very rapidly, inducing ventricular systole. The ECG's QRS complex represents this rapid ventricular depolarization. Atrial repolarization also occurs at this time, but any atrial activity is hidden on the ECG by the QRS complex. Finally, as the signal passes out of the ventricles, the ventricular walls start to relax and recover, a state described as ventricular diastole. The dome-shaped T wave on the ECG marks this ventricular repolarization. On the ECG, the ST segment depicts the period when the ventricles are depolarized. The QT interval represents the time it takes for both depolarization and repolarization of the ventricles to occur. The sequence of events just described and the associated ECG trace repeats with every heartbeat. Remember, an ECG is not a tracing of a single action potential, but an amalgamation of the many action potentials that constitute the electrical activity of the heart. [music] Mark Gorton: Bus Rapid Transit is a great technology because it both removes road space from automobiles and transforms that same space into a more efficient, environmentally friendly use. Enrique Penalosa: In order to restrict car use you should have transit going everywhere, and it's much more effective to reach all points in a city with BRT systems. Veronica Vanterpool: Bus Rapid Transit can help reduce traffic by making it a faster and more reliable service, meaning more people would consider taking the bus. Walter Hook: A Bus Rapid Transit system is essentially a way of creating a subway or a metro quality of service and speed using buses and special stations. [music] Walter Hook: Bus Rapid Transit tends to have three critical components. It has exclusive lanes on the street. The bus lane is physically separated from the rest of the traffic so that it can bypass the traffic congestion. The second really critical element of the Bus Rapid Transit system is the station. The station is generally up on a platform that's at the same level as the floor of the bus. You pay when you enter the station, you can get on all the doors of the bus at the same time. The next really critical piece is try to give the buses some priority at the intersection. Usually that means you restrict the turning movements across the bus way, maybe, or changing the signal phasing. [music] Veronica Vanterpool: It's very expensive to build new infrastructure so we need to find innovative and inexpensive ways of adding the transit capacity. Bus Rapid Transit is one way of doing that. Walter Hook: Bus Rapid Transit will lead to about a 10 to 20% shift of passengers out of private cars and taxis. [music] Veronica Vanterpool: Right now we're standing next to the 34th Street exclusive bus lane, but it's not physically separated from traffic, so cars often do park in the bus lane. One of the ways to make it more successful is to prevent that from happening with some sort of barrier. Walter Hook: The best Bus Rapid Transit systems in the world are still the Latin American systems. Curitiba built the first true Bus Rapid Transit system in the 1970"s, it's one of the best in the world. Bogotá, Colombia, built the state of the art Bus Rapid Transit system, it has the highest speed and the highest capacity. TransMilenio is moving about 40,000 passengers per direction at the peak hour, and it's moving them at about 22 miles an hour, which is very fast. Your average bus in New York is moving about six miles an hour. Enrique Penalosa: TransMilenio grew mobility and so much so that more than 20% of TransMilenio users are car owners. In many developing countries the only people who use public transport are those who do not have cars. [music] Mark Gorton: By replacing automobiles with buses you can increase the capacity of the system. You can reduce the average person's trip time, you can reduce pollution. It is win, win, win, win. [music] I would say there is a fever in Abu Dhabi about the CFA program. Why? Because while there could be hundreds of degrees, there isn't one that has the solid reputation that really the CFA has. One day I was at a financial conference, there was a lady and she says "my dream is to become a CFA charterholder." So I thought if that's one person I know of, there must be many out there who have the same dream, but they may not know how to go about it. You know sometimes for some people the CFA body of knowledge seems to be rocket science for what we have in the region here, which is kind of a growing region. So, you really have to be sensitive to what instruments you introduce in this market, that people are able to comprehend. Many years ago...I would say like, seven, eight years ago when the first bond in the UAE was introduced, many people in the banks, they didn't know about bonds. Not that we are there yet, like for example, we don't have derivatives market here yet. If people don't understand derivatives, how in the world will you be able to really get these markets off the ground. So what we are trying to do is to promote financial market development. One of the comments I hear, I mean "why do you train your people so much?" They might leave you. I say, "You know what... ...I am more worried if I don't train them and they stay." I think I do a wonderful job in the classroom with them. I support them, but I push their limits. Those tough exams are for you to really be able to accomplish, and I usually borrow something that the CFA talks about. I say here, education and excellence have to be accompanied by a third 'E', ethics, for that combination to add value to a company and to society. If you're really good enough to go through the program, you are good enough to do so many other things. Everybody compliments us for the quality of people that are graduating from this program. When the COO of our company says, "people who have been through the program have more chances of going to top jobs than others." That tells me that we are doing a great job, and that's very satisfying. The experience with Living Divani has been wonderful, as usual. We have already worked together in the past, but in architecture mainly for contract projects, even because I work with Piero Lissoni for some time now. It is always a pleasure to work with them, they are really helpful, proactive able to solve all the problems arising during the design process. It's really a pleasure to work together with such professionals. Here you can see Track bench my first project with Living Divani. As a matter of fact, when designing it I tried to draw the simplest sign possible: an iron structure 8 mm thick, with three plates as support that give a high sense of purity, and a seat cushion reduced to the minimum. At the same time we tried to make it as comfortable as possible adding, to the thin padding, under seat elastic straps; compared to most of the others bench you could find on the market, we arrived to a pretty comfortable product. From the beginning the idea was to have a very versatile product, for both home environments, such as bedrooms or living rooms, but also we were interested in contract application such as public spaces, hospitality, hotels, and so on. That's why we have tried to create a pure element, simple but very sophisticated. We already know that the sum of the interior angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees If the measure of this angle is A, the measure of this angle over here is B, and the measure of this angle is C, we know that A + B + C = 180 degrees What happens when we have polygons with more than 3 sides? a quadrilateral probably applies to any quadrilateral with four sides, not just things that have right angles and parallel lines and all the rest Actually, that looks a little too close to being parallel so let me draw it like this The way you can think about it, with the 4-sided quadrilateral is, we already know about this: the measures of the interior angles of a triangle add up to 180 so maybe we can divide this into 2 triangles From this point right over here, if we draw a line like this, Then if measure of this angle is A, measure of this is B, measure of that is C We know that A + B + C = 180 degrees Then if we call this over here, X, this over here, Y and that, Z Those are the measures of those angles We know that X + Y + Z = 180 degrees So, if we want the measure of the sum of all of the interior angles, all of the interior angles are going to be: plus this angle, which is going to be A + X A + X is that whole angle for the quadrilateral Plus this whole angle, which is going to be C + Y And where you know A + B + C is 180 degrees And we know that Z + X + Y = 180 degrees So plus 180 degrees which is equal to 360 degrees I think you see the general idea here We just have to figure out how many triangles we can divide something into Then we just multiply it by 180 degrees, since each of those triangles will have 180 degrees can we fit into that thing Let me draw an irregular pentagon 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Looks more like a bit of a side-ways house there Once again, we can draw our triangles inside of this pentagon That would be one triangle there That would be another triangle that perfectly cover this pentagon This is one triangle, the other triangle and the other one We know each of those have 180 degrees, if we take the sum of their angles We also know the sum of all those interior angles are equal to the sum of the interior angles of the polygon as a whole To see that, clearly this interior angle is one of the angles of the polygon This is, as well When you take the sum of this one and this one, We take the sum of that one and that one, you get that entire one Then when you take the sum of that one, plus that one, plus that one, you get that entire interior angle So if you take the sum of all the interior angles of all of the interior angles of the polygon In this case you have 1, 2, 3 triangles 3 times 180 degrees is equal to what? 300 +240 = 540 degrees To generalize it, we have up to use up four sides We have to use up all the four sides of this quadrilateral We had to use up four of the five sides right here in this pentagon 1, 2, and then 3, 4 So four sides give you two triangles It seems like maybe every incremental side you have after that, you can get another triangle out of it 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 sides and I can get one triangle out of these 2 sides 1, 2 sides of the actual hexagon I can get another triangle out of these 2 sides of the actual hexagon And it looks like I can get another triangle out of each of the remaining sides So one out of that one, and then, one out of that one right over there S-sided polygon or 6 sides So we can assume that S is greater than 4 sides I want to figure out how many non-overlapping triangles that perfectly cover that polygon How many can I fit inside of it Then I just have to multiply the number of triangles times 180 degrees to figure out what are the sum of the interior angles of that polygon as a function of the number of sides Once again, four of the sides are going to be used to make two triangles and we have two sides right over there I can have, I can draw one triangle what happens to the rest of the sides of the polygon You can imagine putting a big black piece of construction paper There might be other sides here So out of these 2 sides I can draw one triangle just like that Out of these two sides, I can draw another triangle right over there So 4 sides used for two triangles Then, no matter how many sides I have left over, if I have all sorts of craziness here Let me draw a little bit neater than that So I can have all sorts of craziness right over here It looks like every other incremental side I can get another triangle out of it one triangle out of that side, one triangle out of that side and then one triangle out of this side For example, this figure that I have drawn is a very irregular 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, is that right? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 ,8 ,9 10 It is a decagon In this decagon, four of the sides were used for two triangles Then the other 6 sides I was able to get a triangle each I have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Did I count, am I just not seeing something? Oh I see, I have to draw another line right over here These are two different sides I can get another triangle out of that right over there There you have it I have these two triangles out of 4 sides Then out of the other 6 remaining sides I get a triangle each Plus 6 triangles, I got a total of 8 triangles So we can generally think about it Let me write this down Our number of triangles is going to be equal to 2, The remaining sides, I get a triangle each The remaining sides are going to be S minus 4 The number of triangles are going to be 2 plus S minus 4 So, if I have an S-sided polygon, I can get S minus two triangles that perfectly cover that polygon Which tells us that an S-sided polygon if it has S minus 2 triangles, that the interior angles in it are going to be S minus 2 times 180 degrees, which is a pretty cool result So someone told you that they had a 102-sided polygon So, S is equal to 102 sides You can say, okay the number of interior angles are going to be Which is equal to 180, with two more zeros behind it of a 102-sided polygon A common measure of intelligence, IQ, is distributed with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What is the standard score of an IQ of 130? (On the 11th of February, 2011, Mubarak stepped down and handed power over to the Egyptian armed forces) - President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak has decided to step down as President, and has mandated the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces the responsibility to manage state affairs (Chants) "Egypt is free!" "Egypt is free!" - They told us they protected the revolution and so started the transitional (revenge) period We made a mistake when we left the squares and streets without a new constitution Our revolution did not govern, but it continued Sheikh Emad died Mina Danial died The people can no longer be silent (military spokesperson denies Maspero massacre was performed by the armed forces) - The idea of crushing people with tanks and the use of that method, is completely foreign to the armed forces, even when fighting against the enemy We do not commit such mistakes, and such mistakes are forbidden by international law It is impossible that these acts were performed by the armed forces Impossible! Military liars Liars in the name of religion (General Abdel Fattah El-Sisi, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, denies any abuses during military rule) At the time I did not have the possibility to talk with the media We have to understand that the army is a patriotic institution that is very honest and is very loyal to its country and is very protective of its nation I would like to say, and I swear to you all in front of God, the the armed forces, from the January 25th 2011 to this date, and this I swear to you, has not killed or ordered any killings, and has not betrayed or ordered any forms of betrayal, The armed forces are honest, patriotic and loyal - They told us they were our partners in the revolution They walked into parliament on the dead bodies of the heroes who died in Mohamed Mahmoud Street Then a massacre in Port Said, and a new massacre in Mohamed Mahmoud street and they said "there is no shooting" (Al-Katatny, speaker of parliament, Muslim Brotherhood) - The Minister of Interior has ensured me that no pellet cartridge shots have been fired on the protesters (MP showing cartridge fired by the police) - Sir... Here are the cartridges, sir... Look. - With the lies and abuses from those who "protected" the revolution, and the lies from those who claimed to be our "partners", the nature of the deal between them began to become clear So, "Brothers", which one will it be? Was it a military dictatorship or wasn't it? (Safwat Hegazi, preacher and leading figure for the Muslim Brotherhood and islamists) And would believe? They never even heard of a Mark Miranda. But am I bitter? Absolutely. Let's face it, Gabriel. You are just another little phone number... on a dirty cocktail napkin... shoved into the bottom of his pocket. Good boy. But do what you will. I only offer you this information... because I'm a giver. Who knows? Maybe someday we'll meet again... and I'll be able to look at you and say... "I told you so." Totally sick, right? Sick. I'm glam, baby. You don't even know how glam I am. You want me? What's wrong with you? Good night, Dino. -I'm going. -What? Where do you work out? Sorry. I'm with someone. Why are you sitting in the hall? Why'd you come back? You're upset. No, no, I'm not upset. We shouldn't have gone there. No. It was good we went. Really. You didn't need to come back. Yes, I did. Can we go in and talk? They're still going at it. Yeah, so you should probably go home. I can't. I think I left my keys in your apartment. I'll knock. Shit. Shit. Who's that? Yeah. Who is it? It's Gabe. We're not finished. Can you come to the door? I need to talk. -Sorry. -What do you need? Mark thinks he left his keys. Judy, do you see some keys? Where'd you leave them? I don't know. Maybe near the bed. I don't see them. Maybe you guys should just come in and look. It'll be faster that way. No. You're not coming in. He can't go home until he finds his keys! All right, but you better be gone... by the time I'm out of the bathroom. All right. Can you help us look? Well, where would they be? I'm not sure. Did you guys just meet each other tonight? Yeah. Can we make this as fast as possible? And you want to do each other? Gabriel, how do you know you can trust this guy? You don't really know a thing about him. You're right. I don't know him at all. I think it's kind of a turn-on, don't you? Anonymous sex-- That's pretty hot. Yeah, pretty hot. Let's just look for the keys. That's the great thing about anonymous sex-- You can say you're just about anyone... and your partner can't disagree. Do you want to see l.D.? Well, I do. Oh, you went to a Soonie school? What'd you major in? Journalism. Well, his name's really Mark. I don't see them. When you know too much about a person... sometimes it's hard to think of them sexually... but when you know someone only in a sexual way... it's hard to think of them as a person. Can I have my wallet back? I want to be a sex counselor someday. That's my dream. Great. You know, personally, as a sexually active female... I find the idea of two men getting it on incredibly hot. Are you sure they're here? No, I'm not sure. Can you stand still for a second and let me explain? You know what they say-- Everyone's bisexual to a degree. But to a degree, everyone is. There's this part in Paris where everyone's bi--everyone. There's no straight, no gay-- just bi... and anyone who hasn't been doesn't even know. It's great. Have you ever been to Paris, Gabriel? I bet you have, haven't you, Mark? Can we just find the keys? Ooh, it hasn't been a very good night for someone. You guys done yet? We're looking! Why are you so upset, Gabriel? I'm not upset. OK, I'm upset. Do you want to talk about it? Well, that's valid. Mark? I'm sorry. We never should've gone to that club. You were kissing him. Dino's this guy I used to date... and, actually, he was kissing me... but, technically, you're right, and I'm sorry. I don't usually go there with anybody. Especially not somebody I... I don't know what's happening tonight... and I don't know how you feel about me. Gabriel, I think now is a good time... for you to verbalize your feelings. Why did you just leave? Why didn't you say anything to me? I pay rent here, too, you know! Gabriel, maybe Mark deserves to know why you left... without telling him. I left because of what the drag queen... in the bathroom told me. There was a drag queen in the bathroom? Here we go. What did he say? He said a lot, but the gist of it... was that tonight was just a whole routine for you. -What? -Tonight. It was all lines. "Oh, look at me. I'm sleeping on the subway." I was tired. You didn't have to stare. This old lady-- I don't like bringing guys back to my place. And so what? I was trying to pick you up. Well, it worked. Why is that such a problem? Why were you listening to him? I didn't have much of a choice. -I slept with him one time. -He mentioned that. Did he also tell you he videotaped it? Oh, shit. Yeah. Without telling me. And then right when I'm about to, you know... Orgasm? Right. He tells me to move into the light... and I figured it out, so I grabbed the tape... and I got the fuck out of there. Well, he didn't say that-- about the video-- but he said you left. You know, this whole night should've been over hours ago. It's gotten way too complicated. I just keep waiting for the other shoe to drop... because I know that you're just going to dump me... Iike you dumped that Whiffenpoof. What the hell is a Whiffenpoof? A singer! I feel stupid spending this entire evening... Iooking for a place just to get off. Oh, is that all we were doing? That's all I was doing. Really? Definitely. You know... I know I picked you up on the subway and all... so I don't know why you'd be any different than... I don't know. I thought there was something more going on tonight. And just for the record, the Whiffenpoof dumped me. Judy, your sheet slipped. Aw, shit. -Cover yourself. -Would you lighten up? Your titties are hanging out. You know, in Europe, breasts are breasts. They're very natural and beautiful things. -Just-- -Would you let me be? Put them away, Judy. It's not like anything would've happened. You're not in Paris anymore. Is this the way you've been acting the past six months? Yes. For the past six months... I've been touring France topless. And you want to know something? Nobody seems to care. Get over it, Rich. -What are you doing, Judy? -What does it look like? Can't you see I'm getting dressed? I'm going home to my grandmother's in Connecticut. Look, here's the keys. I knew you were different when I saw your hairy armpits. Judy found your keys. Are you hungry? Oh, my God, it's so hysterical that you guys are here. Isn't that hilarious? French fries. Thank you. It's really good you didn't come to the show tonight. We were really off. You want some? Anyway, the girl playing John the Baptist-- horribly allergic to gladiolas-- Who knew? So there's a chance I might go on tomorrow night. Didn't we order cheese fries? Oh, yeah. Should we tell her? We're out of Thousand lsland. I gave you Ranch. Oh, well. I have to tell you about this really artsy party... this French-Canadian girl in my acting class threw. Everyone there, they wrote, like, poems or novellas. So this one college guy-- He was Asian-- He gets up with this little leatherette portfolio... with a satin ribbon to tie it, and he's going to read poetry. But before he starts reading... he tell us about his fascination with the human body. But he says what fascinates him even more... is what comes out of the human body. I know I'm lactose intolerant... but I really wish these had cheese on them. Anyway, evidently, he's tasted everything... that's come out of his body except shit... and he says he'll probably taste that one day, too. And then he reads a poem about shit... so I'm thinking, this guy really likes shit. But then he keeps reading, and he reads seventeen poems... all about shit. Seventeen. I'm not kidding. And he's talking about the smells and the colors-- Gabe, can you pass me the ketchup? I was so relieved when he got tired of reading. Then this ethnic woman stands up. She was Native American or Filipino. I can't tell. She didn't have a poem to read... so she tells us about a problem she's having--this sex problem. She said there's some force... that's just making her screw around all the time. Now all these guys are after her... and, I mean, she's not what I would call sexy. Not that I'm into women, but I can tell when a woman's sexy. I mean, it's not that she was a skank or anything. She just wasn't what I would call sexy, that's all. Anyway--This is really funny-- I drank so much homemade rose hip iced tea... that I really had to pee in the middle of her story. So I go to the bathroom... but the bathroom door's locked, so I'm kind of standing there. I'm looking at the wallpaper, which was giving me a headache. Then the toilet flushes. The door opens, and the shit guy walks out... and he's smiling. Not one of those polite acknowledgment smiles. He's smiling, like he's happy about something. All of a sudden, I didn't have to pee anymore. How's everything? Fine. Everything's fine. Want to hear the audition monologue I'm working on? No, I have new intentions. -You really don't get it. -What? You have been monopolizing this entire conversation... since we got here. Look, you're my best friend. You know I love you... but right now, I don't want to hear your audition monologue. I didn't come here to have you sit down... invite yourself over, and talk about shit. I was just talking. I know, but-- Why are you being such a jerk all of a sudden? Yeah. Shit's funny. Shit's shit. Give it a rest, you Nancy priss ass... and let us enjoy ourselves. I promise I'll call tomorrow. I promise I'll see your show... but right now, I need to be alone with Mark. Please, don't ruin this for me. What are you trying to say? Go someplace else. Take your girlfriends. Practice your audition monologue on them-- whatever--but please just go. You know, every time that you insinuate... that I should sleep with women, I feel like-- -I didn't mean that. -I don't know. I feel like I have to respond respectfully... because I don't want you to think... that I think that it's wrong or bad or nasty. But you bring it up every five minutes. It's the most annoying thing about you. Don't get upset. I don't want to sleep with women! I'm sorry, Gwen. I can't tell you why. You're not that way, that's why. -Katherine-- -Yes, I can. I can. This may be hard for you to believe, gay boy... but I am heterosexual. There are such things as heterosexuals in this world... and I am one of them. But you won't listen to me. You won't drop the subject. Just because it bothers you so much... it's obvious you have lesbian issues you're afraid to face. I have lesbian issues? I don't have lesbian anything! God, it's like when my dad asked why I won't move to New Jersey. What? It'd take me an hour and a half to get to an audition. Can you imagine my dad saying, "I can tell by your reaction... "there's a part of you that wants to move... "but you're afraid to face it"? Holy wow. Doesn't anybody here get it? I'm not a lesbian, I don't want to move to New Jersey... and where's the cheese on these goddamn fucking fries? Can you let me out? Hey, Puss. I'm sorry, babe. I'm sorry that I got so mad. Well, I'm sorry. It... It's my fault. Maybe I am a dyke. I don't know. It'd be a whole lot easier to get a date. Come here. Oh, God. Why can't you be straight? You don't like any straight men. I don't know any straight men. Kath, are you OK? Oh, yeah, I'm fine. You owe me four dollars for the French fries. We're going to my place to watch a video of tonight's show. Do you want to go? Sure. One second. You better get back inside. I'm going to put your name on the comp list for tomorrow. I'll be there. You better, motherfucker. Tonight's been a mess. But, you know, some of the mess... I did have a good time tonight... even though, you got to admit it was really a mess. You know, I would've invited you back to my place, but-- Aw, it's all right. Don't worry about it. No. I would have, but... the lady I told you about... She's my mother. I live at home. Thank you. I have to pee. Me, too. We're alone. Yeah, finally. Enter you Voilŕ, it's showtime I hear the music of a Dance and a dum-diddy Enter you You're singing it wrong. What? Don't sing it. It's a good song. Shut up. Well, it is. You're being polite. Shut up. You really think so? Yeah. It's really good. Enter you That's all I know. You have to teach me the rest. I need a piano. We've already established that. You know, I think it's good how this turned out. You do? Yeah. We got the hard part over with. Oh, what about the sex? What kind of a girl do you think I am? Hey, this is Mark. You got me. Leave a message. Enter you Voilŕ, it's showtime You brought the house down With a dance and a dum-diddy Enter you In less than no time This ugly drama Has become Pretty Up went the curtain My lines felt wrong Intermission seemed so far away Applause uncertain The scenes too long Life was like an uninspiring play But now you're here We meet stage center I thought my story line was through Then from the blue Enter You Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player Another search problem-- Consider the following search tree, where this is the start node. Now, assume we search from left to right. I would like you to tell me the number of nodes expanded from Breadth-First Search and Depth-First Search. Please do count the start and the goal node, and please give me the same numbers for Right-to-Left Search, for Breadth-First, and Depth-First. I love this movie kitty is giving me an idea nobody watching come here kitty To fly into orbit is to see the Earth, in space. Looking down, our planet is lit up with thunderstorms. Beyond the horizon, unfiltered by the atmosphere, it's enveloped in the light of thousands of distant suns... And of the great band of stars and glowing gas, the Milky Way. The International Space Station flies through the thermosphere, 350 kilometers up. That's where energized particles slam into the upper atmosphere to create auroras. These particles come from the Sun. From this vantage, we see our own civilization echoing back the energy of the universe. We glow as if we are one unified organism. City lights blur beneath a cover of clouds. The shimmer of night yields to day. And to night again, when the moon now lights our way. You can see it here reflecting off lakes and clouds across Canada. To see Earth in space is to see our connection to a cosmos that's as large as it is diverse. And beautiful. You've got shadows in your eyes Your smile is painted on Your thoughts aren't with me any more You stroke me mechanically Completely sterile Ice-cold hand, I recoil from you I feel empty and used-up Everything hurts And airplanes in my head Can't eat any more Can't forget you But I'll get through this somehow Give me my heart back You don't need my love Give me my heart back Before it breaks completely The sooner, the sooner you go The easier, the easier it will be for me. I don't need someone who tortures me Someone who oppresses me Someone who uses me whenever she wants Someone who talks to me from a sense of duty Someone who assuages her vanity with me Someone who's never there When I need her the most When I'm gasping for air, swimming on dry land Let me go, leave me in peace So I can finally put an end to this Give me my heart back You don't need my love Give me my heart back Before it breaks completely The sooner, the sooner you go The easier, the easier it will be for me I feel empty and used-up Everything hurts And airplanes in my head Can't eat any more Can't forget you But I'll get through this somehow Give me my heart back You don't need my love Give me my heart back Before it breaks completely The sooner, the sooner you go The easier, the easier it will be for me And airplanes in my head Airplanes in my head Give me my heart back You don't need my love You don't need my love Adult acne continues to increase and become more common. Other episodes of DermTV have discussed what causes adult acne and how to prevent it. Today, I'll tell you how to treat it because it's a little different from how you treat teen acne. Hello, I'm Dr. Neal Schultz [pause] And welcome to DermTV. According to a study presented at the American Academy of Dermatology meeting in 2012, more and more female adults are getting acne. The statistics are alarming: 45% of women in their 20"s, 26% in their 30"s, and 12% in their 40"s. And in fact, from my experience, I would have thought the percent in the 40"s is even higher, where these women also have the unfortunate double whammy of pimples meeting wrinkles! Lets start with washing... you still need to wash twice a day, even though you're not as oily as you used to be. Most acne cleansers are designed for teenage oil and water, where the skin is very oily and not dry. However, as you get older, your facial skin tends to get drier from accumulated sun damage and simply from the aging process. So adult acne with less oily and more dry skin requires milder cleansers and alcohol free toners. Cleansing needs to be gentle, so don't use a wash cloth. Yes, in theory the cloth can help with some physical exfoliation, but for better exfoliation, use a chemical exfoliant like glycolic or even salicylic, so use your hands when washing your face. And also make sure the water is warm, not hot, to avoid over drying already dry skin. Next, since our hair also dries out as we age, conditioner becomes more important after shampooing. But make sure to thoroughly rinse your forehead afterwards so your conditioner doesn't coat your skin and cause breakouts. For spot treatment of blemishes, not only are you dealing with dryer skin, but since adult acne often affects the jaw line and top of your neck, more sensitive skin areas than mid and upper face as in teen acne, for spot treatments try 1% salicylic products instead of 2%, and 2 .5% benzoyl peroxides instead of more drying 5% or 10%. While prescription topical antibiotics are great, make sure yours isn't a combination antibiotic with a retinoid like tretinoin - more commonly known by the brand name Retin-A. Retinoids can very easily irritate these areas. But my favorite and the best treatment for controlling adult acne is the off label use of low dose isotretinoin, formerly available as Accutane, and today readily available as a generic or under brand names like Ascorbica. Recent studies have shown excellent control with daily doses as low as 5mg per day. But you'll need to see your dermatologist for this one. The FDA controls access to it with greater security than the Federal Reserve guards its gold inventory. [heels clicking] [rap music starts] Which of you schnooks took my rhyme book? Look give it back you're wicky wack With your ticky tack calls didn't touch you at all I didn't touch your hand man you know its all ball You sold a few records but don't get slick 'Cause you used a corked bat to get those hits You've been in the game, your career is long But when you break it down you've only got 2 songs MC's are like clay pigeons and I'm shootn' skeet I just yell pull and MMM drops the beat You people call yourselves MC's but you're garbage men Takin' out the trash when you pull out the pen And if you don't like it then hey fuck you! I read about you up on page 6 They was trashin' your ass it's sad you're getting dissed Now talk about your face now don't get pissed But I suggest you see a dermatologist I keep that hot sauce hot not mild and weak It's gonna burn your mouth until you wet your beak I've got billions and billions of rhymes to flex 'Cause I've got more rhymes than Carl Sagan's got turtlenecks Your rhymes are fake like a Canal Street watch You're hearing me and you're like "oh my god its Sasquatch!" I'm walkin' on water while you're stepping in shit So put your sewer boots on before your ass gets lit And if you don't like it then hey fuck you! So put a quarter in your ass cause you played yourself So put a quarter in your ass cause you played yourself So put a quarter in your ass cause you played yourself So put a quarter in your ass cause you played yourself And if you don't like it then hey fuck you! Sucker MC's it's me they're resenting In the animal kingdom they call it presenting With the dipsy doodle the kit and caboodle The truth is brutal your grandma's kugel Kings County is my stomping ground The Albee Square Mall, Brooklyn, Downtown So don't ask me to wine and dine ya I'm from Brooklyn you're from Regina You're like Foghorn Leghorn, Yosemite Sam You're just yellin' and wildin' wondering who I am With those lies you're telling you look like Toucan Sam But my style's impregnable like the Hoover Dam And if you don't like it then hey fuck you! And if you don't like it then hey fuck you! Aha, what a loser! I am very happy about this invitation, because when I hold courses and lectures, talking about Open Source is the thing that I like most and I will start that in my life, in my career, I've spent about 20 years producing software. In 1988 I started a software production company and in this sense I commissioned, planned, designed, and debugged programs. Through which this thing called Open Source, when it appeared little by little, showed itself to me, in the end it was really like love, something that from being concealed, hidden, held in secret, somehow opened up little by little. So, in this little dissertation I would like to highlight to you how come in my opinion this phenomenon constitutes a revolution and how come it's "invisible", in the sense that it's currently happening like the roots of a plant that are underground, and go unnoticed. It's practically something that has been going on since - since it has been going on now we'll see it. There are two aspects to highlight that interest me. First: the degree to which software is so strategic, so important to our contemporary civilization, and the degree to which it is in the end full of power, of various types of power, that are hidden in software. And the interesting thing just is that the usage of Open Source has finally opened up the possibility to read, to discover, to know what it is all about. When we say Open Source, for those of us that aren't familiar, Open Source is a source code. Any program that makes computers, cameras function, - and to this point TVs, washing machines, too - it's a text, in source form, it's a language that gives instructions, and in compiled form was conglomerated and compacted into instructions for the machine, so instructions like: open, close, turn on, shut down, count the time, measure the temperature, if the temperature is this way turn off the washing machine - and in this sense all of this is, let's say, kind of the history of IT. Let's move on to the second. In this sense the properties of software are unusual. The first that I like to say is that somehow it's invisible. First because usually, we use a computer without thinking about what is happening inside, unless we work in this field; or maybe we start the engine of our cars but we don't think that there's a whole mechanism that puts itself in motion, controlled. Someone, a few programmers, a few designers have planned this process, they wrote it, it became a cycle and then it became a technology and a system, a tool. So by its nature, software, being a human construct which has been processed and which is hence a fruit of labor, of thought and trials, in short... of hard work. It is in one way or another intelligence which is assembled in little sequences, which when put together produce broader sequences, and in one way or another it's intelligence. So this software by its nature once it's written it's modifiable in the sense that it can be recycled, it can be reused. This re-usability has potential. In the world of large enterprises, in the world, let's say, where code remains closed, only whoever owns it has right to it. So, how did that happen? Here I have a feeling that, in one way or another, software really represents our daily scientific knowledge more than anything else. By now, whatever we set out to do is then operated and worked - even communication technologies - by means of software. So how was this able to happen, that something so powerful, so behind the wheel, let's say, of all types of financial, economic, and military control has become open? That is the question that I asked myself, while examining the revolutionary capability of all of this. So this happened maybe because the contemporary story hasn't been told well. Because as it is some people, which then were called hackers, in one way or another put... gave a soul to software and technology, and they laid the seed, did the first deeds, executive actions that then became, the development of these 30 years of technology. Let's take a look at some of them. Homebrew Computer Club was a collective of people that would meet up and build computers in their homes using a few, or anyhow a rationing of computer pieces that were around back then. In this club, which met for over 10 years in California, all the craziest ex-hippy technology aficionados, in this 70s climate, passed through. And it was here, this club that Steve Jobs and Wozniak passed through who later found Apple, the first PC. They believed that computers should be for all of society, this wasn't planned by companies. Companies thought the computer was something for big enterprises. It was them that had this vision. In this way Stallman, who later founded the Free Software Foundation, was the one that saw something else and said, "Of course, if I don't know what's inside software, software will cage me, it can make me a prisoner." Software must be free. If the computer is mine, the software turning inside this computer must not be able to do something that I don't want it to. For example, even Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide Web, started to think about this mechanism which then became a revolution. And he set out right from the start to avoid it becoming something too commercial and therefore, keeping it free, and he succeeded. The other characters are Linus Torvalds, who is the one that wrote kernel for Linux, that is to say, he created, even in a lunatic manner, a program that was supposed to become, or rather, did become an operating system. This operating system, created by a 21-year-old student, being connected to a reality that was indeed still in existence, by these people that had this vision, became the most widespread operating system in the world. It's the operating system that runs any device that we use on a daily basis. and it's the operating system, together with the LAMP suite, that is to say, other tools, them too, cost-free and open which are the basis of Internet technologies today. Sorry, I've got too much stuff here. So, how - you can go forward. The strengths and weaknesses of Open Source. Diffusion and collaboration. Internet later created a mechanism to reciprocally read source code. It became a routine for absolutely everyone, so everyone one of us can make use of the experience, the knowledge of someone else. This happens specifically in the world of software. But if we take this vision and take it out of software we realize this thing can be applied in so many other fields, and is being applied in so many other fields like architecture, social science, knowledge - and in fact, many today have started to publicize their own books - go forward - their own publications in open form, so that more people are able to read their content, their ideas. What is the result of this? That now, this revolution has some enemies. Someone has - there's this entire part of society that is in opposition, however this thing is happening as it would, because... - go forward - because who uses Open Source technologies in one way or another has more possibilities to have connections, to meet, and therefore has an on-going incentive for self-learning whereas the person who adopts "closed" technology instead can't. The criticism that is always made about Open Source is: how is it that we can profit from it? If I take my program, my book, and I make them available for free, this is the criticism that they always point to. How will we pay for creativity if there are no author rights, if the content is free? My response, and not just mine, is that in one way or another Open Source is like an ecosystem where one is complementary. I, for example - go forward - there are two examples that I've found One example is typical for software developers he reads, finds some things, some work done by others, he learns a new expertise, he uses this new expertise to complete a job for someone and then gets paid. In turn, what he can do additionally he adds like a gift he shares it in the same software project or in some cases, he makes a donation; however, in many cases one just simply adds a piece of translation, something that adds to the project, or otherwise makes a new project. The other example is the copyright-copyleft model. If you make a book, and this book is copyrighted, it gets printed, 1,000 copies of it are sold, 100 people read it. If instead you write a book, and you release it in copyleft form, without rights, for free, 100,000 download it, 10,000 read it. Your ideas are spread much more, and you acquire a reputation for which your knowledge has value and is requested for work. Now, regarding the conclusion. I think that there has been a whole series of legal movements, actually, primarily laws and attempts, that are being used to block this transformation in one way or another. I'll give you two very simple examples. Now, the new copyright laws introduced in the past few years were an attempt of this previous model to defend intellectual property, which is that of the big corporations, not the intellectual property of individuals. This new model is still perceived by some as something that really doesn't exist, that doesn't have force. Instead the opposite has happened. What happened is... this model is winning. The case of servers and the Internet is one, but the case of Skype and telephony is a second. From the idea of sharing, thousands of projects and initiatives have been born. Even TED itself is a child of the concept of Open Source. Culture in one way or another has been a strong driver of innovation, and it will continue to be so. And in my opinion, this will be the revolution. To wrap things up, here is an example on peer-to-peer. Peer-to-peer technology, which sounds like a child's game, has succeeded in transforming the music industry in an unpredictable way, and today the major music companies have had to reinvent themselves and the job of musicians has changed. Some continue to say: I'm getting no royalties, what can I do about it. And they end up doing more concerts, and their music is given out for free, that is to say, only the model has changed. Clearly, this isn't OK for everyone. In this sense Attali, with this conclusion in his "Brief History of the Future" imagines that after this conflict, let's say, between different visions of the world - he calls them trans-humans - but they can be imagined also like these cultural hackers, maybe they'll be the people that in one way or another decide to take this concept to a global level, therefore, dedicating themselves to others and not just to get money and territories. This sounds vague, and it's also difficult to describe it, however, it's something that is happening going forward. Software more and more is governing human processes and more and more governing the act of us exchanging knowledge, and the spreading of this is transforming the world. (Applause) In this problem, we take in a list p, and we want to return the greatest value in p. We're given that the list is positive integers. We're going to choose 0 to start out greatest value, because 0 is smaller than any positive integer. Additionally, if we're given an empty list, we're told in the instructions to return 0. This will be useful later. This is similar to the previous question where we want to go through the list one entry at a time. If we find an entry in our list that's greater than our current running biggest, then we want to update biggest. At the end we're going to return our max value. The problem specifically asks for you to deal with the empty list case, and if you noticed, if p is empty we don't execute any of this. So the end result is that this is equivalent to just returning 0, which satisfies the problem constraints. Let's have a quick look at the basic HBUS protocol. We have the host enable signal, which indicates we have an active transfer. And then, we have the write read signal, if this is 1 we, we're having a write transfer, if it's 0 it's the read transfer. Then, we have data and address and this how a right transfer looks. Enable goes high and we apply data unto dress. The re-transfer takes two cycles again. We enable the host enables the transfer with the enable signals, and applies the address and in the second cycle the device responds with the data. We also implemented some delay so this is the delay between transfers. The HBUS also has an hsize signal. This indicates how many bytes are transferred. So here, we can see a halfword write which means 2 bytes are sent. And down here you can see a word read which means 4 bytes are read. This brings us to our next question. How many clock cycles does a halfword read transfer take? Is it 3, 4, or 5 cycles? Today my hairs have shrunken But I guess that's how it goes. What can you really do about it? I would really like... to know. Hey everyone! Welcome to the 15th "Mini-Door" of Advent! I've got something wonderful for you today behind the door. In fact, I'll show you now. Attention please! One of you can receive either of these pillows. Number one receives "Alex" and "Crazy Charlie" and number two receives... The "Cuddly Cat" Cap! What the hell does that mean? Allow me to show you. Isn't this awesome? This is all again in collaboration with motorush.de [?] So if you find yourself wanting this cap-thing or "Crazy Charlie" or "Cuddly Alex" Then please post a comment under the video or on alextv.de under "Adventskalendertürchen 15" I'm going to go goof around for a while I hope to see you tomorrow! Until then, farewell! and "Meow, meow" "nyan, nyan, nyan...." >> Dr. Phillip Roberts: Hey, if we have whiteflies we want to look at a certain leaf on the plant. What we want to do is find the fifth main stem leaf starting at the top. So we count down one, two, three, four and then we'll look at the fifth leaf. And the first thing we can do is just do something called a leaf turn, and that's where we can actually count the number of adults. We could calculate the percentage of these leaves that were infested with adults. That'd be good information to know. But perhaps more importantly is we could sample the fifth leaf at multiple locations and look for the presence or absence of immature whiteflies and that would help us know when and if we needed to spray. If we are gonna treat for whiteflies, if we see the majority of the leaves have immature whiteflies, that would be more than 50% of the leaves infested with nymphs, we would want to consider using one of our IGR insecticides such as NAC. In the long run, an IGR such as NAC or Courier, is our most economical treatment. With whiteflies, if you let the field get out of control, it's rare that we're gonna regain control, so you need to be proactive monitoring for whiteflies. The other thing that you should consider with whiteflies, once they're present in a field and if you see any level of whiteflies in a field, their presence should influence management decisions in terms of other pests. For example, the fact that we have a few whiteflies out here, we'd want to be very careful about using insecticides which would flare or cause these whiteflies to become more of an issue. Products like Bidrin, for example, are very destructful to a lot of natural enemies that prey upon whiteflies. Bidrin has zero activity on whiteflies, so we might want to look at using something like a pyrethroid such as Bifenthrin, which does have a little bit of suppressive activity in whiteflies. >>R.J. Byrne: So we've got to be careful not to get rid of our beneficials. >>That's, you know, once you have whiteflies in the field, they can be a very devastating pest. So they can be very expensive to control, so we want to try to manage them, truly manage them by trying to do everything we can to reduce the risk of them blowing up. >>So what are some of our beneficials that help us with the whitefly? >>Well, there are several beneficials. We have pesters like your minute pirate bugs, but probably the greatest regulator are parasitic wasps which sting the immature whiteflies, would be our main regulators of the population. >>Hmm, ok, good deal The first thing we're gonna have to do is you're gonna have to wean yourself away from getting emotionally involved with the rhythm section. Maintaining your emotional independence and calming down. Basically, what you've got to do is minimize your emotional output to the lowest possible level. Ask you, I'm going to ask you a question there is only one of...one of two answers. Either yes or no? "Do you think you can swing? Yes or no? Student: Yes. Teacher: Then don't try to swing. By trying to do something you already can do, you mess it up, alright? Student: Alright. Teacher: So if you have that confidence you can swing, then all you have to do is play the notes. Student: Okay. Teacher: That's all you gotta do. Nothing in excess of that. Now let me show you the difference between playing in four four and playing in half time. This will double your chops, immediately. Student: Okay. Teacher: Okay? You know like a C seven B up scale right? Student: Yeah. Teacher: Play it up and down. One handed is fine. And tap quarter notes with your feet. Play it in A *Plays Piano* Sadika Gazi Krinton: The best thing about being a student at a New South Wales government school was I got to meet some amazing friends. Manh Tue Truong: You're exposed to different people from different culture and language background. Chengkheang Chhuon: At school for us international student, there is many difficulties in language but there are teachers and student who will always be there by myself to help me through every difficulty. Ruixuan Catherine Liu: The teacher has taught me how to research, plan and organise my opinions and keys to how to study well. Yeaji Eum: They helped me in every way, not only my study but my personal life as well. They became like my family. Zhengyang Elizabeth Hu: Having studied at NSW government high school I was able to improve my interpersonal skills to interact with friends from all over the world. Catherine: The courses that I have done at high school have really given me huge fundamental support to prepare myself for the studies in the university courses and my future career. Sadika: My studies in high school really prepared for me confidently for what I wanted to do in the future which was to be a high school teacher, science teacher. Elizabeth: I was able to become more mature, independent, and confident as an adult after my two years experience. Sadika: I would recommend NSW government school because they have a lot of resources and they are really highly technologically developed. Manh: It not only teach you, it help you to study, to achieve your goals. That's why you come here. But it also help you to have a social life, like you increase your communication skills. It also help you have an an opportunity for you to build up your teamwork skills, leadership skills. Yuting Melody Wang: They provide us so much great opportunities. They've got great resources and I met so many nice people here. Manh: I'm currently doing Medicine at UNSW, University of New South Wales. Sadika: Now I'm going to Macquarie University to study Bachelor of Science with Diploma of Education. Yeaji Eum: After finishing year 12 I feel really prepared for my future study at University of Sydney in Bachelor of Law and Bachelor of Commerce. Sadika: I had great fun. I met loads of people and I learnt a lot from NSW government schools. Yeaji Eum: So year 12 was the best year in my life. Gregory Prior: You as international students, have expanded your horizons, you have experienced a new school, a new culture, a new country and made new friends. All this brings new ideas, new ways of thinking and new challenges. It's a great achievement that you have not only met the challenge, but excelled and achieved outstanding results. Mark Howland: The international student program in NSW comprehensive government schools has been incredibly successful. There's a variety of reasons for it. It's the quality of the education, our staff, the curriculum, the opportunity to choose from a variety of schools that include single sex or coeducational education, the support services also in schools. It is a team effort and it should be recognised as such. Gregory Prior: I would like to congratulate all the nominees for your outstanding achievements and success. You are a credit to yourselves, your schools and your families and I'm sure they are very proud. Angela Lyris: The school has 62 different cultural groups represented and I think by having international students they add to the diversity of our school community. Virginia Pacey: Their academic performance is outstanding and has raised the profile of the school within the community. The dux this year was one of our international students. Colin Skene: We build structures within the school in terms of additional support for our international students, lunchtime meetings with a mentor, ESL tutoring after school or a specific subject tutoring after school. Angela: In the classroom there was a real understanding of how you can work together, support each other and learn from each other. Colin: They quickly feel at home within our community. Quickly feel cared for and catered for in terms of all of their various levels of need. In terms of what they bring to us in that two way partnership, they bring contemporary society, contemporary cultural values. What is money? Why has it got such a control over our minds? I think as a collective, we're actually starting to see through the illusion of money. It's making us destroy our habitat, you know, the thing that actually gives us life. It's a story and stories are important. But we need to choose our stories quite carefully. We're still retelling stories that were relevant sixteen thousand years ago. And you know we need to make up new stories that are relevant for our age. Not many of us in modern societies are actually happy. We get up on a Monday morning and can't wait for Friday evening. And then we go and get pissed for the weekend just to kind of deal with being at work all week. Moneyless living isn't about sacrifice it's about actually just having a lot more fun again. Fun has been wiped out from our lives, we do jobs we hate just so we can have a couple of days off at the weekend. Why not just imbue every single day of your life with that fun and that sense of entertainment? It doesn't have to be like it is right now. As a people, we're addicted to money and once we take that first step of actually just recognising it, we can then learn ways of reducing our dependency on it in many ways. It's not about going cold turkey, but actually going 'How can I wean myself off this very addictive substance that's destroying all my relationships?' So what the meaning of this manifesto is about is actually showing people how they can transition from being highly addicted to money and all that goes with that and to being on a path to bringing back into life just the very basics like how you get your food and how you make your entertainment and all the things that money should never have a place in. It's about making a transition that makes sense for you in your life but also that's appropriate to the crisis that we're facing right now. The current political and economic model we use is very much based on fear and competition and kind of pitting us up against each other. And that has consequences for us as human beings. Which of us really wants to wake up in the morning and compete with everybody else for what's perceived to be scarce resources? And so a large part of moneyless living is also about living in a different way, living with a different cultural story in a way. Like the story I'm trying to speak about is the one where actually we can cooperate fully. We can live in ways that are harmonious with the land we're in. That are meaningful to each other and that actually connect us to the land because at the end of the day, economic theory and philosophy aside, we need to live sustainably on the only planet we have. We're all part of a massive movement towards kind of social and ecological change. Just because we have to be, you know. The foundations of how we live today are melting as quick as the ice caps. They're not making sense to us anymore. And so we're all a part of this change in some form and we're all doing different things in different ways. And as the kind of ecological situation gets worse we're going to realise actually we've destroyed the whole basis of our lives here. And I feel that moneylessness is a seed in that way. In some ways it's about creating new stories. It should be a more heartfelt way, a more loving way. Because which of us wants to live with less heart, with less love in our lives. It's one of the very basic things we need. So there are several horizontal and vertical trends on the periodic table. There are 2 horizontal trends. The first one is that the atomic number increases from left to right across the periodic table. Now atoms at the bottom right of the table are going to have the highest atomic number while those at the top left of the table have the least. The second trend is that all elements in a row, or what we call a period, have the same number of orbitals around their nuclei. The atoms at the bottom of the table are going to have the most orbitals while the atoms at the top of the table have the least. There are also 2 vertical trends on the PTE. Elements with similar chemical properties are going to be grouped together in "families." These families are usually based in places because they react in similar ways. We'll be going over each of the important families in a little bit. Elements are also vertically organized if they have the same number of valence electrons. Now these two are a little interrelated. The families and the valence electrons usually work together because the valence electrons generally determines how an element is going to react. Another trend that you can find on the Periodic Table is whether an element is a metal, nonmetal, or a metalloid. Now when you look at the Periodic Table on the screen each of those different colors represents a family. So we have the orange family, yellow family, pink, teal, green, blue, and so on. The numbers on the side of this Periodic Table (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) represent the number of orbitals that elements have. The numbers across the top (1, 2, 3, 4, all the way to 18) help you know how many valence electrons are in an atom's outer shell. Now we'll go into a little bit how many valence electrons are in the shells are of atoms in a particular family, but I just wanted you to see what a complete Periodic Table looks like. You'll also notice on this periodic table that they have sections telling you which colors are nonmetals and which colors are metals. (music) ("In The Sky With Diamonds" by Scalding Lucy) Steven: We're in Washington D.C. on the mall at the Vietnam Veteran's Memorial. Beth: With is situated right between the Washington Monument and the Lincolcn Memorial. Maya Lin, the architect of the memorial sought about uniting the memorial to the nation's past, bringing together the past and the present. Steven: It's this very long series of slabs of stone, this highly-reflective black granite that actually points to both of those monuments. Beth: Although the architect didn't like to refer to these as walls, in a way they are walls, but it's very thin, sunk into the ground and inscribed with the names of the servicemen who died in the Vietnam War. Steven: Now there are more than 58,000 names and in fact, more names are being added. It is overwhelming in the density of names. What happens as you walk down this path, you sink into the earth. The earth opens up and reveals these names. Because the surface of the stone is so reflective, it becomes a mirror and really all that seems to have substance is the rougher surface of the names themselves. Beth: Maya Lin's idea was that it was the names that were the reality, the substance of the monument and that the reflectivity of the granite opened up into another world that we could not enter, but which was there for us to see. Steven: She describes when she first visited the site that she wanted to reveal that edge. Beth: In fact, she said, "I had a simple impulse to cut into the earth. I imagined taking a knife and cutting into the earth, opening it up and initial violence and pain that in time would heal." She writes,"That the experience of the monument would help people to come to terms with the death of their loved ones." Steven: There is a real journey involved here. You walk down in, you find the name of your loved one embedded within the chronological sequence of the death of all of these soldiers, and then you walk back out. Beth: That's right. In the center, the chronology begins and goes down toward the right as we're facing the wall and then picks up again on the low edge of the left side and then towards the center again. As we move down the center, the path widens and the granite rises more than 10 feet above us. Steven: The names become a symbol of this person multiplied more than 58,000 times, but even though you've got that abstraction, you also have this very concrete reality. You have this place for family to come, to gather, to reflect on that name. Beth: Maya Lin talks about the name as an abstraction that in fact, means more to family and loved ones than a picture. The picture represents someone at a particular time and a particular place as one moment in their lives whereas a name might recall everything about that person. Steven: There is this powerful accumulation of all of the names. As you descend, as you walk into the densest middle of the monument, it becomes absolutely overwhelming. Beth: It's a very different experience than most previous war memorials. When we think about the history of war memorials, we often think about memorials to military heroes like the monument to Lord Nelson in Trafalgar Square or we might think about the Shaw memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens in the National Gallery where you have a hero leading an anonymous army with an allegorical figure representing peace and death, this combination of allegory and heroism that's usually in memorials, it's completely absent here. Steven: How can one create a meaningful monument in the late 20th century? What does it mean to strip away all of the representational form? What does it mean to create something so subconsciously abstract and yet also so powerful and so meaningful? Beth: Evidently the committee that judged this decided that this abstraction would be best. It's interesting to think about how the committee didn't know who was Maya Lin was. There were 1,400 entries, completely anonymous. Maya Lin at that point, was an undergraduate at Yale, she was an architecture student, she's an Asian American. It's interesting to think about what might have happened had they known who this application was from. Steven: Once her identity had been revealed, there was real backlash and racism. There was backlash also about the abstraction. Ultimately that was resolved by a much more naturalistic sculpture adjacent to the main memorial. Beth: One that shows soldiers in a very naturalistic way, three-dimensionally, which is also powerful, but in a way that feels much more public and far less intimate. Steven: Maya Lin was brilliant in creating a public space and yet tremendous intimacy. We can feel those names inscribed. The active reading is to come close, to internalize those names. Maya Lin's Vietnam Memorial is one of the most successful memorials in the nation. Beth: And apparently one of the most visited monuments in Washington D.C. In an article that was published much later, writing about her ideas for the monument, Maya Lin said, "It would be an interface between our world and the quieter, darker, more peaceful world beyond. I chose black granite in order to make the surface reflective and peaceful. I never looked at the memorial as a wall, an object, but as an edge to the earth, an opened side. The mirrored sect would double the size of the park creating two worlds; one we are part of and one we cannot enter." Steven: Even that black granite created controversy. She also talked about how she couldn't expect granite that came from Canada or from Sweden, two countries that had really good quality black granite because there was too much political baggage because draft dodgers had gone to both of those countries. Beth: One opponent of her design said, "One needs no artistic education to see this memorial designed for what it is, a black scar and a hole hidden, as if out of shame." No, I think this is very different than what Maya Lin intended for the wall. She specifically took an apolitical approach and wanted the design to be about those veterans who had sacrificed their lives and not about the political controversy at all; not about whether if the was was something shameful or something honorable. Steven: The country had not only fought the war, but then fought itself over the meaning of the war. Maya Lin was very wise in sidestepping that and putting to the fore simply the names, the numerical power of all those fallen. Beth: And she wrote, "The wall dematerializes of the form and allows the names to become the object. Pure and reflective surfaces that would allow visitors the chance to see themselves with the name." (music) ("In The Sky With Diamonds" by Scalding Lucy) Thank you... thank you so much... thank you so much... thank you very much... thank you. Everybody please have a seat. Thank you. Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, Members of Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow Americans: Tonight I want to begin by congratulating the men and women of the 112th Congress, as well as your new Speaker, John Boehner. And as we mark this occasion, we are also mindful of the empty chair in this Chamber, and pray for the health of our colleague -- and our friend -- Gabby Giffords. It's no secret that those of us here tonight have had our differences over the last two years. The debates have been contentious; we have fought fiercely for our beliefs. And that's a good thing. That's what a robust democracy demands. That's what helps set us apart as a nation. But there's a reason the tragedy in Tucson gave us pause. Amid all the noise and passions and rancor of our public debate, Tucson reminded us that no matter who we are or where we come from, each of us is a part of something greater -- something more consequential than party or political preference. We are part of the American family. We believe that in a country where every race and faith and point of view can be found, we are still bound together as one people; that we share common hopes and a common creed; that the dreams of a little girl in Tucson are not so different than those of our own children, and that they all deserve the chance to be fulfilled. That, too, is what sets us apart as a nation. Now, by itself, this simple recognition won't usher in a new era of cooperation. What comes of this moment is up to us. What comes of this moment will be determined not by whether we can sit together tonight, but whether we can work together tomorrow. I believe we can. I believe we must. That's what the people who sent us here expect of us. With their votes, they've determined that governing will now be a shared responsibility between parties. New laws will only pass with support from Democrats and Republicans. We will move forward together, or not at all -- for the challenges we face are bigger than party, and bigger than politics. At stake right now is not who wins the next election -- after all, we just had an election. At stake is whether new jobs and industries take root in this country, or somewhere else. It's whether the hard work and industry of our people is rewarded. It's whether we sustain the leadership that has made America not just a place on a map, but a light to the world. We are poised for progress. Two years after the worst recession most of us have ever known, the stock market has come roaring back. Corporate profits are up. The economy is growing again. But we have never measured progress by these yardsticks alone. We measure progress by the success of our people. By the jobs they can find and the quality of life those jobs offer. By the prospects of a small business owner who dreams of turning a good idea into a thriving enterprise. By the opportunities for a better life that we pass on to our children. That's the project the American people want us to work on. Together. We did that in December. Thanks to the tax cuts we passed, Americans' paychecks are a little bigger today. Every business can write off the full cost of the new investments they make this year. These steps, taken by Democrats and Republicans, will grow the economy and add to the more than one million private sector jobs created last year. But we have more work to do. The steps we've taken over the last two years may have broken the back of this recession -- but to win the future, we'll need to take on challenges that have been decades in the making. Many people watching tonight can probably remember a time when finding a good job meant showing up at a nearby factory or a business downtown. You didn't always need a degree, and your competition was pretty much limited to your neighbors. If you worked hard, chances are you'd have a job for life, with a decent paycheck, good benefits, and the occasional promotion. Maybe you'd even have the pride of seeing your kids work at the same company. That world has changed. And for many, the change has been painful. I've seen it in the shuttered windows of once booming factories, and the vacant storefronts of once busy Main Streets. I've heard it in the frustrations of Americans who've seen their paychecks dwindle or their jobs disappear -- proud men and women who feel like the rules have been changed in the middle of the game. They're right. The rules have changed. In a single generation, revolutions in technology have transformed the way we live, work and do business. Steel mills that once needed 1,000 workers can now do the same work with 100. Today, just about any company can set up shop, hire workers, and sell their products wherever there's an internet connection. Meanwhile, nations like China and India realized that with some changes of their own, they could compete in this new world. And so they started educating their children earlier and longer, with greater emphasis on math and science. They're investing in research and new technologies. Just recently, China became home to the world's largest private solar research facility, and the world's fastest computer. So yes, the world has changed. The competition for jobs is real. But this shouldn't discourage us. It should challenge us. Remember -- for all the hits we've taken these last few years, for all the naysayers predicting our decline, America still has the largest, most prosperous economy in the world. No workers are more productive than ours. No country has more successful companies, or grants more patents to inventors and entrepreneurs. We are home to the world's best colleges and universities, where more students come to study than any other place on Earth. What's more, we are the first nation to be founded for the sake of an idea -- the idea that each of us deserves the chance to shape our own destiny. That is why centuries of pioneers and immigrants have risked everything to come here. It's why our students don't just memorize equations, but answer questions like "What do you think of that idea? What would you change about the world? What do you want to be when you grow up?" The future is ours to win. But to get there, we can't just stand still. As Robert Kennedy told us, "The future is not a gift. It is an achievement." Sustaining the American Dream has never been about standing pat. It has required each generation to sacrifice, and struggle, and meet the demands of a new age. Now it's our turn. We know what it takes to compete for the jobs and industries of our time. We need to out-innovate, out-educate, and out-build the rest of the world. We have to make America the best place on Earth to do business. We need to take responsibility for our deficit, and reform our government. That's how our people will prosper. That's how we'll win the future. And tonight, I'd like to talk about how we get there. The first step in winning the future is encouraging American innovation. None of us can predict with certainty what the next big industry will be, or where the new jobs will come from. Thirty years ago, we couldn't know that something called the Internet would lead to an economic revolution. What we can do -- what America does better than anyone else -- is spark the creativity and imagination of our people. We are the nation that put cars in driveways and computers in offices; the nation of Edison and the Wright brothers; of Google and Facebook. In America, innovation doesn't just change our lives. It's how we make a living. Our free enterprise system is what drives innovation. But because it's not always profitable for companies to invest in basic research, throughout history our government has provided cutting-edge scientists and inventors with the support that they need. That's what planted the seeds for the Internet. That's what helped make possible things like computer chips and GPS. Just think of all the good jobs -- from manufacturing to retail -- that have come from those breakthroughs. Half a century ago, when the Soviets beat us into space with the launch of a satellite called Sputnik, we had no idea how we'd beat them to the moon. The science wasn't there yet. NASA didn't even exist. But after investing in better research and education, we didn't just surpass the Soviets; we unleashed a wave of innovation that created new industries and millions of new jobs. This is our generation's Sputnik moment. Two years ago, I said that we needed to reach a level of research and development we haven't seen since the height of the Space Race. In a few weeks, I will be sending a budget to Congress that helps us meet that goal. We'll invest in biomedical research, information technology, and especially clean energy technology -- an investment that will strengthen our security, protect our planet, and create countless new jobs for our people. Already, we are seeing the promise of renewable energy. Robert and Gary Allen are brothers who run a small Michigan roofing company. After September 11th, they volunteered their best roofers to help repair the Pentagon. But half of their factory went unused, and the recession hit them hard. Today, with the help of a government loan, that empty space is being used to manufacture solar shingles that are being sold all across the country. In Robert's words, "We reinvented ourselves." That's what Americans have done for over two hundred years: reinvented ourselves. And to spur on more success stories like the Allen Brothers, we've begun to reinvent our energy policy. We're not just handing out money. We're issuing a challenge. We're telling America's scientists and engineers that if they assemble teams of the best minds in their fields, and focus on the hardest problems in clean energy, we'll fund the Apollo Projects of our time. At the California Institute of Technology, they're developing a way to turn sunlight and water into fuel for our cars. At Oak Ridge National Laboratory, they're using supercomputers to get a lot more power out of our nuclear facilities. With more research and incentives, we can break our dependence on oil with biofuels, and become the first country to have 1 million electric vehicles on the road by 2015. We need to get behind this innovation. And to help pay for it, I'm asking Congress to eliminate the billions in taxpayer dollars we currently give to oil companies. I don't know if you've noticed, but they're doing just fine on their own. So instead of subsidizing yesterday's energy, let's invest in tomorrow's. Now, clean energy breakthroughs will only translate into clean energy jobs if businesses know there will be a market for what they're selling. So tonight, I challenge you to join me in setting a new goal: by 2035, 80% of America's electricity will come from clean energy sources. Some folks want wind and solar. Others want nuclear, clean coal, and natural gas. To meet this goal, we will need them all -- and I urge Democrats and Republicans to work together to make it happen. Maintaining our leadership in research and technology is crucial to America's success. But if we want to win the future -- if we want innovation to produce jobs in America and not overseas -- then we also have to win the race to educate our kids. Think about it. Over the next ten years, nearly half of all new jobs will require education that goes beyond a high school degree. And yet, as many as a quarter of our students aren't even finishing high school. The quality of our math and science education lags behind many other nations. America has fallen to 9th in the proportion of young people with a college degree. And so the question is whether all of us -- as citizens, and as parents -- are willing to do what's necessary to give every child a chance to succeed. That responsibility begins not in our classrooms, but in our homes and communities. It's family that first instills the love of learning in a child. Only parents can make sure the TV is turned off and homework gets done. We need to teach our kids that it's not just the winner of the Super Bowl who deserves to be celebrated, but the winner of the science fair; that success is not a function of fame or PR, but of hard work and discipline. Our schools share this responsibility. When a child walks into a classroom, it should be a place of high expectations and high performance. But too many schools don't meet this test. That's why instead of just pouring money into a system that's not working, we launched a competition called Race to the Top. To all fifty states, we said, "If you show us the most innovative plans to improve teacher quality and student achievement, we'll show you the money." Race to the Top is the most meaningful reform of our public schools in a generation. For less than one percent of what we spend on education each year, it has led over 40 states to raise their standards for teaching and learning. These standards were developed, not by Washington, but by Republican and Democratic governors throughout the country. And Race to the Top should be the approach we follow this year as we replace No Child Left Behind with a law that is more flexible and focused on what's best for our kids. You see, we know what's possible for our children when reform isn't just a top-down mandate, but the work of local teachers and principals; school boards and communities. Take a school like Bruce Randolph in Denver. Three years ago, it was rated one of the worst schools in Colorado; located on turf between two rival gangs. But last May, 97% of the seniors received their diploma. Most will be the first in their family to go to college. And after the first year of the school's transformation, the principal who made it possible wiped away tears when a student said "Thank you, Mrs. Waters, for showing that we are smart and we can make it." That's what good schools can do, and we want good schools all across the country. Let's also remember that after parents, the biggest impact on a child's success comes from the man or woman at the front of the classroom. In South Korea, teachers are known as "nation builders." Here in America, it's time we treated the people who educate our children with the same level of respect. We want to reward good teachers and stop making excuses for bad ones. And over the next ten years, with so many Baby Boomers retiring from our classrooms, we want to prepare 100,000 new teachers in the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math. In fact, to every young person listening tonight who's contemplating their career choice: If you want to make a difference in the life of our nation; if you want to make a difference in the life of a child -- become a teacher. Your country needs you. Of course, the education race doesn't end with a high school diploma. To compete, higher education must be within reach of every American. That's why we've ended the unwarranted taxpayer subsidies that went to banks, and used the savings to make college affordable for millions of students. And this year, I ask Congress to go further, and make permanent our tuition tax credit -- worth $10,000 for four years of college. Because people need to be able to train for new jobs and careers in today's fast-changing economy, we are also revitalizing America's community colleges. Last month, I saw the promise of these schools at Forsyth Tech in North Carolina. Many of the students there used to work in the surrounding factories that have since left town. One mother of two, a woman named Kathy Proctor, had worked in the furniture industry since she was 18 years old. And she told me she's earning her degree in biotechnology now, at 55 years old, not just because the furniture jobs are gone, but because she wants to inspire her children to pursue their dreams too. As Kathy said, "I hope it tells them to never give up." If we take these steps -- if we raise expectations for every child, and give them the best possible chance at an education, from the day they're born until the last job they take -- we will reach the goal I set two years ago: by the end of the decade, America will once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world. One last point about education. Today, there are hundreds of thousands of students excelling in our schools who are not American citizens. Some are the children of undocumented workers, who had nothing to do with the actions of their parents. They grew up as Americans and pledge allegiance to our flag, and yet live every day with the threat of deportation. Others come here from abroad to study in our colleges and universities. But as soon as they obtain advanced degrees, we send them back home to compete against us. It makes no sense. Now, I strongly believe that we should take on, once and for all, the issue of illegal immigration. I am prepared to work with Republicans and Democrats to protect our borders, enforce our laws and address the millions of undocumented workers who are now living in the shadows. I know that debate will be difficult and take time. But tonight, let's agree to make that effort. And let's stop expelling talented, responsible young people who can staff our research labs, start new businesses, and further enrich this nation. The third step in winning the future is rebuilding America. To attract new businesses to our shores, we need the fastest, most reliable ways to move people, goods, and information -- from high-speed rail to high-speed internet. Our infrastructure used to be the best -- but our lead has slipped. South Korean homes now have greater internet access than we do. Countries in Europe and Russia invest more in their roads and railways than we do. China is building faster trains and newer airports. Meanwhile, when our own engineers graded our nation's infrastructure, they gave us a "D." We have to do better. America is the nation that built the transcontinental railroad, brought electricity to rural communities, and constructed the interstate highway system. The jobs created by these projects didn't just come from laying down tracks or pavement. They came from businesses that opened near a town's new train station or the new off-ramp. Over the last two years, we have begun rebuilding for the 21st century, a project that has meant thousands of good jobs for the hard-hit construction industry. Tonight, I'm proposing that we redouble these efforts. We will put more Americans to work repairing crumbling roads and bridges. We will make sure this is fully paid for, attract private investment, and pick projects based on what's best for the economy, not politicians. Within 25 years, our goal is to give 80% of Americans access to high-speed rail, which could allow you go places in half the time it takes to travel by car. For some trips, it will be faster than flying -- without the pat-down. As we speak, routes in California and the Midwest are already underway. Within the next five years, we will make it possible for business to deploy the next generation of high-speed wireless coverage to 98% of all Americans. This isn't just about a faster internet and fewer dropped calls. It's about connecting every part of America to the digital age. It's about a rural community in Iowa or Alabama where farmers and small business owners will be able to sell their products all over the world. It's about a firefighter who can download the design of a burning building onto a handheld device; a student who can take classes with a digital textbook; or a patient who can have face-to-face video chats with her doctor. All these investments -- in innovation, education, and infrastructure -- will make America a better place to do business and create jobs. But to help our companies compete, we also have to knock down barriers that stand in the way of their success. Over the years, a parade of lobbyists has rigged the tax code to benefit particular companies and industries. Those with accountants or lawyers to work the system can end up paying no taxes at all. But all the rest are hit with one of the highest corporate tax rates in the world. It makes no sense, and it has to change. So tonight, I'm asking Democrats and Republicans to simplify the system. Get rid of the loopholes. Level the playing field. And use the savings to lower the corporate tax rate for the first time in 25 years -- without adding to our deficit. To help businesses sell more products abroad, we set a goal of doubling our exports by 2014 -- because the more we export, the more jobs we create at home. Already, our exports are up. Recently, we signed agreements with India and China that will support more than 250,000 jobs in the United States. And last month, we finalized a trade agreement with South Korea that will support at least 70,000 American jobs. This agreement has unprecedented support from business and labor; Democrats and Republicans, and I ask this Congress to pass it as soon as possible. Before I took office, I made it clear that we would enforce our trade agreements, and that I would only sign deals that keep faith with American workers, and promote American jobs. That's what we did with Korea, and that's what I intend to do as we pursue agreements with Panama and Colombia, and continue our Asia Pacific and global trade talks. To reduce barriers to growth and investment, I've ordered a review of government regulations. When we find rules that put an unnecessary burden on businesses, we will fix them. But I will not hesitate to create or enforce commonsense safeguards to protect the American people. That's what we've done in this country for more than a century. It's why our food is safe to eat, our water is safe to drink, and our air is safe to breathe. It's why we have speed limits and child labor laws. It's why last year, we put in place consumer protections against hidden fees and penalties by credit card companies, and new rules to prevent another financial crisis. And it's why we passed reform that finally prevents the health insurance industry from exploiting patients. Now, I've heard rumors that a few of you have some concerns about the new health care law. So let me be the first to say that anything can be improved. If you have ideas about how to improve this law by making care better or more affordable, I am eager to work with you. We can start right now by correcting a flaw in the legislation that has placed an unnecessary bookkeeping burden on small businesses. What I'm not willing to do is go back to the days when insurance companies could deny someone coverage because of a pre-existing condition. I'm not willing to tell James Howard, a brain cancer patient from Texas, that his treatment might not be covered. I'm not willing to tell Jim Houser, a small business owner from Oregon, that he has to go back to paying $5,000 more to cover his employees. As we speak, this law is making prescription drugs cheaper for seniors and giving uninsured students a chance to stay on their parents' coverage. So instead of re-fighting the battles of the last two years, let's fix what needs fixing and move forward. Now, the final step -- a critical step -- in winning the future is to make sure we aren't buried under a mountain of debt. We are living with a legacy of deficit-spending that began almost a decade ago. And in the wake of the financial crisis, some of that was necessary to keep credit flowing, save jobs, and put money in people's pockets. But now that the worst of the recession is over, we have to confront the fact that our government spends more than it takes in. That is not sustainable. Every day, families sacrifice to live within their means. They deserve a government that does the same. So tonight, I am proposing that starting this year, we freeze annual domestic spending for the next five years. This would reduce the deficit by more than $400 billion over the next decade, and will bring discretionary spending to the lowest share of our economy since Dwight Eisenhower was president. This freeze will require painful cuts. Already, we have frozen the salaries of hardworking federal employees for the next two years. I've proposed cuts to things I care deeply about, like community action programs. The Secretary of Defense has also agreed to cut tens of billions of dollars in spending that he and his generals believe our military can do without. I recognize that some in this Chamber have already proposed deeper cuts, and I'm willing to eliminate whatever we can honestly afford to do without. But let's make sure that we're not doing it on the backs of our most vulnerable citizens. And let's make sure what we're cutting is really excess weight. Cutting the deficit by gutting our investments in innovation and education is like lightening an overloaded airplane by removing its engine. It may feel like you're flying high at first, but it won't take long before you'll feel the impact. Now, most of the cuts and savings I've proposed only address annual domestic spending, which represents a little more than 12% of our budget. To make further progress, we have to stop pretending that cutting this kind of spending alone will be enough. It won't. The bipartisan Fiscal Commission I created last year made this crystal clear. I don't agree with all their proposals, but they made important progress. And their conclusion is that the only way to tackle our deficit is to cut excessive spending wherever we find it -- in domestic spending, defense spending, health care spending, and spending through tax breaks and loopholes. This means further reducing health care costs, including programs like Medicare and Medicaid, which are the single biggest contributor to our long-term deficit. Health insurance reform will slow these rising costs, which is part of why nonpartisan economists have said that repealing the health care law would add a quarter of a trillion dollars to our deficit. Still, I'm willing to look at other ideas to bring down costs, including one that Republicans suggested last year: medical malpractice reform to rein in frivolous lawsuits. To put us on solid ground, we should also find a bipartisan solution to strengthen Social Security for future generations. And we must do it without putting at risk current retirees, the most vulnerable, or people with disabilities; without slashing benefits for future generations; and without subjecting Americans' guaranteed retirement income to the whims of the stock market. And if we truly care about our deficit, we simply cannot afford a permanent extension of the tax cuts for the wealthiest 2% of Americans. Before we take money away from our schools, or scholarships away from our students, we should ask millionaires to give up their tax break. It's not a matter of punishing their success. It's about promoting America's success. In fact, the best thing we could do on taxes for all Americans is to simplify the individual tax code. This will be a tough job, but members of both parties have expressed interest in doing this, and I am prepared to join them. So now is the time to act. Now is the time for both sides and both houses of Congress -- Democrats and Republicans -- to forge a principled compromise that gets the job done. If we make the hard choices now to rein in our deficits, we can make the investments we need to win the future. Let me take this one step further. We shouldn't just give our people a government that's more affordable. We should give them a government that's more competent and efficient. We cannot win the future with a government of the past. We live and do business in the information age, but the last major reorganization of the government happened in the age of black and white TV. There are twelve different agencies that deal with exports. There are at least five different entities that deal with housing policy. Then there's my favorite example: the Interior Department is in charge of salmon while they're in fresh water, but the Commerce Department handles them in when they're in saltwater. And I hear it gets even more complicated once they're smoked. Now, we have made great strides over the last two years in using technology and getting rid of waste. Veterans can now download their electronic medical records with a click of the mouse. We're selling acres of federal office space that hasn't been used in years, and we will cut through red tape to get rid of more. But we need to think bigger. In the coming months, my administration will develop a proposal to merge, consolidate, and reorganize the federal government in a way that best serves the goal of a more competitive America. I will submit that proposal to Congress for a vote -- and we will push to get it passed. In the coming year, we will also work to rebuild people's faith in the institution of government. Because you deserve to know exactly how and where your tax dollars are being spent, you will be able to go to a website and get that information for the very first time in history. Because you deserve to know when your elected officials are meeting with lobbyists, I ask Congress to do what the White House has already done: put that information online. And because the American people deserve to know that special interests aren't larding up legislation with pet projects, both parties in Congress should know this: if a bill comes to my desk with earmarks inside, I will veto it. A 21st century government that's open and competent. A government that lives within its means. An economy that's driven by new skills and ideas. Our success in this new and changing world will require reform, responsibility, and innovation. It will also require us to approach that world with a new level of engagement in our foreign affairs. Just as jobs and businesses can now race across borders, so can new threats and new challenges. No single wall separates East and West; no one rival superpower is aligned against us. And so we must defeat determined enemies wherever they are, and build coalitions that cut across lines of region and race and religion. America's moral example must always shine for all who yearn for freedom, justice, and dignity. And because we have begun this work, tonight we can say that American leadership has been renewed and America's standing has been restored. Look to Iraq, where nearly 100,000 of our brave men and women have left with their heads held high; where American combat patrols have ended; violence has come down; and a new government has been formed. This year, our civilians will forge a lasting partnership with the Iraqi people, while we finish the job of bringing our troops out of Iraq. America's commitment has been kept; the Iraq War is coming to an end. Of course, as we speak, al Qaeda and their affiliates continue to plan attacks against us. Thanks to our intelligence and law enforcement professionals, we are disrupting plots and securing our cities and skies. And as extremists try to inspire acts of violence within our borders, we are responding with the strength of our communities, with respect for the rule of law, and with the conviction that American Muslims are a part of our American family. We have also taken the fight to al Qaeda and their allies abroad. In Afghanistan, our troops have taken Taliban strongholds and trained Afghan Security Forces. Our purpose is clear -- by preventing the Taliban from reestablishing a stranglehold over the Afghan people, we will deny al Qaeda the safe-haven that served as a launching pad for 9/11. Thanks to our heroic troops and civilians, fewer Afghans are under the control of the insurgency. There will be tough fighting ahead, and the Afghan government will need to deliver better governance. But we are strengthening the capacity of the Afghan people and building an enduring partnership with them. This year, we will work with nearly 50 countries to begin a transition to an Afghan lead. And this July, we will begin to bring our troops home. In Pakistan, al Qaeda's leadership is under more pressure than at any point since 2001. Their leaders and operatives are being removed from the battlefield. Their safe-havens are shrinking. And we have sent a message from the Afghan border to the Arabian Peninsula to all parts of the globe: we will not relent, we will not waver, and we will defeat you. American leadership can also be seen in the effort to secure the worst weapons of war. Because Republicans and Democrats approved the New START Treaty, far fewer nuclear weapons and launchers will be deployed. Because we rallied the world, nuclear materials are being locked down on every continent so they never fall into the hands of terrorists. Because of a diplomatic effort to insist that Iran meet its obligations, the Iranian government now faces tougher and tighter sanctions than ever before. And on the Korean peninsula, we stand with our ally South Korea, and insist that North Korea keeps its commitment to abandon nuclear weapons. This is just a part of how we are shaping a world that favors peace and prosperity. With our European allies, we revitalized NATO, and increased our cooperation on everything from counter-terrorism to missile defense. We have reset our relationship with Russia, strengthened Asian alliances, and built new partnerships with nations like India. This March, I will travel to Brazil, Chile, and El Salvador to forge new alliances for progress in the Americas. Around the globe, we are standing with those who take responsibility -- helping farmers grow more food; supporting doctors who care for the sick; and combating the corruption that can rot a society and rob people of opportunity. Recent events have shown us that what sets us apart must not just be our power -- it must be the purpose behind it. In South Sudan -- with our assistance -- the people were finally able to vote for independence after years of war. Thousands lined up before dawn. People danced in the streets. One man who lost four of his brothers at war summed up the scene around him: "This was a battlefield for most of my life. Now we want to be free." We saw that same desire to be free in Tunisia, where the will of the people proved more powerful than the writ of a dictator. And tonight, let us be clear: the United States of America stands with the people of Tunisia, and supports the democratic aspirations of all people. We must never forget that the things we've struggled for, and fought for, live in the hearts of people everywhere. And we must always remember that the Americans who have borne the greatest burden in this struggle are the men and women who serve our country. Tonight, let us speak with one voice in reaffirming that our nation is united in support of our troops and their families. Let us serve them as well as they have served us -- by giving them the equipment they need; by providing them with the care and benefits they have earned; and by enlisting our veterans in the great task of building our own nation. Our troops come from every corner of this country -- they are black, white, Latino, Asian and Native American. They are Christian and Hindu, Jewish and Muslim. And, yes, we know that some of them are gay. Starting this year, no American will be forbidden from serving the country they love because of who they love. And with that change, I call on all of our college campuses to open their doors to our military recruiters and the ROTC. It is time to leave behind the divisive battles of the past. It is time to move forward as one nation. We should have no illusions about the work ahead of us. Reforming our schools; changing the way we use energy; reducing our deficit -- none of this is easy. All of it will take time. And it will be harder because we will argue about everything. The cost. The details. The letter of every law. Of course, some countries don't have this problem. If the central government wants a railroad, they get a railroad -- no matter how many homes are bulldozed. If they don't want a bad story in the newspaper, it doesn't get written. And yet, as contentious and frustrating and messy as our democracy can sometimes be, I know there isn't a person here who would trade places with any other nation on Earth. We may have differences in policy, but we all believe in the rights enshrined in our Constitution. We may have different opinions, but we believe in the same promise that says this is a place where you can make it if you try. We may have different backgrounds, but we believe in the same dream that says this is a country where anything's possible. No matter who you are. No matter where you come from. That dream is why I can stand here before you tonight. That dream is why a working class kid from Scranton can stand behind me. That dream is why someone who began by sweeping the floors of his father's Cincinnati bar can preside as Speaker of the House in the greatest nation on Earth. That dream -- that American Dream -- is what drove the Allen Brothers to reinvent their roofing company for a new era. It's what drove those students at Forsyth Tech to learn a new skill and work towards the future. And that dream is the story of a small business owner named Brandon Fisher. Brandon started a company in Berlin, Pennsylvania that specializes in a new kind of drilling technology. One day last summer, he saw the news that halfway across the world, 33 men were trapped in a Chilean mine, and no one knew how to save them. But Brandon thought his company could help. And so he designed a rescue that would come to be known as Plan B. His employees worked around the clock to manufacture the necessary drilling equipment. And Brandon left for Chile. Along with others, he began drilling a 2,000 foot hole into the ground, working three or four days at a time with no sleep. Thirty-seven days later, Plan B succeeded, and the miners were rescued. But because he didn't want all of the attention, Brandon wasn't there when the miners emerged. He had already gone home, back to work on his next project. Later, one of his employees said of the rescue, "We proved that Center Rock is a little company, but we do big things." We do big things. From the earliest days of our founding, America has been the story of ordinary people who dare to dream. That's how we win the future. We are a nation that says, "I might not have a lot of money, but I have this great idea for a new company. I might not come from a family of college graduates, but I will be the first to get my degree. I might not know those people in trouble, but I think I can help them, and I need to try. I'm not sure how we'll reach that better place beyond the horizon, but I know we'll get there. I know we will. We do big things." The idea of America endures. Our destiny remains our choice. And tonight, more than two centuries later, it is because of our people that our future is hopeful, our journey goes forward, and the state of our union is strong. Thank you, God Bless You, and may God Bless the United States of America. Hello, welcome to the the first ASL bible devotion. What does this mean, I want to share with you a bible verse in ASL. WOW! Today, bible verse is Matthew 6:34. What does the verse say, it says don't worry about the future don't worry about tomorrow. Also, it says tomorrow has its own worry. WOW! I find it really comforting. Do you worry? I feel the same. What kind of worries? For example, rent... car repairs... bills...stressful thoughts on whether you can afford it or not. What do you do? (Sigh) Come join me in prayer...Prayer can help relieve your your worry. I feel the same way too. Join me now... Let us pray... Dear Lord, thank you for the beautiful rope that you lend to us. You comfort me in my time of need. Thank you in Jesus's name amen. Thank you for watching this ASL bible devotion video. Hopes of the Cendrawasih Children I have been here since 2009, already almost two and a half years I teach 2nd grade But at the moment there are no other teachers for grades 1 to 6, so I have to teach all of them It is better that I do that, rather than letting the students play, so they learn and calm down a bit Actually, we have nine teachers here, but they rarely come. I don't know what their excuses are There are many 4th graders who can't read and write Maybe because in 1st and 2nd grade their teachers didn't turn up to classes and left lots of the lessons When they did show up, they just taught whatever But the teachers are afraid of the parents. They just pass all the students so they can all go to the next class ... even though they can't read and write. The teacher raises the flag by himself It annoys me because the flag is always at mast but we never do the Monday flag ceremonies There are three male teachers, and four females Only three of them turn up regularly Sometimes only two, sometimes only one Sometimes the teacher comes and just tells us to go home Sometimes we come to school and there is no teacher, so we just go home They usually come diligently when it is around payday Sometimes the teachers turn up around 10 or 11am When I don't go to school, I work for the Victory [palm plantation] company I hope those nine teachers come in and teach here because the students really need them So that the kids don't just play outside That doesn't look right for the community here, or the guests who pass by the school My name is Hendiko, when I grow up I want to be a naval officer My name is Debora, when I grow up I want to be a school teacher My name is Silas, my dream is to be a police officer My name is Petrus, I want to be a teacher My name is Julianus Mesas, I'm in 5th grade at Inpres Wambes Primary School. My dream is to become a police officer My name is Ibrahim, my school is in Wambes, Inpres Suskun Primary School. I want to be a police officer (music) This particular semester the Interior Design Program and the Apparel Design and Merchandising Program, they came together, and we said, we share so many principles of design and stuff. So why don't we just get together and work together on a sustainability project? So we got the grant from Cotton, Inc. to promote the awareness and knowledge of sustainable design and practices and in particular how sustainable cotton can be used in the apparel industry and the interior design industry. Three faculty who are collaborating on this project is Dr. Wei Cao in Textiles, Dr. JongEun Kim in Apparel Design and Merchandising, and I in the Interior Design Program. One of the things that Dr. Cao is doing, she's working with her students to use organic dyes and dye cotton. Then Dr. Kim is working with the students, taking those textiles and then designing garments, and then my students are also creating the stage set designs for the fashion show that is going to take place on April 28th in the Valley Performing Arts Center. Now besides these activities what we are trying to do is to connect with the community. We are working with two of our community partners, Sylmar High School and the Northridge Academy. We are bringing in art pieces and garments that their students designed and then we are exhibiting in the art exhibit. CAO: My students help them to produce the wonderful garment So through the lower level textile class up to the advanced level, they have different assignments. For example the lower level students have to look for cotton fabric, which could be used in the garment or the home textile. Then my textile science class, we have to do some research to investigate how could we improve the sustainability of cotton. KlM: The competition design rule is that you have to use at least sixty percent cotton or cotton-rich materials. You can't use anything else. So you probably recognize that some of them looks not like cotton, but it's blended with silk or other material, but sixty percent cotton is a requirement. So its a diversity of cotton, so cotton when we think it could be just a simple material -- underwear, t-shirt, linen and however, you have seen wedding dress, evening gowns, ball gowns, beautiful sportswear, very active. FElCKERT: There are a lot of really interesting cottons that are out there that are not used in the mass market these days. They hang beautifully, they fit beautifully, and I would love to see more cotton out in the marketplace these days. (music) In 2008, Cyclone Nargis devastated Myanmar. Millions of people were in severe need of help. The U.N. wanted to rush people and supplies to the area. But there were no maps, no maps of roads, no maps showing hospitals, no way for help to reach the cyclone victims. When we look at a map of Los Angeles or London, it is hard to believe that as of 2005, only 15 percent of the world was mapped to a geo-codable level of detail. The U.N. ran headfirst into a problem that the majority of the world's populous faces: not having detailed maps. But help was coming. At Google, 40 volunteers used a new software to map 120,000 kilometers of roads, 3,000 hospitals, logistics and relief points. And it took them four days. The new software they used? Google Mapmaker. Google Mapmaker is a technology that empowers each of us to map what we know locally. People have used this software to map everything from roads to rivers, from schools to local businesses, and video stores to the corner store. Maps matter. Nobel Prize nominee Hernando De Soto recognized that the key to economic liftoff for most developing countries is to tap the vast amounts of uncapitalized land. For example, a trillion dollars of real estate remains uncapitalized in India alone. In the last year alone, thousands of users in 170 countries have mapped millions of pieces of information, and created a map of a level of detail never thought viable. And this was made possible by the power of passionate users everywhere. Let's look at some of the maps being created by users right now. So, as we speak, people are mapping the world in these 170 countries. You can see Bridget in Africa who just mapped a road in Senegal. And, closer to home, Chalua, an N.G. road in Bangalore. This is the result of computational geometry, gesture recognition, and machine learning. This is a victory of thousands of users, in hundreds of cities, one user, one edit at a time. This is an invitation to the 70 percent of our unmapped planet. Welcome to the new world. (Applause) THE MEMORY OF THE RlGHTEOUS Subtitles Is it ok like this for you? Yeah thanks, you can leave the beard. Et voila '... Thanks .... is this alright? Of course I even accept here "cannoli" for payment Hello Paul ... Good morning, Father John Do you have time to cut hair to Nino, our little guest? Sure Come on, sit down And I also sit down .... is it this one the newspaper of today? Yes freshly bought Then let me check it Are you ok? That's all right Feel a bit what it says here These are hard times for gay and lesbian Catholics. A week after Palermo Pride 2011, the gay event for the gay pride, the Cury of Palermo has banned a vigil prayer for the victims of homophobia, as provided in the church of Saint Lucia next 12th May at 9 pm. Here it is, again the same words on the homophobic diatribes... See father John, the Cury has banned the vigil prayer in memory of the victims of homophobia. Sorry to see that some people, even from the church, want us to believe that gays and immigrants are not common people. My dear NEWS ANCHOR: First, though, to Japan, where two years ago, almost to the day, the tsunami struck. But it was the nuclear disaster that followed which has left the most lasting legacy. So what has happened to the people of Fukushima since then? Adrian Brown traveled to the town of Odaka, deep inside the irradiated zone, to find out. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Desolate and blighted, this is Fukushima's exclusion zone-- a radioactive wasteland, the site of one of the world's worst nuclear disasters. Driving through Fukushima is a surreal and unsettling experience. ADRlAN: 1.03. MALE SPEAKER 1: It's going to get higher. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): A Geiger counter, our only means of monitoring the danger that's all around. We're now less than 20 kilometers from ground zero. You can't see radiation. You can't taste it. You can't feel it. But we know this is one of the most contaminated places on earth. The experts say making a brief visit here is not dangerous, but prolonged exposure is. It's not a place you want to spend too much time in. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] MALE SPEAKER 2 (VOlCEOVER): This is the moment the quake struck. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] INTERPRETER (VOlCEOVER): The short earthquake erupted with a magnitude of 8.8, which is the largest in Japan. And-- . [GASPlNG] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [ALARMS SOUNDlNG] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): These barriers mark the start of the no-go zone around the crippled Daiichi nuclear reactor. It just started beeping. [BEEPlNG] ADRlAN: 3.34. Yes, which is very high. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Despite the high radiation levels, some people have refused to leave. We're on our way to meet one of them. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Farmer Masami Yoshizawa once provided for some of Tokyo's finest restaurants. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN: What about your own health? Have you been feeling sick? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): The 58-year-old farmer is refusing to slaughter his animals. His herd has become a living symbol of protest against TEPCO, the plant's operator, and the resumption of nuclear power in Japan. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): As we leave, we come across visitors taking pictures of Mr. Yoshizawa's irradiated cows. They say they've come as a show of support, but are seemingly oblivious to the risks. [BEEPlNG] The Geiger counter is showing one of the highest readings of our entire trip. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN: Do you believe the government when it says that the radiation levels are low? You don't believe the government? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): It's a feeling of betrayal shared by many we meet. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Miyako Yoshida among them. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] This is really weird. Apart from our car, I've seen no other people. No people. No people. So like a ghost town. And so silent. Mm-hm, silent. Silent. It's very strange. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Miyako was forced to evacuate her home in Odaka, 15 kilometers from the nuclear plant. But she returns there regularly to leave food for abandoned pets. MlYAKO: Still work. Hm. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): The traffic lights are still working, but just about nothing else is. Miyako's only protection is a face towel. ADRlAN: How many cats will come here? MlYAKO: Uh, two or three? ADRlAN: Ah. So they're eating it. MlYAKO: They are eating, so-- ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Many animals have already perished. [GASP] But today, for Miyako, there's a reassuring surprise. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN: Who are they? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): In the window of an abandoned shop, she spots a friend's cat. Excitedly, she calls her with the news, it's alive! [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): The discovery happens just meters from Miyako's home. ADRlAN: So this is your house. This is my house. 40 years. ADRlAN: 40 years you lived here. 40 years old. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Before the disaster, Miyako had big plans to rebuild. But it's unlikely she'll ever live here again. So now her home is a ramshackle shelter for the area's stray cats. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Close by are garbage bags filled with contaminated debris. Piles like these litter the exclusion zone. The government is still struggling to safely dispose of this radioactive material. It's little wonder that Miyako has lost faith in nuclear energy. ADRlAN: Do you think Japan should keep nuclear power? No. Japanese government policy is very strange. And we people have been deceived by the government and the tourist company. [SHOUTlNG] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): This was the scene inside the Unit One Reactor building after it was rocked by explosions. [ALARMS SOUNDlNG] As the cooling system failed and the plant went into meltdown, a band of 50 workers stayed on, risking their lives to bring the crisis under control. I was here. ADRlAN: That's you. Yeah. That's me. We looked very tired. ADRlAN: Yeah, you look very thin. At the time, there were still not enough food and water. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Quietly spoken and unassuming, Atsufumi Yoshizawa is one of the heroes of Fukushima's dark days. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): For the first two weeks, he and his fellow workers survived on little more than adrenaline, biscuits, and water. You've been quoted as saying that you felt like a kamikaze pilot. Did it feel like a suicide mission, though? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Despite the workers' bravery, many Japanese still blame them for causing the accident and bumbling their response. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN: It's two years since the disaster. Have the radiation levels started to drop? I mean, is it as bad now as it was then, or less bad, or worse? Actually, we're really surprised that the levels have come down much quicker than we expected. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): It's refreshing to hear some positive news from Fukushima. Joe Moross and Azby Brown work for Safecast, a US-based organization which has helped to build a real-time map of radiation levels using mobile monitoring technology. JOE: Each unit has a GPS and a Giger counter inside. So it measures the location, the time, and the radiation levels, and then writes that on a memory card so that we can read it out later and put it on a map. ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): While they found that radiation is dropping, they concede that science is divided on the consequences for health from the levels that remain. Does that mean it's safe for people to return to their homes? Well, safety is a relative term. And it depends on each person. You know, the same thing that an elderly person might find tolerable as forms of health risk would not be tolerable for a young mother with children. Because at a low level, if it's likely to generate a cancer in 20 years in your life-- well, a 70-year-old person probably doesn't have to worry about that. But somebody who's only 10 years old, they've got that time several times over for something to come up in their life later on because of that exposure. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): In Fukushima city, I meet [INAUDlBLE]. 50 kilometers from the crippled nuclear plant and well outside the exclusion zone, life is still far from normal. [BEEPlNG] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Every day, she sends her daughter to a school far away in the mountains-- a three-hour round trip by bus. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Seven year old Chi is too young to fully understand what happened here two years ago. All she knows is that she can't play outside her home anymore. ADRlAN: If you're so worried about the radiation levels, why do you stay in Fukushima? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): For many of those who've turned their backs on Fukushima, life isn't much easier. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Six days after the explosion, Kyoko Takada and her family abandoned their home 23 kilometers from the Daiichi plant. Now Mum, Dad, and four children share two rooms of a rented ground-floor flat on the outskirts of Tokyo. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN: Is the truth this, that really nobody knows when or if it'll ever be safe to return to your home? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): While the authorities work out how to deal with this nuclear nightmare, the cleanup goes on and on. I found this dad's Army group of volunteers just outside Fukushima city. It's slow, methodical work as they rake and prod at land the tsunami consumed. They've been doing this six days a week since last May. [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Strawberries and rice once grew in the soil. The hope is that one day they will again. ADRlAN: Japan is one of the richest countries in the world. Did you imagine you'd still be living in temporary housing two years after the tsunami? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN (VOlCEOVER): Two years on, it's still hard for survivors to absorb the scale of this disaster. For the people of Fukushima, the suffering goes on. ADRlAN: What do you think when you see this scene before you? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] ADRlAN: Do you think they can rebuild this place? [SPEAKlNG JAPANESE] NEWS ANCHOR: Adrian Brown. The extraordinary images. And you do have to admire the woman who's braving radioactive poisoning to feed those stray pets left in the exclusion zone. There's a blog from Adrian on our website describing how he felt visiting the disaster zone. Plus, take a look at our interactive guide to radiation and its potential effects on health. That's at sbs.com.au/dateline. LlVING PROOF: International Examples Of Tower Renewal narrated by architect, Graeme Stewart Almost every major European city is surrounded by a periphery of post-war high rises. London, Paris, Amsterdam, Moscow, Prague... Belgrade, you name it... This is how European cities were built. Toronto is incredibly influenced by this and that's why largely we have this form. In my education as an architect, these buildings were really villainized. The buildings were blamed as part of the problem. What I find really exciting about the examples we found throughout Europe and actually throughout the world, it throws that sort of idea out the window. It's not the buildings, it's actually the system around the buildings. What can you do? How does the neighbourhood function? Hansaviertel, BERLlN They've taken the ground floor unit in an apartment, very similar to what you find all over Toronto. They've put in a small restaurant and a cafe with a terrace. Put a coat of paint on the building and added some awnings and suddenly you think - Wow! This is great! I could live here! Neustsatd, Helle, GERMANY And something as simple as a fruit stand can really begin to transform a neighbourhood. Suddenly, you have local access to fresh food. You have a social meeting point. You've created employment - this is someone's small business. And, shocking as it sounds, something as simple as a fruit stand or kiosk is currently prohibited under most of the zoning in these neighbourhoods. Novi Arbat MOSCOW I was really struck when I came here, to see large, large tower blocks instead of the wasteland you actually have this large pedestrian promenade, this large commercial area and an area like this is thriving. And it really challenges the notion that these neighbourhoods can't be dynamic. Slotermeer Zuidwest, AMSTERDAM In terms of looking at the wider neighbourhood and how does the neighbourhood evolve, something as simple as putting in a bike network. So here you have bike networks that go from one building to the next. In the bottom of this one building happens to be a grocery store and be turning into a really functional neighbourhood. Lichtenberg, BERLlN So what they did in this neighbourhood is a full refurbishment and they were able to do that without increasing the rents. In fact, the energy prices were so high and the building so inefficient that after the refurbishment they were able to lower the rent. And within this neighbourhood, you have new community centres this is a fantastic new community centre with a community garden and the social focal point in the middle of this tower neighbourhood. And this is a pretty extreme example bringing a seventeenth century fountain into the middle of a tower block neighbourhood, but that's what they did and it's surrounded by shops. And this really becomes the meeting place, this becomes the centre. You can see the buildings, the parks the community centres, the new housing, lots of opportunity. And here, this is where we are in Toronto. We have a starting point for these diverse neighbourhoods and how do we take a cluster of buildings and be able to think how can we coordinate and make some of these ideas happen? So the real push with Tower Renewal is to ask: What would we like to see in our neighbourhoods? How do we define a complete and sustainable neighbourhood? What pieces are there? What pieces are missing? And how can this happen all over the city? Because with 2000 of these buildings, hundreds of neighbourhoods, and a lot of really thoughtful thinking about where transit is growing, these neighbourhoods and these towers can be a huge part of the future of the city. [Music] Hello my name is John Oakley. I've come today to show you how to magnetize an ordinary kicthen utensil, maybe a fork or a spoon or a knife. As previously mentioned in this video, um, or explained, the way we do this This presentation is delivered by the Stanford Center for Professional Development. Hey. Welcome to Wednesday. Things that have happened and we're talking about sorting. We've got lots of sorting to talk about today. Some more sorting we'll talk about on Friday. So I'm going to pick up on where I left off on Monday. And this was the code for the selection sort algorithm. And, in fact, I'm actually not gonna - I'm gonna be showing the code for each of the algorithms that I'm using here, but I'm gonna encourage you to not actually get really focused on the details of the code. This is actually one of those places where the code is an embodiment of the idea and the idea is the one that actually we're interested in studying, which is the approach it takes to sorting, how it decides to get that data in sorted order, and then how that algorithm performs and the kind of details of where It's a plus one and minus one less than - It's actually a little bit less important for this particular topic. So what I'm gonna show you actually is a little demo of this code in action that's done using our graphics library just to show you what's going on. And so this is the selection sort code that the outer loop of which selects the smallest of what remains from the position I to the end of the array and then swaps it into position after It's done that finding. So this inner loop is basically just a min finder finding the minimum index element from I to the end. So I'm gonna watch this code step through. So you can see as it moves J down, which goes bopping by in green It's actually updating this kind of min, the blue pointer there, that says, well, what's the min I'm seeing so far? Early on, it was 92, then it bumped down to 45, then it bumped down to 41, then 28, then 8 and finally got to the end and found nothing smaller so it says, okay, that must be where the min is. Let me move that guy to the very front. So exchanges those two guys, flopping another one back in there. Now, we know we have the very smallest one out of the way. It's in the right spot. We have nothing more to do with that. There's no changes that'll need to be made to anything to the left of I and we do the same operation again. Select from the remaining n minus one elements, the minimum element. So watch the green, sort of, finger move down while the blue finger kind of stays behind on the smallest It's seen so far. So It's okay, so, well, then 15 is it. Swap that guy up into the second slot. Do it again. Keep doing this, right? Working It's way down and then, as you see, the array's kind of going from the left to the right, the smallest most elements, right? Being picked off and selected and moved out and then leaving the larger ones kind of over here in a little bit of a jumbled mess to get sorted out in the later iterations of those loops. So there is select and sort in action, right? Doing its thing. Okay. Let me do another little demo with you because I have - there's lots of ways to look at these things. I'm gonna do one that actually can do slightly bigger ones and so I'm gonna set this guy up and It's gonna show, in this case, the red moving, right? And it holding onto the smallest It's seen and updating as it finds smaller ones. Move it to the front and then I'm actually gonna speed it up a little bit which is, let's see, go a little faster. So you'll note that it took in this case and it does a little bit of counting. I'm gonna look at the analysis in a minute about a lot of comparisons and not so many moves. that's actually kind of the model behind selection sort is to do a lot of testing. That first iteration looks at every one of the n elements to find the smallest and then it does one move to pull it into position. Then it does the same thing again. Does another task looking at this time only n minus one elements remain, but doing another full set of comparisons to decide who is the smallest of what remains and then swapping that to the front. So It's taking a strategy that seems to indicate that comparison, right? Which It's gonna do a lot of, a very few number of moves as a result, because it identifies where something goes. It pulls it out, puts it to the front, and doesn't do a lot of shuffling around. If I've put kind of a higher number of things in here and let it go it appears to kind of move very slowly at first, right? Because It's doing a lot of work to find those small ones and then move them down to the front, but as it gets further along it will tend to kind of speed up toward the end and that's because in subsequent iterations, right? There's fewer of the elements remaining to look at and so kind of a tiny little portion of It's been sort of so far the first four. If I - I think if I let this go it will go way too fast. Yeah. Way too fast to see it. There's a lot of things I want to show you because I'm gonna add in the option for sound. So one thing to learn a little bit about how to visualize sorts, right? I think that this kind of technique sometimes It's easier to look at than the code is to see how It's putting things in order. Several years ago I had a student who actually was blind and these visualizations do squat for someone who's blind it turns out. So she helped me work out some ideas about how to do a different, sort of, interface. One that visualizes it using it when you're different senses would just do sound and so the change I've made to the code here will play a tone each time It's moving an element and the frequency of that tone is related to the height of the bar. So the smaller height bars are lower frequency, so lower tones. And then the taller bars have a higher frequency, higher pitch to them. And so you'll hear the movement of the bars being expressed with this tone loop so - and I'm not hearing any sound. Is my - are we getting sound? There we go. I'm not getting sound now, how about you? No, we're not getting any sound at all. Here we go. I'm getting sound now. How about you? Well, and that's true. It's only when they move. that's a very good point. What about - I'm running a little bit slower than I'm thinking. All right. I can get it to - all right. Let's try. Now, we're - I feel like we're hearing something. we're still. Definitely getting sound now. Okay. Now It's gonna be a little loud. There we go. The march of the low order tones can be moved into place doing a lot of comparison and then you'll hear kind of the speed up I talked about. Toward the end is the later iterations. Finishing it up. So giving you a kind of a little memory for, sort of, what's the action selection sort. The small amount of tones and the kind of sparse distance meeting shows that It's doing a lot of work in between each of those moves, right? And then the fact that the tones kind of advance from low to high tells you that It's working on the smaller values up to the larger values. Kind of working It's way to the end and that speeding up it closing in on the remaining ones as it gets to the end. Left that around because even if you are can see it you can also hear it and that may help something. What we're gonna look at is how much work does it do? So if I go back and look at the code just to refresh what's going on, right? This inner loop is doing the comparisons all the way to find the min elements and so this is gonna iterate n minus one times on the first iteration, then n minus two, then n minus three, and all the way down those final iterations, three to look at, two to look at, one to look at and then one swap outside that. So what I actually have here is the sum of the values n minus one compares, plus one swap, but as two comparisons one swap, so one just swaps but actually the terms I'm looking at here are the number of comparisons the sum of the numbers one to n minus one is what we're trying to compute here. Then if you've seen this some are the [inaudible], some are the Gaussian, and some you may all ready know how to solve it, but I just kind of showed you how to do the math to work it out, which is the term you're looking for is this sum. If you add it to itself, but rearrange the sequence of the terms so that they cancel each other out you'll see that the n minus one plus one gives you an n and that what you end up with is n minus one n's being added together is what the sum of this sequence against itself is and so we can divide by two to get the answer we're looking for, so we have a one-half n squared minus n term. Which in the big O world, right? Just comes down to n squared. So tell this - It's a quadratic sort, right? That we would expect that if it took a certain amount of time to do a hundred, three seconds, then if we double that input we expect it to take four times as long. So if it was three seconds before It's 12 seconds now. So growing as a parabola is a fairly sharp steep curve to get through things. All right. So let me give you an alternative algorithm to this. Just to kind of think, that's gonna be the theme is, well, that's one way to do it and that has certain properties. Let's look at another way and then maybe we'll have some opportunity to compare and contrast these two different approaches to see what kind of tradeoffs they make in terms of algorithm choices. So the way you might handle a deck of a cards - sorting a deck of cards. So if I'm handing out cards to people you're getting each card in turn that one way people do that is they pick up the first card and they kind of - you assume It's trivially sorted, right? It's in the right place. You pick up the next card and you decide, well, where does it go relative to the one you just had. Maybe you're just sorting by number order and you say, well, okay, It's greater than it and goes on this side. You pick up your next one and It's like it goes in between them. And so you're inserting each new element into the position of the ones that are all ready sorted. So if you imagine applying that same thing in terms of computer talk in a vector sense is you could imagine kind of taking the vector, assuming that the first element is sorted, then looking at the second one and deciding, well, where does it go relative to the ones all ready sorted? The ones to my left and kind of moving it into position, shuffling over to open up that space that's gonna go into and then just extending that as you further and further down the vector. Taking each subsequent element and inserting it into the ones to its left to make a sorted array kind of grow from the left side. So it grows from the left somewhat similar to selection sort, but actually it will look a little bit different based on how It's doing its strategy here. So let me give you the insertion sort code. So my outer loop is looking at the element at index one to the element of the final index of the raise side minus one and it copies that into this variable current to work with and then this inner loop is doing a down to loop, so It's actually backing up from the position J over starting from where you are to say, well, where does this - it keeps sliding this one down until It's fallen into the right place. So we'll move over the 92, in this case, to make space for the 45 and then that's kind of the whole iteration on that first time. The next time we have to look at 67. Well, 67's definitely gonna go past 92, but not past 45. 41 is gonna need to go three full iterations to slide all the way down to the front. 74 is just gonna go over one number. Just needs to slide past one. So on different iterations, right? A little different amount of work is being done, right? This loop terminates when the number has been slotted into position. We won't know in advance how far it needs to go, but we go all the way to the end if necessary, but then kind of sliding each one up by one as we go down. So that one moved all the way to the front, 87 just has one to go, eights got a long way to go. All the way down to the very front there. Sixty-seven goes and stops right there, 15 almost to the bottom, and then 59 moving down this way. So kind of immediately you get the sense It's actually doing something different than selection sort, just visually, right? You're seeing a lot more movement for a start that elements are getting kind of shuffled over and making that space so It's definitely making a different algorithmic choice in terms of comparison versus moving than selection sort did, which is kind of a lot of looking and then a little bit of moving. It's doing kind of the moving and the looking in tandem here. If I want to hear how it sounds, because nothing's complete without knowing how it sounds, I can go back over here and let me turn it down a little bit. So you hear a lot more work in terms of move, right? Because of the signal I'll speed it up just a little bit. So, as you can see, a kind of big [inaudible] a lot of work [inaudible] as it slides that thing down into position and then finding It's home. Some will have come a long distance to travel like that last one. Other ones are very quick where they don't have so far to go in turn. I think that's it. I'll crank it up to like a, sort of, a bigger number, let's say, and turn off the sound and just let it go and you can kind of get a sense of what it looks like. It seems to move very, very quickly at the beginning and then kind of starts to slow down towards the end. If I compare that to my friend the selection sort, but it looks like insertion sort is way out in front and its gonna just win this race hands down, but, in fact, selection sort kind of makes a really quick end runaround and at the end it actually came in just a few fractions of a second faster by kind of speeding up towards the end. So It's like the tortoise and the hare. It looks like insertion sort's way out in front, but then actually selection sort manages to catch up. I'm gonna come back and look at these numbers in a second, but I want to go back and do a little analysis on this first. If you take a look at what the code is doing and talk about kind of what's happening, right? We've got a number of iterations of the outside, which is sliding me to this position. This inner loop is potentially looking at all of the elements to the left. So on the first iteration it looks at one. At the second iteration it looks at two. The third one three and so on until the final one could potentially have n minus one things to examine and move down. If that element was the smallest of the ones remaining it would have a long way to travel. But this inner loop, right? Unlike selection sort that has kind of a known factor It's actually a little bit variable because we don't know for sure how It's gonna work. Potentially in the worst case, right? It will do one comparison move, two and three and four all the way up through those iterations, which gives us exactly the same Gaussian sum that selection sort did. One plus two plus three all the way up to n minus one tells us its gonna be n squared minus n over two, which comes down to O of n squared. That would be in the absolute worst case, right? Situation where it did the maximum amount of work. What input is the embodiment of the worst case in selection sort? What's it gonna be? If It's flipped, right? If It's totally inverted, right? So if you have the maximum element in the front and the smallest element in the back, right? Every one of them has to travel the maximum distance in this form to get there. What is the best case to do the least amount of work? It's all ready sorted. If It's all ready sorted then all it needs to do is verify that, oh, I don't need to go at all. So it actually - the inner loop only does one test to say do you need to move over at least one? No. Okay. So then it turns out it would run completely linear time. It will just check each element with its neighbor, realize It's all ready in the right place relative to the left, and move one. So, in fact, it will run totally quickly, right? In that case. And in the average case you might say, well, you know, given any sort of random permutation of it, each element probably has to go about half the distance. So I don't have to go all the way, some don't have to go very far, some will go in the middle. You would add another factor of a half onto the n squared, which ends up still in the big O just being lost in the noise. You say, well, It's still n squared. But it probably does. It is a little bit less of an n squared than selection sort. So if I go back here to my - well, it was counting for me. That the mix of operations between insertion sort and selection sort, so that's selection sort on the top and insertion sort that's beneath it, shows that selection sort is doing a lot of compares. In this case, I had about 500 elements and It's doing about n squared over two of them, 250,000 divided by two there, and so it really is doing a full set of compares. A whole n squared kind of compares is doing a small number of moves. In this case, each element is swapped so there's actually two moves. One in, one out. So it does basically a number of moves that's linear relative to the number of elements. The insertion sort though is making it, sort of, a different tradeoff. It's doing a move and a compare for most elements, right? In tandem and then that last compare doesn't do a move with it. So there should be roughly tracking in the same thing. But they look closer to n squared over four. Showing that kind of one-half expected being thrown in there. But in the total, the idea is that it does about 100,000 compares a move. This one does about 100,000 compares that when you look at them in real time they tend to be very, very close neck in neck on most things. So if I do this again giving it another big chunk and just let it go, again, it looks like insertion sorts off to that early lead, but if you were a betting person you might be putting your money on insertion sort. But selection sort is the ultimate comeback kid and toward the end it just really gets a second wind. In this case, beat it by a little bit bigger fraction this time. If I put the data into partially sorted order. So now, in this case, I've got about half of the data all ready where It's supposed to be and another half that's been randomly permuted and now let it go. Insertion sort takes an even faster looking early lead and selective sort, in this case, never notices that the data was actually in sorted order. But time actually is a little bit artificial here and, in fact, the number of comparisons is maybe a better number to use here, but it really did a lot more work relative to what insertion sort did because insertion sort was more able to recognize the sortedness of the data and take advantage of it in a way that selection sort totally just continued doing the same amount of work always. that's kind of interesting to note, right? Is that when we're talking about all these different sorting algorithms, right? That we have multiple evidence, because actually they really do make different tradeoffs in terms of where the work is done and what operation it prefers and what inputs it actually performs well or poorly on. That selection sort is good for it does exactly the same amount of work no matter what. If It's in sorted order, or reversal order, or in random order, right? It always is guaranteed to do the kind of same amount of work and you don't have any unpredictability in it. that's both an advantage and a disadvantage, right? On the one hand it says, well, if you knew that you needed this sort to take exactly this time and no better, no worse would be fine then actually having that reliable performer may be useful to know. On the other hand, It's interesting to know that insertion sort if you gave it to data that was almost sorted then it would do less work, right? Is an appealing characteristic of that. And so having there be some opportunity for it to perform more efficiently is nice. The other thing, also, is about this mix of operations. Whether it considers comparisons or moves are more expensive operation. For certain types of data those really aren't one-to-one. That a comparison may be a very cheap operation and a move may be expensive or vice versa depending on kind of the data that's being looked at. For example, comparing strings is often a bit more expensive than comparing numbers because comparing strings has to look at letters to determine when they distinguish. If you had a lot of letters in the front that were overlapping it takes, sort of, more work to distinguish at what point they divide and which one goes forward. On the other hand, moving a large data structure if it were a big structure of student information, right? Takes more time than moving an integer around. So depending on what the data that's being looked at, there may actually be a real reason to prefer using more comparisons versus moves. And so examples I often give for this are like if you think about in the real world, if you were in charge of sorting something very heavy and awkward like refrigerators you kind of line up the refrigerators by price in the warehouse or something. You would probably want to do something that did fewer moves, right? Moves are expensive. I'm picking up this refrigerator and I'm moving, I don't want to move it more than once, right? And so you might want to go with the selection sort where you go and you figure out who's the cheapest fridge, let me pull that one and get it over here, and now I'm not gonna touch it again rather than kind of sitting there with your insertion sort and moving the fridges one by one until you got it to the right spot. But if I were in charge of finding out who was, let's say, the fastest runner in the mile in this class you probably would not enjoy it if my strategy were be to take two of you in a dead heat and say run a mile and see who won. And now whoever won, okay, well, you get to run against the next guy. And if you win again you get to run against the next guy. Like you might just say hey, how about you let me get ahead of that person if I beat them once. I don't want to have to go through this again. Like fewer comparisons would certainly be preferred. So both of these, I would say, are pretty easy algorithms to write. That is certainly the strength of selection and insertion sort. They are quadratic algorithms which we're gonna see is not very tractable for large inputs, but the fact that you can write the code in eight lines and debug it quickly and get it working is actually a real advantage to the - so if you were in a situation where you just needed a quick and dirty sort these are probably the ones you're gonna turn to. So just some numbers on them, right? Is 10,000 elements on my machine kind of an unoptimized contact was taking three seconds. You go up by a factor of two. We expected to go up by about a corresponding factor of four and the time it roughly did. Going up by another factor of two and a half again going up. By the time you get to 100,000 though, a selection sort is slow enough to really be noticeable. It's taking several minutes to do that kind of data and that means if you're really trying to sort something of sufficiently large magnitude a quadratic sort, like insertion sort or selection sort, probably won't cut it. So here's an insight we're gonna kind of turn on its head. If you double the size of the input it takes four times as long. Okay. I can buy that, right? I went from ten to 20 and went up by a factor of four. So going in that direction it feels like this growth is really working against you, right? It is very quickly taking more and more time. Let's try to take this idea though and kind of turn it around and see if we can actually capitalize on the fact that if I have the size of the input it should take one quarter the amount of time. So if I had a data set of 100,000 elements and it was gonna take me five minutes if I try to sort it in one batch. If I divided it into two-50,000 element batches it will take just a little over a minute to do each of them. Well, if I had a way of taking a 50,000 sorted element and a 50,000 sorted input and putting them back together into 100,000 combined sorted collection and I could do it in less than three minutes, then I'd be ahead of the game. So if I divided it up, sorted those guys, and then worked them back together and if it didn't take too much time to do that step I could really get somewhere with this. This kind of turning it on its head is really useful. So let's talk about an algorithm for doing exactly that. I take my stack. I've got a stack of exam papers. Maybe It's got a couple hundred students in it. I need to just divide it in half and I'm actually gonna make a very - the easy, lazy decision about dividing it in half is basically just to take the top half of the stack, kind of look at it, figure out about where the middle is, take the top half and I hand it to Ed. I say, Ed, would you please sort this for me? And I take the other half and I hand it to Michelle and I say would you please sort this for me? Now, I get Ed's stack back. I get Michelle's stack back. They're sitting right here. All right. So that was good because they actually take a quarter of the time it would have taken me to do the whole stack anyway. So I'm all ready at half the time. What can I do to put them back together that realizes that because they're in sorted order there's actually some advantage to reproducing the full result depending on the fact that they were all ready sorted themselves? So if I look at the two stacks I can tell you this, that someone over here starts with Adams and this one over here starts with Abbott. The very first one in the output has to be one of the two top stacks, right? They can't be any further down, right? This is the sorted left half. This is the sorted right half, right? That the very first one of the full combined result must be one of those two and It's actually just the smaller of the two, right? So I look at the top two things. I say, Abbott, Adams, oh Abbott proceeds Adams. Okay. Well, I take Abbott off and I stick it over there. And so now that exposes Baker over here. So I've got Adams versus Baker. And I say, oh, well, which of those goes first? Well, Adams does. I pick Adams up and I stick it over there. So now that exposes, let's say, Ameliglue, my old TA. Ameliglue and Baker. And I say, oh, well, which of those? Ameliglue. And at any given point where there's only two I need consider for what could be the next one and so as I'm doing this, what's called the merge step, I'm just taking two sorted lists and I'm merging. So I'm kind of keeping track of where I am in those two vectors and then taking the top of either to push onto this collection I'm building over here and I just work my way down to the bottom. So that merge step, right? Is preserving the ordering. Just kind of merging them together into one sorted result. If I could do that faster then I could have actually of sorted them and then I'm actually ahead of the game and there's a very good chance for that because that, in fact, is just the linear operation, right? I'm looking at each element, deciding, and so I will do that comparison and time to decide who goes next, right? I look at this versus that and I put it over there. I look this versus that and I put it over there. Well, I'm gonna do that until this stack has n things in it. All of them have been moved. So, in fact, it will take me n comparisons to have gotten them all out of their two separate stacks and into the one together. So it is a linear operation to do that last step and we know that linear much quicker to get the job done than something that's quadratic. Yeah? When you merge the halves are you taking the higher one in the alphabet or the lower one? Well, it typically I'm taking it in the order I'm trying to sort them into, right? Which is increasing. So I'll typically start at A's and work my way to Z's, right? So it turns out It's completely ? It doesn't really matter. It doesn't really matter is the truth, but the - whatever order they're sorted in is the order I'm trying to output them in. So, in fact, these are the - if they're first on the sorted piles then they'll be first on the alphabet pile. So whatever that first is. So I'm gonna actually go - look at the code for a second before we come back and do the diagramming. We'll go over here and look at the stepping part of it. So this is the code that's doing merge sort and so it has a very recursive flavor to it. It does a little calculation here at the beginning to decide how many elements are going to the left and going to the right. As I said, it does no smart division here. So this is called an easy split hard join. So the split process is very dumb. It says figure out how many elements there are, divide that in half, take the one from zero to the n over two and put them in one separate subvector and take the ones from n over two to the n and put them in a second subvector and then recursively sort those. So let's watch what happens here. Computes that and says, okay, copy a subvector of the first, in this case four elements, copy a subvector that has the second four elements, the second half. So I've got my left and my right half and then it goes ahead and makes a call under merge sort, which says merge that left half and merge that right half and then we'll see the merge together. So I'm gonna watch it go down because the thing that's gonna happen is when I do a merge of this half It's kind of like it postponed these other calls and it comes back in and it makes another call, which does another division into two halves. So taking the four that are on the left and dividing them into two and two and then it says, okay, now I merge the left half of that, which gets us down to this case where it divides them into one on the left and one on the right. And then these are the ones that hit my base case. That an array of size one is trivially sorted. So, in fact, the merge sort never even goes into doing any work unless there's at least two elements to look at. So when it makes this call to the merge the 45 it will say, okay, there's nothing to do. Then it'll merge the 92 and works for the 92, which also does nothing. And now the code up here's gonna flip. So be warned about what's gonna happen here is I'm gonna show you what the process of the merge looks like, which is gonna do the left-right copy to the output. So this code looks a little bit dense and, again, this is not the time to get really worried about what the details of the intricacies of the code are. I think you really want to kind of step back and say conceptually the process I described of taking them off the two piles and then merging them is very much the take home point for this. And so what this upper loop is doing is It's basically saying well, while the two stacks, the two piles, the two halves, whatever, each have something left in them. Then compare them and take the smaller one off the top. So It's keeping track of all these indices, right? The indices of the left subarray, the indices of the right subarray and the indices of the right output array and It's actually kind of - and each step is putting a new one, copying one from one of the left or the right onto the output. And so that upper loop there said is 45 less than 92? It is, right? So it copies 45 and then at this point, right? There's nothing left on the left, so it actually drops down to those last two pieces of code, which, actually, do to copy the remainder from if there's only one stack left then just dump them all on the end. So we'll do the dump of the end of the 92. And so I've reassembled it. And so when I get back to here then I have merge sorted the left side and then I go through the processes of merge sorting the right side. Which copies the 62 and the 41 down to the things and then does a merge back. Let me get to the stage where I'm starting to do a little bit bigger merges. So here I am with indices on my left and my right side and then my output index and It's like, okay, is 45 less than 41? If so then take 41 here and kind of advance P2 over and still see the 41 go across and it moved both the P and the P2 up an index to say, okay, now we're ready to pick the next one. So it looks at P1 versus P2's, decides It's pulling from the left side this time, and then now it still has the last most members of the two piles to look at, takes from the right side, and then we'll just dump the end of the other side. So then in going through this process to do it all again, kind of break it all the way down. So It's just using recursion at every stage. So at the small stages It's a little bit hard to figure out what's going on, but once it gets back to here, right? It's just doing the big merge, let it go a little too fast there, to build it back up. So there's one thing about merge sort I should mention, which is merge sort is using extra storage. And I'm gonna get to a stage where I can explain why that's necessary. But selection sort and insertion sort both work with what's called in place and that means that they are using the one copy of the vector and just rearranging things within it so it doesn't require any auxiliary storage to copy things over and back and whatnot. That it can do all the operations on one vector with a little bit of a few extra variables around. That merge sort is really making copies. That it divides it into these two subarrays that are distinct from the original array and copies them back. So it copies the data away and then it copies it back in. And the reason for that actually is totally related to what's happening in this merge step. That if I had - well, actually this is not the step that's gonna show it. I'm gonna show it on this side. That if it were trying to write over the same array - oh, now I made it go too fast and that was really very annoying. All right. Let me see if I can get it one more time. Do what I wanted it. Is that when It's doing the copying, if it were copying on top of itself it would end up kind of destroying parts of what It's working on. Oh, It's - I see what. we're gonna get this mistake the whole time. Okay. Is that as it was doing the copy, right? If It's - if this really were sitting up here and this really were sitting up her and if we were pulling, for example, from the left side we would be overriding something that was all ready - pulling from the right side, I'm sorry. We'd be overriding something that was on the left side. And so if it did that it would have to have some other strategy for then, well, where did it put this one that it was overriding? Like if It's pulling from the left side It's actually fine for it to override in the output array, but otherwise, right? It would be writing on something it was gonna need later. So the easiest thing for merge sort to do is just to move them aside, work on them in a temporary scratch base, and then copy them back. There are ways to make merge sort in place, but the code gets quite a bit more complicated to do that. So your standard merge sort algorithm does use some auxiliary storage that's proportional to the size of the array. So that ends up being a factor in situations where you're managing a very large data set where, in fact, maybe it requires, right? A large amount of memory all ready for the ones that making a duplicate copy of it to work on may actually cost you more than you can afford. So merge sort sometimes is ruled out just because of its memory requirements despite the fact that it has a performance advantage over insertion sort and selection sort. What does it sound like though? that's what you really want to know. So let's first just watch it do It's thing and so you'll see it kind of building up these sorted subarrays, kind of working on the left half, and then postponing the right and coming back to it and so you'll see little pieces of it and the little merge steps as it goes along. And then you can get a little glimpse of kind of the divisions down there. Let me actually run it again in a little bit bigger thing. And I'll turn this on in just a second. Just like as it goes faster and faster let me make my sound go and we'll see how much we can stand of it. It's pretty noisy you'll discover. Volume, good volume? Oh, yeah. Yeah. A lot of noise. Oh, yeah. Okay. So you definitely get the kind of 1960's sound tone generation there, but you get this, I mean, you can hear the merge step, right? Is very distinguishable from the other activity. It's doing the kind of smaller and smaller subarrays it sounds just a little bit like noise, but as you see the larger subarrays being joined this very clear merging sound emerges from that that you can hear and see that in the very end, sort of, one big long merge of taking the two piles and joining them into one. A lot of noise, right? So that should tell you that there is a pretty good amount of movement going on. Question? [Inaudible] It's merging them after they've been sorted. So you'll - when you see a merge you'll always see two sorted subarrays being joined into one larger sorted subarray. So at the very end, for example, you'll have these two sorted halves that are being merged down. And how much is the sorting [inaudible]? Well, It's recursion, right? It's like it sorts the half, which sorts the quarters, which sorts the A's. And so at any given point what it really looks like It's sorting is these little one element arrays, which are being merged into a two element array. Like all the work is being done in merging really. That sorting is kind of funny. When does it actually sort anything? Like never actually. It only merges things and by dividing them all the way down into all these one element arrays the merging of them it says, well, here's these trivially sorted things. Make a two element sorted thing out of them and that you have these two element things, merge them into one-four element thing, which you merge into an eight element thing and all the way back. So all of the work is really done in the merge step. Kind of on the sorting angle it actually is deferring it down to the very bottom. So that's a kind of odd thing to do, right? It really just divides it all up into one - a hundred piles, each of size one and then kind of joins those into one pile, these into one pile, these into one pile, and so now I have 50 piles, right? That are each a size two. Now I join them into 25 piles of size four and then 12 piles of size eight and so on. So this is the code for the outer point of the merge algorithm. I'm actually not gonna look at the merge algorithm very in depth. I'm really more interested in the kind of outer point of this algorithm and so the steps that are going on here is being a little bit of constant work. Let me actually - we do a copy operation that copies out the left half and the right half. Both of those operations together require linear time. So I've looked at every element and I've copied the first half onto something, the second half onto something. So that took - I looked at every element in that process. I make two calls on the left and the right side and then I do a merge on the end. We talked earlier about how that was linear and the number of elements because as I build the two piles into one sorted pile every element is touched in that process as it gets chosen to be pulled out. So linear divide and a linear join and then there's this cost in the middle that I'd have to kind of sort out what's happening, which is there's sort of n work being done at this level, but then I make two recursive calls that should take time n over two. So the input they're working on is half, again, as big as the one I have. How much time do they take? Well, there's my recurrence relation that allows me to express it. T of n is n, so at this level this kind of represents the copy step and the merge step at this level plus the work it took to get the two halves in sorted order. So I'm gonna show you a slightly different way of looking at recursive analysis just to kind of give you different tools for thinking about how to do this. I showed you last time how to do the repeated substitution and generalization. The pattern - I'm gonna show you this way to do it with a little bit of tree that kind of draws out the recursive calls and what's happening in them. That the merge sort of an input of size n, does n work at that level? The copy in the merge step, right? For there plus it does two calls to merge sort of n over two. Well, if I look at each of those calls I can say, well, they contribute an n squared and an n squared on each side. So this one has n squared copy and merge. This one has n squared copy and merge and so, in effect, I have another n squared plus itself there and then this level, right? Looks at the n over four, which has four n over four components. So that actually at each level in the tree that every element, right? Is being processed in one of those subcalls across it. So every element is up here and they're in two subgroups and then four subgroups and then eight subgroups. And that each element is copied and merged in its own subgroup at each level of the recursion. So that kind of gives me this intuition that there's n work being done on every level, every element copied and merged as part of that there. And so then what we need to complete this analysis is just to know how deep this tree grows. How far we get down in the recursion before we hit the base case. So we're dividing by two each time. N over the two, over two to the second, to the third, to the fourth, and so on. So at any given level K down, right? We have n divided by two to the K. What we want to solve for is where n over two to the K equals one. So we've gotten to this smallest case where we have those trivially sorted one element inputs to look at and so we just do a little math here, rearrange that, right? Divide by two to the K or multiply by two to the K both sides when n equals two to the K. Take the log base two of both sides and it will tell me that K is log base two of n. That I can divide n by K by two K times, where K is the log base two of n, before it bottoms out with those one element vectors. So log n levels, n for level tells me the whole thing is n log n. So n log n is a function you may not have a lot of intuition with. You may not have seen it enough to kind of know what It's curve looks like, but if you remember how the logarithmic curve looks, right? Which is a very slow growing almost flat line and then n being linear it - the kind of combination of the two It's called the linear rhythmic term here is just a little bit more than linear. Not a lot more, but it grows a little bit more steeply than the state of linear was, but not nearly, right? As sharply as something that's quadratic. So if we look at some times and let selection sort compared to merge sort, right? On an input of 10,000, right? Took a fraction, right? To do a merge sort than it did to do a selection sort and as it grows, right? So if we go from 20,000 to 50,000 we've a little bit more than doubled it that the merge sort times, right? Went up a little bit more than a factor of two in growing in these things. Not quite doubling. A little bit more than doubling, right? Because of the logarithmic term that's being added there, but growing slowly enough that you can start imaging using a sort like merge sort on an input of a million elements in a way that you cannot on selection sort, right? Selection sort - my estimate I did not run it to find this out, right? Based on the early times I can predict it'll be about eight hours for it to sort a million elements, taking just a few seconds, right? For merge sort to do that same input. So a very big difference, right? From the n square to n log n that makes it so that if you have a sufficiently large data set, right? You're gonna have to look to an n log n sort where an n squared sort would just not work out for you. I'll mention here that actually n log n is the theoretical boundary for what a general purpose sort algorithm can do. So that our search from here will have to be a quest for perhaps an n log n that competes with merge sort and maybe exceeds it in some ways by having lower constant factors to it, but we won't get a better big O for a general purpose sorting algorithm. If we have to sort kind of any amount of data and any permutation we just - and it has to work for all cases, then n log n is the best we can do in terms of a big O. Let me show you these guys kind of run a little race because there's nothing more important than having a reason to bet in class. So if I put insertion and selection and merge sort all up against one another. Let's turn off the sound. I really don't want to hear it all go. Okay. So merge sort just really smoking and insertion sort and selection sort not giving up early, but definitely doing a lot more work. So if you look at the numbers here in terms of comparisons and moves that are being done in the merge sort case, right? So I have 500 elements here is substantially less, right? Than the quadratic terms that we're seeing on the comparison and move counts, right? For us in selection sort and insertion sort. So this is still on something fairly small, right? Five hundred elements, right? That you get into the thousands and millions, right? The gap between them just widens immensely. Does merge sort make any good sense out of things being all ready sorted? So thinking about what you know about the algorithm, does the fact that It's mostly sorted or all ready sorted provide an advantage to the way merge sort works? Nope, nope. Just not at all, right? In fact, I can make the data actually totally sorted for that matter, right? And say go ahead and sort and see what happens, right? And It's like insertion sort did 511 comparisons, zero moves, realized everything was in sorted order and finished very quickly. Merge sort still did a lot of work, thousands of comparison moves. It did a slightly fewer number of compares than it would typically do. that's because when it, for example, divided into the left half and the right half it had all the smaller elements on the left, all the larger elements on the right, and it will sit thee and compare to realize that all of the left elements go first. Then it'll kind of just dump the remaining ones on. So it actually shaves off a few of the comparisons in the merge step, but it doesn't really provide any real advantage. It still kind of moves them away and moves them back and does all the work. And then selection sort just still taking its favorite amount of time, which is, yeah, I'll look at everything. That might be the smallest, but I'm not taking any chances. I'm gonna look through all of them to make sure before I decide to keep it where it was. If I put them in reverse order, just because I can, watch insertion sort bog down into It's worst case and that gives selection sort a chance to, like, show It's metal and there selection sort showing okay, well, you give me my absolute worst input I definitely do have a little bit of a hard time with it. But merge sort still just doing its thing. What is gonna make all the sound go on? Just because we can. Because we have two minutes and I'm not gonna sort quick sort. Ah, you're going. They're duking it out. Oh, no. That sounds like a cartoon, sort of, like a race. All right. I could watch this thing all day. In fact, I often spend all day. I show this to my kids. I'm still waiting for them to come up with the next great sort algorithm, but so far really It's not their thing. So I will give you a little clue about what we're gonna do next. we're gonna talk about a different recursive algorithm. Same divide and conquer strategy kind of overall, but kind of taking a different tactic about which part to make easy and which part to make hard. So quick sort, right? As I said, is this easy split hard join. We divided them into half using sort of no smart information whatsoever and then all of the work was done in that join. I've got these two sorted piles. I've gotta get them back into order. How do I work it out? Well, the quick sort algorithm is also recursive, also kind of a split join strategy, but it does more work up front that's not even in the split phase. If I kind of did a more intelligent division into two halves then I could make it easier on me in the join phase. And It's strategy for the split is to decide what's the lower half and what's the upper half. So if I were looking at a set of test papers I might put the names A through M over here. So go through the entire pile and do a quick assessment of are you in the upper half or the lower half? Oh, you're in the lower, you're in the upper, these two go in the lower, these two go in the upper. I examine all of them and I get all of the A through M's over here and all of the N through Z's over there and then I recursively sort those. So I get the A to M's all worked out and I get the N through the Z's all worked out. Then the task of joining them is totally trivial, right? I've got A through M. I've got N through Z. Well, you just push them together and there's actually no comparing and looking and merging and whatnot that's needed. That join step is where we get the benefit of all of the work we did in the front end. That split step though is a little hard. So we'll come back in on Friday and we'll talk about how to do that split step and then what is some of the consequences of our strategy for that split step and how they come back to get at us, but that will be Friday. There will be music. There will be dancing girls. Hello and welcome ! we will now see how to fullfill your profile start by adding a picture you can directly import from your computer then you can fill in your personal and professional details as your address, your phone number and other you'll find your information at any time in the left column now move to the language management intuitively select your languages and choose what level you want to assign add as many languages ​​as you want also in the left column, you find the communities you belong you can also describe your interests by adding a title and a description. You can edit and delete them as you wish besides, you can manage keywords your profile brings a personnal overview to other users let's focus on the core of the profile which corresponds to your online resume first by filling your expectations then fill in your fields of expertise, work experiences level of education and other skills to obtain a complete profile and enhance your visibility You can at any time view your profile as an other user will see by clicking on the "view" link the block "at a glance" provides information about the number of views and number of contacts add online publications you want to promote on your profile and manage them in the same way that your interests also in the right column, find your past pulications blogs or knowledges show your latest activity add pictures in your personal portfolio and manage your pictures library in your profile users can see these pictures in the dedicated area with the block " My public profile " send quikly the link of your profil to contacts of your choice then secure several elements of your profil thanks to the visibility manager now it's time to promote your profil choose the badge you want to use in order to give you a link to copy/paste e.g. for an email signature you are now ready to use your profil Soon on Kosmopolead [Jonathan] There's one other thing, and you may or may not want to talk about this, but I know of doctors in Europe who are doing a new... we are back to HlV and AlDS now, and treatments. ARVs in particular. Because I recently went back on the ARVs three months ago, or in May. And had friends in Germany, and other places telling me about a new way of dealing with these drugs that was less toxic, and that is, low dose boosted monotherapy with a protease inhibitor. And I'm not asking you for any kind of recommendations or medical advice, but most of these doctors can't speak out yet, and I know you work with doctors. Are you willing to talk about this Prezista at half-dose, or low-doses with MAF being able to do what the other ARV combos are doing? And if you're not... [Ruggiero] No, well, let's see... We're still too early to talk about the MAF 314 in this context. But we can talk a little bit about protease inhibitors and this so-called monotherapy. [Barnett] There's studies published out there... there are trials being done on Prezista boosted... [Ruggiero] Okay, let's start from the beginning. I personally like protease inhibitors a lot, because my very first paper that was published in 1984, with Nobel Laureate, Sir John Vane, was on protease inhibitors. At that time I was working at Burroughs Wellcome in Research Triangle Park in North Carolina, and guess what? In the corridor next to my lab... not my laboratory, I was a young postdoc, but in the corner next to the laboratory where I worked, they were developing AZT. That was 1984. In our laboratory, we were working on protease inhibitors, for other purposes... for [?] drugs... for, like a anti-[?] drug, but I was working on protease inhibitors, so this is the kind of model that I have been studying now for several years. And, it was with great pleasure that I discovered that one of the most common molecules used as a protease inhibitor in HlV infection is darunavir. Also, commercial name is Prezista. What does "darunavir" mean? It means "Dr. Aruna", and the name sounds kind of Indian. I don't want to sound too New Age. Anyway, darunavir is the closest to natural remedy that you can think of because... it has been produced in the laboratory of course... but it has been designed, bearing in mind, how natural protease inhibitors work. If you read the original paper describing the synthesis of darunavir, you can clearly read this work, in designing this molecular, we were inspired by the natural protease inhibitors, and how is the active side designed by nature. So we designed a product according to the laws of nature, the way they work. Why? Because it is very difficult to find the proper herbs that contains the fungi that produce those protease inhibitors, so it is easier to design those molecules in the laboratory nowaday. So, you can say that darunavir, even though it is not a natural product,,, you don't find it on the prairie... is the closest that it can be to a natural product, and this is something reassuring. According to the mainstream guidelines for AlDS treatment darunavir, or Prezista, can be used in monotherapy in a number of indications. So, this is already written, that you can use it alone, or together with Norvir, but Norvir—it is in itself a protease inhibitor— but always serves to decrease the metabolism of darunavir, so that you can lower the dosage. So there are many, many trials going on, some of them already published and another in progress, that demonstrate that you can control HlV infection... and now I am talking as a pure orthodox doctor... you can control HlV infection, you can zero the viral load, you can increase the CD4s with darunavir alone. Then, there is the question of the dosage, and I see that many doctors try to check which is the minimum effective dose. So, this is a very empirical way of going, some doctors, they just adjust the dosage according to the patient. Many times, it's the other way around. The patient adjusts the dose, and if and when the patient tells the doctor the he has adjusted the dose, and the doctor says... if the effect is there... the doctor says, "Well, good. Good to learn that also this dosage is effective." [Jonathan] Goodness, doctors in Europe are much different that doctors in America, too, [Ruggiero] Maybe. [Jonathan} because doctors here would say, "You're fired. I don't want to be your doctor anymore." [Ruggiero] No, you know we have a public health system that has a lot of shortcomings... a lot of defects... but, some doctors in the infectious disease department, with whom I collaborate, they say, I'm not a drug dealer. If you decide not to take drugs, you're still here under my supervision, so it's up to you. We decide together if that's the best way, but even if you decide not to take drugs, you are not fired. You're still here, you're still taken care of. So, many times it happens... of course you will never see this written, but many times it happens that the patient decreased the dose, and if the patient has a good relationship with the doctor, at some point in time will tell the doctor, and the doctor can accept, and the doctor will learn that even with reduced dose.... but then, you know, reduced in comparison to what? The guidelines, of course they are generic, so it's a trial-and-error approach, and I know that this is very much a problem. Now, let's go from Prezista, which is effective, with less side effects of any other antiretroviral drug, close to a natural remedy, together with other... let's call them nutritional approaches. We could talk about vitamin C, we could talk about probiotics... The attitude of the doctors in Europe is the following: We monitor you. If your CD4s are above a certain threshhold, and remain stable, if your viral load is below 100,000 copies, that, for us, is irrelevant. Then we don't give you any therapy. Whatever you do to keep your CD4s up, and your viral load down, is not of our interest. If you want to take probiotics, if you want to take vitamin C, you want to take whatever supplement comes in your mind, go ahead. Fine. That's fine for us. Let's monitor your condition, and as long as you condition is healthy, we don't give you drugs. If we see that you CD4s are declining, the viral load is increasing, then we start with some drugs, and we decide together. According to side effects... according to the [?] So, that's the approach they have, and in many instances people are able to keep their CD4s up with different strategies, including... including natural food intervention, as the Canadians called this approach, I like this. So, that's the way it goes and we have observed this in Italy, in Austria, in Germany... and this is a very common approach. [Solidarity Notes singing] We are gay and straight together, gay and straight together gay and straight together never turning back never turning back" As people across Turtle Island braced for another recession, housing rights activists and their allies took to the streets of Vancouver's Downtown Eastside for the 5th annual Women's Housing March. [Harsha Walia] As people know, last night there was a tragedy in the Downtown Eastside. And this march is taking place in the context of the death of Verna (Simard), who was found on the sidewalk in front of the Regent (Hotel) exactly one year, exactly one year after Ashley Machiskinic was found in the Downtown Eastside, brutally murdered. And there was a decision this morning and last night by women in the community, and elders in the community, to continue with this march, because this march is incredibly important in highlighting the daily reality of women in this neighbourhood. The daily struggles of women who are forced to endure grinding, grinding levels of poverty, of abuse, of violence, of systemic racism. A legacy of residential schools that continues today with the apprehension of aboriginal children, of indigenous children. That this march is organized and led by women in this community because women in this community have a voice and are strong and every single day teach us what it means to resist. [VMC] After free pizza for the people, which boycotted expensive, gentrifying pizza parlours, the march wound into the Downtown Eastside, stopping at the controversial site of the Sequel 138 development. The march occupied several intersections throughout the day, so that peaple passing through the busy Hastings corridor would feel the communitiy's resistence to systemic violence against the missing, poor, and homeless women of the Downtown Eastside. Though cops blocked entry into expensive restaurants in the area, they couldn't stop street theatre targetting businesses that are gentrifying the neighbourhood. "And since they gawked at us today, we're gonna gawk at them right..." Could it be my, could it be my, could it be my lucky day could it be my, could it be my, could it be my lucky day could it be my, could it be my, could it be my lucky day could it be my, could it be my, could it be my lucky day I like a phone call, I like to hear something like this A conversation, that maybe leads into a kiss Aah, say that you love me, say that you need me too Best you ever had It could be so easy, for you to please me, baby. So how come you tease me? You told me so what do you say? All you gonna take is not a opportunity Won't you give it to me, because you've got what I want Maybe it's my lucky day Just like the first spark, and watch the fireworks explode Boom, boom, baby You've got a fast car, so why the hell we driving slow? Zoom, zoom, zoom me Kisses on my pillow, I've hundreds of those, though I want something more So congratulations, it's not the occasion they went I get my way You told me so what do you say? All you gonna take is not a opportunity Won't you give it to me, because you've got what I want Maybe it's my lucky day Gonna be my lu-uh-uh-uh My lucky da-ay, my lucky day What do you say? All you gonna take is not a opportunity Just give it to me, because you've got what I want Maybe it's my lucky day, my, my lucky day Could it be my, could it be my Could it be my lucky day Could it be my, could it be my, Could it be my lucky day Day, day, day, maybe it's my lucky day You told me so what do you say? All you gonna take is not a opportunity Won't you give it to me, because you've got what I want Maybe it's my lucky day Day, day, day, maybe it's my lucky day Day, day, day, maybe it's my lucky day Day, day, day, maybe it's my lucky day The problem with the planning graph heuristics we have looked at is that they are not very accurate. Especially where the goal consists of multiple conditions. Pattern databases can result in very accurate heuristics, but there's a lot of overhead involved in computing the database and they're usually only for one specific goal. So if the goal changes we need a new database. Now we will take a closer look at the heuristic used by the FF planner. FF was developed by Joerg Hoffmann who presented this week's feature, and the heuristic it uses is quite remarkable, because it is both efficient and accurate. So, let's have a look at the FF Planner. The first thing to note about FF is that it performs a forward state-space search. Which is the technique we've described in the second week of this course. That means the planner starts from the initial state and generates more states going forward into the search space until it encounters a goal state. And the basic search strategy can be A-star in FF but there is a second strategy implemented, and that is called enforced hill climbing. Enforced hill climbing is a kind of best first search, where we commit to the first state that looks better than all the previous states we have looked at. One advantage of this technique is that it copes well with search spaces that have large plateaus. That is, large sets of states that all have the same evaluation function value. And this is quite often the case in forward state-space search. However, the early commitment, taken by enforced hill climbing can lead to degrees of sub-optimality. And in the worst case, it cannot give us solutions at all. Namely, if the search space contains dead ends. But this segment is about advanced heuristics, so let's take a look at the relaxed problem heuristic, which is the heuristic used by FF. So, the first step is to construct a relaxed problem that we need to solve as part of our computation of the heuristic. And, the relaxed problem used by FF is one where we ignore the delete lists of all the operators. So we take our original problem, and remove the delete lists, the negative effects from all the operators, and this is our new problem that we use to compute the heuristic. And the important thing here is, to solve this relaxed problem, we only need polynomial time. That means the heuristic is efficient to compute. And the solving of the relaxed problem works in two steps. The first step is a forward chaining step where we build something that is similar to the planning graph we've seen earlier. But this time it's a planning graph for the relaxed problem, that contains way fewer edges and information. Then in the second step we chain backward from the last layer in this graph to extract out relaxed plan from this graph. And while the forward chaining is quite similar to what Graphplan does, the backward chaining is actually quite different. The result of backward chaining is a relaxed plan. And then to compute the heuristic, we simply take the length of the relaxed plan, that is the number of actions in that plan, as our heuristic value. That is the relaxed problem heuristic or ignoring delete list heuristic used by FF. Another improvement implemented by FF is that it prunes its search using helpful actions, and in that way it uses information gained during the computation of the heuristic to improve the search. Another important technique, but not related to advanced heuristics, so we won't go into details here. And here is the idea of the relaxed planning problem applied to the example we have used earlier. What we see here are the 3 operators from our simplified dock worker robot domain, where the robots had cranes to load and unload containers. And to compute the relaxed planning problem we simple remove all the delete list, that is the negative effects from all the operators. So, we remove the not at(r,l) from the first operator then not in(c,l) and not unloaded(r) from load and not loaded from the final operator. It's that simple. What this gives us is a planning problem that contains some magical objects, for example looking at the first operator when we move the robot r from location I to l prime, the precondition is that the robot is at location l. And as a result of this operator we will have the robot at location I prime. But because we've removed the negative effect, the robot would still be at location l. So it's now in both places. And the same goes for the containers in the other actions. The containers, after a load or an unload action, remain the in place where they used to be but they are also in the new place where we just put them with this operator. And that's the problem we need to solve to compute the relaxed problem heuristic. And here is the pseudocode that performs the forward chaining, and computes the relaxed planning graph. And this is defined by a function computeRPG, for a relaxed planning graph, that takes as input a planning problem, and this is already the relaxed planning problem. Then the first thing we do is some initialization. And we start off with a set of fluents. These are state propositions that hold in the initial state. And we have an index t that tells us where in our planning graph we are. And this is followed by a loop, that extends our planning graph with one action layer, and one proposition layer at a time. This is this Loop here. And the first thing we do in this loop is increase the index of the layer we're currently working on, that's here. Then we compute the next action layer, which consists of all the actions that have their preconditions satisfied in the preceeding proposition layer or layer of fluent F. So that gives us the next action layer A t. And we need to compute the next proposition layer F t. And we start by initializing that with the propositions that were true in the previous proposition layer, F t minus one. And then we go through all the actions in our preceding action layer, and add the positive effects that come with these actions to our layer of propositions, giving us an extended layer of propositions. Then there are two ways in which this can terminate. The first one is given at the condition in the while loop up here. And that says, we terminate when all the goal conditions are part of our last proposition layer that we generate here. And the other condition is down here. That says when our proposition layer is no longer increasing then we can return failure. Because that means we're still in the loop so, our goal conditions are not part of the last proposition layer and we don't increase that layer and therefore we can return failure. But, if we terminate this loop normally, which is here, then we go to the next statement after the loop which simply returns the relaxed planning graph we have generated here. While this is somewhat similar to the expansion of the planning graph, you will have noticed that we are not computing any mutex relations here. And that also means that our relaxed planning graph will be smaller than the planning graph generated by Graphplan, because this condition for termination is actually much simpler, and we terminate sooner. Now that you've seen how to compute the relaxed planning graph, here is the function that extracts a plan from this graph, and returns its size as the heuristic value. And the first input to this function then, is the planning graph, all the layers including proposition layers and action layers, and the goal that we're trying to achieve in this planning graph. And the first thing we do in this function is test whether our goal is contained in the final proposition layer. If it isn't, then of course, we can return failure because there can be no plan in this graph that achieves the goal. Otherwise, we continue by computing the last layer in this planning graph that we still need to consider, and that's what the variable M has. And the way we compute this is that we use a new function, firstLevel, which we haven't introduced yet. So, this function takes here, a goal and the layers in the planning graph, and tells us in which layer this goal first appears in the planning graph. So it gives us the index of the first layer of this goal in the planning graph. And M is then simply the maximum of all the values for all the goals. Then we can start with the backward chaining. And the way this function works, we don't simply start at the last layer but we start in different layers and we don't just move one layer at a time towards the initial state but we can actually skip several layers. And here is how that works. We use the variable Gt to hold all the goals that need to be achieved in proposition layer t. And we initialize the different sets Gt with all the original goals that were given to the function. And we do this by going forward through the planning graph, which is what this loop here does. And we add the goal component Gi to the set Gt if it appears in the layer t for the first time. So if the first level in which Gi appears is, indeed, t. And now that we've assigned all the goals to the different sets Gt, we can go backwards through the graph, starting from layer M to 1, and search for actions that achieve these goals in the corresponding layers. And if we are in layer t, then the goals we need to achieve are stored in the variable Gt, and what we have to do is, find actions for each component of that layer Gt. So, for each Gt, we need to select an action that achieves that goal component, and that means Gt has to be a positive effect of that action, of course. But, we have a further restriction on the set of actions we can choose from. Namely that the action also must appear for the first time in this level t. So this is what this function computes. The first level of A in all the action levels must be t. And then once we have chosen an action of course we need to add all its pre-conditions as sub-goals to our structure G. And, what we do is we don't just add the pre-conditions to the preceding layer which would be t minus 1 as new goals but we may skip several levels. And the level where we add this precondition P, is simply the level in which P first appears in our planning graph. So this is the minimal index such that P is in the proposition layer. That is the index where we add P as a new goal condition to our set G. And of course this loop terminates when we've reached t equals 1 because F0 of course responds to our initial state. And then after we've finished with this loop all that remains is the final step and that is to count all the actions in our extracted plan and return that as the heuristic value. Now, you have seen the heuristic computed by the FF planner and used for it's search. Here is a summary of the result. The heuristic that we've computed is of course, not admissable. That means FF is not guaranteed to return a minimal plan, but this heuristic is quite accurate. And that means, FF finds the plan reasonably fast because it has to explore a smaller portion of the search space than planners that use a less accurate heuristic. And also, the heuristic is efficient to compute. Because, as you will have noticed, both the functions I've just introduced can be computed in polynomial time. The overall result can be summarized quite nicely with the following statement that I've taken from Joerg's slides, that he's using at his home university. And this reads "Almost all current successful satisficing planners use variations of some of these ideas introduced in FF". And here is a quick summary of what we've learned about advanced heuristics, the first heuristics we've looked at are simple planning graphs heuristics but can be extracted more or less directly from the planning graph but are not very accurate. Then we've looked at pattern database heuristics which are very accurate but have significant overhead in their computation which can be done before the search for a plan. But they're also not very flexible, in that the database needs to be recomputed for different goals or different objects in the domain. Then, we've had a look at the FF Planner, and specifically, at the heuristic it uses, which is based on the idea that we solve a relaxed problem in which all the delete lists have been removed from all the operators. And this is really one of the state-of-the-art heuristics that is used in planning today. Watch me Original Rub a Dub Style Roots and Cultcha - Leave ya! Bad Boy! Shaking the cut to wacka - Bad Boy Shaking the cut to wacka Shaking the cut to wacka - Bad Boy Shaking the cut to wacka O Whoah Here I come - Shooadley Whoah - Seen! Over the ocean and over the sea You know when we come it's just reality Oooee - Play this one for me Shooadley Waddalie Diddie Widdlie Diddlie Whoah Seen We're broad, We're broad, We're broader than broadway Yes We're broad, We're broad, We're broader than broadway Here I come with a plus to the negative World Wide Press realise where you come from So get ready for your time soon come Lord come run as we crush Babylon Spiritual Vibes gonna flood out you know And your lives are on stand comin on I rise on the pillar of sleep and king Believe in the power of speak and reap Make a stand in the land of your birthright Tenor - Take control of the flight Any Ragga business ah say me do that! A boy try this me say licking dove crack It was just like a gun but the fire crucial Mix up the Ragga Mix it with the Hip Hop Men a know ghetto youth them badly attacked When we come bout we just can't stop We can skank up pot in anchova pot When the people move - Cha-pop po-pop-pop Move up - I drink from the radical cup Conscious lyrics so we have them enuff Mind you then take heed from the mike Treat her right - You don't have to fight Put some loving in your heart for a start You took a jab from the cupid dart Down with the Red, Black and the Green Do you understand what it means? Day to Day in the shadow of Doom Expose the hypocrite very soon! Now all of the youth just hear this one! Don't be a fool respect your loved ones! You meet this girl and you're going out strong Next thing she tell you says she's pregnant And it feel so good cos it prove you a man The next thing she tell you "Bring the Money Man!" Then she call me a bitch and I call her a wanker! On the intercom Rosie tell me to come said she didnt have a daughter she did have a son she said the lift doesnt work run up the stairs and come cos if you don't come quick your not gonna see your son so i grab a bunch of roses, and i started to run here i come Did Diddle Whoah! Two months later she said "Come and get your son" "cause I don't want your baby to come tie me down" "Now because you are old, and I am young" "yes while I'm young yes I want to have some fun" run me down Shooadley Waddalie Diddie Widdlie Diddlie Whoah Seen! Judge for yourself. Tonight, inside his house. And inside his head. Are you on anything right now? Well of course I'm on a drug. It's called Charlie Sheen! Who is there like you? There is none like you! Is there anyone like you? There is none like you! You love regardless. Your love never cools. My LORD there is none like you. Jesus Jesus Jesus you bring peace to my soul And rest to my life You are good to me Repeat Chorus Okay. Let me now introduce how we evaluate named entity recognition. In the named entity recognition task, we have a sequence of word tokens. And what we're going to want to do is predict entities. So we're going to want to predict that this is an organization, these two words. These two words are a person. This one word is an organization. So, in general, we can have entity names that are several tokens long. And we want to identify both the boundaries of the entity. And then also its class, that this is a person. Now. You can think of that as making a classification that each token in sequence. In a way that doesn't terribly make sense, cuz really, our unit of interest is these whole entities, the person and the organizations. And so the standard and better task motivated evaluation is used for named entity recognition is to evaluate per entity not per token. And so, when we're working out our two by two contingency table of true positives. And so on and here's our system guess. What we're gonna do is do it at the level of entities. So in this data there are three entities and we could imagine perhaps that our system identified this one as a person name, and identified this one as an organization name but missed this one. So what we'll be doing is saying that there are two true positives and one false negative out of the three tokens. And so the precision of our system here is 100 percent, every it says is right and its recall is two-thirds. Okay. So that looks okay. But when we get into the details, it gets a little bit trickier than that. So the problem is that recall and precision are straightforward for tasks like web search, information retrieval or text categorization. But there's only one grain size that you're putting a classification on a document. But in this case, what we're doing, is putting classifications on subsequences of words, and the precision, recall and F measures actually behave a bit funnily when that happens. So here's an example to give you a good sense of the problems, which actually occur commonly in systems. So here's the piece of text, First Bank of Chicago announced earnings. And the correct entity is right here. First Bank of Chicago, which is a single organization name. However, our system made a little bit of a booboo. Our system has said Bank of Chicago is the name of an organization and so that means it's made a boundary error. It's got the right boundary of the entity correct but it's got the left boundary of the entity wrong, and this is the kind of error that NER systems make a lot, and it's very easy to see in this case why it's made the error, because first is also a common noun and at the start of a sentence it's perfectly reasonable to have the common noun of first Apple announced this and then Microsoft announced this. So intuitively you might feel like really, in this case, the name entity recognizer should be counted as mostly correct. It identified that there was an organization name here, and it labeled three of the four tokens. But that's not how things work using the set based measures of false positives, false negatives, true positives and true negatives when you're working on sequences. Because what we say is that the true annotation is that there's an organization that spans from token one through token four of the text. Whereas what our system guessed is that there is an organization that span from token two through token four of the text. And each of these claims is taken as a unit and is put into a set of claims, and then we count the number of matching claims that's the true positives, and then we count the set differences in both directions and that gives us the false positives and the false negatives. So what we end up with in our classification in this case, is that this is a false negative and that this one here is a false positive, and so actually our system will be scored as having made two errors if it does this. And so, actually, the system would have scored better in an F1 evaluation of named entity recognition, by having labeled nothing. Now, that can easily seem kind of wrong to you, and it has seemed wrong to other people. So there have been various suggestions to provide measures for evaluating named entity recognition systems where you get partial credit for doing things like this, for getting entity almost right. So, for example, the MUC score that was used in some of the prominent early evaluations of named entity recognition. It had an algorithm that gave partial credit for cases like this. But once you do that, then there are these complicated questions of how much partial credit to give in which cases and it's not exactly clear and you have various arbitrary parameters. So really most of the rest of the field hasn't gone there and has ended up using the straightforward F1 measure for name identity recognition, despite the complexities with boundary errors that I've just tried to illustrate. Okay, so that should give you a good sense of what these measures of precision, recall and F-measure are. And, why they're useful. How we use them, for name identity recognition. But also a slight sense of how you have to be a little bit careful interpreting the numbers in that case. >> [Applause] Carlos Ghosn: It's better always to enjoy applause before than after. >> [Laughing] SPEAKER02: Mr. Ghosn, thank you for joining us today. I would like to open by asking you how you approach leadership, strategy, and execution differently at Nissan versus at Renault, given that each company has very different cultural contexts. Carlos Ghosn: Well, you know, the French -- the French way of managing and the leadership in French expresses itself in a completely different terms than Japan. I knew it from the beginning. So in a certain way you have some fundamentals which are the same, umm, and we're gonna probably talk about what are these fundamentals but the way you exercise these fundamentals are completely - - completely different. In Japan, I don't run meetings the same way I run them in France. I don't reward people the same way than I do within France and what is expected with me in term of communication we don't do the same things in Japan. They are not -- the tools are not the same, the words are not the same, the way even you shape your strategy's not the same. So what we have to do when you are in a situation where you' re managing two different culture is you want to make sure about what is the content, which usually is very common, and then, what is the packaging of the content which has to take into consideration with how they consideration the culture. And I can tell you that when we're talking about France and Japan but it's varied between the United States, or China, or India. Every time you have to make sure about many difference about what's the content in what do I need to do? What is the essence of my message? And, second, what is the best way, what is the most efficient way to make this message go through? SPEAKER02: When you joined Nissan in 1999, the company had been suffering from major losses since 1973 and only three of its 48 models were profitable. You turned the company around and restored it to profitability within two years. As both the company outsider and the first foreign CEO of the company, how did you earn the support of your team and motivate them to execute on your plan? Carlos Ghosn: Well, you know, 1999 the situation was really bad in Nissan and when you are, you know, taking responsibility for a situation which is bad it's -- it also is France because we don't know to explain the situation to people that they know already. They know that. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: And you need to know also that the solution is always here. We don't is to look -- we don't need to invent a solution. We know that people know already that it's bad. And second, that the solution exists but it's buried inside the company. So your job is very simple in a certain way, is just make sure that you make the very lucid diagnosis of the situation. Very lucid. No emotion, no, you know, sugar coating, no politics, no complacency. Extremely lucid assessment of the situation and listen to what people have to say to a very simple question. Why are we in this situation? What you think can we improve? What are the things that should be done? Then you have your own personal doing but with other priorities because you end up with a laundry list of measures that needs to be done and obviously you cannot work on 120 objective or on 200 objective. You need really to concentrate them into two or three because that's the only thing you can absorb at the level of big organization. Make sure they are the right one and start to work on them. So, you know, in Nissan, in 1999, everybody knew that Nissan had the problem. The only thing that nobody recognize that the problem was in his own area. You know? If I was in sales, I was blaming the product planner that they were not able to come with a car competitive with Toyota. If I was a product planner, I said I have a great product but the design is not good. The designer said what the engineers are messing up with me. So everybody in a certain way felt good about what they were doing but the company had the problem. So you need to change this by saying, okay, we understand that all the guys are not doing their job but what we want for you is what you can do, you know, in your own area, even if you think it's not very important, what you can do in your own area in order to solve -- to solve the problem. So lucid diagnosis, no complacency, finding the bits of solution inside the company, put them in perspective, put them into priorities, put it in a way which is attractive. You know? Because what is management about? Management and particularly leadership is about asking people to do things that they do not want to do. That's it. That's management. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: That's what it's about. I mean, you don't manage a situation where everything is okay. You know? That's not management. That's supervision, that's administration. What's really management and leadership? You're gonna ask -- you're gonna have -- okay. Say people don't want to cut head count. They don't want to restructure, they want to, uh, you know, close down plants, they don't want to retreat from market where they have been for many years, they don't want to stop some activities, they don't want to sell assets. They don't wanna do that. Okay? So the very simple question of management is, how do you bring them to do this, and keep their motivation, and be convinced of doing the right thing? That's management and that's leadership. And for this, the basic element is, put it in perspective, give yourself an objective that everybody say, oh, that's what we want to achieve so it helps them go through a tough situation where they will do things that they don't want to do but they know it's for the -- for the right thing. And this is Nissan story. That's exactly the Nissan story. You know, when I arrive in Japan, 1999, one of the reason for which Nissan was in trouble was there was a lot of decision which needed to be taken five years ago were not taken. But a lot of people used to tell you, you know, you are in Japan, you cannot close a plant, you cannot reduce head count, you cannot undo cross share holding, you cannot touch the [inaudible], you cannot touch the seniority system, you cannot, you cannot, you cannot do. You had a lot of thing that is nobody wanted to touch. So there was absolutely no way you gonna fix the company without touching all these taboos. So we start to say, okay, look. Are we all committed to say we're gonna come back to profit and we're gonna grow this company again? Yes. No doubt. Unanimity. Okay? Let's commit to this, we all commit to this and say, okay, now we're gonna start to explain what is the role and as you know the Nissan revival plan challenge every single taboo because you done everything which was forbidden and people say you would not be able to do but with clear commitment to return to profitability in the first year -- within the first year of the plant. So that's the way you drive people, you know? That's what management is about. Put in front of them something that they want really to do, to achieve, that is really significant for them. Significant for them not only theoretically but pragmatically they are all connected with this victory that they are proud of having revived the company but it was good for them for their salary, for their career, for their compensation, for their stock options, for their benefits, for their retirement, for everything. Then after you align this now you say, now we have to lose jobs. SPEAKER02: At the end of this year, you are planning to launch the Nissan Leaf, an electric vehicle that uses lithium ion battery technology and will be one of the early zero emission cars on the market. Carlos Ghosn: Mm. SPEAKER02: Incidentally, as part of our first-year curriculum, we watched the movie "Who Killed the Electric Car" and I understand that you're collaborating with that movie's producers to create a sequel called "Revenge of the Electric Car". >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: It's true. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: No, it is true. It is true. There are a film like that. We spend many hours with them and they came to Tokyo, and they filmed the car, and hopefully it's going to be an interesting one. SPEAKER02: What is your strategy for driving adoption and becoming a leader in the electric vehicle market in the U.S. and globally? Carlos Ghosn: Well, you know, first, if you want to innovate, if you want to innovate, you have to accept from the beginning that a lot of people are gonna think that you're a fool, you're playing with shareholders' money, you're taking bets that should not be taken, that there would never work, etc. etc. and that's exactly what we're hearing today. That's exactly what I'm reading today. And it's absolutely unbelievable, unbelievable to see how much short-sighted, how much short-sighted -- probably the media and a lot of analysts are about what we are -- how we understand the situation in which the car industry is. So we decided, after analyzing everything to say, okay, zero emission is the way to go. Doesn't mean that all the cars are going to be zero emission but there is a huge and tremendous boulevard for the development of the zero emission cars and we can spend a lot of time explain that but anyway obviously today people -- we've invested already $6 billion on this project and people say, well, you know what? If this is not gonna be a big success it's gonna be a tremendous -- a tremendous way on the performance, the financial performance of the company. First, I think it's going to be a tremendous success and I think this is going to be the way of the future and we can spend a lot of time explaining it but what I'm gonna tell you is that, umm, we are in the final phase before the launch. The launch will come by the end of 2010. In fact, it's gonna be mass marketed in the United States starting November or December 2010, the same time in -- in Japan. I understand that even we showed the Leaf in Stanford campus. Professor, I think you've driven it. I mean, the only -- you have to go into this car, drive it to understand that's who we are. That's not the kind of enhanced golf cart, you know, where you have to -- >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: -- this is a real car and on top of this, the basic assumption is, it's affordable, makes a lot of sense, and we're offering the zero emission as a premium. We're not asking consumer to pay for the zero emission. That doesn't work. Is you gonna get the zero emission as -- as a premium. So, again, you have to have a vision, this vision has to be based on understanding about the dynamics of the market, globally, and then you have to pursue this vision. No matter what you have to build motivation inside your company. This is easy because you're saying, okay, we wanna be bigger and a technology that is meaningful to the consumer and all the Nissan people, all the Renault people are buying into it. Then we need to come to the consumer and tell him, you know, tell the consumer, that's a great product which is affordable and on top of this is gonna allow you to drive without the guilt of the melting of the icebergs, and the change of the seasons, and the temperature, etc. Umm, I think it's gonna be very powerful. But again, before it starts, there's always a doubt. And now we are at the period of time where a lot of people are throwing at you a lot of stones by saying, that's not gonna work, and then you have a lot of comments from competitors saying, you know, you're too much rubbish. Is not gonna work. But honestly, what do you want competitors to say? Is this -- he's in the right direction? I say, okay. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: He is the right direction. And where is your car? I have no idea where is your car. What's your situation? >> [Laughing] >> [Clapping] Carlos Ghosn: I'm absolutely -- I mean, we open -- we open - - already in the United States we open the possibility for people already to be -- we want to be on the list for the -- for the electric car. We had more than 35,000 people already -- I'm not talking about the Fiats. Obviously Fred Smith from Federal Express, and the postal services, and the electric company all of them want -- want to order the car by the 10,000s. We're not talking about that. We're talking about, you know, the people that say, okay, this is a good thing, and we want it to happen and particularly if you're telling me it's going to be at the same price than the regular car. I wanna go for it. So I think it's gonna be very powerful. Carlos Ghosn: Nissan and Renault have a unique alliance in which Renault has a 44 percent ownership stake in Nissan, Nissan has a 15 percent ownership stake as Renault, and you act as CEO of both companies. What are the unique opportunities and challenges of this relationship and how do you handle conflicting interests between Nissan and Renault? Carlos Ghosn: Well, that's a -- that's an interesting -- that's an interesting point. You know, we have been -- we have been in this alliance for the last ten years. We are probably the two companies with the most sustainable track record in term of alliances because practically every single other alliance that happened in our industry was blown away. Everything. I remember in 1999 we made the Renault-Nissan alliance immediately after the DaimlerChrysler alliance. Daimler and Chrysler came together and then Renault-Nissan came together, and then DaimlerChrysler -- of Mitsubishi -- and when the DaimlerChrysler alliance came together and we came together, there was a lot of commands. DaimlerChrysler was this is an alliance made in heaven. Two very rich and powerful company and attractive brands coming together they're going to do a lot of things and change the world. And when Renault-Nissan came together to say two mules doesn't make a -- a horse. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: Wall Street Journal 1999, I have all the track records, all the media. Everything. Okay? >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: Nobody talk about this but we have -- we have everything there. Okay. The two mules started to work and then the two beautiful people started to work and at the end of the day, after ten years, DaimlerChrysler, Mitsubishi, you know the story, and we're still there. Which means that it's better to be a mule than a horse in the car industry. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: More resistant. More resistant to the shocks and to the problem. This is due to the fact -- to the fact that we had a very pragmatic approach. No grandeur scheme of, you know, we're too different and we' re gonna be one, and all the machine are gonna be taken to one place, and we're gonna have a superior holding company. It doesn't work. It doesn't work. We took the alliance as a marriage between two people. Okay? When two people marry -- I know that probably some of you are not but those who have some experience in marriage, uh, nobody want become the other. You know? If my wife was saying me we're gonna become one but how about you become like me? >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: I'm not sure. I'm not sure I'm gonna be very happy and exactly the reverse same thing. I'm not gonna ask her that. So being different is very important. Remaining different is very important. Having common goals, having common strategy, but at the same time have your own autonomy, cultivating things together but even -- let me -- this is very important. Diversity within uniformity, you know in commonality with autonomy. That's the way the world works. That's the way it works. So in a certain way, we try to inspire ourself from the basic institution of human being -- of human kind by saying, we need to make sure that, you know, even for the sake of business sense, we do not violate common sense or human common sense. We need to always to maintain, look out. And frankly the result has been that even there they have been a lot of pressure on me to try ask say, why don't you make a merger between the two company and you don't get one team, etc.? It doesn't work. I cannot make one team of Japanese and French managing a company which would be neither Japanese nor French. I can't. It doesn't work. Identity is the basis of motivation. Identity is the basis of success. It's basis of performance. You need to connect to something. You need to make sure that you working for your own team, for your own country, for your own etc. You need to belong to something in order to concur the world. If you don't know why you're doing this, you gonna lose your motivation. So we have been following this very pragmatic approach. Obviously there have a lot of conflicts, there have been a lot of difference, but every time came back to this common sense about, you know, if there is no win/win, we don't do it. We're not gonna force one decision from one company to the other. Decisions for Japan -- for Nissan are being taken in Tokyo always; decision for Renault always taken in Paris. Don't confuse the -- the two company but at the same time always push for more synergy. They have a lot of things in common, putting things in common, always for the sake of each company benefit. If you maintain this kind of culture, extracted not from any book because there is no reference but extracted from common sense, you can go -- you can go very -- you can go very, very far. And frankly I think because Renault and Nissan and Japan and French -- Japanese people and French people are so different that it was obvious for everybody. When you start to see that, oh, you know, maybe the two companies are very similar. We're gonna merge them together. Now, here -- here comes trouble because there are multiple identities within each company and if you don't respect them, you gonna get in trouble -- you gonna be in trouble. That's why there was absolutely no merger with worked in the car industry. All of them are being sold, or collapsed. You know in look at Saab being sold, and Jaguar being sold, and Daim -- Chrysler, look what happens with this Chrysler after the grandeur story that we have been told in 1999? I mean, you have every single example which happened. It was not respected and it was not respected because it was violating -- violating common sense. We are the only surviver in this. And that's why people say why? When I ask the question of time. Yeah. It's a question of time before we gonna see problem. No, we not gonna see problem as long as we maintain the same pragmatic, prudent -- prudent approach to the -- to the lines. Carlos Ghosn: How do you identify leadership potential in a person and how do you attract and develop the best and brightest people in your organization? Carlos Ghosn: That's interesting. There are some basic condition and if you don't see them, forget about leadership. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: First one, very simple. Very simple. I have my first test. First one. If somebody doesn't listen, no way. Very simple. You sit down with anybody, you start to discuss etc., if he' s not listening to you, even when you -- and the test is, you start a boring conversation. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: Obviously, no. Because if you're very interesting it's very easy for your listening. Oh, no, no. You go for a very boring conversation. You know? >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: And if the person really listens and really try, etc., that's a very good start. A leader first is a listener. There it is. That's absolutely basic condition. If you're not a listener, you're never gonna -- you can be a leader but you're not gonna get very far. The second basic also condition is, I've never seen such a thing as a boring leader -- leader. Nothing. Leader is always somebody interesting. Somebody who can connect with you. Very important. Very important. I mean, so if I'm sitting with somebody and, you know, after 15 minutes I wanna go to the next meeting, I know it's -- it's not very good. So ability to connect, ability to be interested, and being interesting is also a very important feature. And you know this isn't something that you don't learn in school or in university. It is developed by yourself. Everybody has his own skills, etc. so I would say being a listener, being able to connect with people are two absolutely basic condition for leadership. For the rest, you know, efficiency, ability to communicate, openness, curiosity, intelligence, etc., that's fine. I have seen great leader who are not smart. You probably know enough of them that they are not smart. They're very common. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: No, but it's true. I mean, they're not smart. And we've seen a lot of people extremely smart who never -- never were able to take any leadership position. So I don't think this is something discriminating. I have never sen a leader who is boring or at least at the beginning. He may be boring after -- after five or whatever and somebody who don't listen, who observe or try to see, okay, what's the situation in which I am? Carlos Ghosn: What role have mentors play in your life and what advice do you have for us in finding mentors in our careers? Carlos Ghosn: Oh, it's very important. Mentors. Very important particularly but they teach you what not to do. [pause] I had many bosses in my career because I started, you know, like a simple engineer and I learned as much with the -- from the managers or the leaders who are making a lot of things which shock me as from the people who are inspiring me. Both of them are very important. Why? Because the guy, you know, who is your boss, and all of a sudden you say, well, you know, he doesn't communicate well, I'm not motivated, etc., you're learning. You're learning. You're learning the basics because you're gonna to always think every time when you will be in a leadership position, I don't wanna become like X, Y, or Z who were my leaders. I wanna make sure I'm interesting, I'm sure I'm associating people, etc. So the mentors are positive and negative. You have the people who are gonna teach you what are mistakes not to do and there are the people who are gonna inspire you by saying, well, I would have never thought about this and I think this is very, very, very powerful. So you learn from both and it's -- that's why it's very important to listen, and observe, and, you know, some people say, you know, I have a boring boss, you know? I'm not learning anything. Wrong. Wrong. You have a boring boss? It's an opportunity to see why he is boring. What are the things -- what are the things that I will learn that I will never have to do in the future so I am not boring for the people who are the my team? If you have a great boss from the beginning you think -- you gonna think it's very easy, you know? Because the guy's interesting, and the objective is being hit, etc. you're not gonna learn as much as if you would be facing adversity from the boss who has a lot of imperfection. Obviously if you -- if all your bosses are of this type, it' s bad also because you never know what's -- you know, what is true north. So having some of both is very -- is very important. I was blessed by the fact that I had both and frankly I learned as much from one than from the -- from the others. SPEAKER02: So while auto sales in the U.S. have remained flat or declined over the last few years, auto sales in many emerging markets continue to grow at a double-digit clip. How is this dynamic influenced Nissan and Renault, and how do you envision it impacting the global auto industry? Carlos Ghosn: Well, that's -- that's a very important factor because we -- we all know that the car industry is moving from north to south, and from west to east. [pause] In a kind of summary. The demand, obviously the United States, Japan, Europe, are gonna continue to be important market but I don't think growth is gonna be an important factor in these markets. Growth is gonna come from new markets. Obviously we all know China, India, the Middle East, South America, but also from the country of the future which are gonna be the next wave coming. Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Vietnam, Mexico, some part of South America, maybe some countries in the Africa. This is the next brick. And, you know, we have a short memory. You know, I remember in 2000 -- in the year 2000, ten years ago, not so much. We used to sell 20,000 cars -- ten to 20,000 cars a year in China. China was maybe the number -- in the car industry it was market No. 20 or 25. In 2009 it was the largest market in the -- in the world. And I think it's gonna be sustainable and we sold 700,000 cars in China in ten years. And this is becoming one of the largest market of -- of Nissan. So today what I wanna know is, in ten years, what are the countries that's probably not like China but are gonna see this tremendous growth? So you look at the potential, you look at the resources, you look at the population, you look at the mismanagement. Usually the more the company is mismanage -- the more the company -- or the country is mismanaged, the more potential it has, particular if it has natural resources. So you look at the leadership, uh, you look at the resources, and then you can start to list what are the countries which has the most potential for the next ten years. Some of them may not realize it because mismanagement may continue or aggravate but some of them are gonna fix their problems and then all of a sudden they're gonna be there. So Renault-Nissan, what you're trying to do is take all these countries which are the next generation of bricks and trying to establish a presence in them. Some of them will not bloom but the one who will bloom will be -- will be really worth it. SPEAKER02: Umm, what advice would you give to newly lamented MBAs and what mistakes have you seen them make in the early stages of their career? Carlos Ghosn: Uh, what advice I can give new MBAs? First I think -- I think the first one is that don't plan too much. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: Doesn't work. For me it didn't work. Frankly, don't plan too much your career because what your gonna be facing in life is probably more powerful and much bigger than you ever imagined. So if you're following your man, you may miss a lot of opportunity coming from the side but you may not even look say, oh, I need to continue on my plan. Okay? Even though on the side you gonna be huge opportunity coming you don't look at them. So don't plan too much or be flexible on the planning. You gonna have a lot of ordeal, particularly in the period we're getting in, 2010, 2020, I think there's gonna be a lot of transformation coming and there are gonna be a lot of opportunity so be flexible. Umm, no matter where you start -- you know, some of you have already jobs, some of you don't -- no matter what you gonna start with but if you really, really put your heart and it and your dedication in it, at the end of the day you always gonna be great. I never seen personally in my domain anybody working very seriously, wholeheartedly, with a lot of motivation, openness on anything and at the end of the day do not prevail. Never seen it. It's a question of time. It's a question of patience, a question of drive, that's very -- that's very important. The third -- the third thing is it's also something very important. Don't work for recognition. >> [pause] Carlos Ghosn: It's an illusion. Somebody was saying, "If you want recognition, buy yourself a dog." >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: Don't work for recognition. You gonna be disappointed. You gonna be disappointed. Work for yourself, obviously work for -- no matter what are your on objective, if you wanna become wealthy, if you wanna, you know, I mean, work for yourself. Work for yourself. I'm not saying that you need to be egocentric looking. No but I think do not put too much emphasis on the outside - - what the outside's gonna be bring you because you gonna be disappointed. You gonna be disappointed. And I wanna tell you why it's so important to hold this line. Umm, because when -- when you have to make hard decisions and probably some of you will have in the future, you gonna be alone. Do not think that this is a team. No, it's not true. At the end of the day, the guy who is gonna make the ultimate decision is one and this guy's gonna do it alone, and he's gonna do it based on his own value, and his own beliefs, and his own analysis transmitted by his team or whatever but at the end of the day he or she is doing the decision. And when you carry the decision, you're gonna be bombarded no matter what. So if you're looking for an outside recognition it's gonna melt you down. You'll say, oh, my God, it's not working. Everybody -- no. No. You need to have your own strength, you need to have your own beliefs, make your own analysis, and carry -- and carry the decisions. Let me give you an example. Obviously I'm gonna take the easiest one which is the Nissan revival plan in 1999. When we announced the plan in 1999, October 1999, when we were announcing a lot of restructuring measures, a lot of tough decisions, umm, obviously the public opinion was a little bit shocked that it was too severe. The financial market applauded it and said, oh, finally, somebody, you know, doing what is right but the share collapsed. 50 percent. The Nissan share went down. They didn't care. They say, oh, it's too risky. You not gonna be successful, etc. So you're standing along, you're doing what's right, with the public opinion upset, political parties up set, financial market letting you down, you know? And you're only when you're employee in the dark, you know? And you say, okay, we're gonna make it and in one year we're gonna be profitable, in two years we're gonna be profitable. So if you're asking for recognition, you're in bad shape. You're in bad shape. I'm gonna tell you, if you're asking for recognition even if you succeed 'cause you can say, okay. After one you made it. After two years you made it, etc. Now the glory. Not at all. Not at all. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: Not at all. When we made the profit of Nissan in 2000 -- in 2000 -- in the first year in 2000 the press started to say, yeah, you know what? Maybe cook the book, you know? >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: 2001, you repeat it. Yeah, but it's easy to cut costs. It's different to grow the company. Now you start to grow the company yeah, but where are the hits? You didn't do any car that now become very famous. Now you do a car very famous can say, hey, where's your technology, man? You're late in technology -- >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: You're going always to have something wrong. No matter what. So if you looking for the outside things, you gonna be a little bit mistake. You need to have it in you and making sure that you're looking at the right indicator of your own people. SPEAKER02: With that, we'd like to open it up for questions. Uh, please raise your hand and wait for a mic before asking your question. We have one here. >> Hi, thanks, Carlos, for being here. My name is Igor. Sorry for the jacket. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: Actually, I like your jacket. You know? >> [Laughing] >> Umm, I am from Brazil and I would like to -- we are hearing a lot about Brazil lately and some people even consider that it is almost like a bubble, that it is just too much hype around it. I'd love to hear your perspective about the country and what Nissan and Renault have planned for the country. Carlos Ghosn: No. I think -- I think Brazil, it's a story which is long due. A long due. Brazil has a lot of potential. Obviously I'm -- I'm not talking out of emotion. I'm born in Brazil, I'm Brazilian, etc., but I think on objectively Brazil has a very big future and frankly it's coming late. The question is not it's a bubble. It's not a bubble. It's an anti bubble. It has been a very long time that we should have seen what's happening today in Brazil already in Brazil. Brazil has everything. Every single thing you look at in Brazil has it. You know? Good demographic, young population, huge territory, all the resources, energy, I mean, technology, now, you know, democracy. I mean, it's an important element. This is a stable country, you know? Maybe still some mismanagement, etc. No. Brazil has a lot of potential. Frankly this is not a bubble and I think Brazil is really well below its potential and for Renault-Nissan this is one of the priority market for us in term of investment and in term of -- of penetration. Brazil is long overdue. What we're seeing today should have happened ten years ago. I'm -- I'm glad it's happening, you know, and I think there is more to come. There is more to come. SPEAKER02: Okay. We have a question over here. >> Umm, so we talked about the, umm, goals difference in the emerging markets versus developed markets and I'm wondering what's the indications that you see in the market dynamics, in the auto industry overall, and do you see the companies -- the local companies, umm, in those emerging markets as a threat and how you would just sort of start your strategy going forward. And also just a -- like, listen to it. We've seen a number of Chinese companies acquire assets, umm, and form brands and what's your view? Do you think it will be successful or not. Carlos Ghosn: Okay. Well, I think, you know, first thing I think -- >> [pause] Carlos Ghosn: -- in the next ten years in the global market you'll have at least one large Chinese car maker at this point and you'll have one Indian, uh, large car maker. I have no doubt about it and it's normal. You're gonna have a shrinking of the western northern car makers. They're gonna come together and make alliances and at the same time you gonna have something generate -- we don't know who, we don't know how, we don't know when, but it's coming. No doubt about it. That's No. 1. No. 2, this will be facilitated or the emergence of the big Chinese and the emergence of a big Indian by how short-sighted the other car manufacture gonna be. If we're short-sighted, we're not only gonna have one Indian, but two; we're not only gonna have one China, but five, etc. What does it mean? Very soon -- I'm gonna give you an example. When Ratan Tata came with the Nano, you know, a lot of command says this is a joke, this is not a car, etc. etc. No, no, no. That's a threat. If we neglect the Nano, we're gonna have an Indian car maker coming with the new segment of the market, three, 4,000-dollar car that nobody's doing, and he's going not only to take by storm the Indian market, but start develop a lot of emerging market and we're gonna repeat the story of the Japanese industry versus European and U.S. industry and the Korean industry versus Japanese, which always start with, I bring a cheaper product and then I move up. That's the story of the Japanese industry. You know, when the Japanese industry started 40 years ago, it started with cheap, small, low-quality product and it moved up. And today it's a major part of the car industry with every single problem. Korean did the same. They came with a cheaper product than the Japanese and are moving up. Well, the Indians and the Chinese can do the same and if we are short-sighted and say, oh, yeah. $4,000 car, there's not a market for me. I don't know how to do it, we're gonna help generate more and more Chinese and Indian. So because of this, you know, because we've seen this threat now, what we're doing is we are allying with Indian and Chinese car makers to make sure that we're not gonna be surprised by something like this. Okay? So this is gonna slow down a little bit the emergence of the pure Chinese or the pure Indian. But still I think it's very unlikely that you don't have at least one Chinese or at least one Indian to become global eventually by acquiring assets or making alliances with other -- other major -- other major company. But I don't think you gonna have many of them. SPEAKER02: I have a question in the back. >> Hi, thank you for your time. Brandon Nolstien, second year MBA, Joint North Engineering School. Umm, by going all electric with the Leaf, you're making a very different bet than either Toyota or GM is making and I was wondering if you could talk a little bit about that and how you see green cars in the future? Carlos Ghosn: Yeah. Well, you know, we -- we -- the green car started with Toyota taking the leadership with the hybrid. They took the leadership on the hybrid and then Honda came with the me, too product; and then Nissan with the me, too product; and then GM and everybody came with a me too product; and then already taken the leadership technologically and in term of brand by introducing the hybrid. That's fair. Umm, and with all the development of the hybrid, plug-in hybrid, the mild hybrid, the green hybrid, etc. The next step is zero emission. On the zero emission, we believe that there is a market, not detriment of the hybrid. There is a market for hybrid but there is a market for zero emission. We said, okay, we want to be the leader on zero emission. This is gonna be good for our brand, we think there is a good market, and we have the technology for that. So I don't want you to think that we're doing zero emission and electric car on detriment of hybrids because we have hybrids. But on hybrids we recognize the fact that the leadership is already taken. Okay? We're followers. We're gonna bring cars on the market, we're gonna satisfy market demand, but we would never be recognized as leaders in hybrid and, in fact, nobody is going to take this out of Toyota. It's too late. We wanna take the leadership on electric car and we don't want anybody to take it from us because we think objectively there is a specific market for electric cars. Why I think there is a specific market for zero emission cars and not hybrid, and not anything else. Three reasons mainly. And, in fact, three questions. If you answer yes to the three question, then you say, okay. Zero emission cars gonna be part of the future. The first question is, do you think -- very simple -- do you think even though price of oil is unpredictable, do you think that there is more chance price of oil in the future go up or down? Okay. So, uh, if you say, yes, there is more chance that it goes up, well then, you are on the right path for electric car. If you think, no, no. This is fake. Oil, there is plenty of it and it is going to go down to $20, then even you should not even do hybrids. You should -- you should go back to gasoline engine. That's first question. Second question, do you think that the constrains on environment and the regulation on the environment are gonna become stricter or looser? If you say it's gonna become stricter, C02 emissions etc., then you are also on the right path for the zero -- the zero emission car but it's gonna cost you more and more to emit C02 and this is something which is gonna make a difference between this technology and the others. And the third one is, more strategic -- strategic concern, which is, how much all the countries which are developing in the world are importing oil? All of them. China, the United States, obviously western Europe, obviously Japan, obviously -- but even China and India, which are the two power house coming, they are big net importers of oil and there is no chance, no chance this is gonna change for the next 30 years. So with all these superpowers -- they gonna be superpowers - - how long are we gonna accept that their transportation sector depends only on one commodity and they are net importer of this commodity? I remind you that if one major oil producer for whatever reason decide not to export oil -- and this happened in the past -- the transportation system of most of this country is paralyzed. That's why it is considered a strategic issue. So the only way -- the only way to dis-- disconnect this strategic issue is to bring electricity. Why? Because you can bring electricity out of oil, of coal, of natural gas, of nuclear power, of hydroelectric, of wind, of solar. You can do it literally out of everything. So if there is one commodity which would become very expensive or which become unavailable we can switch to something else. You can't in the case -- in the case of oil. So there are a lot of reasons for which, you know, we think that there is absolutely no doubt that the zero emission car gonna be part of the future. Now, the big question is, is it gonna be 10 percent in 2020, 15, is it gonna be five? There is a lot of debate going -- going on. We are the most foolish today by saying 10 percent of the market in 2020 will be zero emission. Frankly, I think the numbers will move up and all the people who are today we think is gonna be 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent. They're gonna make a kind of rolling forecast which mean every year they're gonna update the numbers. You know? So every day you don't know what their position. You know? >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: So you -- we're gonna discover -- we're gonna discover at a certain point in time there are 10 percent who are probably the most conservative. It will take a very small crisis for all these numbers to change. It will take an environmental disaster, it will take an energy crisis, it will take a war in a country which is large producer with some of this control. So we gonna see these numbers gonna go up and frankly the likelihood that this happen in the next ten years, for me, probably is near one that you gonna have something happening. Even if it doesn't happen, it still makes a lot of sense. So we're gonna see. We have different opinions, we're coming with different technology. It's not either/or, you know? We have our hybrids but it is where do you put most of your resources in order to create leadership? SPEAKER02: I have a question over here. >> Hi, I'm Clay Calhoun. I'm an MBA one. Before I ask my question in interest of full disclosure, I worked on the automobile task force at the Treasury Department, uh, this summer. Umm, and so I'd like -- I'd really like your perspective on broadly how you think the restructuring of the U.S. auto industry has changed or hasn't changed the game for Renault-Nissan and, more specifically, returning to your comments on reliance, whether you think the Chrysler-Fiat alliance has a chance of success or is destined to kind of follow the previous alliances into problems. Carlos Ghosn: Uh, yeah. We -- are there any journalists in the room? No? >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: It can be on the web site so we have to be careful here. That's all. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: I'm sorry. We are on the web site so I'm gonna have to be very polite and very -- >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: No. You know what? I -- I mean, I read -- I read the comment of Steve Rattner and, in fact, it happened that I was in a debate with Steve Rattner a few months ago in the Council of Foreign Relation. We were together. And Steve were very straightforward. He said -- he said -- >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: -- uh, General Motors we are not gonna abandon no matter what. Too much employment. Okay? So it was clear from the beginning. He said, "I've never seen people who are so polite and so arrogant at the same time." His comment. >> [Laughing] Carlos Ghosn: No, no. You know this. You've been part of it. He said it on record, it's on Fortune, etc. Uh, and he said that, uh, never seen a company which has been as mismanaged and where there is so much -- so few, uh, sense of emergency. But, you know, there is a new administration that could not let GM go because employment in that country, the impact on employment was huge. They said we had to do everything -- everything we had to do to save Germans. Okay? And frankly I think is very factual. Nobody, nobody in the industry -- and I can tell you because I've seen many bankers, and analysts and they came to -- and this was before the collapse. Two years before. Nobody would have predicted even in the wildest scenario and the wildest dream that General Motors would become majority owned by the U.S. government. No. Nobody. Nobody has seen this scenario. Nobody. Okay? So which mean that we have to be very careful when we imagine the future that it may always surprise us by what type of solution are put into place. This is for General Motors. Now, for Chrysler, back to Steve Rattner. He said it was 4951 -- no. It was -- yeah. It was 49-51 to let him go and he would give it to Fiat. His comment. And at the end of the day he didn't say exactly how it happened but probably inspiration is we have -- you have to let it -- you know, put it on the 51 and let it -- let it, uh -- let's give it a try. The bottom line of this is the major element here was end product. The major element here was protecting activities. It was not so much about potential on the market or competitiveness of the companies. And frankly it's totally normal because the French government moved to sort of guard the industry because of employment, Japanese government, uh, moved and put a lot of cash and liquidity during the dark days of the crisis in 2008 and 2009 because of employment. Everybody look at the industry with the prism of these guys are big employers. We can't just let it go. So this being said, this being said which mean that the companies have been supported not in function of their merit or their potential but because of how much damage this can create to the employment. Umm, in the industry there is no impossible nation in our industry and I'm really well positioned to tell you that because in 1999 nobody gave a clue about Nissan being able to survive and we're doing very well. So I would -- I would not insult the future by telling you, uh, there is no chance. There is always a chance. Depends on how you manage, how much focus you put into it, and did you make the right decision. So I think -- I think it's still an open -- it's still an open story. SPEAKER02: We have a question over here. >> Good afternoon. Good afternoon, Mr. Ghosn. Excuse the getup once again. Given what -- >> [Laughing] >> Given the comment that is you made about the differences between Nissan and Renault, and the demands on a CEO's time, and that synergies will be achieved and have been achieved across companies multiple different ways, it's not immediately apparent to me that having a single CEO is always the right choice. Why has that been an effective choice in this alliance? Carlos Ghosn: Yeah. I think you're totally right. I'm not gonna tell you that single CEO for two companies is the best choice. And, by the way, when the alliance started, there was no one single CEO. Louis Schweitzer was the head of Renault, [inaudible] was the head of Nissan, I came as the head of Nissan two years after I was CEO of Nissan, so Louis Schweitzer was heading Renault, I was heading Nissan. We were working together. in 2005, Louis Schweitzer wanted to retire and obviously he said, you know, you should be my successor. I would say, yeah, but the problem is, I'm not gonna abandon Nissan. So how can you be successor at Renault if you don't wanna abandon Nissan? Because I thought Nissan was still not completely, you know, reestablished even though the results were good, etc. So we come to the conclusion that I would manage both. Everybody thought it's crazy. How can you manage? Two different company. Two different yeah. Etc. etc. But I think this was the most reasonable solution not in absolute term but at least for the temporary period. When the crisis started, when the crisis started, I was realistic enough to say, okay. You can't manage completely being the COO, the CEO, and the chairman of both companies at the same time. You can't. So I've given up the COO responsibility by nominating one COO at Nissan and one COO at Renault. Shiga is chief operating office based in Tokyo, Pelata, Patrick Pelata is COO based in Paris, and they follow the day-to-day operation and they make sure that nobody's gonna say, you know what in where's the boss? We need an answer here. They're answering all the question connected with me. Okay? So I'm keeping CEO role and chairman of both company and delegating to the COOs. Is it gonna be like this in the future? I don't think so. We can come back one day in a situation where you have two different CEOs and you have the kind of board of the lines which is chaired by one of them or a third -- a third person. So I don't want you to think that this is the only solution to manage the lines. A lot -- I mean, we have been very, very pragmatic into shaping it. >> Umm, thank you so much for joining us today. I had actually had a similar question that was asked by this young man here and it's related to the goal -- the role of the public sector and the government in the industry in the future. You were talking about oil, which is an adjacent industry, which, 30 years ago, was more than 75 percent privatized but today is more than 90 percent owned by the public -- by the public sector and given what happened in the U.S. last year and also given that in China it's very typical for the government to force foreign players to have some sort of local joint venture, I was wondering how you think that might affect the dynamics of the industry going forward in the next few years. Carlos Ghosn: Well, you know, I personally was not shocked by what happened in 2008 and 2009, that the government intervening particularly to save employment. I was not shocked. I think it's normal. In a situation of crisis where there is no more rules where the whole system's shut down, somebody's gonna have to step and the market cannot step. I mean, only government can step. And why they intervened with the car industry they need to intervene with other industries just because they are large importers. That's it. The government we are driven by the fact that they don't want unemployment to go through the roof. That's a major motivation. They don't care about the cars. A lot of people -- they don't care about us. I say, okay, if I don't have a national producer, I will have somebody else. I mean, in the United States I would have no problem to let one or two companies collapse because we have so many in capacity existing competitors I'd be glad to take on this position. The question was employment and frankly not only the U.S. and I think it's totally normal and I was expecting it and I think it's sound that we don't give the impression to society that there is a problem, there is a shock coming, and everybody retires, or everybody hides. People have to stand up and face some of the problems and I think they've done the right things even though I'm not a public interventionist, I'm not a politician, but I think what governments have done during this crisis were the right things to do. Because when this crisis hit, all the companies were hit. The good ones and the bad ones. The competitive ones and the not so competitive ones. Everybody was hit. It's like, you know, you taking an athlete and you take a sick person, you put them in the room and you -- you stop oxygen. Well, both of them are gonna die. Maybe the sick guy is gonna die a little bit faster than the healthy guy but the healthy guy is gonna die also if you don't reserve oxygen. That's exactly what happened with the cash situation in 2008. We were all under threat. It was a question of time. Government cannot stand -- say, okay, you know, we're gonna let the market forces -- what market forces? There was no more cash. The banks were not working, you know? There is no market forces at all. We just have to establish common sense. So I think -- I think common sense was established. Why some governments it took some time to react because frankly they did not know what was going on. I personally spent a lot of time with authorities in Japan, with authorities in France, to explain what was going on. And frankly this helps a lot for them understanding that there was not a manipulation. This was a real need. Federal government in the United States and -- and the Fed reacted very well because they started to listen to everybody what's going on. Tell us, when -- when is the cash re-established or not? I think -- I think most of the job done in 2008 and 2009 there were mistakes but overall the reaction was sound. It's not visible today. Probably in five years down the road when we analyze this fact we will recognize the fact that many good things -- many good things happened during this period. So back to your question. I am not so favorable to public intervention into markets but I think there are two cases where it's necessary. The first thing is when there are no more rules. All of a sudden there is a collapse. Okay? Government has to step in. It was a case 2008-2009. The second reason is when you want to start something important. For example, I'm gonna give a technological point. Batteries technology today is something which we know is essential for the next 20 or 30 years. The research on battery is mainly concentrated between Japan, Korea, and China. The U.S. government, conscious of this, is saying this cannot be. We need to encourage development of research and development in the United States and they are putting money in it, and putting incentive, and encourage company. That's part of the job governments need to do. Recognize on a macro level that there is something big missing in the country and say, okay, we need to establish the incentive and the conditions to be able to bring back to the country. The Indian government is doing that, you know? I was in India a very long time ago. I say, there's no battery company in India. You know? India is proud saying we are the country of knowledge. Okay. That's great. Where is the battery technology? It's missing from India. And they are thinking about putting a kind of package to try to encourage company to move into the sector. This for me makes a lot of sense. These are the two conditions which you require governments to intervene and create the condition for the market to -- to start and to perform. SPEAKER02: Mr. Ghosn, thank you so much for being with us today. Carlos Ghosn: Thank you. >> [Applause] Carlos Ghosn: That's for me? So this is my size? That's my size? We're asked: Do the points on the graph below represent a function? So in order for the points to represent a function, for every input into our function, we can only get one value. So if we look here, they've graphed the point--it looks like negative 1, 3, so that's the point negative 1, 3. So if we assume that this is our x-axis, and that is our f(x) axis -- and I'm just assuming it's a function, I don't know whether it really is just now, this point is telling us that if you put negative 1 into our function, or that thing that might be a function, or maybe our relation, you'll get a 3 So it's telling us that f(x) of negative 1 is equal to 3. So far it could be a reasonable function. You give me negative 1 and I will map it to 3. Then they have if x is 2, then our value is negative 2. This is the point 2, negative 2, so that still seems consistent with being a function. If you pass me 2, I will map you or I will point you to negative 2. Seems fair enough. Let's see this next value here. This is the point 3, 2 right there. So once again, that says that, look, if you give me 3 into my function, into my black box, I will output a 2. Pretty reasonable. No reason why these points can't represent a function so far. Now, what about when we input 4 into the function? Let me do this in magenta. So what happens if I input 4 into my function? So this is 4 right here. Well, according to these points, there's two points that relate to 4 -- that 4 can be mapped to. I could map it to the point 4, 5. So that says if you give me a 4, I'll give you a 5. But it also says if you give me a 4, I could also give you a negative 1 because that's the point 4, negative 1. So this is not a function. It cannot be a function if for some input into the function you could give me two different values. And you can see that right here. And an easy test is to just see, look, for one value I have two points for this relationship. So this cannot be a function. So this is not a function! I'll put an exclamation mark. Hello my name is Damon Crosby I'm employed by the Yukon Territorial Government Health and Social Services I work at the young offenders facility in Whitehorse If I was an MP I would improve all our support systems for the youth of today To help with world issues, environmental issues and humanitarian aid. Thank you. Sheesh. So many. PB, you hang out with Lady. C-listers, go back in the bag. Who's in the C-list? Uh, Tiffany, Donny... Well, he's okay. Xergiok- a bunch'a these guys! That's not very nice. Don't worry man. They'll get involved eventually. Involved with what? I don't know. Involved. Check out Lady and Princess Bubblegum! [Talking in "Wah"s] What are they talkin" about? It's hard to say, but I think it's got something to do with Lady being pregos. Whoa! What kinda narrative are you trying to create here! That's your narrative buddy. Alright, well, what else ya got goin" on? Hmm. Not much really. I got Ice King over here. Ice King? He's not C-list? Yeah, well, I saw his drum kit in here. Here we go. Okay, jam out, little Ice King. Noo. Don't play with that hack. Aww man. Hmm. They've got good chemistry. Who've guessed? drumFantasycamp drumFantasy.10 recap August 11-15 2010 Cleveland, Ohio 70+ Attendees All Ages - All Levels Representing 11 Countries Learning, growing... and being inspired Opening Clinic Discussion I wish there were things like this happening when I was growing up and learning drums You know they had band camps and things like that But never never was an opportunity to actually go somewhere for a few days And hang out with the players that you listen to and hopefully like And we would learn from them And I think in general, if you open yourself up and release and get on the other side of the expectation when you approach any instrument And work for the sound that you want, the sound that you dream of, aspire to, wish for Then you can get there There's an incremental like success that starts really small, it's like small steps And as you go on those step, get higher And you stay on the same level for a long time So evidently at some point you get to hit the base of the next step that's gonna look like a wall, but just a next step I heard Dave winding down this thing and I am like, I am in the backstage and He looked at me for a second, what the hell what am I gonna do I don't know, I like what he is doing So I'm like, you know, get ready, here we Then he walks over me, and I am like haha! And I'm just like, you know I never wanna loose that childlike thing There is inside inspiration and there is outside inspiration You know, there is an inner voice that tells you I want to sound like this And you have a vision of yourself playing ten years in the future And that vision is something you would like to turn into reality You have that inside inspiration and that creative flame that burns inside of you And you really have a very distinct vision of what your playing supposed to sound like And then all this outside inspiration that comes from different drummers, listening to different drummers and music, listening to other drummers, going to concerts, buying CDs and all this kind of stuff Opening Concert The house of the Blues Cleveland featuring Mike Stern and TOm Kennedy Master Class you only get used to this so far This is smart Because why this is smart? Because this is one motion clap Two motion no clap So you have two motions to create one clap Where this is one motion one clap, one motion one clap, You don't have to wind up This's the same thing as that principle Now, just take a second, and look at that what he is doing there is back in the 30s a popular tune he is superimposing a 7/8 rhythm scheme or pattern And you thought pro band like yes we're cool you let several weeks, after you've done all these exercises and suddenly it will appear and you're playing somewhere 'cause you've done it, you can play it. That's the new word you've learned Like I said earlier, learn 5 new things everyday you can make the effort to learn 5 new words in English or in any other Language everyday No problem, your brain can totally digest all that The same thing on drums If you learn a group of 3 in 5 different interpretation everyday You've got it, it will sync into your playing, and become a part of your vocabulary Just like any other word you learn every day How are you? I hope everything's been going great. This is week seven in public.. And I still forgot! We'll have to restart. I hope this serves to show you how important memory really is on a course Did you see the walking off and the coming back and the thinking "What am I going to do?" That's the pressure when you're giving a speech. However, when you're giving a speech that's a tribute Or a speech that's recognition You can't really do that. There's only one thing I want to leave you with. Did you see that? Walk off and come back. What was that? You don't have time to build this huge speech. You're going to say something at a wedding or you're going to say something that's a tribute It may be a funeral. It may be a person retiring from a college. It could be anything One thing you have to remember: If you don't remember anything else, remember this: You want a positive reputation, or you'll get a negative memory. When they hear what you have to say at a tribute or a recognition They'll go: "Oh wow that was great, That was meaningful, it was to the point. Brevity: it's short. Or it could be the "Did you see that guy run off? When he forgot what to say? It's the weirdest thing." And that's all you're going to be remembered by. Sadly, human nature only remembers pointedly The negative You could do Ten-Thousand things great Yet, the one fluff sticks in the person's memory What you want a short speech to be is the positive reputation It builds your positive reputation. It builds your speaking where people go That was memorable. It was great. What you don't want is the running off and trying to figure out - "I can't remember what!" When people see that they go: "You know, that's not the professional guy I thought" The whole point of this class is public speaking by giving a professional presentation A professional speech So that people can see That you're cultured That you're able to speak what we call "the King's English" that you're able to enunciate and be an orator so that you don't have to be a Socrates or anything, or Plato. But that you can actually convey an important message. Something that one of your bosses or something or company or statement that you really need done. But when it's a tribute Or something that's a recognition You've got to understand what the recognition is Be very pointed, very direct, but be very brief One of the great things I'm going to give you this week Is being brief Have a great day So how would you run a whole country without oil? That's the question that sort of hit me in the middle of a Davos afternoon about four years ago. It never left my brain. And I started playing with it more like a puzzle. The original thought I had: this must be ethanol. So I went out and researched ethanol, and found out you need the Amazon in your backyard in every country. About six months later I figured out it must be hydrogen, until some scientist told me the unfortunate truth, which is, you actually use more clean electrons than the ones you get inside a car, if you use hydrogen. So that is not going to be the path to go. And then sort of through a process of wandering around, I got to the thought that actually if you could convert an entire country to electric cars, in a way that is convenient and affordable, you could get to a solution. Now I started this from a point of view that it has to be something that scales en masse. Not how do you build one car, but how do you scale this so that it can become something that is used by 99 percent of the population? The thought that came to mind is that it needs to be as good as any car that you would have today. So one, it has to be more convenient than a car. And two, it has be more affordable than today's cars. Affordable is not a 40,000 dollar sedan, right? Alright? That's not something that we can finance or buy today. And convenient is not something that you drive for an hour and charge for eight. So we're bound with the laws of physics and the laws of economics. And so the thought that I started with was how do you do this, still within the boundary of the science we know today -- no time for science fair, no time for playing around with things or waiting for the magic battery to show up. How do you do it within the economics that we have today? How do you do it from the power of the consumer up? And not from the power of an edict down. On a random visit to Tesla on some afternoon, I actually found out that the answer comes from separating between the car ownership and the battery ownership. In a sense if you want to think about it this is the classic "batteries not included." Now if you separate between the two, you could actually answer the need for a convenient car by creating a network, by creating a network before the cars show up. The network has two components in them. First component is you charge the car whenever you stop -- ends up that cars are these strange beasts that drive for about two hours and park for about 22 hours. If you drive a car in the morning and drive it back in the afternoon the ratio of charge to drive is about a minute for a minute. And so the first thought that came to mind is, everywhere we park we have electric power. Now it sounds crazy. But in some places around the world, like Scandinavia, you already have that. If you park your car and didn't plug in the heater, when you come back you don't have a car. It just doesn't work. Now that last mile, last foot, in a sense, is the first step of the infrastructure. The second step of the infrastructure needs to take care of the range extension. See we're bound by today's technology on batteries, which is about 120 miles if you want to stay within reasonable space and weight limitations. 120 miles is a good enough range for a lot of people. But you never want to get stuck. So what we added is a second element to our network, which is a battery swap system. You drive. You take your depleted battery out. A full battery comes on. And you drive on. You don't do it as a human being. You do it as a machine. It looks like a car wash. You come into your car wash. And a plate comes up, holds your battery, takes it out, puts it back in, and within two minutes you're back on the road and you can go again. If you had charge spots everywhere, and you had battery swap stations everywhere, how often would you do it? And it ends up that you'd do swapping less times than you stop at a gas station. As a matter of fact, we added to the contract. We said that if you stop to swap your battery more than 50 times a year we start paying you money because it's an inconvenience. Then we looked at the question of the affordability. We looked at the question, what happens when the battery is disconnected from the car. What is the cost of that battery? Everybody tells us batteries are so expensive. What we found out, when you move from molecules to electrons, something interesting happens. We can go back to the original economics of the car and look at it again. The battery is not the gas tank, in a sense. Remember in your car you have a gas tank. You have the crude oil. And you have refining and delivery of that crude oil as what we call petrol or gasoline. The battery in this sense, is the crude oil. We have a battery bay. It costs the same hundred dollars as the gas tank. But the crude oil is replaced with a battery. Just it doesn't burn. It consumes itself step after step after step. It has 2,000 life cycles these days. And so it's sort of a mini well. We were asked in the past when we bought an electric car to pay for the entire well, for the life of the car. Nobody wants to buy a mini well when they buy a car. In a sense what we've done is we've created a new consumable. You, today, buy gasoline miles. And we created electric miles. And the price of electric miles ends up being a very interesting number. Today 2010, in volume, when we come to market, it is eight cents a mile. Those of you who have a hard time calculating what that means -- in the average consumer environment we're in in the U.S. 20 miles per gallon that's a buck 50, a buck 60 a gallon. That's cheaper than today's gasoline, even in the U.S. In Europe where taxes are in place, that's the equivalent to a minus 60 dollar barrel. But e-miles follow Moore's Law. They go from eight cents a mile in 2010, to four cents a mile in 2015, to two cents a mile by 2020. Why? Because batteries life cycle improve -- a bit of improvement on energy density, which reduces the price. And these prices are actually with clean electrons. We do not use any electrons that come from coal. So in a sense this is an absolute zero-carbon, zero-fossil fuel electric mile at two cents a mile by 2020. Now even if we get to 40 miles per gallon by 2020, which is our desire. Imagine only 40 miles per gallon cars would be on the road. That is an 80 cent gallon. An 80 cent gallon means, if the entire Pacific would convert to crude oil, and we'd let any oil company bring it out and refine it, they still can't compete with two cents a mile. That's a new economic factor, which is fascinating to most people. Now this would have been a wonderful paper. That's how I solved it in my head. It was a white paper I handed out to governments. And some governments told me that it's fascinating that the younger generation actually thinks about these things. (Laughter) Until I got to the true young global leader, Shimon Peres, President of Israel, and he ran a beautiful manipulation on me. First he let me go to the prime minister of the country, who told me, if you can find the money you need for this network, 200 million dollars, and if you can find a car company that will build that car in mass volume, in two million cars -- that's what we needed in Israel -- I'll give you country to invest the 200 million into. Peres thought that was a great idea. So we went out, and we looked at all the car companies. We sent letters to all the car companies. Three of them never showed up. One of them asked us if we would stay with hybrids and they would give us a discount. But one of them Carlos Ghosn, CEO of Renault and Nissan, when asked about hybrids said something very fascinating. He said hybrids are like mermaids. When you want a fish you get a woman and when you need a woman you get a fish. (Laughter) And Ghosn came up and said, "I have the car, Mr. Peres; I will build you the cars." And actually true to form, Renault has put a billion and a half dollars in building nine different types of cars that fit this kind of model that will come into the market in mass volume -- mass volume being the first year, 100 thousand cars. It's the first mass-volume electric car, zero-emission electric car in the market. I was running, as Chris said, to be the CEO of a large software company called SAP And then Peres said, "Well won't you run this project?" And I said, "I'm ready for CEO" And he said, "Oh no no no no no. You've got to explain to me, what is more important than saving your country and saving the world, that you would go and do?" And I had to quit and come and do this thing called A Better Place. We then decided to scale it up. We went to other countries. As I said we went to Denmark. And Denmark set this beautiful policy; it's called the IQ test. It's inversely proportional to taxes. They put 180 percent tax on gasoline cars and zero tax on zero-emission cars. So if you want to buy a gasoline car in Denmark, it costs you about 60,000 Euros. If you buy our car it's about 20,000 Euros. If you fail the IQ test they ask you to leave the country. (Laughter) We then were sort of coined as the guys who run only in small islands. I know most people don't think of Israel as a small island, but Israel is an island -- it's a transportation island. If your car is driving outside Israel it's been stolen. (Laughter) If you're thinking about it in terms of islands, we decided to go to the biggest island that we could find, and that was Australia. The third country we announced was Australia. It's got three centers -- in Brisbane, in Melbourne, in Sydney -- and one freeway, one electric freeway that connects them. The next island was not too hard to find, and that was Hawaii. We decided to come into the U.S. and pick the two best places -- the one where you didn't need any range extension. Hawaii you can drive around the island on one battery. And if you really have a long day you can switch, and keep on driving around the island. The second one was the San Francisco Bay Area where Gavin Newsom created a beautiful policy across all the mayors. He decided that he's going to take over the state, unofficially, and then officially, and then created this beautiful Region One policy. In the San Francisco Bay Area not only do you have the highest concentration of Priuses, but you also have the perfect range extender. It's called the other car. As we stared scaling it up we looked at what is the problem to come up to the U.S.? Why is this a big issue? And the most fascinating thing we've learned is that, when you have small problems on the individual level, like the price of gasoline to drive every morning. You don't notice it, but when the aggregate comes up you're dead. Alright? So the price of oil, much like lots of other curves that we've seen, goes along a depletion curve. The foundation of this curve is that we keep losing the wells that are close to the ground. And we keep getting wells that are farther away from the ground. It becomes more and more and more expensive to dig them out. You think, well it's been up, it's been down, its been up, it's going to keep on going up and down. Here is the problem: at 147 dollars a barrel, which we were in six months ago, the U.S. spent a ton of money to get oil. Then we lost our economy and we went back down to 47 -- sometimes it's 40, sometimes it's 50. Now we're running a stimulus package. It's called the trillion-dollar stimulus package. We're going to revive the economy. Hopefully it happens between now and 2015, somewhere in that space. What happens when the economy recovers? By 2015 we would have had at least 250 million new cars even at the pace we're going at right now. That's another 30 percent demand on oil. That is another 25 million barrels a day. That's all the U.S. usage today. In other words at some point when we've recovered we go up to the peak. And then we do the OPEC stimulus package also known as 200 dollars a barrel. We take our money and we give it away. You know what happens at that point? We go back down. It's going to go up and down. And the downs are going to be much longer and the ups are going to be much shorter. And that's the difference between problems that are additive, like CO2, which we go slowly up and then we tip, and problems that are depletive, in which we lose what we have, which oscillate, and they oscillate until we lose everything we've got. Now we actually looked at what the answer would be. Right? Remember in the campaign: one million hybrid cars by 2015. That is 0.5 percent of the U.S. oil consumption. That is oh point oh well percent of the rest of the world. That won't do much difference. We looked at an MlT study: ten million electric cars on the global roads. Ten million out of 500 million we will add between now and then. That is the most pessimistic number you can have. It's also the most optimistic number because it means we will scale this industry from 100 thousand cars is 2011, to 10 million cars by 2016 -- 100 x growth in less than five years. You have to remember that the world today is bringing in so many cars. We have 10 million cars by region. That's an enormous amount of cars. China is adding those cars -- India, Russia, Brazil. We have all these regions. Europe has solved it. They just put a tax on gasoline. They'll be the first in line to get off because their prices are high. China solves it by an edict. At some point they'll just declare that no gasoline car will come into a city, and that will be it. The Indians don't even understand why we think of it as a problem because most people in India fill two or three gallons every time. For them to get a battery that goes 120 miles is an extension on range, not a reduction in range. We're the only ones who don't have the price set right. We don't have the industry set right. We don't have any incentive to go and resolve it across the U.S. Now where is the car industry on that? Very interesting. The car industry has been focused just on themselves. They basically looked at it and said, "Car 1.0 we'll solve everything within the car itself." No infrastructure, no problem. We forgot about the entire chain around us. All this stuff that happens around. We are looking at the emergence of a car 2.0 -- a whole new market, a whole new business model. The business model in which the money that is actually coming in, to drive the car -- the minutes, the miles if you want, that you are all familiar with -- subsidize the price of the car, just like cellphones. You'll pay for the miles. And some of it will go back to the car maker. Some of it will go back to your own pocket. But our cars are actually going to be cheaper than gasoline cars. You're looking at a world where cars are matched with windmills. In Denmark, we will drive all the cars in Denmark from windmills, not from oil. In Israel, we've asked to put a solar farm in the south of Israel. And people said, "Oh that's a very very large space that you're asking for." And we said, "What if we had proven that in the same space we found oil for the country for the next hundred years?" And they said, "We tried. There isn't any." We said, "No no, but what if we prove it?" And they said, "Well you can dig." And we decided to dig up, instead of digging down. These are perfect matches to one another. Now all you need is about 10 percent of the electricity generated. Think of it as a project that spans over about 10 years. That's one percent a year. Now when we're looking at solving big problems, we need to start thinking in two numbers. And those are not 20 percent by 2020. The two numbers are zero -- as in zero footprint or zero oil -- and scale it infinity. And when we go to COP15 at the end of this year we can't stop thinking of padding CO2. We have to start thinking about giving kickers to countries that are willing to go to this kind of scale. One car emits four tons. And actually 700 and change million cars today emit 2.8 billion tons of CO2. That's, in the additive, about 25 percent of our problem. Cars and trucks add up to about 25 percent of the world's CO2 emissions. We have to come and attack this problem with a focus, with an effort that actually says, we're going to go to zero before the world ends. I actually shared that with some legislators here in the U.S. I shared it with a gentleman called Bobby Kennedy Jr., who is one of my idols. I told him one of the reasons that his uncle was remembered is because he said we're going to send a man to the moon, and we'll do it by the end of the decade. We didn't say we're going to send a man 20 percent to the moon. And there will be about a 20 percent chance we'll recover him. (Laughter) He actually shared with me another story, which is from about 200 years ago. 200 years ago, in Parliament, in Great Britain, there was a long argument over economy versus morality. 25 percent -- just like 25 percent emissions today comes from cars -- 25 percent of their energy for the entire industrial world in the U.K. came from a source of energy that was immoral: human slaves. And there was an argument. Should we stop using slaves? And what would it do to our economy? And people said, "Well we need to take time to do it. Let's not do it immediately. Maybe we free the kids and keep the slaves. And after a month of arguments they decided to stop slavery, and the industrial revolution started within less than one year. And the U.K. had 100 years of economic growth. We have to make the right moral decision. We have to make it immediately. We need to have presidential leadership just like we had in Israel that said we will end oil. And we need to do it not within 20 years or 50 years, but within this presidential term because if we don't, we will lose our economy, right after we'd lost our morality. Thank you all very much. (Applause) - Ya I need you to do a little beat so I can keep time. - Can you hear that ? - Yeh. Underneath the bridge Tap has sprung a leak And I'm, animals I've trapped Have all become my pets And I'm, I'm living off of grass And I'm, drippings from the ceiling It's okay to eat fish 'Cause they, don't have any feeling Something in the way, hmm hmm Something in the way, yeah, hmm hmm Something in the way, hmm hmm Something in the way, yeah, hmm hmm Underneath the bridge Tap has sprung a leak And I'm, animals I've trapped Have all become my pets And I'm, I'm living off of grass And I'm, drippings from the ceiling It's okay to eat fish 'Cause they, don't have any feeling Something in the way, hmm hmm Ionic bonding occurs between two atoms, when one of the atoms has sufficient strength of attraction to remove an electron from the other atom. A sodium atom has one valence electron. with a stable energy level below containing 8 electrons. A chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons. If the atoms collide with sufficient energy the chlorine atom will remove the electron from the sodium. The sodium atom loses its only valence electron and becomes a positively charged sodium ion. The energy level below now provides sodium with its stable octet. The extra electron completes a stable octet for chlorine, which becomes a negatively charged chloride ion. Covalent bonding occurs when neither atom has sufficient strength to completely remove the other atom's electrons. The atoms share electrons, and both atoms achieve a stable outer energy level. A hydrogen atom with one valence electron needs one additional electron to complete the first energy level. An oxygen atom has six valence electrons and needs two additional electrons to complete the second energy level. As the oxygen and hydrogen atoms collide, covalent bonding is accomplished. by the sharing of electrons. By sharing an electron pair with the oxygen, the hydrogen completes the noble gas configuration of helium. By sharing with a hydrogen atom, the oxygen atom now has 7 electrons in its energy level, still one short of the stable octet condition. A stable octet for oxygen can be completed by sharing an electron with another hydrogen atom. (Nate Cooper) Are most of people here because they have trouble installing WordPress, or just you guys? Okay, just you guys. Most people, I've set it up probably about ten times. I've never had a problem with setup versus Drupal took a lot of work to get done. So, it is more amenable to beginners. Yeah? (audience) I have a question. I've set it up on my computer awhile ago. Can I re set it up again? (Nate Cooper) Yeah. Yes. (audience) Just do it again? Forget that I'v ever done it? (Nate Cooper) Um. It depends if you're talking about you set it up on a host. You probably want to make sure you have it cleared out if you want to set it up again. There's nothing stopping you from setting up multiple WordPress installations on a single site. Um. Which is another advantage of it frankly, because you can have two different installations that run independent of each other. So, that's okay. If you're saying that you just lost track of it, it be better to clean it up first before you do install new one. You'd have to go through your host, so you'd have to go through FTP or you can call them and just say "I need to get rid of this one and I want to start fresh," that sort of thing. It's a matter of deleting files. They're just a bunch of files within a folder. (audience) Are you also going to talk about, like, if you have a job where you're doing two different clients, like how you keep track of two websites that you've done in WordPress? (Nate Cooper) Okay. That's a good question. Yeah, we can talk about that. Just hang in there. Let me go into the Dashboard and, a, I think a lot of these questions are driving into that. So, basically, when you have a installation WordPress, you're going to have two, um, ways of accessing it. You have kind of the front end, right, of that equation which is what people see the end resulting website and then you have the back end which is how you control it, okay. So, this is an example of a site that's not really live. It's something we were toying with, as a place to put events up online, but this is a WordPress site that I built last week and this would be the public facing site. So, someone could a navigate the site. They could see that there are links here and they click on a particular link that takes them to a page which may be a blog post. Maybe it's a resume, whatever it is. So, not any different from any regular website, right? Could it have been built anywhere as far as end user goes. Now, for those of us who are using WordPress to actually build a site though, where it really comes in handy and different is when we actually go into the back end of it. So, once WordPress is setup or if it already is set up, we're going to access it through this Admin panel, okay. You can usually get to that by just going to, zoom in here so we can see what we're doing, wp-admin, wherever that installation is. So, here, my WordPress installation actually lives in that folder called "edu." So, you're question about what if I have multiple installations on a single host. Whatever that first part is, that would be each installation. So, I can have one installation that lives at "edu." I could have another installation that lives at "documents" or whatever it is. And then each one would be it's own separate WordPress installation, but they run on the same host. So, I'm going to log-in. I go here and I get in my Admin panel. Yeah? You have a question? (audience) I'm sorry. When you say installation, do you mean just separate blogs if we're talking about blogs? Is that what you're saying? (Nate Cooper) Yup. Different copies of WordPress running at the same time. Yup. So. (audience) So is this built with ".com" or ".org?" (Nate Cooper) So, this is my own self-hosted WordPress site. (audience) Okay, so ".org." [Nate Cooper] Exactly. Great question. So, when I set up WordPress, one of the first steps when I install it, is it actually asks me set up an administrator account. Okay. So, the reason why that's important is that the admin access, right, to get to be able to go in and built things and upload things, I'm going to need to have administrator access. Okay, so, it's important when you first set it up that you keep track of that name and that password. If you put a valid email address in, you can always recover it. So it is always good to use a real email address, which I found out the hard way when I was messing around with one installation once. That Admin panel, that admin account, is going to give you full access to your WordPress installation. So, when I log in, I'm just using the name and password I set it up with. It's going to show me, basically, everything that belongs to this particular WordPress install. And this is called the Dashboard. The Dashboard is your landing page for when you actually log into your account. The same site, okay, so if I go to this site, it's exactly the same as this. This is just my Administration Panel. This is the site I can see because I control it. Okay. Administration Panel. So, the Dashboard is a landing place. It's also how you navigate the different areas of WordPress. So, you navigate in a few different ways. Notice there's sort of this middle section here and then we have a side bar with additional links, additional sections. Right. A couple of neat things about the Dashboard, and this is kind of tips and tricks type thingy, if you've already gotten to this point, a lot of people just don't even realize that you can do this is that you can actually rearrange this. So you can drag and drop items. You have to make sure it has a place for, there you go. So, drag and drop and I can reconfigure it. So, I want this one to be over here. So if you kind of want it to have a more customized to what you do, um, feel. You can do that with the Dashboard. You can also click on this thing at the top, the Screen Options. A lot of people don't know that too. I actually, I think I learned that by coming to a meetup like this and just overhearing it so, you learn things as you go. Little check boxes, so I can say "I don't want to see that" and then it will basically hide it from there. I'm not a huge user of this area of the Dashboard but I know lots of people who go in and they update their blog once a day. One neat thing is this QuickPress option. So, you can actually [snap] put a post up. We're talking about that next. So if you don't know what we're talking about. Don't worry. But, if you do do a lot of posting, it's kind of neat to just go right in and do a post instantly and have it push out to your blog. Yeah. (audience) The .edu directory has the different templates you have for your blogs. Could you show when you would add additional templates and where it would be on Dashboard. (Nate Cooper) Yeah. (audience) Oh, you're going to show that. (Nate Cooper) Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. (audience) Everything you've said so far applies to both websites and blogs? (Nate Cooper) Yes and in this sense, um, that's a great question, so, you know it's kind of extrapolated. It's kind of what is a blog and what is a website? And it is kind of loose. I mean when people talk about WordPress nowadays, they're not always talking about a blog. It does have really great blog functionality. Really, if you are looking at it from an organizational standpoint, we'll look at this next, is that a blog kind of updates more regularly. And that's really the only major difference functionally between a blog and a web page. A website, you know, that's just a collection of pages, that those pages may not change all that much. You know, if you think about a company website, I mean, my, uh, my consulting website doesn't have a blog as part of it because I don't change this stuff. You know, what I do, you know, the amount of skills I bill do not change that often unfortunately [light laughter]. It doesn't change day to day. But if I have a site where I'm like, oh well, once a week I want to post a new article about something cool in technology. That would be more like a blog. But as far as the functionality what that does, WordPress helps you out quite a bit. But when we say website, it kind of you have to decide for yourself as far as what's a blog versus a website in terms of how often you plan on using it. WordPress does make a functional distinction between the two because there's two types of content that you can add to your WordPress site. There's a post and there's a page. And those are kind of these two major categories of content that you build within WordPress. To go back to that commonology, the post is something that is updated more reguarly. You may post and article to your blog once a week or once a day. A page might be changed more irregularly. Okay, it doesn't mean that you can't ever change it but if you think about when you go to a website, it has an About page. About roughly doesn't change every day. Right? It just says, This is what my company is. This is what the company does. Yada Yada Yada. A blog might be more like News on that same site. Yeah. Question? (audience) [inaudible] [Nate Cooper] No, there are two distinct types of things, and we're going to look at that next. So, it'll make more sense but I think you're thinking along the right lines. Yeah. (audience) Do people use WordPress when they're just building like a website when they don't have a lot of time right now? (Nate Cooper) Absolutely. Absolutely. Yeah, well. Any site is going to have content management, right? Because content management just simply means a way of organizing your stuff. Right? So, if like do people use it for things other than blogs? Absolutely! and that's one reason it's becoming more popular is because it's being used beyond just a blogging system. It still has some blogging reaps, I like to say, which some people might disagree with. But, you know, that post thing, which I'm going to work at next is kind of gonna make that clear. So, let's look at that. Let's say that, on my site, I want to add a new post. (audience) Can you start down at, like, if you just created this, you just used this FTP site to host this site? Can you show how to create your theme, select this? Can you do that? Can you first start hosting, create your theme and then you end up at the Dashboard? And then you start looking at the mechanisms of posting and things like that? (Nate Cooper) Hmm. That's different organization than what I was going for. I was doing posts, pages then themes and plugins. Yeah. (audience) You know the statement of when you did a presentation of how to install all a WordPress from scratch, that's all on the website. Okay. (Nate Cooper) Okay. Well, she's asking a little different, maybe we could put it to a vote. Do you guys want or are more interested in themes next or posts and pages next? Themes next? (audience - mixed responses) It should be the order things happen. (Nate Cooper) The order that things happen would be different depending where you're at. (audience discusses) Stick to your plan and questions after. (Nate Cooper) Okay, good! Question? (audience) [inaudible] (Nate Cooper) Yup! Yeah, I mean, we have plenty of time. I'm not being thrown off at all. If you guys are concerned about that. (audience) No ones strapping [inaudible] ... chunk of what you're gonna say. (Nate Cooper) Good. So, the chunks that we've done so far talking about the difference between WordPress.org and WordPress.com and it sounds like we're all good with that. The second thing we talked about was Dashboard and that's the area we're in now. But I'm wrapping that up. Other questions about the Dashboard? (audience) Organization, I've seen what a lot of people were saying, if you don't start hosting until you have your theme in place and laid out page, I mean that, that's a hierarchical structure. I don't have to get mixed up. (Nate Cooper) Sure. Cool. "Smoking without Borders: Drug Tourism in the Netherlands" The media reported that the Dutch coffee shops selling cannabis are in danger. For example, the mayors of two Dutch cities at the Belgian border decided to close down all coffee shops. We visited the Netherlands to find out the truth. I'm mayor of Bergen op Zoom, we have 17,000 inhabitants and we have four coffee shops. Like our neighbor city Roosendaal, 18,000 inhabitants, also four coffee shops. Each week we have 25,000 drug tourists, especially coming from the northern part of Belgium, region of Antwerp. It brings much unsafety with it, on the streets, traffic, shouting people, etc. It brings also an influx for the illegal places where soft drugs are being sold, because the drug tourists are being caught by drug runners and drug dealers who bring them to illegal places. We see much organized crime in our cities. Buying houses, money laundering, etc. So we decided to stop the coffee shops, to close them. And we will do that soon. Other mayors disagree. Even though small scale distribution of cannabis is tolerated in the Netherlands, large scale cultivation is still illegal. According to a recent survey, 75% of Dutch mayors want the national government to regulate the supply of cannabis to coffee shops. One of them is the mayor of Tilburg. In Tilburg we said - already in the year 2000- that we actually want a controlled production. In a way that we are able to control the whole chain for the local market. The production should be regulated too in order to prevent criminals from controlling this part of the market. We don't think of a state owned cultivation. we prefer a regulated development of the market, with a strict government control. Right now we're in 'The Grass Company', a coffee shop slash bar. We do not name it a coffee shop, we call it a smoking bar, because we wanted to something a little bit different than the usual coffee shop that the general public knows. The first point that we opened most people who came here were cannabis consumers, but during the years that followed, a lot more people want to take a look at what actually is going on inside. They're interested. So what you see right now is people varying from 18 to 88, people who are students, who are business men, old grandmas who just come in here for a cup of coffee. The difference is that we also do sell food so also a lot of people come here just for the food because they think the food is okay. I used to work in a bar where they sell alcohol, the things that I saw there, especially the amount of things that I saw there, are a lot worse than they are - -it varies from which bar, if you go to a bistro or something like that you won't see any problems- - but cannabis does not make people aggressive. Alcohol could make people aggressive. I think it's really difficult to turn back time 30 years there is a good reason why they started a coffee shop, to be a controlled environment where people can buy and use the product. I think it would be really stupid to just turn back time 30 years because it is embedded in the Dutch society, you cannot just take it out, because the demand will still be there, only the supply would be going underground. So I don't think it's that good of an idea. I don't have principle problems with coffee shops, so if it wouldn't be the unsafety, organized crime, etc. I would allow coffee shops in my city. My expectation is that some of the 25,000 drug tourists each week will stay in their own neighborhoods. We had a lot of meetings with citizens, with the political parties, and the grand majority supports me as a mayor in this policy. We went to the streets to find the signs of nuisance caused by drug tourists. We also asked people what they think about it. So are there any problems with the coffee shops? --No, I don't think so. I think there are more problems in the cafes then in the coffee shops. Is there any nuisance related to coffee shops in Bergen op Zoom that you experienced? --Not in the market, not on the streets itself, but it's usually on public transport. Buses get crowded, especially around this time, when the commuters come home from work, and are trying to get seats in the bus, and they're all taken by people who are, more or less out of it. That's a great nuisance, I find it myself. What about dealers and drug runners? --No that's actually the good thing about coffee shops, they're all inside, it's all behind closed doors if you like. So that's the good thing, which is why I approve of it. Aren't you afraid that if the coffee shops will be closed that the black market will... --It will expand. That's a certainty. Same with prostitution. If you legalize it it gets controlled, people pay taxes, people are protected, both the customers as well as the people providing the service. And now, if you close it all down, It's going out in the streets, its going underground, you can't keep track of it, so people might get addicted, and there is no control over it because they've got nowhere else to go. They're not registered as they are now. So you don't agree with the mayor that they should be closed down? --Not this way. No. You can't put a blanket over it and say we just ignore it. Because this is just shifting the problem to different towns. The drug tourists, they come and buy soft drugs and they go home. They don't stay here to enjoy the beautiful place Bergen op Zoom still is.We came to a small restaurant in Bergen op Zoom to find out if they agree with the mayor. You know Bergen op Zoom has some coffeeshops Do you experiencenuisance from the coffeeshops? No, I never experienced nuisance. Even not from the visitors? No, no, no. Somebody does not go to a coffeeshop to make trouble? Those people just go there to feel good, to smoke a joint. And some of them also go to a bar or to a restaurant to eat something. Will the closure f coffeeshops affect your business? Yes, I think so. If you come here in the summer, many people sit on the terraces looking for pleasure, They go to the coffeeshop and come back to my place to eat soemthing. And all the other places here also sell food and drinks. So yes, I think it will have consequences. Maybe I have to shut down my restaurant too if there anren't enough guests anymore I look at the international statistics on to see what the impacts are. The level of use of drugs, hard drugs, suicide etc. The Netherlands always shows better results than countries with repressive policies like France or the USA. So our policy of toleration proves to be an effective method from a perspective of public health. And I don't have the illusion that there will be a decline in drug use if you push it underground. You would ave less control ad more risks. I would call upon the French and the Belgiums to start thinking about their own policy. You can get everything there illegally. I think they are playing ostrich, puttinng their head in the ground. Our policy of tolerance is effective and it would be a good idea for the French and Belgians to follow it. and we would be free from drug tourists In the policy of the neighbor governments from Belgium, Germany, etc. they won't agree with it. And on a European level, it's not possible to get a compromise on this theme, in this field. So I think it's a bit romantic to think that the world will change. Transcribed by Anna Fischer and Hunter Holliman Subtitled by Hunter Holliman The Godly Presence in the Form [Female sings] [Mooji reads Questioner's letter:] 'Dear Mooji, I am interested in what happens when you go from the I Am state...' And in brackets, this one has put, 'where I am a lot of the time.' So he says, 'I am interested in what happens when you go from the I Am to who sees the I Am. Thank you, Kiran.' [Mooji re-reads:] '...I want to know what happens when you go from I Am to who sees I Am...' Hm, yeah. So, there's no trouble in this. Hm? That which is prior to I Am, prior to the arising of the seed of existence, - the seed of knowingness - which we feel intuitively is the presence that announces itself in this body as 'I' - 'I exist.' Which is referred to as: The Godly Voice, The Godly Presence, The God Announcing Itself in the Form. Then it is observed that this sense 'I Am' also arose. We were talking about this yesterday; it was a beautiful interaction with you. You brought this question: 'Then, If the I Am comes, then it is not permanent? If it arose out of this, then where did it come from?' You see? Then watch what happens, or, what watches the arising of I Am? What perceives the presence of I Am, you see? Then here now, we are not in a question and answer situation so much now. This is your highest introspection, your time for contemplating and to prove this inside yourself. For some people it's obvious, they don't have to go further. It is already obvious in that; that the feeling - even the feeling I Am, the feeling of existence - it is recognized as another phenomenon; a sense, a presence in the body, and it is perceived. When you acknowledge or recognize you're in the position to observe even the I Am, then you are already beyond that. You are already beyond it. Now, in a moment of silence, you can check this in. Just like now you can feel the touch of existence in this body that is here. You can feel this. You are aware that the senses are functioning, but without any force; they are there. This is the preciousness to the power of consciousness. That understanding, listening, speaking, understanding, the taste of presence, the feeling of: everything is present in you, you are the perceiving of them because you exist. In deep sleep when the feeling of I Am is not there, you will not be perceiving the feeling of this wind, this breeze, the sound of the sense of others, or the voices of other people. Nothing is heard because the feeling I Am, who receives report through the senses and the mind - that is also not in ascendance then. Then what is there, you see? Then the I Am arises again, I Am arises again. And the perception of I Am is there. Did you move at all? Did you move at all for the I Am to arise and to be perceived? No. You are That. You are That. Even now it should be obvious to you if you don't try and use your head to get it. You are That. You cannot calculate That. You cannot measure That. It cannot be put in a test tube. That is there before all perception arose; before time, before space, before other, before even a feeling of existence. Because we are using our mind, we are feeling that we can't imagine what we are talking about. Because I cannot talk about That. Hm? I am speaking on behalf of That. But That is so totally pure, all encompassing - which includes even the speaking about it, it includes - and yet It remains untouched; unscathed; belonging to nobody. It belongs to nobody. No one can take possession of It. Hm? The body can be cut to pieces, but This can never be touched. This is your sacredness, your holiness, your eternal being, and It can never belong; can never be conquered. Even you say, 'The sun can be hidden.' The Self cannot be hidden. It is just a thought that It can be hidden that gives the feeling that It is hidden. And these things, to go into them, may sound deeply mysterious. And it is mysterious to the mind. Nothing's mysterious to the Self. But you're already That in Whose presence the I Am Itself rises like the sun. And when it shines, the whole world comes into existence and is perceived. And whatever obstructs - apparently - this knowledge, is itself burning away. It is burning away. Perhaps it is your time for seeing. Who can say? But something now is there that nothing can obstruct. Even this concept of obstruction is not there. There's nothing like 'other' there. Even the feeling 'I' - it's not needed. And yet it is not dead; it's not dull; it's not a black hole; it's not sterile; it's not inert. No, nothing - no words in any language can convey the essence of That. And, you are That. What holy news. What holy news, that the beings, when they are able to hear this again in the heart, they are happy forever. So that itself somehow, as cause, must be the cause of its own temporary hypnosis because the veil - the veil - the thin veil of mind, the curtain of mind it pulled over itself in order to taste duality, to taste the feeling of otherness, friction, suffering, time, space, otherness, life, death; all of this: It became Its playground to enjoy duality, to experience duality, and then to awaken to its all encompassing-ness. It created a sadhana as a mirror in which it can keep looking at Itself. And this mirror of Advaita is the most polished mirror through which the Absolute can gaze upon Itself. This is Your Sacredness. You are That! (Mooji) When one sees this, when you confirm you are That in whose presence I Am Itself arises, and is felt in this body, and that I Am is felt - 'I am in this body,' is felt - and yet witnessing of the I Am-ness, the being-ness, the body, the dance, the play of names and forms, is also simultaneously perceived, and yet it causes no trouble to me. Then how much more to go? Nothing causes trouble to me. Everything is my play. I am not supporting any conflict within myself. Everything is a dance of this being-ness. [Female voice vocalizing Om] Mike Help - Adding Vectors Let's take a look at the adding vectors interactive model. We can add vectors as a polygon. We will just draw out some vectors here. And we see its ???? vectors using I and J and components. If I double click you can see the resulting vector here. You can also see, if I switch to act from point, I can see the vectors acting from a single point and the results. So one thing we can do here is we can move these vectors around now and just check whether if I put these in one continuous line end to end, whether the results will be the same in this position. All the arrows going the same way and the result is as expected. It connects the origin point to the end point. So effectively we when we add all vectors together we see the result. Let's go back to the polygon. Now one thing we can do with this if we get some vectors acting from a point. I will start to draw this one and we can start to guess where the result is going to be. Okay? What would I have to add to this system now to balance the vectors and so have zero resultant. Well the resultant is minus I, minus 2j so I would have to add I plus 2j. This. Okay? Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on But you're the one I want But you're the one I want, yeah Front page magazine Everybody says that she's the queen But that's you to me I just want to let you know that She likes the flashing lights I love the way that you like candle light Stay close by my side I just want a chance to show that If only you could believe in yourself in the way I believe in you I-I do (but you're the one I want) If only you could see all of the beautiful things that I see in you It's true-oo-oo-oo Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on But, oh, baby, I have no doubt you're the one that I want (ooh-ooh-oo) You think she's got it all but that don't make her better You got my heart and that's the only thing that matters Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on But you're the one I want But you're the one I want, yeah Fast lanes, limousines Baby, there can be no guarantees But if, you're with me, you know I can guarantee yeah Cause I'm attracted to your passion, Be yourself, forget the fashion Just keep that smile on, that you're flashing You and I deserve to be forever ever lasting If only you could believe in yourself in the way I believe in you I-I do (but you're the one I want) If only you could see all of the beautiful things that I see in you It's true-oo-oo-oo Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on But, oh, baby, I have no doubt you're the one that I want (ooh-ooh-oo) You think she's got it all but that don't make her better You got my heart and that's the only thing that matters Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on But you're the one I want, yeah But you're the one I want, yeah All you Chloe's, All you Chloe's They don't show you love enough (hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo) All you Chloe's You should know that you're my diamond in the rough Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on But, oh, baby, I have no doubt you're the one that I want (ooh-ooh-oo) You think she's got it all but that don't make her better You got my heart and that's the only thing that matters Chloe, I know your sister turns everyone on But you're the one I want But you're the one I want, yeah You have kids that have issues with their hearing aids, or FM Systems, or earmolds that are cracked, and they're squealing, and there's nothing I can do. We have an audiology department through our IU (Intermediate Unit) which is phenomenal and we can usually get equipment within a week to a student. But for things like earmolds that need to be made, that takes two weeks, if they have Access and if the parent takes them it's a lot more. And the teachers in the classrooms are looking at me for help and there's not much I can do. And you don't take the hearing aid off the student but you don't want feedback all day so you really get stuck. Toilets that flush in the background (Ms. Sharkey points to actual sound of flushing toilet flushing in the background) can be a challenge as well though it's good listening environment practice. Middle schoolers refusing to use equipment, and in our program we have some kids who don't want to watch their C-Print captionists -so what do you do about that? They don't wanna use the microphone because they don't wanna look different; they can do fine without it, so they think. And they don't use their equipment at home but you need to reinforce it at school, but then you look like the bad guy. We're already attacking Iran. Israel is plainly behind the assassinations and sabotage. They don't quite say so but there's open admission. In fact, some high US official recently asserted that the Israeli Mossad, their ClA basically, is using Iranian terrorist groups, designated by the US' terrorist groups, to carry out assassinations in Iran. The only question is: will it go up to a direct military attack? Well, Israel is trying very hard to get the US to attack Iran. That is obviously what they would prefer. So far the US is backing off. It looks as though US military intelligence don't want to get involved with a bombing of Iran. It would have all kind of... Not out of love for Iranians but because they are afraid of the consequences. Israel might just do it themselves, I can't tell. If they got a clear order from the US not to do it, they wouldn't. But if its what's sometimes called a "yellow light," we don't say yes but we don't say no, then they might. And in fact, it could be within the next few months. Their line is, "if we wait a few more months, Iran will be able to make the nuclear facilities impregnable." I have no idea whether or not this is true, and I don't care, but that's the line they are using. What's interesting and what I think we should consider carefully is that the general assumption here is that it's only a question of what the costs would be. In other words, if we could do it without cost, it would be the right thing to do. That's almost across the spectrum; maybe it's too costly. The sanctions are basically an act of war. In fact, there was a group of NATO generals recently, about a year or two ago, that issued a long statement about what would constitute 'acts of war' that would entitle the US to use nuclear weapons. And one of them was manipulation of the financial system. Well, what we are doing is cutting Iran off from the global financial system. And we are doing it by putting pressure on other countries. So the most recent was to get Belgium, which runs the international telecommunications systems for banks, to essentially cut off Iran. This is essentially an act of war. The sanctions are having the predicted effect; they are harming the population. You can read articles in the New York Times explaining, kind of upbeat articles, saying the sanctions are working: people don't have bread, they're starving, they can't bring food into the country, and that's great. That's what sanctions do. Sanctions in Iraq were the same. The two international diplomats, respected international diplomats, who administered the Oil For Food Program, which was supposed to be the generous part of the sanctions, both resigned charging that it was genocidal. And they were essentially cut out of the US media and couldn't comment. But that's what sanctions do. We've had 50 years of embargo against Cuba. It seriously harms the population, that's the point. In fact if you look back to the origins of the sanctions, in the Kennedy years, high officials just said, straight out, that if they can make the population suffer, then maybe they'll overthrow their government. What makes Iran a threat? Try and find some discussion on that. Actually, there is discussion. There's even an authoritative answer but it's not reported and discussed. It comes from the Pentagon and US intelligence agencies in their annual presentations to Congress on the global security system. They of course talk about Iran. And they review the Iranian threat and they take it very seriously. But we can learn a lot about ourselves by seeing what the threat is. The threat is basically deterrence. They might deter US actions and that's intolerable if you own the world and have to be free to do anything you want anywhere in the world. They don't think Iran has the capacity to deploy force; they say 'no, of course it doesn't.' And I don't think any strategic analyst in his right mind thinks that, even if Iran had nuclear weapons, that they would use it in a first strike. The country would be vaporized. Well, it's not politics as usual. These guys are off the spectrum. If you get outside the US, people are watching this with amazement. It's as if it's a freak show or lunatic asylum. So it's not at all politics as usual. I can't recall a time when there was anyone who even was even in the real world. Probably Romney would be, if he didn't have to appeal to the Republican base. But what's actually happened over the years, whatever these guys might think in their heads, years ago the Republic party basically abandoned any pretense of being a normal political party. They're just dedicated, passionately, to service to the very rich and the corporate sector, period. And they have a kind of catechism that you have to repeat. It kind of makes the old Communist party look like a free institution. And everyone has to repeat it. Well you can't get votes that way. So if you want votes, you are forced to turn to sectors of the population that, have always been there, but were never mobilized as a political force. For one thing, it's an unusually religious country. By international standards it's an extremist religious country. So that sector of the population can be mobilized. There is a nativist element, always has been, driven by fear, you know, everything, maybe the UN is coming or...aliens or whatever it is. This is now buttressed by the fact that the white working class has really taken it in the chin for 30 or 40 years. The democrats have pretty much abandoned them. They don't pay any attention to the white working class. And they are bitter. They also sense, correctly, that they're losing their country. Not only are they losing their jobs, and their lives but it's not going to be a white country in 50 years, maybe less. And so they are extremely bitter and they can be mobilized. Racist groups can be mobilized. The sort of paid-bourgeois, you know, the insurance salesmen, the car salesmen, etc. These people do not like government regulation; it bothers them. I remember, years ago, when they were trying to bar lead paint. Painting contractors were really upset. They said, it's the only paint that works and it's going to destroy our businesses. And people would ask about the effects and they would say 'oh well that's all science...those scientist and whatever interest them.' So you have those sectors. And if you want to appeal to those sectors, you have to be pretty crazy. So if you watch - frankly, I don't watch the debates, I cant stand it, but I read about them - and if you see what is going on, the most frightening aspect of it, I think, is the audience response. The most shocking statements get huge applause. And if anyone by accident says anything that's even semi-humane, they have to back down, apologize for it and their popularity drops. So it's not politics as usual and there's nobody there. At least not the way they present themselves. I don't know what they are somewhere else, but they way they present themselves; it's a disaster for the world if they come in. Some of the things they've done, I thought were pretty good. For example, when the government tried to prevent any Wikipedia [Wikileaks] funding, Anonymous went after the big sites like Amazon, Google, and kind of shut them down. Good move I thought. And there are other things that I thought were good. Going after people's email, I don't particularly like. But it's kind of like the questions that came up all the times during the resistance movement back in the 60's. I was very much involved in that. You have to decide what makes sense, what doesn't make sense, what's legitimate, what isn't, what the consequences are, and so on. It has to some extent. That's why authoritative regimes keep trying to close it down, you know, Egypt and China, etc. Sure, it's the main way in which organizing and activism gets off the ground. It's also a technique of marginalization and control. It's like any kind of technology; you can use it for liberation or you can use it for repression. Like the drones you were mentioning. In principle, you could use them to help fire fighters or you could use them for surveillance. Depending on the structure of power, it will be one or the other. Not really. I mean, it's certainly a different system but if you go back 50 years anybody could print stuff in their living room and distribute it in the streets too. I mean, this way it reaches more people but... it's a question of how much it means. If you know what you're looking for, the Internet is extremely valuable. If you don't know what you are looking for, it's about as valuable as walking into the Library of Congress and saying 'I want to be an physicist;' it's just massive meaningless data. Aware of my body I breathe in. Relaxing my body, I breathe out. Aware of body, relaxing body. [bell] Breathing in, breathing in I invite my father in me to breathe in with me. Breathing out, I invite my father in me to breathe out with me Father and son breathing in together father and daughter breathing out together. [bell] Breathing in, I feel so light. Father, do you feel as light as I do? Breathing out, I feel so free. Mother, do you feel as free as I do? [bell] Breathing in, my father enjoys breathing in with me. Breathing out, my mother is smiling with me. [bell] Dear friends, you may come close, closer to Thay. We are a family, a Sangha. Can someone bring that writing board close to Thay? That's okay. I think that this is a happy moment. Do you agree? Good morning, dear friends. Today is April the 8th, in the year 2013. We are on our last day of the retreat, "Happy Teachers Will Change The World." The kind of Buddhism that we have been offering to the West now is called Applied Buddhism. The Dharma is deep and wonderful but we should be able to apply the Dharma into our daily life. There are many universities who offer Buddhist studies. We can get the diploma, the degree of Ph.D. on Buddhist studies. But that is not Applied Buddhism because even if you get a Ph.D. on Buddhism, you don't know how to handle the suffering in you. And you do not know how to create joy and happiness for you and for the ones around you. So we have been using the term "Applied Buddhism" for many years already. In Germany, you have the European Institute of Applied Buddhism. And in Hong Kong, we have the Asian Institute of Applied Buddhism. The Asian Institute of Applied Buddhism have been organizing the practice leading the practice of Applied Buddhism, not only in Hong Kong, and in the last five years we have been trying to offer that teaching and practice into the non-buddhist circles. We have been offering the practice to politicians, police officers. We have been offering the practice to health professionals like doctors and nurses. And now we are trying to bring the practice of Applied Buddhism into a little bit everywhere so that they can suffer less, they become happier and they could bring the practice into school and help their students and colleagues. And in order for this kind of practice and learning to be more easily accepted we have changed the word "Applied Buddhism" into "Applied Ethics." We can translate perfectly the teaching and the practice of Buddhism into a secular language. So, I would like to say something this morning about the teaching and the practice of Applied Ethics. You do not use Buddhist terms but the roots of that teaching and practice has really come from the Buddhist tradition. So using that kind of language you can help if you are to practice and people are comfortable with the teaching and practice where even they do not belong to the Buddhist traditions they are Christians, Jews, Muslims, even communist. We have to look for secular words in order to translate the Dharma into the kind of language that can be accepted by everyone. We know that the five mindfulness trainings that we received this morning is a very concrete way to apply the teaching of the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path into our daily life. We know that the first of the Four Noble Truths is dukkha, ill-being, suffering. And we have to call ill-being by the modern names First of all, that is the tension, the stress in our body and the pain in our body. We have lived in such a way that has allowed the tension to be accumulated a lot in our body. And most of us are stressful at times. And the tension in our body creates pain And brings about all kinds of disease. And that is why we have to be aware that there is ill-being, there is dukkha in our body in terms of tension, stress and pain and try to remove, release and transform these things in our body. And then in the realm of our feelings there are painful feelings, painful emotions like anger, fear, despair. And the practice, first of all, is the capacity to recognize that there is tension there is stress, there is pain, there is anger, fear and despair in us. And because we have so many of these things in us, we suffer deeply and we create suffering in us and we create suffering in the other person. Not only the way we live makes us suffer, but makes the other person suffer also even that person is very close to us, like our mother, our father, our son, our daughter, our partner. And when we look at each other, we have the impression that my suffering has been caused by him or her and you blame the other person. And that is why communication between the two people becomes very difficult I cannot talk to him, he cannot talk to me anymore. The new name of ill-being is difficult relationship. Difficult communication. And the practice is how to restore communication and to reconcile with the other person, and the teaching and the practice that help us to remove tension, stress and pain, the teaching that can help us transform anger, fear and despair the teaching that can help us overcome difficult relationship, restore communication and reconcile and that teaching and practice is called Applied Ethics. And since the teaching and the practice can be used by anyone in our society we call it Global Ethics. I would like to read to you one of the questions submitted yesterday but we did not have the time to answer. I will read it in English and Sister ______ will translate into Thai after. My question is about deep listening and loving speech. "Me and my dad we are like strangers for each other, because my parents they have divorced about six years ago and before they divorced they had been talking to each other for about five years but they still lived together in the same house This is quite weird. Our house turned to be a silent house. Not noble silence. Nobody says much. Just say hi, how are you. And that is it. I know we all have suffered for this situation. I want to fix it but I just don't know how to start because they don't talk so I don't have a chance to use the deep listening as well. As we don't talk, so there's no chance for loving speech to be used. I really have no idea how this is possible for me to start because they just say hello seems to be hard enough already to say hello is already difficult. Because we have nothing to talk to each other. We only have suffering. That's my commentary. It has been too long and we kind of get used to it to stay with our own world It's not so easy to say, "Daddy, I'm here for you." Very difficult. It's difficult to say, "Mommy, I'm here for you." It's more than 10 years that we don't talk like normal family. Please enlighten me on how should I do to bring us out of this deep sadness that is so strong inside of all of us. [bell] According to the teaching, when you look deeply into the First Noble Truth: suffering you can see the Second Noble Truth, how suffering has come to you. As the First Noble Truth is ill-being, dukkha, the Second Noble Truth is samudaya, the making of ill-being. So there is a deep connection between the first two Noble Truths. If you want to see the Second Noble Truth, you need the First Noble Truth you have to look deeply into the nature of suffering. But in our society, people don't like to get in touch with suffering, to have a deep look into the suffering. They don't think it pleasant (so) they always try to run away from their suffering. It's like one person who is sick and pretends that he's not sick. So he has no chance to heal. So according --- the suffering in you and you need to do something in order to transform that suffering. And the first thing you do is to go back to you and look deeply at the suffering inside to find out where it has come from. And according to Lord Buddha, the first cause of suffering (is) wrong view And that is why in the Noble Eightfold Path the Buddha proposed right view. And first of all is the view on happiness. Many of us believe that happiness is not possible -- -- a lot of money, a lot of fame, a lot of power, a lot of sex. And the majority of us in society we have wrong views we believe that if you don't have money, if you don't have power, if you don't have fame, if you don't have sex and then you don't have happiness. Let us look around, let us look at the people who have a lot of fame, money, and power and sex. Many of them suffer very deeply and many of them have committed suicide. And let us look at those people who do not have money, much money, do not have much fame and power, political power, and do not have sex, and they are very happy. When you go to Plum Village in France you see that we are many hundreds of people, monks, nuns, lay practitioners. We don't have these things and yet we are very happy. No one in Plum Village has a private car. No one has a bank account, an individual bank account. No one has an individual portable telephone. No one has a private home. Nobody has a salary. And yet we survive very well and we are happy, we smile all the day. It is possible to live simply and to build brotherhood and sisterhood and live a happy life. So if you still think that you need more money you need more power and fame and sex to be happy you know that you have wrong views. So you need to have a right view on happiness. You cannot be happy if you do not have love and understanding in you. And love and understanding are the two things you can cultivate by the practice of Applied Ethics. When the other person says something very wrong, very mean to you very cruel to you, and if you have understanding you see that that person is full of suffering and that is why he has said such a thing. If you have that understanding, you do not get angry at all when that person tells you in that way. Understanding here is, first of all, understanding the suffering. If you understand your own suffering and then you will suffer less right away. And if you understand the suffering of your father you are not angry at him anymore. So cultivating understanding is something possible with the practice of meditation. Understanding always brings about compassion, love and someone who has no love in him or her can never be a happy person. Someone that does not have love is completely cut off from the world. She cannot relate to any living beings. So right view is that without understanding and love one cannot be happy. And that is the teaching and practice of the second mindfulness training to happiness. Happiness is made of understanding and love and not by wealth, fame, power and sex. Right view is also the absence of discrimination. Right view is that you do not have a separate self. This is anatta, the deepest teaching of the Buddha. When you look at yourself deeply you see that you are not something completely separated from your father and your mother. You come from your father. Your father is fully present in every cell of your body. You are the continuation of your father. It is like the rain is the continuation of the cloud. The rain does not have a separate self, separated from the cloud. When you look at the rain deeply, you see the cloud in the rain. When you drink your tea mindfully, you can see that your tea is a continuation of the cloud. So if there is no cloud, there is no rain. If there is no rain, there is no tea. So meditation is a kind of looking deeply so you can see the relationship, the connection between cloud and tea, father and daughter, father and son. When I drink my tea, I'm aware that I'm drinking my cloud. So if a father and son have that kind of right view they will not make each other suffer anymore because they know that you are in me and I am in you. There is no discrimination anymore between father and son. Anything I can make him happy will make me happy. His happiness is my happiness. His suffering is my suffering. And happiness and suffering are no longer an individual matter. That is why when you look at the red shirt, you see the yellow shirt. And as long as the yellow shirt continues to suffer, the red shirt cannot be happy. Anything the red shirt does to help the yellow shirt suffer less he's doing that for himself at the same time. We are sharing the same country, we are sharing the same planet. We have to see the deep connection between ourselves and stop making each other suffer. And that kind of insight, that kind of right view removes anger, separation, discrimination and brings us back together. So not only father and son need right view in order to come back together our nation needs right view in order to be really able to reconcile and make the people happy. No self, anatta, is a very wonderful teaching of the Buddha. Look at this sheet of paper, it has the right side and the left side. And according to the Buddha, if the left is not there, the right cannot be there either. In our mind of discrimination, we think that the left is only the left, and the right is only the right. But according to the Buddha, the left is made of the right, and the right is made of the left. You cannot remove the father from the son, and the son from the father. You cannot remove the right from the left and the left from the right. I cannot ask one of you to bring the right to Chiang Mai and the left to Songkhla. And that is the teaching of the Buddha, interbeing, paticca-samuppada. The teaching is very deep and yet the Buddha used very simple language. This is because that is. One day, the venerable Kaccayana asked Buddha: "Dear teacher, what do you mean by right view?" The Buddha said: "Right view is the kind of view, the kind of insight that transcends the notion of being and non-being." You are invited to do a little meditation on being and non-being. Suppose I draw a line from left to right representing the course of time. And I pick up one point and call it "B". "B" means birth. And we are all caught in wrong views, and the Buddha -- In our minds, to be born means from nothing you become something. From no one we suddenly become someone. And that is our idea of birth. And that idea, the Buddha said: "Wrong view." We imagine that before point "B", we did not exist. The segment ending with "B" represents non-being, abhava. And from point "B", you pass from non-being into the realm of being. And you keep being until the time you reach point "D". Because the idea of birth always brings along the idea of death. And you believe that to die means from being you pass into the realm of non-being again. So our notion of death is from something you suddenly become nothing. From someone you suddenly become no one at all. And these notions bring about a lot of fear and despair. So right view is the kind of view that transcends the notion of being and non-being also the notion of birth and death. And this is not too difficult to understand. Let us meditate a little bit on the cloud in the sky. Do you think that the cloud has come from nothing? Do you believe that the cloud has come from the realm of non-being? The answer is no. Before the cloud manifests as a cloud, it had been something else. It had been the water in the ocean, the heat generated by the sun. Without these a cloud cannot be possible. So the notion of birth is a wrong notion because the cloud has not come from nothing. Because you used to think that to be born means from nothing you suddenly become something. Let us look around to find something that has come from nothing. You cannot find anything like that. And now modern science has also discovered the truth of no birth. When we think of matter and energy, we know that you cannot create matter. You cannot destroy matter. Matter can become matter, matter can become energy. Energy can become energy, energy can become matter, and you cannot give birth to matter, you cannot make matter die. And the first law of thermodynamics says that nothing is born, nothing dies. Everything is transforming itself. And now shall we ask whether a cloud can die. Is it possible for a cloud to become nothing at all? The answer is also no. A cloud can become snow or rain or hale, but it can never become nothing. And deeply, both sides in Buddhism agree with each other that there is no real birth and no real death. And birth and death exist more in our thinking than in reality. And that is why the Buddha has told Kaccayana that right view is a kind of view that transcends the notion of being and non-being. Bhava and abhava. So right view is very deep and if you practice the five mindfulness trainings and then you get a deeper and deeper insight of reality. And if we have the right view and then the thoughts that we produce everyday will be in the line, in the direction of right thinking. If you think that the father is only the father and the son is only the son and the son can be happy without the happiness of the father you are not in right thinking. Because you are thinking in terms of self, discrimination. If you have right view, and then your thinking will be free from discrimination and wrong perceptions and anger. -- reflect the insight of no self, of impermanence. Right view reflects the insight of interbeing. You cannot be by yourself alone, you have to interbe with all of us. The other day we have already looked into a flower and we have seen that a flower cannot be by herself alone. The flower needs the sunshine, the rain, the earth, so on, in order to be. The way to speak is: a flower cannot be by herself alone. A flower has to interbe with everything in the cosmos. And that is why the insight of interbeing helps us to transcend both the notion of being and non-being. Right thinking is to produce a thought that has the element of non-discrimination in it. And therefore there is also the element of understanding and compassion. There is absolutely no anger, no despair, no fear in right thinking. As soon as you produce a thought in the line of non-discrimination, in the line of understanding and compassion the thought begins to heal yourself and heal the world around. Suppose, you have the right view that there is suffering in the other person. The other person does not know how to handle his suffering. He does not need punishment, he needs some help. I think I am going to help him. That is right thinking. When you think like that, you don't suffer you are not angry anymore. And as practitioners, we should be able to produce many thoughts like that during the day. As ( ) you have a notebook, and every time you produce a thought of compassion, understanding you write it down and congratulate yourself. Because producing thoughts of compassion and understanding will heal you and heal the world. And with the insight of interbeing, right view, you can also produce right speech. When you are able to tell him or her that you need him or her to help you to understand him or her better, his happiness is closely linked with your happiness. You wish him peace and happiness. Well, you are practicing right speech. When you practice the second mantra, "Darling, I know you are there and I am very happy" you are using right speech. On the second day of our retreat, we have learned the first mantra, "Darling, I'm here for you." And that is right speech. Let's say my given string is the string a and b. What are some ways I can derive ab given this grammar? Starting from s, I can take rule--let's do 0. That takes me to P. From P I can go to aT using rule 2. From aT I just need to get b. And fortunately, using rule 5, T goes to b. So there's 1 way to derive the string ab using this grammar. And later on when I do solve this problem, I'm going to refer to this derivation in the form of a list where I took rules 0, 2, and 5 to get ab. Now, to determine whether or not the grammar is ambiguous with regard to this string, I need to try and find another derivation. So if I take rule 1 instead of rule 0 starting from S, that gives me a and Q. From aQ I can take rule 4. Rule 4 goes to b, giving me ab. So the derivation is 1, 4. So I found 2 derivations--these are 2 very different derivations--for the string ab under this grammar starting from S. That's kind of a good example, but how does that help us solve the problem? So, just like an earlier problem in this homework assignment, we get to make an important assumption. The important assumption I'm making is that whatever grammars we feed into our function, they have a finite number of derivations. This actually means that there's a finite number of strings in the grammars. So they may not be all that interesting, but nonetheless, determining whether or not they're ambiguous is a very cool problem. So what does that allow us to do? It grants us the ability to get a very simple solution for detecting whether or not the grammar is ambiguous. What we're going to do is simply exhaustively enumerate all the derivations for that grammar. And the way we're going to do that is take the expand function that we wrote at the end of the lecture unit. Instead of enumerating just the strings, we're going to enumerate strings along with their derivation. Once we've enumerated all the derivations, we can check more than 1 derivation for that string. If we have found one, then the grammar is ambiguous. Otherwise, it's not. So if you're like me, you're eager to get right to the code. Let's do that. As the hint described, the first thing we're going to do is write our expand function. This is going to be taken almost right out of the lecture. If you don't remember or haven't seen this syntax before, this says I'm going to take the first and second values out of tokens and derivation and put them in the tuple (tokens, derivation). Here I have 2 loops that are going to enumerate each token in tokens and each rule in the grammar. I'm going to access them as I want given their position or index. So this gives me the rule out of the grammar. This says if the current token applies to this rule, it's on the left-hand side of this rule, then I'm going to do the following. I'm going to yield as part of this generator function a tuple where the first value in the tuple is the current state of the string. I'm going to make 1 substitution. That's what I'm doing here. I'm including everything to the left of the current token, making the 1 substitution, and then I'm including everything to the right of the token. And then I'm updating the derivation with the rule I used. So what does that look like? If I go back to the example I had here, let's say I pass in S. I am going to go through this list and see every rule that applies to S. Rule 0 and rule 1 both apply to S, so I'm going to yield 2 things. First one is going to be P because I'm substituting S for P, and then I'm going to return the derivation, which is using just rule 0. That's going to be the first thing I yield. The second thing I yield is going to be the substitution for the second rule, or rule 1. And so what I'm going to do in the body of is ambiguous now that I have the expand is I'm going to go back around and expand this expression even more. So when I expand this expression, I'm going to get 2 things. The first one is going to be using rule 2 to get aT, and the next one is going to be using rule 3 to just get c. So as you can see, I'm starting to build up all these derivations. So what I'm going to do in is ambiguous is I'm going to keep building up all these derivations until I can't expand anymore, and then I'm going to look at all the derivations that yield the string I was originally looking for, all the derivations once fully expanded yield ab, and then check to see if I got there the same way. If I got there in 2 different ways, then the grammar is ambiguous under the string I was looking for. Otherwise, it's not. So let's go write that function. I've declared my function. I've taken a grammar, a starting location, a starting symbol, and the utterance that I'm looking for. Enumerated is going to be all the possible strings in the grammar I've built up so far. Since I'm just going to start with start, the first value in the tuple is just going to be the string start or just the symbol start-- it's a 1-symbol string--and an empty derivation since I haven't done anything yet. So what do I have here? I'm going to take my enumerated list, try to enumerate it more, try to expand it using the expand function, and if it changes, then I'm making progress, I'm finding new strings, I'm expanding the derivations, and so I should keep going until I've gone through all the finite number of derivations. If this hasn't been updated, I haven't done anything new, the expand function didn't find anything new, I'm just going to break because I'm done. I found all the derivations I was looking for. So what I'm doing here is I'm going through each entry in my enumerated list. I'm going to try expanding that entry. If I found something new, then I'm going to add it to my new enumerated list. Otherwise, I'm not going to do anything. So what this is going to do is it's going to update new enumerated for every new thing expand finds. So once I've done all that, I'm going to count how many derivations I found for my utterance. And if I found more than 1, then I've shown the grammar to be ambiguous. I'm doing that by doing a list comprehension that essentially filters out everything that's not related to the utterance and then taking the length of that list. If it's greater than 1, then I've found 2 derivations. Otherwise, I haven't. So that's how you solve this problem. The answer is this guy. This data item is exactly 20% of the data on the upper range. Today we're going to change topics. I'm going to talk to you about fluids, hydrostatic pressure and barometric pressure. If, for now, we forget gravity and I would have a compartment closed off and filled with a fluid-- could be either a gas or it could be a liquid-- this has area A, here-- and I apply a force on it in this direction, then I apply a pressure. Pressure is defined as the force divided by area-- has units newtons per square meter which is also called pascal. One newton per square meter is one pascal. Now, in the absence of gravity, the pressure is, everywhere in this vessel, the same. And that is what's called Pascal's principle. Pascal's principle says that the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid and to the walls of the container. Keep in mind, pressure is a scalar, it has no direction. Force has a direction and the force exerted by the fluid on anything-- therefore also on the wall-- must be everywhere perpendicular to the wall, because if there were any tangential component, then the fluid would start to move. Action equals minus reaction, so it starts to move and we are talking here about a static fluid. So if I take any element-- I take one here at the surface, little element delta A and the force must be perpendicular to that surface, delta F, and so delta F divided by delta A-- in the limiting case for delta A goes to zero-- is, then, that pressure P. This has some truly amazing consequences which are by no means so intuitive. This is the idea of an hydraulic jack. I have here a vessel which has a very peculiar shape. Ooh, ooh, an opening here. And let there be here a piston on it with area A1 and here one with area A2. It's filled with liquid everywhere and I apply here a force F1 and here a force F2. So the pressure that I apply here is F1 divided by A1. So according to Pascal, everywhere in the fluid, that pressure must be the same. For now, I just assume that the effect of gravity, which I will discuss shortly, doesn't change the situation very significantly. But I will address the gravity very shortly. So the pressure, then, will be the same everywhere, but the pressure due to this side is F2 divided by A2... and so the two must be the same, if the liquid is not moving. So what that means is that if A2 over A1 were 100, it means that this force could be a hundred times less than that one. In other words, I could put on here a weight, a mass of ten kilograms, and here I could put 1,000 kilograms and it would be completely in equilibrium. That's not so intuitive. This is used in all garages. What they do is, they put on top of this-- if I blow that up here, so this is this platform, there's a rod here and on top of it is a car. And someone pushes here and then this goes up. The car goes up. If I push here with a force a little bit more than ten kilograms-- so that would be 100 newtons-- this level would go up. And so your first thought may be, "Gee, isn't that a violation of the conservation of energy? Am I not getting something for nothing?" Well, not really. Suppose I push this down over a distance d1, then the amount of fluid that I displace-- that is, the volume, is A1 times d1. That fluid ends up here. So this one will go up over a distance d2. But the same amount of fluid that leaves here adds there. In other words, Al d1 must be A2 times d2. Now, if the force here is a hundred times less than the force there, the work that I am doing on the left side is F1 times d1. If the force here is a hundred times less than that, the distance that I move is a hundred times larger than d2, because A2 over A1 is 100. And so F1 d1 will be the same as F2 d2-- 100 times lower force but over 100 times larger distance, and so the product is the same. So the work that I do when I push this down I get back in terms of gravitational potential energy by lifting the car. So if I wanted to move the car up by one meter and if the ratio is 100 to one I would have to move this down by 100 meters. That's a little bit impractical so these hydraulic presses are designed in such a way that you can just jack it like that and every time that you bring it up, that liquid flows back in again into this side of the hydraulic jack. But, indeed, you will have to go effectively 100 meters, then, for that car to go up by one meter if the ratio is 100 to one. Now, gravity, of course, has an effect on the pressure in the fluid. If you go down into the oceans, we know that the pressure will go up, and that is the result of gravity. And I would like to derive the pressure increase. Let this be the direction of increasing y, and I choose a liquid element, so this is in the liquid itself. I can choose it in any shape that I want to. I just take a nice horizontal slab. And this is area A so the bottom is also A. And let this be at height y plus delta y and this is at height y. And the pressure here is P y plus delta y and the pressure here is P of y. And this object has a mass, delta m, and the liquid has a density, rho, which could be a function of y-- we will leave that open for now. And so this mass-- the mass that I have here-- is the volume times the density. And the volume is A-- this area-- times delta y, and then times the density, which may be a function of y. So if now I put in all the forces at work here, there is gravity, which is delta m times g in this direction. Then I have a force upwards due to the pressure of the fluid. That's what we want to evaluate. It's always perpendicular to the surfaces. We talked about that earlier. So in this side, it comes in like this and here it comes in like this, the force. From the bottom, it comes in like this and from the top, I call this F2. I only consider the vertical direction, because all forces in the horizontal plane will cancel, for obvious reasons. So, now, there has to be equilibrium. This fluid element is not going anywhere-- it's just sitting still in the fluid. And so I now have that F1-- which is in this direction-- minus F2 minus delta mg must be zero. Only then is the fluid element in static equilibrium. But F1 is this pressure times the area-- so that is P at level y times the area, and F2 is P at level y plus delta y times the area, minus delta m is A delta y times rho, so I get minus A times delta y, which could be a function... rho could be a function of y times g, and that equals zero. Notice I lose my area. I'm going to rearrange this slightly and divide by delta y. And so I get that P at the level y plus delta y minus the pressure at level y divided by delta y equals-- if I switch that around, so I bring this to the other side-- equals minus rho y times g. And if I take the limiting case of this-- for delta y goes to zero-- then we would call this dP/dy. And this tells you that when you go to increasing values of y, that the pressure will go down, it's a minus sign. Very natural. If you go with decreasing values of y, then the pressure will go up. And we call this hydrostatic pressure. So it's due to the fact that there is gravity; without gravity, there is no hydrostatic pressure. Now, most fluids, most liquids are practically incompressible. In other words, the density of the liquid cannot really change. And so therefore, you could remove this and simply always use the same density. It's exceedingly difficult. It takes horrendous forces and pressures to change the density of a liquid, unlike that of a gas. A gas is compressible and you can very easily change the density of gas. So liquid is incompressible. If I have here a piston and I have here a liquid and I put a force on here, it would be impossible for me to make that volume smaller-- even by a fraction of a percent, it would be impossible. If this, however, were gas, then it would be very easy for me to push that in and to change the volume, make the volume smaller and thereby make the density of the gas go up. If I took a sledgehammer and I would hit a plastic pillow, just bang, and the pillow was filled with air, it acts like a cushion and I could squeeze it. If I hit the sledgehammer on the marble floor, I could not squeeze it and the force on the marble floor and on the hammer would be way higher, because I don't have this cushion action. If I take a paint can-- and we have one here, we have two-- and this paint can is filled to the brim with water and another one is filled with air and I hit it with a sledgehammer, then this acts like a cushion. This one, however, doesn't want the volume to be decreased, so the force, like on the marble floor, would be way higher. But remember that force divided by area is pressure, and according to Pascal, that pressure propagates undiminished in the whole fluid. And so if I would shoot a bullet through here, then I get a huge force-- extremely small area of the bullet. And so the pressure inside the liquid would go up enormously, and the can might explode, provided that it's really filled to the brim with water, because if there is air left, then you have this cushion action. Now, I don't remember whether there's air in here or whether there's air in there. I'll leave you to decide. So we'll fire a bullet from this side, and then we'll see which can explodes and which does not. And the one that doesn't is the one that has air in it, and the one that explodes... has the water in it, provided that we really filled it to the brim. Oh, boy, there's still something in there. (blowing ) Okay. I did something wrong, but that's okay. All right, there goes the bullet. Okay, are we ready for this? So you tell me which can is filled with air and which can is filled with water. Three, two, one, zero. (gunshot ) Okay, this one is closed. It has a nice hole here and a nice hole there. And this one has a hole here and a hole there, but you saw the top come off. So we know which one had water in it and by the way, it's still there. These things are not so intuitive. I will assume from now on that liquids are completely incompressible. In other words, I can now use this law that we have there and do a very simple integration. I have now dP, which I can integrate from some value P1 to P2. This is y, level P2, level y2, level y1, pressure P1 in the liquid, and that equals now minus rho g dy, integrated from y1 to y2. So that's now a trivial integral because rho is constant-- rho is not a function of y. With the atmosphere of the Earth, that's more difficult, because rho is a function of altitude with the atmosphere but not with liquids. And so we get that P2 minus P1 equals minus rho g times y2 minus y1, and this is called Pascal's law. I prefer to write it slightly differently, but it's the same thing. I write a plus sign here, so I switch these around: rho g times y2 minus y1. So what it means is I see immediately that if y2 minus y1 is positive-- this is higher than this-- that the pressure at P1 is larger than the pressure at P2, but of course they are completely identical, so this is the hydrostatic pressure. This has quite bizarre consequences. Suppose I had a vessel that I filled with a liquid. It had a rather changed shape, like so... a ratherstrange shape. So I would fill it with liquid to this level, and the level here is y2. And let's take the bottom of this vessel and call this y1. And so inside here we have pressure P1 and right there, we have pressure P2. Well, what Pascal is saying now is that the pressure here is everywhere the same because y2 minus y1 is the same for all these points here. And so you will say, "Well, that is sort of intuitive." You will say, "Look, if I take here a column-- "nicely cylindrical vertical column, which has area A, "and I call this separation h, for simplicity-- "then the weight of that column-- "that's the weight of the liquid-- "would be the area times h-- that's the volume-- times the density of the liquid, rho, times g." And so you would say, "That's a force." The weight... the bottom here has to carry that weight and so the pressure at the bottom is that weight divided by the area, so that is rho hg. So you would say, "That's very clear." Yeah, maybe, but how about here? The pressure is the same, it couldn't be any different. If the pressure were different here, then the liquid would start to flow. But here you don't have that column h over you. You only have it here. And how about here? The consequence of Pascal's law is that if you had a vessel like this and you filled it all the way with liquid, that the pressure here at the bottom would be exactly the same as this vessel, which is filled with liquid all the way to the bottom. And yet the weight of this is way more than the weight of this. But yet, according to Pascal's law, the pressure differential is the same. It is not intuitive. We live at the bottom of an ocean of air. So here's the Earth and here's air. And when we go up in y, then we also expect that the pressure will go down. It doesn't go down linearly, like liquids do. Liquids are linear because rho doesn't change. In the case of air, the density does change with altitude. But if I can take one square centimeter cylinder all the way to the top of the atmosphere just like I did here, in the liquids... I take a one square centimeter-- I could have taken area A-- and I weigh all this air, then I would get the right answer for the pressure here, because I do that there and that works, so that should work here. And what I find, then... then I find that at the bottom... at sea level, I find roughly one kilogram force, which is ten newtons, per square centimeter. It means, then, that this whole column... If I take a one square centimeter tubing all the way to the top of the atmosphere-- a few hundred kilometers-- that that would weigh one kilogram only, all that air. One kilogram per square centimeter. If you convert that to newtons per square meter, then you get roughly ten to the fifth pascal. And that is called, generally, one atmosphere. It's called the atmospheric pressure. So the air pushes down on us-- that gives us the atmospheric pressure-- not unlike the way that liquid pushes down because of its weight and increased pressure as you go down. This atmospheric pressure is also often called barometric pressure. The idea of a barometer. Here's my hand, and my hand has an area of roughly 150 square centimeters. Force is always perpendicular to the surface. I discussed that several times. For each square centimeter, there is an equivalent weight of one kilogram due to the air above me. That means 150 kilograms is pushing down on my hand. Why is my hand not going down? Well, because there's also 150 kilogram pushing up. And so, I feel very comfortable. I don't even notice it that there is this huge force in this direction and this huge force in that direction. So how can I measure this atmospheric pressure if I can't feel it? The way that you can measure it is by the following experiment. You take liquid, and you put a hose in the liquid, as I will do very shortly. This is cranberry juice, and this is the hose. And we're going to immerse the hose completely into that liquid so that it's completely filled with the liquid. And then we lift it out, and as we lift it out, we will see that the liquid will stay there. It's the barometric pressure that's pushing it in. And I pull it out and pull it out and pull it out and pull it out and there comes a time that it will not stay in there anymore. So it's way down there now, the vessel, and then it lets go. And this is now empty, and here is the liquid. And this is a way that we can measure the barometric pressure and I will show you shortly how that works. But let me first convince you that if I let all this cranberry juice inside the tubing that I have... I put my finger on top of the tubing and I lift it out. Notice that the cranberry juice stays there. It's not running down. It's only when I take my finger off the top-- (whooshes ) then it goes down. But as long as I hold my finger on the top, it isn't going down. If my hose were long enough-- and we will know shortly how long-- it turns out to be more than ten meters-- then we would see the cranberry break loose from the top. And this is a way that you can measure the atmospheric pressure and I will now be more quantitative about that. I will leave this equation because I like that equation. So imagine that we have this experiment-- which in the old days wasn't done with plastic hoses, which was done with glass tubes-- and suppose I end up here with liquid and here with such a tube and that the liquid had broken, so it's empty here... and here is the liquid. This is y1, this is y2, this is the pressure P1 and right inside here is the pressure P2 which is zero, because it's empty, there is nothing. A little bit of vapor pressure, but that's very small. And so this distance here... let that be h. And so now what is the pressure here at P1 which, of course, is the barometric pressure? It's just exposed to the atmosphere. Well, P1 minus P2 equals rho of the liquid times g, times y2 minus y1, which is h. But P2 is zero, so P1 equals rho gh and that is the barometric pressure. So all I have to do is take a liquid, know the density of the liquid, measure how far I have to pull that hose up before the liquid breaks loose, and then I know what the barometric pressure is. Now, this was done in the early days, in the 17th century by Torricelli. He used mercury and he found that... Mercury, by the way, has a density of 13.6 times ten to the third kilograms per cubic meter. So this is mercury. He found that h is about 76 centimeters-- 0.76 meters. This is a fact. It changes a little bit from day to day. It could change by a few centimeters-- a little down, a little up. If it's up, the barometric pressure is higher than when it's down. And so the barometric pressure, P1, is then 13.6 times ten to the third times g-- for which I will take ten-- and the height is 0.76, and that is 1.03 times ten to the fifth pascal... which comes very close to the one-kilogram force per square centimeter that I mentioned to you earlier. One atmosphere's pressure is defined in a very special way in a very precise way-- namely, that it is exactly the pressure when the column here is 760 millimeters of mercury. Then we call the pressure here-- that's the definition-- one atmosphere. Now you can do the same experiment with water, whereas we tried to do it with cranberry juice. The density of water is 13.6 times lower than that of mercury, so the column has to be 13.6 times higher than 76 centimeters, which is about ten meters. So you would have to raise this thing up to ten meters before you would see the break. But you would have... then you've built yourself a water barometer. If you do it with mercury, you have a mercury barometer. You would see this level go down. And if the pressure is high, the weather is good; and if the pressure is low, the weather is not so good. So you could build yourself a water barometer-- has to be ten meters long. The story has it that Pascal, who was French, did the whole thing with red wine. So he had a red wine barometer. It's very good to remember that ten meters of water produces a hydrostatic pressure of one atmosphere. So if you go down into the oceans by 100 meters, then the hydrostatic pressure increases by ten atmosphere. So every ten meters is one atmosphere. Cornelis Van Drebbel-- and I know how to pronounce that name because I'm Dutch; he was a Dutch inventor-- is usually credited with building the first submarine in the very early 17th century, around 1622. And he successfully operated this submarine at a depth of about five meters. Imagine, five meters. The hydrostatic pressure there is half an atmosphere. Ten meters, one atmosphere-- five meters, half an atmosphere. Nowadays, submarines go... It's a little secret how far they go, but they have gone up to 3,000 feet, which is 900 meters, where the hydrostatic pressure is 90 atmospheres. On every square meter of that submarine, if it is at 900 meters, there is a force of 900 tons-- 900,000 kilograms. Now, Van Drebbel's submarine was an enormous accomplishment for the 17th century, because how are you going to seal a vessel whereby the inside of the vessel is one atmosphere-- that's the air that he was breathing-- is five meters below the level, and so the outside pressure is one and a half atmosphere? Namely, one atmosphere barometric pressure and half an atmosphere from the hydrostatic pressure. So there's an overpressure on the vessel of half an atmosphere. So that means on every square centimeter, there is a force pointing inwards of half a kilogram-- the equivalent of half a kilogram weight. Force is always perpendicular to the surface, and if you would take two square meters of his submarine, that would be a force of 10,000 kilograms. It's amazing that he managed to do that and that he could actually operate his submarine successfully. I can show you here in 26.100 what kinds of forces Van Drebbel was dealing with. You see there in front of you a paint can. And I'm going to evaporate the... not evaporate, I'm going to evacuate the paint can. I'm going to pump the air out. And so here is the paint can, about 25 centimeters by 15. And so it has equilibrium-- there's one atmosphere outside, one atmosphere inside. Paint can is happy. I'm going to suck the air out, so I get an underpressure here. In other words, the pressure outside is higher than inside-- exactly the problem that Van Drebbel had. The pressure outside is higher than inside. You get an implosion. He managed to counter that, to build it strong enough. When we take out the air here, you can argue, well, then, the overpressure is really one atmosphere and he only dealt with half an atmosphere. Well, before we reach this to be a vacuum, believe me, it already implodes. So the forces that we're dealing with are very comparable to what Van Drebbel was dealing with when he built his submarine. And so this can will start to crumble when we take the air out, and that's another way of really seeing the atmospheric pressure. So I take the pressure out of the inside and the can will literally be squeezed because of the ocean of air that is hanging on us and is pushing down on us. Okay. It has to be properly sealed, which is always a bit of a problem. And so I have here a vacuum pump, and let's pump on it. (can buckling ) You can already hear the crushing. The force on the front cover alone... this is 375 square centimeters. If the pressure inside were zero, that would be a force of 375 kilograms. But look-- it's not very happy, that can. And these are the kind of forces very comparable to what Van Drebbel was dealing with in the 17th century, and he was able to even operate his submarine under these forces, without collapse. Okay, I think we... you want to take this as a souvenir? Oh, no, I can't give that to you. We have to first take this off, but you can pick it up later. That... that mouthpiece is quite precious for us, because we have to use that again, of course. So you see what tremendous forces are at stake when you deal with barometric pressure. If you go scuba diving, you go to a depth of ten meters-- could you stick a tube in your mouth, which could go all the way to the surface, and could you breathe? Well, there's no way. If you were here and you have a tube... here's the water level... and if this is ten meters, then the overpressure here between your lungs and the water is one atmosphere, overpressure. So here is one atmosphere barometric pressure. Here is one atmosphere hydrostatic pressure plus the barometric pressure, so here you have two atmospheres. So there is ahuge force on your chest. Inside your lungs is one atmosphere, outside is two atmospheres and there is no way that you could breathe. If the area of my chest is some 30 by 30 centimeters-- which is a thousand square centimeters-- it would be like having a hundred-kilogram weight on my chest, and also on my back, of course, because it's in both directions-- it pushes like this and it pushes like this and like this and like this. So you're really being squeezed to death. So what do you do when you go scuba diving? You need pressured air with you in the tank and that you breathe, and so now, with the pressured air, you can obviously counter the hydrostatic pressure from the water. Now suppose we go snorkeling. That's different. Then we do have a little tube in our mouth, and we snorkel. How deep do you think we could snorkel-- that our lungs could easily accommodate the hydrostatic pressure? Any idea? Do you think we could snorkel maybe three meters? Who thinks we could easily do three meters? Okay, who thinks maybe only one meter? Who thinks way less than one meter? Well, we know it's not way less, because snorkels are this long, you know, so you know you can at least do 30 centimeters, so it can't be all that much less. Well, we can measure how deep we could snorkel and we can measure what the capacity... the capabilities of our lungs are in order to counter the hydrostatic pressure. If I'm underwater, there is pressure on my chest, and so to let the air out is easy. You just... I'm squeezed in, right? That goes out. But in order to inhale, to suck in the air... (inhales ) I would have to push out my chest with a force that counters the force due to the water. And so the question is, what kind of pressure could I generate with my lungs to overcome the hydrostatic pressure? And we are going to measure that today with an instrument that we call a manometer. A manometer is a simple tube-- it could be made of anything, but a plastic tube will do fine. And we have liquid in here. It's open here and it's open here. I put my mouth here, and I'm going to see how much overpressure I can produce in my lungs by pushing, by blowing. And so I'm going to blow in here and then this level will go down and this level will go up. And this height difference-- let's call that h-- and the density of this fluid is rho. We will use water for that, colored water. So the pressure here at y1 equals P1-- that's here-- and the pressure here at y2 equals P2. And so P1 minus P2 equals rho times h. I apply the law that we still have here-- P1 minus P2, rho times h times g. I know that the P2 level is one atmosphere, that's correct. This is one atmosphere-- that's open to the world. So P1 equals one atmosphere plus rho hg. And so what my manometer indicates is how much pressure I can generate over and above the one atmosphere, and we call that overpressure. We often work with overpressure gauges. When you go to the gas station and you have your tire pressures measured-- the pressure in your tires-- there's also a gauge which measures the overpressure. And so right there... we have such a manometer. I'm going to blow in here, and that's going to tell us immediately how deep I can snorkel. If I was able to make this height difference ten meters, then I could snorkel at a depth of ten meters in the water, because it means that I could generate an overpressure of one atmosphere. If this would only be five meters, then I could only snorkel down to five meters. If this is only a sad one meter, then I could really only comfortably breathe one meter below the surface. And that's what you see here and I want you to... Already you know it's not going to be so fantastically high. Otherwise, these hoses would be longer. This is the level that we have now. On this side is atmospheric pressure, that's open there, and on this side is also atmospheric pressure, it's open. That's why the levels are the same. This mark is 50 centimeters above here and this is 50 below. So if I can generate an overpressure in my lungs of one-tenth of an atmosphere, then this one would come up 50 centimeters and this one would go down 50 centimeters. That's one meter of water. One meter of water is equivalent to a tenth of an atmosphere, remember? Ten meters of water is one atmosphere hydrostatic pressure. So if I can manage that, then I can generate an overpressure in my lungs of a tenth of an atmosphere and I could snorkel, then, at a depth of one meter. Let me try it. (inhaling deeply ) (exhaling ) (inhaling ) (exhaling noisily ) A meter is impossible. You can have it maybe for a few seconds, but not for very long. This is very disappointing. So you cannot even snorkel at one meter. If someone else wants to try, I will cut this off, so it's very hygienic. Maybe some of you can do better. You are the strong guy, remember? Now, when you blow, don't make the liquid oscillate, because then you can squirt it out. You should really try to take a deep breath and then push as hard as you can. STUDENT: Okay. LEWlN: Go ahead. Strong man! You were about one meter and 20 centimeters. This is great, terrific. (class applauds ) How about sucking air? How much underpressure could I generate in my lungs? Well, we can measure it with this instrument. (inhales ) I can go like this and, of course, the liquid will go the other way around. Maybe I can domuch better in terms of underpressure than in overpressure. Let's try. (class laughs ) About the same, a lousy one meter. When you're underwater, it's never a problem to let air out, because due to the hydrostatic pressure, there is a force on your chest. So letting the air out is easy. The problem is to expand your lungs again to raise your chest. That means the problem is that you can't... (inhales deeply ) suck in the air, and so it's really the second experiment that I did that determines how deep you can snorkel underwater, and we found that it's about one meter. So it's not the blowing out, but it is the... (inhales deeply ) sucking in. And so, this weekend-- and this is a true story-- I said to myself, "Gee, suppose I see someone... "From the second floor, "I look down on someone on the first floor "having a great glass of juice or wine or whatever, beer... and I would like to steal that by sucking it up with a straw." (class laughs ) Could I do that? And the idea would then being... I would be standing here. The person being unaware of this glass down here with some great stuff in it... This would be my straw, and I would just suck it up. And I decided over the weekend that the straw could not be much longer, then, than about that one meter that you just saw-- that's the underpressure. In fact, when you go to supermarkets and you buy yourself this stuff for kids, you know that this can be done. You can suck up at least... this is maybe 40, 50 centimeters. That you should be able to do; otherwise they wouldn't sell them. But I didn't think that I could do much more than a meter. And so I went to the supermarket and I bought myself a hose and I bought the hose to be two meters and I stood on the... in the kitchen, like this. And I had a glass there and I managed to do it. And it surprised me. So I went back to the super... to the hardware store, got myself a three-meter hose... tube. I knewfor sure that there was no way I was going to do it, so I went to the second floor of my home-- I can look down on the first floor; that's the way the house is built. And I can't believe it, I can't believe it-- why I can suck so well. It looks like it's almost a violation of what I showed you, and so I need some help from someone. And I'm going to demonstrate how good I am in stealing someone's drink. Could you assist me with that? Because you have to hold my straw in that juice, you see, because I will go very high. And so you... well, just stand here, and I will throw you the hose in a minute. Stand a little bit on the side, so that the class can see you. I'll see you shortly. Hello. (class laughs ) Okay, here's my straw. Can you put it in there? Now, as I'm going to try to get this liquid up to me, I want you to think about why I can do that whereas there I could only do one meter. There is something very special. There's no way that in my lungs-- this is five meter almost-- there's no way that I could have half an atmosphere underpressure in my lungs; that is not possible. So somehow I don't do it with my lungs, and maybe I won't even make it in the first place. I can't talk when I do it. I cannot talk. There we go. (class laughs ) LEWlN: Mmm. Mmm. (class laughs ) Okay, I drank cranberry juice, believe it or not. Think about all this and try it at home, it's fun. Buy yourself a hose that is even longer. Now watch it... watch it, hold it. If I take my finger off, what do you think will happen with the cranberry juice? It will run down, there it goes. Okay, thank you. See you Wednesday. I want to welcome you today to tfhny.tv. For those of you that don't know me, my name is Nick. I am absolutely thrilled that you are here today, that God has led you to this place. Whether you are joining us from the area here in Rochester, whether you are from the United States, or whether you are coming in from world wide, we are excited to have you here today with us. Our pastor, Pierre du Plessis is going to be sharing a message on bold prayers. And we know during the series, as we are trusting God for boldness, to act bold, we are trusting that our faith would be increased, that our lives would be impacted, and that our world would be changed. I just want to encourage you today to join in the chat with us. Let us know what God is speaking to your heart. Also, if you are on Twitter, you can use #actbold. We want to encourage you, at the bottom of the screen, you will be able to see your tweets coming through. So let us know how God is speaking to you. Thanks again for being here at tfhny.tv. We are trusting you will have an incredible day as you enjoy this message. Hallelujah, You have won the victory Thank you, Jesus, hallelujah! Hallelujah, You have won it all for me Death could not hold You down Hallelujah, You are the risen King You're seated in majesty You are the risen King! Hallelujah, You have won the victory Hallelujah, You have won it all for me Death could not hold You down You are the risen King You're seated in majesty You are the risen King! Hallelujah, You have won the victory Hallelujah, You have won it all for me Death could not hold You down You are the risen King Seated in majesty You are the risen King! Hallelujah! Hallelujah, You have won the victory Hallelujah, You have won it all for me Death could not hold You down You are the risen King, Seated in majesty You are the risen King! Hallelujah, You have won the victory Hallelujah, You have won it all for me Death could not hold You down You are the risen King Seated in majesty You are the risen King! Hallelujah! Oh, give Him a shout of praise. He is worthy of our praises! Hallelujah. He is worthy to be praised. So today we have an opportunity here to share together in this time of giving. And I just want to remind you that as we give today, let's remember that God has so generously given to us. Let us remember that out of what God has given to us is what we call ours today. In this moment we have an opportunity to give 10% back to God of what He has given to us. It is just returning it back to Him. It is not giving out of what we deserve or out of what we have, but it is giving back out of the abundance of what God has already given. So as we pray today i just want to encourage your heart that God is doing phenomenal things here at church online at The Father's House. We are reaching into nations, cities, into states, into all different types of people's lives, like you and I sitting right here. So we are so thankful that we have this opportunity. Let's just go ahead and pray together. God, I am so thankful in this moment that we have an opportunity to give. God, I am thankful that we are reminded today that it is out of the overflow of what You have given to us that we have the opportunity to give back what is rightfully Yours. God, I just pray today that You soften our hearts. Allow us to give in this moment, God, and to see Your kingdom come, and Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven, God. We thank you so much today. In Jesus' name we pray. I want to encourage you right now, you can click in the top right hand corner of the screen, you can click the Give icon and you can give electronically. Thank you so much! All right. This morning we are going to continue down the path on the series called Boldness. Can you shout boldness again for me this morning? Oh come on! You have got to shout it like what it means! Come on, shout Boldness! Boldness is outspoken assurance, confidence, courage and acting without fear. Last week we decided to tell you that whatever you believe will determine how you behave. Now I would write that down. Because we are going to come back to this again and again. Boldness is born out of belief. And whatever you believe will determine how you act, how you behave. Now today I have the privilege to talk to you about bold prayer. We are following this passage in the book of Acts. Acts is about the new testament church. This is after Jesus went to heaven, and this new group of people were filled with the Holy Spirit. And we see their journey now with Jesus with the Father, but the Holy Spirit with the disciples. Because you and I kind of are, we are that Acts church right now. Jesus is at the right hand of the Father, but the Holy Spirit is right here in this place. So I want to rephrase the statement that I have just made. And I want you to think prayer all the time. And I am going to say this: Whatever you believe will determine how you pray. Whatever you believe will determine how you pray. Now, check this out. Whatever you believe about the power and the might of God, whatever you believe about the ability of God. This is a big one! Whatever you believe about God's willingness and wantingness. Wantingness is not a word; I coined it. God's willingness and wantingness to help you will determine what you pray about. Okay, this is getting worse. Check this one out. The size of your request always points to the level of your faith. This is worth tweeting! Somebody tweet that! The size of your request always points to the level of your faith. I think the biggest problem that you and I sit with in our American culture of Christianity is that we have been hypnotized by consumerism, self-interest, and we are plagued by egocentric prayers. You say, Pierre, what does that even mean? It means I will put money towards it, if we record our prayers personally, we pray for ourselves most of the time. Now can you imagine, if God somehow were to allow us to catch the revelation of praying bold prayers? Confident, fearless in utterance. We pray faithful prayers with the assurance without fear, and we pray those prayers boldly. We are very assured that the eye of the Lord is on the righteous and his ear is constantly turned to our prayer. We have the faith assurance that God actually listens and God wants to answer. Imagine we pray those bold prayers beyond our own self-interest. Imagine we let go and realize there are always people more desperate than we are. And we begin to focus our prayer on those desperate people. Here is one, imagine God answers those prayers! What a beautiful world you and I will be living in! So let me throw this at you, this is awesome, check this out. Watch, watch me, check, watch me. If God had to answer all the prayers you prayed last month, think about it. Here is my question, would the world be in a better place? Here is a better one: If God promised you that every single prayer you pray in the next 30 days He would absolutely answer, then I am going to say whatever comes out of your mouth will reveal your heart. Because I think one thing we need to deal with, the world is not just about me and you. If we would just realize that we are the conduits. We are the catalysts. Because we see this guy in the Bible, his name is Nehemiah. Now I am not going to go into Nehemiah's story, but I just want to throw it at you. Nehemiah was born in exile. They say he was probably raised in exile. What does that mean? It means he was ripped from his country, taken away, plundered. He is the product of spoils, of plundering. He probably never went to Jerusalem. But his descendants come from Jerusalem. He served in the courts of the king, wearing the king's robes and clothes, eating from the king's table. Because Nehemiah was a cupbearer. It is an awesome job. The job security is incredible. You never get fired. If anything goes wrong you die. Because you always eat first and drink first to make sure there is nothing poisonous on the King's table. And I can tell you something about Nehemiah that really impresses my heart every time I read it. When he heard of the pain and the discomfort of the people that are miles and hundreds of miles away, called Jerusalem, the Bible says he wept and cried for several days. It wasn't his discomfort. It wasn't his pain that made him cry. It was the discomfort of the promised people of God. I always look at this and say, God, how do we ever get to a place where we are moved with the things that move your heart? Oh God, how is it ever possible that I can lock into your heart, that my life can be in comfort, but my heart in discomfort, because of the desperation of the world beyond us? But I want to take you to this portion, and I read something that was very pivotal to this. Because you see, Nehemiah knew one thing. Wherever the will of God is, there the provision of God will be. You need to write this down. Wherever the will of God is, that is where the provision of God would be, because he made the statement, we are going to go back to build the walls of Jerusalem. But the reason why I am telling you all of this is to bring you to this one issues. Because you see when Nehemiah started rebuilding the wall there were these three people, actually two, yeah, three of them: Sanballat, Tobiah, and Geshem. They became enemies to his heart and to the cause of rebuilding the walls. These guys were not outsiders they were insiders. And I want to say this to you, be careful of those who are closest to you. Because they have the most potent power to discourage your journey of faith. Oh, I would write that down! You know when you share your faith or you share your dream with somebody and they are close to you, they go like ahhhh, I don't want you to get hurt. Really? Really? Be very careful of those who are close to you because they will kill your dreams to protect your heart. And I am here to tell you, I would rather have my feelings hurt and my dreams stay alive, than have my feelings intact but they kill my dreams. Oh, that is good, stinkin' preaching right there! So, here is the thing I want you to know. Okay, are you ready? So when they began to discourage him and say, Nehemiah, you don't want to do this! If the fox jumps against your wall it is so stupid, it will jump right over! This is never going to happen! This is what Nehemiah says in Nehemiah Chapter 2, verse 20. And I am going to encourage all of our campuses to read out loud. He says this: But I answered them, the God of heaven will give us, come on, shout it out! The God of heaven will give us success! Oh, that is powerful right there. Imagine if we had the confidence and the faith that says I don't care what you say, the God of the heaven will give us success. The God of heaven will give me success in my life. I am not going to be a loser. I am not going to be a failure, because God is with me. And if God is with me He will give me success. And in the moment you read this there are two things you and I need to wrestle down. I would write this down. What God can and what God will. What God can and what God will. Whenever I ask you, what can God do, it is not a hard conversation. Because in the book of Genesis it says this: Is anything too hard for God? Jeremiah says: Oh, God, You have made the heavens and the earth with Your great power. Nothing is too hard for You! The book of Numbers says this: Is God a man that He would lie? Or the son of man that He would repent? Would He say something and not do it? Would He speak and not make it good? Then He says this in the book of Luke: Nothing is ever impossible with God. No word of God is without power or impossible of fulfillment. For do you not know that the Lord, God, is watchful over His word? And will hasten to perform His promise. Oh, for He has exalted His promises above His name! He says whatever you believe, believe, and call on My name, and I will hear from heaven, because you have known Me and I will answer. If you say unto this mountain, be thou removed and cast into the sea, we go like, I get it! God can do anything! Here is the problem: But will He? Will He? You see, we can declare what God can. And every time we declare what God can, we point to an historical God. But God will defines him in the present. So there was this guy that came to Jesus in the book of Mark, Chapter 1, verses 40, 41, and 42. And I want us to read this together. And a leper came to Jesus beseeching him and falling on his knees before him and saying, if You are willing, You can make me clean. Moved with compassion, Jesus stretched out his hand and touched him and said to him, I am willing, be cleansed. Come on! Immediately, the leprosy left him and he was cleansed. I am here to tell you, I believe most of our prayers are killed when we say this: God, if it is Your will it is going to happen, and if it is not Your will it is not going to happen. There is zero faith in that kind of prayer. There is zero expectation of what God is going to do in that kind of prayer. You say, Pierre, what does that even mean? Okay, now, let me ask you this: Can God do anything? No, come on, I need an absolute yes! Can God do anything? Yes! Is God almighty? Yes. Is He all powerful? Yes! Does He know everything? Yes! But here is a truth: The God who can do anything has put the level of His power and his ability to work in our lives at the level of our faith. Oh, this is big! This is huge! The all-powerful, almighty God says I can do anything to the level you can believe. Oh, that stinks. Because some of you are in trouble right now. Maybe I am in trouble right now. Because all the time you go like, oh, I know God can, but He is never going to do nothing for me. You know what? You are right. Because to the level you have faith is to the level God is going to work. And I have to prove that to you. Because you see, this is how it goes. Hebrews, Chapter 11, verse 6 says this, come everybody, let's read together: Wlthout faith it is impossible to please God. Come on. For he who comes to God must believe that he exists and that he is the rewarder of those who diligently seek Him. James, Chapter 1, verse 6, they are talking about people who pray with faith and with doubt. Then he talks about the certain person who asks in doubt. He says: but let him ask in faith with no doubting, for he who doubts is like the wave of the sea, driven and tossed by the wind. Verse 7: For let not that man, who is that man? The person of unbelief. Right? For let that man not suppose that he will receive anything from the Lord. He is a double-minded man, unstable in all of his ways. I am here to tell you, without faith it is impossible to receive anything from God. So here is the tough question: What is God unable to do in your life right now because you don't believe? What is God unable to do in your life? And I need for you to catch this revelation, because some of you are unmoved by this statement, and you are going to walk out of this place and say, God, there is nothing for me. And I am here to tell you, the reason why God does nothing for some of you is because you do not believe he wants to do something for you. You believe He wants to do it for somebody else. And I am here to tell you, it is God's delight to answer your prayer. It is God's delight to bless you. It is His joy to bring good things into your life. It is His pleasure to bless you as His own! He says if an earthly father knows how to do good things to his children, how much more your Father in heaven wants to bless you! But you have got to lay in it, and say God, not only do I believe You can, but I believe You want to bless me. And I am going to hold You to Your promise on that. So I want us to go back to the story we layed off on last week about Peter and John. Peter and John, they have just been filled with the Holy Spirit. Peter just preached the most awesome of all messages. And if you missed last week, you have got to get the CD or the DVD, because this is an awesome message series. Peter and John, a couple of days later, went to the Gate Beautiful at the Temple. And there was a man that was lame from birth. He has been sitting there for 40 years unable to walk. Out of the routine he would stretch out his hands and cry for alms. Alms would be money. Give me money. I cannot work. This is the way I feed my family. And Peter looked him straight in the eyes and he said silver and gold have I none. But what I have I give to you in the name of Jesus, rise up and walk! Interesting fact, Peter said, what I have. In other words, he took in possession the promise of God. He didn't say what I heard I give to you. Not what I've heard preached somewhere. Not I think God can, and maybe it is your lucky day. High Five! No, no, no. He says, I know the Healer, and I know his desire is to heal. Because I followed Jesus around. And He went from village to village healing all who were oppressed by the devil. He does not walk by anybody without stretching his hands and bringing healing. I know Christ not only to be the powerful one, but the willing one. So I have good news! And I have the power to lay hands on the sick and they will recover. So what I confidently have, I give to you. And when he raised him up to walk, this guy jumped up and he began to dance around in the temple. And that was messing with people's minds! It was messing with their religious inclinations. And immediately they had Peter and John arrested. And they find themselves in the little room surrounded by the same men that condemned Jesus just over two months ago. They look at the same eyes that condemned Jesus and brought false charges. And they realized that the men in this room have the power to have me crucified by the end of this night. You can imagine the fear that must have been in their hearts. You could imagine the tangible presence of anxiety in the room. Anger versus faith in that moment. And they lean over to Peter and to John and they say, in which name did you do this miracle? Remember last week I said to you, it is still how it goes in our world. People don't care what you believe in as long as you don't use the name Jesus. You can say, I'm spiritual. Oh, I love spiritual people! Oh, oh, I carry karma around me. Oh, I love your karma! Just don't say Jesus. The moment you say Jesus they go like, we don't' talk religion. We don't say that. Because you see the name of Jesus still is the name that makes hell tremble. The name of Jesus still is the name through which people get saved. The name of Jesus is still the definer. After 2000 years the name Jesus still stirs it up every single time. Your friend will turn into your enemy if you say Jesus. In a moment of acceptance, Jesus is still the definer. I don't care which way you flip it. So just to irritate, I say Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus, Jesus! Son of God, Savior of my life! Because He is the one who rescued us! And the Bible says filled with the Holy Spirit. They looked these guys straight in the eyes, and they said, it is in the name of Jesus! And it was! The one you crucified! The one that you cheated out of life! And by the way, there is no other name through which you can be saved! And the Bible says these guys stared at them, couldn't take their eyes off them. Listen. And they marveled at their boldness. They realized that these were ordinary men that had been with Jesus. Then they looked around and realized everybody else was praising God and not these guys. And they realized they could not do anything about them, and they let them go. So Peter and John went back to this New Testament formed church. A whole host of believers that were filled with the Holy Spirit. And this is where the message is going this morning. And this is what I want you to grab hold of and not let go. And as they shared what just happened, they prayed for two things. And that is what I want us to encourage for the next week, to use all of our bold prayers to pray for these two things. And I would love for us to read it together. In Acts Chapter 4, verse 24, come on everybody, all of our campuses let's read: When they heard the report, all the believers lifted their voice together in prayer to God. Shout all the believers. No, no, no, shout it out loud, all the believers! I want to say this to you: There is power in corporate prayer! There is power when you come together with other believers and you lift your voice in one accord to a Holy God! There is power when you pray. There is like double, triple power when you pray together. The Bible says where two of us shall agree on earth is touching anything, Matthew 18, it shall be done. I am telling you right now, when you get together with another believer and you pray together, it fortifies. The Bible says one puts a thousand to flight, two puts ten thousand to flight. Man, if you feel outnumbered, get another believer and pray together. That is why when we come together with corporate prayer, every Saturday, I mean hell is trembling and shaking. Why? Because we are letting the enemy know that we are setting a standard for God right here in Rochester, New York, that will extend to the corners of the earth. And they began to pray and they prayed for two things. Acts Chapter 4, verse 29, come on, let's read together, all the campuses, this is what they prayed for: And now, oh Lord, hear their threats and give us, your servants, come on, great boldness in preaching Your word. I love it! They said God, they are angry at us. There is a lot of resentment out there toward You. But we pray, not for strength so that we don't get our feelings hurt, No, they say God, give us great boldness that we will be powerful testimonies for You. Then they prayed a second thing. I love this church, man! Acts, Chapter 4, verse 30. And it says stretch out Your hand with healing power, come on, may miraculous signs and wonders be done through the name of Your Holy Servant, Jesus. I love these guys! They go like, not just give us goosebumps during that special song. They go like, we don't want goosebumps, we want blind eyes to be opened, Jesus! We want deaf ears to hear, Jesus! We are asking for miraculous signs and wonders. And you know why they are asking? Because Jesus promised. He says go into all the world. These signs shall follow them that believe. You will lay your hands on the sick and the sick will recover. They go like, You promised, oh God! So we ask for miraculous signs and wonders. I love this!! Because you see, you can ask it because you believe God can! But is he willing to? And I believe God's willingness was displayed because in the very next verse I read this: Acts Chapter 4, verse 31. Come on, let's read together. After this prayer the meeting place was shook, and they were filled with the Holy Spirit. Then they preached the Word of God with boldness. I love this! We have read this again and again. When Peter and John were standing with these men, the Blble says, and filled with the Holy Spirit, they said. And the Bible says the room was shaken and they were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak with boldness. Now I want you to write down two things really, really quick. Actually three. Just because I love you. Three things and I am done. Denis, you can come. The very first thing, every time you get on your knees, I want you to say, God, fill me with the Holy Spirit. Fill me, oh, God. Fill me. And I want to caution you not to seek an experience, but seek a person. The Holy Spirit is a person. He is not goosebumps. He is not just oh, oh, I felt Him! He came through! No, He doesn't want to come through. He wants to abide. He wants to make habitation with you. Every time you get on your knees I want you to pray, God, fill me with the Holy Spirit. And I know some of you are pentecostal here and you have had some awesome experiences. I want you to not stop with those experiences. The Holy Spirit is a person. He is the third person in the trinity of God. He wants to be with you. Say, Holy Spirit, fill me! Secondly, you need to say this: God, give me boldness. And the only reason you will know that He has answered is when you open your mouth to share the testimony of Christ. You will never know that God has given you boldness until you begin to share Jesus with somebody else. It is not going to happen where you go like, whoa, whoa, that must be boldness that just came! It is not going to happen that way. Because you see, faith precedes answer. In other words, you may have worked with somebody at your job for a very long time. After you pray this prayer, I want you to say, Jesus, give me an opportunity. The next time I see it I am going to share Christ with them. And I know when I do that boldness will come from heaven for me to share the good news and the testimony. And I am here to tell you, i guarantee if you step out in faith, the boldness of the Holy Spirit will meet you. You will walk away and go like, I didn't even know I knew those scriptures. I didn't even know that I could say things like that. I am actually hot stuff right now with Jesus. I am like awesome right now. And you have to realize that the moment you step out the Holy Spirit will step in. If you do not step out the Holy Spirit will step back because without faith it is impossible to receive anything from God. That is number one. Number two is this: Pray every time, God, I am asking for miraculous signs and wonders through my life. Come on, come on. This is bold prayer. God, I am asking for miraculous signs and wonders through my life. And here is the deal. It ain't gonna happen until you lay your hand on the sick. Because the Bible says they will lay their hands on the sick and the sick shall recover. So this is what I want you to do. I want you to pray for these two things, boldness... No. Holy Spirit, boldness, miraculous signs and wonders. And then I want you to jump at every opportunity. If somebody says, man, I have got a killing headache, I want you to go like, do you mind if I pray for you? Come on, I double dare you, I stinkin' double dare you. Because you know what? What have you got to lose? What? They are going go like it didn't work? You are not God, you are just a conduit. God didn't ask you to heal them. God just asked you to pray for them. Remember the story I shared with you at Strong Museum of standing in this line with my kids? They wanted to go on the train. And the line was long. And I am trying to talk them out of this, pretending there is something better. And then this woman came by us with an oxygen cylinder. And obviously she had some very big problems, because she was gasping for air. I looked at her. She was so emaciated. She was so thin. And in that moment I heard the Holy Spirit say pray for her. And you know what I did? I did like what you do, I go like ut-un, no, no, no. No, please, no please, Jesus. Right? Ohhhh. And then we say like, I need a sign. I want to make sure this is not the devil. Do you know? Do you do the same thing or is it just me? I need a sign. I need like four doves to fly through here right now. I am not seeing any doves, it must be the devil. And then she walked by me. And then I got that sick feeling like I am failing God. And I heard the Holy Spirit: Pray for her, Pierre. This is what I heard: I am asking you to pray for her, not to heal her. So I stopped her, and I said ma'am, would you mind if I pray for you? And the tears began to run down her cheeks. I did the best prayer that I ever could. I don't know if she is still alive, but one thing I know is this. I didn't fail at my divine appointment. I didn't. Because signs and wonders can only happen if we lay our hands on the sick. So church, I am here to tell you. You know, in this big room, online and in all our campuses, boldness is not a state of mind. It is a lifestyle. It is when people go like, you did it. And the only way we can get to a place of boldness is to not only believe God can, but God wants. To believe that God is seeking opportunity to heal the world, rescue lives, and to make a difference in humanity. And my prayer is that your prayer would be God, not just about me, but those who are more desperate than me. Jesus, fill me with the Spirit. Give me boldness to be a testimony. God, I ask for miraculous signs and wonders in the name of Your Son, Jesus. That is my prayer. Let's pray together. Father, thank you so much. Your kindness and grace in this room, oh God. Your mercy, in all of our campuses and online. If you are sitting here this morning, and you know that your life is disconnected to a relationship that is thriving with Jesus, you believe in God, that is why you are here, that is why you are joining us online. You believe that Jesus is the Son of God. You believe in God. But that has not entered into your world where you can say once I was lost, now I am found. I have not become a new creature through Jesus and my faith in Him. But this morning I am here and I want to say Jesus, here I am, rescue me. I want to be Your child. I want my life to reflect that kingdom lifestyle that scripture says. If you want to pray with me, you say, Pierre, that is me, I am going to ask that you just raise your right hand, I want to pray with you. Very, very quickly. Hands are going up. Hands are going up. Just raise that hand up high. Online, you just click on the hand under the screen right now. At all of our other campuses, raise your hand up high. I want to pray with you right now. To make sure that you do not leave this place untouched by the grace of God. And I am going to pray a very simple prayer. Keep that hand high. Very simple prayer, asking Jesus Christ to restore relationship with you. And I am going to ask all the believers in this place to pray out loud. If you are online, I want to encourage you to pray this. And all of our campuses, pray this prayer in a whisper out loud with me. Say Lord, Jesus, I am raising my hand because I need You. I call upon Your name this morning. And I ask rescue me, Jesus, come into my life. Make me Your child. Cleanse me from sin. Cleanse me from unrighteousness. And from the rebellion of my heart. I invite you in, Lord, Jesus. Please come and dwell inside of me. I thank You for Your blood that rescues me. And You promised if I call upon Your name, You will save me. And today, Jesus, I know You are hearing my voice. And I know You are seeing my heart. And I thank You for forgiveness. I thank You for grace. And I thank You that You make me Your child today, oh, God. Thank you, Jesus! I will never be the same again, ever, ever again. Amen! So thank you so much for joining us today at tfhny.tv. We hope that God spoke through the message to you today. Through bold prayers, that your prayers now will be influencing your world, your people that you are praying for, your situations that you are praying for. We are trusting that God is going to come through for you. We are standing in confident expectation of what God is going to do in and through your prayers. I just want to encourage you today about the verse that says those who pray bold prayers, fervent prayers to the Lord, that He will avail much in those situations. I want to encourage you with that today as you head out, as you enjoy your day, as you enjoy your time with your family and friends. We are so excited that you are here again. So, we want to welcome you back next week to the same place, tfhny.tv. And don't forget to tweet #actbold. As a professional teacher, you must equip yourself with professional content knowledge and skills. Very importantly, as a teacher of young generation, we must possess right attitude and value. Never be satisfied with the status quo. After graduated from NlE, you cannot use the same content or pedagogy to teach different batches of student over and over again. In this information age, student can be more knowledgeable than teacher. How can we make sure that our students are competent enough to face the changes in future? In order to achieve that, as a teacher, we must keep paces with the times. Keep adjusting your teaching methods and pedagogy in order to accommodate the learners who are constantly changing. The students will never be inspired to learn if you never change your teaching style. One thing which never changes will be your own philosophy. Every student is teachable. Every student has potential to excel. No matter how good or how bad a student is, there is something unique and can be developed within him. As a teacher, we must show them the right path and help them to reach greater heights. - Right so in this video we're gonna understand how information travels wirelessly and what I mean by this is that we're gonna understand how devices like wifi wireless internet work how things like radios same cars work and how things like cellphones which definitely use wireless communication how they work and the reason that we can understand all these in one pretty short video is that they all use same principle of communication: they all use communication via waves so waves are in the world intimately familiar with we know you know from childhood that we have say a lake and someone throws rock into this lake then the rock is gonna cause ripples to form in the lake and the key point about these ripples what makes them called waves is that they move; they propagate and because it propagates they can carry information out about the initial disturbances that created them for example the way that you're listening to my voice right now is that your speaker it is a very poor drawing but your speaker is moving and your speaker is creating sound waves and a sound wave is just rhythms of high and low density in the air this is supposed to be chemokines and so the sound waves reissue you and new year some complicated process to transfer that into sound but again these waves disinformation pensions possible because the waves propagate nabbed understand how of these devices work we're gonna have to talk about something called electrode magnetic or deanne ways and the exact nature of these waves is too complicated go into now it's not important furnish agnes was just an excuse examples of waiting or read about that are in fact he m waves light for example is an automatically if microwaves use electronic waste heat up uh... food experience whenever you go to the doctrine to get an x_-ray image taken from the waves that on that image are x_-rays and lastly of course radio waves are not a special time of electromagnetic ways how do we use waves to transmit information that's what we're gonna try to understand and before we do that we need to understand to characteristics of ways to ways that we can quantify what makes one wave different from other but i consider this way that i have here there two things that i can as credit one i can ask how large is as well and into such a question what am i do that when someone at your know the difference between the maximum value and the central air at the will be implant and bad is something that we call the amplitude and wave terminology so let's say the plo_ tuesday so this distance isn't it and i said this distances and and the difference between the peking and the trough called the peak to peak distance is equal to rtc_ two thousand tutor to ed so that what it is a very easy rented of concept of about now how to characterize how big a wave is so the other concert that's important is called frequency and frequency is just the answer the question how fast is cycles of the wave go by so by cycle in the in the region like this avoids the basic unit of the wave attributes each one of these is a cycle basically frequency is equal to the number of cycles but apparently unit time of sale a second away that looks like this has a much higher frequency than way it looks like this even though they have the same empty so now we understand what frequency an effort to demean we can use these concepts to transmit information the first wave i'm gonna tell you about how to do this is called amplitude modulation and this is what the and stands for and ham radio so this idea is that's the insides example to say i have some signal maybe too something or something else that some signal that i want to send you and that signal looks like this parasitism well just frickin means you'll see why it is in a second i want to draw a the negative simpson this is an auto sandy on and i want to send it to you by not remand cuevas what i do is i send you a way of a particular frequency i tell you to look for with that we can see it what i'm gonna do is i'm gonna send you this way where i changed the way over based on the signal that i want to send you sort of a signal is low i make the amplitude of myway lower the signals i make them part of my living so and here we have two distinct resistances signal and this way that i'm sending you was called the carrier with because it carries a signal sort of go that's all you have to do is yet to look at how big the waves at any given point and then you can get to know that transcended schemes called entered modulation and it's the one that's used and radios most often andrea statically to get you songs do you hear say car when you're driving us into the radio there's a hamas also ask them and you've probably guessed by now that sm means frequency modulation so frequency modulation is another way i can send information and of course we can we can use room to modulation in the same way that i used to have a tip modulation to send you some like it on file but well i'll talk about now is how say things like cell phones houston's modulation to send digital information and what i mean by that is itself on twice and to each other or to our list out the communique with them they want to send information forms of ones and zeros and later they transmit uh... some current cell phone translate those wanting to those into texas on to another uh... but to do that what we can submit as we can agree that if your cellphone in year zero freedoms it looks like this you call that a zero but if you receive a frequency it looks like this when you call it so if i want to send some of the message one zero one one all of you so send them this signal i'd change the frequency so alexander one first here's one allison zero that's another one low-frequency madonna santo another one so to decode this message all you could do you have to look at different points of view to see okay what's treatment isn't zero or is it a one and so this idea fm as a basis of how bill trend communications takes place whether it's called difficulty more complex frequency shifted so the easter concept that i have outlined for you guys and and and and constitute the majority of how information is traveled by automatically is between wireless devices Here in France, there are very traditional areas where you would not necessarily expect innovation to happen. For the French, one of these areas is certainly "la baguette". I learned that there's two things that the French really love when I arrived in Paris: on was "la baguette" and the other one was "la Révolution". (Laughter) The next speakers, they managed to combine actually both of these concepts. The title of their talk is, "La baguette se révolte", or the Baguette Revolution. So please welcome Jean-Louis Hecht and Jean-François Bir. (Applause) Hello everyone, so let me introduce myself Jean-François Bir. So without further ado, I'll hand it over to Mr. Jean-Louis Hecht who had a problem in the 2000s. Mr. Jean-Louis Hecht. Hello, I'm Jean-Louis Hecht, a baker. So, the baguette revolution is first an adventure, a human adventure, an adventure that began 10 years ago. And we persevered to get to introduce to you today a new concept, a concept that will distribute hot baguettes 24 / 7. So (Laughter) so it started when I wanted to use a vending machine. Okay I'm a baker, I wanted to sell bread, after business hours so I wanted to use a vending machine. When I tried to put baguettes inside, I didn't know what to put in it. I would put in 20 baguettes, people wanted 10, I was losing 10. I would put in 20, people wanted 30, I would get 10 unhappy customers. Everyone was happy, except me. So I said to myself that we had to set up a system that would bake as it would sell. It didn't exist, we made it. Ten years ago, we started in the garage. Many stories begin in a garage, but ours started in the garage (Laughter) (Applause) So with existing machines, we tinkered this: we created a mechanical machine and we had to automate it. We asked some students. Electronic BTS students which have wired us the machine. It has been showing that the system worked. Therefore, it was necessary to go further. So after that, it was the quest for the Grail. It was necessary to find a company able to do that. It's not easy. Anyway, finally we found a company in Portugal that made this for us. So we made a first prototype, it worked more or less well, a second one, a third one, and in 2009 we placed a machine on location. This machine worked. When people came over, they would get some bread, they were happy. But behind that there were lots of problems. I kept hitting snags. Everyone was happy but me. (Laughter) So we decided to stop it. It worked, just not too well. It was not easy. Therefore we stopped it; but the icing on the cake was the company making the prototypes didn't want to continue anymore, it was too difficult. So we rolled up our sleeves, and then we carried on.. In late 2010, we introduced a machine in my bakery in Moselle. I tested it. It was fine. It worked, it had little problems but anyway, we solved them throughout the year and now we have a great machine. So for the technique, I'll leave it to Jean-François, he will explain it to you. So to understand well the product that goes into the concept, you have to understand first the basic product that will go into the concept. You should know that at your baker's, on average, baking a baguette, takes 20 minutes. In this case, for the concept, it is exactly the same product, the traditional one, but its cooking has been stopped after 12 minutes. So the 8 minutes missing, let's put these baguettes -- I 've been a bit fast here -- these pre-cooked baguettes, we'll store them here in a cold room, on motorized conveyor belts. This refrigerated rear module has a capacity for 120 baguettes. At the end of the belt, there's a lift here that will recover the products to bring them to the oven door. An oven loader will take over, put the baguettes in the oven, and here it is a true baker's furnace that will complete the 8 missing minutes on the baguette. Out of the oven, there is a robot arm here that has 3 functions: so the first function is of course to store the baked baguettes on a very small shelving for the sale, a 14 baguettes capacity. Its second function is to take the product to give it to the customer. And the third function, so you need to know that an automaton handles everything and when the baguette is exposed here on the shelves for the sale, some delay will start automatically. So it's up to the operator to manage the exposure time of the products here on the shelving of sale. This shelving is heated. We maintain it at 40°. The customer inserts his coin, he gets his baguette immediately. Hot, fresh, crispy. Exactly the same way as when you buy your bread at the bakery, we all have the same reflex: it is that when you have it in hand, you press it. Well I do that too. So of course, we use robotics. The robot arm works on the X and Y. Motorisation: so today we have eventually evolved in this area since we are using engines which no longer act on sensors, but that memorize the positions. A latest-generation automaton. And the Internet. What for ? The machine, if something happens to it, you should know that it sends an email directly to your phone. There is a problem, it is empty, it sends you an email. (Laughter) Altogether, it is possible. (Laughter) Some of you do not believe me? Then in the same way, so we have software that allows us to get inside the machine and allows us to act remotely on the settings on the machine from home. Temperature settings, etc... You can also look at a given moment what you have sold, everything is feasible. I'll hand it over to Jean-Louis now. Well we've showed you a machine in Alsace, in a family of bakers. The oldest family of bakers in France, bakers from father to son since 1752. Before the revolution, before Jean Valjean and that machine here today it operates on its own. We'll stop here because we have gone beyond our time already. (Applause). Hi, welcome back. this is a pretty short talk today. I just wanted to dive a little deeper into two really important concepts, Liberty and Common Sense. These are words much used in the 1770s and 1780s. Let's focus first on this term liberty and try to just think for a moment on how people think of that term in the 1770s. They think of liberty as free thinking. You'll often see for instance, in the literature of the time, people might use terms like liberal thinking. An important dividing point for a lot of the democratic revolutions is their attitudes towards church dogma, and specifically towards the Catholic Church. A lot of the people in America, and England, and in other parts of Europe are really quite opposed to the church, hate the church even would not be too strong to say. So, one of the things that they're meaning when they talk about liberty is liberty as opposed to dogma. Another sense in which they use the term liberty is liberty as contrasted to tyranny. By this they mean, they're not subject to completely arbitrary unchecked power. So, when they think of a defense against tyranny, they tend to think of things like there should be a rule of law. And another way in which they think about stopping tyranny is to think about the roles of these intermediary institutions. Councils, parliaments, assemblies that have some power to stand up to or speak for customary privileges and liberties. But one important point to think about when we're talking about liberty is, this is not the same as democracy. Indeed, it doesn't have a necessary relation to democracy at all. People should be, have a right to think freely, or in favor of the liberal circulation of ideas, in favor of science, in favor of a rule of law. There's nothing about that, that says anything about the right to vote, or broad representation, or even that these intermediary assemblies need to be made up of the people in general. It's just meant as checks on arbitrary, unchecked royal power. Where you get more into the notion of democracy is by ex ploring a very popular term in the 1700s, the phrase common sense. Most popularized by an absolutely phenomenal pamphlet written by a journeyman journalist and thinker named Thomas Paine. Here's a copy of the pamphlet published in 1776, huge circulations on both sides of the Atlantic and here's it's author Tom Paine. Who spent time in America, but would later take up residence in Paris. Where is this idea about common sense coming from? It's coming partly from ideas that resonate to readers of Rousseau about the natural nobility of man. This notion increasingly that authority comes from all of us, I've talked about before. It also comes from a sense that there is wisdom in experience. How do we get knowledge? We get knowledge from the experience of our lives. And indeed, you can make an argument that the wisdom of experience is really what the scientific method is all about. You're simply conducting experiments to develop empirical data. In other words, evidence of experience. And then, it's just a short jump from the wisdom of experience to talk about the wisdom of the many. So, what a lot of ordinary people sense to be right, probably is right. But, you can see that that's actually a very important concept in a notion of democracy. We need to get more people involved in making these decisions about our future. Partly because authority comes from them and partly because they reflect this collective experience, this common sense. That's going to be the source of wisdom in guiding the community, the proper source of what Rousseau would call the general will of the nation. But it's important to reflect that this notion of common sense actually stands in a pretty uneasy relationship to philosophy. How do we get acknowledged? Because after all, you can have a point of view in philosophy that doesn't say that something is right cuz a majority of people believe it's true. If a majority of people believe the Earth is flat, does that mean it's flat? So, common sense might fly in the face of say, science, or the wisdom o f people who's just given more thought to a subject, or the wisdom of people who have a greater stake in what's going to be decided. So, there's actually some real tension having to do with the development of common sense as a guide for governance. This tension, actually, if I can plug a book by one of my colleagues, is the subject of the book Common Sense" by Professor Sophia Rosenfeld, here at the University of Virginia. This whole book is about the way this idea, this phrase common sense, develops during the 1700s and this kind of double-edged meaning it has. Well, we're going to hear a lot more about edges in our next talk cuz lets turn from this to the French Revolution. Today I Am Going To Be Teaching You How To Open A Door Look at this, this is very nontrivial but armed with this, we can now build up the truth table for all the cases of the two different variables, cancer and non-cancer and positive and negative tests outcome. So, let me write down cancer and test and let me go through different possibilities. We could have cancer or not, and the test may come up positive or negative. So, please give me the probability of the combination of those for the very first one, and as a hint, it's kind of the same as before where we multiply two things, but you have to find the right things to multiple in this table over here. This is not an easy question. Now we have the ingredients. We understand enough about the solar nebula to start following the process of how we got from a disk of gas and perhaps some dust to what we have today. And we'll start with the interior planets, the terrestrial planets. Remember that inside the snow line we have mostly hydrogen and helium class, but in addition, there are small amounts of solids that congeal. The solids in question are iron and nickel. Silicates, the kind of materials we find in meteorites and there's not a large quantity of those, because these elements are very rare in the nebula, but there's enough. And as the density increases, these dust grains that are in Keplerian orbits inside this massive cloud of dust collide with each other and they adhere, they adhere in the same way that grains of dust adhere to cleaning rag. They adhere electrostatically and then chemically bind. They're forming rocks. These rocks are held together by chemical forces. And slowly over time, the larger rocks have larger surface area. They collide with more of the dust. and they grow and eventually one forms objects of a size, order of magnitude of a kilometer. There will be about a billion of them in the inner solar system and these billion so-called planetesimals, microplanets, are reaching the size where as we'll see in the homework, when you reach a size of about one kilometer, an object is bound now by its gravitation. In other words, the gravitational force is enough to hold the object together. It's more gravitationally bound than chemically, and this is an important transition. Because now, these objects are heavy enough that they're moving in Keplerian orbits. They are no longer sustained by the pressure of gas, which is still enough to hold up, the dust is floating in the gas. But the larger, rocks are not floating in the gas, they're falling through it. So they're moving on Keplerian orbits, their velocities are higher than those of the gas and the dust. And so these large planetesimals are sweeping through the gla, the gas, an d whatever grains of dust come close are immediately falling onto the planetesimals and being gravitationally attached. And so the gravitational attraction becomes important, and the larger objects grow faster. So there is this hierarchical growth, where the rate of, at which an object grows turns out to be proportional to its radius to the fourth. And this goes on for about a 100,000 years in which these planetesimals, and certainly the larger among them, grow up to be rather large objects. And through these, at the end of this 100,000 years the largest of them have merged to form about a few hundreds of objects that are called protoplanets. These are objects with a radius on the order of 1,000 kilometers. so slightly smaller than the current moon. And here another important transition happens. When you reach radius or size of about 1,000 kilometers, the object is certainly gravitationally bound. What has been holding up the rock so far, the reason a rock doesn't. con, doesn't collapse under its own gravity, is basically that a rock is rigid material. Chemical bonds hold it up against its own gravity. When an object reaches 1,000 kilometers, two important things happen. One is, the heat of the collisions and the Kelvin-Helmholtz heating from converting gravitational potential energy as objects collide into heat, along with the radioactivity. The heat released by the radioactive elements that are trapped inside, melt a proto-planet. When you reach a size of about a 1,000 kilometers, you melt. this is very important. Things that melt are going to be spherical. Why are they going to be spherical? Well, because gravity flattens them out to the form of a sphere. Imagine a molten liquid Earth well, we have parts of the Earth that are liquid, they are the oceans. There are no mountains in the ocean, because a mountain in the ocean would be leveled by gravity when the Earth was molten. And when a protoplanet is melted and liquid, it will naturally form into a symmetric spherical shape if it is twisting. It'll be, if it is spinning, it will be slightly oblate, slightly fatter at the equator than at the poles, because of, again, the centrifugal barrier that we talked about. But as long as it's not spinning too rapidly, it will be approximately spherical. This is one important process that takes place. All of these protoplanets are assuming spherical shape. And then, the other important thing that happens at 1,000 kilometers when things melt is something called chemical differentiation. these initially roughly uniform or objects where various elements were scattered haphazardly, depending on when they were accreted throughout the object, becomes segregated. Because once an object melts, then the heavier elements, iron, nickel, sink through the lighter silicates say, down towards the center. And one forms a chemically differentiated object where there be, there forms a core with, which is rich in the heavier elements, iron, nickel, etcetera. Along with an external envelope, which is the silicates. And. much cooler crust as the core as, as in falling matter falls in, we get additional heat at the crust. In addition, once an object is fluid, it's no longer held up by the chemical bonds, by rigidity. What holds the earth, or a proto planet up against collapse under it's own gravity is hydro-static pressure. The same kind of hydro-static pressure balance that held our slinky in balance, or the water in our cup. Pressure is largest in the middle, decreases as you move up through the Earth. Each layer is in hydro-static equilibrium, it's weight balanced by the extra pressure below it compared to the pressure above it, and so we obtain high pressure and high temperature in the core with decreasing pressure and temperature towards the outside. This is the situation on a planet. This happens when you create a protoplanet. So the transition from plan, well planitesimal, an object which is bound by gravity. But where gravity is not yet dominant, to a protoplanet, which melts, become spherical and chemically differentiates is the transition that we go through. After about a hundred thousand years, we have generated, protoplanets, a few hundreds of protoplanets orbiting the sun in this region that will become the inner solar system, within about two or three astronomical units from the Sun. how do we know about protoplanets? Well, we are fortunate enough to have some of them left. What we see in this beautiful video clip is an image of an actual proto-planet. This is the asteroid Vesta. As imaged, as it says, by the Dawn spacecraft. In 2011, there, the space craft was orbiting the asteroid. And so it got to take a 360 degree panoramic image. We see the roughly spherical shape. We see, the impact craters, we have to talk about what created those. This is an object that melted as it contracted gravitationally, so it's roughly spherical. The asteroid Vesta is an interesting object in itself. It, will be visible this winter. It will be in opposition. And if you get a chance to go out and take a look with a sufficiently large telescope, you're invited to view Vesta. You won't get a view like this, though. . Carrying on with our plan of producing planets, we now have these proto-planets orbiting. They rapidly, gravitationally accrete the remaining planetesimals. So now what goes on is that the gravitational force of these proto-planets begins to be important. And their interactions with the planetesimals are gravitational, they either accrete the planetesimals or, if they collide with them, they might, blow them up and eject them from the inner solar system. The result of this process is that you end up with about 100 objects the size of the moon, Mars, so smaller than the Earth. these are the protoplanets, and they have cleared gaps in the disc, so where a protoplanet is orbiting there will be no more planetesimals. Planetesimals will still be orbiting in the gaps between. These will be about 100 equally spaced orbits between the interior of the disc just outside the Sun and say two or three astronomical units out. And in this region will be a hundred pr oto planet orbiting in gap, in, in, in clear gap and in between them, there will still be planettissimals. Now. These, the gravitation, no interactions between proto planets themselves now become important. We'll talk about that in the next clip. And this distorts their orbit, so that they start moving through these gaps, ejecting or accreting the remaining planetesimals. These distorted orbits now lead to actual collisions between the protoplanets. And these collisions are massive collisions. These are moon sized objects crashing into each other with polarian velocities. this can lead to a complete destruction of some of the objects. The collisions are now violent. and there're suitable conditions. The two objects partially remelt, and merge, and this leads from these 100 or so moon-sized objects to a few large ones like Venus and Earth. This is where the larger planets come from, from these mergers of these protoplanets. one of such collision we think left Mercury stripped down to its core. We'll see that Mercury is a very dense planet. The explanation is that a collision evaporated and blew off into space its envelope, leaving just essentially the core, Mars never grows beyond a Mars-sized object. It's smaller, it's about the size of the moon, it's much lighter than earth, We'll see what it is that limits, or stunts the growth of Mars, and within ten to 100 million years, remember ten million years is when the dust is gone, and the gas is gone. The T tauri winds clean out the system, and the orbits which have been perturbed, settle down by mutual friction, down into the near circular orbits that we see. So within ten to 100 million years, we have pretty much the inner solar system as we know it. We see this in this beautiful video. we start with, the orbiting, lift clouds of planetesimals. We see the gaps where larger proto-planets are forming. In a minute, we'll be able to see the actual proto-planets. Here's a proto-planet. And, the planets, as they orbit, clear away, lanes inside the planetesimals, and slo wly their influence cleans out the leftover planetesimals, either accreting or ejecting them. So that, after about ten million years, we are left with roughly the solar system as we know it, and the sun blows away the remaining gas and dust, and we find the interior, interior solar system, the inner solar system looking pretty much the way we see it today. What happens beyond is going to be the subject of the next clip. [music] [Dickinson]: From a super jumbo to a Dreamliner and spaceflight, I am taking a bold leap into the future to see the shape of things to come. Something radical is about to emerge in the world of aviation. And it's big, it's very big. This plane could change the way that we fly. This monster claims it can solve the problem of our overcrowded skies. Airbus has decided to out-jumbo Boeing. They've built the biggest passenger aircraft in the world. And they claim it will get from A to B cheaper per passenger mile than any other airplane in the sky. Welcome to the Airbus A-380. This plane is extraordinary. It's massive. It's the world's first ever full length, double decker passenger jet. This is the main deck and you can get 300 people on this deck alone. It is 14 inches wider than a Boeing 747. So you have a bit more elbow room or room to do this kind of thing. The top deck of a Boeing 747 stops somewhere back there. But on the Airbus it continues the full length of the airplane - 250 people. It's 2 aisles wide. Lots of room. And they've got big ideas on how to use all that room. Well the Airbus is actually 50% bigger than the Boeing 747 in terms of floor space. But they are only planning to put 35% more passengers on it which means, there is more room for all kinds of things like this, and the gym and the swimming pool and the jacuzzi, the sauna. And the beds - first class of course. This is a whale of an airplane. In 2003, Airbus overtook their rivals, Boeing, as the world's leading aircraft manufacturer. With the A-380 added to their existing range, Airbus could start really hurting the boys in Seattle. Which is tough, because it was Boeing that first came up with the idea of a monster plane. Over the last 40 years, the jumbo has flown more passengers than just about any other aircraft. And it's success helped Boeing dominate the market for decades. Now, they are on the back foot. What is the giant from Seattle going to do about the threat from Airbus? Out jumbo the super jumbo? It costs billions to develop an airliner so you have got to get it right the first time which means building an aircraft that the airlines want to buy. Every airliner will fly thousands of journeys in it's lifetime, and every efficiency saving that you can build in at the design stage is gonna make a massive impact on the bottom line. Boeing thinks Airbus has got it wrong. The airlines don't want a super jumbo, what they really want is this. An airplane half that side that can nip in and out of small airports and that can fly transcontinental distances using 20% less fuel than any of it's competitors. And at today's fuel prices, that's money in the bank for the airlines. To drive the efficiency point home, Boeing have incorporated into the plane's name, the 7E7 Dreamliner. But Airbus are banking on a different kind of efficiency, they reckon the super jumbo, the A380, will give them the lowest cost per passenger mile by taking 550 passengers from one major hub to another, say London to Los Angeles. We are talking about bums on seats formula that works so well for the jumbo and then some. But the 2 full decks with all their extra weight means it needs colossal wings, a stonking 80 meters wide. Each wing is the length of 2 tennis courts and getting this 500 ton beast into the air is going to take the most powerful aero engines ever built. And this is the Trent 900 which is going to power the Airbus A380. It is the biggest front fan engine in the world. In fact, it is so big, it's bigger than the fuselage of the 757 that I fly. It's so powerful, that one of these can power and indeed does power the entire Rolls-Royce plant here of 10,000 people. And I'm gonna give it a jumpstart. What makes this engine so special and so efficient is the fact that it's got a very high bypass ratio 9 to 1. What that means is that for every 1 chunk of air that goes through the middle of the engine and gets chunked out the back as hot gasses, 9 parts go straight away through from the front fan right out the back as thrust - almost like a big propeller. In fact, it's swallows a squashquart load of air every second. That is like the whole population of Belgium breaking wind all at once. If engines are critical to fuel efficiency, then so is saving weight. And Airbus have pioneered the use of lightweight materials like carbon fiber composites. But in the battle to cut down costs, Boeing have decided to out due them. The 7E7, Boeing's new lean machine will be the first passenger jet to compromise more than 50% composites - the first to have composite wings and fuselage. Besides increasing fuel efficiency, composites are allowing Boeing's interior specialists, Klaus Brower, to design a revolutionary passenger cabin. So, this 787, how is it different? What is in it for me as a passenger that I don't see apart from seats and things like that? [Klaus Brower]: Well the cabin environment in the 7E7 will be dramatically better than any other airplane. The air will be more humid, the air will be at a lower cabin altitude. [Dickinson]: So that means I can breathe easier? [Klaus Brower]: That's right, there would be more oxygen in each breath you take. [Dickinson]: Ah ha. [Klause Brower]: There is more pressure inside the cabin. We have found that moving from the maximum cabin altitude that you have today of 8,000 down to that we will use in the 7E7, 6,000 feet, we saw a 7 fold reduction in the number of passengers reporting headaches. [Dickinson]: 7 fold. [Klaus Brower]: 7 fold. [Dickinson]: You've got this benefit, why haven't you been able to do it up till now in a regular passenger airplane, why now in the 7E7? [Klaus Brower]: Because the airplanes that fly at the moment are made of aluminum. And each time they are pressurized, the aluminum expands a bit and when they are depressurized it contracts a bit. And each of those cycles causes the fuselage to slowly fatigue. This fuselage is made of carbon fiber, and it simply does not fatigue in the same way. [Dickinson]: That's great. [Klaus Brower]: It's really a great day when we chose to build the airplane out of carbon fiber composites. I'm really looking forward to the holidays everyone's together, it's just a great time, there's snow Happy Hanukkah! Merry Christmas Happy Holidays I wish everyone has someone to spend the holidays with. Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays and have a great New Year. Happy Holidays (again in Arabic) I wish this year will be a good year with peace for all the world. Feliz Navidad I'd like to take time out this holiday to remember the people serving overseas because they sacrifice so much for us. Happy Holidays (in Korean) Happy Holidays Happy Holidays and a Happy New Year Merry Christmas and have a good New Year So, from Harper College and from all over the world, we wish you and yours the happiest of holiday seasons. Happy Holidays! [Dr. Joe Broder stands behind a podium] >> Dr. Josef Broder: Welcome to the 2012 D.W. Brooks lecture. Good morning, my name is Joe Broder. I serve as the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Dean Scott Angle regrets not being here as he was required to give a deposition this morning in a matter of critical interest. He sends his regrets and best wishes. We are so pleased today to have with us Dr. Michael Adams, president of the university. Dr. Adams, I believe you're here in the back, we appreciate you being here today. Let's give him a round of applause. [Applause] I am pleased and delighted to introduce today's lecturer. First, let me say a few words about D.W. Brooks for whom this lecture is named. D.W. Brooks was a fellow Georgian, educator, innovator, entrepreneur, and statesman. He dedicated his personal life to improving people's lives in agriculture. He has been described as the most influential and respected non-elected leader in agriculture in the nation. He was founder and chairman emeritus of Gold Kist, Incorporated; advised seven presidents on agriculture and international issues. His advice and counsel was sought after by ag leaders worldwide. Mr. Brooks knew the risks of ag production and in 1941 founded the Cotton States Insurance Company to provide insurance for farmers. He was the first to be inducted into the University of Georgia Agriculture Hall of Fame. He received the Distinguished Agribusiness Award from the Georgia Agribusiness Council and was named Progressive Farmer's Man of the Year in Agriculture. I had the distinct honor of meeting Mr. Brooks when he taught classes in our Department of Agricultural Economics. He was not a big man. In fact, he was a small man; sort of like some of us. But, he was a soft-spoken gentleman with an undeniable vision for agriculture and a generous heart for farmers who struggled and prospered in agriculture. He truly understood the importance of agriculture in the wealth of a nation. A lasting tribute to Mr. Brooks has been this lecture series which has attracted a U.S. president, governors and Noble laureates. So it is most fitting that we continue this tradition of inviting world leaders in agriculture to pay tribute and continue the legacy of D. W. Brooks. The University and College are delighted to have with us today Dr. Daniel Hillel, recipient of the 2012 World Food Prize, for many considered the Noble Prize of agriculture. Dr. Hillel is adjunct senior scientist at Columbia University's Earth Institute, and Dr. Adams, he is an alumnus of the University of Georgia. He devoted his life to the betterment of agriculture and the environment. Born in California in 1930, his mother moved his family to Palestine at the age of 9. He would return to the United States to attend high school and college; graduating with a Bachelor's degree in Agronomy from the University of Georgia in 1950. He went on to get his Master's degree in Soil Science at Rutgers. After returning to Israel, he received his Doctorate in Soil Physics from Hebrew University in Jerusalem. From there, he helped lay the ground work for the country's remarkable ag development. Dr. Hillel's many contributions have been honored and recognized worldwide leading up to his receiving the 2012 World Food Prize. I had the pleasure of having dinner with Dr. Hillel last night. I asked him "Where did you get your inspiration for your remarkable contributions?" He said he saw Israel, a nation and people who had settled in a desert environment; a nation that was struggling to feed its people and, perhaps, also a nation of innovators and risk takers who wanted to better their quality of life. He witnessed an ag technology that involved flooding the land when water was available and hoping it would be around when the plants grew. It was an ancient technology. Of course, in a desert climate water is scarce, expensive and evaporation is unrelenting. The ancient technology severely limited ag production and the quality of life. So this gave him the inspiration to develop the concept of what we call "micro-irrigation" that could save water, boost ag production while minimizing salination. In a world where water has become increasingly scarce, Dr. Hillel's innovations have allowed the deserts to bloom and the people to be fed. What a remarkable discovery. These are important lessons that we might learn in Georgia and the United States where we think water will always be abundant. Escorting Dr. Hillel today is his charming wife Michal Artzy Hillel, Director of the Institute of Maritime Studies at the University of Haifa. I would ask her to please stand and be recognized. [Applause] They say behind every successful man is often a more successful woman. [Laughter] Dr. Artzy, we are delighted to have you today. So without further ado, it gives me great pleasure now to introduce Dr. Daniel Hillel to the podium. [Applause] [Dr. Hillel makes his way to the podium] [Dr. Broder and Dr.Hillel discuss a computer issue.] [Dr. Artzy, Dr. Hillel's wife, fixes a computer glitch.] [Laughter and Applause] >> Dr. Daniel Hillel: Need I say anymore? [Laughter] Thank you so much Dr. Broder and the deans, and the authorities of the University of Georgia for inviting me. This is where I began; so I'm making a full circle now. My mother was born in Augusta, Georgia. And her family later migrated from Augusta, Georgia all the way to Charleston, South Carolina [Laughter] where she grew up and attended and was the first graduate of the University of South Carolina as a coed graduate; the first co-educational class there. And so that was an inspiration for me. And although the family migrated far west to the state of California; then after my father passed away when I was just a baby, a one-year old infant, my mother decided to join her parents who had in the meantime moved from Charleston, South Carolina all the way to the holy land to live out their lives in that ancient land of the bible. And so the family moved, when I was just a baby, all the way, half-way around the world to what was then a very primitive country, the land of then called Palestine which is the land of the bible; I grew up there. And at age 8, I was placed on a farm in a pioneering kibbutz which is a collective village. I was given a spade and asked to direct the frothing waters to a series of furrows to water the tender saplings that were growing up against this background of this expanse of what seemed like a desert at the time. That captivated me; absolutely captivated me. And it determined the course of my life and my career henceforth. So I stand before you as a, in a way, a native through my mother and my father of the south, of Georgia. And I am reminded of an apocryphal story about what happened when the children of Israel left the land of bondage in Egypt on their way to the Promised Land. The Egyptian army was in hot pursuit and they came upon a body of water. The people were very confused because the Egyptian army for the first, and not the last, [Laughter] time was trying to encroach upon them and what to do. The good Lord saw Moses" plight and he bent down and said "Don't worry Moses, I will part the waters of the Red Sea and I will lead the children of Israel. And then when the Egyptian army comes, I'll close the waters." And that is exactly what happened, or so the bible tells us. After all this great excitement, the children of Israel found themselves at the edge of this great desert of Sinai; nothing but snakes and scorpions there. And where to go from here? So they turned to Moses and said "Moses, where do we go now?" Moses was very confused but the good Lord saw his confusion and said "Moses, don't worry. I'll take you to where ever you want to go. Tell me where you want to go." Moses was heavy of speech. He stammered and said "Je, Je, Je." But there was no time to lose, the decision had to be made so the good Lord interrupted and said "Je, Jerusalem. That is where I will take the children of Israel." But there are some of us that believe that he might have wanted to say "Ga, Georgia." [Laughter and Applause] And some Israelis believe that we have been paying for this historic mistake ever since. [Laughter] But now we're back in Georgia, the land of my mother's birth and where I started my education. I am grateful to be here, very grateful to be accorded this wonderful warm welcome. So I begin by saying thank you. Now, to my lecture. Of the world's land area and soils, only some 25% can be regarded as suitable for agriculture. The remainder having soils that are too dry or too wet, unstable, rocky, cold, shallow, acidic, alkaline or saline, to permit the growing of crops. The actual land under cultivation estimated to be something under 12% of the land area. Less than 1/2 of that is really cultivable with the additional 1/4 used for grazing of livestock including areas of prairie and savannah and scrub vegetation. However, any substantial expansion of cultivation would pose a severe threat to the remaining natural ecosystems and their biodiversity. We are not alone in this world. There's a panoply of life that we need to respect and preserve. Therefore to meet the requirements of food security, there is a need to intensify production and to do so sustainably. That is to say without degrading the resource base of soil, water and energy, and without changing the climate for the worse. At the core of the problem lies the inexorably increasing requirements of agricultural products due to rising populations, as well as to the universal desire to achieve ever higher living standards. Consequently, our expansive population has been placing ever greater demands on the world's limited and vulnerable soil, water and biotic resources. At the beginning of the 18th century, just 3 centuries ago, the world's population totaled less than 600 million. Since then, with infant mortality reduced and the life expectancy prolonged, the population of the world has increased more than 10-fold. Although the fertility rate in many countries has been diminishing, the momentum of population growth still continues due to the increased number of young people of fertile age and the prolonged life expectancy. So world population is now projected, perhaps to stabilize - we hope that it will stabilize - at some 9, perhaps to as many as 10 billion by the third decade of this century. That is only a projection; we do not know for sure. Another important demographic trend affecting the environment is the changing pattern of human occupation and habitation; specifically the growth of urbanization. Until the start of the Industrial Revolution, about 2 centuries ago, the majority of workers were subsistence farmers who produced mainly for their own needs and were therefore, in a way, self-sufficient. Since that time, as farm work became increasingly mechanized, the portion of the workforce employed on the farm has declined drastically. In some of the industrial countries, including the United States, Europe and Japan, it has fallen below 3%. The vaunted productivity of modern agriculture has its problematic side however. Farmers, once self-sufficient, now rely on external industries for the inputs of and tools including fertilizers, pesticides, electricity, machines and fuel to operate them. The intensive production of marketable farm products has induced a growing dependency requiring ever greater quantities of chemical and energy inputs to boost fertility and to control pests and diseases. Accumulating residues of these chemicals tend to contaminate the larger environment, to pollute groundwater, aquifers and surface water bodies, streams and lakes, as well as to decimate wildlife and to threaten the health of domestic animals and humans. Large machines, operated conveniently, and hence, often used excessively, can cause direct damage to the soil including compaction when the soils are wet, pulverization when the soils are dry, altogether leading to accelerated erosion in addition to damage to aquifers by over-pumping, depletion and pollution. The enormous increase of labor efficiency resulting from the use of motorized machinery has been purchased at the cost of greatly increased consumption of energy; and, reliance on external, unstable and increasingly expensive energy sources. In some types of agriculture, the total amount of energy consumed and the fuel used to operate engines and to produce and supply fertilizers and other inputs actually exceeds the energy value of the products. So, while modern mechanized and chemicalized agriculture seems highly efficient from the point of view of human labor, it is in fact inefficient in terms of energy input versus output. The growing cost of fossil fuel and recognition of the negative environmental effects of their excessive consumption must induce a change in the mode of agriculture. Much of the energy used in agriculture, for example an intensive tillage or irrigation, is commonly wasted. The current trend toward minimum tillage, or even zero tillage, is a positive development and so is the change from excessive flood irrigation to precision sprinkle or drip irrigation. Clearly, much more attention must be devoted to optimizing energy, water, nutrient and pesticide inputs in agriculture so as to enhance economic efficiency and to avoid environmental degradation. Agriculture, being the utilization of land, water, solar energy and biota for human sustenance is a fundamental aspect of our civilization upon which depends the quality of human life. If sustainable modes of soil and crop husbandry are further developed and more widely applied, agriculture should become less disruptive and more harmonious within its natural environment and its community of life. At the same time, land and water resources that had been degraded by past abuses should be withdrawn from further exploitation and rehabilitated. The concentration of population in urban communities and the funneling of products from extensive sparsely populated hinterlands into densely populated centers have created new problems - transportation, distribution of goods, energy use, waste disposal, as well as domestic and global climate impacts. As more and more people are moving into cities, the cities are expanding and usurping some of the best farmland. Worldwide, some 20 to 30 million hectares are being converted from farmland to urban use annually at the present time. The process of urbanization has its environmental consequences. Within each city, as well as beyond it, buildings and streets create impervious surfaces that generate a great volume of rainstorm runoff which in turn carries pollutants including oil leaks from automobiles and residues of various chemicals used in homes and in businesses. Since some of these pollutants are not filtered through the soil, they tend to persist in part and to drain into rivers and reservoirs and even into bays and the open sea. Forgive me for resupplying water. [Dr. Hillel takes a drink of water] [Laughter] So the preponderance of asphalt, concrete and glass and the paucity of actively transpiring vegetation in cities result in the absorption and emission of heat consequently, cities tend to be warmer by several degrees on average than the open countryside - a phenomenon known as the urban heat island. At the same time, motorized traffic and industries in cities cause the emission of much smoke and smog causing gases that affect the radiation balance as well as public health. Why is city planning, therefore, allocates a goodly fraction of the urban expanse to open parks, tree-lined boulevards and vegetative green roofs. Of the land area, constituting about 30% of globe surface, only about - I said before - 12% is arable. However, that proportion varies from one country to another and from one continent to another. In the Ukraine, about 57% of the land is arable. In the U.S., the fraction is about 19%; whereas in Egypt, it is less than 3%. The area per capita devoted to the production of grain - that is the staple food in many countries - has diminished from 1/5 of a hectare in 1950 to less than 1/7 of a hectare - 0.13 - in 1990 and it continues to decrease. And that is attributable to population growth, to land appropriation, by expanding urbanization and to soil degradation. It is a continuing trend. By the year 2030, the area of grain producing land per person is expected to average no more than 0.08 hectare. These trends and the prospects and these prospects emphasize the imperative to conserve the remaining agricultural land and to improve and intensify production on a sustainable basis without damage to the natural environment or depletion of its resources. That is our task; our task as practitioners of agriculture, as custodians of the land, as teachers and as students of agriculture and the environment. Although the ongoing growth of the population undoubtedly contributes to what is now acknowledge to be an environmental crisis, an even more important factor is the quality of human management of the environment. Some of the most crowded countries in the world - such as the Netherlands and Japan - have managed their environments with greater care while others have not done so well. Prolific use of energy in industry, in transportation, and in domestic life as well as the carelessness in the use of materials and the disposal of wastes characterize the hasty economic "progress" of some rapidly industrializing countries. The results are pollution of air, soil, and fresh water resources, and even of seas. Not the least of the consequences now recognized as global is the threat of climate change. The dilemma of striving to satisfy increasing demands in the face of limited, and in some cases, dwindling resources has worried many observers ever since the famous Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus published his essay on the "Principal of Population" in the year 1798. In it he argued that population tends to increase faster than food supply. And that unless the increase is checked by moral restraint, it must inevitably lead to world war, famine and disease. For a time, the Malthusian warning seemed exaggerated, even wrong. In the last 3 or 4 decades of the 20th century, food production grew faster than population in all of the continents, except Africa. That increase, dubbed the "Green Revolution," resulted from the close cooperation between plant breeders and soil scientists. The plant breeders develop new varieties of grain crops, primarily wheat and rice, with higher yielding potential which depended, however, on the optimal conditions of soil moisture and nutrients. The latter were the contributions of soil and water scientists" research resulted in the improved management of soil and water based on the optimal applications of fertilizers, soil amendments, tillage and irrigation. Those great improvements of the last few decades, however, may not continue indefinitely. Although new methods of genetic engineering based on recombinant DNA and other innovations of biotechnology offer great promise, there are constraints to expanding production resulting from the fact that the most favorable soil and readily accessible water resources, that is to say the easily tapped aquifers, and favorable sites for damming rivers. All these have already been appropriated to a large degree. Further expansion of the area under cultivation and further diversion of water flows can only be achieved at the cost of disrupting the remaining natural ecosystems. Much of the land yet unutilized is marginal in terms of its potential and highly vulnerable to degradation by such process as erosion, compaction, organic matter and nutrient depletion, pollution, salination, desertification, and loss of biodiversity. A major constraint to increasing production is the rising cost of fuel. Mechanized agriculture is highly energy consumptive. Its increase in output per man-hour of labor has been achieved at the expense of much greater dependence on fuel-driven mechanization. When the cost benefit ratio is calculated in terms of energy inputs and outputs, the energy balance of modern agriculture is in many cases, in too many cases, negative. With the rising cost of energy that mode of agriculture may be unsustainable economically and ecologically. The prolific use of fuel in current industrialized societies has resulted in significant progressive increase in the concentration of radiatively active gasses in the atmosphere that envelopes the entire earth, an effect that tends to raise the temperature and very possibly in frequency and severity of weather anomalies such as we've been experiencing. Storms and droughts and all that may diminish rather than enhance food security. Progressive global warming will also result in sea level rise which may in turn cause water- logging and inundation of currently productive coastal lands. The one continent that has not yet fully participated in the Green Revolution is Africa. In 1967, the annual grain production there averaged about 180 kilograms per person; an amount regarded as barely adequate to sustain a healthy life. Two decades later, instead of increasing the average production, it has fallen to 120 kilograms per person and it has hardly risen in the last few years. That dire situation is both cause and consequence of strife in a continent that is the original home of the human species. The problems of Africa are complex. Much of the continent is arid or semi-arid with fragile soils that are extremely vulnerable to drought and to erosion. And the parts of the continent that are relatively humid, that is in the central tropics, the soils are highly weathered, leached of nutrients and affected by aluminum toxicity. Over large areas, the deep-rooted vegetation that had recycled nutrients from lower layers of the soil and that had returned them to the surface zone, that has been cut and used for construction or burned for heating or cooking and thus the soil has been deprived of its protective and self-restorative cover of deeply rooted vegetation, surface mulch and organic residues. An effective method to restore soil fertility is the practice of agro-forestry by which crops and trees are grown together. Fast growing, nitrogen-fixing - that is to say leguminous - trees and shrubs can be planted in parallel rows, preferably on the contour with crops grown in between. The trees rows act as nutrient pumps improving soil fertility and providing forage as well as firewood while crops grown in between those rows provide food for subsistence and local marketing. In some cases, the tree rows are cut down every few years for timber and fuel and their strips are rotated with alternating cropping strips. So there are methods to improve rather than degrade the productive environments. Much more can be done to improve the efficiency and sustainable utilization of soil and water resources both in rain-fed and irrigated farming. Modern methods of low-volume high-frequency irrigation can be applied to small-holder farms using inexpensive, locally-fabricated equipment. Investments are needed, however, in the application of science to the enhancement of food production while protecting the environment and helping to mitigate the portending change of climate. There is an old adage concerning the difference between the clever and the wise. The clever are those who are able to extricate themselves from situations that the wise would have foreseen and avoided from the outset. [Laughter] Now, however, it seems that our short-sighted cleverness as a species has gotten us into a quandary that mere cleverness can no longer resolve. Wisdom is now needed more than ever before. The wisdom we need can only be developed through inter-disciplinary research, education and active international cooperation in the protection and the judicious utilization of our shared environment and its vulnerable resources. The ultimate purpose of environmental activity should be to ensure that each generation bequeath to its successors a world that has the full range of natural wealth, enhanced in so far as possible, and the richness of human potentialities that has received from its predecessors. That range encompasses the land, its soil, its waters, its atmosphere, its energy resources, its raw materials, as well as its multifarious and synergistic forms of life. Present yields in many areas are much much below potential. Where they can be enhanced substantially, there should be no need to claim new land and to encroach further upon natural habitats and their biodiversity. The possibilities for developing intensive, efficient and sustainable agriculture can obviate the need for the widespread cultivation and grazing of marginal lands thus allowing natural habitats to regenerate. The principal challenge of our time is to achieve harmony between the responsibilities and the needs of developing and developed nations; between the needs of our generation and those of future generations; and between the human species as a whole and other species in the community of life on earth. Ecology teaches us that each member of a community is defined not by its individual traits alone but by the nature of its reciprocal relationships with other sharers of the same domain. The ancient tribal vision of the world is still deeply engrained in us. Gradually, however, our vision has evolved and our notion of kinship has extended to include first our community, our immediate clan or tribe then successively, our village, our city, our country, our nation, and eventually all of humanity. And this expanded perception of kinship and allegiance must now transcend the bounds of the human species and extend to the totality and the mutuality of life on earth. In the powerfully symbolic vision of Genesis 2:15 "The Lord God placed the human earthling, Adam..." Adam is merely the masculine form of "Adama" meaning soil. So Adam means "of the soil," earthling literally. And Eve. Chavvah means "life or life giver." So together, Adam and Eve implies soil and life. "The good Lord placed them in the Garden of Eden to serve and preserve." The King James translation says "to dress it and keep it," but the original Hebrew says to "serve and preserve its living community." When Adam and Eve began to betray that responsibility by consuming in excess of need, they despoiled the Garden of Delight. And in so doing, they banished themselves, in effect, from its security and comfort. On a larger scale, the biosphere can be our collective Eden if only we can serve and preserve the sustainability of its functions and of its living community now and into the future. I want to show you this earth which we have in our hands and we've set it on fire. It's our responsibility. I appeal especially to the young generation here, go forth and save the earth. I rest my case. [Applause] >> Dr. Broder: Well, thank you Dr. Hillel; that was wonderful. We do have time for questions. Questions? >> Dr. Hillel: Or answers. >> Dr. Broder: Answers. [Laughter] >> Male: With regards to the, you mentioned several problems, the conversion of agriculture land for other uses, I guess not necessarily... There is a lot of problems. Is there specific policies at federal state level that you think people that people in this room would wanted to help put the world, extinguish the fire you mentioned? Are there specific policies, do you think, that should be addressed? >> Dr. Hillel: This is an excellent question and I can turn it around and say this is what we need to do and each of us must seek, individually and collectively, what we can do in the common cause. This is especially important in the relationship in an educational institution and a research institution in which professors - older people, educated, learned - interact with young people. This is our charge. Of course I don't know all the answers but I know and have tried to state what the needs are and I stand ready to interact with all of you but, essentially, I'm raising the question that is common to all of us and that we all need, individually and collectively, to answer. We are the seat of learning here, and of research, the fount of knowledge and the inspiration for all practitioners out in the field. And so, together we must find better ways. It's a process. There's no magic formula, there's no simple answer. The world is complex. But, it is a process we need to engage. That's the best answer I can give you from the podium. There is, by the way, a thamudic story about an ignorant man who approached a learned rabbi of the time, his name happened to be Rabbi Hillel [Laughter] by sheer coincidence. Hillel by the way... I don't know if I deserve the name but it means praise worthy. You know the word hallelujah; 'jah' is short for Jahovah or Jehovah. Hallelujah means 'give praise to Jehovah.' And by the way, the word Jehovah is very interesting because it's a combination of the 3 tenses of the verb 'to be.' Je...ho...vah was, is, and shall be. So, the task that has always faced humanity and continues to face humanity and shall into the future is the task of responsibly managing the resources that are given to us. And, there's no simple answer. We need to seek the answer actively. Yes? >> Dr. Broder: I think we have time for 1 more question, maybe 2 more questions at the most. We do have to get Dr. Hillel to the president's home to 12 o'clock. So we will have to wrap this up in just a second. >> Dr. Hillel: You're not talking about Obama? [Laughter] >> Dr. Broder: Question right here. Sir, if you will please stand? >> Male: Thank you for a great talk. I was just wondering if you had any comments on the issue of compeitition posed biofuel production... >>Dr. Hillel: Yes. >> ...in terms of the competition [inaudible] for land, >> Dr. Hillel: Yes. for food production basically; >>Dr. Hillel: Yes. >> especially in the United States and the western world [inaudible]. >> Dr. Hillel: Yes. Yes. Very topical and very delicate issue. The diversion of agriculture land and agriculture production from food to bio-fuels and the answer is not... I do not have a simple answer to it. The required answer in any case is to greatly, greatly improve the efficiency of energy use; to economize in the the use of energy; the way we utilize energy and dispose of the product of energy use which is the polluting substances mainly carbon dioxides but others as well nitrous oxide, methane and so on. This is a task; improving the efficiency of energy use the way we achieve our production, the way we till the land for example we can minimize tillage greatly and in so doing, enrich the soil. The way we drive our cars, the way we heat our homes everything can be done so much more efficiently that's the simple way to go about it. Other ways for us are to use alternative non-degradable renewable energy resources such as tidal and solar and geothermal and so on. That is the answer. It's a complex answer not a simple answer. Its task for industry, for agriculture, in all walks of life, for individuals, for families. It's a responsibility. Thank you for asking the question. I hope you help to find the answer. >> Dr. Broder: We have a question over here. Sir, would you please stand? >> Male: I appreciate your talk and the educational component to it. If we are not able to limit ourselves and economize our energy usage, what are our consideration or have you considered population control or questions concerning that? >> Dr. Hillel: Yes. Well, population control is evidently being achieved without coercion in many countries. It seems that the best... to borrow a phrase... the best contraceptive is an improved quality of life. That prosperity brings about of itself the control of the population growth. And, that the greatest population growth occurs where the countries are poorest. Take some of the countries in Africa, for example. Take Egypt, for example. I happen to know the exact statistic for Egypt. Early in the 19th century, there was a census, the 1st modern census of population in Egypt and the population then was found to be, was published 1805, the population of Egypt was under 3 million, it was 2 and 3/4 million. What do you think it is today? You want to guess? >> Male: 80. >> Dr. Hillel: Say? >> Male: About 89. >> Dr. Hillel: About 85, yes. It's approaching 90 and it is projected to approach 100 million unless population control is how somehow is achieved and not achieved by decree or by coercion but by a process of development. Prosperity, apparently, is the best way to achieve a higher quality of life as well as control of population growth. So, that's a major task. I only gave Egypt as an example. I didn't mean to single out that country but it is representative of many other countries in the developing world where population growth should be a cause of concern and curtailed to the extent possible and if possible without coercion without any kind of totalitarian control, that is not what I'm implying; but by a process improved quality of life. >> Dr. Broder: Dr. Hillel, we so appreciate you giving this presentation today and on behalf of the College and University we have a small token gift for you and in here is a piece of clay pottery that was from Georgia clay and it has in there some grass seeds that we developed in Tifton that, I think, revolutionized the turf industry in the world. So, it is a special gift we want you to have this and take it back with you. Again, we thank you for your presentation. [Dr. Broder gives Dr. Hillel a red gift bag] Let's give him a round of applause. [Applause] And with that, we do have to get, I guess, to the president's home. We thank you for coming and keep us in mind for next year's lecture. Thank you. >> Dr. Hillel: Thank you so much. © 2012 University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Today is a historical day for us all. We just answered the World's call, and history's call to gather here, and start a new movement. Why do I call it "new"? Because there's no precedent of such an event like this. Since last night, folks were already discussing over Twitter. Who will lead? Who will be the contact person for the media? There is no contact person. We are all contact persons here. So if journalists want to interview a source, everyone here is a 99%. Same with those police officers and security guards, they all have small salaries, they are a part of the 99%. Whether they are aware or not that's another case. That is why we gather here to raise our awareness. Nobody is the leader. Everybody is a leader and a follower. This is a new system. We are still unfamiliar with it and maybe still a bit reluctant. This is about organizing ourselves with a new approach. Yes, we must learn. There is no easy formula for this. We're going to occupy this spot every day. Hopefully we can continue to do this. Our message is the same, we are the 99% and we are here to occupy. Well, we just had a quarrel not that long ago. And this is definitely not an easy path. If this struggle is easy then we have probably solved it long ago. Why would we need to gather? This struggle is difficult, that's why we need to gather here. And for that we must keep learning. That friend before protested that we are drinking Aqua. Why are we just making the Danone company richer? I reckon that friend should step up here and enlighten us. Please, let us know why? I have 18 minutes to tell you what happened over the past six million years. All right. We all have come from a long way, here in Africa, and converged in this region of Africa, which is a place where 90 percent of our evolutionary process took place. And I say that not because I am African, but it's in Africa that you find the earliest evidence for human ancestors, upright walking traces, even the first technologies in the form of stone tools. So we all are Africans, and welcome home. All right. I'm a paleoanthropologist, and my job is to define man's place in nature and explore what makes us human. And today, I will use Selam, the earliest child ever discovered, to tell you a story of all of us. Selam is our most complete skeleton of a three-year-old girl who lived and died 3.3 million years ago. She belongs to the species known as Australopithecus afarensis. You don't need to remember that. That's the Lucy species, and was found by my research team in December of 2000 in an area called Dikika. It's in the northeastern part of Ethiopia. And Selam means peace in many Ethiopian languages. We use that name to celebrate peace in the region and in the planet. And the fact that it was the cover story of all these famous magazines gives you already an idea of her significance, I think. After I was invited by TED, I did some digging, because that's what we do, to know about my host. You don't just jump into an invitation. And I learned that the first technology appeared in the form of stone tools, 2.6 million years ago. First entertainment comes evidence from flutes that are 35,000 years old. And evidence for first design comes 75,000 years old -- beads. And you can do the same with your genes and track them back in time. And DNA analysis of living humans and chimpanzees teaches us today that we diverged sometime around seven million years ago and that these two species share over 98 percent of the same genetic material. I think knowing this is a very useful context within which we can think of our ancestry. However, DNA analysis informs us only about the beginning and the end, telling us nothing about what happened in the middle. So, for us, paleoanthropologists, our job is to find the hard evidence, the fossil evidence, to fill in this gap and see the different stages of development. Because it's only when you do that, that you can talk about -- (Laughter) -- it's only when you do that, [that] you can talk about how we looked like and how we behaved at different times, and how those likes and looks and behaviors changed through time. That then gives you an access to explore the biological mechanisms and forces that are responsible for this gradual change that made us what we are today. But finding the hard evidence is a very complicated endeavor. It's a systematic and scientific approach, which takes you to places that are remote, hot, hostile and often with no access. Just to give you an example, when I went to Dikika, where Selam was found, in '99 -- and it's about 500 kilometers from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. It took us only seven hours to do the first 470 kilometers of the 500, but took four, solid hours to do the last only 30 kilometers. With the help of the locals and using just shovels and picks, I made my way. I was the first person to actually drive a car to the spot. When you get there, this is what you see, and it's the vastness of the place which makes you feel helpless and vulnerable. And once you make it there, the big question is where to start. (Laughter) And you find nothing for years and years. When I go to places like this, which are paleontological sites, it's like going to a game park, an extinct game park. But what you find are not the human remains, such as Selam and Lucy, on a day-to-day basis. You find elephants, rhinos, monkeys, pigs, etc. But you could ask, how could these large mammals live in this desert environment? Of course, they cannot, but I'm telling you already that the environment and the carrying capacity of this region was drastically different from what we have today. A very important environmental lesson could be learned from this. Anyway, once we made it there, then it's a game park, as I said, an extinct game park. And our ancestors lived in that game park, but were just the minorities. They were not as successful and as widespread as the Homo sapiens that we are. To tell you just an example, an anecdote about their rarity, I was going to this place every year and would do fieldwork here, and the assistants, of course, helped me do the surveys. They would find a bone and tell me, "Here is what you're looking for." I would say, "No, that's an elephant." Again, another one, "That's a monkey." "That's a pig," etc. So one of my assistants, who never went to school, said to me, "Listen, Zeray. You either don't know what you're looking for, or you're looking in the wrong place," he said. (Laughter) And I said, "Why?" "Because there were elephants and lions, and the people were scared and went somewhere else. Let's go somewhere else." Well, he was very tired, and it's really tiring. It was then, after such hard work and many frustrating years that we found Selam, and you see the face here covered by sandstone. And here is actually the spinal column and the whole torso encased in a sandstone block, because she was buried by a river. What you have here seems to be nothing, but contains an incredible amount of scientific information that helps us explore what makes us human. This is the earliest and most complete juvenile human ancestor ever found in the history of paleoanthropology, an amazing piece of our long, long history. There were these three people and me, and I am taking the pictures, that's why I am not in. How would you feel if you were me? You have something extraordinary in your hand, but you are in the middle of nowhere? The feeling I had was a deep and quiet happiness and excitement, of course accompanied by a huge sense of responsibility, of making sure everything is safe. Here is a close-up of the fossil, after five years of cleaning, preparation and description, which was very long, as I had to expose the bones from the sandstone block I just showed you in the previous slide. It took five years. In a way, this was like the second birth for the child, after 3.3 million years, but the labor was very long. And here is full scale -- it's a tiny bone. And in the middle is the minister of Ethiopian tourism, who came to visit the National Museum of Ethiopia while I was working there. And you see me worried and trying to protect my child, because you don't leave anyone with this kind of child, even a minister. So then, once you've done that, the next stage is to know what it is. (Laughter) Once that was done, then it was possible to compare. We were able to tell that she belonged to the human family tree because the legs, the foot, and some features clearly showed that she walked upright, and upright walking is a hallmark in humanity. But in addition, if you compare the skull with a comparably aged chimpanzee and little George Bush here, you see that you have vertical forehead. And you see that in humans, because of the development of the pre-frontal cortex, it's called. You don't see that in chimpanzees, and you don't see this very projecting canine. So she belongs to our family tree, but within that, of course, you do detailed analysis, and we know now that she belongs to the Lucy species, known as Australopithecus afarensis. The next exciting question is, girl or boy? And how old was she when she died? You can determine the sex of the individual based on the size of the teeth. How? You know, in primates, there is this phenomenon called sexual dimorphism, which simply means males are larger than females and males have larger teeth than the females. But to do that, you need the permanent dentition, which you don't see here, because what you have here are the baby teeth. But using the CT scanning technology, which is normally used for medical purposes, you can go deep into the mouth and come up with this beautiful image showing you both the baby teeth here and the still-growing adult teeth here. So when you measure those teeth, it was clear that she turned out to be a girl with very small canine teeth. And to know how old she was when she died, what you do is you do an informed estimate, and you say, how much time would be required to form this amount of teeth, and the answer was three. So, this girl died when she was about three, 3.3 million years ago. So, with all that information, the big question is -- what do we actually -- what does she tell us? To answer this question, we can phrase another question. What do we actually know about our ancestors? We want to know how they looked like, how they behaved, how they walked around, and how they lived and grew up. And among the answers that you can get from this skeleton are included: first, this skeleton documents, for the first time, how infants looked over three million years ago. And second, she tells us that she walked upright, but had some adaptation for tree climbing. And more interesting, however, is the brain in this child was still growing. At age three, if you have a still-growing brain, it's a human behavior. In chimps, by age three, the brain is formed over 90 percent. That's why they can cope with their environment very easily after birth -- faster than us, anyway. But in humans, we continue to grow our brains. That's why we need care from our parents. But that care means also you learn. You spend more time with your parents. And that's very characteristic of humans and it's called childhood, which is this extended dependence of human children on their family or parents. So, the still-growing brain in this individual tells us that childhood, which requires an incredible social organization, a very complex social organization, emerged over three million years ago. So, by being at the cusp of our evolutionary history, Selam unites us all and gives us a unique account on what makes us human. But not everything was human, and I will give you a very exciting example. This is called the hyoid bone. It's a bone which is right here. It supports your tongue from behind. It's, in a way, your voice box. It determines the type of voice you produce. It was not known in the fossil record, and we have it in this skeleton. When we did the analysis of this bone, it was clear that it looked very chimp-like, chimpanzee-like. So if you were there 3.3 million years ago, to hear when this girl was crying out for her mother, she would have sounded more like a chimpanzee than a human. Maybe you're wondering, "So, you see this ape feature, human feature, ape feature. What does that tell us?" You know, that is very exciting for us, because it demonstrates that things were changing slowly and progressively, and that evolution is in the making. To summarize the significance of this fossil, we can say the following. Up to now, the knowledge that we had about our ancestors came essentially from adult individuals because the fossils, the baby fossils, were missing. They don't preserve well, as you know. So the knowledge that we had about our ancestors, on how they looked like, how they behaved, was kind of biased toward adults. Imagine somebody coming from Mars and his job is to report on the type of people occupying our planet Earth, and you hide all the babies, the children, and he goes back and reports. Can you imagine how much biased his report would be? That's what somehow we were doing so far in the absence of the fossil children, so I think the new fossil fixes this problem. So, I think the most important question at the end is, what do we actually learn from specimens like this and from our past in general? Of course, in addition to extracting this huge amount of scientific information as to what makes us human, you know, the many human ancestors that have existed over the past six million years -- and there are more than 10 -- they did not have the knowledge, the technology and sophistications that we, Homo sapiens, have today. But if this species, ancient species, would travel in time and see us today, they would very much be very proud of their legacy, because they became the ancestors of the most successful species in the universe. And they were probably not aware of this future legacy, but they did great. Now the question is, we Homo sapiens today are in a position to decide about the future of our planet, possibly more. So the question is, are we up to the challenge? And can we really do better than these primitive, small-brained ancestors? Among the most pressing challenges that our species is faced with today are the chronic problems of Africa. Needless to list them here, and there are more competent people to talk about this. Still, in my opinion, we have two choices. One is to continue to see a poor, ill, crying Africa, carrying guns, that depends on other people forever, or to promote an Africa which is confident, peaceful, independent, but cognizant of its huge problems and great values at the same time. I am for the second option, and I'm sure many of you are. And the key is to promote a positive African attitude towards Africa. That's because we Africans concentrate -- I am from Ethiopia, by the way -- we concentrate too much on how we are seen from elsewhere, or from outside. I think it's important to promote in a more positive way on how we see ourselves. That's what I call positive African attitude. So finally, I would like to say, so let's help Africa walk upright and forward, then we all can be proud of our future legacy as a species. Thank you. (Applause) [Britain's Got Talent Theme Song] Very best of luck off you go. OK. Thank you. [Audience cheers] Simon: Just when you thought things couldn't be getting worse. Hello. Charlotte: Hi Jonathan: Hi Cowell: Hi, how are you? Charlotte: I'm fine thanks, how are you? Simon: Good. Nice to met you. What's your act called? Charlotte: Charlotte & Jonathan Simon: Charlotte & Jonathan? Okay, how old are you both? Charlotte: I'm 16 Jonathan: And I'm 17. Cowell: OK. And and you thought the combination would work, whose idea was it? Charlotte: It was our singing teacher's, actually. She thought it would be good to try us out together. And we both sounded quite good when we sang what we did. Simon: Ok. Your not saying much Jonathan? Are you shy? Jonathan: Ahhh.... sometimes. I've always had problems with my size, since, like, I can remember. And when I was in, sort of, primary school, it was back then that I really had sort of had the meat taken out of me and it kind of damaged my confidence quite a bit. When people would say something to me, it would take a little piece out of me in a sense. Charlotte: I'm quite protective of Jonathan like if someone if I was there and someone stood there and said something to him I wouldn't sit back I couldn't sit there with my mouth shut before you make a judgment on someone you really need to get to know them, It's not judging a book by it by cover book you have got to read what's inside. Jonathan: Charlotte has been a really big help for me in terms of confidence and making me a better performer and I really don't think I'd be going up on stage today if I didn't have Charlotte by my side. Simon: And do you think you could win? Charlotte: Ya, together, yes. Simon: Alright, good luck. Charlotte & Jonathan: Thank you Technician: Here we go. [Intro to "The Prayer sung by Celine Dion And Andrea Bocelli] [Jonathan & Charlotte singing in Italian] [Jonathan singing in Italian] Charlotte: We ask that life be kind. [Jonathan singing in Italian] Charlotte: And watch us from above [Jonathan singing in Italian] Charlotte: We hope each soul will find [Jonathan singing in Italian] Charlotte: Another soul to love Jonathan & Charlotte: Let this be our prayer Charlotte: Let this be our prayer. Jonathan: Just like every child. Charlotte: Just like every child. Jonathan & Charlotte: Needs to find a place, guide us with your grace so we'll be safe [Jonathan & Charlotte singing in Italian] Technician: Listen to that! Wow! Simon: Wow wow wow wow! Oh my god! Ummm... Alesha Alesha: It's not very often that it happens that you can move an audience like that. You sing beautifully together it was world class. Jonathan: Thank you very much. Thank you. Simon: David? David: A pop voice and an opera voice together, it was incredible! Simon: Ok this is what I think Charlotte, I think your good but Jonathan, you are unbelievable. Simon: And seriously, you have an outstandingly good voice. Jonathan: Thank you very much. Simon: How old are you? Jonathan: 17 Simon: I mean that's unbelievable. Jonathan, you are a future star. Jonathan: Thank you Simon: I like the fact that this works as a duo but I worry Charlotte whether you are gonna hold him back. Jonathan: Well, we have come on here as a duo and we are gonna stay here as a duo. Simon: Ok, David we'd better vote yes or no? David: Aww, such an easy decision. Yes. Jonathan: Thank you Amanda: Definitely, a yes from me. Amanda: Charlotte I think you voice compliments Jonathan is really well, so don't be disheartened. It's a yes from me. Simon: You know my head here would say to you, Jonathan dump her! [Audience "booo's"] And then my heart would say there was something kind of magical moments together as well. So, I'm gonna say Yes to the two of you, you got four yes. Charlotte: Thank you! Jonathan: Thank you! Technician: Yes! Well done! Simon: He's something like a Pavarotti that boy. I haven't heard a voice like that in years. Amanda: To be that young and that good. Technician: Simon is a massive fan of you, isn't he? Jonathan: Seems like he is Technician: That is the biggest response we had to date. Jonathan: Wow! Oh my god Charlotte: Wow! I got my pal. Do you think it could be life changing? Jonathan: Life changing well ya, to be honest. Charlotte: I think for you Jonathan: Yes. This is a pretty tricky question, which I'm going to answer in two phases. Let's just look at the 0.5 over here, 0.8 of that, which is 0.4, ends up over here, and 0.1 of this, which is 0.05 ends up over here. The reason why I write it so small is because this is not the correct answer quite yet. Let's look at the other 0.5. 0.4 goes two steps--1, 2--and ends up over here on the left side, but 0.1 falls short and makes the 0.05 over here 0.05 in the second grid cell. And interestingly enough, for the cell on the right side, there's two possibly ways you could've gotten there. Either by overshooting starting in the second cell, or undershooting starting in the right cell. So the total is the sum of these two things--0.1. This is the final answer: 0.4, 0.05, 0.05, 0.4, and 0.1. Text slide: Mark Ryan Anderson welcomes you back to the Simpkins Theatre Anderson: Hello from the Simpkins Theatre on the Macomb campus of Western illinois University I'm Mark Ryan. As an alum with the department of theatre and dance this old place might bring a few memories back for you. As a student following in your footsteps I wanted to take a moment to personally thank you for considering making a gift to the department. You may choose to benefit any or all of the departments scholarships or make an unrestricted gift to the department of theatre and dance direct funds were they are needed most. Gifts of all sizes are both needed and appreciated and truely have an impact on current students like me. On behalf of my fellow students of the department who stand to benefit from your gift. Thank you for making our own memories possible through your generosity. text slide: wiu.com/giving Let's get started. The first thing I need is to come up with a dictionary of all the words. Now, we've created a small file with about 4,000 words in it, called "word4k.txt." Let's take that file, read it, convert it to uppercase, because Scrabble with Words with Friends use only uppercase letters, split it into a list of words, assign that to a global variable-- we'll call it WORDS and put it in all uppercase, just make sure that it stands out. Let's make this a set so that access to it is easy. We can figure out very quickly whether a word is in the dictionary. Okay, so now we're done. We have our words. Then I want to find all the words within a hand. So the hand will be seven letters, and I want to find all the words of seven letters or less that can be made out of those letters. I'm going start with a very straightforward approach, and then we're going to refine it over time. Here is what I've done. I haven't worried about repeating myself and about making the code long. I just wanted to make it straightforward. Then I said, the first letter a can be any letter in the hand. If that's a work, then go ahead and add that to my set of results. I start off with an empty set of results, and I'm going to add as I go. Otherwise, b can be any letter in the result of removing a from the hand. Now the word that I'm building up is a + b--two-letter word. If that's a word, add it. Otherwise, c can be any letter in the hand without w in it-- the remaining letters in the hand. A new word can is a + b + c. If that's in WORDS, then add it, and we just keep on going through, adding a letter each time, checking to see if that's in the WORDS, adding them up. Here's my definition of removed. It takes a hand or a sequence of letters and then the letter or letters to remove. For each of those letters just replace the letter in the collection of letters with the empty string and do that exactly once, so don't remove all of them. Then return the remaining letters. Does it work? Well, if I find words with this sequence of letters in my hand, it comes back with this list. That looks pretty good. It's hard for me to verify right now that I found everything that's in my dictionary, but it looks good, and I did a little bit of poking around in the dictionary for likely things, and all the words I could think of that weren't in this set were not in the dictionary. That's why they weren't included. That's looks pretty good. I'm going to be doing a lot of work here, and I'm going to be modifying this function and changing it. I'd like to have a better set of tests than just one test.  I'm on that good kush and alcohol I got some down bitches I can call I don't know what I would do without y'all Imma ball 'til the day I fall (ball, ball, ball, ball) Yeah, long as my bitches love me (Yeah, yeah) (Yeah, yeah) I can give a fuck 'bout no hater Long as my bitches love me Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, I can give a fuck 'bout no nigga Long as these bitches love me Uh, pussy ass nigga stop hating Lil Tunechi got that fire And these hoes love me like Satan, man! Yeah, fuck with me and get bodied And all she eat is dick She's on a strict diet, that's my baby With no makeup she a ten And she the best with that head Even better than Karrine She don't want money She want the time we could spend She said, "Cause I really need somebody So tell me you're that somebody" Girl, I fuck who I want and fuck who I don't Got that A1 credit and that fillet mignon She said, "I never wanna make you mad I just wanna make you proud." I said, "Baby just make me cum, Then don't make a sound." I'm on that good kush and alcohol (Yeah) I got some down bitches I can call I don't know what I would do without y'all Imma ball 'til the day I fall Yeah, long as my bitches love me Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah I can give a fuck 'bout no hater Long as my bitches love me Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, I can give a fuck 'bout no niggas Long as these bitches love me Uh, real nigga fuck these haters These hoes got pussies like craters Can't treat these hoes like ladies, man! Pussy, money, weed, codeine She say my dick feel like morphine I hope my name taste like sardines to these niggas She wake up, eat this dick Call that breakfast in bed 69, 96 I feel her heartbeat I chest to chest with this bitch Now turn around, face down I'm arrestin' this bitch Yeah, all my bitches love me And I love all my bitches But it's like as soon as I cum I come to my senses And I would say these hoes' names But then I would be snitching And these haters try to knock me But they can't knock me off the hinges, man! I'm on that good kush and alcohol I got some down bitches I can call I don't know what I would do without y'all Imma ball 'til the day I fall Yeah, long as my bitches love me Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah I can give a fuck 'bout no hater Long as my bitches love me Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, I can give a fuck 'bout... I lost a few good bitches Met some more bad bitches And I be schooling them niggas Pose for your class picture Now kiss my ass if you hate I'm getting ass so I'm skating Yeah I lost a few good bitches Met some more bad bitches And I be schooling them niggas Pose for your class picture Now kiss my ass if you hate I'm getting ass so I'm skating Bitch I'm on that good kush and alcohol I got some down bitches I can call I don't know what I would do without y'all Imma ball 'til the day I fall Yeah, long as my bitches love me Yeah, yea Yeah, yeah I can give a fuck 'bout no hater Long as my bitches love me Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, yeah Yeah, I can give a fuck 'bout no niggas Long as these bitches love me Let's talk a little bit about why this project exists, what's it for, what's the philosophy and rationale. Some kind of concepts. What are we trying to accomplish here? Why did this project start five years ago? What were the goals? And what's it good for? What's it bad for? There were a couple of goals or desires. I think over time technology changes. And there's been changes in the hardware. So we're moving to a world with lots of parallelism, lots of cores, CPU cores, lots of servers, commodity servers, commodity networks, distributed computing, cloud computing. So it's sort of what should a database look like in this world? And how do we build a database that's constructed out of several servers instead of one server? So this was a driver. In addition, just a desire to be able to scale up without a big cost. So kind of the quote unquote, big data desire. And then also just to make app development easier and elegant. The relational is a technology that's 40 years old, products are 30 plus years old. And so we're talking about a technology that's probably the most successful piece of software technology in computing so far. Because it's outlasted everything else. But the development tools we use today, even the development methodologies we use, were invented later. So it's not automatic that there's going to be this super elegant coupling there between the way we write code today and relational databases, no matter how good they are, and have been in the past. So I like to think of it is sort of two main buckets, or maybe three buckets, because there's a sub item here, that's worth noting on its own, which is that data with a complex structure, unstructured, or just polymorphic, the structure varies a little bit object-to-object, can we easily deal with this sort of data. I think this is a key aspect too. So all of these three things are goals or values of the product in idealized form. So there's sort of scale, and scale easily, there's dev kind of speed or velocity. And we don't mean prototyping here, we need for serious projects, that are not just prototypes in the end. And then there's sort of ability to work with complex data, the data with the complex structure to it. So I think these are the three things that MongoDB gives us, that it helps us with. And these would be reasons you might want to use the product. And we can dive a little bit deeper on all of these. So I suppose you could think that these both have to do with application development ease, and speed, and quality. Because if I've dated, it's hard to represent in a certain tool, I can do it but I have to write more code, it takes longer. So in a way that makes development easier. So it's sort of in a way a sub item there. So let's talk about both of these. And let's go over on the scale part first. So traditionally, if we go back in time, and say we have a server here and it's too small. So we want much more capacity, whether it's disk, or ram, or CPU, we just want more horsepower here, either on the data volume or operations per second. And how to achieve that is the question. So how you would traditionally achieve this is you would scale vertically. So we would say, oh I have a solution, you want to 10 times bigger database, 10 times faster database in terms of throughput? Let's just buy a box 10 times bigger. And that is the classic way to solve the problem. So we just buy a bigger box. So buy a bigger Sun box. And before long, and sometimes, I know in my past we ended up having the biggest boxes Sun made. And we were running Oracle on them, and they work just fine, but they were big boxes and extremely expensive. And we did hit the biggest size they had. So then we had to start doing other things, like application level partitioning of our data on our own, manually, to get around fact that we couldn't buy a bigger box. So this is what you might call vertical scaling. So we can scale up vertically, and it's kind of the classical approach. It's very mainframe-ish. And then the alternative is to scale horizontally, is the term certain people use, or that most people use, including me. Which is to say, OK you've got a box, and you want to make a database 10 times bigger, well let's just add more boxes. And so this would be scaling horizontally. So conceptually, these 10 boxes together have as much capacity, or speed, or both as this big box. However there is a problem, which is these are separate servers. So they're going to be talking to each other over the network. And they're going to have to coordinate all the work. And it's more likely that one of these boxes go down than that this one does. In both cases we probably want some sort of fail over, and high availability it's an important system. But the probability that one of these goes down, anyone, is higher than the probability that this goes down simply because there's more of them. So we'll need to solve that aspect of it. And in addition it's just is it fast enough with all of this coordination happening over the network, and the potential for failures occurring over the network, nodes dropping. Generally, if you think about the big box over there, we don't need to design too much for a subsystem failure here. If this little piece here fails, our basic approach generally is to say the whole box is down. It's either up and everything in the box works, or if anything's broken, the box is down. So that would be a little oversimplified, perhaps, obviously RAlD is different. But there's a lot of components in the server, that would be true. Whereas over here, if we lose one of these, well we certainly don't want the whole cluster to be down then, because we add more and more boxes. Imagine there's 500 of them, one, will be failing all the time. If you have 1,000 servers, one will fail every day on average, if they're commodity servers. So we have to deal with that. We have to deal with failures of these operations that we're coordinating and in progress involving many servers. And we need it to be fast because we have significant latency between the servers over than the network. And in Mongo, we're really thinking of running across LANs and WANs, so Local Area Networks and Wide Area Networks. We're not generally running on proprietary, kind of low latency networks like InfiniBand or anything like that. So we'd like to be able to build large clusters that work on commodity hardware, and servers, and commodity networks, such as gigabyte ethernet. Now by commodity I just mean not proprietary, not mainframes, and things like that. Your commodity network might consists of all Cisco equipment running gigabyte ethernet. It might be fairly good equipment, but this is how I'm using the term. And likewise our commodity servers they're probably Intel based 64-bit servers in racks, and so forth. Each server might cost $10,000, $20,000, $5,000. But it's still commodity in the sense that it's not a giant Sun box, for example. So we'd like to be able to do this. But it turns out this is pretty hard to do in practice. And a sign that that might be true is just the fact that with full generalization, so if we do not make any assumptions, this isn't available. So it must be kind of hard then, I would assume, if no one's done it. So with full generality, Mono doesn't do it, but it takes a certain approach that can be useful for a lot of use cases. And that's what we're really trying to do here. It's like, how far can you get here and still have a good set of functionality. Because if we take out all the features, it will start to get easier. So if we create a distributed key value store, and it doesn't have any special features, just primary key to maybe opaque values, and you can't do operations that touch more than one object at a time. And maybe you don't have any transactions or anything like that at all. The problems is we start peeling those things back, and reducing functionality, problems are going to get easier and easier. But if it's too easy, or if we take out too many features, what we're left with just doesn't do that much. It doesn't solve a broad enough set of use cases for us to really replace a lot of what we used our traditional databases for. So that was kind of the thinking on the project. It's like, well how far can we get, how much can we do, and yet still gives the developer and the ops team tooling and an infrastructure that does a significant amount of stuff. So the way I like to think of it is a graph like this, where you've got features here, or depth of functionality. To the right is more features. And here we have kind of scale, or scale and speed, which are slightly different things. Ability to scale up without excessive difficulty or cost. So if a product doesn't have many features, it might scale pretty well. And if you have tons and tons of features, the problem may become hard. But the observation is that this curve is not linear. In other words, the thesis with Mongo is that there is a knee in this curve. So what you want to do is, this is the approach, push over to this knee, but no further. Because then you're just going to fall off, and you're going to lose a ton of ability to scale, for example. So we think there's a sort of 80-20 split. Where you kind of get 80% of the features and maintain this ability to scale out. But if you go further, the problem just becomes intractable. And traditional databases are extremely rich in functionality and features. And it's just unbelievable how deep the functionality is in some of those products. But we'd like to get as far over to here as we can. So over here you might imagine having something like memcached. So key-value store distributed, not persistent. So hopefully we can make that scale out and be fast. Because we've really push left on the features. And it can be quite useful when use for the right things. Over here we may have some sort of super high feature RDBMS. And here conceptually is MongoDB. So when you look at all the products in the NoSQL space, I feel like they're somewhere in here. Because if you go further, you can't scale out. And that's kind of a core concept in this so-called NoSQL space. Which is a strange name, but I think we're stuck with at this point. And then the products will be at various points here in terms of how much functionality they have. Some MongoDB definitely at the high end of the functionality side in this space. And we'll talk about later what that means, and what varies product to product. But the basic idea is that we kind of like these things, in a way. And we kind of like those features. So we'd like to keep what we can there. We would like to keep ad hoc queries, we'd like to keep secondary indexes, we'd like to keep some notion of transactions, even if it's in microcosm because those are useful. But there's some things we're not going to be able to do just because the problem is too hard. So we're not going to do it. So I think the approach with MongoDB was let's leave out those couple of things which make scale out hard, or intractable, or impossible. And then the trick then, the creative part is then, how do we then, with those missing, create something that's actually useful for a large set of use cases? And without doing a lot of manual work. So that's kind of what we're trying to do here. If we talk about this NoSQL space, what does this mean really? So this is what some people say, NoSQL, not only SQL. So it's a bit of a strange name that was coined by someone in the, I think, in 2009. But it's better to have a name that to have no name. We could say big data, but big data is a super set. And also there's aspects of these products, like MongoDB which aren't about the big part. They're about things like making development faster, and better, and easier. So I think these products are trying to do things MongoDB is doing. Some of them emphasize the scale size more than the development side. With MongoDB, trying to kind of solve for both at the same time. Which is obviously hard, but I think makes sense. So what we've found is that if you try to build databases that can scale horizontally, where we can build large clusters. So I want to take 10 servers, and I want to treat these as a cluster. And logically from the point of view of the client, or user, or an application talking to, it looks like one machine. I can think of it as a single machine. I don't have to do a lot of coordination and special work on my side here as the client app. So that's kind of the goal there on the scale outside. So it's sort of how do we make these machines all work together efficiently and reliably. And then it's sort of, OK, and let's keep adding machines. So maybe I had 10 machines, maybe I had 4, or maybe I have 1,000. Does it still work well? So that is the challenge. And, in my view, on the scaling side, most of the problem. So we've got a lot of servers here that are talking to each other. So what's the problem? We want to do a database operation on this cluster. Why is it non-trivial to do this? Well, first of all, we just need to know where all the data lives. We wouldn't necessarily, if we have our little app down here-- if we want to fetch a single record-- want to ask every single machine in the cluster for that record. One of them has it and returns it. That wouldn't be very efficient. So that's one problem. But a couple of things that turn out to be harder than that and more on the kind of intractable category if we don't make any simplifying assumptions are two things. One would be joins. And the second would be complex transactions. So if you imagine a fairly complex SQL statement, there could be multiple joins therein. And the server is joining together many, many rows of data to present an answer back to our client up here. And unless we did something clever here, those different rows in a relational database would probably be living on different servers here. So you can imagine a query where, maybe it joins together 30 rows and presents some result to us. And they're from multiple tables. Maybe it's from three tables. Those rows could be throughout the cluster. We need to get that all together. We're going to have to talk to 30 machines, potentially, to get that answer back. And you could imagine scaling that up in terms of more rows and more tables, and then what happens. Now of course, you might say, well, can't we put some of that data together on the same server. And of course, we can, but then we're starting to make some assumptions. So if we said, I want to do just a star schema, like in a data warehouse, we could then start making some assumptions about the schema. And that would help us a lot. So if you said, I'm going to have one big table, my fact table. And then I'm going to have a few dimension tables, which is kind of what you do in a star schema and a relational data warehouse. Well, we might say, well, let's just partition this up among the servers. And then, these little dimension tables are small, so let's just keep a copy of those on every server. So that would work. And some of the relational data warehouses do this, actually, because they tend to scale out better horizontally than, I think, the transactional relational databases in general, because they can make some of these assumptions. But if we can't make those assumptions and we want to be more generalized, then it turns out the problem gets to be rather hard. And part of the problem is just the time to send a message from one server to another is pretty significant, compared to just grabbing something from RAM on our own server. So even if that's half a millisecond, there might be a lot of work going on to compose a result, talking to many servers. It'll add up. So in practice empirically, I think what people found is that when you try to build these things, it's fairly challenging. So joins is the first thing there. The second thing is these complex transactions. So transactions are super useful. It's one of the big ideas in databases. But if you think about it, imagine this cluster is 1,000 servers. And we're going to do a fairly large transaction. We're going to touch some data on, maybe let's say it's 1,000 servers. This particular transaction maybe touches data on 150 servers. Maybe it's touching 500 rows of data on 150 servers. Well, if you think about, we need to-- at the end of that process-- sort of all or nothing commit that operation. We're going to want isolation, atomicity of all this work to be coordinated. And I want to be able to do a rollback at the end of all this stuff, if I so choose. And I need concurrency control. It gets hard. If we want to do a distributive transaction and we only need to touch two servers, it's not too bad. We can just do a two-phase commit then, and we're good. But that doesn't really scale up to this 100-server transaction with speed. So complex transactions in a distributed environment is quite difficult, too. So with MongoDB, the thinking was, well, these look like hard problems to us, these two problems. So let's not do those things. So we don't have any clever solution to these two problems in a distributed computing environment. Instead, what we're going to try to do is create something that doesn't have these two things that is still quite useful. And then there's a question, well, what do you do then? Because if we just take a relational database and we leave these things out, it becomes not super useful then. Because the power kind of disappeared then. So can we create something with some power, or significant power, that doesn't have these two things? That is the question. And how would you go about that? So the first thought was, well, if we don't have joins, we better not do relational. Because joins are essential. So this implies a different data model. And then the question is, can we choose something that still has a good amount of power and also fits well with the way we code today and our development methodologies today? If you can imagine just doing a straightforward key value store, as they call them, which you think of kind of as a persistent hash map, perhaps. Well, that's not relational, but it doesn't do much. You've got primary key to value, a set of those. And get set by primary key-- get by k set kv. OK, that's nice, but I can't do all that much then without running a lot of code myself. So we want more than that. And then it's sort of, well, what should that data model be, given the way we want to code today? So the approach in MongoDB is to do what we call a document-oriented database. And by documents here, we don't mean Word documents or text documents. We mean documents with some structure. So kind of like an XML document. However, the feeling was, for development XML might not be ideal. It's rather complex to look at as a human-- even as a programmer to look at and quickly parse out. So we thought, well, what else would make sense that is document-oriented? And the answer was JSON, which stands for JavaScript Object Notation. And so this is a form of a document-oriented database. JSON documents are documents in the notion that we're talking about here. So we found that had a lot of nice properties that we liked. JSON, it looks like code, at least in a lot of programming languages. So it looks like code in C or Java, for example. So this looks very much like a C struct or a Java struct, or particularly like a JavaScript struct, since JavaScript uses JSON. So JavaScript Object Notation, this is a syntax of documents in JavaScript. But in addition, JSON is language-independent. So there's an RFC standard for JSON itself, which is independent of JavaScript. And we can use JSON beyond that. And it is used beyond that quite a bit. So that's nice. So we have a standard for this. It's language-independent. And it maps pretty nicely to a lot of the programming languages we use and the way they store object-style data. I think the Mongo philosophy is, we'd like an easy way to store object-style data, since a lot of programming languages today are object-oriented, yet we don't want to tie the data we're storing too tightly to the code of our application. We want to separate the data from the code. I should be able to go read this without reading your program is the philosophy. So we don't want to be storing lots of class names and inherit entire hierarchies and methods and so forth. We want the data of the objects. So if you take the data out of objects, I feel like what you end up with are this notion of documents that we're talking about here. And JSON is a good, kind of standard way to represent those. In addition, something else that's very important here is if we're not going to do the joins over here, well, maybe we can sort of pre-join or not pull apart or not normalize that as the data in the first place, alleviating some of the need for the joins. So if we look at this here, OK, how would we store this in a relational database? Well, we'd probably use multiple tables. So we'd first have our table. I'll call it T. Which is our first table. And XY. Well, first we might have some primary key column. I'll call that P. And then XY. So we had 3 abc and some key for it. And then the Z thing, since this is an array, it would likely be another table after we normalize. So here we might have which P this array element belongs to. And then the actual value of the elements. So, let's give this document or row a name. I'll name it on both sides. I'll give it the ID of Q33. Just like some part number, for example. So over here, Q33. Over here, Q33 1. Q33 2. OK. So if we ignore this part for now, just keep it simple, we now have a representation over here of this document that's over here on this side. So we have this table T. This table TZ. Three rows, two tables, represent this document. So the idea here is that by not breaking this up into multiple entities, or rows, we can not do the join, yet maybe still get this data all at once. And that's what we do in Mongo. So this data would all be stored together. So in Mongo, a document is your basic unit of storage. It's your equivalent of a record. However, they can be pretty rich. Because these are less rich, for example. There can be nesting, so they get even richer, as we'll see. But this will all be stored together. So a Mongo document is stored as a unit. This is all stored together and not broken apart, normalization style. And thus we don't have the joins, which we still might need or want to have. But at least here I could do the operation, give me this document. Give me the document with ID Q33. So I could do that query over here. Over here, it might be something like select star from where. And then I'd do the join. T.P equals TZ.P. OK. That's it. So I'd like to be able to do this operation over here, which is just give me this document. And where ID equals Q33. Here I called it P. So over here we'll call it P. Give me document Q33. So in Mongo, we can do that operation. Because we don't have joins, but we didn't break it up in the first place. So we can get it. So in the Mongo shell-- and we'll talk about the Mongo shell in a minute, and what that means, and what it's used for-- the Mongo administrative shell, the syntax might be db dot our table name. Here it was T. Over here, let's see, these are parts. We would do something like this. Give me documents from the parts collection where ID is Q equals Q33. So we can do this operation in Mongo, which doesn't seem that complicated. But this is kind of important. Because if we had broken this up and we didn't have joins, we'd have to do this client side. We'd have to do client side linking, which is a pattern you use in Mongo application development. But you'll use it some percentage of the time. Often the data is already sort of pre-joined, if you will. And it's sort of like what we might call embedding is the term you'll see used a lot of Mongo for this. This notion of embedding, or containment. So it's pretty natural, once you start thinking a little bit in terms of objects or entities, rather than in rows. So obviously, in programming it looks very normal. But in a database, if we've been doing a lot of relational, it looks a little different. You'll also see here-- you'll probably notice some other things here, such as this query, the syntax. We actually used JSON again, not only to store our data, but also to represent the query. So in Mongo, queries are represented as JSON. So the Mongo query language is basically built out of JSON also. So we're both storing JSON documents. We're also representing queries in Mongo as JSON. And more specifically in Mongo-- this will lead to our next topic-- we store things in BSON, which stands for binary JSON. And we'll talk about that next as a concept and why Mongo does that. I think philosophically, you can think of it as a JSON-style database, or a JSON database, or a document-oriented database using JSON. Internally, we're using BSON, which has some interesting implications. All right. Are you with me? It's time to push forward into uncharted territory. We're going to go out of the first quadrant. When we look at our axis like this. Remember we called this the first quadrant, this the second, the third and the fourth. So far everything has been between 0 and 90° and we found that all of our trig functions have been positive. I could take the sine of an angle, the cosine of an angle, the tangent of an angle. It didn't matter--all of these trig functions are positive. Let's see what happens if we go into new quadrants. For example, let's look at this angle in the second quadrant. So now we're looking at this entire angle. Now I want to know--what is the sine of that angle or the cosine of that angle, but first let me tell you what the angle is. This angle has 3π/4 radians--now, what I do in these situations is I still make my right triangle relative to this x axis baseline--we can think of it as. Now you go to Google and type these in. I know this is sort of a menial task, but there's a good reason to type these in, get an answer and tell me what you get. We live in a world full of electronic devices. What makes them tick are the chips inside them. Imagine you're shooting a video, a phone call comes in a wipes out all you data. This could have been cause by a hardware bug. Fortunately we have tools to build dependable hardware. Think about a bridge. For a complex structure like this you first have to plan it. Then we model it and simulate it. All to avoid bridge failure. Now imagine you are building a chip for a smartphone. You have to think about things like touch. You also have to think about things like power consumption. On top of this you have to consider how all of these components interact. Modeling a chips requires electrical engineering skills. However, modeling a verification environment requires computer science skills. In our class we teach you what it take to develop software to verify hardware. Come join us and learn how to verify hardware in an effective manner! "The Path of the Just" The work of the great Kabbalist, R' Moshe Chaim Luzzato- known as "the Ramchal" - A book of lesser quantity but higher quality that teaches man how to shape his character and look at life in the right way. Rabbi Zamir Cohen teaching lessons from "The Path of the Just" we will G-d willing learn the 9th chapter of "the Path of the Just" in which he analyzes what may cause a person to lose out on one of the important virtues from the ladder of divine service that we saw in R' Pinchas Ben Yair's teachings how to go up in the spiritual work from level to level,and right now he is up to the attribute of zeal which he introduced in the previous chapter-and explained that there are 2 kinds of zeal- there's zeal in which a person must be quick in order to execute a good deed- and not push it off until he later loses out on the opportunity, and the second type of zeal is after he has started the action, to complete it in a quick manner and to do it in a good and proper way and not to weaken his excitement after he has started and say- I'll finish it later - and at the end, he doesn't complete the positive act that he was supposed to do-and there he elaborates "concerning the factors which detract from zeal and the withdrawing of oneself from them," says the Ramchal- "the factors which inhibit Zeal are those which promote laziness. " meaning the same factors that promote laziness in a person are the same as those that inhibit zeal "The greatest of these is the desire for physical rest- aversion to exertion - "and the love of pleasures to their very limits. " meaning- the root of everything is when a person trains himself mistakingly to want to always be rested, that everything should be pleasurable and that he shouldn't exert himself with anything- what is the meaning of"love of pleasures to their very limits" ? meaning- he wants to enjoy fully without troubling himself too much- that's what he accustoms himself to the truth is that our generation, which has characteristics of indulgence in the world- the young generation gets used to lack of work and effort- they just want things to come on their own, they want everything to just work out-and that's how people become lethargic. he says that the desire for bodily rest, and the hatred of effort- it comes to a point where he despises effort "love of pleasures to their very limits" ? he wants that which gives him pleasure in a perfect way so he says this is actually the root of the problem-why? "because a person like this will certainly be greatly burdened by the divine service" this type of person will have a hard time putting effort in his spiritual work before his Creator- he will feel lethargic and lack of desire- "For one who wishes to eat his meal with complete relaxation and peacefulness "and to sleep without being disturbed-" meaning he wants to sleep until he feels like getting up on his own-but he won't be willing - (if he slept a little late because of a wedding or event the night before) and the time to say the "Shma" in the morning will elapse- he doesn't feel like getting up now- why? because he accustoms himself to indulgence and pleasures "and to walk only at a leisurely pace" instead of moving fast to get things done, he wants to walk slowly and let the whole world wait- "and so forth - such a person " "will find it extremely difficult to wake up for morning services-or to cut his dinner short "so as to pray the afternoon service-" it's almost sundown- he might miss "mincha" he has to finish eating fast- but no, he's sluggish right now- "or to go out to perform a mitzvah if the time does not suit him" meaning if the time doesn't suit him in all aspects to go out and perform a mitzva, if he has a small difficulty or he needs to exert himself a bit- it's not for him. "How much more hesitant will he be to rush himself for a mitzvah or for Torah study!" "One who accustoms himself to these practices is not in control to do the opposite when he so desires," "for his will is bound with habit, which becomes second nature to him" whoever pays attention to the wording here, he describes that there's a person who is his own master and there's a person who is no longer his own master-a person who trains himself to be zealous is a his own master, why? because as soon as he decides that it's right to do something, or something needs to be done- he does it. Then there's a person who is not his own master, he's a slave to his eating and sleeping habits- he's a slave to his desires- one of the great leaders of Israel once said- it was common in the previous generation to call a person who does not observe Torah and mitzvot by the name " the free" today - it was changed to other names, they used to say - these are the "free ones" they would call themselves by the name "the free" , so the leader always said that a person who's free, is free to do what is correct to do-but as soon as someone says to you, I know there's a creator and I know the Torah is true-but what can I do? I'm free because I smoke on the Sabbath- I can't NOT smoke, and he doesn't notice the contradiction in his words- if you want to not smoke on the Sabbath- but you smoke because you're incapable- so you're not free you're actually a slave to your smoking habits, you're enslaved to all kinds of desires or other things which your inner will tells you it wants to do such an such because it's the truth- but you are compelled and submissive to other forces to do other things. "and whoever accustoms himself to these habits..." meaning- that everything is sluggish and not quick to do what needs to be done in the right time, but rather everything on a physical level will be perfect " is not in control to do the opposite when he so desires," even when he himself wants something else now- he's incapable. why? "for his will is bound with habit, which becomes second nature to him" he literally compares it to a prison, this person is in prison-because his Will, which does want to do the right thing- and in his opinion is the correct and proper thing to do, and must be done- but that Will is imprisoned. What kind of imprisonment? that of desires, heaviness, laziness etc. the question of course is how does one get out of it? "a person must know that he didn't come to this world in order to rest but rather work and toil" the starting point of getting out of the habit of heaviness of the world- we need to know that we are in this world - not to rest, but rather for work and toil. so when you know that now is not the time to rest- after 120 years, the Gemara says that the daughters of Rav Hisda saw him getting older- and he would sit for hours upon hours and learn Torah so they had mercy on him- he's an old man, he needs to sleep- they told him, father- go to sleep you're already learning for so many hours...so he replied, soon I will be sleeping for a very long time I will have a lot of time to sleep in the grave...let me take advantage of the time I have in this world in order to accomplish and initiate more..."a person must know that he didn't come to this world in order to rest but rather work and toil, He should conduct himself according to the manner of laborers who work for hire. As it was said: "We are day-laborers" meaning- a person's correct outlook on life should be that he is a laborer who is working for someone. this way he can't exactly decide for himself when to eat etc...there's a time to eat, a time to sleep, a time to rest and there's a boss who is telling me what to do." and according to the manner of soldiers in the battle-line, "who eat in haste, sleep only at irregular intervals and are always ready for attack." "and regarding this it is said , "A man is born to work." If one accustoms himself to this approach" "he will certainly find Divine service easy, for then he will not be lacking the proper attitude or preparation for it" A person who trains himself to have this conduct, where he's always ready to do what is right and necessary-he's not looking to be lazy- meaning he changes his outlook in his mind instead of looking for laziness and rest and indulgence and pleasures- he looks to do what is necessary. that's how he accustoms himself, "Our Sages have said "This is the way of Torah -" eat bread with salt, drink water by measure and sleep upon the ground." "This the main principle of removal from comforts and pleasures" this wording of our sages, "eat bread with salt etc..." is the bare minimum necessary in order to survive "and drink water by measure..." drink the amount you need to live, "sleep on the ground" a person needs to sleep but he doesn't need a luxurious bed but rather spreads something on the ground and sleeps there this mishna has a few definitions, the simple definition is that this is the the simple meaning of the Torah- that if you want to acquire Torah- then this is what you need to do. but there's another understanding that the intention of our sages is to say-that you should be prepared, even for this. meaning- if you have a good bed to sleep on, so sleep- if you have a good meal to eat, so eat but don't turn it into a condition in order to progress in the service of G-d- and say if I have all the pleasures and comforts then I'm ok- I'll go to Torah lectures, if not-I can't so it's saying: "this is the way of Torah" if you want to acquire Torah-be prepared even for salt and bread, water by measure, sleeping on the ground- a person who is prepared even for this, even when he has a bed to sleep on and a good meal to eat and he lives comfortably, he lives with the notion that this is not the purpose. because if it was up to me, I'd be willing to sleep on the floor, eat bread with water etc...because my goal in life is to advance myself in my spiritual work- and the main thing for me is Torah. This is what he's saying,"This the main principle of removal... this is the maximum removal.."from comforts and pleasures" this is the wording that our sages have said "Another deterrent to Zeal is apprehension and fear in relation to what time may bring," Beforehand he said- that a person who is looking for pleasures and comforts brings himself to heaviness and then he's not quick to do what's necessary. Another thing that deters from zeal is increasing fear- and the magnitude of fright- beyond what is demanded, regarding time and what it may produce" meaning- whatever is renewed with time and that which is produced with time...what does this mean? "so that at one time one will be afraid of cold or heat, or of accidents" at another of illnesses, at another of the wind, and so on and so forth" meaning- if he's constantly looking for all the aspects to be perfect, and only then will he do something- so he will be unsuccessful- as we've previously seen. But this person develops fears inside himself if it's too hot- he's afraid to go out, why? he may sweat and he doesn't want to sweat, if it's too cold he's afraid to go out - why? I might catch a cold, if there's wind or snow etc... every hardship that there is as things progress, he feels like he can't do anything until it's worked out. when the weather will be nice, when the conditions will be good, when there will nothing to fear, what is the difference between this and the first thing? the first deterrent is when a person is searching for pleasures and comforts even though all the surrounding conditions are perfect, but he's always searching for that which will give him more enjoyment and pleasures in this world the second thing he says is that that person is looking for the conditions to be good all around and he develops fear regarding those things. As was said by Solomon, "The lazy man says" 'There is a lion on the road, a lion between the ways" the lazy man who understands what needs to be done, he knows- this is correct and proper and his inner desire is to want to do-but he has all kinds ways of getting out of it and he even evades himself from what he has to do. "The lazy man says"'There is a lion on the road, a lion between the ways" I'm afraid to go out into the street- maybe a lion will be there- he gets into illusions, maybe something will happen- maybe "Our Sages pointed out the degrading nature of this trait, attributing it to sinners." meaning a man who is a sinner will eventually have these fears Scripture states "The sinners in Zion fear; a trembling has taken hold of the unGodly."One of our great men, "when he noticed one of his disciples being in a state of fear, said to him, "You are a sinner." he saw him being too fearful and stressed, so he said to him- you must have sinned.How did you get these fears of pressure from all kinds of things that are happening all around... the more a person knows he is doing the Will of G-d, the more his inner spirituality feels its going in the right direction the calmer he becomes. "regarding this it is said: "Trust in G-d and do good; dwell in the land and cultivate faith." meaning- this fear comes from two sides what he says regarding the fear and the sins going hand in hand is two things: either the sins bring on fear, or that the fear itself is considered a sin the fact that a person is fearful- is a sin in itself why? "Trust in G-d and do good; dwell in the land and cultivate faith." of course it doesn't mean a person should put himself in danger as he explains later on- that you need to be balanced with this he shouldn't take on risks and enter every situation without caring, rather-in the situtaions that do not call for fear- he should remove himself from the fears and enter the attribute of trust "a person should make himself rootless in the world and rooted in Divine service" he knows that this world is temporary - we leave it at the end and go to the spiritual world. "he should be content and able to get along with whatever comes his way" "he should take whatever comes his way" meaning whatever he is given from Heaven conditions that he can live with and sustain himself with- he should be content with them-"he should be far from rest and close to work and toil "and his heart should trust in G-d- and not fear the future and what it may bring" meaning he should put in logical and decent effort in a natural way, that he should have a livelihood, a place to live- and he should live with whatever comes his way and not look for grand and wonderous things that will get him luxury and pleasure. He must trust G-d that if it is His Will to make him rich, He will already find a way to give to him and make him wealthy. A person must put in his effort- there's a curse- "in the sweat of your brow you will eat bread" Adam was cursed- before then he didn't have to work the land grew wheat that was ready to eat, without the ten labors- and everything grew on its own-just like thorns grow by themselves after he sinned with the tree of knowledge, the land was cursed "thorn and spikes you shall grow" meaning- without work- it will only grow thorns that is not the world's natural state, this only came after the sin of Adam and if you want bread, a livelihood- "with the sweat of your brow you will eat bread" you need to work the land- put in effort, labor- so there's a curse- what can we do? after we were cursed- man had to put in his efforts in the matters of livelihood but not to exaggerate so much by looking for wealth etc. we must work in order to be sustained in a balanced way and trust G-d that if He wants to make me wealthy, He has his ways of turning me into a rich man "and he shall take that which comes to him" whatever is given to him from Heaven "he should be far from rest and close to work and toil meaning that he should exert himself in his spiritual service, not to fear or worry, "and his heart should trust in G-d- and not fear the future and what it may bring" meaning, says the Ramchal- one may come and ask- "Sages in all places have ordered that a man be especially attentive to his well-being and not put himself in danger even if he is righteous and a doer of good deeds," "All is in the hands of Heaven except colds and fever," All is in the hands of Heaven except colds and fever a cold or heat stroke, is something that is dependent on man meaning- a person can get himself into health risks if he doesn't watch his health like if a person dresses lightly in the winter and he's cold and says- it's all up to Heaven-it's not up to Heaven- you can cause yourself to catch a cold. Or if he goes on a trip in the summer and doesn't drink water and say- I trust that G-d will provide for me ... this is a mistake. It will endanger his life-when you go on a trip, you need to take all necessary measures to ensure that you will not be in danger "All is in the hands of Heaven except colds and fever" and the Torah states "Be very watchful of your selves" "all of which indicates that a person is not to extend trust in G-d in this area- even for a mitzvah" meaning- even when you go out to do a mitzva, you are not permitted to put yourself in danger but you should rather make sure that you are taken care of and protected so the Ramchal says- one may ask: what do you mean to tell me when you say, "be calm"? don't exert yourself in physical matters-but yet our Sages have warned us not to enter a dangerous situation- even for a mitzva "know that there are two kinds of fear. There is appropriate fear and there is foolish fear.There is confidence and there is recklessness" this is what we've explained eralier-that there are two types of people who fear one who fears that something might happen and makes himself stressed and anxious or a person who (rightfully) fears something which might actually happen he explains: "G-d has granted man sound intelligence and judgment "so he may follow the right path and protect himself from the dangers that were created to punish evildoers" there are things in the world that are damaging but have a purpose to punish those that are not all right. and every man has to be careful not to put himself in these dangers- he should be cautious of all this so he doesn't fall. "One who allows himself not to be guided by wisdom and exposes himself to dangers is not displaying trust, but is rather displaying recklessness" A person who endangers his life and runs into the street while cars are passing he can't say - if G-d wants me to live, He will make sure I don't get hit by these cars G-d wants you to live but he won't change the laws of nature for you if you choose to put your life in danger. So this is something that a person truly needs to watch and be cautious of (as it says) "Be very watchful of your selves" "One who allows himself not to be guided by logic and exposes himself to dangers "is displaying not trust, but recklessnes and he is a sinner in that he goes against the will of the Creator," what is recklessness? a "reckless" person is one who makes fun of something serious A person like that who abandons his life and endangers it, is called "reckless" life is a serious thing - you can't take it lightly and say- it will be fine- what does that mean? you need to be cautious and watchful " he goes against the will of the Creator, and wants man to watch himself "Aside from the fact that because of his carelessness he lays himself open to the danger inherent in the threatening object" "he openly calls punishment upon himself because of the sin that he commits thereby so that his hurt results from the sin itself. " there's a profound idea here in what he's saying. A person who puts his life in danger, because he trusts that he will be ok, his problem is doubled. Firstly- the fact that you put yourself in danger, G-d is not obligated to protect you in such a manner- since you have free will and you're choosing the wrong path-aside from this, the fact that you are sinning and going against G-d's will who said: "And you shall watch over yourselves" that in itself is a reason for him to be punished regarding that matter. "The type of fear and self-protection which is appropriate "is that which grows out of the workings of wisdom and intelligence It is the type about which it is said , "The wise man sees evil and hides, but the fools pass on and are punished." The fear a person has of not endangering his life, is the correct and proper fear- "The wise man sees evil and hides, He sees a certain danger so he quickly hides so that it doesn't harm him. "but the fools pass on and are punished." meaning- they've transgressed and were punished. We see that the verses praise those who know how to protect themselves and stay out of danger-rather"Foolish fear" "is when a person wants to add protection upon protection and fear upon fear," "so that he makes a protection for his protection and neglects Torah and Divine service" A person who exaggerates and goes beyond the logical protection- and makes more protective barriers and boundaries and increases more fears and caution- he says- this is exaggerated- this is foolish fear "The criterion by which to distinguish between the two fears "is that implied in the statement of our Sages: "Where there is a likelihood of danger, it is different." he says- the definition of what and how much is where there's a likelihood that you may be harmed-"That is, where there is a recognized possibility "of injury, one must be careful but where there is no apparent danger, one should not be afraid." one should not make up unnecessary fears and fear them "it is also said -We do not assume an imperfection where we do not see one," something that is you do not see a risk in- logic says there's no problem here, you shouldn't think - maybe there still is some danger. "A sage is guided only by what his eyes see." "This is the very intent of the verse which we mentioned above:" "The wise man sees the evil and hides..." let's pay attention to the wording of the verse "What is spoken of is hiding from the evil which one sees, "not from that which might, perhaps, possibly, materialize" meaning- he doesn't literally need to see it with his eyes- but if logic shows that something may occur it's saying that he can see it- he can see it in his mind, you can sense a likelihood of some sort of danger and possibly of being harmed by something, so then you should protect yourself but to make up fears that are senseless, is not a correct thing to do regarding the verse mentioned above, "The lazy man says, 'There is a lion on the road...,"' "which our Sages interpreted as an illustration of the extent to which vain fear can go to separate a man from a good deed" to what extent can the foolishness of vanity and fear cause a person to be removed from a good deed that he should do. "Solomon said seven things in relation to the lazy man: " If people say to the lazy man, 'Your teacher is in the city; go and learn Torah from him,' he answers, 'I am afraid of the lion on the road' If they say, 'Your teacher is within the province,' "province" is even closer- when they said "in the city" he said- maybe there's a lion walking around there so they say- ok, in the "province"- he's very close to you he answers, 'I am afraid of the lion between the streets.' "ways" refers to an inter-city way- from here to the far away city, in the province is like in the neighborhood so he will say- maybe there's a lion here in the streets.Beforehand- you might hear the argument when he said "on the way" - meaning the way is far and there might be a legitimate fear of a lion maybe there really will be a lion between cities...but when they tell him- "it's right here" close to you- he makes up an even stranger excuse- that the lion might be between the streets... If they say, 'He (the teacher)is in your house,' he answers, 'If I go to him I will find the door locked..."' "We see, then, that it is not fear which leads to laziness, but laziness which leads to fear." meaning- he doesn't become lazy out of fear, rather, his laziness brings him to unnecessary fear All of what we have said is seen through our daily experience, in that to the vast majority of people it is obvious and well known that the type of attitude we have spoken of is that which fools are governed by meaning- this is their foolishness, that they walk on an incorrect track The perceptive person will recognize the truth of what has been said, and the man of understanding will readily acknowledge it. a person who is wise and reflects on things- is called "man of understanding" he will use his mind and reflect upon things-he will find the real truth and achieve the proper way and the man of understanding will readily acknowledge it. meaning a wise man will attain the knowledge easily and with the correct understanding. "The discussion of Zeal should come to awaken the heart. " "The wise will become wiser and add to his wisdom.." meaning- (the Ramchal) says - I think I've said everything necessary in the matter of awakening the heart, and the wise will become wiser etc.. here he's concluding, because this is the final chapter of Zeal, the chapter before was watchfulness- which comes from the idea of "Remove yourself from evil" be watchful of the negative things- regarding zeal- it's how to be fast with the positive things. so here he concludes the last chapter of zeal-before he goes up to the higher level which is cleanliness "Zeal, is appropriately placed a level above Watchfulness;" "for generally a person will not be Zealous unless he is first Watchful. " " One who does not concentrate on being Watchful in his deeds "and upon considering Divine service and its principles, which is the trait of Watchfulness, "(as I have already written) will find it very difficult to dress himself with love and yearning for it " "and to be Zealous with longing before His Creator;for such a person is still immersed in bodily desires "and subject to the inclination of his habits- which draws him away from all this. " as long as a person is immersed - and doesn't know that he needs to be watchful and avoid stumbling upon bad things, he's immersed in all the desires and inclinations and isn't watchful of them, so how can he be quick regarding the positive things? he's too immersed in nonsense, in nothingness but when he's aware of the aspect of "remove from evil", then he can perform the aspect of "do good"- in the best and most proper way. "However, after his eyes will have opened to see his deeds and to be Watchful of them" "and he will have made the accounting of good deeds against bad that we mentioned," after he will be watchful of the negative things, and calculates good and bad deeds- one against the other etc.. as we've seen above,"it will be easy for him to depart from evil " and to long and be Zealous for good- and this is understood" then he can reach the good and proper place as he should, and this is understood, as was described There's an important result that arises out of these facts and the important result is that the variance of the sample mean of a collection of independent and identically distributed random variables is sigma squared over n. So let's assume that we have a collection Xii equals one to n, that are independent and identically distributed, IlD, and that the variance of the distribution that they're drawn from is sigma squared. Okay? So let's calculate variance of X bar. Well that's just the variance of one / n times the sum of the Xs, right. That's just the sample mean formula, the sum of everything divided by the number of things you added up. The one / n is a constant, so we can pull it out. One / n^2, and we get the variance of the sum. The variance of the sums, the sum of the variances because the Xs are independent. Hence uncorrelated, and then because they're IlD, the variance of each XI is the same, its sigma squared. And we've added up n sigma squared so we get n sigma squared, so it works out to be sigma squared over n for the final line here. So, what does this mean? It's really quite an interesting fact. What this says is, if I want to know what's the variance of the distribution of averages of ten random variables, say, from a distribution. I don't actually have to know what that distribution of averages actually is. So I don't have to do that. All I have to know is what the variance from the original distribution that the individual observations are drawn from and that gives it to me. I just have to divide that by n. Right? So if I want the variance, I divide by n. If I want the standard deviation, take the original standard deviation and divide by square root n. And why is this important? Because remember, eventually we'd like to connect all of these ideas, these population model ideas, to data. And, if we have a bunch of things that we're willing to model as if they were IlD. Well, we get multiple draws from the distribution of individual observations. All the Xl's are separate draws from the original distribution. So we can estimate things like sigma squared. But we only get one sample mean. Let's say we have a sample of 100 observations, we only get one sample of 100. So if we calculate the sample mean of all those 100 observations we have nothing empirically to estimate the variance of sample means of a 100 variables, we don't have repeated samples of 100 variables. We only have the one. What this result says, you don't need that, right? Because all you need is the variance of the original population and divide it by n. The variance of the original population is something we can estimate. And so it's a very nifty result. Let me give you an example of this property that you could do at home to just test this result to make sure it's true. Recall in the last lecture. We said the variance of a die roll, which takes values one to six with equal likelihood. One, six for each number. The variance of a die roll was 2.92. Okay. So what that says is if you roll a die over and over and over and look at the distribution, you'll get about one-sixth of each number. And that the variance of that distribution, so if you were to roll it thousands and thousands of times and take the variance of the thousands of measurements, you would get around 2.92. So do that, roll a die a lot of times and take the sample variance of the thousand die rolls for example and you'll get about 2.92. Why is that? That's saying because the sample variance of lots of die rolls estimates the distribution of the population of die rolls which is this uniform distribution of one to six and its variance is 2.92, so you'll get that. Now here's the question that the calculation on the slide is answering. Suppose now instead of rolling a die over and over again you roll ten dice and took their average. And repeated that process over and over again. Right? So now this would no longer be uniform on the numbers one to six. Still, the minimum would be one, right? If you got all ten 1s, the average of ten 1s is one. And it, the maximum would still be six. The average of ten 6s is still six. And so, the bounds are one and six. But it would not look like a uniform distribution on the numbers between one and six cuz you can get all sorts of different numbers, right? You can get numbers between one and two, two and three, and so on. So it has kind of a funny distribution, the distribution of averages of ten die rolls. So imagine if you were to do that. Roll your ten dice, and take the average. And do that over and over again so that you got, say, 10,000 averages of ten die rolls. Right? And you wanted to know what was the variance of that distribution. Well it seems kind of like a hard calculation. First you'd have to figure out what's the distribution of the average of ten die rolls which seems kinda like a hard distribution. We'll actually later on discuss that that's maybe even a little bit easier to calculate than you might've thought. But this calculation says you don't even have to worry about that. We know that the variance of the distribution of individual die rolls is 2.92, so the variance of the distribution of averages of ten die rolls is 2.92 / ten, so it will be 0.292. And so we could run this experiment in R. For example, where we rolled a digital die thousands of times and took the variance of a 1,000 die rolls and you'd find it's about 2.92. And then we could also do this experiment where we roll ten dice, took the average, and repeated that process over and over again and got 10,000 averages of ten die rolls and you would find that the variance of those averages was about 0.292. Very interesting, and so it's a very simple formula. And so, let's belabor this point, on the next slide. So when the xs are independent with a common variance, the variance of x-bar is sigma squared over n. The quantity sigma over n, the square root of this is so important and we give it a name and we call it the standard error of the sample mean. Basically, a standard error is nothing other than the standard deviation of a statistic, in this the statistic is the sample mean, but you might have a standard error another statistic for example the median, then itself has a standard error. It's may be little hard to calculate but nonetheless it has a standard error. So, what is the standard error? The standard error of a sample mean is the standard deviation of the distribution of the sample mean. So, sigma, the standard deviation talks about how variable the population is. Sigma over square root n talks about how variable the population of average is of size n from that population R. So two different statements and they estimate different things. So, for example, if the Xs are IQ measurements, Sigma talks about how variable IQs are. Sigma over square root ten, say, then talks about how variable averages of ten IQs are. Okay, so they're different, they're obviously related, but they're different concepts, and it's easy to confuse the two. An easy way to remember this, by the way, is that the sample mean has to be less variable than a single observation, therefore its standard deviation is divided by square root n, so that also gives you a sense of how the rate at which standard aviation's decline as you collect more data. So, since we've talked about the sample variance a lot why don't we actually define it. So the sample variances, that entity that we used data to estimate the population variance. So recall the population variance was the expected value or the average, the expected deviation of a random variable around its population mean. Right? So what is the sample variance? Well it's the average deviation of the sample values around the sample mean. So it's quite convenient. Now notice it's not exactly the average. We divide by n - one instead of n, which is a little annoying but we do it. So imagine for the time being that this an n in the denominator, not an n - one. Then the sample variance is nothing other than the average square deviation of the observations around the sample mean. So the sample variance is an estimator of the population variance sigma squared. And just like the population variance has a short-cut formula, the sample variance also has a short-cut formula. Summation Xi minus X bar squared the top of the variance calculation is summation Xi squared minus nX bar squared. So, if some one gives you the sum of the squared observations in the sample mean, then you can calculate the sample variance really quickly. So, why do we divide by n - one instead of'n? And again, for large samples it's irrelevant right. The factor n - one / n is small. So you are going to get about the same answer either way. But for small samples it can make a difference. So why do we choose to divide by n -one? So, recall we have this property unbiasness. And the property of unbiasness meant that the statistic, it's expected value equal to the quantity that it's estimating. So, just to remind you, the sample variance is a function of our observed data. It's a function of our random variables, right? So itself is a statistic. So it is a random variable itself. So it has a distribution, and so, that distribution has a variance, and that distribution has a mean. Okay? That's what were going to talk about right now, is that the mean of that distribution turns out to be sigma squared if you happen to do the calculation where you divide by n - one. So I'm going to show it by showing that the expected value of the numerator of the statistic is equal to n - one times sigma squared, that's the same thing as showing that the, the sample variance is on biased because then you just divide both sides of this equation by n - one and you get the result. So let's do that. Just to say it again because it's important, what are we doing? Remember the sample variance is itself a random variable, that random variable has a distribution, that distribution has a population mean, and we want to say that, that population mean is in fact sigma squared. Okay. So expected value of the numerator part of the sample variance calculation, the sum of the squared deviations around the sample mean. If we use the shortcut formula, that's sum of the expected value of the Xi^2 of minus expected value of X bar squared. Okay. And, now let's use a really kind of nifty fact. Recall for the variance. The shortcut variance formula was defined as the expected value of a random variable squared, minus the expected value of the random variable quantity squared. Well, we can shift that formula around, to get it to say that the expected value of a random variable squared is the variance plus the mean squared. And that's what we do right here, so the expected value of Xi^2, is variance Xi + mu^2. Okay. And then the same thing is true of course for the mean because the mean itself is another random variable. So expected value of' X bar squared is variance x bar + mu^2 and then we have this NR front. Okay. And so the variance of Xi is sigma squared, so you wind up with some sigma square + mu^2 which is the constant so we wind up with n of those and then the variance of X bar we just arrived a little bit ago is being sigma squared over n. So we get n times sigma squared over n + mu^2 and just collect terms now and you get n - one sigma squared. So this is really interesting fact. So this says that the expected value of the variance is in fact the quantity its trying to estimate if in fact you divide by n - one instead of n, and that's why we divide by n - one. Another way to think about this is that well, you know, we don't know the population mean, mu, and if we knew it, instead of plugging X bar into the sample variance formula, we would plug mu into the sample variance. We would calculate the deviations of the observed observations around the population mean rather than the deviations around the sample mean. And so, the idea is that we will sort of lose a degree of freedom by plugging in X bar, its sample analog, instead of plugging in that mu. So that's the kinda heuristic behind why you divide by n - one. It's an interesting fact tough. It's not a 100 percent clear that you do want to divide by n - one, it's sort of every introductory statistics textbook divides by n - one but there's this interesting phenomenon called the bias-variance tradeoff and in this case we've obtained an unbiased estimator by dividing by n - one instead of n but what if we'd divided by n. Maybe as exercise, I could ask you to calculate the expected value of the sample variance. If it was calculated with n in the denominator instead of n - one. Okay, so basically, what is the expected value of n - one / n s^2 And you can calculate that very easily, it is not sigma square but it is quite close to it. So it's, it's a biased estimator but the other thing I would ask is well which of the two estimators, the estimator s^2 calculated with n - one in the denominator or calculation of the variance with an n in the denominator, has a lower variance, and what I do mean by that. Remember the sample variance is a random variable. It has a distribution, that distribution has a variance. And the question is, which of the two calculations dividing by n or dividing by n - one results in a smaller variance of that distribution. And what does that mean, that would mean how precise your estimate of the variance is. I'll give you the punch line. The sample variance divided by n has a slightly lower variance, than the sample variance divided by n - one. So, it's another kind of classic bias variance trade-off. In this case, we divide by n -one because we want unbiasedness. But then we wind up with slightly, greater variance. If we divide by n, we wind up with a slightly lower variance of our sample variance but it's slightly biased. I know extremely well established statisticians that say they would prefer to have the lower variance. But pretty much every introductory statistics textbook divides by n - one. It's kind of an interesting discussion, you know, one of the confusions that always comes up seems quite simple. We divide by an n - one when we calculate the sample variance. People have a tendency to confuse that with the n that we divided by when we talked about the standard error of the mean. And so let's just try to avoid some of this confusion. Suppose you have a bunch of observations that you're willing to model as IlD with population mean mu and population variance sigma squared. Then the sample variance, S^2 estimates the population variance, sigma squared. The calculation of S^2 involves dividing by n - one, and we just spent forever talking about the difference between dividing by n and dividing by n - one. Then, the standard error of the mean is Sigma over square root end. So, S over square root n will estimate the standard error of the mean. So we've already divided S^2 by n - one then we square rooted. And then we divide by an additional square root of n if we want the standard error of the mean. Okay, and I am just trying to avoid some confusion because people seem to get confused by that. So, I, I guess if you wanted to attach a label to the quantity S over square root n, it's the sample standard error of the mean. What does it estimate? It estimates the population standard error of the mean, sigma over square root n. Let's tie this down with some actual numbers. So I was involved in a study where there was a lot of organolead workers in this case, I took a subset of 495 of them and the total brain volume for the lead workers, they were interested in studying how their exposure to lead in their job changed their brain volume. So TBV stands for total brain volume, in this case as a measure of the brain volume on the inside of the skull, so and all of the measures are in cubic centimeters. So the mean, in this case, is 1151. If we're willing to assume these organolead workers are, say, an IlD draw of organolead workers from a population that we're interested in. Then the sample mean, 1151 would be an estimate of that population mean. The sum of the squared observations works out to be this number. So the standard deviation, the sample standard deviation works out to be that number Minus 495 times the sample mean squared all divided by 494 that minus one in the denominator. Square root the whole thing you end up with 112. So what does 112 describe? 112 describes the variance of the population of brain volumes of organolead workers. Okay, so it, its a direct estimate of my sample variation, right, and then its an attempt estimate, if you view my data as a sample from a population of organolead workers. It attempts to then, estimate the population standard deviation of that distribution. So we can, for example, use Chevey Cheves rule to interpret what the combination of the mean and the standard deviation say about brain volumes of lead workers in the population. Now, what does, if I take this 112.6 and divide it by square root 495 give me, gives me five as the numerical result but what does that five actually estimate or do for us? Well, the five is no longer talking about the variation in total brain volumes in the population. It's talking about the variation in averages of 495 organolead workers. So the idea is if we're willing to model our 495 organolead workers from as a draw from a population of organolead workers, then five estimates the distribution of averages of 495 draws of organolead workers from that population. It talks about how variable averages of 495 brain volumes are. The 112 talks about how variable brain volumes are, okay? So, let me just repeat that cuz it's very important. The 112 talks about how variable brain volumes are of organolead workers in the population and it directly talks about it in the sample. But it's an estimate of our population variance and the five is an estimate of the population standard deviation of averages of 495 organolead workers. So, I hope you're getting a sense of what these numbers are, are trying to calculate. So, there's several concepts that are being used here, first we have our observed data, right? And these quantities, the sample mean, sample standard deviation and standard error tell us things about out observed data. Right? And then, there's the assumptions, for example, that they're IlD, that help to try and connect it to a population. So that we can maybe generalize the results from this data to a population of organalead workers. Say, for example, if you wanted to use this data to inform policy and then, these numbers would then be estimates of these population quantities. And then dividing by the square root 495, it's telling us things about. How variable this mean is relative to the variability in the population. Okay? So, that's the concepts that we're trying to use, and we'll formalize these much more when we actually do things like generate confidence interval and perform hypothesis test in these things [music]. Host; When I was growing up, I had a mentor who wasn't much older than me. And he just walked in, Jason Daniels, and he was always pushing me, even at a young age, to be great, trying to pull the best out of me. So, whenever I talk to young people now, no matter how old they are, no matter how young they are, I always tell them to start now. Whatever your dream is; get started right now, because there's a kid in China, a kid in Paris, or a kid in Europe who's already started, so you're competing on a global-scale. So this young man-- when I found out about our next speaker, I was very, very excited. I'm a technology entrepreneur, so when I saw young Jonathan Buchanan, and I read his story - he's ten years old, he's an app developer - he's the youngest person in the world to have an iPhone app in the Apple App Store that he developed all by himself. And he's from here. Ladies and gentlemen, Jonathan Buchanan. (Applause) Jonathan Buchanan: So, I'm Jonathan. and my talk is "Learning to code, coding to learn". I'm going to start off by giving you a background about me: I coded my own iOS app completely on my own, and completely in Objective-C when I was ten years old. I formed my first company and I submitted my first app to the App store in the same year. I'm now working on two new apps, and one big idea project. I'm passionate about coding and development. For the last several years, coding has taught me a bunch of coding-related skills I've learned HTML, CSS, php, Javascript, MySQL, Ruby on Rails, Objective-C, Unix and a bunch of other web-server things. (Laughter) It has also given me a few coder-related bad habits, like poor posture. (Laughter) I've also picked up a ton of general computer-related skills. I've learned Word-processing, design, and database apps. But coding has taught me so much more than coding I've learnt logic, time management, dealing with failure and setback, organization, design, entrepreneurialism, being part of a community, problem solving, creativity, critical thinking, collaboration, communication, and, yes, public speaking. (Laughter) This is great. But there's a problem. I haven't learnt any of this in school. I did it all at home, with my dad and on my own. I get to code for only about 15 minutes in the morning before school, and about only 30-60 minutes, at night, after I've completed all of my homework. See? That's time management. (Laughter) I wish I could learn coding and development in school, but I can't, it's not offered. My dad has told me about news articles about places where they teach coding, as early as first grade. That sounds great to me, but I don't want to move to Estonia. (Laughter) I love Toledo and Perrysburg. (Laughter) I'm actually pretty lucky, my school has started to embrace technology. iPads are being used in every grade, and the older kids, each have their own iPad. But I want more, I want to learn coding and development, and everything that comes with it in school, so I could do better in Toledo. Thank you. (Applause) . >> Most people are aware of common phobias, like being afraid of heights, or flying in a plane. But there are hundreds more, many of which are extremely rare. So what are some of those unusual phobias? And just how bizarre are they? >> Any phobia is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an intense irrational fear of a particular situation, object, or animal. Most people realize their fears are extreme, but the anxiety is very real, regardless of how common or rare the phobia. Food-related phobias include the fear or garlic -- alliumphobia, fear of vegetables -- lachanaphobia, fear of meat -- carnophobia, and even the fear of food itself -- cibophobia. If these sound unusual, consider arachibutyrophobia, which is the fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of one's mouth. Body parts also provide their fair share of terror-inducing phobias. Genuphobia is the fear of knees, omphalophobia is the fear of belly buttons. But surely the oddest in this category is geniophobia, which is the abnormal, and definitely peculiar fear of chins. Animals also figure prominently in odd phobias. Ranidaphobics fear frogs, mottephobics fear moths, and lutraphobia evokes horror in response to otters. But the weirdest of these by far is zemmiphobia -- fear of the great mole rat -- a hairless, sightless, bucktoothed rodent that lives underground. Phobias of specific objects are common, but some are less common than others. Aulophobics have a morbid fear of flutes, chronomentrophobics have a horror of clocks, and conidophobics [phonetic] are terrified of string. However, the most perplexing may be consecotalephobia -- the fear of chopsticks. Another consideration, it's not uncommon to have more than one phobia. And conflicting phobias could be a real problem. For example, a man with pogonophobia -- the fear of beards -- might experience even greater anguish if he was also affected by xyrophobia -- the fear of razors. Phobias may also be problematic in more ways than one. For instance, vestiphobics, who have a morbid fear of clothing, most certainly experience major issues beyond the fear itself. Clearly, it would be especially difficult to also suffer from gymnophobia -- the fear of nudity. Other phobia combinations might actually come in handy. The anablephobic, who's afraid of looking up, might not have a huge problem with nephophobia -- the fear of clouds -- or astrophobia, which is the fear of stars. Another odd phobia which may not be so odd but bears mentioning is pentheraphobia -- an intensely disabling fear of one's mother-in-law. Honorable mention for the weirdest phobias also goes to the pteronophobia -- the fear of being tickled by feathers, helminthophobia -- the fear of being infested with worms, and blennophobia -- the fear of slime. Most phobias can be successfully treated. If you, or someone you know, is affected by phobias, consult a mental health professional. First of all what is, what is it that you are calling as enlightenment? See, a moment of oneness that people may experience cannot be considered enlightenment. If that is the thing we have hundreds and thousands of people who have gone through Bhava Spandana who have known moments of oneness. Seeing that moment of oneness, if we have to use an analogy, how it is is: you are living in an enclosed area Now you went on a trampoline and just jumped up and jumped up and jumped up one leap really took you very high and you look beyond the wall and you saw something incredible but you fell back on the trampoline. You have to work on the trampoline, work on the trampoline, work on the trampoline, once in a way, again. This glimpse changes your perception. once you have seen that, the way you look at life changes because you have seen that for one moment the way you respond and conduct yourself in the world will change but this cannot be considered enlightenment. Now, you have to build a ladder and cross the wall. Just jumping and looking, jumping and looking is not enough. So, if you cross the ladder, if you cross the wall, if you climb the ladder and cross the wall then you can't retain the physical body. If you are... if you raise beyond a certain pitch, if your energies raise beyond a certain pitch then this physical body cannot hold it anymore. So, for 99% of the enlightened beings, enlightenment and the moment of leaving the body are same. So, they don’t stay usually. Those who wish to stay, one thing is, people who have understood or who have mastery over the physical system, only they can hold on to the system. Generally it is only people who are on the path of Kriya Yoga who can hold on to the body because they understand the mechanics of the body. They know all the tricks of the body so they hold on to the body. Other people who work to this level of intensity, either through awareness, or through devotion, or through any other means if they attain to that, either through action, devotion or awareness, if they attain to that, they cannot hold on to the body, they have to leave the body. So, most enlightened beings, 99% will leave the body at the moment of enlightenment; you will never see them again. Otherwise you will have to play many tricks to hold on to the body. You heard of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa? You heard of Ramakrishna? Ok. You heard of Vivekananda? Vivekananda was the first Yogi who came to United States in 1893 and caused waves in this country at that time. He came to Chicago and spoke in the Parliament of Religions. He was the first Yogi who really created some amount of awareness in this part of the world. His Guru was Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. Ramakrishna is a very crystallized consciousness but for him to retain the body was always a struggle. People …in his own lifetime people saw him God like, people really saw him as God; they worshipped him. He was a very simple, uneducated man but he lived in such a way that people really worshipped him, but he was mad about food, you know. He will be talking to his disciples, spiritual discourse; he'’il say, ‘Just wait, one minute.’ He will go and ask his wife, ‘What’'s cooking today?’ His wife Sharadha used to feel ashamed, ‘what is the problem even I am not thinking about food, why you? You are God for us, why are you like this?’ He said, ‘It's ok, what’s cooking?’ One day she felt so terribly ashamed of him she told him, ‘I am ashamed of you, why are you just stuck to food like this?’ Ramakrishna said, ‘One day when you bring the Thali.’ Thali means, that part of the country, you know in India we eat in such large plates very large metal plates and food is pre-served, pre-served and brought so it is called a Thali. So he said, ‘When you bring the Thali, if I don’t show any interest, if I look away you must understand I have only three days left.’ Almost six or seven years after this incident, Ramakrishna always ate on a swing. This is also part of the Indian thing, you know in our homes we have large swings like, something like three by eight kind of swing it's usually, in the afternoons people sleep on it, they take a nap on it and the whole family sits on the swing. It's, almost all our homes usually have these swings even today I have these swings at home. Very large swing where five-six people can sit on the swing and gently go about, that’s part of the family excitement. You can't swing it hard because it's inside the building, just gently you can sway. So, he always used to sit on the swing and have his lunch. So, on that particular day Sharadha brought his lunch and he showed no interest, he looked away from the food. Suddenly he was not interested in the food. Then she broke down and cried; she knew only three days. He said, ‘No point crying now; it's up. The time is up.’ So for him, food is not the big deal for him but he consciously created this desire continuously to hold on to his body. This was his way of somehow… without a desire you can't stay. If he closes his eyes he will be gone. so he constantly created a conscious desire for food all the time making himself crazy about food, consciously as a device. The thing that I really want to concentrate on in looking at the Agamemnon and throughout the Oresteia is the theme of justice. It has entered into our treatment in the Agamemnon. We talked about this problem that is bouncing back and forth inside of Agamemnon's family tree in the house of Atreus. How are we suppose to deal with this problem of justice? We have prior past generations that have committed horrible crimes that require revenge, but that revenge itself spurs further retribution. So, we got a, a kind of curse or evil that's stuck inside the family tree. The way to get it out is not obvious. It's very hard to figure out how that is going to happen. To get at this, we need to start to unpack some Greek concepts circling around the idea of justice. This becomes especially apparent when we compare how Homer treated the story or Orestes with how Aeschylus treats the story of Orestes. Remember, Homer pulled this out for his own uses as a way to help nudge Telemachus into action. Saying, listen, even when things are really tough and you have to take revenge against your own mother. And Orestes, In this case, it's time for action. So, Homer focuses on that aspect of the story. Very different with Aeschylus. Instead, what we have is, gosh, look at this awful thing that's happening to this family. The story that courses around Orestes in the Agamemnon as the first installment, We're not going to be reading the Libation Bearers for our part of the class. Although, I recommend that you read it on your own as you have time. And then, we're going to read the final installment the Eumenides or the Furies. In all these three plays, ideas of justice are what's at the center. So, Orestes is faced with this incredibly difficult problem. To try to right the wrongs that are in his family. But then, how's he going to do it without perpetuating the cycle of revenge that's built into this set of events. The problem of justice here is a knotty one. It's a very difficult one. It's famously difficult. How are we going to unravel the problem in the house of Atreus of without committing more crimes that's going to provoke even more retribution. It is incumbent upon Orestes to kill his father's murderer. That would be widely understood in antiquity. If someone murders your father, Gosh, Heaven forbid, it's up to you! You need to be the one that executes justice to take care of the murderer. If family members just decided not to do that, well, it would not only be, you know, a little, a little sad, but it would be a great source of shame for the family. It, And gosh if someone did that your family, you'd have to take action. Orestes is forced in a position now of taking revenge against his father's murder. But now, what happens when the act of revenge is itself going to be crime against the family? Orestes has to kill his own mother now to, to try avenge the murder of his father. This is where things start to get especially, specially ugly. How are we going to wash this curse out? How we can get rid of it? Now, justice has a couple of different ways that we might think about. The balance is often times tossed out as being sort of core here, we've got an extra wrinkle tossed in. As on the one side of the scale of justice, we've got our gavel in, indicating regular old courtroom justice. On the other side, we've got the gun and again taking justice into your own hands. So, where exactly are we going to find justice in this scheme? Would it be in a building like this. Notice it's Romanesque architecture based on Greek presidents. Would it be in a building like this? Well, for the Greeks were kind of looking at a time when such a thing might be possible, such a thing might actually start to happen. We'll see when we get to the humanities that our story is actually going to move toward a concept of justice that is going to be recog, more recognizable from the modern frame than the one we've been talking about up till' now. In order to get a grip on what we've been. Talking about in this story, We need to anchor ourself in a really important ancient concept. That is the concept of miasma. I put it here in very small print for dramatic effect because it is an outsized and hugely important concept in this story. Miasma is a Greek term that means a kind of cloud of pollution. It's a cloud of pollution. And a miasma would hover around a corpse. Someone that was killed, someone who had a violent episode of death that visited upon them, Their corpse would be surrounded by this cloud of nasty, toxic stuff. Now, if someone who was, you know, engaged in that killing, they would have this miasma stuck on them. They would be impure. The guilt would stick to them like a stain and it would be very clear who it was that committed the crime. The, the stick of this nastiness gets stuck onto them. And now, because they have that nastiness on them, they are indeed guilty. They're subject to retribution and punishment. It just so happens that it could take place that, someone else, who has nothing to do with the murder just happens by that corpse and comes in contact with the cloud of miasma that surrounds it and they get stained by it, Well, that person who had got that part of a stain on them would now become subject to retribution and subject to revenge. Even though they hadn't done anything. The Greeks imagined that this revenge was triggered by these kind of elemental forces, Physicalist with physical manifestations built into the environment around us. For the cases of murder, those forces would lead toward retribution that was clearly built into the actions that the person himself, him or herself had taken. But, for someone who just happened across it and guiltlessly ran into a polluted corpse, well now, revenge would also be visited upon them and they would suffer greatly. And it wouldn't be clear what kind of actions they had done to provoke this. one asks oneself in this particular with this concept, as a core, what, How, how just is that? How, how much does this count as justice? Well the, the concept of miasma doesn't actually equate to ideas of justice. But what is does is give us a background to try to think about how they imagine justice might take place. The theory that surrounds miasma gives us a window into how people make explanations when bad things start happening to good people. When bad things start happening to good people. Those of us who think that, well, you get those just desserts, those who commit crimes get punished for those crimes. We imagine ourselves thinking, yeah. Well, if they're getting punished, there's probably good reason. They probably committed a crime. And now bad things are going to happen to them. The Greeks, on the other hand, have a very different, sort of central notion here. If someone's getting punished, what does that mean? It means that they have pollution. It means that they have pollution. That's what happened to them. Now, that pollution always raises the possibility that, yeah, they were engaged in some nasty action, and therefore were polluted, because they touched a corpse. But it also raises the possibility that someone, through no fault of their own, just happened by there got polluted and so they're getting revenge against them even though they didn't deserve it. So, the Greek concept of miasma builds in just retribution as well as retribution that doesn't quite seem so just. It's part and parcel of how they understand all of revenge to be happening. It's connected to this nasty pollution that gets visited upon people. Now, all the things that get connected with miasma, evil, guilt, stain, pollution, similarly, also toxicness, drugs that might kill you, in other words, some kind of awfulness that could be visited upon you, inability to wash out a stain. Attempts at purification that don't get worked out. All these are coursing around themes that are anchored to this Greek idea of miasma. In fact, Agamemnon is working with a sense of justice that's built around ideas of revenge, miasma built into the blood, and all these things connected together through this concept. Now, what happens as Aeschylus is doing this, He's portraying for us, as the Greeks that we are, witnessing this in the classical period. An idea of justice that would have been anchored in ancient mythic times. When Aeschylus is writing this, there are other ideas of justice that are starting to come around that aren't necessarily just based on personal familial revenge anchored around this concept of miasma and floating guilt that might be connected someone who deserves it and someone who doesn't. Here in the, the concept over here, we've got connection to blood, right? The, the blood of the corpse causes this awful stench around it, and that stench can get rubbed off on other people, It has a sort of elemental, tactile feel to it. That, that is the marker of when just desserts are visited upon someone whether they're just or unjust is whether they have this pollution against them. So, pollution here is anchored to a notion of blood. Blood just as we're talking about with blood ties within families, we've got an idea of a connection between people that can be supportive on some, some senses, when family can be that way can also be quite nasty. And when the blood itself becomes polluted and diseased, then inside the family, a kind of polluted miasma of disease is being sent down from generation to generation. Just as they share blood, they're also going to share this pollution. Now, within this system, it gets very hard to figure out how in the world someone could solve the problem of bringing justice to the family of Atreus. How in the world are we going to get this curse out when it's built into our own blood? We're going to see that Aeschylus is going to present for us a completely different idea of justice that's going to be based on some brand new concepts that are emerging in the classical period. It's going to help us solve what in mythic times, you and I, classical Greeks remember, these mythic times way back before us, what in mythic times was a very hard thing to solve. It's a knotty problem in the family of the house of Atreus. Our own classical time, the modern Greek classical time that we know, is going to have a solution for us as we move forward into Aeschylus's theories a play called Humanities. Who is he? He is Peter. Where is he from? He's from Spain. What can he speak? He can speak English, and Spanish. Where does he live? He lives in Madrid. Is he young? yes he is. Is he happy? Yes, he is. Is he handsome? Yes, he is. Is he at a secondary school? Yes, he is. How old is he? He is 13 years old. What pet has he got? He has got a dog. Has he got a house? Yes, he has. Is there a tv. in his house? Yes, there is. Are there any books in his house? Yes, there are Is there a sofa in his house? Yes, there is. Is there a table in his house? Yes, there is. Are there any bedrooms in his house? Yes, there are. Is there a kitchen in his house? Yes, there is. Has he got a sister? Yes, he has Has he got a brother? No, he hasn't What is his job? He is a ............. What does he like? He likes sports, reading, potatoes, fruit and cheese. What food doesn't he like? He doesn't like salad, cheese, meat and beef- Has he got a hamster? No he hasn't. Can he play basketball? Yes, he can. Can he play tennis? Yes, he can. Has he got a computer? No, he hasn't What does he drink? He drinks tea. What does he watch? He watches tv. Is he English? No, he isn't. We previously showed a clique tree algorithm for performing max sum message passing. But, we didn't talk about how one can take the output of that algorithm and construct an actual map assignment. We just showed how we can get max marginals. So how do we compute a map assignment? Well it turns out this task is easy as our examples already indicated, if the map assignment is unique. Because at that point we have a single maximizing assignment at each clique. And we've already seen, that the value of that maximizing assignment is the theta value of the map assignment. So in our example that we showed before we had the A1B1C1 assigned as the map assignment and we saw that the A1B1 was the maximizing assignment in clique1 and B1C1 was the maximizing assignment at clique2 and we also saw that due to the calibration property the choices of all of these cliques must agree which means it doesn't really matter whether we picked the value of B from this clique or that clique because they are going to give us exactly the same answer. So that's all well and good, but what happens is life is not as kind to us? So if the Map assignment is not unique then we might have multiple choices at some, of the cliques and we might have to make a decision. So for example, imagine that, at calibration, at convergence of the some part of algorithm, we have these two cliques over here and we can see that in this clique over here, we have two assignments, A1-B1 and A2-B2, both of which have the value two. And at this clique over here, once again we have two maximizing assignments. And the problem is we can't now look separately at each of those cliques and pick an assignment because at that point we might pick, say, this assignment in this clique and this assignment in that clique and now we have a conflict in regarding the value of the variable B. And it's not just a matter of saying, well, okay let's forget, for example, the fact that we picked the value B2 in this clique over here because what you, because we also picked the value C2 and intuitively we can see that C2 goes with B2 and not with B1. So the value A1 B1, the assignment A1, B1, C2 is not a good map assignment. So what we need to do is we need to pick. Not this one, but rather B1C1 in the second clique in order to agree with the first clique. And so, what we see that arbitrary tie breaking may not produce and actual map assignment. So, how do we actually address this problem? It turns out there's two main choices in terms of the solution. The first is to tweak the problem a little bit so as to make the map assignment unique so, for example if you add a tiny random perturbation to all of our factors, then with probability that's effectively one there's going to be a unique map assignment at which point we can go ahead and use the solution that we had if the map assignment was unique. [sound] The second is to use a procedure that picks assignments one at a time, building a map assignment clique by clique. So, we start out with the AB clique, we pick A1 B1. And then, when we go down to the next clique down line, we remember that we picked B1 and we only are allowed to now pick an assignment that's consistent with B1. And, that turns out to be an alternative algorithm that whose complexity is effectively the same as that of calibrating the clique tree to begin with. And, so it's not more expensive. Each of these options is a very reasonable option. And both are used in practice for decoding the map assignment from a calibrated er clique tree. In this video we're going to do with the hyperbola the exact same thing we did with the circle. We're going to find constraints on the y-intercept for the tangent line in terms of m. But this time we're going to use the hyperbola. And then we can set them equal to each other, and solve for the m. So let's remind ourselves what the equation of the hyperbola is. They give it to us right over there. It's x squared over 9 minus y squared over 4 is equal to 1. Let me write this over here. So it is x squared over 9 minus y squared over 4 is equal to-- I'll write the y squared-- minus y squared over 4 is equal to 1. But now we can substitute the y squared with the y is equal to mx plus b that we got from the last video. And we actually figured out what y squared is equal to. Y squared is equal to all of this business up here. Because it's the same line. Remember, this is the whole point of it. We're trying to find two constraints on that same line. So we can rewrite this same thing. And actually one thing I want to do is I'm going to multiply both sides of this equation by 36, the common multiple of 9 and 4, so that I can get rid of these fractions. And so this is going to become 36-- let me write it this way-- so 36 divided by 9 is 4. So it's 4x squared minus-- 36 divided by 4 is 9-- and I would put a y squared here but we know that y squared is the exact same thing as this thing over here. So y squared is the same thing as m squared. x squared plus 2 mbx plus b squared. And then this is going to be equal to-- remember, we multiplied both sides of this equation by 36-- so this is going to be equal to 36. And let me simplify this. And we're going to do the exact same thing. We know that the m and b have to be such that, or the line has to have a slope and y-intercept where it'll only intersect with the hyperbola at one point. It'll only have one solution to this quadratic in terms of x. But let's simplify it first before we worry about that. So this is equal to 4 x squared minus 9 m squared x squared minus 18 mbx, minus 9 b squared. Just multiply it there. And let me subtract this 36 from both sides, so then we have minus 36 is equal to 0. So this is a quadratic in terms of x. But let me combine the various degree terms. So these are the x squared terms right over here. So this is the same thing as 4 minus 9 m squared times x squared. And then our only x term is this right over here. That's our only x term. So this is minus 18 mbx. And then our constant terms are right over here. So this over here is minus 9 b squared-- and let me write it this way, let me write it as minus 9-- well I'll just write it, minus 9 b squared minus 36. I'll just write it like that. And of course that is going to be equal to 0. And remember, quadratic formula, if we wanted to solve for the Xs, we'd have the quadratic formula, but we only want to have one solution. So the discriminant part of the quadratic formula is going to equal 0. The b squared minus 4 ac is going to be equal to 0. This is exactly what we did in the last video. So let's take the b squared minus 4ac and set that equal to 0, and then we'll have our constraints on m and b. So b squared is-- and remember don't get the squared in the quadratic formula confused with the b in the y-intercept. But this term squared is-- so this is going to be-- 18 squared m squared b squared, right? Negative 18 squared is just positive 18. Minus 4 times a. a is 4 minus 9 m squared times c. So I can rewrite c as negative 9 times b squared plus 4. Did I do that right? Negative 9 times b squared is negative 9 b squared. Negative 9 times 4 is negative 36. I want to make sure I don't make any careless mistakes. And so this becomes-- so if we just take the negative 9 and the negative 4-- they become a positive 36. They become a positive 36. And then we can actually, just to simplify things so we don't have to do too much fancy math, this 18 squared-- let's remember-- 18 squared is the same thing as-- well 18 squared is going to be divisible-- well I won't worry too much about that just yet. I just want to make sure that-- Actually let me write it this way. So 18 squared is 2 times 9 times 2 times 9. Or another way to think about it is 4 times 9 times 9. That's the same thing as 18 squared. 4 times 9 times 9. Now we can divide both of these terms-- and this whole thing, remember we want this whole thing to be equal to 0. The discriminant has to be equal to 0. So we can divide both sides of this equation by 36, which is the same thing as dividing by 4 times 9. So this term right over here, we could get rid of one 4 and one 4. And we're going to get a 9 m squared b squared over here. And then we divided by 36, so these all go away. So it's going to be 9 m squared b squared plus this thing times this thing. So let's see what that is. So we have a 4 times a b squared. So we have plus 4 b squared. Let me do this in a different color. I'll do it in blue. So plus 4 b squared. And then you have 4 times 4. So plus 16. And you have negative 9 m squared times b squared. So it's negative 9 m squared b squared. And then you have negative 9 m squared times 4. So negative 36 m squared. And that's going to be equal to 0. Lucky for us, that and that cancel out. And then we are left with something. And actually, what we're left with, everything is divisible by 4. So let's divide what we're left with by 4. So then we're left with b squared-- that's that term. And then minus 9 m squared. That's that term over there. Just divided it by 4. And then plus 4 is equal to 0. And once again, we could use-- well actually here, we don't have to do anything. We don't have to use quadratic formula. We could just solve for b. We could subtract this from both sides. And so we'll get b squared is equal to the square root of 9 m squared minus 4. Sorry-- let me just write this-- I don't want to skip steps here. b squared is equal to 9 m squared minus 4. They're painting the office right now, so maybe it's making me a little bit-- making my brain not work properly. Then b is equal to the square root of 9 m squared minus 4. Did I do that right? Let's see. I got the 4. Yeah, it looks right. And so we're left with a situation where the b-- if we're saying that if the line is tangent to the hyperbola it to be this, and if the line is tangent to the circle b has to be equal to this, this business over here. So let me copy it and then let me paste it. Let me paste it. Just like that. And so we now have two equations with two unknowns. We can set these equal to each other and solve for m. And this will give us the m or the slope of that tangent line. And then we can go ahead and solve for b. I'll do that in the next video. Fatiha Bis Osmanliyiz Bis Osmanliyiz, Pak Sanliyiz Pak Sanliyiz, takbir, Allahu Akbar, takbir, Allahu Akbar, takbir, Allahu Akbar, wa lilahi hamd. Salam alaykum Wa rahmatullah wa barakatu. All praise due to our Lord. Allah SWT Our Creator and peace and blessings be upon our Holy Prophet SAV on this day Peace and blessing be upon our grandshaykh peace and blessings be upon sahibul sayf Seyh Abdul Kerim Al Kibrisi Al Rabbani may he have us in his heart may he carry us, where ever he is. May we never be separated we are from him we will return to him. inshAllah Ar-Rahmah Eid mubarak to everyone congratulations to those ones who have tried with sincerity, tried with heart, tried with passion to follow this way those who did not those who are sloppy and those who are lazy and those who have left the sun is still rising, from the east, pretty soon it's going to rise from the West so many meaning in that, meaning there is still time maybe left Holy Prophet SAV has given specific warning to the Murids of our shaykh, to us, to you and to me, to keep ourselves clean, for the events that are going to come that time when it come, and if you are not ready, you're going to be in very very very dangerous and difficult situation and so many around you that they are looking to you for help, so many things that you say you love, so many that you say that you are going to help, they are going to be in trouble because of you because of you and me, if we are not keeping ourselves clean so take these words anyway you want, the sun is still shining, that night is still coming, but for those who are believers, we understand that these days and these nights they are very unusual days and nights, it should be a big sign to you less than a hundred years ago the khilafah was veiled the one who is holding that makam is also veiled too. now we are waiting for the undated sahibul zaman. Muhammad Mahdi AS. so, prepare ourselves for that, life goes on not in the way that your ego says it does, don't believe what the kafirs they are saying outside, oh everything is normal everything is the same everything that we turn on that shaytan box television, everything is saying to you, the sun is still shining, rain is still falling, everything, everything is not the same, everyday is different every hour is different every moment it is different, what Allah SWT is given to us in this moment, never ever he will repeat it again. and in these days of complete darkness, what is your role, what is your responsibility what is your part in these days of darkness, who doesn't not believe it is a day of darkness? only the kafirs don't believe it's dark they believe this world still have so much good, so much potential. Really? when the leaders of the world they are all preparing to destroy everything, you and me. when nations, so called Muslim nations, they are going to that wrong direction, they have lost that compass, when Muslim communities, they have lost that compass, when Muslim families, they have lost that compass, and individual we don't know who we are living for? what we are living for? who our role model is. yes these are the day of darkness, understand where you stand in this day of darkness, are you bring lights to these days or are you bring more darkness, sit and think for a little bit. the light, is coming from that one that one there's a light of all the universes, that one that Allah SWT is saying, it is a light from me, that one is is the Holy Prophet SAV, and we are blessed to belong to this ummat, and that light is with us here today through our grandshaykh Shaykh Mawlana Muhammad Nazim Adil Al Hakkani and that light from him is still shining through the veiling of our shaykh Shaykh Abdul Kerim Al Kibrisi Hz. Yes. maybe some of you don't know. then I am going to say, which planet you are living on? Yes. He passed. He is veiled. He is passed from this physical world. more than 40 days ago. Allah SWT Himself took his life because he is a shahid. with His shahid it gives up his life for Allah SWT Allah SWT is not sending Angel of Death, Azrael to that one, Allah SWT himself takes the life, and Allah has veiled our shaykh our shaykh is going to come back In the time of Mahdi AS. and he is going to see each and everyone of you now. like you are looking at me, and I am looking at you, and he is going to say, what have you done? how have you prepared? Are you ready? Yes. we must be like that little kid right now, When our shaykh appears, we must be like that kid, we must laugh or are we going to be like that kid that we know that we have not prepare it? we have not prepared. and we are going to stand, and we are going to shake, and we are going to shiver, that time, it doesn't matter who it is that is in front of him, if you're not prepared you can be his son, his wife, his wakils, his loved ones, if you are not prepared, in the back, those who are prepared, those who keeping the connection, those who taking his sohbet applying it to our lives. and those who are keeping his ways, especially in these days keeping his ways, holding on tightly then he is going to say, come, you are going to ride alongside with me, inshAllah Ar -Rahman may we be those ones, don't let your ego to trick you. this is the day we are celebrating. never forget, shaytan is also celebrating, he has been released, he has been released, and he is looking everywhere to see who spent the time in complete ghfalat? in complete disobedience? complete waste, during the time of ramazan, ha ha, he is going to say, i caught him again for one more year, may Allah protect us from that, and may Allah raise the station of our grandshaykh and our shaykh higher and higher, for the sake of Holy Prophet SAV Birhurmatil Habib, Birhurmatill Faitha Amin salam alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatu. Sit, sit comfortable. Wikileaks" founder Julian Assange is appealing his extradition to Sweden on an EU arrest warrant at the highest court in London. The decision coincides with our next programme. The EU arrest warrant is controversial because it facilitates the extradition of suspects: tick the box, fax the form and away we go. What's practical for the courts means less protection for suspects, even in their homeland. What's more important: faster extradition or protection against this? [Manager] I'm gonna let you handle the 4:30 crowd by yourself. That way, we can evaluate your performance while it's slow. Then we'll ease you into the bigger crowds. All right? [Cashier] You can count on me, Sir. [Manager] Cool. [Smacks hand down on clipboard, which clatters.] [Silence.] [Customer] Do you serve beer? Any alcohol? [Cashier] I wish. Actually, YOU wish. After about five minutes of THlS movie? You're gonna wish you had ten beers. [Manager taps pen impatiently on clipboard] What are you doing? You don't ever criticize the picture. [Cashier] Why? What's the difference? I mean, we already got his money. [Manager scoffs] It's the policy, okay? If you wanna make up your own rules, open up your own theater. [Popcorn softly falls into cup] [Customer] Yeah, let me have lotsa butter on it. [Squirt and splat of butter] [Cashier makes shuddering sound] Ugh. [Butter splurts and splats again] [Cashier] Here ya go. Smothered in delicious yellow chemical sludge. [Cash register whirs and tinkles] [Silence.] [Manager] What the hell is wrong with you? [Cashier sighs] What?? I was just joking around with a customer. It's my 'schtick.' [Manager] Well, lose it. And why aren't you pushing the larger sizes? Didn't you get training about 'up sizing?' [Cashier] yeah. But...I feel really weird. It's pretty sleazy. [Manager scoffs] It's not...OPTlONAL! [Foot steps clomp away] [Cashier, under breath] Sheesh. [Customer] Hi. Uh...can I get a medium 7Up? [Cashier] Medium? Why, Sir. Do you not know that for a mere 25 cents more, you can purchase a large beverage? And you know, I'm only telling you this because we are such good friends. Medium is really only for suckers who don't know the concept of value. Locked in syndrome's a condition that usually stems from damage to the lower part of the brain. So patients that have locked-in syndrome are totally cognizant and aware. They can think, just like you and I can, they have thoughts and feelings. They can feel pain generally throughout the body, they just don't have voluntary muscle control. People who have a stroke, maybe they're in a car accident and then they have damage to that portion of their brain. Or, a degenerative muscle disease like ALS. A locked in state. So we made the eyetracker originally because a lot of them do have eye movement. But some of them don't. And if that's the case, then what can we do for them? Some of them can actually move their hands but can't move their eyes. Some of them can't do anything at all, and in that case you can work with a therapist and maybe try to come up with some other yes/no communication device, and in that situation you could literally have the therapist move the mouse and look for some recognition from the person. That's the idea is to make it as adaptable as possible for a syndrome that encompasses as wide range of functionality. Right now we're setting up a calibration. All that's required here is to make sure that both of her eyes are in view. Great. So now that it's in position, she's going to calibrate the eye key. [ beeps ] So calibration consists of looking at every square that's illuminated. Ultimately the idea is that if you refine this enough, this becomes that you can apply on a really small scale like netbooks and laptops. Anyone with a computer can use this kind of algorithm. Good. Now we're going to use the eye tracking based keyboard. So Hannah has the ability to look around, all around this keyboard, and select the bin or the letter that she's looking for. Ah, we started at about Thanksgiving of last year. That's when our group came together and we actually got our project assignment and what they wanted us to do. Since then we've put in a fair amount of hours - I dunno, what do you guys think we average a week? Anywhere from four to ten a week, depending on the week and what we want to get done. Four to ten a week. Per person. Per person, yeah! How do our calibration images look? Um --- I dunno. [ laughter ] Unfortunately, the mortality rate for individuals with locked-in syndrome is incredibly high. And one of the difficulties is that a lot of these patients don't survive more than four or five months, but because of requirements from insurance to get - eligibility requirements to get these devices, the high-end devices, which can cost up to $20,000, a lot of these patients can't get these devices for six or seven months. So during the time when they could be recovering, or they're teetering on whether to recover or not, they're trapped and the best they have is maybe a board with letters printed on them that the speech therapist has to interpret. So the idea here is that we have a cheap alternative that somebody that really needs this device can get so that they have some sort of communication, because these patients are really in the most severe circumstances. I think it was a really good experience. It was really good to - to have the chance to, um, actually see what we've done here in terms of classwork and coursework and actually put it to use to create a project a product, rather, that somebody needs and wants and can really use everyday. What I love is just the whole process because when we first started, we were thinking about how we were going to do this. A lot of the ideas that we had, we didn't think were going to work at all. But then we basically taught ourselves what needed to be done and were surprised by all that we've accomplished from this. It's really different for me. It's nice to be able to work on something macroscopic. I spend a lot of time in labs working with chemicals and you can't really see the direct impact so much. But with this it's cool. We went from having an idea and now we have a product that works so that's been really neat. [ beeps ] "Sweet." Yeah! I think the coolest thing here is that there's nobody telling us how to do this, or how it has to be done. We were presented with a problem and no one even said we had to use a computer to build an eye tracker, you know. The problem was that, when people are paralyzed, they can't communication very well. How do you fix that? And we started with a plethora of different ideas and we were able to boil it down and figure out what we think would work and not work. And went through this process, but it was driven all by us. We decided what we want to do and what we didn't want to do. We justified all of it. And as long as we could justify it, we were able to make progress and really guide how this turned out on our own. So it's something we can take credit for and you know our professors helped us and kind of guided us along the way but they didn't make the decisions, we did. And I think that's really empowering feeling. This is the University of Rochester. So I started out as everybody else with a piece of paper and a pencil into the world of humble stick figures but then about ten years ago when I started painting on canvas my art teacher would always take a paint brush and touch up my work. Now that piece of art wasn't art for me anymore. It was something that was "correct" or "realistic". I couldn't attach my identity to it anymore. Then four years ago I was surrounded by people who encouraged me to express myself in the way I wanted to and I found my identity in my artwork. I had breached that line of what a lot of people think art is supposed to be, and now my paintings look more along the lines of this. So that made me wonder what was it that had completely flipped my personality around? What was it that fed my confidence and satisfaction and happiness? It wasnt that I had a good eye for color It was my daily dosage of expression. Now that made me wonder, why is it that a lot of people find it difficult to express themselves in other ways? Why do a lot of people resort to words? Think of the happiest memory in your life so far. It's with our friends and our family and doing the things that we love. I've seen my parents in their happiest of moments. And it's not exactly when they're with each other or with my brother and I. It's my mom dancing while cooking, or my dad singing Jim Reeve's classics in the morning while ironing the clothes. My brother and I, our favorite memory together from our childhood is when we used to build our Darth Vader forts. Creating that own world of ours was so much more precious than anything materialistic we would have received on our birthdays. Think of a word that could reflect what art means to you right now. Art has in fact walked along side humans on the path of evolution, but it seems to get lost somewhere in between. Art is now confined to the able. Our species thrives on imagination. Every single idea you have ever thought of or heard of is a product of that imagination. Ken Robinson calls it the source of every form of human achievement, and rightly so. Our subconscious goal in life is to conjure up as many possibilities as we can and drag that thought to the present, turning mediocrity into novelty. Now think of a world of artists. What would that look like? A world where babies are nurtured into children with no creative restrains? Where there is no right or wrong black or white, there's lavender, gold, persian, blue, magenta orchid, scarlet, green, neon, there's just every possible outcome that you can think of. And all of those outcomes that you cannot think of. Then enter world of enlightenment, not a system of education but simply craving knowledge for the sake of it what if English and math were not the only compulsory subjects? What if art became a way of life? What if it was not only confined to an art class? What about infrastructure and travel, environment and wastage? Would we be bound by cubicles and four walls? If the electric car was allowed to flourish, you would have probably come to the TEDx event in your flying car. Imagine that our imaginations being allowed to have a life of their own. And being allowed to be a part of everyone else's' life. What about governments? There's nothing that makes us want to share our lives more with each other than art pushes us to. Theres no more constructive form of manifesting ourselves than for the enrichment of our own lives and the lives of others around us. Art makes us compassionate, effervescent joyous, fearless, and daring individuals Now think of a word that could reflect what art could mean to you five years down the line if you were an artist. Art has no technique and is not a talent that is passed out at birth. It is something that you nurture yourself. You don't need to draw a perfect circle to be an artist. You are a piece of art. Your heart is brimming with creativity and beauty and love. Embrace it and manifest it. Create something today. Turn your passions and professions into your artwork. Ask yourselves, if not now then when? And if not me then who? Imagine a world of artists. What a beautiful world that would be. Thank you. (Applause) Previously on Haven Every town gets a few skeleton in the closet In Haven, people have the ability to do things Why should I waste the bureau's time and your talents on this nothing little town Because I understand this people, Agent Howard People like me are different you serious can't feel pain? No, I can't anything Chief Wuornos, this is... Special agent Audrey Parker. You call your dad the chief I call my boss the chief Duke Crocker I've known him since he was five. He's all bad Somebody out there with a tattoo wants to kill me. What's wrong? I can feel you I'm sorry about this, Nathan. There's just no simple answers here. What are you trying to hold together Well, Haven of course. Dad Thank you for coming How can we help if you could pick up the pieces. And put it in this box My dad was keeping Haven from falling apart That's your job now What the hell are you doing in this chair? New chief of police could do wonders for this town. The last thing Haven needs, is the Rev And his self-righteous poison running things. Are you Audery Parker? I'm with### the FBl. answer the question Yes Haven PD, who are you? I'm special agent Audrey Parker Who the hell are you? Okay, why don't we all put our guns down No Why Because she knows She knows she's a fraud###. I'm Audrey Parker. I know her. You just came out from under a rock, drop the gun Mr Crocker, it's good to see you Good to see you darkening@ the door of the good shepherd. You know, I don't have a lot of men of the cloth calling me. I'm curious. You said it was important It is. Come in, come on I think, I'll darken the outside for now. Okay I'll get right to it then I've been thinking a lot about your dad He and I were quite close. He was brave. He was just. And he stood with the righteous. That doesn't sound like him. He understood the struggle that we face here And unfortunately, he was one of its causalities My father drowned at sea. I was there Why don't you just tell me what you want? I want to protect our town. I want to help you Okay Tell me about this symbol When I know where you stand,@ I'll be happy to answer any of your questions If you knew me as well as you are pretending to, then you would know, I stand for me Help Are you okay Are you okay? Where are you bleeding from###? I'm okay. It's not me It's me What the hell You're calling the police? That blood is coming from your plumbing Yeah, I'm calling the police In Haven, the police aren't the answer. to anything You're making a big mistake, officer I don't think so Watch your head So, lunch Are you okay? Fine If you say so I'm guessin' that's her car. That was a pretty good fake badge and gun she had. A laminating machine, red -state laws. Maybe, but I was someone named Lucy once Which could all be part of someone playing you Maybe , but the thing is if that were true then Stop She thinks she is you. She is not In this town, that means she 's troubled It's someone we need to deal with. You are right So, have you thought about what we're gonna tell people about your dad? Been on my mind. Nathan, when the chief of Police dies, people tend to notice I'm dealing with it He's in a### cooler in your car Got some weather blowing### in. I guess we should get... Her down to the station. What was that? Just rain, regular old Get in There's an explanation. Tornadoes###. They sucked up chickens, fish In Haven Thoughts You think she could have caused all this The sky did open up and drop frog on our heads right after she showed What the hell was that The frogs I have never seen that on Animal Planet You sure you didn't bring them here Can we go to the police station Who did you call My boss, agent Howard You dialed@ behind your back. Nice trick. Not easy I can do that Do you hear that Let's go What Lavern, I need ambulances at the corner of McCausland and Poplar, right now! Holy crap Looks like this driver didn't want to stick around Someone is gonna get killed here You take care that. I'll take care of this Hey, whoever you are. I can help Shut up He may have spinal damage. Yeah, that's why I'm gonna keep him flat. You can try to keep him flat, but if he has any compromised vertebrae, you could### paralyze him. Damn Don't make me regret this Okay Together: One, two, three. Go back it up. Keep going oh, I've been working on the railroad? 100 beats per minute? Yeah, The FBI didn't teach you that The Campfire girls right Okay, good he's got a pulse Can you stay with him until the paramedics get here? I'm gonna be right over there I'm not going anywhere just waiting for the FBI to show up@. Audrey Parker. Agent Howard. How's local cop life### treating you Oh, you know. Cats in trees. Like that So are you looking for your job back Not really. Actually I was wondering, did anyone call in today, pretending to be me No Is### someone saying she is you No, it's just this town If someone impersonating a federal agent No, agent Howard, I'm gonna deal with it. Yes, you will until I get there. Agent Howard, detain her till I arrive Great He's gonna make it but we're not gonna get a statement anytime soon You took the cuff off of whatever her name is I needed her help And she knew what she was doing I gotta say What about the guy who was in this car Took off These are gnats. Ah. Looks like he was injured. Pretty sure why he walked. Instead of swapping insurance cards@. Looks like we know what caused his accident anyway What I talked to agent Howard too Oh yeah. And what did he have to say? I should be nice to you. That you might need some help Yeah, because there's something wrong with me? You do have my memories## And in this town, that probably means that you are troubled You're insane See, I would think that too if I were you. Can you take her down to the station to make sure she doesn't leave Fine. That's fine. Tell me, Stan. What's the coffee@ like down at the station? All right. What's more dangerous Drinking and driving or bugs and driving?@ I guess I know why you didn't return my calls. I got about a hundred reasons not to return your calls How about blood? Running down the street in front of the good shepherd church. Is that a good enough reason to return my call When was that? Was that today Hi, Audrey Yeah About an hour or two .### ago And the best part. Wait for it It was coming from the sprinklers. Blood frogs Gnats What the hell is she doing there Nevermind. I gotta go Blood, sprinklers, good luck with this I guess he doesn't like bugs Really doesn't like bugs. So how's your Bible knowledge? well, I know the ten plagues. Most of them, some of them So what? God's punishing Haven? if this happened in any other town , I might go there, but here... So started at the church, I'm gonna go talk to the rev Yeah, and it started when she got here, So I'm going to go down to the station. Okay Nathan Wuornos Now, this is a surprise Shouldn't be River of blood comes out of your place, Hangs a left on Witcham@ I'd expect the cops Then that's followed by frogs, gnats, and flies. It's the ten plagues of exodus. Haven's become Egypt. Now we can expect dead livestock, boils, flaming hell Locusts. Darkness. and the death of firstborn sons If I were you, I'd take that last one personally.@ You almost look happy Happy No, I'm not happy This is my town. and it's being punished. So, you always believed that Haven needed to be punished No. I don't want anyone punished I want the cursed to ask for God's forgiveness and to rejoin us all in his love The troubled don't need anyone's forgiveness. They are born the way they are This has nothing to do with God. And yet, the plagues are upon us Thanks for your time Your father He chose to live among the curse, and it destroyed him. And it will destroy you, but that doesn't have to be your path. Seek God's forgiveness And he may welcome you back into His grace I'm good Oh, Audrey Guys, now### is not the time. Sorry, but the Chief He needs to be buried Yeah, I know you're right But I need to find the### time to talk to Nathan And now it's just not It's not the right time, of course But we might be waiting a long time for that And Garland deserves to be laid to rest We own a piece of land that would be a fitting and private resting place Alright, I'll talk to Nathan And while you're talking to him, ask him if he would like us to put his name in for interim chief And whether he would be... So, you think I caused the frogs and the bugs What do you think did I use my magic wand or may be my tricorder? A tricorder is just for readings. Second of all This all started when you got here, so yeah You kinda walk like a duck Okay, I'm done talking until Agent Howard gets here Alright, you know what? I have a lot of work to do Until the next one hits. So... Frogs here, gnats here, flies, blood You have to put them in the order that happened### I thought you were done talking. I'm just going along for the ride Blood Frogs, Gnats Flies When one starts, the other stops. Not immediately, but it's soon And they are in geographical sequence too When you add the direction from the bugs They connect. Moving east to west Following roads Except for the flies Unless he's on foot The flies are not following the roads. They are chasing someone on those roads Got anybody in mind? I'm betting it;s that guy that took off after he crashed his car He left on foot, and then the flies followed him I was with you, then. So we can just go ahead and clear me? Of the plagues, yeah. Evidence Ryan. Duke Crocker Is that the hello that I get after all this time Hello Evi What do you want? Why do I have to want something Because your lips are moving Maybe Maybe I wanted to see you Maybe I missed ya. That's not why you are here Just out of curiosity, how did you know that I 'd still be in Haven What are you still doing in Haven? You should leave. Stop It's been three years Duke You can't possibly still be mad As a matter of fact, I can be Maybe I came to make it up to you Yeah, I don't think so. Okay There's a job Well, Evi, whatever it is I'm not interested I'm gonna come back when you're in a better mood And showered Hi, Haven PD I need to talk to a bud and Arlene Schubert. I'm Arlene. Do you own a '98 Plymouth Sundance? It was involved in an accident I think I better get my husband Bud, come on in I'll be right back She seems normal They all seem normal. You're the firstborn### son, right? I thought I was Guess I can't be too sure about that anymore. No, neither way we're not gonna let it get to that That'd be swell. My God, did something happen to DJ? Who is TJ? Our son-in-law. His car was impounded. He got a DUl last week, so I loaned him our Plymouth. Is TJ here? We need to talk to him No, we haven't seen him since Since our daughter died last week giving birth to our grandson, TJ's son. He's been drinking pretty hard since then Excuse me I'm sorry for your loss### Do you know where he is? I went by his house, but I don't think he's been there in a while We've been caring for Aaron ourselves. Parker, we gotta go How far does it stretch?### Reports put it at### about 1/4 mile. That means the plagues are getting bigger And they're headed back towards town. Wow, You serve@ umbrella drinks? I have bouncers, Evi. Really? Here Please leave You remember Macau. Think twice as big as Macau. Yeah, I'm still not interested You owe me Duke Um, Korolov? I saved your life And then you almost ruined it again When did you get so sensitive? I know you still care about me I don't know how to make this any more clear I don't want to be in business with you I don't want to be in bed with you I don't want anything to do with you Can I finish my drink. Suit yourself Got an APB out on TJ Smith. Judging by the bloody handprint on the dash he's injured. And without a car we'll find him You sound just like a cop So, it's cute People want to know if a railcar lost a chemical load. I mean, there's a ton of skin burn reports. Near Bruster and Sixth.@ Where has Chief been all day? Well, I hope he shows up soon. We could use him Look at that What? Your plagues. Before they were in the streaks This is a circle Which means, your suspect, he stopped moving Got a report of a carjacking Crane and Monteville. Hello, TJ Put an APB out on the car let's go talk to witnesses. Hey, didn't I just earn myself a spot on this ride### I thought you didn't believe in this whole plague thing I don't But somebody is doing something I don't know if it's chemicals or he's attracting bugs but it's dangerous And it needs to be stopped And you can help Why don't we just let her come along but don't give her a gun You serious Wonder how far it spread. Steve, what happened You tell me, Wuornos A guy came into the shop and wanted to buy a gun. I turned him down. He snatched that lady's car on the way out.@ This guy? Yeah. But bloody and half in the bag.### Why didn't you sell him a gun I don't want a gun that messed up with a loaded weapon in my store Guy that desperate just left. I don't think so One call to ATF then you'll have license issues that will take months to resolve I sent him to little Mike. If you've got cash, he'll sell you anything. He hangs### at the gull. I don't see TJ That's hail. That's him TJ stop Out of the way! I'm trying to get some units on the road to block him but of course, they are busy with the flaming hail So, you actually think that that guy did this What kind of a freak could do that They are not freaks Alright, some people call them cursed. We call them troubled I just bought all the patio furniture.@ Who are you? FBI Yes No Interesting How well do you know TJ? You think TJ did all this He's been in here a lot. Drowning his guilt### in bourbon. What's he got to feel guilty for?### Oh. He was in Portland. When his wife went into labor and died Look what I found. Ah! You must be little Mike. Don't upset him. He gets messy when he's cranky. So you go after TJ? I know why you are talking to me? Did you sell him a gun? I know he had one when he left here.That good enough? Did he say why he needed one? Something about protecting his son From who It's all I know Can I go? You believe him For now So who would TJ want### to protect his son from From whoever he thinks is causing the plague Let's go You got older brothers A couple I know of. Pop liked to travel. Come with us Excuse me The last plague is death of the first bornson It might be me Audrey could need help Why does everyone think that I want to help? Laverne, I need a two mile perimeter around 55 crane street evacuated. Nathan, hon. Only the chief can order that. You need to call him Look, if this goes south@, I need you to take care of the chief What happened to him, Nathan? He died Nathan I'm not gonna bury your dad You have to. You are the only one who No, I'm gonna do it. I'm not going to waste a perfectly good cooler. What cooler? You don't mean this cooler Yeah Look Locusts? We're up to darkness. Why are you here? I'm here to help I need to evacuate this area Perhaps our prayers to the Schubert will be answered and all this will end.@ I need to get all these people out of here now They are here to pray for God's mercy And his forgiveness And if you love Haven, Nathan, you'll join us. Okay, I need everybody to move back now They are not going anywhere Nathan, we don't have time for this Where is TJ He's upstairs with the baby We tried to stop him. He's got a gun. Put down the gun Who are you? I'm not gonna hurt my sun You put down your gun Okay What are you doing? Back off Just, trust me TJ, what are you doing What God's been trying to do all day. I'm gonna kill my son I'm gonna stop all this Before Aaron Aaron still needs a father You know what's coming next? It's death of the firstborn son. My son aaron is gonna live. I'm dead. This all stops You don't know that It's a### risk I'm willing to take I just wanted to say goodbye first No, God's not doing this. TJ, you are You are troubled, like many other people in Haven And if we don't figure out why or how to stop this A lot of innocent people will die It;s happening The firstborn They are dying TJ, we need to figure this out How much longer are you gonna let him point a gun at us Listen, just let me help you It's kinda what I do in this town Tell me what happened What happened? What happened? My wife died, she died and I wasn't even there I know, but it was awful. But I need you to tell me, what happened today I drank Did you go anywhere near a bible Yes, so What? When? Tell me This morning, When even the liquor wouldn't work, I tried reading one. But all that did was remind God I'm still here, And the plague has been chasing me ever since You were at the good shepherd church. That's when this all started. Did you read exodus? Yes, TJ. It's not God. It's not the bible. It's you. And when you read, you Read this This is insane TJ, read it aloud, please. Trust me there was once a velveteen rabbit. And in the beginning, he was really splendid Keep going He's fat and bunchy as a rabbit should be. his coat was a spotted brown and white. And he found that he actually had hind### legs instead of instead of dingy velveteen, he had brown fur, Soft and shiny. " Keep reading his ears twitched by themselves@ and his whiskers were so long that they brushed the grass he gave one leap, and the joy of using his hind legs was so great. That he went springing It's over now He went springing about the turf on them, jumping sideways and whirling around as the others did.@ and he grew so excited that when at last He did stop to look at the fairy, she had gone. " How you feeling Nathan What if she hadn't pulled it off, Rev Some of your parishioners would have died They know great struggles require great sacrifice.@ You know what So, a couple innocents die, your position grows stronger This has nothing to do with me. I'm just the lowly sinner just like you are You're gonna start a war It's what you want, isn't it This is a war, Nathan, on Evil, on Sin I was hoping you would join me, both of you But you refused me, Nathan, so be it Duke, you may not wish to choose a side, but sooner or later, a side will choose you Until then, becareful of the company you keep The lamb can never lie down with the lion. What the hell he is talking about Oh come on Bug infestations... Schizophrenic weather. How do you keep the tourists away? Nathan, Audrey this is Evi Evi Crocker. You have a sister Unfortunately, I do not have a sister No, I'm Duke's wife Wife? Wife? You never told them about me Would you please excuse us for a moment Okay, fine Yes, I do care, enough that I do not want you sticking around. In case you haven't noticed, dangerous, freakish things happen in this town I know you. If you stay here, you're gonna end up right in the middle of them Duke, I know you too. The only thing that you hate more than small towns are home towns@. And yet, you set up shop### here? I thought it's time I finally found out why. I don't know what you are working there. But I'm gonna find out Evi Believe me, the things that happen here, You can't work an angle on them. There's no payday for you here in Haven. I'll be the judge of that. See you around I guess I know what you want to talk to me about People need to be told the chief is gone, Nathan They deserve to know Tell me he was lost at sea I'll be the judge of that. I'll talk to the selectmen and have them appoint you interim chief We'll print a story in the herald about these events Global warning comes to Haven or something What are you doing here Just earning a few points with the new police chief. Could have told me about your dad Could have told me about your wife Fair enough You been thinking at all about what the rev said? No Yeah, me neither But just so we're clear I'm lying There're things in this town that I can't explain Me neither If that makes you feel any better There's no way that I have your memories You googled me, tailed me, I don't know... Dayton, Ohio. My third foster home. There was a girl there named Theresa. She told me that foster dad Jack had been coming in her room at night, drunk She was 12 year-old So I waited up for him the next night He stank@ of cigarettes and vodka. And when he turned off the lights, and he came for### her I put some scissors in his neck. He didn't even know how it happened. But he never touched her again It's why I became a cop Mickey mouse scissors? I've never told anyone that Neither have I Until now Okay. Looks like the cavalry's here. Yeah, looks like, Yeah, when you go in there, don't tell her anything We'll figure this out Agent Parker Special agent Howard The woman who stole your identity, where is she She is in the wind I'm sorry. I think she was headed toward the Canadian border. All right then while I'm getting this spray-cheese up off the floor Tracy's gonna be talking to two special young men, who are really making a difference in their community thanks Tim, I am sitting here right now with two very special boy scouts. Zach Hanniford and Brian Sykes of Troop 128 in Whitehall, New York. They've decided to take on the challenge of promoting the early detection of breast cancer.Wow guys thanks so much for joining us! Tell me everything about your project well in order to get our Eagle Scouts Badge we needed to do a community service project and we talked it over and we thought that we'd do aaa... help women do their breast exams Wow, you must have done a lot of research! definately yeah We looked all over the Internet to prime great websites I think we're seeing some of them now uhm.. yeah these ones are really good. Yeah,the information can be pretty confusing though, so women will shout boy scouts for help You even put together your own website. Is that right? Yeah, my older brother Ted is Art Advisor and he knows how to put together websites, so he helped us put our own You list your phone number, so that's a good way for people to get in contact with you, right aha yeah They can call us and we'll go to their house any time So, how's your programme going to work. I mean, where do you plan to do these exams? oohh, well, I think we'll probably gonna do them in my basement well, it's not a .. his basement is not really like a "basement" basement. It has a carpet. It's like a family room so it's furnished I've been told that the key to a good self breast examination is making them a regular part of your normal routine, right? And that way you get to know your breasts, and can recognise any changes, but I like to do mine when I'm in the shower But I understand you can also lie in your bed? yeah, yeah, definately. aha I am kind of worried about my own technique though can you show us how to do a good breast exam? ooh, well.. aa first you kind of have to.. like look around and feel for the lump ... I imagine you have to disrobe aha yeah -and then you've gotta like, feel for the bump if there is one... -you can go in circles yeah ok. So there are different techniques then, is that right Brian? -yeah -you gotta squeeze the nipple to make sure it doesn't feel irregular .. ee in the nipple ..to make sure... Wow! I'm amazed! -You should come over. We can teach you how to do it -yeah -Sign me up boys! -Thank you so much for coming on the show and sharing this! -the thing with the age... ohhh yeah We're really focusing on younger women, cause older women know much of this stuff already. What an excellent point! Coming up next we'll visit our third canyon this week.. thank you so much for being here This video talks about data modeling and UML, the Unified Modeling Language. The area of data modeling consists of how we represent the data for an application. We've talked a great length about the relational data model. Its widely used and we have good design principles for coming up with relational schemas. We also talked about XML as a data model, XML is quite a bit newer and there are no design principles that are analogous to the ones for the relational model. But frequently when people are designing a database, they'll actually use a higher level model that's specifically for database design. These models aren't implemented by the database system, rather they're translated into the model of the database system. So let's draw a picture of that. Let's suppose that we have a relational database management system which is abbreviated RDBMS often, and I'll draw that as a disk just out of tradition. So, if we create a database in a relational system the database is going to consist of relations. but instead of designing relations directly, the database designer, we'll draw that up here, will use instead a higher-level design model. That model will then go through a translator, and this can often be an automatic process that will translate the higher level model into the relations that are implemented by the database system. So what are these higher-level models? Historically, for decades in fact, the entity relationship model, also known as the ER model, was a very popular one. But more recently the unified modeling language has become popular for higher-level database design. The unified modeling language is actually a very large language, not just for database designs, but also for designing programs. So what we're going to look at is the data modeling subset of UML. Both of these design models are fundamentally graphical, so in designing a database, the user will draw boxes and arrows, perhaps other shapes. And also both of them can be translated, generally automatically, into relations. Sometimes there may be little human intervention in the translation process, but often that's not necessary. So in the data modeling subset of UML, there are five basic concepts. Classes, associations, association classes, sub-classes, and composition and aggregation. We're just going to go through each one of those concepts in turn with examples. So that class concept in UML is not specific to data-modeling. It's also used for designing programs. The class consists of a name for the class, attributes of the class, and methods in the class, and that's probably familiar to you again from programming. For data modeling specifically, we add to the attributes the concept of a primary key, and we drop the methods that are associated since we're focusing, really, on the data modeling at this point. So we'll be drawing our examples, as usual, from a imaginary college admissions database with students and colleges and students applying to colleges and so forth. So one of our classes, not surprisingly, will be the student class. And in UML we'll draw a class as a box like this, and at the top we put the name of the class and then we put the attributes of the class, so let's suppose that we'll just keep it simple. We'll have a student ID, a student name, and for now, the student's GPA and down here in UML would be the specification of the methods. Again we're not going to be focusing on methods since we are looking at data-modeling,and not the operations on the data. And so one difference is that we'll have no methods. Another is that we specify a primary key if we wish and that's specified using the terminology PK. So we'll say that the student ID in this case is the primary key. And just as in keys in the relational model, that means that when we have a set of objects for the student class, each object will have a unique student ID. There will be no student IDs repeated across objects. in our college application database, we're also likely to have a class for colleges, so we'll have a class that we call college. And for now, we'll make the attributes of that class, just the college name and the state. And again in full UML, there might be some methods down here. And we'll make the college name and this case be the primary key. So we're assuming now that college names themselves are unique. So that's it for classes. Pretty straightforward, they look a lot like relations and of course, they will translate directly to relations. Next let's talk about associations. Associations capture relationships between objects of two different classes. So lets suppose again that we have our student class and I won't write the attributes now, I'll just write it like that and we have our college class in our UML design. If we want to have a relationship that students apply to colleges, we write that just as a line between the students and the college classes and then we give it a name. So we'll call it applied and that says that we have objects in the student class and objects that are in the college class that are associated with each other through the applied association. If we want to introduce a directionality to the relationship, so to say that student are applying to colleges, we can put in a arrow there, that's part of the UML language although we'll see that it doesn't really make much difference when we end up translating UML designs to relations. When we have associations between classes, we can specify what we call the multiplicity of those and that talks about how many objects of one class can be related to an object of another class. So we'll see that we can capture concepts like one-one and many-one and so forth. So let's look specifically at how we specify those in a UML diagram, and for now I'll just use two generic classes. So let's say I have a class C1 and I have a class C2, and let's say that I have an association between those two classes, so that would be a line. And I could give that a name, let's call it A. Let's say that I want to specify that each object in Class C, well I'm just going to write those objects kind of as dots here below the class specification. Let's say that I wanted to say that each one of those is going to be related to at least M but at most N objects in class C2, so here are class C2 objects. I'm going to have this kind of fan out in my relationship. To specify that in the UML diagram I write that as M.. and on the right side of the association line and again that's say each object then in C1, then will related to between M and N objects of C2. Now there are some special cases in this notation. I can write M dot dot star, and star means any number of objects, so what that would see is that each object in "C1" is related to atleast "M" and, as many as it wants, elements of "C2". I can also write zero to end and that will say that each object in C1 is related to possibly none for example here we have one that I haven't draw any relations tips. Possibly none and up to N elements of C2. I can also write zero dot dot star, and that's basic no restrictions on the multiplicity. And just to mention, the default, actually, is one dot dot one. So if we don't write anything on our association we're assuming that each object is related to exactly one object of the other class and that's in both directions by the way, so I can put a X.. Y here and now we'll restrict how many objects of element of C2 is related to. Incidentally UML allow some abbreviations, 1..1 can be abbreviated as a just plain old one and 0.. can be abbreviated with just star. So let's take a look at our student and college example and what the multiplicity of the association of students applying to colleges might be. So let's suppose that we insist that students must apply somewhere, so they apply to at least one college but they're not allow to apply to more than 5 and further more lets say that no college will take more than 20,000 applications, so this example is contrived to allow me to put multiplicity specifications on both sides. So again, we'll have our student class and we'll have our college class and we'll have our association between the student and the college class, and I'll just write the name underneath here. Now applied. So lets think about how to specify our multiplicities for this. So to specify that a student must apply somewhere but cannot apply to more than 5 colleges, we put a one dot dot five on this side. It really takes some thinking sometimes to remember which side to put the specification on. But that's what gives us the fan out from the objects on the left to the objects on the right. So it says each student can apply to up to five colleges and must apply to at least one, so we won't have any who haven't applied anywhere. On the other side, we want to talk about how many students can have applied to a particular college, and we said it can be no more than 20,000. We didn't put a lower restriction on that, so we would specify that as 0 to 20,000. So I mentioned earlier that multiplicity of associations captures some of these types of relationships you might have learned about somewhere else called one to one, many to one, and so on. So, let me show the relationship between association multiplicity and this terminology. So if we have a one-to-one relationship between "C1" and "C2," technically one-to-one doesn't mean everything has to be involved. What it really means is that each object on each side is related to at most one on the other side. So to say it's a one-to-one relationship we would put a "zero, dot, dot, one" on both sides. Let's see if I can use some colors here. So what about many-to-one? Many-to-one says that we can have many elements of "C1" related to an element of "C2," but each element of "C2" will be related to, at most, one element of "C1." So in that case we still have a "zero, dot, dot, one" on the right side indicating that each "C1" object is related to at most one object of "C2" but we have the star on the left hand side indicating that C2 objects can be related to any number of "C1" objects and, as a reminder, star is an abbreviation for "zero, dot, dot, star." Many to many has no restrictions on the relationships. So that would be a star on both sides. Pretty simple and the last concept is the idea of complete relationships. So a complete relationship is complementary to these others. It says that every object must participate in the relationship. So we can have a complete one to one, and that would be one dot dot one on both sides. We could have a complete many to one, and that would be on the left side one dot dot star, and on the right side one dot dot one and, finally, a complete many to many would be one dot dot star on each side. As a reminder, the default if we don't specify the multiplicity is a one dot dot one both sides. So that would be a complete one to one relationship. Ok, we've finished with classes and with associations. Now let's talk about association classes. Association classes generalize the notion of associations by allowing us to put attributes on the association itself and, again, we'll use our example. So we already knew how to specify that students apply to colleges, but what if associated with the application we wanted to have, for example, the date that they applied and maybe the decision of that application. We don't really have a way to do that without adding a new construct, and that construct is what's known as an association class. So we can make a class and we'll just call it "App Info". And it looks like a class, it's got the box with the name at the top and the attributes. And then we just attach that box to the association, and that tells us that each instance of the association between a student and a college has additional information, a date of that application and the decision of that application. Now there's a couple of things I want to mention. First of all, in a number of examples, I'll probably leave out the multiplicities on the ends of the associations. That doesn't mean I'm assuming the default one one. It's just when it's not relevant, I'm not going to focus on that aspect. Now when we have students associated with colleges. So we have a student here we have a college. Then we have an association between those. Now what we're saying is that association is going to have affiliated with it a date and a decision. What we cannot describe in UML is the possibility of having more than one relationship or association between the same student and the same college. So when we have an association that assumes at most one relationship between two objects. So, for example, if we wanted to add the possibility that students could apply to the same college multiple times so maybe you know that want to apply for separate majors. That would actually have to be captured quite differently. We'd have to add a separate class that would for the application information with separate relationships to the students and colleges. So this is a, in my mind, a slight deficiency of UML. Again, that and it only captures, at most, one relationship between the two specific objects across the two classes. Now, sometimes we can make a design that has an association class and it turns out we didn't really need it and we're going to come back to multiplicities to see how this can happen, so again let's take a look at just generic classes C1 and C2. Let's say that we have an association between them and then we have an association class. We'll just call it AC. And that's gonna have some attributes, we can call them A1 and A2 for now. And of course, there's attributes in C1 and C2 as well. Let's suppose that the multiplicity on, let's say the left side is star so anything goes, and on the right side we have one to one. So what that multiplicity says is that each object Of C1 is related to at most one object of C2. So, actually exactly one object in this case. So we know that there's going to be just one association for each object of C1, and if there's only going to be one association actually we could take these attributes and we could put those attributes as part of C1 instead of having a separate association class, so for example If this class happened to be the student class, and this was the college class, and we insisted that each student apply to exactly one college then the attributes we had down here, the date and decision, could be moved into the student class, because we know they're only applying to one college, so that would be the date and the decision for the one college they're applying to. Furthermore, if we had zero dot dot one, we can still move these attributes here and, in that case, if a student was not involved in a college - had not applied to a college at all or, more generally, an object of "C1" was not related to any object of "C2" then those attributes would have the equivalent of null values in them. By the way, it is possible for an association to be between a class and itself. For example, we could have our student class and maybe we're going to have an association called "sibling", a student being associated with another student because they're siblings, an association between a class in itself is written with a line tgat just goes between the class and itself. And then we could label that sibling. And for multiplicities we can assume that every student has between 0 and an arbitrary number of siblings lets say, so we can put a star on both ends of that association. A more interesting association might involve colleges where say we have for every college a flagship main campus. But then some colleges have separate branch or satellite campuses, so that would be an association between a college and itself saying that one college is a branch of another college. Now let's think about the multiplicities here. First of all, when we have a self association, in UML we're allowed to label the two ends of the association. So I could, for example, say on one end we have the home campus. And on another end we have the satellite campus. And now with those labels we can see the asymmetry and that lets us get our associations right. So let's say that every satellite campus must have exactly one home campus, so that would be a one dot dot here and every home campus can have any number of satellite campuses. Or actually, let's say something else. Let's say every home campus can have between zero and ten satellite campuses be a zero dot dot ten on that side of the self association. Ok, we're finished with the first three let's move on to sub classes. For sub classes we're gonna do a fairly large example that involves students that we're gonna separate into foreign students and domestic students. We're also going to separately specify students who have taken AP classes and those will be our AP students. So we're going to have the student class as the top of our hierarchy and the student class will, again, have the student ID, let's say the student name, and GPA, and we'll say the the student ID is the primary key for objects in that class, we're going to have three sub classes, one is going to be the foreign students, we'll call it foreign S, one is going to be the domestic students and then we're also going to have a sub class for AP students. and I'm going to assume that you already know a little bit about sub classing from programming. So the idea is that when we have a sub class, there are attributes that are specific to the objects that are in that sub class and they'll inherit the attributes from their super class. So we're gonna make student be a super class here. And this is how we draw it, with three sub classes here for foreign student, domestic student, and AP student. And we'll say that foreign students have in addition to a student ID, a student name and GPA, a country that they come from. We'll say that Domestic students are going to have a state that they come from and we'll also say that they have a Social Security number, which we don't know that foreign students would necessarily have. AP students, interestingly, is going to be empty. It's not going to have any additional attributes, but the AP students are the students that are going to be allowed to have a relationship with AP courses. We'll say that the AP course has a course number and that's probably the primary key. And maybe a title for the course and some units for the course. And then when one of our AP students takes the course. We'll call this "Association took". We're going to have an association class that goes along with that, that's going to have the information, let's called it "AP info", about them taking that particular AP class and we'll say that association class has for example the year that they took the class and maybe the grade that they got in the class. And lastly let's add some multiplicities. Let's say that AP students can take between one and ten AP classes but they taken at least one to be an AP student and let's say that every course has taken by at least one student and arbitrary number of students. So this is one of the biggest UML diagrams we've seen so far. Again, this is a superclass up here. And we have our subclasses down here. And then we also have an association, and an association class, and some multiplicities. And again notice that is ok that there are no attributes in the AP student sub class that sub classes define as those student who have taken AP course. Here are some terminology and properties associated with sub class relationships, a super classes and UML are sometimes called generalization with sub classes called specialization and some sub class relationship is said to be complete if every object in the super class is in at least one sub class and it's incomplete if that's not the case and incomplete is also sometimes known as partial, a sub class relationship is known as disjoint if every object is in at most one subclass. In other words, we don't have any objects that are in more than one subclass, and that's sometimes called exclusive. And if it's not disjoint, then it's overlapping, meaning that objects can be in multiple sub classes. We can have any combination of these pairs, so we can have incomplete overlapping, or incomplete disjoint, a complete disjoint that are complete overlapping, lets take a look back at our example, for this example we will probably have the case that it's a complete subclass relationship. In other words, every student is in at least one subclass, presumably every student is either a foreign student or a domestic student and further more, we're going to say that it's overlapping because we will have students who, for example, are both a domestic student and an AP student. And in UML, the actual notation is to put little curly braces here to specify that that subclass relationship is complete and overlapping. To illustrate some of the other cases, let's suppose that we didn't have this whole section here with the AP students. We only had foreign and domestic students. In that case, we would say that the subclass relationship is complete. But in that case it would not be overlapping. It would be disjoint. Or suppose we didn't have this whole left side here so all we had was the AP student subclass. In that case, it would probably be an incomplete complete subclass relationship because not everybody is an AP student and they wouldn't make any difference between overlapping and disjoints since there would be only one subclass in that case. Okay we've now made it to our last concept which is composition and aggregation. Let me start by clarifying right off that aggregation here has nothing to do with aggregation in SQL. Well, it's a completely different concept. So let's first talk about composition. Composition is used when we have a database structure where objects of one class kind of belong to the objects of another class and the example I am going to use is colleges and departments. So I've drawn the two classes here. And let's say for the department we have the department name and we have say the building that the department is in. And so we're assuming that each college has a whole bunch of departments, now we can make a relationship, an association between colleges and departments to say that the department is in a college but when we have the idea that the departments belong to a specific college then that's when this composition construct is used. And the way the composition is written is by putting a diamond over here on the end of the association. So composition is really a special type association. And we'll fill in that diamond here to indicate composition. Aggregation happens to have an empty diamond which we'll see in a moment so when we have the diamond and we're creating one of these composition relationships there's implicitly a one dot dot one on the left side so each department belongs to one college but what's kind of interesting here, what's little different from the normal relationship is that we're not assuming that this department name is a primary key exactly. We could have this same department, in fact even in the same building, in different colleges and that would be okay because a department is through this relationship associated with it's college. So that was composition, objects of one class belonging to objects of another. Let me give an example of aggregation. This is a slight stretch but what I'm going to make is a class of apartments. Not departments but apartments. So we're going to imagine that there are apartment buildings represented in our database, maybe they have an address that the primary key and something like the number of units, and what we're going to imagine is that some apartment buildings are owned by or associated with the college but not all of them are. And that's what aggregation does. So for aggragation we again have a relationship here, but in this case, we make a diamond on this side that is open, and what that says is that each apartment, each object in the apartment class is belonging to a college either at most one college or no college at all. So we can have apartments that belong to a college we can have, kind of, free-floating apartments and that's what the open diamond, which is aggregation, is about. So in conclusion, the data modeling portion of the Unified Modeling Language can be used to perform database design at a higher level. It's a graphical language. We went through the five main concepts of the language, and also very importantly UML designs can be translated to relations automatically. And that is the topic of the next video. bjbj"9"9 JEFFREY BROWN: Partisan shots were fired in Washington and on the campaign trail today over how to bolster the U.S. economy and protect it from Europe's looming debt woes. The day began with a presidential press conference. PRESlDENT BARACK OBAMA: Good morning. JEFFREY BROWN: President Obama had economic troubles on his mind this morning as he took to the White House briefing podium five months before Election Day and urged European leaders to take action to deal with their growing crisis. BARACK OBAMA: They have got to stabilize their financial system, and part of that is taking clear action as soon as possible to inject capital into weak banks. Just as important, leaders can lay out a framework and a vision for a stronger eurozone. JEFFREY BROWN: The president made clear that the fortunes of the U.S. are linked to Europe's. BARACK OBAMA: If there's less demand for our products in places like Paris or Madrid, it could mean less businesses -- or less business for manufacturers in places like Pittsburgh or Milwaukee. JEFFREY BROWN: President Obama's call to European leaders came after several days of tough blows at home and abroad. The most recent unemployment report showed weak job growth. And news came that Spain would likely ask the Eurozone for help recapitalizing its banks. That would make it the latest E.U. member nation to seek financial assistance. In addition, there was new concern over China. The country's central bank just decided to cut interest rates in the face of a slowing economy. This morning, the president also took the opportunity to criticize congressional Republicans for wrongly focusing their recovery efforts on tax cuts. BARACK OBAMA: The private sector is doing fine. What they should be thinking about is how do we help state and local governments, and how do we help the construction industry, because the recipes that they're promoting are basically the kinds of policies that would add weakness to the economy -- to the economy. JEFFREY BROWN: Republicans were quick to respond. House Majority Leader Eric Cantor. REP. ERlC CANTOR, R-Va.: Are you kidding? Did he see the job numbers that came out last week? The private sector is not doing fine. And, frankly, I would ask the president to stop engaging in the blame game. It's not because of the headwinds of Europe. It's not -- despite his attempt and his party's attempts here in Congress, it is not because of House Republicans. It's because of the failed stimulus policies and other items in his agenda that small businesses in this country just aren't growing. JEFFREY BROWN: And on the campaign trail in Iowa, Mitt Romney said the president is -- quote -- "out of touch." MlTT ROMNEY (R): For the president of the United States to stand up and say the private sector is doing fine is going to go down in history. It's an extraordinary miscalculation and misunderstanding. JEFFREY BROWN: In the Oval Office a short time later, the president sought to clarify his remark about the private sector. BARACK OBAMA: The economy is not doing fine. And that's precisely why I asked Congress to start taking some steps that can make a difference. JEFFREY BROWN: As sparring continued over policies to spur U.S. economic growth, the week made it even more clear that politicians, as well as businesses around the country, must keep a wary eye on Europe's woes and signs of a further global slowdown. And we take our own look now at the global impact on U.S. economic growth. We're joined by Nariman Behravesh, chief economist with IHS, an economic and industry forecasting firm, And Drew Greenblatt, president of Marlin Steel Wire Products, a Baltimore manufacturing company that exports to 34 countries around the world. Nariman Behravesh, start with you. Where exactly do the links between, say, Europe and the U.S. show up? Where are the concerns for our economy? NARlMAN BEHRAVESH, chief economist, IHS Global Insight: Well, there are two basic linkages between the U.S. and Europe. One is exports to Europe. The good news is, at the national level, they're actually not that big. We only export 2 percent of our GDP to Europe, basically, to the eurozone. Compare that with 70 percent of the economy that is consumer spending. So it's fairly small. That's one link. The other is the banking system. Here, the vulnerability is a little bit bigger. Any kind of pullback by European banks or credit-tightening in Europe could have global ramifications, including for U.S. banks. Again, good news is U.S. banks are reducing their vulnerability to Europe and the European credit situation. But, still, that vulnerability is there. JEFFREY BROWN: Drew Greenblatt, are you in the export business, so how -- you make the link for us. How specifically do the economic troubles in Europe affect your company? DREW GREENBLATT, president, Marlin Steel Wire Products: It's not good. When the Europeans are slowing down, that means they're buying less. And that's not good for us in terms of growing our business and hiring more people. However, South America, Canada, Mexico, Asia is still plugging away. The American economy is still plugging away. So Europe going down and muddling is not good for anybody. And it's troubling. And we need them to get healthy. JEFFREY BROWN: Drew Greenblatt, just fill that in a little more. What do you hear from European clients? What do they tell you, and, therefore, how does it translate, well, specifically to jobs? DREW GREENBLATT: There's uncertainty. They are very scared. They're concerned about the future. And when you are -- when you are uncertain, you hesitate. And hesitation is bad for business, because what that means is, you are not going to hire the next person. You're not going to buy more equipment. You're not going to be bold to grow your company. And that means that there is going to be less orders sent to America. That means there's going to be less jobs for us to create to fulfill those orders that are not coming from Europe. We need Europe to be vibrant and growing, so that we can have a good client, a good prospect to sell to. JEFFREY BROWN: Now, Nariman Behravesh, Mr. Greenblatt brought up China and Latin America, but there are also concerns there. China, as we said in our setup, and Brazil has had a slowdown in its economic growth. What's your assessment of how that may impact the U.S.? NARlMAN BEHRAVESH: Well, again, there will be an impact on export. We know that because we're going to be exporting less to Brazil, less to China and so on. In fact, China and the slowdown in China may be more troubling to many U.S. companies, because so many of them have developed a growth strategy around China. So, in that sense, China may be more important than Europe almost to the U.S. economy. Let me just reflect on one positive aspect of all of this. And that is, because of the weakness in China, because of the weakness in Europe, oil prices and commodity prices, food prices have all gone down. This is good news for U.S. consumers. It means there is more money in their pockets and they will spend more. So, in that sense, it's not all bad news. JEFFREY BROWN: Well, staying with you, Nariman, we're all happy to have the good news, but on China specifically, is that sort of a surprise for a lot of companies, because so much of the U.S. economy has been based on -- or at least requiring continued very strong growth in China? So where does that leave people now? NARlMAN BEHRAVESH: Well, I think it gives them pause, obviously. And it makes them a little more careful about putting all their eggs in the Chinese basket, so to speak. I mean, I think everybody expected China to grow 8, 9, 10 percent. And, this year, I think they will be lucky at some level to grow 7 percent. They're slowing very dramatically, mostly because -- well, there's really two reasons. It's like a double-whammy, if you will. One is the fact that the global economy is slowing, U.S. is sluggish, Europe is in a recession. But the other is the Chinese had a real estate bubble, and the government tried to deflate it or burst it. And that is hurting their growth. So you have got a domestic source of weakness and an international source of weakness, export sort of source weakness for China. So it is a sort of double shock, if you will, that they are being hit with. JEFFREY BROWN: So, Drew Greenblatt, you want to fill a little bit more about how you -- how this affects you, China specifically with a business like yours and what you are hearing from other companies? DREW GREENBLATT: Well, we're bullish about American manufacturing. We're bullish about the prospects of America. We are -- our country has a very good situation, in that we have intellectual property rights. We have the rule of law. So these things are really helping factories right now decide where they're going to put future factories. Companies are making decisions now: Do I put my next plant in China? Do I put my next plant in Mexico? Do I put my next plant in Cleveland? And I think a lot of people are reconsidering where they are going to be putting their plants in light of the slowdown in China, in light of the slowdown in Europe. Our country is poised for good things, I think, in the future. And I think, right now, we're at an inflection point. And if we make a couple positive changes internally, we're going to attract a lot more business and a lot more factories to our country. We're shipping more now to China than we do to Europe. And I expect that to grow, because I think the Chinese economy will continue growing. We -- but Mexico and Canada are definitely our biggest markets. JEFFREY BROWN: And, Nariman, briefly, to close here, how much does all this uncertainty over American politics, what we started our show with, the fighting and the infighting that no doubt will continue, how much do you hear that affecting businesses, the people you talk to? NARlMAN BEHRAVESH: Well, clearly, they're very worried about so-called fiscal cliff at the end of this year. But, that said, I think our view is that nobody in Washington wants to be blamed for killing the economy. So they will come together and, in fact, come up with some kind of compromise that sort of basically drags out or phases out the -- or phases in the austerity. Just to paraphrase Winston Churchill, Americans can be counted on to do the right thing after they have tried everything else. And I think we're in one of those situations in Washington these days. JEFFREY BROWN: All right, a hopeful close for. . . DREW GREENBLATT: If I could add, if I could add. . . JEFFREY BROWN: Yes, real quick. DREW GREENBLATT: If I could add, that fiscal cliff is a big deal. It adds a lot of uncertainty to American business. And, at the end of this year, we're going to have almost 20 percent increase in taxes and a takeaway of deductions. This is very troubling to American factories and American entrepreneurs. JEFFREY BROWN: Okay. DREW GREENBLATT: Job creators right now are pausing. And we need some clarity. We need Washington to make some decisions in a positive way to improve our future economic climate. JEFFREY BROWN: All right, Drew Greenblatt in Baltimore, Nariman Behravesh, thanks very much. NARlMAN BEHRAVESH: Thank you. urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags State urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags City urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags country-region urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags place JEFFREY BROWN: Partisan shots were fired in Washington and on the campaign trail today over how to bolster the U Normal Microsoft Office Word JEFFREY BROWN: Partisan shots were fired in Washington and on the campaign trail today over how to bolster the U Title Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 Namiko stop it it's ok to like japanese cartoons, and even dress as those characters but feel like you're one of them? pretend you're an anime character? that's no fun at all you really scared me cousin, stop it with the jokes they're not funny at all they're not jokes! we gotta save the world! if we save it everyone's gonna be funny and happy! what happened with German wasn't fun or happy at all i thik you should realize it where's my aunt? i can't wait until she gets here i want to see what's that surprise she told us she had for us! don't be so eager!she's about to get her , just wait i'm glad you're here, what was the surprise? oh, i bought these japanese karaoke cd's i read they're the latest thing on the internet oh , let me see! well, i've helped you on your mission already so now i want to speak the same language you do so we can understand each other daughter You brought sushi! that's japanese food right!? yeah it's really tasty I really like japanese food you're so cool aunt! I want to eat and sing japanese so i can speak the same language as my girl! i'll get the dishes for the sushi i'll be the first one i'm glad I always carry a pocky bag on my backpack, I never suffer because i'm out of them then give me one and i'll pay you later ok? yeah of course The cosmos gladiators should always share their energy source where's my backpack? it's not here what do you mean it's not here? aww maybe your enemies stole it you stole it, give it back! i didn't give back my backpack! what's going on over here!? Michelle and her friends hid my backpack They won't give it back that's a lie we just got to the classroom whatever, everyone go to the principal's office! I don't know anything about her backpack yeah you have it! did you see her taking your backpack? no, but i'm sure she did ok that's it! Michelle if you stole her backpack just give it back i didn't take it! i don't have it! Perla, look what i bought it's a new backpack with japanese cartoon drawings on it here I can get another backpack , but what about my notes i'm gonna have to write them all over again and i don't wanna fall back i'll help you write them again my love , here mom, why do they bother me? why do they attack me if i don't do anything to anyone dressing as you do has it's risks if this is the price i gotta pay to be respected then i'm gonna pay it i'm here with you to support you , and i'll always be here for you thanks mom This just can't be , pricipal I was here with you just yesterday and in less than 24 hours my daughter got assaulted again can't you do anything, or don't you wanna do anything to stop this? I can't do much Perla keeps living as if she were on a cartoon that has nothing to do with anything of course it has a lot to do how can i know if Perla's telling the truth or if it's just a fantasy , no one saw michelle taking the bag ms. what are you doing to make perla understand she's not an animation character you should do something about it aswell Grandma your Enchiladas are so tasty! and I have pocky for dessert! hi , i'm home! Nononono don't i'm not hungry , look what i've got some japanese animation films and the whole "candy candy" series mom! can i see them now! of course! we're watching them together i'm gonna cook some snacks they sound like fucking chickens I can't watch anymore , it's just way too much suffering "candy candy" is a japanese cartoon aswell and i liked it a lot, i stayed in home to watch it right mom? i'm getting back soon i'll go get some more snacks ok? I was a teenager like you , I understand you I felt as if i were candy candy but deep inside me i knew i was raquel I was raquel at the school too , that was my only name , i didn't want to be called candy you've always been bothered for how i look right? no , it's just different , i bet your granny tought the same about me then why wont you understand me? that's what i want , i want to understand you and i want you to trust me,anime, punk whatever you are , i don't care about that, the only thing i want , is for you to be happy what's with that smile? it's just these past days my mom's had this great light on her, it's like if she were from another dimension where cosmos bonds with good energy that's great Namiko! i like to see you like this, smiling and happy, let's go don't think you're getting away freaks like you must dissapear, you're going to die we're going to kill you , We're going to kill you! we're not playing today , we're training to be prepared to fight the demons just calm down already haven't you realized German and his friends are gonna find another way to pick on us? i'm not animation , so if someone hurts my cousin i'm gonna defend her Let's see if that's true , now we're not at highschool where we weren't able to touch you I got suspeded because of you! and I had an awful time at my home! people like you shouldn't exist someone should kill all animes, punks , all people like you should dissapear why did they punch you deary, did you do something to them? no granny , they punched me 'cause there's no tolerance or respect i'm just expressing myself , i'm just fulfilling my mission i'm not hurting anyone , but i'm gonna keep doing it until everyone respects my ideas don't worry, i have a mom mission too and i'm doing something definitive you're really brave , coming back to school , after we beat you guys up yesterday then face me, hit me! i'm japanese animation too, c'mon hit me and make fun outta me aswell don't be ridiculous miss i'm not ridiculous i'm a mother taking care of her daughter yes, there's a big discrimination and intolerance problem in this school miss. i need your support to find a solution miss. you have all my support I'm Raquel , and i'm Perla's mom , i'm here in front of you , dressed as an anime cartoon so you can realize there's nothing wrong with being into an urban tribe or having different tastes what's important is that we realize we all have different tastes and we should always respect them , respect each other don't make fun out of each other, don't assault each other, what's important is staying together let's save the world what i want you to understand daughter, is that i didn't protect you as someone sent to the earth , or as a japanese animation, i protected you as a mother, as raquel there's nothing wrong with dressing as you like what's important is never to forget who's inside that costume i know mom really? are you sure i'm not a japanese animation just because i dress like this , and you're not either?you're perla, perla yeah mom , i'm perla I always knew i wasn't an animation , i just couldn't let them not to respect me , just because i dress as a japanese cartoon to go to a con, i had to make them understand my ideas and I learned a lesson aswell , i learned to understand your urban tribe and i learned you're the best mom ever a person's clothing is no reason for them to be rejected or assaulted, we gotta realize that there are a lot of urban tribes in this world , like: anime(r u serious) , emo ,dark, lolita just to say some but we always have to be prepared to understand the new urban tribes that might appear, urban tribes that have the same rights as us , everyone deserves to be respected and everyone deserves their ideas to be respected aswell let's all teach our children , respecting other people's rights, leads to peace we have to live in tolerance and harmony so we can all save the world one of the great things about being in a country where it rains all of the time is that you have nowhere else to be except inside [laughter from audience] umm..I err I spent much of my life actually wrestling with the question of what is the relationship between urbanization, capital accumulation and various forms of social conflict including of course class struggle and anti-capitalist struggle and "Rebel Cities", which is the latest essay on this theme attempt to bring together some basic ideas and it is of course particularly appropriate at this particular conjuncture, because the present mess, errr, which we are in really was signaled by a collapse in housing markets particularly in the United States, but with certain regions of the United States, particularly the American south west southern California, Arizona, Nevada, also in Florida and Georgia and it was paralleled of course by the collapse in housing markets elsewhere and most notably in Spain and Ireland So clearly, this turn of the crisis had something to do with urbanization and therefore was very, I think, an appropriate moment to start to look more closely at the relationship between crises in general and processes in general and it turns out when you look at it historically that there are many examples of exactly this same scenario being played out again and again and again, not necessarily only with housing, but also with commercial property, or with physical infrastructural investment. If you would include in this back in the nineteenth century the crises that were associated with the building of the railroads, I think that you would see a long, historical pattern of relationships. And this pattern is not only about crisis formation through excessive investment in in land, property, urban development and all of the rest of it, but it also turns out that historically capitalism has got out of crises by actually engaging in a new bout of urbanization in a very different kind of mode than existed in previous periods. This to me is actually signaled right now in the following way... whereas much of our part of the world is mired in crisis in part as a sort of outcome of this collapse of property binges and speculative activity in urban development another part of the world is actually getting out of crisis by doing exactly the same thing. That is, if you look at a country like China, you will see a certain dip in employment a huge dip in fact in employment. In 2008-2009 when there was a collapse of the export markets and the estimate at the time was that China during those months lost something like 30 million jobs. By the end of 2009 however, the ILO and the IMF issued a joint report on net job losses and by the end of 2009 the estimate was that the net loss in China was only 3 million Which means that somehow or another the Chinese had created 27 million jobs in something like 9 months which is an astonishing accomplishment and what were they doing? Well they were, first off there was this central government stimulus package which was about infrastructural investment building: new railroads, highways, dams... and the like. Even building whole new cities which actually had no residents in them which created rather odd situation in that in the United States press there appeared a series of advertisements suggesting that anybody that needed a house and a decent living might want to migrate to one of these new cities in China. I don't know if in the end they got anybody there. So, that sort of investment The second thing that they did was basically to turn to the banks and say lend, lend to local development projects of all kinds, which they did at a furious rate and of course there is a real structural difference here, that if a central committee of the Chinese communist party says to the bankers "lend" , they do. When Obama turned to the bankers in the United States and said "lend", they told him to "piss-off" [laughter from the audience] and...so the power structure is quite different. But what did they lend to? They lent a great deal into the property market and the result was a great increase in property prices. Property prices in Shanghai doubled in one year. Property prices nationwide over the years were increasing at 10 - 15%, something of that kind. But this property boom was absorbing vast amounts of capital and labour and got China out of a very serious mess. Now, of course the Chinese are mortally afraid of social unrest and therefore labour absorption is a priority as far as they are concerned. For some reason or other the ruling classes in this part of the world are not afraid of massive unrest and so labour absorption doesn't...they don't care about it at all, they simply care about profit rates and saving the financial institutions and that's it. So, you have this peculiar situation in which urbanization created crisis in one part of the world which then spread to another part of the world which is getting out of the crisis by an urbanization project of quite astonishing proportions and that history is actually there sequentially as well as geographically and I have come across it many times in the researches, the most obvious one the occasion for me, was looking at what happened between 1848 and 1871 in Paris, between the revolution and the commune. One of the first major crises of capitalism in which unemployed capital and unemployed labour was sitting side by side was between 1847 and 1848 throughout much of Europe and the solution was in Paris First off a revolutionary movement in which workers took control in in sort of February and then a kind of counter bourgeois reaction in the summer days, when they gunned down many of the revolutionaries and reestablished the bourgeois order didn't know quite what to do and then Louis Bonaparte came to power. but Louis Bonaparte was smart enough to know that unless he got capital and labour fully employed he wouldn't last very long and so what they did was it was to manage a vast re-urbanization project of Paris called Hausmannd de Paris, so now you can go and see what they did during the second empire as you walk down all of those boulevards and this was a major re-engineering which absorbed vast amounts of capital and labour during the 1860s, but the important thing to recognise here and this is also true in China the important thing to recognize here is that urbanization is not only about physical infrastructures it is also about the transformation of lifestyle and so what you will see in second empire Paris is the coming of the new department stores the boulevards becoming kind of, you know, entertainment spaces, the consumer spaces that they still are to this day so that actually full employment is assured by this transformation lifestyle and from the coming of the new kind of gas lighting the development of the sewers and the water supply systems and all the rest of it and the creation of a sort of what is known as the "City of Light" which became an entertainment centre for all of Europe and fashion and all of those things Louis Bonaparte did have one interesting way in which you could get everybody back to work was to mandate that everybody should change there their court dress and the military should change their uniforms which immediately meant that all of the seamstresses in Paris were fully employed so that they were sewing like crazy to try and catch up with the fact that everybody had to turn up to court in a completely different way So the point about this is that this transformation lifestyle of course had a class character to it and what you see in the second empire is one part of the city starts to develop this consumer culture, radical consumerism and society the spectacle and many other things of that sort whereas much of the rest of the city the sort of workers of the city were increasingly being expelled from the central city by a process of a rise of rents to some degree but also by the redevelopment which classically, sort of meant the demolition of much of the lower income housing and the demolition of working class quarters and the expulsion of much of the working class from the city so that by the end of the second empire you get two cities: one is the central city, which is where the bourgeoisie is engaging in this crazy consumerism and then beyond, outside, is the working classes that are living in increasingly impoverished conditions around the periphery and towards the end of the empire when the urban expansion comes to a sticky end as usually happens when speculation got, went too far and there were financial crashes Hi, I'm Professor Brian Boucher. Welcome back. Wow, what a long week of watching videos on the accounting basics. So what I want to do in the last video each week Is look at a real financial statement. So that we can take the things that we've learned in the lectures and see how they play out in a real-world financial statement. And to do this I want to use the same financial statement throughout the course. The statement I choose is the 3M Company. in case you hadn't noticed, I'm from Minnesota. There's a Vikings' helmet over here and some hockey helmets and a Gopher helmet over here. my dad worked for 3M. My grandmother worked for 3M for 40 years. It's a company I have some affinity for. hopefully, I won't find anything bad in the report. what we'll do in this video though is, take a quick tour of everything that's in the annual report, so that you have sort of an overview of where we're going to find things. And at the end of every week, we'll dive in more detail and try to find that weeks topics in the 3M Annual Report. Hope you enjoy the video. So we pull up the 3M Annual Report, and there's a nice, glossy cover, some smiling kids, some benign-looking chemicals. Looks like there are people writing on forms, and then kids drawing pictures. Oh, wait, I think I get the theme, there's first, the science of 3M and then there's the impact they have on smiling, happy children. Anyway, we go to the next page and you get a letter from the chairman and CEO. So this is his explanation of how the company did during the past year, we get some grasp showing everything is going up looks like everything is going well with 3M, then we get a financial summary. By the end of the course, you will not only know what all of these terms mean, but you will realize that this is not enough information to know what's going on at 3M. We have to read through the entire Annual Report. And if we go to the next page, we get this very ominous-looking black and white page. Starts with United States Securities and Exchange Commission at the top Form 10-K. From this point forward, we're looking at the filing to the SEC. And so, everything that 3M says or reports here is subject to all the laws in the Securities and Exchange Acts of 1934 and full FCC enforcement. So this is the point where things start to get serious, and then, if we go to the next page, it gives us the Table of Contents. So it's a quick overview. In Part I of the report, we're going to learn a lot about the business. And what I'm going to do in a second is just flip through a lot of these carefully or quickly. you'll look at these much more carefully as we go on later in the course. Part II is going to give us the financial information. Key things we're going to find here are the Management's Discussion and Analysis. And of course, the Financial Statements, which are the star of the show. And then, Part ill gives us proxy related information, the Directors, Officers, how much they're paid. And then there's any supplemental exhibits in Part IV. Part one has the information about the business and I'm, I'm going to flip through this very quickly. If you want to go and read it in more detail, see what kind of things are there, it'll be available on the cross-platform. As you can see, it's not that long, so we just got through Part I. Then Part II starts some information on stock price ,selected financial data. Now, here is the big thing, Management's Discussion and Analysis. This is where management tries to explain to the users of the financial statements what happened during the year. So all the numbers that changed, went up, went down or didn't change tries to provide some kind of explanation so that users can understand the financial statements. Although, management is being very helpful by giving us all this detailed explanation on what they think happened during the prior year, we still want to be a little skeptical. after all, there have been some companies which have had some big frauds where they've written about things that have happened in the section that, you know, didn't really happen. So I like to look at the financial statements and the footnotes first, come up with my own theories for what happened, and then come and see what management's saying about it just as a reality check of whether I can believe what they're saying. So flipping through here, you can see it's going to be pretty extensive in detail. There's talking about the income statements, business segments, geographic segments, financial condition, and liquidity. So we're starting to get some cash flow information, and we're going to come back and look at these once we've learned about all these topics later in the course. There's disclosures about market risk. And then, we finally get to the financial statements, which as I said I think are the stars of the show. Notice here that's there's two pages of reports. Six pages for the actual financial statements and then 66 pages of footnotes. Which right away tells you that the financial statements are probably not going to have all the information we need. We're going to have to dive into these footnotes to really learn what we need to learn about the company. That's what we're going to be doing a lot as we go through the course is looking at the details in the footnotes because that's where all the action is. On the next page, we see two of the reports, Management's Responsibility for Financial Reporting and Internal Control. So as we talked about in earlier lectures, management is responsible for putting together the financial statements. Now, of course, we hire an auditing firm, public accounting firm to provide, as they say, an opinion. So the auditing firm says, in our opinion, the consolidated financial statement lists and the accompanying index present fairly in all material respects, the financial position of 3M company and its subsidiaries at December 31, 2012 and 2011 and their result of operations and cash flows for the three years ended December 31 2012 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in United States on America. I want to jump in here to point out what the auditor's actually saying here. They are not saying we are giving you an iron clad guarantee that 100% of the things in this statement are completely accurate and sure you and you can bet your life on that. Instead they are saying, in our opinion. These financial statements present fairly in all material respects the financial position, results of operation, in conformity with US gap. In other words, we've gone and looked at some of the big things that they're doing. They seem to be following the rules, at least in our opinion. So as we've talked about in earlier videos, the auditors give us a little bit of insurance, assurance. But we still need our own healthy dose of skepticism when reading these statements, because we cannot fully reply on what the auditors have done in terms of guaranteeing the accuracy of everything in these statements. The rest of the report talks about Internal Controls. thanks to Enron and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act there's a lot of focus now on internal controls that have companies have. Auditors have to audit the internal controls, it's a big part of the job, it's not something we're really going to talk about in this course. Then we see the income statement balance sheet, statement of stockholder's equity, statement of cash flows. We'll come back and look at these as we learn more material, and then, the footnotes start and go on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on, and on. [SOUND] Wow, still not through the footnotes yet. Still not up, okay, went too fast. Okay, there we go. So the footnotes 66 pages seems very intimidating and daunting now, but don't worry. By the end of the course, you'll be able to work your way through a lot of these and understand what's going on. The last parts of the report are part three, which gives us the proxy information, directors, officers, comp we're not going to talk about these. You can look through them if you're interested. Last part is any exhibits or financial statement schedules. Most of those were incorporated within the financial statements. And we finally wrap up on page 124, which makes this a fairly short annual report these days. I recently used Sony's Annual Report in my elective class and that one came in at 279 pages. and I made my students responsible for knowing everything in those 279 pages, so you're getting off a little bit easy here. So that was a quick overview of the 3M annual report. As I mentioned, every week we will come back to it and try to find what we've talked about during that week's video lectures in the 3M financial statements. And then, during the last week of the course, we're going to pick a different financial statement and do a deep dive through that statement and try to find all the things that we've learned about during the course. So thanks for sticking with me. I realize that it was probably a tough week of videos trying to get these basics down of debits and credits and all the vocabulary accounting language, but hopefully you stick with it. We've got a couple more tough weeks ahead of us, but I think you'll find by the end of the course it'll be worth it if you stick with us. Hope to see you next week. Hi, I'm John Green. This is Crash Course World History. And apparently it's revolutions month here at Crash Course, [seriously... all month] because today we are going to discuss the oft-neglected Haitian Revolutions. The Haitian Revolutions are totally fascinating and they involve two of my very favorite things. 1. It's the flavor of the month, it used to be the Netherlands, and used to be Switzerland. In the field their experiments crashed, and of course they disappear from the radar screen. But don't be misled, Portugal has not decriminalized supply. Portugal is indeed constraining supply the way all other countries do. And indeed as it was said, erroneously, crime has not declined, crime in Portugal has exploded. But there have been here attempts to falsify the information. Now the problem with the supporter of the motions tonight is the focus that they place on supply. In a cunning way they propose switching supply from mafias to venture capitalist or pharmaceutical companies. Is this desirable what's the advantage? Ian Blair called it an unmitigated disaster. We will only succeed if we focus on demand, not on supply-- preventing it, treating in, and integrating the addicts. The tobacco example is a devastating demonstration. That regulation-- I hear so much about regulation, I don't even know what that means-- that regulation failed for addictive substances, and we have 5 million people killed by tobacco every year. I Really wish humanity will be careful about causing similar killing fields because of legalization or regulated drugs. EMlLY: Antonio, thank you very much indeed. To Misha now. MlSHA: Well Eliot Spitzer and Neil gave us the answer about what's really going on here. They talked about the need for coercive force against addicts. So this idea that they don't want to fight the war on drugs is actually not true. They want to have the option of putting people in prison, despite the fact that they were denying that earlier on. Well let's talk about regulation. Lord Blair will know very well about the proliferation of marijuana farms all over the United Kingdom. And because of advanced horticultural techniques, the ability of those farmers to produce skunk, which have astronomically high THC levels in them. If you have regulation, what you can do is you can say there is a law which will not permit you to produce anything think like those THC levels-- THC levels in cannabis. So one of the things what I want to say is that these days we will be in control with the government-- the people will be in control about what you can and can't do. It will not be an unregulated market, like we have now. And before the other side gets too carried away about their radical credentials, in terms of attacking big pharma and big corporations and everything. Let's remember plan Colombia, which was a plan to transfer $1 billion a year from the United States to Columbia in order to bring down the cocaine trade. Of that $1 billion a year 700 million never left the United States. It was, instead, given to companies like Lockheed Martin and other big companies, which made a fortune out of the war on drugs. The war on drugs has also benefited big corporations. So let's not be too fooled by this talk of a radical intervention to prevent some form of corporate takeover of drugs. Corporations already make lots and lots of money out of this war on drugs. EMlLY: Misha Glenny, thank you very much. [APPLAUSE] EMlLY: And thank you to all our witnesses at the end all of act two. We're going to ask you now to invite those witnesses for act three. Ian you're staying here, and I'm going to be joined by Peter Hitchens and Ed Vouliami on my left. Richard you're staying here, Louise you're staying here, Steve you're staying here, and we'd like invite Johann Hari back to the stage. Whilst we're just changing over a few seats, let's go get back to Jemima. And see what sort of questions are coming through, Jemima. JEMlMA: Jacob Wheeler would like to respond to Lord Blair, and he wanted to remind Lord Blair that Amy Winehouse actually died from alcohol, not from prescription drugs. Ella Robertson asks why is cannabis use in Holland, where it is legal, lower than the UK where it is illegal. And another question, why is re-offending and recidivism so high if rehabilitation is really happening in prison? EMlLY: OK, questions that we will come on to. We will hopefully have a little bit of time for at the end, as well. We're going to begin act three now. And this time we're posing the following statement. The case for continuing the war on drugs is built on political cowardice, not on public good. And Geoffrey it's your turn to start the questioning. ROBERTSON: Yeah, I mean who's said, I beg the labor government not to return to the war on drugs? David Cameron, when in opposition. Who said the war on drugs is an utter failure? Barack Obama, before he became president and a dedicated $40 billion a year to fighting it. So, Louise Arbour, why do the drug warriors always win? Why do they-- why do these politicians never change? LOUlSE: Well I think there's a tremendous amount of a culture of fear that has been built around-- and we've heard it today, time and again, this kind of over characterization of this kind of flooding the markets with cocaine and all these terrible things if we move towards, what is called, legalization. This kind of rhetoric has tremendous, kind of, populist appeal. And so I think it's all based-- like the war on terror-- these concepts are based on a culture of fear, which is very easily cultivated. It seems to me the point we should make is, the war on drugs has had 40, 50 years of a run trying to make its point. And I think, just to put it very mildly, hasn't exactly been a great success. I think I would not overstate my case beyond that point. ROBERTSON: So ending the war would mean that other countries could experiment in their own way with decriminalization, with regulation? LOUlSE: Exactly, that's exactly what this global commission on drug policy-- that Richard is on, that I'm also serving on-- is calling for. The mere fact that we're now talking about these issues is progress after 40 years of a kind of taboo conversation. ROBERTSON: Let's have more Portugals, let's have more Netherlands, and see what the evidence is. Do they ever look at the evidence? RlCHARD: And Switzerland, and, I'm sorry and Germany. ROBERTSON: And south Australia and Western Australia. JOHANN: There is a real refusal to look at the evidence, and it's really important we get these figures clear. The British Journal of Criminology, which has no dog in this fight, it's just there to find out independently what facts are, says, unequivocally, use went slightly up, from 3.4% of the population to 3.7% of the population. But addiction was significantly down from 7.6 per 1,000 to 6.8 per 1,000. HlV was down by 17%. And the reason is simple. We keep hearing from Eliot Spitzer-- who I hugely admire, I think he's one of the best politicians in the United States-- that we all agree on addiction. We have a way-- sorry, we all agree on treatment. We have a way to pay for treatment. What the Portuguese did is they transferred all the money that is currently spent on arresting, harassing, jailing, trying addicts-- they used all of that for treatment. That's how we're paying for it. In the middle of a global depression, how are you going to pay for a massive roll-out of treatment? ROBERTSON: All right, Steve Rolles, what's going to-- what is going to happen if the war on drugs ends? Are we going to suddenly get children with-- going home from school with drugs? They do that already, don't they? STEVE: No, no it's not going to end overnight. This is something that's been in place of 40 years, it's going to be a process. The reform process will take will take a number of years to progress and go forward. I mean we'll need to experiment with different models, see what works, and follow the evidence. I mean, again, you just need to emphasize, this is a blank slate. We can follow the evidence, we can approach this as pragmatists, we can build our policy on human rights principles and public health principles. This is not about relaxing the law, we're not liberalizers. This is about looking at the evidence, and finding which policy works. Because we have one option which is probation, we have another option which is completely unregulated free market, and in between we have this whole array of regulatory tools that we can use and apply and experiment with, and find out what works to deliver the results that we all want. We all want a safe and healthier society. Let's find out. Unfortunately, the current system means we can't even experiment with a whole array of those options around regulation. ROBERTSON: Well someone asked Richard Branson about cannabis. There are, according to the UN, 166 million people who take cannabis from time to time. None of them die from it. RlCHARD: Now I mean for young people, age, I don't know, 18 to 25 it is their drug of choice in the same way that older people over 25, alcohol is their drug of choice. And almost all those young people, age 25, 26 seem to switch to alcohol. ROBERTSON: What we need, obviously, and what politicians need is more information. Ask for information, go to WikiLeaks. Are you there, Julian Assange? JULlAN: I am, Geoffrey. [LAUGHTER] ROBERTSON: How are you hanging out? JULlAN: Well I'm here in some secret hotel room-- ROBERTSON: Right. JULlAN: --not far from where I'm under house arrest. ROBERTSON: Where? And not for drugs. Let me ask you, what could you tell us from WikiLeaks cables about how the war on drugs puts pressure on countries not to decriminalize, not too end imprisonment? JULlAN: Well look, Geoffrey. Any situation which has clearly come to an impasse where there's a clear failure needs experimentationing and trials and limited models around the world. And there have been steps to do that, but we see that the United States, through its diplomatic corps, has been exercising its force to prevent those sort of trials. We see that sort of situation in Bolivia, with the interaction of the DEA in 63 countries. ROBERTSON: Drugs Enforcement Authority, part of the US surveillance-- I think it's got offices in 63 countries, hasn't it? JULlAN: Yes, in 63 countries. And we even see cables from Paraguay showing how the DEA agreed to allow the Paraguayan government to use DEA surveillance facilities to surveil some of its political opponents in Paraguay. ROBERTSON: Mm-hm, and as far as you're concerned, how does it come down for you? Is there a question of individual rights here, of the right to change your own mind, to decide what you put in your own body, the right to decide how you'll think and imagine? JULlAN: Well I think we must start at basic principles. And basic principles say that we, as individuals, have a right to our own self determination. We have the right to freedom of thought, we have the right to freedom of speech. And provided that we do not engage in some sort of violence to others, then our rights to do what we will with our thoughts and our own body are sacrosanct. And the state should not be interfering with those rights. In order to keep up our freedom of thought, we should have the right to control our own mental states. And that gives some people extra creativity, and that is something we need all across the world. ROBERTSON: And so the 166 million people who take cannabis, according to Mr. Costa's report, they have a certain basic liberty to decide how they're going to think and imagine and what drugs they're going to use for relaxation, for pleasure, perhaps to reduce pain. JULlAN: Well Geoffrey, we should look at marijuana as a good example. I mean this is a drug that is about as addictive as potatoes, and yet it is being swept up into this, so-called, war on drugs. We have to remember we really do have a war on drugs. And like all wars, it is a racket. It is a racket which has brought up huge industries the fight and lobby to keep the money flowing. ROBERTSON: Richard Branson, last word from you. Is civil liberty part of the demand to end the war on drugs, part of the reason? RlCHARD: Absolutely. ROBERTSON: Vicente Fox, are v you still out there? VlCENTE: Yes sir. ROBERTSON: What have you thought of the debate so far? You began it some hour ago. VlCENTE: Yes, if I-- I'd like to comment on the case of Mexico, because Mexico is not a drug-producing nation. We produce marijuana, and not even as much as is produced in California. Number two, we're not a consumer nation, our fears are extremely low. What has happened is that we are in between those who produce the drug in the south, Columbia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador, and those who consume the drug in the north. And this being in between is costing us a severe, severe problem to the nation. ROBERTSON: Thank you, President Fox. I have-- I just have one question I want Richard Branson to answer to conclude. The California referendum-- doesn't that suggest that California is going to go legal? RlCHARD: Yes, I think it does the second time around. ROBERTSON: 46%, wasn't it? RlCHARD: Right, so it looks like the next time around-- on marijuana, we're talking about. ROBERTSON: Mm-hm, yes. EMlLY: I have to cut you off. ROBERTSON: Thank you. EMlLY: Geoffrey and witnesses, thank you very much. And now to Eliot. SPlTZER: Thank you very much. Steve, I know we have not been doing cross examination as such, now, but I just want to, actually have a little interchange with you about one thing. Because you've been talking about a regulatory framework which would create thresholds in terms of the potency of any particular drug. Isn't it logically the case, and don't we know, as a matter of fact, the moment government does that, you will create a black market with drugs more powerful, more potent? And that very second you then have the black market we've been trying to eliminate? So you don't solve the problem. STEVE: Yeah, but you solve most of it. SPlTZER: No, you don't solve most of it, because the moment the drug addict can go around the corner and get something more powerful, he does it. And then you have the crime and you have not solved the problem. You just said yes, isn't that correct? STEVE: Well most of the market is not seeking the most powerful drugs. SPlTZER: Sure it is. STEVE: When you go into a bar, people aren't ordering vodka. SPlTZER: When you were going to college? ROBERTSON: now we're in an American Court, now. SPlTZER: When were you on a college campus, Len? [LAUGHTER] STEVE: People aren't all going into bars and drinking vodka-- SPlTZER: Sorry, we're not the QC here I'm sorry. STEVE: I mean one of the things we have with an illegal market is that it tends to push the market towards the most potent, concentrated versions. I can buy crack on the streets of London, but I can't buy cocoa leaf. Now if you made an array of drugs of different potencies and strengths available, you might find, actually, that people migrated in the opposite direction. And, in fact, if you then superimposed on that a regulatory system where the more dangerous drugs were more heavily restricted and the less-dangerous drugs were less heavily restricted-- SPlTZER: Steve-- STEVE: --you could shepherd people in the right direction. We can't do that with criminalization, because it's completely out of our control. SPlTZER: OK, a lot of words said very quickly, and I'm sure most of them are right, but-- [APPLAUSE] SPlTZER: --and you got-- we've got your colleague here who wants to be up here, but we couldn't fit hi in. Yes or no, will there not be another black market the moment you have those thresholds? STEVE: There will be a black market after legalization, but it will be smaller than it is now, and that's progress. SPlTZER: Thank you, sir. All right, OK. To General McCaffrey, you know I want to come back to you, and I want to ask you a question that may seem a little bit off, but you'll see why. Am I correct, sir, that you won three purple hearts over the course of your military career? GENERAL MCCAFFREY: Sure. SPlTZER: OK now the reason I ask that, is because there was-- the predicate question here was, are we pursuing the continuation of the war on drugs which is, again the phrase we don't like, out of a lack of courage? Sir, are you-- are we following this out of a lack of courage? GENERAL MCCAFFREY: It's a statement that you don't trust democracy, it's a statement that parents and pediatricians and school teachers and coaches and ministers have no right to have an alternative view that the current rates of drug addiction cause immense misery, and we want to prevent, educate, treat, and confront the issue. By the way Governor Spitzer, if you'll permit me, three quick comments-- SPlTZER: Yes, sir. GENERAL MCCAFFREY: One is to commend Doctor David Eagleman. We have a genius head of the National Institute of Drug Abuse, Doctor Norval, bringing $800 million worth of research to bear in the problem. So there are terrific new additions to our protocols to deal with drug addiction. Secondly, Plan Colombia-- President Santos had me down a couple of years ago-- a year and a half ago-- to look at the enormous change for the better in Columbia. A lot of it's due to the courage, the skill, the commitment of the Colombian people, with the help of the United States. So don't tell me that Plan Colombia was a disaster. Thank God for the peace that now, generally speaking, exists in Columbia. Third, President Fox, we love Mexico. Canada and Mexico are the only two vital countries in the United States-- 100 million of them-- these spiritual, hardworking people-- they're a major drug-producing country. Methamphetamines, heroin, along with the enormous amounts of marijuana. Most of the drug criminal activities in the United States are dominated by the seven Mexican cartels. 50,000 some-odd odd murdered in Mexico there are a major mafia inside the United States. SPlTZER: Thank you, sir. And again to conclude, I think it is not-- it is not a lack of courage that continues the drive to change all of that and eradicate it, just as you had been, and as the data suggested you had. Ed, I want to come back to you on this issue of courage. Which do you think would be easier, as a matter of politics, human emotion? To actually do what you proposed about an hour ago, which is to actually go after the money laundering, or to actually just embrace the flavor of the month? Which is to say, let's create a regulatory framework which would still leave us with the same black market? VULLlAMY: Exactly, and I think-- I mean I've said what I've said about money. i mean, I think what Steve talked about, in terms of regulation demand, it may applying Camden Lock, it may apply Greenwich Village, it may apply to the Groucho Club. This misconstruing that most people take drugs for recreational reasons, like I have done and people in this room, no doubt. But this isn't the crisis. The crisis is that life has become so awful in the human slag-heaps that global capitalism has caused. The best thing to do is obliterate yourself. The barriers of the America, the townships of Africa, and becoming the case in the post-industrial wastelands of our own country and America. I've spent a lot of time in these places, and-- I think, in parentheses, it's unthinkable that big pharma won't get involved in this, and I think it's unthinkable that they'll get involved in it to sell as little as possible. Because big pharma ain't like that, capitalism's not like that. And the thing is that if we have this, OK, a brand of crack that screws you up 80% and is $5 a hit-- it's regulated at that as Misha described the skunk-- the addicts I've worked among, they're going to scoff at that, and they're going to go for the crack that screws you up 99% for $2 a hit from the guys around the corner. Because that's the desperation of the addiction that they live among. So you're sort of back where you started, and-- I mean I'm glad we're talking about politics at last, because the drugs-- the causes of drugs are political in these desperate places. They are poverty and exploitation, and the political courage is to realize that. And at places like Cuidad Juarez where I've spent an awful lot of time, I see a terrible future for everywhere else in that place. The war is the liberation of the ghetto, the barrio, and the township against the poverty and exploitation that causes the desperation and the self-obliteration through drugs. [APPLAUSE] SPlTZER: All right, thank you Ed. Very well said. Now, Peter-- now I want to go to Peter Hitchens because Peter was so effective at winning over the audience earlier this evening, so Peter-- [LAUGHTER] SPlTZER: --but I want you to make and close tonight-- and Lord Blair I'm sorry, we're just running out of time-- but Peter, make the moral argument. This is not just a matter of mechanistic policy. There is a moral imperative from your view, what is it. HlTCHENS: Well the main point is that taking drugs is itself wrong, and that is why they are illegal. [LAUGHTER] HlTCHENS: And one of the reasons-- one of the reasons-- one of the reasons we don't address this is because of the extreme selfishness of our society, in which so many people imagine that their own pleasure trumps everything else. Julian Assange said that he was sovereign over his own body. Well maybe he doesn't have anybody who cares about him. But if your family has to put up with you after you've destroyed your mental health or some other way deeply damaged yourself by taking drugs, then you and they will discover that you are no an island, and that you have responsibilities to other people. And if there is no other force, apart from the law, which will deter you from taking that semi-suicidal step, then the law needs to be there. That's the main and fundamental point. The other things I hear Sir Richard Branson talking about the taking of drugs-- in particular that especially dangerous drug, cannabis, sordidly promoted as safe and soft-- as a freedom comparable, apparently, to the freedoms of thought, speech, and assembly, which make this and others a free country. How can that be? The purpose of drugs is to befuddle us, to cloud our brains, to make us passive. If we are discontented with the society in which we live, surely it is utterly wrong and immoral to turn away from that, to dope ourselves into passivity, to make ourselves perfect fodder for dictators, despots, and propagandists, rather than to criticize, change, and reform the society which we find repulsive. And I turn to people on the other side, and I mean to be polite to them when I say that the politest thing that I say about them is that they are defeatists, dupes, and profoundly irresponsible. And I very much hope that their message fails, and fails, and fails again. SPlTZER: All right, thank you all. [APPLAUSE] EMlLY: Thank you very much. We are going to bring you the result now, I think. Is that right? We're not going to bring you the result yet. We're going to have a little bit more free-flowing conversation, and I think the best place to pick up is Julian Assange. What do you make of Peter Hitchen's statement that taking drugs is wrong, and that is why they're illegal, if you're still there? ASSANGE: Well I was just about to say, I couldn't believe that you gave that twat the last word, but apparently it's not so. [LAUGHTER AND APPLAUSE] ASSANGE: Look, there's a certain form of Calvinism about the different types of drugs that we see. For example, nicotine, which makes one work harder, and worked faster, and burn out faster. It is perfectly legal. So is coffee, it is perfectly legal, and makes one work faster and harder. But those drugs which make one relax or make one more imaginative-- those drugs are made illegal. And that's Western Europe Calvinism. Of course we can all see the problems with severe heroin addiction, but we can all see that the solutions so far have not worked. So we need a time of sensible, scientific, regulatory experimentation to see what works and what doesn't work. And if it works in one place, perhaps it can be coined in another. At the moment we have an enormous drug war lobby. That is the fact. Billions of dollars spent every year by that lobby, pushing its desires to keep the drug war going. As a result, corrupting-- corrupting-- EMlLY: OK ASSANGE: --bureaucrocy and producing restriction in supply, which causes cartels, which themselves corrupt other countries near drug suppliers. EMlLY: Lord Blair, you said earlier that it was probably an irreversible-- irreversible policy and with a possibility of total catastrophe. Are you saying that all those countries that have taken steps so far, cannot reverse those and shouldn't? LORD BLAlR: I don't think anybody can be against limited experiments, but so far the other side have confused two topics-- they've confused decriminalization and legalization. They're not the same thing. Decriminalization, which Portugal is doing, is actually handing all the advantages to the bad guys, because they can go on selling without taxation. And it gives us no advantages at all. Whereas legalization is the experiment I fear, because legalization is capable of, once launched, being unstoppable. Julian Assange talks about the civil liberty to take drugs, but there's also a civil liberty for children to grow up in households where adults don't take drugs in front of them. And if we legalize this, that's gone. EMlLY: We'll go to Jemima for a few of the web questions in a second, but you want to respond to that, Richard Branson. BRANSON: I was just going to say that decriminalization in Portugal means that if you have a drug problem, you go in front of the panel, including a psychiatrist, and they try to help you. And it does-- it does help. I mean, I will-- the statistics that you're banding around today are just not true. Things in Portugal have got better. Nobody's been to prison in the last 10 years. Those people who needed the help have managed to get help. HlTCHENS: If you'll excuse me, Sir Richard, decriminalization of drugs has taken place in this country in all but name. Since 1973 when Lord Hailsham instructed magistrates to stop sending cannabis possessors to prison, cannabis has been effectively made a decriminalized drug in this country. In this country, there has been an enormous increase in drug-taking and an enormous increase in crime during the period of decriminalization. Is that evidence? The other point about the decriminalizers is that they ceaselessly talk about prohibition of alcohol in the United States, a story about which they often know very little. But it actually is an argument against them. What they're saying is, here we have a drug in a society, alcohol, which has been legalized, and any attempt to criminalize it again after it has been legalized, fails. So what they're proposing, is to make other drugs as legal as alcohol was in the United States before prohibition, and to make them as impossible to put back in the bottle afterwards. You don't know, and you don't care, in my view. You don't know, and you don't care what the consequences of what you argue will be. JOHANN: It is a fact-- it is a fact we do know and do you care about-- at the end of alcohol prohibition, the murder rate fell by 20%. And it never went back up again until the enforcement of drug prohibition. The two most violent periods in the history the United States since the civil war have been with when prohibition was being enforced. First alcohol, then drugs, that's a huge number of killings your side and you have to account for. HlTCHENS: He doesn't address my point at all. EMlLY: OK [APPLAUSE] HlTCHENS: He doesn't even slightly address it. you're proposing making drugs legal in this country, and therefore giving us another problem on top of alcohol and tobacco. EMlLY: I just want to widen this out to-- HlTCHENS: If it were up to you, we would be able to do nothing. EMlLY: --to some of our audience who are watching globally. Jemima, are there any specific questions for panel members here? JEMlMA: No specific questions for actual panel members, but a general sentiment-- EMlLY: Sorry, I was just going to say if there aren't specific ones, I'll just go to audience members, If there any hands-- yeah you, madame, yeah in the front row. Can we just get a mic over here, and just show me any hands further back, just while we've got the panel here. And then I'll go back to Jemima. Yeah FEMALE SPEAKER: You mentioned that big corporations would benefit and profit from legalization. Are you saying that you'd rather organized crime benefit from it than big corporation. MALE SPEAKER: $300 Billion a year, organized crime takes. VULLlAMY: No, I'm-- going to take a risk and go for the political option, neither. [CHUCKLlNG] VULLlAMY: I don't see any particular advantage in handing, as it were, the middle man's role over from Los Zetas or the Sinaloa Cartel to GlaxoSmithKline, because in the places we talked all about-- Portugal and The Netherlands-- I'm interested in the places where there are no psychiatrists-- where the addiction is desperate and chronic, like the Liber esto bravo in Ciudad Juarez, where half the kids are on crack or meth by the time they're 12, where newlywed couple's murder children to get rid of the debris from past lives. This is all about drugs, it's all about capitalism, it's a place where-- that attracted a huge workforce in order to-- and then decided to-- where people were working these ghastly assembly plants, and then, you know, ef'd off to Asia, where they could do it even cheaper. That's a slag heap. those are the places I care about, and those are the places where, you know big pharmas record of-- what I will call criminality in the profits they make, even if that's a little legally dodgy-- is not that much different from Los Zetas. And on the ground, the effect of their marketing and Los Zetas is just the same. EMlLY: I'm sorry, I'm being a ferocious time keeper, because we've got a lot to get through. I just want to go back to Jemima. Sorry to cut you off, you were giving us a sense of the overall position that was coming through to you now. What is it? JEMlMA: Well just that the war on drugs is an extension of aggressive foreign policy of the super powers. There's lots of theories and questions. Is it possible that the police and government are continuing the war on drugs, because it's big business? That's Solly Solomon. You've got, from Bernardo on Google, isn't there a clear geopolitical motivation for the militaristic approach to the war on drugs that allows the US to justify having troops in Latin America, Afghanistan? There's sentiment sympathetic to producer countries, and very hostile to the big consumption centers. EMlLY: Thanks very much, Jemima. Well it's now down to the last part of this. our two advocates are going to summarize the arguments we've heard evening, and give us their final thoughts on that motion. It's time to end the war on drugs. Eliot, you're first up. SPlTZER: Thank you, Emily. First let me say what I think we always at the end of a debate like this, but I really mean it tonight, those who've participated on either side, thank you. This is a heartfelt, very tough issue-- a social problem that has beguiled politicians, academics, law enforcement, all people of good faith for a long, long time. And there is no easy answer, as we've all seen. Which brings me to a quotation that, supposedly I think, came from Bertrand Russell. He said-- parenthetically, I saw it on the back of a tea bag, I had to find out where it came from, but I think it's Bertrand Russell-- it says never be diverted from the truth by what you want to be true. And I fear that in this debate, we are falling into the trap of finding an easy answer, the flavor of the month. And having been in government, having been a prosecutor, I prosecuted those organized crime cartels, and we can beat them. We desire desperately to find the easy answer and latch onto it, and say we will decriminalize. We will, somehow, make a more permissive regulatory environment or a tougher regulatory environment, and the problem will go away. It doesn't work that way. This issue of addiction is so deep seeded in the social problems of poverty, the profit incentives of cartels. We must have the nuanced policies that we have right now. I don't call it a war on drugs, because that sounds massive, it sounds overwhelming, it sounds as though it is militaristic, and that's not the image we want. But as general McCaffrey portrayed it, this is a policy with so many different facets. It does have treatment for users. I was in those trenches as a prosecutor, front-line prosecutor. Misha, we don't send somebody who is caught the first time and is a user to jail. We just don't do it. If you look at those RAP sheets and see 85 other crimes, that's why that person's in jail. MlSHA (OFFSCREEN): Three strikes, and you're out? SPlTZER: No, this is not what we're talking about. Fellas, this is a nuanced policy. We have treatment and health care for users. We must have-- yes, we must have that coercive pressure. Tough love to get people to pursue the treatment. Have you ever had an intervention with an addict? Have you ever seen how difficult it is to get them to do what they desperately don't want to do? If you don't have some coercive pressure, it won't work. This is not because it's an overbearing government that it is not friendly to its citizens. these are the tools we have to integrate into one, overarching policy. I wish the President Nixon had never used the war on drugs metaphor. It hasn't helped. What we have is a carefully integrated, nuanced policy that evolves over time. Do I agree with you the recidivism rate coming out of prison is horrifying? Yes, 80 plus percent, because we don't put enough into treatment. Sir Branson, if I could put triple the budget into treatment. I would do right now. And you know what I'd do? I'd tax everybody with income over over $1 million to pay for it. That's where I am on these issues. Because we need to do it. BRANSON: Stop it, stop selling people on the present. SPlTZER: You and me, you and me. That's what we need to do. That's the way we're going to solve this problem-- not by decriminalizing, not by pretending there's a magic bullet. Let me end in an odd place. Peter Hitchens was right about something, not everything, but something [LAUGHTER] SPlTZER: He was right when he said-- HlTCHENS: I was right about everything, actually, but you're calculating. SPlTZER: All right, well we'll have that later. He was right, we use the criminal code to establish our moral values. We do. That's what they are. That's why it is illegal to have heroin and to sell it, and crack and meth. We, as a community, define or moral code through our criminal statutes. That's what a society is. And that is why, as a society, we've said certain things are fundamentally wrong-- murder, selling crack to kids, producing crack, selling cocaine. Those things are wrong, we make them illegal, and we should. Thank you. [APPLAUSE] EMlLY: Geoffrey the floor is yours. You have three minutes. ROBERTSON: Thank you, Emily. Ladies and gentlemen, the war on drugs is not a failure, it's an absolute bloody disaster. The crime cartels, the gangs, making their massive tax-free profits, bribing police, bribing politicians, bribing judges, killing judges and police and politicians. The losers, those 250 people-- 250 million people the UN tells us use drugs. Less than 10% have problems, it says. Well that's 225 million people who don't have problems. Their only problem is the police, their only problem is the war on drugs, which means prohibition, which means punishment. We know that addicts do not deserve prison. I've been a judge in London. I've been forced, by the sentencing rules, to send people to prison for certain amounts of drugs. And we all know that drugs are the easiest place to get- that prisons are the easiest place to get drugs. So the war on drugs has been a disaster, and yet still we hear it. It's endless, this war. It cant be won, this war. It has no real enemies, it's a war on a common noun. The war-- of course it's created, conceived by Richard Nixon and J. Edgar Hoover in the days of reefer madness, in the days when it was thought that drug takers we're all degenerate evildoers. 40 years on, we know is the truth, that most of the law abiding citizens, except for their decision to take-- and sometimes very occasionally-- a drug other than tobacco, alcohol, and coffee. It's interesting, isn't it, that Mr. Costa, and everyone after him, is avoided the phrase the war on drugs? Because they know they can't defend it. After 40 years of total disaster, no sane person could. So we have Peter Hitchens-- [LAUGHTER] ROBERTSON: --we have-- who wants a surge in the war on drugs. But they say this is a motion, let's legalize all drugs. That's not the motion-- decriminalization, regulation, you can have endless numbers. Ed Vulliamy says, oh we've got to have a war on the banks. Fine, we're all in favor of that, a war on money-makers, sure. In fact, cocaine, 70% of banknotes in this country have traces of cocaine. An extraordinary statistic going to prove that cocaine, perhaps, is mother nature's way of saying, you're earning too much. Cocaine, cannabis-- cannabis, for example, you can have sold in coffee shops, as in Amsterdam, you can have sold at light pornography in shops that are licenced, the exclude 18-year-Olds, and you can have a much better way of control. Today children can get drugs easily. There is a civil liberties aspect to it, as Julian Assange says. There is a right to freedom of thought, there was a right to change our mood. There is an individual liberty here. And what I gift the war on drugs is to authoritarian regimes. To China-- 500 million people in gulags, because they're drug addicts. I wonder how many of those are addicted to democracy. Well let us conclude by saying this, politicians may be cowardly, or they may just think that we want them to continue the war on drugs, that we are in favor. So this is your opportunity to show them-- this is your opportunity to tell truth to power, to vote yes, to tell them, stop wasting money, stop wasting lives. Vote yes to stop the war. [APPLAUSE] EMlLY: Well that moment of truth has arrived. A ballot box has been around the hall, and the votes have been counted. I can bring you the results. Let me remind you-- [MURMURlNG] [LAUGHTER] ROBERTSON: What are you voting, yes or no? You're voting yes! [LAUGHTER] EMlLY: OK, I need a call on this. Do you want to wait and postpone the count? How many plusses have we got? MALE SPEAKER: Put your hands up. [CHATTER] ROBERTSON: Just put your hands in the air. 1-2-3-4-5-6. EMlLY: OK, you can have six, if they're on your side. This is how things stood-- you'll have to the math-- this is how things stood before the debate. And I'm going to tell you the web result first, which was 92% for-- that was in favor of ending the war on drugs. 3% were against and 5% didn't know. In the hall, just to remind you, we had 60% in favor of ending the war on drugs, that was for, 15% against, 25% were don't knows. After all the rhetoric and all the arguments, here is what has happened tonight in the hall. We now have 64.8% in favor of ending the war on drugs, we have 29.6% against an end to the war on drugs, and 5.6% don't knows. Just to take you through what that means then, the vote has swung for ending the war on drugs by plus 5%, and against plus 15%. To make a little bit clearer, so the vote for has gone up 5%, the vote against has gone up 15%, and the don't knows have gone down 20%. That's all of you in the hall here, plus you four. [LAUGHTER] MALE SPEAKER: Five. EMlLY: Five. I told you I'd leave the math to you. The web voting, however, is still continuing on YouTube, and it will do so for another 10 minutes. So that web vote is still open. If you're here with is in London tonight, do visit the Versus Google Plus page when you get home, or indeed on your phones-- entirely possible in the next 10 minutes-- for the final results. But from here, I'd like to thank all our wonderful speakers, you the audience, Intelligence Squared, and Google for making all of this possible. And if you're online, please stay, because the show continues on YouTube and Google Plus with you, the web, for the next half an hour. Even more importantly, or just as importantly, go to the Versus Google Plus page, and tell us what you think should be the next topic of debate. Should it be foreign aid, should it be gay marriage, should it be religion, the war on terror? World, you decide. This is where I leave you. Thank you and goodnight. Text: Emergency Room, MDH, Gen Ed Hospital Excuse me, miss. Oh, doctor, how is Jimmy? I'm afraid that the prognosis is not good. What do you mean? He was just fine yesterday. I'm afraid he has contracted ... You don't mean ... Yes, I'm afraid it is so. Jimmy has Generalus Educationitis Oh, no We've been checking our records, and this appears to have started back in his freshman year. He is missing both a math requirement and a human well being course. I fear that further testing may reveal this has spread to other critical areas of his general education. This can't be true. He has always been so careful. How could this be possible? If Jimmy had scheduled regular visits with his academic advisor, we could have diagnosed this problem sooner and Jimmy may have avoided the treatment which he now needs. But he is a pottery major. What does it matter that he has a math or an exercise course? A general education curriculum is an important part of a well balanced education. If you follow prescribed course listings and instructions in your university catalogue, along with regular visits to your academic advisor, Generalus Educationitis is easily avoided. I fear Jimmy wasn't as careful as we imagined. Is it terminal? You can do something, can't you? He is supposed to graduate next semester. I'm afraid graduation is not possible at this juncture. The only solution is another semester to finish his course requirements. How will Jimmy ever recover? Um, is Generalus Educationitis contagious? It can be. Where are you going? Off to my academic advisor right away. What about Jimmy? Well, I can't be with someone who has Generalus Educationitis. You'll say good-by to him for me, won't you, doctor? It will break his heart. I know, but I think it is what is best for him. But you can't go. Why? Because ... I love you But, doctor ... Shhhhhh. I have fulfilled my Gen Ed requirements and then some. We must be together. Yes, but I have to set things right with my academic advisor first. Of course. I will wait for you, forever. Thank you, doctor. I am so glad I met you. Now I can graduate on time and I won't contract Generalus Educationitis. Although it may not be quite as serious as a contagious disease, the general education is a vital and important part of your academic career at Western illinois University. Whether you know exactly what major you want to pursue or you're still deciding, the general education requirements will equip you with the skills you need to succeed in a diverse and changing world. African American Studies, Psychology, and Sociology, the study of people for my major in social work, brought a lot into my major. Taking general courses like that gets you ready for the majors you will take in the future. Once you get deep into the major, it incorporates all the stuff you learned from the general courses and it brings into your major, like mine, social work, and it helped me focus a lot on what I was learning for social work. It is a great opportunity. It may not seem like it now, but as soon as you get deep into it, it helps you out a lot. I think many incoming freshmen think gen ed courses are kind-of like "blow off" courses or an easy "A". I didn't have a major coming into college, and I think the gen ed classes I did take introduced me to my major and my minor and that helped me out a lot in deciding what I wanted to do in school. The transferrable skills learned in your general education classes lay the foundation for coursework in your major and prepares you for being a life-long learner. Well, a lot of times I think you go to college just to learn how to learn. When you're really young and you're real fresh, it is a good idea to really dive into those classes so you can really understand how to learn and apply what you are learning to taking tests, and that is not always easy for people. Certainly I learned in the very beginning alot of solid study skills and a lot of other things that will help me succeed through the rest of my 4 years. I have a job with the United States Army Corps of Engineers in Missouri and one of the things we need to do is communicate really well with written language and then, of course, verbal language. There are several English classes you have to have, speech, and, of course, math with budgets and all that stuff, administration. Every day you have to use everything from sociology to psychology to ecology to dendrology. In all the classes I have had, there is always a use for everything. Western illinois University's General Education is divided into six categories: Communication Skills, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Social Sciences, Humanities and Fine Arts, Multicultural Studies, and Human Well-Being. Each category has specific requirements that can be different for different majors, so meeting with your advisor on a regular basis is important to ensure the quickest path to your degree. Although you may not find yourself in the hospital because you're missing a human well-being course, failing to fulfill your general education requirements can lead to summer school when you might be pursuing an internship or even costly additional semesters. Staying in contact with your advisor through e-mail and regular face-to-face appointments will make your time here at Western productive and as trouble-free as possible. I think my gen ed course, World Religions 201, really helped me overall both in my major and life in general because he really stressed being open-minded and listening to what everyone had to say, getting all the facts before you start to make judgments. I just think that is a very important thing to focus on nowadays. I actually had a film class. I had no idea what I was getting myself into. I was actually kind-of afraid to take it. It was nothing I knew anything about. Actually, I loved the class. I had a really good experience. Now when I watch movies sometimes I notice little things that I never would have noticed before because of this class and I never thought I would actually gain something from this class because I'm a dietetics major, but I actually did and it is something I use a lot when I am watching anything on TV. I thought that was a really great and pleasant experience in gen ed. So whether you're searching for a major, confident of the direction you're going, or simply honing real world skills, the General Education Curriculum at Western illinois University is a vital part of your degree. Choose courses that will challenge you to think differently and that will expose you to concepts that may be unfamiliar to you. This is your opportunity to explore new ideas and to grow as an individual. Make the most of it. New York Times best-selling author, John Green, is making a positive impact on a new generation through his books, educational videos, blogs, and social media. While John's books have been written primarily for a young adult audience, they have been appreciated by young and old alike and now been published in more than a dozen languages. His latest novel, The Fault in Our Stars, was Time Magazine's #1 fiction book of the year in 2012 and will soon be made into a film by 20th Century Fox. John's other best-selling books include Looking for Alaska, An Abundance of Katherines and Paper Towns. He was a 2006 recipient of the Michael L. Printz Award, the 2009 Edgar Award and has twice been a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize. In addition to his literary success, John and his brother, Hank, have become cultural icons through Vlogbrothers, an exchange of YouTube video blogs between the two of them since 2007. The Vlogbrothers channel has received over 300 million views and has created a worldwide community of people called Nerdfighters (any out there?) who celebrate intellectualism, empathy for others, and social justice. John and Hank have also recently started offering open online education through a YouTube channel called CrashCourse. Hank teaches science while John teaches literature, US history, and world history. John performed An Evening of Awesome to a sold out crowd in Carnegie Hall in January 2013 and appeared on the Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in March 2013. While John's professional success has been nothing short of astronomical, more importantly he is committing to using his success to making the world a better place. He truly represents the ideals of Butler University. John is an alumnus of Kenyon College, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree with a double major in English and Religious Studies. John, will you please come forward? On the recommendation of the faculty, with the approval of the Butler University Board of Trustees and by the authority invested in me, I confer upon you, John Green, the degree of Doctor of Letters honoris causa, with all the rights, privileges and responsibilities thereto. Good morning. It's going to take me a minute to unfold this. Thank you President Danko. Those are the first words of my speech. My own commencement speaker, who shall remain nameless, began his speech with a lame joke about how these gigs only come in two varieties: Short and bad. This raised my expectations tremendously, and then he went onto speak for 26 minutes, so I'm just going to tell you right now: 12 minutes flat, 11:45 if you don't laugh. I do want to congratulate everyone who's here today and I do mean everyone—parents, families, friends, professors, coaches. Every single person in Hinkle today has given something to make this moment possible for the class of 2013—well, except for me, but everyone else has. But special congratulations to you graduates today. Before we get to the Life Advice You'll Soon Forget portion of the program, I want to engage in a time-honored tradition of American commencement addresses: Stealing from other commencement addresses, in this case one by the children's television host Mr. Fred Rogers. I want you to spend one minute, which I know is an eternity in the age of the internet, but I want you to spend one minute, if you will, thinking of some of the people who helped get you to today, the people who loved you and without whose care and generosity you might not have found yourself here, graduating from Butler, or watching someone you love graduate, or seeing your students graduate. Think for one minute of those who have loved us up into this day. I'll keep the time. (1 minute of silence) Those people are so proud of you today. I want to return to them soon, but first I have to deliver terrible news, which is that you are all going to die. This is another time-honored tradition of American celebration, the Raining on the Parade. I remember when I got married, the priest devoted the majority of his homily to telling me how challenging and laborious and often miserable marriage would be, and I kept thinking, "That seems like something that could wait for TOMORROW." But no, it can't. You are going to die. Not only that. It gets worse. Everything you ever make and think and experience will be washed away by the sands of time. The Sun will blow up and no one will remember Cleopatra ruling Egypt or Crick and Watson untangling the structure of DNA or Ptolemy fathoming the stars or even that improbably wonderful game against Gonzaga. So that's unfortunate. But I would argue that it's good to be aware of temporariness on a day like today when you are thinking about what you want to do with your life. The whole idea of this commencement speech is that I'm supposed to offer you some thoughts on how you might live a good life out there in the so-called Real World, which by the way I assure you is no more or less real than the one in which you have so far found yourselves. But I can't give any advice about how to live a good life unless and until we establish what constitutes a good life. Of course, that's much of what you've been up to for the past four or five years or six, whether you've been studying Dance or Literature, and I'm not going to swoop in here at the end with any interesting revelations. I would just note that the default assumption is that the point of human life is to be as successful as possible, to acquire lots of fame or glory or money as defined by quantifiable metrics: number of twitter followers, or facebook friends, or dollars in one's 401k which is a thing you guys don't know about yet, but it's coming. That's the hero's journey, right? The hero starts out with no money and ends up with a lot of it. The hero starts out an ugly duckling and becomes a beautiful swan, or starts out an awwkard girl and becomes a vampire mother, or grows up an orphan living under the staircase and then becomes the wizard who saves the world. We are taught that the hero's journey is the journey from weakness to strength. But I am here today to tell you that those stories are wrong. The real hero's journey is the journey from strength to weakness. And here is the good news nested inside the bad: Many of you, most of you, are about to make that journey. You will go from being the best-informed, most engaged students at one of the finest universities around to being, if you are lucky, the person who brings coffee to people, or you might be a Steak n Shake waiter, as I once was. Whether you're a basketball player or a pharmacist or a software designer, you're about to be a rookie. Your parents' long-asked questions—what exactly does one DO with a degree in anthropology—will become a matter of sudden and profound relevance in your life. Your student loans will come due and you will need a very good answer for why exactly you went to college in the first place, which answer you will have a hard time coming by as you sit at your job, provided you are lucky enough to find a job, and suffer the indignity of people calling you by the wrong name or, if you are forced to wear a name tag, people calling you by the right name too often. That is the true hero's errand—the journey from strength to weakness. And because you went to Butler, you will be more alive to the experience, better able to contextualize it and maybe even find the joy and wonder hidden amid the dehumanizing drudgery. For example, when I graduated from college I worked for awhile as a data entry professional, I would often call to mind William Faulkner's brilliant letter of resignation from the United States Postal Service, which went: As long as I live under the capitalistic system, I expect to have my life influenced by the demands of moneyed people. But I will be damned if I propose to be at the beck and call of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a postage stamp. This, sir, is my resignation. William Faulkner. Having read that letter in a Faulkner biography in college had nothing to do with my job typing numbers into a database, but it was still profoundly useful to me. Education provides context and comfort and access, no matter the relationship between your field of study and the trajectory of your post-collegiate life. But still, you are probably going to be a nobody for a while. You are going to make that journey from strength to weakness, and while it won't be an easy trip, it is a heroic one. For in learning how to be a nobody, you will learn how not to be a jerk. And for the rest of your life, if you are able to remember your hero's journey from college grad to underling, you will be less of a jerk. You will tip well. You will empathize. You will be a mentor, and a generous one. In short, you will become like the people you imagined in silence a few minutes ago. Let me submit to you that this is the actual definition of a good life. You want to be the kind of person who other people—people who may not even born yet—will think about in their own silences years from now at their own commencements. I am going to hazard a guess that relatively few of us closed our eyes and thought of all the work and love that Selena Gomez or Justin Bieber put into making this moment possible for us. We may be taught that the people to admire and emulate are actors and musicians and sports heroes and professionally famous people, but when we look at the people who have helped us, the people who actually change actual lives, relatively few of them are publicly celebrated. We do not think of the money they had, but of their generosity. We do not think of how beautiful or powerful they were, but how willing they were to sacrifice for us—so willing, at times, that we might not have even noticed that they were making sacrifices. So with that in mind, I'd like to share a few pieces of what I believe to be rock solid advice about proper adulthood: First and perhaps most importantly, do not worry too much about your lawn. You will soon find if you haven't already that almost every adult American devotes tremendous time and energy to the maintenance of an invasive plant species called turf grass that we can't eat. I think you should choose a better obsessions. Also, you may have heard that it is better to burn out than it is to fade away. That is ridiculous. It is much better to fade away. Always. Fade. Away. Keep reading. Specifically, read my books, ideally in hardcover. But also keep reading other books. You have probably figured out by now that education is not really about grades or getting a job; it's primarily about becoming a more aware and engaged observer of the universe. If that ends with college, you're rather wasting your one and only known chance at consciousness. Also a word about the Internet: Old people like myself are terrified by their ignorance of the internet, and you should use that to your advantage. You should say things at your job like, "You don't have a tumblr? Oh you should really have a tumblr. I can set you up with that." Try not to worry too much about what you are going to do with your life. You are already doing what you are going to do with your life, and judging by the fact that you are wearing a gown, you're doing pretty well. That's not a sentence you hear much in life. On that topic, there are many more jobs out there than you have ever heard of. In fact, your dream job might not yet exist. If you had told College Graduate Me that I would become a professional YouTuber, I would've been like, "That doesn't seem like a word." And lastly, I want to encourage you to be vigilant in the struggle toward empathy. A couple years after I graduated from college, I was living in an apartment in Chicago with four friends, one of whom was this Kuwaiti guy, Hassan, and when the U.S. invaded Iraq, Hassan lost touch with his family, who lived on the border, for six weeks. By the way, some of you have heard me tell this story before, but I have a microphone, you're seated and so you're going to listen to the rest of it. So my friend Hassan responded to this stress by watching cable news coverage of the war 24 hours a day. And the only way to hang out with Hassan was to sit on the couch and watch the news with him. So one day we were watching the news and the anchor was like, "We're getting new footage from the city of Baghdad," and a camera panned across a house that had a huge hole in one wall covered by a piece of plywood. On the plywood was Arabic graffiti scrawled in black spraypaint, and as the news anchor talked about the anger on the Arab street, and Hassan started laughing for the first time in weeks. I said, "What's so funny?" He said, "The graffiti." I said, "What's funny about it?" He looked at me and he smiled and he said, "It says, Happy Birthday, Sir, Despite the Circumstances." For the rest of your life, you are going to have a choice about how to read graffiti in a language you do not know, and you will have a choice about how to read the actions and intonations of the people you meet. I would encourage you as often as possible to consider the Happy Birthday Sir Despite the Circumstances possibility, the possibility that the lives and experiences of others are as complex and unpredictable as your own. That other people—be they family or strangers, near or far—are not simply one thing or the other—not simply good or evil or wise or ignorant—but that they like you contain multitudes, to borrow a phrase from the great Walt Whitman. This is difficult to do—it is difficult to remember that people with lives different and distant from your own even celebrate birthdays, let alone with gifts of graffitied plywood. You will always be stuck inside of your body, with your consciousness, seeing through the world through your own eyes, but the gift and challenge of your Butler education is to see others as they see themselves, to grapple meaningfully with this cruel and crazy and beautiful world in all its baffling complexity. I know that we have not left you with the easiest path, and I'm sorry, but I have every confidence in you, and I wish you a very happy graduation, despite the circumstances. Thank you. Obviously, direct--that would be a direct sales force--number 4. Ancillary would be number 2--referred revenue. An example of an asset revenue stream would be number 6--sale of ownership. Usage would be proportional users--number 7. And subscriptions would certainly be number 5 but also could be number 1. Earl Page - History/Sociology: I've been here 41 years. I came here from a 4 year school where the emphasis was almost entirely on the old 'publish or perish' stuff, and I wasn't interested in doing that; I was interested in teaching. This place was an absolute perfect fit for me because that's what they cared about, and that's what they try to show our students. And the single most important thing about that to me is that there has never been an attempt, in any way, to tell me, "Well you don't dress quite like we'd like you to dress; you don't act like we'd like you to act;" "Jeez, could you tone it down; don't jump off desks; don't scream and yell." No one's ever made any attempt to censor either the way we do what we do or what we say. And it's just been a fantastic learning environment, I think, for our students. And does what we're supposed to do, which is serve the communtiy and help these kids improve their lives. So I never once thought about going anywhere else or doing anywhere else. This is an absolutely perfect place to teach. In digital video production, we learn the process of creating a short film. We begin with the story, coming up with an idea that will be narratively interesting, and practical for us to shoot. We learn the basics of camera, sound and lighting techniques, combining classroom training with hands-on experience with the equipment and software provided by the Digital Arts Initiative. Professor Kolbe brings an incredible amount of knowledge, having worked in the industry for many years. We study composition, movement, pacing and directing through critiquing our own work and analyzing popular movies and TV shows. During this whole process, we are planning and storyboarding our own short films. This experience allows us to take the concepts we learn and put them to work in the practical world. At the end of the class we collaborate with Damon Lee's film scoring class to create a musical score that fits the style and tone of our film. This class was a great opportunity to learn the art of filmmaking and come out with a work of my own. MOHAMMED ABD EL FATAH SAYED AHMED What happened was that Wednesday, around 4 PM, We noticed a large group of Muslim Brotherhood coming out of the Omar Abdelaziz mosque It wasn't more than a half hour after that when I looked behind me and saw a huge group coming towards us chanting "God is Greater" and "Onwards to Jihad" and the like Five minutes of this and they'd destroyed the tents entirely I spotted two of them coming to rip up my tent so I moved one of them aside, and at this point they realized I was against them Then they pulled me into the middle of this huge crowd of them I was surprised, one of them came up from behind me, and he came at my ear then, with his teeth, what he did, he bit a piece of it off. He cut this whole part here off. With his teeth. He bit it off. They hit me over the head, that wounded me here and here I didn't feel any of this until I noticed the blood pouring down and covering my clothes, my face They kept beating me, even though I was already covered in blood They wouldn't let up or leave me be One of them finally pushed forward to get me out of there They wouldn't allow him to pull me out of there. The man had his arms on me to pull me out and even he was hit they were so unwilling to stop As they beat me they were saying "you infidel" "you liberal, you so-and-so" using horrible profanity It's as if the Muslim religion had only recently arisen under Mohammed Morsi Once I finally got out, I saw my friends I asked them: "what happened to my ear?" They said, "It's nothing just come with us right now" I said "Ok, but what about this piece? Is the piece that got bit still there?" They told me yes but just to get me out We couldn't find an ambulance to leave in The Brotherhood were lording over the ambulances Not letting anyone else access them to move wounded Any president who permits the murder of Egyptians Who permits spilling the blood of the Egyptian people Cannot be president of Egypt He who would split the Egyptian people into sects and only takes care of his own, the Brotherhood and the Salafis can never rightly be president of Egypt Everyone who has wronged the Egyptian people must be held accountable because the blood of the Egyptian people doesn't come cheap Down in the waves She screams again Roar at the door My mind can't take much more I could never drown in They wanna get my... They wanna get my Gold on the ceiling I ain't blind Just a matter of time Before you steal it It's alright Ain't no guard in my house Clouds covered love's Barb-wired snare Strung up, strung out I just can't go without I could never drown in They wanna get my... They wanna get my Gold on the ceiling I ain't blind Just a matter of time Before you steal it It's alright Ain't no guard in my house They wanna get my... They wanna get my Gold on the ceiling I ain't blind Just a matter of time Before you steal it It's alright Ain't no guard in my house Gold on the ceiling I ain't blind Just a matter of time Before you steal it It's alright Ain't no guard in my house [music] Gestures create works of art using software developed at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. UNL computer scientist Anita Sarma led student teams in developing the project. For students it's a lesson in problem solving. An issue programmers face every day. [Anita] There are all these little dots are actually different projects. [narrator] a complex computer program involves the work of thousands of people all over the world. They need to work together to avoid problems. In Microsoft Vista for example, there were 21 teams across 8 continents that actually worked together. Sarma is developing a tool that will help programers work together more efficiently. She's earned a National Science Foundation Career Award to support work on the tool designed to avoid conflicting changes in computer code. Often times when this type of software conflict exists, they lead to bugs of defects in the software. And when you find Microsoft crashing or something crashing it's because a bug got left in. So if we can identify these coordination problems and find these bugs earlier in time or just avoid them, so yes, development time and effort will be saved but also businesses might be better off because they'll be fewer defects. We see that developers face problems so the types of solutions that we provide or the type of research that we are doing will help them eventually in improving their productivity. The tool is named Casandra after a character in Greek mythology who had the gift of prophecy. Sarma says being involved in research like the Casandra project moves the science towards a solution. You are in the boundary of knowledge, it's like Star Trek, you're kind of exploring the boundaries and going where no one has gone before. And you get that solution and it seems so simple and so elegant and that's the beauty of it. The science of software development will help programers create a masterpiece. [music] So we're here in front of this pink Alexander McQueen dress obviously everybody knows who Alexander McQueen is but where might people have seen some of his work? Okay, well his designs have appeared all over the place really -- lots of famous people have been seen wearing his clothes and he's also done design work aswell. Some really good examples are in 1997. He worked with David Bowie and he designed the album cover for 'Earthling' and also did all the direction and outfits for the tour of that album. He was also very famous for working with Björk on her 'Homogenic' album. He did the album cover for that and designed the outfit she wears. So he was the total creative director for it aswell as the fashion designer? Yeah. The outfit that she was wearing for the album was pretty unusual and very cool. He also designed the video for alarm call aswell. Is there anything he's done more recently that people might recognise? Yeah; Lady Gaga has worn a lot of his designs and she's one of the most famous people recently that had made a lot of his work quite iconic. So you could say that the Lady Gaga look is actually the Alexander McQueen look? For a couple of years she wore a lot of Alexander McQueen. In the 'Bad Romance' video that is basically her wearing Alexander McQueen clothes. Like for example, the crazy shoes that look like hooves or lobster claws. So you could say there was a lot of theatricality in his work, but did it carry over to his shows? It did yeah, definitely. He spent a lot of time coming up with concepts and ideas for his fashion shows; he really liked doing very dramatic and unusual shows. He was very keen to juxtapose different themes. So like with the dress he is juxtaposing masculine with feminine, like strong things and beautiful things? Yes, strength and frigidility were two of the main ones he looked at and was keen to put together in his work. So one of my favourite fashion shows that he did was called VOSS that I wish I went too because it sounds amazing. Basically he built a huge glass cube and everyone came in expecting to see fashion and they spent about an hour just staring at themselves in the reflection. And then after an hour the lights came on inside the box and it was filled with moths and there was a naked model lying on a chaise longue wearing a gas mask! And when did that filter into the high street?! I think we're still waiting for that! One of my favorite words in the whole of the Oxford English Dictionary is "snollygoster," just because it sounds so good. And what snollygoster means is "a dishonest politician." Although there was a 19th-century newspaper editor who defined it rather better when he said, "A snollygoster is a fellow who seeks office regardless of party, platform or principle, and who, when he wins, gets there by the sheer force of monumental talknophical assumnancy." (Laughter) Now, I have no idea what "talknophical" is. Something to do with words, I assume. But it's very important that words are at the center of politics, and all politicians know they have to try and control language. It wasn't until, for example, 1771 that the British Parliament allowed newspapers to report the exact words that were said in the debating chamber. And this was actually all down to the bravery of a guy with the extraordinary name of Brass Crosby, who took on Parliament. And he was thrown into the Tower of London and imprisoned, but he was brave enough, he was brave enough to take them on, and in the end, he had such popular support in London that he won. And it was only a few years later that we have the first recorded use of the phrase "as bold as brass." Most people think that's down to the metal. It's not; it's down to a campaigner for the freedom of the press. But to really show you how words and politics interact, I want to take you back to the United States of America, just after they'd achieved independence. And they had to face the question of what to call George Washington, their leader. They didn't know. What do you call the leader of a republican country? And this was debated in Congress for ages and ages. And there were all sorts of suggestions on the table, which might have made it. I mean, some people wanted him to be called "Chief Magistrate Washington," and other people, "His Highness, George Washington," and other people, "Protector of the Liberties of the People of the United States of America Washington." Not that catchy. Some people just wanted to call him king -- it was tried and tested. They weren't even being monarchical, they had the idea that you could be elected king for a fixed term. And, you know, it could have worked. And everybody got insanely bored, because this debate went on for three weeks. I read a diary of this poor senator who just keeps coming back, "Still on this subject." And the reason for the delay and the boredom was that the House of Representatives were against the Senate. The House of Representatives didn't want Washington to get drunk on power. They didn't want to call him "king," in case that gave him ideas, or his successor ideas. So they wanted to give him the humblest, meagerest, most pathetic title that they could think of. And that title ... was "President." (Laughter) "President." They didn't invent the title. I mean, it existed before, but it just meant somebody who presides over a meeting. It was like the foreman of the jury. And it didn't have much more grandeur than the term "foreman" or "overseer." There were occasional presidents of little colonial councils and bits of government, but it was really a nothing title. And that's why the Senate objected to it. They said, "That's ridiculous! You can't call him 'President.' This guy has to go and sign treaties and meet foreign dignitaries. Who's going to take him seriously if he's got a silly little title like 'President of the United States of America'?" (Laughter) And after three weeks of debate, in the end, the Senate did not cave in. Instead, they agreed to use the title "President" for now. But they also wanted it absolutely set down that they didn't agree with it, from a decent respect for the opinions and practice of civilized nations, whether under republican or monarchical forms of government, whose custom it is to annex, through the office of the Chief Magistrate, titles of respectability -- not bloody "President." And that, in the intercourse with foreign nations, the majesty of the people of the United States may not be hazarded by an appearance of singularity -- i.e., we don't want to look like bloody weirdos. Now, you can learn three interesting things from this. First of all -- and this is my favorite -- is that, so far as I've ever been able to find out, the Senate has never formally endorsed the title of President. Barack Obama, President Obama, is there on borrowed time, just waiting for the Senate to spring into action. (Laughter) The second thing you can learn is that, when a government says that this is a temporary measure -- (Laughter) you can still be waiting 223 years later. But the third thing you can learn -- and this is the really important one, the point I want to leave you on -- is that the title, "President of the United States of America," doesn't sound that humble at all these days, does it? Something to do with the slightly over 5,000 nuclear warheads he has at his disposal and the largest economy in the world and a fleet of drones and all that sort of stuff. Reality and history have endowed that title with grandeur. And so the Senate won in the end. They got their title of respectability. And also, the Senate's other worry, the appearance of singularity -- well, it was a singularity back then. But now, do you know how many nations have a president? A hundred and forty-seven. All because they want to sound like the guy who's got the 5,000 nuclear warheads, etc. And so, in the end, the Senate won and the House of Representatives lost ... because nobody's going to feel that humble when they're told that they are now the President of the United States of America. And that's the important lesson I think you can take away, and the one I want to leave you with. Politicians try to pick and use words to shape and control reality, but in fact, reality changes words far more than words can ever change reality. Thank you very much. Ewwww Hey guys its Thursday on Daily Grace so you know what that means [Singing] Daily Grace is going to teach you how to do something Ding I went on my Tumblr and asked what do you want to learn? and someone said "101 ways to say no to sex" so I came up with a list of 101 ways to do or say to someone to get out of having sex with them and or cause them to not want to follow up on... with you no thank you I'm bloated I got diarrhoea... the bad kind There's a bear! There's two bears! I'm sorry my mum is calling me and she hates sex I have dentist appointment I don't have a vagina I have 14 holes I queef a lot I'm allergic to fabric Oh my God is that 1 Direction? I have a DUl... appointment I have to go blog Rape!.. JK..Seriously rape!... JK Those are the kind of jokes I make during sex I have a flesh phobia I can only orgasm when Taylor Swift is playing live... in person My bed is a hot dog I'm bejazzled and anazzled I only give it up for God [Laugh] I have a tatto of Jesus on my vagina I can only get in the mood by watching Hitched My vagina is like a mood ring... ...oooohhh right now its blue I have a tiny penis on my lower back You look exactly like my brother I make web videos... so... not the sexy kind I have to go KKK meeting a club of people who like keys, kites and knits My phone battery died Oh my God is this seriously 1 Direction I have to go to a concert... for a band [Crying] My vagina and belly button got switched up at birth I have an iron deficiency I have like a lot of podcasting to do I'm Dyslexic... in my "javaina" My house is on fire Your house is on fire Your mum's house is on fire [phhhhh] I ate 11 devilled eggs for lunch Today is a Jewish holiday I have to go to Canada for a thing real quick I'd probably blog about it My mum and I share bunk beds I have penis for thumbs You're going to have to propose to me right after I don't watch breaking bad I have a tramp stamp of lady and the tramp showing of their stamp collection Oh my God, 1 Direction. Just go away from me I have to go work on my spin off book series about a celibate detective named abstinencey drew [Being Sick] I'm in to Bronies... Google it Sometimes I call nipples, tit zits I already have a cock I have really bad split ends... down there I'm on my period I'm on my comma Have you ever seen a horror movie where a faucet (tap) water turns in to blood My aunt flow is visiting... and I have my period Let's just say I have been playing red dead redemption for three days straight Playing the part of little red ridding hood my vagina When I have legitimate sex my body shuts down I have a peanut allergy... I'm sorry penis allergy [Quite] I just had one of my family members pass [Loud] by as we were talking, hey Tim! I have to take a phone call... so... yeah I forgot my fish oil pills today My birth control pills take like like 6 months to kick in My birth control pills are just Reese's peanut butter cups I'm pregnant.. ish Ughh I just ran out of morning after pills My dog is like really sexual around guys There is chop marathon that I cannot miss Oh my God you look like Alex Guarnaschelli Sometimes I call panties, cheese clothes abagahgabitubunobanobybybybyby Sometimes I watch the greatest lip-dub proposal just to feel something I call it the error proof test I have this new room mate that pee's on new people I'm waiting until I'm married I'm waiting until my Kick Starter reaches its goal I'm waiting until a new season of Hey Dude I drunk way to many skinny girl margaritas and my vagina disolved Bear spray! My lips are sealed... yes someone put superglue in my underwear last night I'm really racist in my sleep Brittle boners run in my family I have bed bugs... and they have IBS I'm not Grace Let me as Twitter first I sprained my vagina in a Zumba class I have pole dancing class to go to, I'm that kind of girl I just went horseback ridding Can you just email me about this Here is the thing, I can't not give Indian burns. What's did Mr Burns say to the woman who agree to artificially inseminated by him... eggcellent I read this article on the huff-po that says sex can lead to pregnancy [Sings] Celibate Oh my God is that Zayn's Twitter feed, I'll be right back Smack! First you have to guess who is my favorite on pretty little lies, trick question all of them! I'm that kind of girl This is not the vagina you are looking for Let me put it this way, rock, paper scissors, shoot! Byeeeee [Sings] Now your just somebody that I rooster know Oh no (Fight capitalization of education) People are complaining about the high cost of education, lower quality of education, and illegal payment The Government say that education will be free It's just lip-service. There will still be many costs Subtitles : www.whatsfatmagulsfault.com Thank you. No problem. - I'll be with you as soon as I'm done here. - Okay. - Kolay gelsin. - You too. You can go, no need to wait. - Your receipt. - Thank you. - I shall bring your suitcase from upstairs - You don't need to. Rahmi will bring mine on his way down. Murat, son. - Are we ready? - We are ready. - You checked out? - We did, let's go. - Let me... - No, no. I can carry it. - Let me then... - No, I... I couldn't throw it away. Glad you didn't. Let's call my mom! Dad, let's call my mom! I talked to her only a little, last night. You promised me! You said I'd talk to her again. You talked to Mukaddes Hanım? I talked as well. My mom is at my grandma's. Her mom got sick. So she went to see her. To Antalya. Geçmiş olsun. Where is that taxi... - You got it? - You sent me to buy it... ... I lost all my charisma. - Shut up, did you buy the right thing? I don't know. I said pregnancy test. They gave this to me. Okay, it's right. - Can we find it out immediately? - Yes. - Hello. - Good morning. - What's up, early in the morning? - We're going to İstanbul... - Wanted to let you know. - What did I say to you! - What's the hurry? - The woman is insisting. She won't stay here. - I can't hold her here, what can I do? - You know what you're supposed to do. - You need to keep her close to you. - But I'm getting bored of this. - I want this to end. - Grit your teeth a little longer. - Don't even know why I do this. - Just do as you're told. - And now she says she's pregnant. - What!? Not from me, of course. From her husband. But I can't be bothered really. I wish I never accepted this deal. Stop whining. If you break the deal... ... I break the deal as well, I warn you. Do whatever it takes to keep her busy. - You hear me? - I do. - What else? - Nothing else. We'll come back to Istanbul regardless, though. Okay, call me when you're back. - God damn it-- - I don't want to hear anything! Mukaddes. Mukaddes, you're done? So, what is it? I'm pregnant. What's gonna happen now? Here, abla. Okay abi, stop. Fatmagül ! - What are you doing here? - Did you follow me? I said, what are you doing here? - Why did you follow me? Because I felt that you were lying to me. - Fatmagül, what is your business here? - Calm down. What's going on, tell me. - Let go of me. - Speak. Why did you come here? Fatmagül, what is going on? I came to make a complaint about him. Those silent calls scared me so much. They made me so uneasy. - There's something else. - As I told you. Because of the phone calls. - What happened that I don't know about, Fatmagül? - Nothing. Don't lie to me. I know that you didn't call your brother last night nor you spoke with him in the morning. You called that man, didn't you? You talked to Mustafa. You said "don't call us". And he threatened you. Why do you call him after all that happened? No, I didn't. I called Kadir Bey. I'm so scared Kadir Bey. Kerim maybe right. He can do anything. He knew Kerim wasn't at the restaurant. He's watching us. He knows what we're doing. - But you need to tell Kerim about this. - No, I can't. If I do, Kerim will go to him and bad things will happen. That's what Mustafa wants. He's provoking me saying "go tell your husband." He's going to do something to Kerim. And till that day... ... he won't quit bothering me. He'll keep calling. He'll send notes from under the door. Look, that note is very important. You should go to the prosecution office now. And make a complaint, okay? The note will be the evidence. If you file a petition they will track his telephones as well. - And he'll get caught if he calls again. - Okay, I shall go to the prosecution. Okay, give your petition today. I'll take care of it once I'm there. Don't tell Meryem Abla about this though. She might get excited and call Kerim. We don't want Kerim to know. - Don't worry. I won't. - I called Kadir Bey and told him... ... how annoying those calls were. And asked for advice. He told me to go and file a complaint for that person to be caught. Why didn't you tell me? Why did you hide it from me? Because you exaggerate everything. I was gonna take care of it silently. Tövbe, tövbe... Okay then, let's go in. And make a complaint. Are you coming too? - Of course, why? - Nothing. Okay, go. I can't believe you followed me. Good morning, what's up? You should tell us what's up. Everyone is worried here. They're afraid to loose their jobs. They are after their indemnity payments. Yes, we're in deep crap. A tough situation for us. Our goods might be confiscated and seized. Including your car, we may loose some of our stuff. As you know, it is the companies car on paper. Transferring its ownership to you would look suspicious now. I won't be on foot, Münir Bey. You owe me a car then. We gave you enough, Mustafa. But I know that you have an eye on even more. But that would cost you dearly. Speak Turkish... Meltem. You're swimming in the wrong sea. Still don't know what you're talking about. - Selim knows what is between you and Meltem. - What? - Don't laugh. - You're nuts. I tried to convince Selim that it wasn't true. But if Reşat Yaşaran knows about it... ... I don't want to imagine what happens next. Is this another trick to trip me over? You won't succeed. You still owe me, until the lawsuit is over. This is exactly why I'm still trying to protect you, silly. If Reşat Yaşaran hears about it he will go mad. I would watch my steps if I were you. Thank you... I'll be more careful. There is inventory counting today. And the meeting after noon. Be around here. You started shopping before you went to America? I get surrounded by the press as soon as I go outside. I'll do my shopping at home. Do you need anything? - Buy me a perfume. - I am buying. Going to America will do you good. Yeah, right... An unlimited vacation with my parents. I love fait accomplis like that. At least you won't be here when Selim gets out. Everyone seems to be sure he'll get out of jail. - That's what make me annoyed the most. - But that's what's gonna happen. My hatred towards him keeps growing, you know that? I want to see him getting punished for real. Hope he spends years in there. Damn... Easy, kid. Or I'll come down there and wet you too. That's what laundry lady does everyday. The dorm wouldn't be stinking if you did the same now and then. He said something right. There you go. Oh, welcome, welcome! Vural? Vural. You're on your foots? You're the man! - Love is on the air... - Shut up! Come, come. Are you alright? Selim... come on man. What are you doing? Come, sit down. Is he your apprentice? Welcome, man. Look if you need a 4th to poker I'll be around. Count me as well. Nevermind, just ignore them. And come on, man. Don't get his morale down from the first day on. How are you? As you see. Do you want tea? Meltem divorced me. You knew that? He found a new guy already. - I can't stay here. - I said she divorced me! - Selim... - I'll go insane here. I can't stay. No, you won't. Don't worry, we're here with you. We won't stay here long anyway. We'll get out soon. And then, we'll make all of them pay. - Don't worry. - All of them. Very little time left. Vural, look. This is your bed, okay? Okay? Okay then, we wrote our complaints regarding the home and the restaurant. You sigh it, too. Okay. What's wrong? The photograph. - This was taken the day we married. - I remember well. Let me deliver it. - We're done here. - Was this all? Yes, let's go. - Where is the car? - No car, we'll go with taxi. Of course, the car would draw attention. Don't start again. What did you say to the driver? Follow the taxi ahead... like in the movies? - It got cold. - I can't drink it. My stomach doesn't accept. - Is it still upset? - No, but I know I'll feel bad if I drink it. Anyway, you'll feel better once you got rid of it. What? You aren't thinking of giving birth, right? I don't know, now. I am not able to think clearly. What is there to think about? There is no way you can do it. Unless you want to go back to your husband. Don't be silly. As if I can go back... If you'll be with me, you have to have it aborted. I have enough problems already. I can't take responsibility of someone else's kid. If you want to go back to Istanbul badly. Sort it out right away, and be done with it. This is how I almost got Murat aborted. - You're doing the same thing again. - Use your brain, girl. - How can you take care of a baby now? - What kind of a man are you? Don't you have a heart? - You don't even care about how I feel. - Your feelings? Use your logic. My father doesn't talk to me. My wife is going to court. And if your husband knows about it, he'll be a bigger trouble than he already is. If you want a baby, go back to your home and give birth there. But that would end everything. I would never see you again. This is not a game. You can't change your mind and just start over. Stop pressuring me. I said I couldn't think clearly. Shut up for a moment and let me breathe. Let us go. We're gonna miss the plane. Go to your work. I can take care of the rest. Talked to my boss. I took this day off. I'll be here all day. You opened the shop late, too. You need my help. - So, what shall I do? - You can set the table clothes then. Don't hide anything from me again, okay? Please. And don't get mad at me for following you. I wouldn't be this worried, if you told me the truth. You didn't follow me because you were worried. It seems I'm not the only one who has trust issues. You don't trust me either. Because I don't know what is going through your mind. You're not sharing your thoughts your feelings with me. Fatmagül, I really don't know what you want. You don't even talk to me. I'm not a talkative person anyway. But I still talk to you. You say nothing related to yourself, or me. There is already a distance between us. And I can't reduce it. I can't reach you, Fatmagül. I actually took a long way. I'm at a point I never thought I would be. You used to be one of my greatest enemies. And now... Now..? When I said to you that I wanted to be cured... ... I told you I wanted to trust someone again. I feel much safer now. Thank you. I shall set the table clothes. Hello, Welcome. Thanks. We're so hungry. What can we eat? Hmm what can you eat... Let me ask my wife. Okay, thanks. Fatmagül, we have customers. - What are we gonna do? We're not prepared. - Don't panic, we'll be fine. - Hoşgeldiniz. - Hello. - Hayırlı olsun. This is a beautiful place. - Thank you. Give me those. You bring the menus. - Let's go! - Murat, be a good boy. Come, sit down. - When are we gonna talk to mommy? - Later. When? They've come. We're going now. - What happened? You're done? - Done. It made you feel bad, didn't it? - Naturally... - I felt bad as well. Very bad. - Are we going then? - Yes, we are. We'll go to the airport now. And hop on the plane and land on Istanbul. - Dad, let us go to where mommy is. - Later. I'm sick of these "later"s. - Come on. - Give me your hand. Let's go then. Ömer, I was with Meryem Hanım. She was testifying. - Sorry I couldn't talk to you. - No problem, is it done now? Yes, we're going back to Istanbul. Why did you call? You know that testifier of the Yaşarans, Hacer Ovacık... - I know who she is. - Who is she then? Ömer... He says he has learned who Hacer Ovacık is. She is a prostitute using Asude Ünsalan as her name. What? - She's known as Asu in the market. - Asu? Is Hacer Ovacık, Asu? Hello. I thought I was awake... But I guess I'm still dreaming. - Anyone inside? - No, come in. What's up? I see your tail is down. What happened? The honeymoon is over? You're back to where you left off, huh? I told you not to build high hopes. - What's this? - Open and see what it is. It's all yours. You didn't know what was awaiting you in Istanbul, either. But you can still change your path. Quit this business. - What are you saying, girl? - This is not a path to be chosen. You know it, too. Take the money and go back to your hometown. Build a business there. Live like a human being. - You're kidding, right? - How long are you... ... going to let people like Bilal use you as a pawn to get their dirty jobs done? I'm giving you a chance to raise your head out of this hole. You should give yourself a chance too. Where did you find this money? Mustafa hit the jackpot? - What trick are you playing with me? - I saved myself, Sami. I'm leaving these lands soon. You should go as well, and be saved. Get out of this dirty hole. Get cleaned. You are serious. Where are you going? - I'm going to some place... - With Mustafa? You're lying. He gave you the money and kicked you out, right? Whatever. Promise me that you'll go back to your home town. Well... okay, but... I don't get why you're doing this. We lived a dogs life for years together in the streets. We worked together. We fought a lot. But you did what you had to. It couldn't be helped. You tortured me a lot. But I saw the good man inside you as well. I want you to give a better life to that man. Why you... Asu, girl you devastate me. Farewell Sami. Don't go just now. Let us sit and talk. Let me recover from the shock. Good bye. You're something else... How are they gonna benefit from that woman's testimony? What is in their mind? They'll use it to slander Fatmagül. That's what I think. How? How are they going to slander Fatmagül? Kerim filed a missing report to the police, for Fatmagül. Then it was found that she was staying at that woman's place. - So what? - They'll use the fact Fatmagül and her knowing each other. They'll try to stain Fatmagül saying she's her friend. They are a shame to human beings. Who knows what else they'll do at court. Creatures. They are creatures. You cannot call them humans, no. They wouldn't believe the words of such a woman, would they? She's even using a phony name. The judge wouldn't believe her. Right? Fatmagül will feel terrible to hear this. She has been having a very hard time already. They'll hurt the girl even more. - Monsters. - Though, how did they find her? Mustafa, of course. How else?\Aren't they lovers? He's in the middle of all this. As if his testimony supporting the Yaşarans... ... wasn't enough. He opened a new path for them. How lowly can he get? Can he reduce himself this much? I can't understand it. It's time we said stop to him as well. If not late... That scumbag of a man. Not a man... not even a man. Yes... That's how it is. Enough with the speculations behind locked doors. I wanted you to hear it right from the horse's mouth. We'll of course come up with certain solutions. But for this time being we all must keep ourselves calm. You will be updated with the latest news. You can answer it. The meeting is over. Hello? - I didn't know it was this grim. - I won't hide it from you. It is even worse than what I've just drawn on the paper. I can't say I feel sorry. Yıldırım Bey is calling, sir. Are you going to talk to him? Are you even asking? We've been calling him since the morning! - Connect it to the room next to this. - Yes sir. Yes sir. In order for debts to be paid these companies needs to work at full capacity, sir. That's why I want it. Wonderful, wonderful. I'm thrilled to hear this. It will be Turaner Bey's end. This is the best news I've heard for days. I'll destroy him. Aykut Berkol has the documents, right? Wonderful, wonderful, wonderful... Let us start the procedures without wasting any time. An elephant is bigger than a camel. I'll show Turaner Bey. Okay, okay, okay... I'll get it done right away. Thank you, Bülent. Thank you, you too. Can there be proof of bribe? But there is... Aykut Berkol, has a transcript of the money... ... Turaner Bey got from us to be used in bribery. He also determined where and to whom that money went. - With proving documents, too. - That's great! Would I let him be the last one laughing? I'll strangle him till he cannot laugh. He got wrecked when his political life ended. - But the worse is yet to come. - He can go to hell. Which company would hire a bribe giver as consultant? Once he looses all his hopes to be a consultant... ... he'll be left high and dry. He can even be sued for this. He can go to jail for misconduct. Even if nothing happens, it is enough that, this news gave you life. No, Münir... Not enough. I'll see that man suffer for betraying me. - It almost fell. - Okay, I got it. - They're in a hurry. You have their check? - Yes, I'm taking it to them. - There you go. - Thank you. Can I offer you tea or coffee? Thanks, but we don't have time for it. - Everything was delicious. - Afiyet olsun. - Have a good day. - Come again. We'll come again with our friends. - We'd be glad to see you. Bye bye. - Have a good day. You too. Kolay gelsin, yenge. Welcome, sağol. - Isn't Kerim Abi here? - He's inside. Come in. I won't stay long. I have orders to deliver. But I have a news for you. - Hello, Kerim Abi. - Emre, how are you? Welcome. Big news. I'm going into the army. - What? Really? - I am to be a keen and proud soldier of this country. - That's the spirit! Hayırlı olsun. - Thanks. - When are you going? - 14th of July. - Plenty of time still. - But I'll go to Bartin on 14th of this month. I'll kiss my Grandma's hand. And I'll spend some time there. - After that, I'll join my unit. - Alright. We'll throw a send off party before I go. - Sure, we should. - We can do it here, if you want. No, we thought we'd do a men only party though. Kerim Abi can come as well, if you allow him. It seems that he's allowed. Okay then, I shall go and deliver these. - I'll come again if I can spare time. - Okay. - Kolay gelsin. - You too. - I put the dishes into the washer. - Thank you. Okay, I got it. - Hello. - Kerim, hello. It's Kadir. Hello abi, how are you? Fine. We're done here. We're are the airport. I thought I'd call you before we take off. - Glad that you did. - How is Fatmagül? She's okay. We're working together. - Why did you ask? - No specific reason. Just wondered. Don't worry, abi. There's nothing you should worry about. We went to the prosecution office together. Give me the phone? - She told you after all? - Yes, she did. Can you give me the phone? As you said to Fatmagül we filed our complaint. You gave them the note as well, right? - Which note? - Kerim, give it to me? The check. The check? What do you mean? I don't know about it. What is"the check", Fatmagül? - Anyway, Kerim. We'll talk when get there. - Abi, what is the check? Kerim, they're taking us into the plane now. We'll talk it thoroughly there. See you later. Why didn't you let me talk to him? What is he talking about? He asked if we gave the prosecution, the note. - The note on the check? - I don't know. Don't lie to me again, Fatmagül. Don't make me go crazy. Answer me, what is it? Okay I'll tell you. But you won't go mad. Promise me. "Everything was so delicious. We'll see each other again." Did he wrote it? Did that man come here? But nothing happened. - And you served him? - Don't shout please. - You served that man? - I had to. - What the hell are you talking about? - There were customers. Nalan Hanım, too. - I can't believe you, Fatmagül ! - He sat down for a bit, then he left. He sat down? He sat down here? He sat down here!? - Or here? - Kerim, enough. Don't do this! Enough! So, he got this close to you, huh? - Why didn't you tell me about this Fatmagül, why? - Because I was scared. I was scared that he might pull you into his trap. He wants to provoke you. I was scared he might harm you. That's what he wants. He wants to separate us. Okay... He can't separate us. I wouldn't leave you. - He would kill you. - He can't do anything. It's okay. It's alright. Alright. Don't cry. I'm sorry. But don't hide anything from me again, okay? And you don't confront him again then. Go on, tell me everything. When did he come? Yesterday? Come on, tell me everything from the beginning. Everyone who has a mouth asks me about the divorce case. I'm sick of the crowds. Wish we could go at once. - Meltem is very eager to go, as well... - Yeah, she's very unwilling. I thought she'd be the happiest to go away from here. Toast, anyone? You should pay more attention on what's going into your stomach. Let's share half of the toast. So that she'd eat less. I told you not to call me. I know. But I'm not calling for myself. I'm not calling because I think about you all the time, either. Which I do. - But I didn't call you because of this. - What do you want? I'm calling you for your father. He's in trouble. Reşat Yaşaran is setting up a complot against him. Fatmagül did the best, telling Kadir Bey about it. The girl is all alone. And who knows what your reaction would be. No doubt, he'd do anything to make me worried. If you told me the truth from the beginning this note would be in the file now. And his name would be written in the complaint report. - Well I told that to her. - It won't matter really. They'll find him out when he calls us again. Then this paper will be even more important. - Let us give this note to the prosecution tomorrow, okay? - Okay, I'll do it. Good health to you. Thank you... I gave Murat a bath. - Then I took one as well, I feel lighter. - Come abi, sit down. Kerim, for God's sake stop thinking about Mustafa. Right... I will forget about him so that he can keep doing this. You promised me. He is watching us. He waits for my wife to be alone... ... and then he makes her serve him. He leaves notes at my home's door. - Kerim! - Okay, I'll go and talk to him tomorrow. - My words would be more effective on him. - No, actually I know the words that'd be effective on him but... I see red when I think about it. This is exactly why I didn't tell you about it. That's why. But someone has to stop this man. - I agree. - Oh great.... I'll go and talk to him tomorrow, don't worry. - I'll intimidate him. - Ask him about that thing as well... About Hacer Ovacık. Don't forget about her. Who is Hacer Ovacık? I... thought you told them already. Who is that woman? Asu. What does she have to do with it? They'll slander you. I swear I'll kill that man! I swear I'll kill him! They'll prove the misconduct, with those documents. Aykut Berkol will reveal them soon. Is it true dad? Did you bribe people for the Yaşarans' business? Why would I believe you? You are the Yaşarans' man. You're trying to trick me into another game of yours. It's up to you to believe me or not. I'm just telling you what I've heard. I don't know who Aykut Berkol is. Nor what he does. But it looks like, you do. If that is true, then you should know about it. If that is true, and if it gets surfaced then they can even get you convicted. - I'd better go now. - Why are you doing us this kindness? I thought you needed to know about it. I hope it will help you. If you'll excuse me... I can't believe you Turaner. How can you let them use you? - It's not how it looks. - How do you mean? You said they only used your name. But it seems you were actively in it. This wasn't the first time this is happening. Don't worry. They won't get anything out of it. You can go to jail, Turaner! - I ruined the mood of your dad, sorry. - Did you decide to be honest? Is this how you're trying to feel less guilty? No, I'm trying to earn your love. If you touch me again I will never forgive you! Really? - I can't believe you Meltem. - It's not as you thought. Is it because of this man, you don't want to go? Don't be silly Gaye... enough. Right away... we're going tomorrow. I can't bear any more of this. I had six eggs, where are two of them? Where are my eggs? - Hey... I'm talking with you. - Your name wasn't written on them. - Oh really? And big brick of cheese disappeared last week. I'm sick and tired of you leechers. - I can make your bed twice, and we can get even. - I don't want you to touch my bed. Keep your grubby mitts off my stuff. We're three in here. How are we supposed to make do with four eggs? - Okay, enough. - No man, not enough. I am hungry! Your first time as well? I've heard that you wake up in screams. - What are you afraid of? - Hey, leave him alone. Why? Is your new friend a wussy as well? - Shut up! - I'll deflate your balls. We're here for the same reason. Yet these boys look down upon us. At least I committed the crime all by myself. I didn't tag team a little girl with two other men. If you ever look at me in the eye... If you ever look askance at me. I'll make you regret it. - I'll carve those eyes out... - Okay, sit down. Stop it. - Okay, calm down. - Leave me alone. Go and eat your food. Close your ears to them. Don't hear them. - The time will not pass, if you hear them. - I will go nuts here. - Okay, easy. - Damn, the menemen is burnt... What the hell... Which steer ate it? Can't a man turn his back for a minute here? Who ate this menemen? If I get out of here. I won't stay for minute in this city. I know what I will exactly do, as well. Once I'm out. Kerim, this girls testimony won't change anything. What it will do... is confusing the judge. And court might be held up because of this. What is she going to say? She came and found us, Emre is our witness. Emre will go away on 14th of this month. I'll talk to him. He can go two days later. He is a friend after all. The time is coming. Not much till 16th of the month. Having to see those people again will be the most boring part. It'll be very difficult for Fatmagül. If you talk to Mustafa, tell him he doesn't have my blessings anymore. Doesn't have at all. Tell him not to make that woman speak. - Tell him to shut her up. - Okay I'll tell him. - Are you going tomorrow? - Yes. - Good night then. - We could call a taxi. I'll walk a little bit. Good bye. - Good night. - Good night. Murat is awake. Murat, son why did you get up? - I'll call my mom. - Not now. I don't care. I want to talk to her. Son, don't make me upset. We can call her tomorrow. No, I want now. You won't call her tomorrow. - Murat... - I missed my mom. Give me the phone. Your mom doesn't have a phone. I don't like you anymore ! Okay... Don't love me, you either. Don't love me. - I shall be lonely. - Murat. See? She calls us and manipulates his mind. I don't want him to call her. Dear, he is not aware of anything. He just missed his mom. What can he do? Please don't take Mukaddes' hatred out of your son. I'm not taking anything out of anyone. I'm just scared to loose him again. He won't go anywhere. But he needs to see his mother as well. We need to find a middle course. She is his mother. Of course she'll see him. Murat says that he loves you. He didn't mean to say that. Right, Murat? My son. I'm sorry I shouted at you. But wouldn't I call her if I knew her number? Would I make you cry? You mean everything to me. Call my mom. Okay. I will call her as soon as I find her number, promise. - Thank you, kid. - Afiyet olsun. I shall take you to the hotel. Then I shall quickly go to my father's. - Your father's... as in? - My father's. I will report him about what I did business-wise there. So he won't think that I went there for vacation. And you can see your kids while you're there, right? Of course, but I won't go upstairs. I'll see them if they come down. That is, if their mother let them. What's wrong? I see what kind of a life is awaiting us. You'll be weaving between two homes as the way you wish. Running with the hare, hunting with the hounds. Mukaddes I didn't promise you anything. You have already started quibbling. I am the one to do all the sacrifices, right? Is this because I said "have an abortion?" Is this why you're getting at me? Use your logic, woman. We're swarmed with troubles. And you want to add a baby in it? Look, if you think you can handle it, give a birth, but don't trust me. - I can't deal with it. - I don't trust you anyway. - There you go, sir. - Thanks. - Go then. - Mukaddes, don't be like this. My mind will remain with you. - I'll be back in a few hours to come and pick you up. - Bye bye, sir. Come again. They know who you really are now. Their lawyer found it finally. We knew he was going to. But the later he found it out, the better it would be for us. You have anything to drink? Like whiskey, perhaps? I'm so tense today. - No drinks. - I shall get some from outside then? There is a lot to talk about anyway. What else is there to talk about? I'm bored of talking about the same stuff everyday. - We have just started. - I'll go to bed early. So you'd better go home. And say what you have to say on the phone. Scared of Mustafa, huh? May the Devil take him. - That's my girl... Won't you come closer to me? - Let go of me! You said he wouldn't come here anymore, he can't see us. Look our deal is concluded, okay? I won't see you until the trial. Now, shoo. But I want to see you now and then, Hacer. Hmm, you want it badly? - Huh? - Yes, I want it very badly. I want to extend our deal. Maniac! Now fuck off! You've already bought what you possibly could, with your money. I'd screw you here now... ... but thank the trial. Don't mess with me. Or I won't show up at the trial. Perihan? - Where is Perihan? - In the study room, sir. Perihan. We don't any picture taken together. I seem to be the one taking your pictures. Why are you looking at them now? I'm looking for my baby. How innocent he is. Look at this. Don't be like this. Wish I collected more of these innocent memories. These ones aren't enough even for me. I don't want to believe my son is a cruel person. I can't accept that he is now in a jail. Wish he was here now. As innocent as the one in this picture. Wish he didn't hurt anybody... ... and still be the Selim that everyone loves. It's all... because of that snake called Erdoğan. Selim isn't a boy like that. I want my son. You're mean. You didn't let me do anything. - Despite how tired you are... - No, I'm just keeping myself busy. His silence is scaring me. Don't worry. I'll talk to him. I washed your pitcher. - Okay dear, you can give it to me. - I will put it down. Where is the rose from? Oh, nothing... It's from... - At the dinner, in Izmir. - From whom? Kadir Bey? You know how insisting the children who sell these are. He had to buy one to get rid of them. - You two went out for a dinner? - Murat was asleep at the hotel. Rahmi didn't want to leave him alone. Actually I needed some air, as well. - So we went out together. - And...? "And" what? We just ate dinner, that's all. You went out to a dinner alone together. He bought you a rose and you couldn't throw it away. Fatmagül, you're so mean. There's nothing between us, honestly. Okay okay, so what did you talk about? He is an interesting man. - Did you know that he used to write poems? - Really? He is very emotional. Which is what has been causing him all the problems in life. Alcohol being one. But he says he's done with it. He told me his story with alcohol. And then his wife's sickness. He's a lonely man. I mean, a lonely man even in crowds. He's naive. I don't think he's lonely anymore. You know what, he said the same thing. He said that we are like a family to him now. - "Fatmagül is like my daughter," he said. - That's great. It is. Not that there is anything between us nor will there be. - But it is nice to even have met him by this occasion. - Yes. It's not like we'll always be disappointed in life. There'll be good things as well. İnşallah. - What's going on? - Nothing, we've chatted a bit. Good night. - Good night. - Good night sweetie. - What happened? - Nothing happened. Other than Fatmagül being worried about you. I mean, about you, going to Mustafa. You wouldn't do such a thing my dear, right? - Okay abla, okay. - Because Kadir Bey also said that... ... It would be so wrong to do such a thing. Okay... Abla... It's Fatmagül's birthday soon. Really? I saw it at the prosecution office today. And I remembered, 8th of June. I thought you were going to tell me something bad. Let us do something for her then. I'm sure that man remembers it, too. - What if he attempts to do something? - He can't do anything. Kadir Bey will speak to him. Knowing our phone line is being monitored... - He should be scared. - I'm not so sure. - Kerim, for God's sake don't do anything-- - Enough, abla. Enough. You've said it forty times already. - Good night. - You too. Be a good boy, okay son? Eat your mean nicely, too. He never makes us upset. Don't worry. Teacher, you should be careful, too. Don't let anyone else take him from school. - I mean, no one other than me. - No, absolutely. Murat cannot leave our school without you. Let your mind be at ease. God bless you. Go on son, may God give you a fresh mind. Bye bye. Let Ayla Hanım prepare him. Look, Muratcığım I'll tell you something. Murat... Anne, I missed you so much. I missed you too. - You came to take me? - No, Muratcığım. Your mom promised me. She'll come to visit you here. But you cannot leave here without your dad's permission. - You're still in our responsibility. - That's how it is for now baby. But I'll come to see you, okay? Thank God for your teachers. They are mothers as well. They know well how I feel. We'll leave you mother and son alone. How I missed you. May God never separate us again. - Where did you go? - I had some business I had to take care of. - Soon I will take you with me, okay? - Without my dads permission? No, would I do that? Your daddy will know when I take you. But don't tell them anything today, alright? - I can't lie. - But then daddy won't let me see you again. Give me your phone number. I'll call you. I don't have a phone right now. But I'll give you as soon as I got one. Okay, my beautiful son? Are you well? Once I'm settled up I'll take you with me. And not with a brawl, I'll take you nicely. Even your dad will let you come with me, okay? - So what did you do in İzmir? Tell me. - Nothing, we went to the prosecutor. - What happened there? - My dad and Ebe Nine talked to him, that's all. Are they talking about me? What do they say? My dad is angry at you. - He wouldn't be angry at me. - But he is. And so is my auntie. - What are they saying? - She says "we don't need her anymore" and stuff like that. We'll see who will need whom. My Gosh, how much have you grown up? You've become a big man? In only 10 days? Oh, I missed you so much. Okay, Alright, thank you so much. Thanks, have a good working day. - Where is he? - He's at the subway. They're doing a montage. His boss said it'd take 2-3 hours. - Why is his phone off? - How would I know. Closed when he's working perhaps. Or maybe no signals under the ground. Thank you neighbour. I left your chair outside. Thanks, okay. I've become a coward. I'm scared of every voice. He scared you so much, didn't he? My dear child. So much... I wanted to call Kerim right away. I thought he was going to harm me. - God forbid. - Mustafa has become a weird man. Somehow he convinced himself that I cheated on him. Or he's just fooling himself to forget about his guilt. I agree. There is a weird look in his eyes. And he's so reckless... Threatening me when there're customers right here. - Thank God you had customers. - Yes. Then he got a phone call and he buggered off. As he left, he was still saying/M "Say hello to your husband. I'm watching you." Right... He wants to make you feel uneasy. He didn't call since then. Wish he called. Kerim wouldn't go to him, would he? No no, he of course wouldn't. Don't worry. Don't bother yourself thinking about it. - Good morning. - Morning, there is a man in your room waiting for you. He's here almost since the crack of dawn. I saw him at the restaurant. At the opening. - Shall I come with you? - No. Good morning Mustafa. He don't have guts to come and he sent you? Well, don't shoot the messenger. Pardon, who are you looking for? - I want to see Mustafa Nalçalı. - He's not in the company building. He's at the truck park to the left. Hold on a moment. Isn't that Kerim's car? - Where is he going? - He's going to the truck park. Move on, follow him. This is a copy of the petition Fatmagül filed yesterday. I'll add this into the file today. The prosecution assigned protection for us as well. So, you bother Fatmagül again and you will be caught. And this is enough reason to put you into jail. I'm serious. You will suffer for it even if you cross Fatmagül's path by coincidence. - I'm so scared... - You should be. Also, you know what? You disappointed me once again. You're not the man you seem to be. You are so low as to slander Fatmagül's purity. - What the hell are you talking about? - Hacer Ovacık. Also known as, Asude. Asu. Isn't she your lover? Hacer Ovacık? Mustafa! Where are you-- Stop, you can't go in! Where are you going? Wait a minute. Get out of my way. Let him come here. You cannot go in. - You got my message? - Kerim don't be stupid. You must have a death wish. - If you ever go near my wife... - Then what? - Come on, come with me. - Then what? I will kill you! He said "I'll kill you". He threatened us. You're all witnesses! - He said he'd kill him. - Put that away! - If you try to stain my wifes name again! - Walk over to the car. You cannot separate us, Mustafa! I won't play your game. Get in the car. He is MY wife! You hear me? You hear my Reşat Yaşaran? You hear me, Münir Telci? - Get in that car, come on. - You cannot slander her! You cannot stain her with your lies, your whores! Your dirt will not stick on her. Fatmagül is pure, you hear me? - Okay, go inside! - Your dirt will not stain her. - Are you going to make Asu testify? - Get inside, I'll tell you there. Mind your own business, everyone! - If you're really going to do that... - Calm down! She will just tell them that she stayed with her, when Fatmagül ran away. That, she stay in Asu's apartment. - Who stayed there? - Fatmagül. - It's a lie. - Fatmagül stayed in her place, for two days even. It's in the file of the case. I can show you if you want. You made it up! To slander her! Listen! I will show you Kerim's statement at the police office. He knows Asu as well. He went to her apartment to get Fatmagül back home. - How is that possible? It's nonsense! - No, it isn't. There is a lot that you don't know, Mustafa. Kerim, was this what you promised to do? I didn't do anything, did I? I just said him what I had to say. You're not even listening to me. There isn't a single witness who saw them come at your house. While there are many witnesses who heard you saying "I'll kill you". It's stupid of you. - They thought they could scare me. - Who cares about what they think. - I'm not scared of any of them. - Very good for you... Look abi, if that man goes near Fatmagül again... I swear I'll kill him. I won't let them hurt Fatmagül again. Okay, wear your seat belt. Asu Hanım went for a trip. - Is that so? - Yes, today after noon. She departed with her suitcase. She left her flowers to me. I see. Do you know when she'll be back? She'll be here next week. Or in ten days, I don't know. Thank you. - She changed the lock as well, I think. - Yes, guess so. Good night. Good night. Asu, hello. It's Mustafa. I came to you. I want to talk. I missed you... so much. I have so many things to say. Please call me. I love you. You promised me. Look at me. I'm sorry. Everything we said was for nothing, right? Are you happy now that you proved you're not afraid? No. What did you do after that? Kadir Bey brought the car after dropping you off. You didn't come to the restaurant either. Meryem Abla was so worried. That's why I'm asking. Where were you Kerim? Tell me. I'll tell you tomorrow. I'm scared Kerim. You did something again, didn't you? Please tell me, what did you do? - Tomorrow. - Tell me now. Not now. You don't want me to hide anything from you. But you do. Where were you? What did you do? Tell me Kerim! I did nothing bad. Then tell me. Alright. - Where are you going? - Wait, I'll be right back. Actually, it would be better to give it tomorrow. On your birthday. Open it. So you disappeared entire day to look for a present for me? Yes. Really, not even this big white box can make yourself forgiven. I'm so angry at you. Fatmagül... Will you marry me? The Playful Polar Bears [growling] [growling] A-A-A-Achoo! [growling] [growling] [yawns] A-A-A-Achoo! [roaring] A-A-A... [roaring] One, two... One, two... [roaring] [roaring] [moaning] [moaning] [moaning] [moaning] [moaning] Achoo! CC Cartoons Classic Cartoons with Closed Captions in HD Today we're here to take a sneak-peek at the Laline Headquarters. Let's take a look around We're speaking with Merav Cohen Founder and creator of Laline Hi Hi What was the inspiration for the design of these offices? Eleven years ago, when we were first thinking about Laline we wanted to create something different. Everything was grey, dark and brown and we wanted something white. Which motifs inspired you? Wooden floors and wooden furniture. We were interested in chandeliers for radiance something that would emulate diamonds These elements are what inspired the white diamond visual effect How is the design connected with the heart of the products? These products are clean and fresh. They smell good , are pleasant to look at and nothing works better than displaying them against a clean white background How do people react when they first walk into these offices? Wow. Like when you said, "wow" So when people first walk in they're really impressed. We want the design of the offices to be a continuation of the design of the stores. Do you have a favorite location in these offices besides your own? This show room. This is my favorite spot Here is where we bring to life our creations, ideas and dreams. Where we display our new lines for the coming year or two, and where we get a chance to see how it will look on the shelves and in the stores. [Music] (Male narrator): In August 2012, the Auditorium scaffold came down, revealing that impressive new colour scheme. Here's what the painters had to say about the experience. (Painter 1): The first day I came here, Noel took us up a scaffold and we got to the top level and I sort of looked at Noel and: "How are we gonna get this done?" and "What have you got me into?" To see what we've got here now, yeah very well done by the boys. (Male narrator): It took 6 painters 2 months and nearly 500 litres of paint to complete the top half of the Auditorium. But it wasn't as simple as just adding a new coat of paint. (Painter 2): A lot of the fibrous plaster that was existing was actually caving in and falling apart so that all had to be stripped, removed and then had to be re-sheeted and white set, like over the top of it and it all had to be sealed and painted. (Male narrator): So, what did they think about the new colour scheme? (Painter 3): I like the colours here. It's really toned it down. This is more like it what it was. This is the whole idea of bringing it back to heritage so these would have been the original colours, close to it. (Painter 1): It looks amazing. Yeah, it's come up really, really well. The colour scheme has brought the building back to life, and I'm looking forward to seeing the rest of the place come up as good as this. (Male narrator): The Brisbane 2012 Time Capsule will be secured inside the Main Auditorium when the building reopens. But the painters have decided to follow the tradition set by the previous generation of City Hall painters. (Painter 2): We heard the guys that worked here in 1988 put their names in paint and the dates so we thought we'd do the same and wrote our names and dates, and hopefully if ever they'd paint this place again, they'd find my name there. (Male narrator): The painters will be back to finish the lower level of the Auditorium later in the year, and all will be revealed when City Hall reopens in April 2013. In the meantime, they're making the most of this once in a lifetime role. (Painter 1): You'll never probably do this again in your lifetime, you know. Being part of Brisbane's heritage and future is something to be proud of. [Music] here aree my subtitles this is the second one Seth! Best week ever planned. James Franco's having a giant party! This place is beautiful man! It's like a piece of me. You two just stepped inside me. You let us both inside you, yeah! -Boom! - Thanks James Franco. See Michael Cera tonight? - Can't believe people still invite him places. Don't touch my butt, bitch! - Weird face. - So hot. [Boom] [Rumble] What the? Seth! C'mon get out! It's too late for you, you're already in the hole! Damn it! Get off me! [TV] ... urging people to stay in your homes... For all we know the Lakers could have just won, that's why this is happening. I think it's the Apocalypse, it's all in here. 'And he opened the bottomless pit' - Sinkhole? Every time I turn on the news there's a bunch of South Americans getting sucked into the ground. Sinkhole deniers! We should stay here, fortify this bitch, take an inventory of all the food we have. We got 12 water, 56 beers, Nutella, CT Crunch, a Milky Way? Can I have the Milky Way? - No, It's my special food, I like it! I want some! - I'll be pretty bummed if I don't at least get a bite of the Milky Way. What the hell! Oh my God! Emma Watson showed up! Gimme everything you have to drink! - There's 6 of us, you cannot rob us! Hermione just stole all of it. ANNOUNCER: Open content is provided under a creative commons license. Your support will help MlT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. To make a donation, or view additional materials from hundreds of MlT courses, visit MlT OpenCourseWare at ocw.mit.edu . PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: All right. That said, let's continue, and if you remember last time, we ended up looking at this thing I called square roots bi. This was using something called a bisection method, which is related to something called binary search, which we'll see lots more of later, to find square roots. And the basic idea was that we had some sort of a line, and we knew the answer was somewhere between this point and this point. The line is totally ordered. And what that means, is that anything here is smaller than anything to its right. So the integers are totally ordered, the reals are totally ordered, lots of things are, the rationals are totally ordered. And that idea was, we make a guess in the middle, we test it so this is kind of a guess and check, and if the answer was too big, then we knew that we should be looking over here. If it was too small, we knew we should be looking over here, and then we would repeat. So this is very similar, this is a kind of recursive thinking we talked about earlier, where we take our problem and we make it smaller, we solve a smaller problem, et cetera. All right. So now, we've got it, I've got the code up for you. I want you to notice the specifications to start. We're assuming that x is greater than or equal to 0, and epsilon is strictly greater than 0, and we're going to return some value y such that y squared is within epsilon of x. I'd last time talked about the two assert statements. In some sense, strictly speaking they shouldn't be necessary, because the fact that my specification starts with an assumption, says, hey you, who might call square root, make sure that the things you call me with obey the assumption. On the other hand, as I said, never trust a programmer to do the right thing, so we're going to check it. And just in case the assumptions are not true, we're just going to stop dead in our tracks. All right. Then we're going to set low to-- low and high, and we're going to perform exactly the process I talked about. And along the way, I'm keeping track of how many iterations, at the end I'll print how many iterations I took, before I return the final guess. All right, let's test it. So one of the things I want you to observe here, is that instead of sitting there and typing away a bunch of test cases, I took the trouble to write a function, called test bi in this case. All right, so what that's doing, is it's taking the things I would normally type, and putting them in a function, which I can then call. Why is that better than typing them? Why was it worth creating a function to do this? Pardon? STUDENT:: [INAUDlBLE] PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Then I can I can use it again and again and again. Exactly. By putting it in a function, if I find a bug and I change my program, I can just run the function again. The beauty of this is, it keeps me from getting lazy, and not only testing my program and the thing that found the bug, but in all the things that used to work. We'll talk more about this later, but it often happens that when you change your program to solve one problem, you break it, and things that used to work don't work. And so what you want to do, and again we'll come back to this later in the term, is something called regression testing. This has nothing to do with linear regression. And that's basically trying to make sure our program has not regressed, as to say, gone backwards in how well it works. And so we always test it on everything. All right? So I've created this function, let's give it a shot and see what happens. We'll run test bi. Whoops! All right, well let's look at our answers. I first tested it on the square root of 4, and in one iteration it found 2. I like that answer. I then tested it on the square root of 9, and as I mentioned last time, I didn't find 3. I was not crushed. You know, I was not really disappointed, it found something close enough to 3 that I'm happy. All right. I tried it on 2, I surely didn't expect a precise and exact answer to that, but I got something, and if you square this, you'll find the answer kept pretty darn close to 2. I then tried it on 0.25 One quarter. And what happened was not what I wanted. As you'll see, it crashed. It didn't really crash, it found an assert statement. So if you look at the bottom of the function, you'll see that, in fact, I checked for that. I assert the counter is less than or equal to 0. I'm checking that I didn't leave my program because I didn't find an answer. Well, this is a good thing, it's better than my program running forever, but it's a bad thing because I don't have it the square root of 0.25. What went wrong here? Well, let's think about it for a second. You look like-- someone looks like they're dying to give an answer. No, you just scratching your head? All right. Remember, I said when we do a bisection method, we're assuming the answer lies somewhere between the lower bound and the upper bound. Well, what is the square root of a quarter? It is a half. Well, what-- where did I tell my program to look for an answer? Between 0 and x. So the problem was, the answer was over here somewhere, and so I'm never going to find it cleverly searching in this region, right? So the basic idea was fine, but I failed to satisfy the initial condition that the answer had to be between the lower bound and the upper bound. Right? And why did I do that? Because I forgot what happens when you look at fractions. So what should I do? Actually I lied, by the way, when I said the answer was over there. Where was the answer? Somebody? It was over here. Because the square root of a quarter is not smaller than a quarter, it's bigger than a quarter. Right? A half is strictly greater than a quarter. So it wasn't on the region. So how-- what's the fix? Should be a pretty simple fix, in fact we should be able to do it on the fly, here. What should I change? Do I need to change the lower bound? Is the square root ever going to be less than 0? Doesn't need to be, so, what should I do about the upper bound here? Oh, I could cheat and make, OK, the upper bound a half, but that wouldn't be very honest. What would be a good thing to do here? Pardon? I could square x, but maybe I should just do something pretty simple here. Suppose-- whoops. Suppose I make it the max of x and 1. Then if I'm looking for the square root of something less than 1, I know it will be in my region, right? All right, let's save this, and run it and see what happens. Sure enough, it worked and, did we get-- we got the right answer, 0.5 All right? And by the way, I checked all of my previous ones, and they work too. All right. Any questions about bisection search? One of the things I want you to notice here is the number iterations is certainly not constant. Yeah, when I will looked at 4, it was a nice number like 1, 9 looked like it took me 18, 2 took me 14, if we try some big numbers it might take even longer. These numbers are small, but sometimes when we look at really harder problems, we got ourselves in a position where we do care about the number of iterations, and we care about something called the speed of convergence. Bisection methods were known to the ancient Greeks, and it is believed by many, even to the Babylonians. And as I mentioned last time, this was the state of the art until the 17th century. At which point, things got better. So, let's think about it, and let's think about what we're actually doing when we solve this. When we look for something like the square root of x, what we're really doing, is solving an equation. We're looking at the equation f of guess equals the guess squared minus x. Right, that's what that is equal to, and we're trying to solve the equation that f of guess equals 0. Looking for the root of this equation. So if we looked at it pictorially, what we've got here is, we're looking at f of x, I've plotted it here, and we're asking where it crosses the x axis. Sorry for the overloading of the word x. And I'm looking here at 16. Square root of 16, and my plot basically shows it crosses at 4 and-- well, I think that's minus 4. The perspective is tricky-- and so we're trying to find the roots. Now Isaac Newton and/or Joseph Raphson figured out how to do this kind of thing for all differentiable functions. Don't worry about what that means. The basic idea is, you take a guess, and you -- whoops -- and you find the tangent of that guess. So let's say I guessed 3. I look for the tangent of the curve at 3. All right, so I've got the tangent, and then my next guess is going to be where the tangent crosses the x axis. So instead of dividing it in half, I'm using a different method to find the next guess. The utility of this relies upon the observation that, most of the time-- and I want to emphasize this, most of the time, that implies not all of the time-- the tangent line is a good approximation to the curve for values near the solution. And therefore, the x intercept of the tangent will be closer to the right answer than the current guess. Is that always true, by the way? Show me a place where that's not true, where the tangent line will be really bad. Yeah. Suppose I choose it right down there, I guess 0. Well, the tangent there will not even have an x intercept. So I'm really going to be dead in the water. This is the sort of thing that people who do numerical programming worry about all the time. And there are a lot of a little tricks they use to deal with that, they'll perturb it a little bit, things like that. You should not, at this point, be worrying about those things. This method, interestingly enough, is actually the method used in most hand calculators. So if you've got a calculator that has a square root button, it's actually in the calculator running Newton's method. Now I know you thought it was going to do that thing you learned in high school for finding square roots, which I never could quite understand, but no. It uses Newton's method to do it. So how do we find the intercept of the tangent, the x intercept? Well this is where derivatives come in. What we know is that the slope of the tangent is given by the first derivative of the function f at the point of the guess. So the slope of the guess is the first derivative. Right. Which dy over dx. Change in y divided by change in x. So we can use some algebra, which I won't go through here, and what we would find is that for square root, the derivative, written f prime of the i'th guess is equal to two times the i'th guess. Well, should have left myself a little more room, sorry about that. All right? You could work this out. Right? The derivative of the square root is not a complicated thing. Therefore, and here's the key thing we need to keep in mind, we'll know that we can choose guess i plus 1 to be equal to the old guess, guess i, minus whatever the value is of the new guess-- of the old rather, the old guess-- divided by twice the old guess. All right, again this is straightforward kind of algebraic manipulations to get here. So let's look at an example. Suppose we start looking for the square root of 16 with the guess 3. What's the value of the function f of 3? Well, it's going to be, we looked at our function there, guess squared, 3 times 3 is 9 I think, minus 16, that's what x is in this case, which equals minus 7. That being the case, what's my next guess? Well I start with my old guess, 3, minus f of my old guess, which is minus 7, divided by twice my old guess, which is 6, minus the minus, and I get as my new guess 4.1666 or thereabouts. So you can see I've missed, but I am closer. And then I would reiterate this process using that as guess i, and do it again. One way to think about this intuitively, if the derivative is very large, the function is changing quickly, and therefore we want to take small steps. All right. If the derivative is small, it's not changing, maybe want to take a larger step, but let's not worry about that, all right? Does this method work all the time? Well, we already saw no, if my initial guess is zero, I don't get anywhere. In fact, my program crashes because I end up trying to divide by zero, a really bad thing. Hint: if you implement Newton's method, do not make your first guess zero. All right, so let's look at the code for that. All right so-- yeah, how do I get to the code for that? That's interesting. All right. So we have that square root NR. NR for Newton Raphson. First thing I want you to observe is its specification is identical to the specification of square root bi. What that's telling me is that if you're a user of this, you don't care how it's implemented, you care what it does. And therefore, it's fine that the specifications are identical, in fact it's a good thing, so that means if someday Professor Grimson invents something that's better than Newton Raphson, we can all re-implement our square root functions and none of the programs that use it will have to change, as long as the specification is the same. All right, so, not much to see about this. As I said, the specifications is the same, same assertions, and the-- it's basically the same program as the one we were just looking at, but I'm starting with a different guess, in this case x over 2, well I'm going to, couple of different guesses we can start with, we can experiment with different guesses and see whether we get the same answer, and in fact, if we did, we would see we didn't get this, we got different answers, but correct answers. Actually now, we'll just comment that out. I'm going to compute the difference, just as I did on the board, and off we'll go. All right. Now, let's try and compare these things. And what we're going to look at is another procedure, you have the code for these things on your handout so we won't worry, don't need to show you the code, but let's look at how we're going to test it. I'm doing a little trick by the way, I'm using raw input in my function here, as a just a way to stop the display. This way I can torture you between tests by asking you questions. Making it stop. All right, so, we'll try some things. We'll see what it does. Starting with that, well, let's look at some of the things it will do. Yeah, I'll save it.. It's a little bit annoying, but it makes the font bigger. All right, so we've tested it, and we haven't tested it yet, we have tested it but, we haven't seen it, well, you know what I'm going to do? I'm going to tort-- I'm going to make the font smaller so we can see more. Sorry about this. Those of you in the back, feel free to move forward. All right. So we've got it, now let's test it. So we're going to do here, we're going to run compare methods. Well we're seeing this famous computers are no damn good. All right. So we're going to try it on 2, and at least we'll notice for 2, that the bisection method took eight iterations, the Newton Raphson only took three, so it was more efficient. They came up with slightly different answers, but both answers are within .01 which is what I gave it here for epsilon, so we're OK. So even though they have different answers, they both satisfy the same specification, so we have no problem. All right? Try it again, just for fun. I gave it here a different epsilon, and you'll note, we get different answers. Again, that's OK. Notice here, when I asked for a more precise answer, bisection took a lot more iterations, but Newton Raphson took only one extra iteration to get that extra precision in the answer. So we're sort of getting the notion that Newton Raphson maybe is considerably better on harder problems. Which, by the way, it is. We'll make it an even harder problem, by making it looking an even smaller epsilon, and again, what you'll see is, Newton Raphson just crept up by one, didn't take it long, and got the better answer, where bisection gets worse and worse. So as you can see, as we escalate the problem difficulty, the difference between the good method and the not quite as good method gets bigger and bigger and bigger. That's an important observation, and as we get to the part of the course, we talk about computational complexity, you'll see that what we really care about is not how efficient the program is on easy problems, but how efficient it is on hard problems. All right. Look at another example. All right, here I gave it a big number, 123456789. And again, I don't want to bore you, but you can see what's going on here with this trend. So here's an interesting question. You may notice that it's always printing out the same number of digits. Why should this be? If you look at it here, what's going on? Something very peculiar is happening here. We're looking at it, and we're getting some funny answers. This gets back to what I talked about before, about some of the precision of floating point numbers. And the thing I'm trying to drive home to you here is perhaps the most important lesson we'll talk about all semester. Which is, answers can be wrong. People tend to think, because the computer says it's so, it must be so. That the computer is-- speaks for God. And therefore it's infallible. Maybe it speaks for the Pope. It speaks for something that's infallible. But in fact, it is not. And so, something I find myself repeating over and over again to myself, to my graduate students, is, when you get an answer from the computer, always ask yourself, why do I believe it? Do I think it's the right answer? Because it isn't necessarily. So if we look at what we've got here, we've got something rather peculiar, right? What's peculiar about what this computer is now printing for us? Why should I be really suspicious about what I see in the screen here? STUDENT: [INAUDlBLE] PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Well, not only is it different, it's really different, right? If it were just a little bit different, I could say, all right, I have a different approximation. But when it's this different, something is wrong. Right? We'll, later in the term when we get to more detailed numerical things, look at what's wrong. You can run into issues of things like overflow, underflow, with floating point numbers, and when you see a whole bunches of ones, it's particularly a good time to be suspicious. Anyway the only point I'm making here is, paranoia is a healthy human trait. All right. We can look at some other things which will work better. And we'll now move on. OK. So we've looked at how to solve square root we've, looked at two problems, I've tried to instill in you this sense of paranoia which is so valuable, and now we're going to pull back and return to something much simpler than numbers, and that's Python. All right? Numbers are hard. That's why we teach whole semesters worth of courses in number theory. Python it's easy, which is why we do it in about four weeks. All right. I want to return to some non-scalar types. So we've been looking, the last couple of lectures, at floating point numbers and integers. We've looked so far really at two non-scalar types. And those were tuples written with parentheses, and strings. The key thing about both of them is that they were immutable. And I responded to at least one email about this issue, someone quite correctly said tuple are immutable, how can I change one? My answer is, you can't change one, but you can create a new one that is almost like the old one but different in a little bit. Well now we're going to talk about some mutable types. Things you can change. And we're going to start with one that you, many of you, have already bumped into, perhaps by accident, which are lists. Lists differ from strings in two ways; one way is that it's mutable, the other way is that the values need not be characters. They can be numbers, they can be characters, they can be strings, they can even be other lists. So let's look at some examples here. What we'll do, is we'll work on two boards at once. So I could write a statement like, techs, a variable, is equal to the list, written with the square brace, not a parenthesis, MlT, Cal Tech, closed brace. What that basically does, is it takes the variable techs, and it now makes it point to a list with two items in it. One is the string MlT and one is the string Cal Tech. So let's look at it. And we'll now run another little test program, show lists, and I printed it, and it prints the list MlT, Cal Tech. Now suppose I introduce a new variable, we'll call it ivys, and we say that is equal to the list Harvard, Yale, Brown. Three of the ivy league colleges. What that does is, I have a new variable, ivys, and it's now pointing to another, what we call object, in Python and Java, and many other languages, think of these things that are sitting there in memory somewhere as objects. And I won't write it all out, I'll just write it's got Harvard as one in it, and then it's got Yale, and then it's got Brown. And I can now print ivys. And it sure enough prints what we expected it to print. Now, let's say I have univs, for universities, equals the empty list. That would create something over here called univs, another variable, and it will point to the list, an object that contains nothing in it. This is not the same as none. It's it does have a value, it just happens to be the list that has nothing in it. And the next thing I'm going to write is univs dot append tex. What is this going to do? It's going to take this list and add to it something else. Let's look at the code. I'm going to print it, and let's see what it prints. It's kind of interesting. Whoops. Why did it do that? That's not what I expected. It's going to print that. The reason it printed that is I accidentally had my finger on the control key, which said print the last thing you had. Why does it start with square braced square brace? I take it-- yes, go ahead. STUDENT: So you're adding a list to a list? PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: So I'm adding a list to a list. What have I-- what I've appended to the empty list is not the elements MlT and Cal Tech but the list that contains those elements. So I've appended this whole object. Since that object is itself a list, what I get is a list of lists. Now I should mention this notation here append is what is in Python called a method. Now we'll hear lots more about methods when we get to classes and inheritance, but really, a method is just a fancy word for a function with different syntax. Think of this as a function that takes two arguments, the first of which is univs and the second of which is techs. And this is just a different syntax for writing that function call. Later in the term, we'll see why we have this syntax and why it wasn't just a totally arbitrary brain-dead decision by the designers of Python, and many languages before Python, but in fact is a pretty sensible thing. But for now, think of this as just another way to write a function call. All right, people with me so far? Now let's say we wanted as the next thing we'll do, is we're going to append the ivys to univ. Stick another list on it. All right. So we'll do that, and now we get MlT, Cal Tech, followed by that list followed by the list Harvard, Yale, Brown. So now we have a list containing two lists. What are we going to try next? Well just to see what we know what we're doing, let's look at this code here. I've written a little for loop, which is going to iterate over all of the elements in the list. So remember, before we wrote things like for i in range 10, which iterated over a list or tuple of numbers, here you can iterate over any list, and so we're going to just going to take the list called univs and iterate over it. So the first thing we'll do is, we'll print the element, in this case it will be a list, right? Because it's a list with two lists in it. Then the next thing in the loop, we're going to enter a nested loop, and say for every college in the list e, we're going to print the name of the college. So now if we look what we get-- do you not want to try and execute that?-- it'll first print the list containing MlT and Cal Tech, and then separately the strings MlT and Cal Tech, and then the list containing Harvard, Yale, and Brown, and then the strings Harvard, Yale, and Brown. So we're beginning to see this is a pretty powerful notion, these lists, and that we can do a lot of interesting things with them. Suppose I don't want all of this structure, and I want to do what's called flattening the list. Well I can do that by, instead of using the method append, use the concatenation operator. So I can concatenate techs plus ivys and assign that result to univs, and then when I print it you'll notice I just get a list of five strings. So plus and append do very different things. Append sticks the list on the end of the list, append flattens it, one level of course. If I had lists of lists of lists, then it would only take out the first level of it. OK, very quiet here. Any questions about any of this? All right. Because we're about to get to the hard part Sigh. All right. Let's look at the-- well, suppose I want to, quite understandably, eliminate Harvard. All right, I then get down here, where I'm going to remove it. So this is again another method, this is remove, takes two arguments, the first is ivys, the second is the string Harvard. It's going to search through the list until the first time it finds Harvard and then it's going to yank it away. So what happened here? Did I jump to the wrong place? STUDENT: You hit two returns. PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: I hit two returns. Pardon? STUDENT: You hit two returns. One was at STUDENT: Pardo PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: This one. STUDENT: No, up one. PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Up one. STUDENT: Right. PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: But why is Harvard there? STUDENT: I'm sorry, I didn't write it down. PROFESSOR JOHN GUTTAG: Let's look at it again. All right, it's time to interrupt the world, and we'll just type into the shell. Let's see what we get here. All right, so let's just see what we got, we'll print univs. Nope, not defined. All right, well let's do a list equals, and we'll put some interesting things in it, we'll put a number in it, because we can put a number, we'll put MlT in it, because we can put strings, we'll put another number in it, 3.3, because we can put floating points, we can put all sorts of things in this list. We can put a list in the list again, as we've seen before. So let's put the list containing the string a, and I'll print out, so now we see something pretty interesting about a list, that we can mix up all sorts of things in it, and that's OK. You'll notice I have the string with the number 1, a string with MlT, and then it just a plain old number, not a string, again it didn't quite give me 3.3 for reasons we've talked before, and now it in the list a. So, suppose I want to remove something. What should we try and remove from this list? Anybody want to vote? Pardon? All right, someone wants to remove MlT. Sad but true. Now what do we get if we print l? MlT is gone. How do I talk about the different pieces of l? Well I can do this. I sub 0-- whoops-- will give me the first element of the list, just as we could do with strings, and I can look at I sub minus 1 to get the last element of the list, so I can do all the strings, all the things that I could do with strings. It's extremely powerful, but what we haven't seen yet is mutation. Well, we have seen mutation, right? Because notice that what remove did, it was it actually changed the list. Didn't create a new list. The old I is still there, but it's different than it used to be. So this is very different from what we did with slicing, where we got a new copy of something. Here we took the old one and we just changed it. On Thursday, we'll look at why that allows you to do lots of things more conveniently than you can do without mutation. (♪♪♪ Intro music) JENNlFER: Something was ... had just broken inside me from all the things that I had done while I was over there. I said, 'I'm going to kill myself, and I know how I'm going to do it.' (Jennifer Crane, US Army Veteran) I didn't want to use knives, I didn't want to use a gun, I didn't want to throw myself off of a balcony. I was going to let the drugs do it, because it was going to be slow, and it was going to be painful, and that was what I deserved. (♪♪♪ sad music) (Barbara Van Dahlen, Founder, Give an Hour) DR. VAN DAHLEN: Once that experience happens, the trauma, it becomes part of you. It will always be part of you and we've got to help those who serve and their families and the rest of us understand that, that's okay. I'm a clinical psychologist and I had a practice in Washington, DC. I started hearing stories about people coming home who were literally, you know, living out of their cars. It was clear that we weren't ready to meet the needs of those who have served our country and their families. And so I thought, well if I'm sitting here in my office in suburban Maryland and I would be willing to give literally an hour of my time to see someone for free, I assume that mental health professionals throughout the country would feel the same way. (Since 2005, Give an Hour has donated over 50,000 hours of counseling to veterans and their families.) PSYCHOLOGlST: Good morning. (Indistinct chatter) JENNlFER: It was very difficult for me to let somebody else into my head. For the first time ever, I told people what I had been through. When I first came home, I would spend days, weeks isolated, trying to stay away from the public. I had nightmares that were just... god, they were horrible. I had this recurring one that actually involved my family, and my family was in Afghanistan with me and they were being killed. I started using stimulates and it was great. It kept me awake. I didn't have nightmares anymore. And when I did sleep, I literally blacked out. So I avoided all those things that were, you know, haunting me. I dropped out of school, lost every job I was given, and eventually ended up living out of my car. I was a soldier, I was a warrior. And I came home and I become this... monster. PSYCHOLOGlST: We worked so hard to get you out of that. The idea that you're broken - you're not. JENNlFER: I met my therapist Janine, I wanted to continue seeing her, but you know, I was broke, I told her, I said I couldn't afford it. She told me, she said well, I'm a provider with this organization, it's a non-profit called Give an Hour and we're people who donate our time to vets and their families. So well, you know, what does that mean? She says it means you can come see me for free. DR. VAN DAHLEN: I think there's been a desire to find the magic bullet, you know, what will fix people who have Post Traumatic Stress, and there is no fix. It's not something that you can do X, Y and Z and then somebody's done. JENNlFER: When I first went on Give an Hour's website it was 'we'll give an hour of our time to you if you give an hour back to your community.' So I actually wrote to the website and I said is there something I can do to give back for what you've done for me? I ended up getting an email back from the President of the organization and she said 'would you mind telling your story?' SPEAKER: Please welcome Jennifer Crane. (applause) I suffer from chronic Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Reintegration - that was something I didn't know how to do and I didn't know where to turn when I came home. This was my first speech. I didn't know what I was doing, I was so nervous my voice was shaking. It took years of agony before I began to find help. A large percent of our homeless population are veterans, and I was one of them. DR. VAN DAHLEN: It's very moving to hear her talk because it's from the heart, it's real, it's honest, it's unvarnished. JENNlFER: The very end of this, I think, is the most, is the reason why I kept doing what I'm doing. It says, "Some scars cannot be seen by the human eyes, we all have them - it is what we choose to do with them that makes the difference." Thank you. (applause) (♪♪♪ background music) It was incredible, and people actually cared. And I was like "I want to do this." I've got to find a way to keep doing this, so it kind of snowballed, and all the sudden I became the first spokesperson for Give an Hour. I now get to actually work for the organization that has literally given me my life back. SPEAKlNG TO DAUGHTER: Alright, Haley, we're going to come back and get you at lunch, okay and then we're going to go over and see Uncle Mike today. DR. VAN DAHLEN: Some people who experience trauma, once they heel from the painful aspects of that, actually grow. Jen was just on the edge of reclaiming her life when I met her. Now, it's sort of fully claimed. (Speaking to daughter) JENNlFER: As far as what I have today, I have my husband, I have my daughter, I have... I have Give an Hour. I don't think that it's in the cards for me to ever have more than I need, but I definitely have everything I need, and, um... I just never thought my life would pan out that way. (children talking) SPEAKlNG TO DAUGHTER: I love you. (Video Journalist: Jacob Templin) (Additional Footage Courtesy Give an Hour) (Photos Courtesy Jennifer Crane) (Music: APM) So after all this work that we've gone through, we've seen how to design control systems, we've seen how to take different controllers and put them together in a hybrid navigation architecture. We've seen how to deal with practical issues, like the fact that obstacles are indeed, not points, and that we're never going to be able to measure exactly where we are, so we need to factify the guards. we have tweaked our parameters. We're actually ready to do it for real. So the presentation, or slide part of this lecture is very short. It's this. Enough talk. Let's do it. So now, we are indeed ready to, see all our hard work pay off by deploying these, rather elegant algorithms that we've developed on the actual robots. And as always, I'm here with, J. P. DeLacroix/g, and we are going to, take our old friend, the computer, differential drive mobile robot, through a series of. Obstacle courses where the obstacles become, become more and more complicated and as you can see, the first set up is a convex/g obstacle. We saw in the lecture that in theory, the robot can actually get stuck in one of these local minimum where the goal to goal and obstacle avoidance behaviors will cancel each other out. In practice, for an obstacle of this size, that ain't going to happen. Because the world is indeed a noisy place and. The noise will always kick the robot out of these particular local minima. So, what we're going to see first is goal-to-goal and avoid obstacles and together that should be enough to have the robot navigate this single convex obstacle. So as we can see the robot starts in a go-to-goal behavior. It approaches the obstacle, and there, the infrared sensors picks up the obstacle, and the robot successfully navigates around it. Now. It's safe to go back to go-to-goal, and as we can see, the robot successfully managed to navigate this particularly simple environment with only two behaviors. So now, let's take our two favorite behaviors, go-to-goal and avoid obstacle, and set them up to fail. As we saw in the lectures, there's really no way for these two behaviors to successfully negotiate a. Non-convex, obstacle. In this case we have a cul-de-sac that we will try to get around using onlt these two behaviors, but we are not, to be completely honet, honest, expecting this to go all that well. So, the robot starts out in a go to-go mode and it is entering the cul-de-sac, and it's going to start avoiding the obstacles here, but it doesn't quite know where to go, because. It's pulled away, but the goal to goal is pulling it forward and the poor robot is completely confused and really has no of punching its way out of this cul da sac with only two behaviors. And as we can see the end result is somewhat disastrous. So that was rather depressing. The poor robot was stuck in the cul de sac without really anywhere to go and obstacle avoidance and going to go and kept pulling it in different directions and it ended with a mild disaster. We have now seen in the lectures that the way around this problem is really to introduce a third behavior, induced mode Follow-wall, which will allow the robot to purposefully make its way out of the culdesac and once it has a clear shot to the goal, and sufficient for forward progress has been made follow-wall will be released and go-to-goal will again take over. So JP, let's see the grand finale here, with the full blown hybrid navigation architecture in. Action. The robot starts out, again, in a go-to-goal mode, and enters the culdesac, and what's going to be different now, is the obstacle avoidance is going to be replaced by a follow-wall, and the robot purposefully makes its way out of the culdesac along one of the obstacle arms. And, as you can see. The problems we had before with the confusion. And being pulled back and forth between the 2 different behaviors, is no longer there. now the robot has successfully navigated around the obstruction. And is back into the goal to goal behavior. Which function increases as x increases toward infinity and decreases as x decreases toward negative infinity? So let's think about each of these constraints. So, first, which function increases as x increases? So as x increases toward infinity. So x is going in that direction. So first let's look at f of x over here. So f of x, as we get beyond this minimum point right over here, as we increase our x, f of x seems to be increasing. So f of x seems to make the first constraint. Now let's think about g of x. Once we get past this minimum point right over here, as x gets larger and larger and larger, as it approaches infinity, g of x seems to be getting larger and larger and larger. g of x is moving up. So g of x also seems to make this first constraint. Now let's think about h of x. As x moves towards infinity, as x moves towards positive infinity, h of x seems to be decreasing. So h of x does not even make the first constraint. So our only two possibilities are now g of x and f of x. So which of these decrease as x decreases toward negative infinity? So let's think about that, x decreasing toward negative infinity. We're going to be going in that direction. So first let's look at f of x. So f of x, it kind of goes up and down here. But after we hit this little local maximum point-- this was a local minimum point over here, not at a global one-- as we move to the left of this local maximum point, as we get smaller and smaller x's, we see that the function is decreasing. So it does seem to meet the second constraint. It decreases as x decreases toward negative infinity. So it meets that constraint. Now, what about g of x? After we have this minimum point-- and actually it looks like a global minimum point-- after we hit this minimum point right over here, as x decreases toward negative infinity, g of x seems to be increasing, not decreasing. So g of x does not meet the second constraint. So the only function that met both constraints seems to be f of x. Barendrecht, a sleepy suburb near Rotterdam, and home to some 50,000 people. Recently, Barendrecht became the center of the debate on one of the hottest global issues: climate change. There are serious plans to store 10 million tons of CO2 in empty gas fields below Barendrecht using a new technique called carbon capture and storage, or CCS. CO2 emissions are causing climate change, and CCS is posed as a new solution to reduce these emissions. Barendrecht is chosen for its location close to pure sources of CO2, especially the factories of Shell Pernis. It will be the first time CCS is applied in residential areas, but how does it actually work? Shell Pernis produces, among others, hydrogen, and pure CO2 is emitted in this production process. That is one of the reasons why this CO2 from this refinery is transported through this pipe to Barendrecht. In Barendrecht, there are two locations, indicated on the map with 'Barendrecht' and 'Barendrecht Ziedewij' where a second compressor is used to increase the pressure to such an extent that the CO2 can easily be pumped down and stored in the former gas fields. This is the kind of rock currently filled with gas, and in here, CO2 can be stored when all the gas is extracted. The technique is ready, but the people living on the gas fields are scared. Here we are in front of the site where CO2 will be inserted in the ground. Over there you can see the installation, where the CO2 will be injected, which is just a few hundred meters away from a residential area. We think it is not necessary. If we can store it below the sea, why not store it there? It could leak over there, at the injection site, which means it could spout out of the ground. Calculations have been made that are supposed to indicate the right safety levels, or to prove at least that it will not vent into the residential areas. However, these calculations can be criticized in many ways. Besides local safety issues, an intense debate about CCS is going on, for example, on its efficacy on a larger scale. Rolf Schipper, spokesperson of Greenpeace, and Wim van de Wiel, spokesperson of Shell International, both have different opinions on this issue. It is clear that 'CO2-dumping' is only used as an excuse to build four old-fashioned coal power plants in the Netherlands. Storing CO2 emissions of coal power plants consumes so much energy that when four coal power plants are built, a fifth coal power plant is needed to be able to store all CO2. That is indeed the case right now, but a lot of work is being done to reduce this energy demand. It is expected that in future for every eight coal power plants, just one is needed to generate the power to apply CCS. If indeed the technique improves, there is still discussion about the scale on which CCS can be applied. All empty gas fields in the Netherlands are suitable for CO2 storage, below land, as well as below sea. That is a total capacity of about two billion tons. If you want to store all CO2 emitted in the Netherlands in one year, we need 200 fields like Barendrecht. Obviously, this is a very unrealistic way of solving the climate problem. As long as there is discussion about the efficacy and the possibilities would CCS be a solution to the problems of climate change? At the same time, we should work on the world of the future, and CO2 storage is, as we see it, no more then a transition measure to a world with sustainable energy production. A transition technology is expected to actually exist right now until better solutions are available. However, the opposite is true. CO2 dumping does not exist yet, it might be available in 10 or 20 years, while the real solution, less energy consumption and constructing clean energy facilities -- wind farms and solar cells -- do exist already. It should be 'and, and, and.' As I said, we need to work on sustainable energy production, and less energy consumption and CO2 storage. They should be applied together, simultaneously. The global energy demand will increase to such an extent the coming years, especially in the Third World, that we have to use all options. If you want to proceed to a clean energy provision, we should start dealing more efficiently with energy, for example, by insulating dwellings or constructing fuel efficient cars, and secondly, invest in a real clean energy provision which consists of wind farms, solar energy and hydroelectric power stations. The discussion on the pros and cons of carbon capture and storage continues. In the meantime, the decision on CCS in Barendrecht has been postponed until after the summer. [music] My name is Barbara Marshall and I'm a volunteer here at the Victoria Gallery and Museum and I'm going to be talking to you about Gogglehead. Now, when i take people on tours and stop at this sculpture and say how fantastic i think it is they often look at me as if I'm daft... although they often do that as well! It certainly isn't beautiful is it? It's not something you would particularly want in your house and this is a piece of artwork that you need to know something about. The main reason I knew something about it was serendipity, when I was teaching at the Community College I had a video of Elisabeth Frink's life which is absolutely fantastic. It followed her until the week before she died. She died the week before the 'Risen Christ' which is above the doorway of the Anglican cathedral was put up and on this video it shows you putting it up on a horrendously windy day and it was fantastic and moving. So I learnt quite a lot about Elisabeth Frink and about this sculpture. As I say it's not beautiful, its brutish, its violent, its evil looking and perhaps that's what a lot of her work is about. There are beautiful pieces of work particularly in animals but mostly when she is using the human figure it is the worst side of humankind - mans inhumanity to man. But then we also get some wonderful nature and although we cant see any here I encourage you to look on the internet some of her images of horses and dogs I'm sure they gave her a lot of peace compared to what mankind does. I need to tell you something about the background of this as well, whilst you can look at this brutish huge head which actually looks a little bit like Frink she had a very long jaw and often in her work she seems to put herself, she was a handsome woman not a pretty woman. But the first thing you notice is the mouth open, the snarl, the fairly impassive features- of course impassive, because he has dark glasses on. And he is part of a series, there were 6 of these made called Goggleheads because we cannot see through the goggles. I need to tell you about two men and the Algerian war of independence as well. First of all I don't want to tell you about this man I want to tell you about the man that this man had killed and that man was somebody called Ben Barka who was an Algerian fighter for independence. Algeria had a colonial past with French invaders where they took the land and many people were disenfranchised and treated extremely badly. This came to the foreground in the 1950s and 60s when there was a huge movement from ex-colonial countries for the people who lived in the colonies to take over the running of their own country. And this is what happened in Algeria, the Algerian war of independence which lasted for three years. Not this chap, but the chap that this one murdered Oufkir was a freedom fighter in Algeria who was a friend of Che Guevara and Malcom X and before he was killed or rather disappeared he was about to chair an international conference called "The First International Meeting of Third World Liberation Groups". He was disappeared on the orders of this man, he wasn't directly killed by this man. This man was a Moroccan general known for his thuggishness called General Oufkir, known for the brutality of his actions and his hallmark dark glasses so you could never see what he was thinking. I'd like to read you something about these dark glasses written by a playwright called Brian Phelan who wrote a play in the 1980s called "Article 5" based on the UN declaration of human rights and article 5 was the part that deals with torture. Feelan says "when I studied the Gogglheads I realised they were a 3D expression of the kind of practitioner I was studying in the files of Amnesty International. To torture, the practitioner must reduce his victim to the status of animal while protecting his own sense of humanity. The goggle men protect themselves in the most basic way when you look at them you can only see yourself in their glasses. You cannot possibly guess what effect your pain is having on them and you can't appeal to them for any mercy." Oufkir ordered the death of Ben Barka and apparently he also wanted Ben Barka's head brought to him which is particularly poignant as this sculpture is just a head rather than a whole body. Frink has always been interested in human rights and she was an early member of Amnesty International She lived in the south of France for several years when there were a lot of Algerian immigrants coming to live in France and became concerned with human rights there. She grew up in East Anglia she came from a fairly privileged family and she did well very early on, she was noticed very early So if you too can find this film you can see film of her as a young woman when she went to Chelsea art college. Her Father was in the army and she grew up in East Anglia, her dates were 1930-1993, so she was 15 when Belsen was librated and she writes about the effect of seeing that film of the liberation of the concentration camps on her practise. But also living in East Anglia she was aware of the bombers coming back from raids and I remember seeing a television program some years ago saying that half the young men died in Britain on the airfield, they crashed before they could deliver their bombs so she saw some horrendous things which had a great effect on her. Her oeuvre is human beings and animals, mostly men , hardly any women at all. She was married three times, she was very interested in men, apparently she was very open about her sexuality and lived her life to the full but mostly it is the brutal aspect of men that come across. Their violence their brutality, their cold unfeeling nature. She also did a lot of birds, not lovely birds in the garden but violent birds of prey and if you do go to see any of her work it is often the brutish side of animal nature that you see. She new she wanted to be a sculptor early on and she couldn't wait to work in bronze and so what she did was she made an armature of steel rods and coated it with plaster and in this film you see her slapping it on literally working very quickly and she did some carving with the wet Plaster of Paris and then carved it again when it dried. Then she had them cast in bronze, it was a very immediate way of working that she was interested in. I've talked about the violence she refers to all the time but many of her men have their eyes closed not just goggles but eyes closed in suffering but towards the end of the 80s she did a series of tribute heads which were men who had died for their beliefs who have their eyes open. They are really poignant and very beautiful. Her last piece of work was the 'Risen Christ' above the door of the Anglican Cathedral and it literally kept her alive. She had throat cancer and she had many operations. In this film it was incredibly poignant, you saw her as a young woman with a cigarette having a great time and then you saw her as a skeleton but still working up to 2 weeks before the sculpture was put up. She went to the foundry in London where she had the cast made and she was up on ladders swathed in goggles and scarves and working and chiseling away at his face. There are several pieces of her work in Liverpool and I thought I'd check on them in case you are inspired to go and see them. When I looked at the Risen Christ his face is absolutely grim, his eyes are open he might have risen but what he is looking at he doesn't like at all...humanity and mans inhumanity man. But what they also have at the cathedral but you can't see it as it's put away at the moment is the maquette that she worked from. You can also go into the catholic cathedral and an early piece of work of hers is a rather sinuous brass piece of sculpture above the altar piece hanging in the air. You can go around the back from here (VG&M) and see one of her running men and when this first appeared I thought it was a symbol of joy and exuberance of the kind of running that we might like to do when we can but reading about it they are hunted figures who are running away from something or running towards something. I went to have look at him today thinking about violence and torture and i went to see what I thought about him and somebody has defaced him with red paint which is very poignant. Also if you have a car Yorkshire sculpture park is magnificent and has lots of her work. It has her Judas, a figure of utter brutality, his eyes are shut and he is absolutely beastly. Frink also worked from nature as well...yes humanity is beastly and we don't have to look very far today to see it, violence is all around us but that doesn't make you want to look at more art and so Frink did do a lot of artwork based on nature. She had a wonderful studio in Dorset with huge glass walls instead of windows and is full of dogs and water buffalo and horses. When i decided to do this talk i thought I had better see what a) i remember and b) what other information there is There is of course the internet...but I went to the library, our wonderful new Central Library and thought I'll test them out because the building is wonderful but I'm not sure there is as many books as there were but I'll test them on Elisabeth Frink. Sure enough they found a book for me and this chap lead me to it and it's a huge book full of pictures of her, pictures of her sculpture Published in 1984 it was her catalogue of work up until that point and I thought I'd like a copy of this book so i googled it and it came up as £881 and then I thought oh my goodness...and I've been into the library and told them the value I don't know if my copy that i am taking back tomorrow is worth as much because it is battered and somebody has drawn a picture of a dog in it. But presumably there aren't very many so although I feel very passionate about free libraries, I wonder whether it should be a reference copy instead. But it will be back in the library very shortly. Now what have I missed out? let me finish with a quotation from Frink herself. This is what she wrote about the Gogglehead: "My concern is not that mankind is any worse than it was, it is just that it is as bad as it was. The media get news of atrocities more quickly to us than the dark ages and we are living in a dark age of humanity. We are becoming brutalised and no longer respond properly to atrocity" she wrote this in 1983 and I suspect that is very common today. Does anybody have any questions....? Well do go and have another look at him and he was made in 1967 Well while I've got an audience I'll tell you a little story. there were a few programmes before Christmas showing areas of London that had been mapped in Victorian times by Colonel Booth. And the programme went back to these 6 areas now and one of the areas was Notting Hill which has had many fortunes I remember it as an area that was desperately poor and dangerous, I said this to my son and he said Notting Hill? It's incredibly expensive and sure enough we went into a beautiful Georgian house and there were two young Barristers living there and they had one of those in their house because there are still things to buy Ok...thank you! Every day I get up and pray to Jah And he increases the number of clocks by exactly one Everybody's coming home for lunch these days Last night there were skinheads on my lawn Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling! Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling! Some people say that bowling alleys got big lanes Got big lanes Got big lanes Some people say that bowling alleys all look the same Look the same Look the same There's not a rhyme that goes here that rhymes with anything Anything Anything Had a dream last night but I forget what it was What it was What it was Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling! Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling! Had a dream last night about you my friend Had a dream I wanted to sleep next to plastic Had a dream I wanted to lick your knees Had a dream it was about nothing Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling! Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling! Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling! Take the skinheads bowling Take them bowling [music: Keepin' it Real] My priority is to make sure my kids get the best education possible. [music: We're keepin' it Real] My priority is to make sure that my family will always have a safe and secure place to call home. [music: Keepin' it Real makes life easy] Life insurance can help ensure your family's future is financially secure. With Family Life Cover from Real Insurance you can choose a benefit amount that suits your family. Cover starts from $100,000. The cash benefit is paid to your family if you pass away, and they can use it to help with the school fees, or perhaps pay off the outstanding loan for the family home. I want to know that my kids will have the opportunities that education can bring. I wanted a life insurance company I could trust, and a policy I could afford. Real Insurance have won awards for outstanding value, and in my book that means great cover at a great price. 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My junior counselor is a sophomore in high school and I've helped her be an effective leader. I studied abroad in England at the University of Oxford. It enabled me to get outside of my comfort zone and get a global perspective. I'm actually thinking about going into the ministry and my business background has helped me to be a great communicator and my background in economics has helped me understand the type of change I want to see in urban areas. My education at Nebraska has helped me to find who I am and who I want to be. "Liu Tung Prison" What's your name? I am Wei Chung How old are you? Twenty What's your profession? Unemployed I have no work Where are you from? Guangdong Toi Shan Quite fierce, huh! You came all the way here to commit murder? No big deal, just killed one Though I have committed a crime I am of the righteous kind Sir, have you heard of Wong Fei Hung of Guangdong? Yes, he is a great Hung fist fighter He is my aunt's uncle's uncle So I am somewhat righteous like his character I'll beat up if I see anyone acting to the contrary Sir, I just mentioned Wong Fei Hung... Take him inside Yes The last cell Go How long will I be here? You've been sentenced to 3 years and 8 months That long! The last one What's this about? He dares to go in there Yes, it seems he'll be given a hard time by the old guy again Old man Not bad What's this about? This kid is really bold I'm still in good shape Are you bothering him again? Yes, so what? Don't be so loud, he might hear you I tell you, he is a mad old man He's been sentenced to death Whoever gets on his nerve will be in trouble What's the big deal? I have never bowed to oppression and have fought against it That's why I'm in jail What? You aren't afraid of death? What's the big deal? Right, if you have guts go and sit on those stools They... are all there What? He brought them here by himself? Although he didn't bring them none of us has ever dared to sit on them You are all trash Look at what I'm going to do Old man, no one has dared to sit on those stools but I will. Watch me See I can do it on both sides So what? Old man Good fun You hurt my butt What're you looking at? You think I can't sit firmly? Look sharp Well? So comfortable I can do that too See Old sir, have mercy... Have mercy... Old Ma, what's the matter? I tell you Tomorrow I'll be taken to the execution site Really? The execution will take place? Fear not, this will happen sooner or later I will give you something now What? This is... There's only half a piece of wood here after you get out of jail, you must find the other half The other half? Yes, put the two pieces together and you'll understand the trick I like your heroic personality that's why I trust you with it Remember my words, young man Does one find treasures only in jail? Hey, are you being lazy? When have I been lazy? I saw you sitting here and staring at a piece of wood and you still deny it? Stop beating Give me the piece of wood What for? Take it out No Will you take it out? No Stop... Go, never mind him, go Over there Hey, have you got it fixed? No, how about you? Of course not Then let's continue our way Alright Hey, why have you dragged me into water? No, you did I'm going this way I'll go the other way Hey, which way is it anyway? Go by the east Go by the west It's a small path by the west. Our pursuers will... figure we went that way Sorry then I have always used small paths and never the main roads Alright, we take the small path then Well, why aren't you moving? Sorry, I've just had a change of mind What? I want to go by the east now Okay Hey, stop following me What about the chain? I have an idea What? Watch closely What are you doing? Break the iron chain Careful You're dead? No, you are Hey, you treat me like a monkey? I'll turn you into a crab Crab tied with iron chain You look like a bastard You call me a bastard? It hurts It's killing me Pull me up Hey, friend... you're for real It's your fault What to do now? What? Try to free the chain Right, let's find a place to do this Chief instructor, are you looking for the old guy named Ma? Yes Is he one-eyed? Right You're late He was shot just the day before yesterday Executed What do you want with him? I've got orders to give you our best support When he died did he leave anything? Leave anything? Think it over Yes, are you referring to the half piece of wood? Yes, that's what I'm looking for I know he gave it to a young convict Where's this convict now? What a coincidence! He escaped yesterday A new convict escaped with him Their feet were chained Let's split up and chase them This matter requires his help Aren't you afraid he'll report to the authorities? Let's think of a plan, come on Can you help us get the chain off? Yes, if you have money How much? 15 coins for hammering a horse shoe 12 for a donkey's Yes, we'll pay, just get it off Is it for a horse or donkey? So you two are escaped convicts No matter you treat it as horse or donkey shoes We'll pay you Don't bother me I am a law-abiding citizen and don't do anything illegal Is this illegal? If I let you go, I'll be arrested You'll get me into trouble I am giving you business I reject Are you willing to see us die? Are you leaving or not? We won't if you will not help us get this chain off You're not leaving? Don't jump into the well Let's get our chain off first Chest Nose Chest Nose Chest Feet Kneel Well? Not done yet Thanks Not done yet Look Here Didn't hit You help me to hold it Then I'll let go Catch You're in trouble No, you are Almost done A close shave! Isn't it hot? Look here It is my hand Catch Done Let's go Have you seen 2 escaped convicts? You're too late You saw them? Not only that, they messed up my place Look at me now they messed up my place and got away Where have they gone? How would I know? Did you see which way they headed off? That way Let's go west We're free Great Friend, we're even now What do you mean? You got the chain off me I got it off you too So we don't owe each other Right Let's split up then Which route are you taking? Any route other than yours, farewell Don't follow me I'll not bother with you "Sai Tai Town" Good... Thank you, everyone... Thank you, please kindly give Thanks... Madam... Thank you all... Thank you... Please kindly give Thanks... Wait What can I do for you, sir? So you think you could earn a living with a few lousy tricks? You've got guts Please give me a break, I'm poor I'm just trying to earn a living If you want to do that here without paying me, you're in trouble Now just keep your money there and leave, hear that? Don't push me too hard You dare challenge me? Beat him up Stop. Let me Teacher Teacher... Not to mention that little stall of yours I'll still fight even if it were that big restaurant Careful - Let's go - Young master Go away... How do you feel, teacher? Damn, even the monkey's got away Old sir, are you seriously hurt? I'm okay, but... This villain... Never mind, I'll fend for you Just leave everything to me What? You... I hate those bullies all my life I was in prison precisely because I killed some villain How could I trouble you so much? The bad guys are all gone Don't worry, they can't run far Ask your boss to come out quickly What's the matter? C'mon, ask your boss to come out None of your business I'll get you anything you want why bother the boss? You... how can you hit me? What if I do? What's the matter? Boss... I'm sorry Please, for my sake, sit Please sit Please sit... Everything's okay, please have some tea Master Ma, let's talk about it If you don't pay up this month I'll wreck your place Old sir, come here Okay... Sit What would you like? Wine Anything else? Spicy beef, drunken chicken Meat, fried meat, crackling and ten buns, make it snappy Yes Let us enjoy the dishes together You ordered so much food... Don't worry We don't have to pay Who'll pay then? Someone will Have some wine Mr. Ma, enjoy your meal I'll bring over the money in a while Listen, if by the time we finish you still haven't brought the money you'll be in trouble I will... Have some tea Bill please Coming Drink Thanks Who are you? Your godfather What? Drink again Boss... no need to pay No? Someone's beating up that bastard What do you want? Careful with your bird Fear not, it's that one Sir, enjoy your meal So you want to fend for him? Yes indeed This kid's kung fu is good Boss, you'll save money this time Yes, my place is just about demolished Wait Sorry, boss, it's him You smashed another bowl of noodle Good hit Drink... Thanks... Flying saucer Flying saucer... You want to castrate me? I should have killed you at birth if I have a son like you Oh, my tea leaves Another one I'm your man Are you okay? They caused so much damage Even the waiter is knocked out Not yet This way My wine Take it back Old sir, take this Did you want to rob me? No, just so you could do some charity Oh, my bird Teacher, he's great Good My wine Catch Great Your kung fu is great you've helped me beat him up It's nothing This is your reward My shop Right. I'll be responsible for half the refurbishment Fair enough? Yes... Thanks Follow him, quick Friend, you want my money? Let's split it Thanks, we don't want money Do you want to kill me? Not that either So... what do you want? Search you Search me? No Split up and chase Why do you want to search me? I ask you, did that fellow in jail give you something? What if he did? Take it out It's you Attack What's your relationship? Relatives What relatives? God son God son? Block them quickly These three are yours Wait for me Chase You again You left me behind What damn luck! I run into you all the time Don't be so ungrateful I saved you just now Really? But you wasted your efforts What? Frankly I could have beaten them all the same without your help You... Agree? Bastard, do you think with those petty skills you could be a real fighter? Don't worry I have my way The future is unlimited What's so special? I'll let you chew on that We'll split up here I warn you again stop stalking me like a ghost Sir, where's the inn? Behind you Fragrance of cooking permeates the 4 corners The sound of cannons is feared by all Come... What's up? Don't be shy I'm not going, what do you mean by this? No... This is truly the fragrance of cooking What are you doing? I'm not going I'm not having a midnight snack It's okay Let me go He won't come in Yes Stop it Let me deal with him - Mister - What's up? Come in I said I won't I am looking for an inn to stay This is it, rest here No... Master, you look so handsome like a real gentleman I'll find you a beauty, how about it? What beauty? I'll get you someone pretty and young, and knows kung fu Kung fu? First class, but a bit pricey How much then? Three taels So much Not really, come on in Come on Siao Hung, a young fellow is here This is our smartest girl Not bad, right? Look at you, you're hooked on her I fear to think what'll happen later Siao Hung, serve him well Yes Sorry, please pay up What's the rush? It's one tael only, still two more You're not worth three taels You agreed on the price before you came in Yes, but mama san said your kung fu is the best In fact it is not that good I don't know how my kung fu is but anyone who has not paid in full has never left this bed Bitch, you want to scare me? You can't go If you piss me off I'll slap you Come on, let me see Damn I said you won't be able to leave the bed I'll teach you a lesson Try it Without paying you can't get off Mama san said your kung fu is good so she meant this You get the point? Damn bitch I have never fought in bed Then I'll let you experience it See what else you've got Tried this before? Seems like Guan Yin on lotus pose, right? Have you tried it? Are you paying the balance or not? No Then you can't get off, come back You want more? Go to hell Don't try to escape Like a dumpling Now your face looks like a dumpling You must have tried to get a free ride and got beaten up by the kung fu girl like this There's not enough money here Look, my tables and chairs are all damaged you have to compensate me I have no money What? There's no such thing as free lunch I'll teach you a lesson Line up, everyone Yes What is this? You have to crawl out between their legs I'll be shamed forever That's your own fault for not bringing enough money Then I... We'll have a good show Crawl or I'll ask them to beat you up Right You bastard, I tell you all my girls know two sets of kung fu Are you scared? Yes Well, it seems I have no choice I'll just have to do it Come on Can you give me a chance? No... Can I crawl like this? No... What's the big deal? I fear nothing So funny Good... Don't sit on my waist I haven't had business for a long time You should have selected me I'll crush you So painful Good... Now you know what I'm made of, bastard Get lost Bitches Get lost Get lost, bastard Damn old bitch What's to be done this time? Hey, you're blocking my way Unless you take out the piece of wood you have on you What? Take it out? Or else you won't be able to leave town You can fight your way out if you have what it takes Fight again? No way I just had 2 bouts inside and all my energy's gone Then my men can save some strength Kid, exhausted? No, I still have a date with your sister You fight with them Smash the pig head Cook the pig foot Let me Your Jiu Tung Hua stick is really great You shouldn't have hassled me You upstarts, you dare to mess with me? Go to hell I have no quarrel with you You have that piece of wood, so you're against me Many have died by my stick I won't let you die here today I'll beat you up like a dog Chase They couldn't have gone far, let's split up Yes Why are you following him all the time to ask for that half a piece of wood? I can't tell you I insist Why are you following me? Speak If not, I'll kill you I'll gouge your eyes I'll tell you. 25 years ago Black Tiger & Gibbon Fists Clan are deadly rivals To establish it's name the chief of the Black Tiger Clan Tung Jin Man arranged for a death duel with Gibbon Fists Clan's chief Ma Siu Tien Black Tiger Clan's chief was killed while Gibbon Fists Clan's chief was blinded in one eye The only son of Black Tiger Clan Tung Hei Fung wanted to avenge his father and has been killing members of Gibbon Fists Clan Why kill me then? I'm not one of them The Ma fellow our boss is looking for has a secret creed from Gibbon Fists Clan Ma has died in prison But he gave it to you So that's why you want to kill me We'll catch you sooner or later and retrieve the wood Damn Don't kill him Get up Get lost What? You're letting him go? Yes, I want to get a message to Tung Hei Fung Tell him you cannot destroy Gibbon Fists Clan but you lot will be destroyed by Gibbon Fists Clan ...one day. Now get lost Scram What about you? Why are you stalking me? Maybe I'm like Tung Hei Fung and want that piece of wood What? So you have bad intentions too No Then why? Because I have the other half What? It's true. Ma asked me to search heaven and earth for the other half So you have it So you should understand now why I followed you night and day Yes Take the other half out Alright What's written? Tiger Ridge of Chang Bai mountain Why are you sleeping here? I'm very tired What? So easily? We've been walking for three days and nights What do you want? Keep walking, let's get to our destination first I have some buns You are hungry Naturally Okay Let's walk while we eat Let's finish eating first No Come Come on, eat... This is Black Tiger Ridge Yes Look at that cavern Let's go in and see Xin Xia Cavern. It is here It's supposed to have something in here There's nothing here It's no use complaining We've come such a long way for nothing Let's spend the night here It should be here Right, I haven't yet asked you from where did you get your half of the piece of wood? My teacher gave it to me before he died Who's your teacher? He's the brother of uncle Ma in prison I see. So you're... That's right I went to jail on purpose so I could get the piece of wood from Ma But I didn't expect he would be... executed the day I went in Nor did I expect to see... the piece of wood in your hand in that day That's why I kept following you What's the use? I thought I was in luck but end up being a fool Hey, look "Gibbon Fists Clan" Gibbon Fist was formed by grand teacher Wang Yue Sun He became a hermit in Chang Bai mountain for 6 years who used the intelligence of the spirit monkey and the prowess of all animals to develop it To practice Gibbon fist one has to develop wrist, arm and waist power Keen eyesight Abdominal muscles Neck power Leg power Thigh power One has to have power internally and externally Using willpower to direct physical power combining power and softness and changes with every move, this is the essence Look at you, eating so fast but you have less enthusiasm practicing kung fu What? You think I'm lazy? Are you sure? Yes, how much have you learnt up to now? Gibbon flint fire. Gibbon continued attack Gibbon hacking fist, Gibbon... Have you learnt the Drunken Monkey? No You haven't Did you? I learned a bit If you did, let's see a few moves Well? Don't know or you haven't learnt it? The white drunken monkey descends the hill Moves the fan... The white drunken monkey descends the hill The white drunken... monkey... descends the hill Moves the fan and carries the wine barrel Moves the fan... and carries... the wine barrel The swallow lightly tips the fan The swallow lightly tips the fan Sways its head and laughs at the world Sways its head and laughs at the world Spread the flowers and steal the peach Sleepwalking to the heaven pool & stand like a human Carefree as a cloud Somersault strikes and fierce kicks Hanging upside-down The spiritual monkey plays tricks The hungry monkey grabbing the food like a tiger The arm is spreading like the wings of a phoenix Resembling wind securing the seabed needle The white monkey fire shakes the universe Wei Chung Wei Chung Where has he gone so early? One two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five What are you doing? Nothing Then get lost Can't I watch? No What are you doing? This is a martial arts school Yes, I never said this was a funeral home How dare you be so insolent? Aren't you afraid to die? If I were would I be here? Fool You... Instructor, he must be with our enemies Yes, he wants to steal some of our techniques Damn, he's stolen our moves Stop him Yes You're not going anywhere What? Want me to stay for dinner? I ask you how long have you been standing here? And how much have you seen? I have stood here a long time, but... I learned nothing Why not? Don't you know that I am a descendant from Five Tigers of the North? I have great capabilities Yes, but useless Let me teach him a lesson We've practiced for so long let us try Yes Right, I just came from the hill and want someone to practice with This seems like an ideal place So you want to fight? Beat him up Make way Which school are you from? Gibbon fists White Monkey School Don't lose face Let's fight one on one Attack Don't move... Who's next? You Allow me Fear not, I got it Attack... What's up? What's up? The assistant instructors already fought it should be your turn I... If your opponent uses weapon, you should too No need, take it Kick Then fight again Me again Who else? Jump... Kick in the stomach Attack Hey I... I'm afraid Don't go It's your turn Of course Have a taste of my Poisonous Spider Hand Gibbon flint fire How do you like my spider web? Spider devil... This is Spiritual Monkey, not bad, huh? Look sharp, spider spurt You tricked me Gibbon continued attack A girl helper, not bad Chief, he's here to cause trouble Go away Your Chicken Feet is not bad Let the chief deal with you What a round butt! Sorry... I haven't finished Go, what are you fighting for? I'll take you somewhere You're such a nuisance You're always tagging along, what's wrong with you? I'm keeping you out of trouble What did I do? Can you beat her? Why not? Why can't I? I'll practice more and I'll be agile You think it's that easy? Stop it Alright Inside "Tai San Yuan Restaurant" Come, cheers What's this? You have caused trouble at the martial arts school I didn't, they challenged me first I don't believe they would ask you to fight But actually I also wanted to have a duel with someone and see how good I am Why? Our Gibbon Fists have only been learnt from books We should try it out to see if it works There'll be plenty of opportunities, what's the rush? You mean the Black Tiger Clan? Do you think they'll leave us alone? Right, they can't find us so they must think we are secretly practicing Yes, to destroy Gibbon Fists Clan they have been pursuing us But then I don't want to be killed by them You're in too deep now I don't agree We have our tactics too I don't understand what you mean You don't have to Let's drink to our hearts' content for now Yes, let's get drunk Chau Chau... Long time no see Right I've been thinking of you You escaped last time this time it won't be that easy It'll be more difficult for you to escape this time Attack This kid is different Yes, the best is yet to come Wei Chung Gibbon hacking fist Yes Gibbon continued attack Gibbon flint fire Drunken monkey? You know your martial arts This is drunken monkey A bit drunk, but it's not finished yet I'll finish you today Lower. Keep still Don't be afraid You're the one who's afraid Gibbon hacking fist Hacking fist... I'll hang you like a barbecued duck Gibbon... I'll make your legs feeble I really feel feeble! See if you can still fight Last technique, tenacious attack Tenacious attack Come and fight Ouch! You hit me Right, I ask you why have you come here? Bastard, did you think I was really drunk? I knew you'd dump me Right, now we've had revenge let's split up Wait, take out the secret creed What? Secret creed you won't take this heart of stone no you won't I don't think it's worth the sacrifice no i don't and something in you pulled me out of the flames i've lost all this doubt, perfected my aim this rivers gonna take me gonna take me away and no I don't mind leaving today I have lived good life so take me if you like keep on this narrow path cut every lie in half love lest my heart turns to dust and if you decide still ill be satisfied so take me if you must When that white horse come swinging down low im gon ride, im gon ride, im gon ride onward through that blazing eye I won't die, I won't die, I won't die I'm on a highway straining to end like the wars of my fathers, their homes to defend the hammer builds on as the sword reprimands no I don't mind leavin today I have lived good life so take me if you like I'lll keep on this narrow path cut every lie in half love lest my heart turns to dust and if you decide, still i'll be satisfied so take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must I don't want to fuss So take me if you must Ministry of Culture Egyptian Film Centre You'll Spend Today Alone, Nahed Won't be Coming She Said She'll be Visiting Damietta With Her Fiancé To Getting The Bedroom Cigarette Enas Nour Noha Esmail Rafeef Script: Hind Hassan Artistic Producer: Amal Abu Shady Production: Egyptian Film Centre President of the Center: Dr. Khalid Abd El-glil Directed By: Tarek Ezzat Miss, Miss ... What You Wrote Here Won't Work Butterflies !! Birds !! Nobody Will be Interested Reading That!! Mr. Gabry, There's a Symbolism in This Novel Between Butterflies and Our Society Just Submit it to The Committee Those People who Understand Literature, They'll Appreciate it Those People who Understand Literature ?! Watch out Your Words, Miss!!!! I've Been Here for 30 Years Many of Today's Writers Were Out of Under my Hands I've Never Submitted Anything to The Reading Committee But Been Approved Take an Advice From a Man who's as Old as Your Father ... Who's Understands Literature !! Wake up From Your Dreams !! See How Many Husband Have Been Cheated by His Wife How Many Love Story Gone How Many Crap Stories People are Living in !! Watch out, Miss !! Goodnight, Aida First Night He Said to me, Goodnight Aida Second Night,Goodnight Aida !! And Third Night ... I've Decided to Take the First Step ... He Moved My Hands Away, and Said ... Aida, There are Things on our Lives we Should be Over it !! You Mean ... There's Nothing at All ? AT ALL ?!!!! Things we Should be Over it ?!! Me Neither Didn't Understand .... My Mum Said You Have a Man Valued as a Jewel ... And Don't You Even Think About Allowing You Getting a Divorce Again Oh my God, What a Hot Weather !! Like Hell !! Did You Buy me Cigarettes? I Bough You Something You'll Eat Like Human-Beings ... That's Better Than Those Cigarettes Which Dries Your Blood !! You Reminded me With my Mother ... First Time She Saw me Smoking a Cigarette ... She Said: Are You Smoking ?! If Your Dad Saw You He'll Kill You !! I Said: And What's Wrong With That !! He's a Smoker !! She Said: No, He's a Man And He Can Act as He Wants ... But for Women, NO !! Actually, We Are Like a Cigarette, We Remain Unusable Till a Man Comes and Take us ... And he Still Holds us Till we are Out, Then He Step on us With His Foot !! Hello Saied Yes I'm Here With Rabab OK Fine Fine, I'm Coming I'm Going Home You Know That Your Husband is Rude All Those Dirty Words on Me !! What if You Heard What's my Mum Been Saying About You ?! Why ? Am I a Hooker ?!! I'm Working in a Respectful Office You Escaped From Your Family ... That's Even Worse !! Wait Wait, I'll Go With You Send me Cigarettes With The Gatekeeper Ok , let it Benefit You !! That's for Sure !! Nadia, What Made You Came This Late? Where Were You? ِAt Work, Mum Shhhh !! People are Inside Come With Me Hey !! What's The Matter ? Go And Change Your Clothes Why, Mum? You Aunt Nageeba is Inside And She Got You a Groom A Groom ?! Yes, People Were Inside Since a While, I didn't Want to Tell Them You're Not Here Come on, Wear The New Dress it'll be Nice on You And Put Some Make-Up on Your Face .... And Don't be Late Welcome , Welcome We Are Honored by Your Visit God Bless You, That's Cause of Your Politeness So, Where's Our Bride ? Won't She Came And Say Hi to The Guests ? She's Coming Dear, She's Coming You Know Girl's Shyness You Could've Called Me on My Mobile First ... Or You Were Scared I'll Tell You I'm Home While I'm Not !! That's Not My Intention And I Told You a Hundred Times Don't Go to That Girl Called Rabab ... And My Words Weren't Even Been listened to, What Else Shall I Do ?? Saied .... Rabab is My Friend .... And I Won't Cut Her Out of My Life And I Think There are Things on Our Lives we Should be Over it !! Saied, Looks Like The Sink Got Blocked Again Come Here Nadia Sweetie, Don't be Shy Good Evening Oh My god !! ... Politeness And Ethics ... And She's an Excellent Housewife That's what it Seems !! God Bless Her Tea Please, Nadia No, let's Make it Another Time Let's Go, Sayed Sorry, He Left His Shop Without any One to Care of it We Hope to Visit us Again That's For Sure !! What is All This Rubbish ?! Rabab .... Rabab I'm Here in The Bathroom What's That ?? Seems Like it Was a Good Night for Work What a Crazy Girl !! What The Hell Did You wrote ?? US ??!! We Are Your Friends ... Without Us You Will Become a Prostitute When Releasing This Novel ... You All Will be Swearing to People to Make Them Believe You Were its Heroes ... And Nobody Will Believe Damn You, Rabab .... You even Wrote This !! Good Morning Come and See Rabab Wrote Her New Novel About Us Let Her Write, Maybe She'll Success She Says That Your Husband isn't Interested in .... She's a Mean Girl !! Do You Hear This Nonsense Whatever !! OH !! Those Words Will be Published ?? What do You Think Then? That's Literature !! You Know Where Exactly The Problem is ? The Problem is at The End A Life Like Our Life's ... What it'll Possibly End to ?! I'm Leaving ... Going to The Market Why Don't You Spend The Night With Me, Isn't Your Husband Travelling ? He's Always Calling Oh Damn .. !! Is it a Suitable Time You're Getting Blocked ?? And You Think He's OK ? He's 42 Years Old, Has 2 Kids And One of them is Kind of Old We Are Accepting Pain, And Pain Don't Even OK With Us !! I Swear I Told Him, Sis .. Do You Think I Kept Myself Silent ? But You Have to Appreciate Him Too This Man Has a Big Responsibility ... And Needs Someone to Hold This With Him ... And Nadia As You Know ... Forget All About Him .... I'm Coming Because I Have Another One He Has Only One Son Who's Married And Living Far Away But I Think You Must Know His Age First .... He's 53 !! I Don't Know What's Wrong With This Sink, Every Day it's Getting Blocked What Stuff Are You Eating ?! What do You Think About Them ? I Got Them From Your Uncle's Wife .. Do You Think They'll Fit on you ? Answer Me .... Are They Good ? Come on Put Them With Your Stuff Done ! Saied That's it .... That's What We Can Call Novel Not Butterflies Getting Burnt !! You Know, Miss If The Committee Didn't Approve Your Novel ... I'll Print it on My Own Account Come on Gets Dressed Quickly, And Put Some Powder Upon Your Face ... Cause The Groom's Mother is Outside Hope it'll be Done This Time Please Me With That Kind of Works ... Your Presence Novelist: Rabab !! Thanks a Lot, Mr. Gabry I Have a Feeling We'll be Rejoicing Soon I Hope, Sis ... I Hope Rabab Where Are All Gone ?! You Know Where Exactly The Problem is ? The Problem is at The End A Life Like Our Life's ... What it'll Possibly End to ?! Translation: Ahmed Hassan Directed By: Tarek Ezzat Cigarette And now for a quiz--which of these inputs is not properly stripped of HTML marker-- is it foo, is it a link to a page named foo.html followed by the text foo and the end of the link, is it an empty link, or is it a link to a page named greater than. Check all that apply. Social media is very good at recording information about your use of it, and how others respond to this. There is a huge range of data and statistics that can be collated; some obvious, and others less so. We can collect information about the numbers of people who may have seen blog posts, tweets, and webpages. We can see the number, the content, and the tone of responses, as well the geographical location from which they originate. We can also monitor changes over time, keeping in mind external factors like news stories, and watch to see how these figures change. However, as with any data set, there can be an overwhelming amount of information, and as such it is important to pick out the key statistics that either you, or your organisation, feels it is necessary to collect. This will likely be informed by the purpose of the activity - are you trying to engage with an audience, or are you focusing on broadcasting information? Even if you are running a corporate account and traditionally have focussed upon broadcasting information, you may benefit greatly from considering how you can use social media to engage better with key audiences. There are many tools that can do your data collection and analysis. Many of these are either free, or are included with the platforms themselves - such as the analytics functions on WordPress. Just a quick word of warning: companies may try to sell you rather expensive tools to do this analysis, often collecting data that you don't need, or charging for services which can be found for free elsewhere. Many pay-for-use tools often provide some degree of free analysis anyway. For personal accounts, as well as many small and medium sized companies, free tools will probably be sufficient. Large organisations may feel a need to use premium tools, for reasons including managing a large number of social media accounts or bespoke data services. If opting to use premium tools, ensure you take advice from those familiar with free alternatives. For example, Government Departments can consult with the Government Digital Service who may be able to advise. When making decisions about which tools to use, it is vital that you analyse which data sets to collect for your organisation, bearing in mind what each social media platform can collate. Finally, numbers alone can only tell you so much. Your organisation needs staff that are skilled enough to interpret what the data actually shows. Furthermore, the results from their analysis needs to be fed into your organisations" decision-making processes. Otherwise, what's the point in doing the data collection and analysis in the first place? Twitter displays some information in a very digestible format. It is easy to see how many followers you have, the number of lists you are on, and to have a rough idea regarding how these have changed over a period of time. Twitter analytic tools are better for monitoring this data and can plot this data in graphs of this data over time, giving better visualisation of this information. Whilst these numbers can be useful, and the number of followers you have may be an important indicator of the reach of your tweets, this doesn't provide the full picture. Some of your twitter followers may be one of the ever-increasing number of automated spam accounts - which are called spambots. Alternatively, you may also want to consider the calibre or influence of your followers. How do you measure their calibre? There are some sophisticated tools that attempt to judge the activity of accounts and their engagement with other parts of the social media world, this can help you understand their influence. You also need to consider the degree of interaction you have with other twitter users: mentions and retweets are an important metric for this. Again this information is often captured by twitter analysis tools. Context needs to be considered with these numbers. Human interpretation will be necessary to tell, for instance, if the responses you receive are positive or negative in tone, or indeed if they have come from a spam bot. We can also see how many people a single tweet has ultimately reached: looking at the cumulative audience, taking in to account over-lapping followers, after various users have boosted its signal by retweeting, the message, to their followers. It can also be useful to track geolocations of replies and mentions. This can be useful to help show if you are hitting your target audiences, and can help inform follow up actions if where respondents live and work is a key consideration. Please note that people may not have entered accurate information regarding their location. Auto-shorteners significantly shrink the length of website addresses to make them suitable for tweets. If you have use an auto shortener, such as Tiny URL, you have the ability to trace how this link is shared, even if you aren't attributed as the original source of the material. Facebook is far more simple, in terms of analytics. You can track comments, the number of people who have "liked" a post, and the number of people who have shared this with their friends. Blogs also record statistics, and different platforms record different statistics Wordpress are pretty good for analytics (although other platforms are available). Measurable stats include: - Number of hits on your blog or individual blog posts - Geographical locations of visitors to your site - Search terms that led people to your blog - Ping-backs, which are links made to your blogpost from other websites - and click throughs, or the number of times a reader has clicked various weblinks in your post, and has gone on to explore other websites. You can also monitor the number of comments made, although it is also important to look at their content. Are they positive or negative in tone? Do they agree with points you've made? And are there any discussions contained within them which inspire future posts? Google Trends is a useful analytics tool which enables you to track the extent to which a topic, your company, or indeed yourself are being searched for, relative to the total number of searches being made. You can refine your search results by time and geographical location in order to filter the data. This can be useful to monitor the impact of policy announcements or news stories, and how these change the extent to which you or your organisation is being discussed on the Internet. Google Analytics can monitor the impact of social media on various metrics, showing what your visitors are sharing, and which social networks refer engaged visitors, helping you to understand the communities that matter. Whilst many of the tools Google analytics provide are free, again they also provide premium tools which provide dedicated support. Statistics that you can gather can be powerful. They can help inform how to better manage your online presence, and how to engage with your key audiences. Remember that without placing statistics into context correctly, data can be misleading. It can be easy to come to incorrect conclusions yourself, or for others to deliberately mislead. One example of misleading or dishonest behaviour is the purchasing of twitter followers so as to appear to be a more influential user. There are now tools which can track when other users have gained followers. Anyone who is seen to have purchased followers, for example by having a rapid increase of hundreds or thousands of followers, is often publically mocked. Some tools can do cross platform analysis - but again this should be considered. What are the pros and cons of doing this? Many tools are still in their infancy, for example mood mapping, and over the coming years, there will be more and more sophisticated tools appearing. Using Social Bro as a case study, we can identify when the largest number of your followers are active. The data visualisation in this example shows me when my followers are tweeting over a seven day period. This tells me when my tweets are more likely to be read by a greater number of people. Accordingly, I can change my behaviour to ensure I am tweeting and watching my Twitter feed at the times when my social media community is most active. It is pointless just to collect this information. You need to consider who else within your organisation needs to be kept informed. You also need to consider what actions will be taken as a result, and how to feed responses in to decision making. Will you alter how you engage? Will you respond more frequently to single users, or focus more on one social network than another? Will you use the information focus on reaching as many of your key audience as possible? Or concentrate on the breadth of your reach? When does your company experience lulls in social media, and do you need to ensure that social media is monitored outside of typical working hours? When carrying out social media analysis ensure you have genuine and open discussions with peers in similar fields. Adopt the proper critical perspective. The analytical tools are only as good as the people using them. It is also crucial to think about the broader picture when analysing the statistics: articles in the news may spike interest in your field, and this may well be out of your control. It is by collecting and tracking this data over time that you can analyse how your actions are received - both by a specific target audience and the wider community. It can help gain an understanding of how to better engage with your audience, and how your social business models may need to change to fit a world which contains prolific social media use. Explore, Find patterns. Experiment. When we look at a scene, we can't always tell how far away objects are. Our eyes will, at least my eyes, are not laser scanners. They don't return z depths directly to my brain. Maybe another way to say it is, that we're not bats, and we don't use sonar. Our eyes detect what is called the radiance coming from each direction. Our brain figures out distances from a variety of visual cues. We're not even particularly aware of these cues. For example, it wasn't until the Renaissance that painters figured out that distant mountains had a blue tinge and so started to paint them that way. However, the actual amount of light from those distant mountains is a given amount of radiance. We don't store a depth. One way to think about radiance is in terms of a function called the light field. Say we have a pinhole camera. We can move the camera around, and point it in different directions. This camera gathers the radiance values for a bunch of similar directions, and makes an image from all of these. Now simplify the camera even more. Imagine you're looking through a long, narrow tube. Whatever color you see through the tube is essentially the radiance value from that direction. The question to you is, how many variables? Do you have to give in order to specify any radiance value you want to gather? Don't worry about the fact that the light has different wavelengths or that time could be involved. It's one of the tracks that I'm most proud of from this album, even if it's not really the most accessible as it's a bit experimental. But in a way this car is also a bit of an experimentation, which is what we loved about it. The video is really about the dancefloor, David, the music, this positive energy you get from a party. Our world is definitely associated with this car. To sum up the video, a camera follows Cathy through town andall the way to a crazy party. This party is not in a nightclub nor an apartment, but in a gas station. The energy generated by people dancing to the music is what provides the Twizy cars with the electricity they need. (...) The other surprising thing was that all these young people, who were there to dance, were of course fascinated by their idols, Cathy and David Guetta, but also felt quite excited by the Twizy cars, these strange new vehicles parked everywhere in a virtual car park. We saw them observing the cars, wanting to try them out. There was electricity in the air about both elements - the stars (The Guettas) and the vehicles. Thing is, yesterday Cathy drove a Twizy in Los Angeles - I was such a show off! with two motorbikes escorting her, now we just can't control her anymore! Chris Anderson asked me if I could put the last 25 years of anti-poverty campaigning into 10 minutes for TED. That's an Englishman asking an Irishman to be succinct. (Laughter) I said, "Chris, that would take a miracle." He said, "Bono, wouldn't that be a good use of your messianic complex?" So, yeah. Then I thought, let's go even further than 25 years. Let's go back before Christ, three millennia, to a time when, at least in my head, the journey for justice, the march against inequality and poverty really began. Three thousand years ago, civilization just getting started on the banks of the Nile, some slaves, Jewish shepherds in this instance, smelling of sheep shit, I guess, proclaimed to the Pharaoh, sitting high on his throne, "We, your majesty-ness, are equal to you." And the Pharaoh replies, "Oh, no. You, your miserableness, have got to be kidding." And they say, "No, no, that's what it says here in our holy book." Cut to our century, same country, same pyramids, another people spreading the same idea of equality with a different book. This time it's called the Facebook. Crowds are gathered in Tahrir Square. They turn a social network from virtual to actual, and kind of rebooted the 21st century. Not to undersell how messy and ugly the aftermath of the Arab Spring has been, neither to oversell the role of technology, but these things have given a sense of what's possible when the age-old model of power, the pyramid, gets turned upside down, putting the people on top and the pharaohs of today on the bottom, as it were. It's also shown us that something as powerful as information and the sharing of it can challenge inequality, because facts, like people, want to be free. And when they're free, liberty is usually around the corner, even for the poorest of the poor. Facts that can challenge cynicism and the apathy that leads to inertia. Facts that tell us what's working and, more importantly, what's not, so we can fix it. Facts that, if we hear them and heed them, could help us meet the challenge that Nelson Mandela made back in 2005, when he asked us to be that great generation that overcomes that most awful offense to humanity, extreme poverty. Facts that build a powerful momentum. So I thought, forget the rock opera, forget the bombast, my usual tricks. The only thing singing today would be the facts, for I have truly embraced my inner nerd. So exit the rock star. Enter the evidence-based activist, the factivist. And... And [laugh] Because what the facts are telling us is that the long, slow journey, humanity's long, slow journey of equality, is actually speeding up. Look at what's been achieved. Look at the pictures these data sets print. Since the year 2000, since the turn of the millennium, there are eight million more AlDS patients getting life-saving antiretroviral drugs. Malaria: There are eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have their death rates cut by 75 percent. For kids under five, child mortality, kids under five, it's down by 2.65 million a year. That's a rate of 7,256 children's lives saved each day. Wow. Wow. (Applause) Let's just stop for a second, actually, and think about that. Have you read anything anywhere in the last week that is remotely as important as that number? Wow. Great news. It drives me nuts that most people don't seem to know this news. Seven thousand kids a day. Here's two of them. This is Michael and Benedicta, and they're alive thanks in large part to Dr. Patricia Asamoah -- she's amazing -- and the Global Fund, which all of you financially support, whether you know it or not. And the Global Fund provides antiretroviral drugs that stop mothers from passing HlV to their kids. This fantastic news didn't happen by itself. It was fought for, it was campaigned for, it was innovated for. And this great news gives birth to even more great news, because the historic trend is this: The number of people living in back-breaking, soul-crushing extreme poverty has declined from 43 percent of the world's population in 1990 to 33 percent by 2000 and then to 21 percent by 2010. Give it up for that. Halved. Halved. Now, the rate is still too high -- still too many people unnecessarily losing their lives. There's still work to do. But it's heart-stopping. It's mind-blowing stuff. And if you live on less than $1.25 a day, if you live in that kind of poverty, this is not just data. This is everything. If you're a parent who wants the best for your kids -- and I am -- this rapid transition is a route out of despair and into hope. And guess what? If the trajectory continues, look where the amount of people living on $1.25 a day gets to by 2030. Can't be true, can it? That's what the data is telling us. If the trajectory continues, we get to, wow, the zero zone. For number-crunchers like us, that is the erogenous zone, and it's fair to say that I am, by now, sexually aroused by the collating of data. So, virtual elimination of extreme poverty, as defined by people living on less than $1.25 a day, adjusted, of course, for inflation from a 1990 baseline. We do love a good baseline. That's amazing. Now, I know that some of you think this progress is all in Asia or Latin America or model countries like Brazil -- and who doesn't love a Brazilian model? -- but look at sub-Saharan Africa. There's a collection of 10 countries, some call them the lions, who in the last decade have had a combination of 100 percent debt cancellation, a tripling of aid, a tenfold increase in FDI -- that's foreign direct investment -- which has unlocked a quadrupling of domestic resources -- that's local money - which, when spent wisely - that's good governance - cut childhood mortality by a third, doubled education completion rates, and they, too, halved extreme poverty. And at this rate, these 10 get to zero too. So, the pride of lions is the proof of concept. There are all kinds of benefits to this. For a start, you won't have to listen to an insufferable little jumped-up Jesus like myself. How about that? (Applause) And 2028, 2030? It's just around the corner. I mean, it's about three Rolling Stones farewell concerts away. (Laughter) I hope. I'm hoping. Makes us look really young. So why aren't we jumping up and down about this? Well, the opportunity is real, but so is the jeopardy. We can't get this done until we really accept that we can get this done. Look at this graph. It's called inertia. It's how we screw it up. And the next one is really beautiful. It's called momentum. And it's how we can bend the arc of history down towards zero, just doing the things that we know work. So, inertia versus momentum. There is jeopardy, and of course, the closer you get, it gets harder. We know the obstacles that are in our way right now, in difficult times. In fact, today in your capital, in difficult times, some who mind the nation's purse want to cut life-saving programs like the Global Fund. But you can do something about that. You can tell politicians that these cuts can cost lives. Right now, today, in Oslo as it happens, oil companies are fighting to keep secret their payments to governments for extracting oil in developing countries. You can do something about that too. You can join the One Campaign, and leaders like Mo Ibrahim, the telecom entrepreneur. We're pushing for laws that make sure that at least some of the wealth under the ground ends up in the hands of the people living above it. And right now, we know that the biggest disease of all is not a disease. It's corruption. But there's a vaccine for that too. It's called transparency, open data sets, something the TED community is really on it. Daylight, you could call it, transparency. And technology is really turbocharging this. It's getting harder to hide if you're doing bad stuff. So let me tell you about the U-report, which I'm really excited about. It's 150,000 millennials all across Uganda, young people armed with 2G phones, an SMS social network exposing government corruption and demanding to know what's in the budget and how their money is being spent. This is exciting stuff. Look, once you have these tools, you can't not use them. Once you have this knowledge, you can't un-know it. You can't delete this data from your brain, but you can delete the cliched image of supplicant, impoverished peoples not taking control of their own lives. You can erase that, you really can, because it's not true anymore. (Applause) It's transformational. 2030? By 2030, robots, not just serving us Guinness, but drinking it. By the time we get there, every place with a rough semblance of governance might actually be, you know, on their way. So I'm here to -- I guess we're here to try and infect you with this virtuous, data-based virus, the one we call factivism. It's not going to kill you. In fact, it could save countless lives. I guess we in the One Campaign would love you to be contagious, spread it, share it, pass it on. By doing so, you will join us and countless others in what I truly believe is the greatest adventure ever taken, the ever-demanding journey of equality. Could we really be the great generation that Mandela asked us to be? Might we answer that clarion call with science, with reason, with facts, and, dare I say it, emotions? Because, as is obvious, factivists have feelings too. I'm thinking of Wael Ghonim, though. Some of you know him. He set up one of the Facebook groups behind the Tahrir Square in Cairo. He got thrown in jail for it, but I have his words tattooed on my brain. "We are going to win because we don't understand politics. We are going to win because we don't play their dirty games. We are going to win because we don't have a party political agenda. We are going to win because the tears that come from our eyes actually come from our hearts. We are going to win because we have dreams, and we're willing to stand up for those dreams." Wael is right. We're going to win if we work together as one, because the power of the people is so much stronger than the people in power. Thank you. (Applause) Thank you so much. (Applause) ERNESTlNA strange presences house tour ORB Orb is a spirit that has no physical body, this presence take a spherical shape someone threw a chisel to the floor the exorcism begins parapsychologist, form a quadrant with candles, making crosses and holy water and strange pray MALE NARRATOR: With the armistice the war in Europe was over, but at home there still was no peace. In the winter of 1919, unemployment and a cut in wages caused the Seattle shipyard workers to strike. They called on all workers to do the same to call a general strike. A massive stock work movement that would shut the city down. It was an unprecedented move forbidden by every Union charter and condemned by the American Federation of Labor. As the deadline for the strike grew near, panic sent people into the stores to hoard food and supplies. The fear that Seattle would erupt with riots induced some citizens to be deputized. The National Guard was mobilized ready to quell the impending revolution. And across the country editorials warned the Bolshevik beast has come out into the open. and it is only a step from Seattle to Petrograd. From her office in the Seattle Union Record, the city's only labor owned paper, Anna Louise Strong issued her own called Two Arches. STRONG: We are undertaking the most tremendous move ever made by labor in this country. A move that will lead no one knows where. We do not need hysteria. We do not need fear. We need the iron march of labor for labor will feed the people, care for the babies and the sick, and preserve order. Not the withdrawal of labor power, but the power of the workers to manage will win this strike. Her editorial to me seems to sum up the spirit of the strike. They didn't know what they were doing is the way I was interpreting this or where they were going. But it almost has a kind of romantic touch to it and it captivates people even now. Their eyes get big when they think about that editorial. NARRATOR: It was the first general strike in US history. The wealthy fearing revolution fled to hotels in Portland. The middle class fearing violence stayed locked in their homes. Seattle functioned as a worker run city inspiring Strong to write. On Facebook, teachers can join open as well as closed or even secret groups: something which is very popular amongst educators who use it with their students. One suggestion we would make is that if you plan to use Facebook as a teacher for your professional development, it is a very good idea to create a separate teacher account and keep your personal account only for family and friends private and separate from your teacher account. Nings are also very popular amongst educators especially because they are standalone networks, with a very sharp focus on a common goal within each online community. Nings are also highly user-friendly. They are professional-looking platforms that allow sharing resources and organizing online content and events. Each Ning is separate and it can be made public or private, allowing anyone or just invited individuals access to its content. Once you are a member you get your own personal page where you can upload documents, photographs and videos, write blog posts, organize or participate in events, take part in forum discussions and easily invite your contacts. You can even create special interest groups within the Ning, or join existing ones created by colleagues and share ideas and content or specific interests with them. Last but not least: twitter, a major tool for continuous professional development Twitter is excellent for the immediate sharing of ideas and opinions as well as links to interesting resources. Since it's only allows you 140 characters per tweet, as status updates are called, what you write has to be brief and to the point. This is what makes it ideal for the busy professional. You can ask your colleagues a brief question and get a dozen answers within minutes. Many users follow twitter in their browser and you can also follow it on your mobile phone but by using an application like tweetdeck you can easily monitor different threads of discussion usually beginning with the hashtag. You can check your direct messages and even share photographs, videos and documents with just a couple of clicks. All you have to do is find teachers to follow - something which will be an important focus of the mentoring process of the aPlaNet project. Through participating in one or more of these social networks, you will be able to learn when and where free online events are happening, access useful links on language teaching, find great resources for your lessons which are tweeted around the clock, follow blog posts written by teachers for teachers connect with inspiring and passionate educators who are keen on sharing, find out about the latest web tools, make your lessons more motivating, connect your classes with students from around the world, manage your professional development in an autonomous way. To be in charge of your and professional development is the major goal of aPlaNet, an EU-funded project whose ambition is to give you the tools and knowledge to participate in all these exciting and informative conversations, in order to become a connected teacher It is up to each individual teacher to decide whether to use 1, 2 or all these social networking tools, exercising choice and autonomy in their own development. You can find more information about all three social networks in our teacher guide as well as through joining our Ning and connecting with a mentor who will help and guide you on hpw to use each tool. both for your own professional development as well as a teaching tool with your own foreign language students. Thank you very much for listening and we look forward to meeting you in the aPlaNet Ning. Oi I reckon theres another one up there Hey, respectful And im here because of you Whats your name....Jesus? Hmm...my name is wolf Wolf? Whats your name? A-WHOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO!!! Wolf! Wolf, he said Wolf Everybody call me pirate Pirate! Pirate? Youre Osamas brother! Youre idiot Alright, you are right, you are....nasty Haha Your father, beats you sometimes no? Come on Too much times? Stop! Ok, I'll stop Haha Heya its time to stop a bit and listen a little bit not talk maybe one day youll be a father. Look at you, you have to listen first after you are to talk, but not stupidness. Because your father beat you, im not your father, im your uncle Im your uncle! Hahaha Shut up! Unknown Phrase maybe he said Katy Perry? You know wadda mean, hey! Stop the speaking stupidness Okay Okay? Sorry No, im sorry From the heart No, you (Unknown) maybe he said Jelly bag? You wanna beer? Im alright Okay Hey the guys gimme a 5, other one And always another hand I hear them Nobody like you boy! I dont like him! You dont like him? Nah Maybe one day he'll understand He wont, hes been like this for years Where you come from? England? India You, but the others? England, England, England, England, India And you are, what? White Whats the difference? Look at me Doesnt matter if youre black or white woohoo All sailors Have this (Slap!!) You stupid one! Hahahahahaha F* off! Hahahahaha Youre so stupid! Believe me Hey, all sailors have this blue, strip. You know what I mean? With the three, white, stripes. You know what mean that? No, anybody? You know what mean that? Who wants to be a millionaire? I am a millionaire! I dont know, where is my million but sure, I have a million I will kill myself with the, prostitutes, alcohol and (haha) f* off Better to be poor, better to be pirate they care about the sky! Pirates of the caribbean 4! Ummm dont, change the subject! Im asking you, what mean that? These white stripes? I dont know, I dont know! F*er, dick here we go again Okay, serious serious! Maybe I more black then you, but I pass the war, no no wait a second. I pass the war with radiation! *cough *cough *Thats funny So, three stripes mean three oceans, ahh. Why did you tell us that? Ah because youre pirate Yeh but between these oceans are two gaps. Well yeh the three, white stripes. Every navy has to have this they are the oceans and the seven... (Weve got to go down) No, no we dont, there over there Its alright listen to me, ah okay the three oceans, Pacific,Atlantic and Indian ocean. Try to find the seven seas! Its living inside you and its here this second! Ok, man, give me a five. Did you used to be in the marine? D'you used to be in the marine? I dont ask you nothing! D'you speak German?D'you speak German? No, urmmm nee. F*er! Yes, im a little bit older then you! So how old are you? 14. So 4 years! 18? Yeh, and look in the sky, seagulls, are many, they lead the way! So you dont know which way to go because they are many (Hahaha) Why does your father beat you? Its obvious. How? Hes just a, idiot! Take care kids! Hey one day see you on the sees you never know. Maybe, but im in the army! (Somalian pirate) *Pretend to shoot! Ahh, hey you are a good. Black Ops! Since Google invented MapReduce, BigTable, distributed file systems. It has moved on and is now using something called Dremel. Recall that, in the early days of databases, the relational database was used both for transaction processing. That is, inserting new records, as well for answering complex queries. Storage was expensive. It was too expensive to, for example, create a fresh copy of the entire data. To, in a, in a better form, more suited for efficient query processing. So, one was happy with the compromise of having a sim-, the one size fits all model of the relational database. Over the years storage became very cheap, and one started to move data into specific column oriented databases as well as have analytical queries that touched all the data performed using MapReduce, where large volumes data would be read and then equally large volumes freshly written again and again as one performed more and more processing on them. This was fine as long as you had terabytes, hundreds of terabytes of data, even Google. But, once one started dealing with petabytes of data, and wanted queries on such volumes. One could not afford to produce a new petabyte of data every time when processed the old petabyte. So, the challenge of storage being a constraint once again, enters into the arena when one is dealing with very large volumes. At the same time, writing extremely large volumes is itself costly, and so by avoiding writing again and again, one does introduce more efficiencies. So this is, is essentially what Dremel does. Dremel today powers Google's BigQuery, which is a service, which one can access over the web. One can define extremely large tables. One can populate them through computations or importing data from various sources and execute extremely fast queries that process large volumes of data using the Dremel structure underneath. There are two important innovations in Dremel, which was published only in 2010. First, it uses a column-oriented storage. Just like a column-oriented database in, in, in some sense. But for nested and possibly non-unique fields. For example, you could have a document which had a field A. Within that field A, one could have another field B, which itself would have say, three, two different fields C and D which actually contain values. So, the nested field A.B.C or A.B.D is actually how you would access this data. Further in a particular record, there could be multiple values for A.B.C. For example. So, you could have multiple names, multiple IP addresses or whatever for this particular nested field name. This is very common in web-oriented text, text to unstructured data, not that common in structured relational data, for example. But this is the kind of large petabyte volume data that Google needs to process. So, the column where in to storage is fairly unique in that each nested field is stored contiguously. So, all the values for record one and record two for this nested field are stored in, close together on disk and processed by leaf servers. Similarly these, this nested field A.B.D is stored contiguously and so on. So, first innovation that it's column orientated for nested and possibly non-unique fields. The second innovation is that instead of reading and writing data repeatedly like in MatReduce. One assumes that the intermediate data that one produces is always much, much less than the original data, which was quite obvious if you're dealing with petabytes of data or you won't be producing more petabytes. You'll be summarizing it in some form or selecting it or querying it, exactly as you had in the traditional relational databases where you would query and get small results from large results, from large data. So, the second innovation is that there, there is a tree of query servers that pass intermediate results from the root to the leaves and back. And the intermediate servers essentially execute a complex query plan. Very similar, in some respects to traditional sequel engines. However, these operate at a different scale. Sequel engines predominantly operated in memory. These are operating in a distributed fashion across a tree of query servers, and passing results back and forth across a network. As a result, Google is able to demonstrate orders of magnitude better performance than MapReduce when performing queries on petabytes of data. Not only does it give more speed, but it also clearly saves storage as compared to MapReduce. The underlying storage layer remains the distributed GFS system. But the Dremel is now widely used in Google and is available publicly using the BigQuery service. There is some effort at creating an open source equivalent of Dremel. It's in its infancy right now. It's under Apache. It's called Drill. But beyond the name, I don't think they've made too much progress so far. So, we can now summarize our picture of how database technology has evolved over the years. We started out with the relational row store, which was essentially a one size fits all and still works fine for gigabytes of data. Then we moved onto column-oriented data warehouse technologies, specifically designed for all that queries. Which scaled up to terabytes of data, but required us to move off of the relational row store into a data warehouse. In parallel, the web side just created, distributed NoSQL databases which were a mix of row and column stores which also allowed MapReduce pro-, processing for bulk analysis and this scaled to tens of terabytes or sometimes even more volumes of data. In parallel with this, we had in memory databases emerging in the past few years, which now can do what the one-size-fits-all relational row stores did. Again, on gigabytes of data, but with an order of magnitude more performance. And on the large scale processing for petabytes of data, Google has evolved Dremel, which again, is a one-size-fits-all model for petabytes of data. So we have three models today. We have Dremel which only Google uses. We have In-Memory which is fine for doing OLAP on reasonably small databases. And for intermediate processing to do things like computing classifiers on large terabytes of data. Distributed noSQL's here's the preferred choice. At the same time, when you have terabytes of data and you want to do all that queries very fast using SQL, then there still remains a place for the column store data warehouses, typically the special purpose appliances like Netezza which use panel computing and column storage also have a place. This place where the column store warehouse is might evolve to a Dremel-like architecture in the future once we actually have. A publicly-available version of Dremel. This is a space to really watch carefully and that's what big data technology is looking forward to in the next three i am ahmed whom you slander about in every path i walk I was occupied, taking my time to build something by my hands i am ahmed whom you slander about in every path i walk I was occupied, taking my time to build something by my hand In the fields and ..?... my age is contained within them The love of date palms takes possession of me My happiness is complete And i carry on my back A splendid kind of food with which I feed it I carry, arrange, build and I water all the small plants. And the day my lie congratulates me All night long i dwell on it By God my parents opressed me Due to no sin of mine did i deserve it My sick heart becomes slack With tears from my eyes that water it The silence in me is from within me and with tears for words i cry it out Dear father don't accuse me your son, your little boy who follows you He gets angry with me and beats me And |I meet my brother in sorrow My mom wails for me so I passed my worries to her My uncle heaps more fabrication on me and The pain of my wounds increase They take you, O uncle from me and your sorrow i can feel it Every mysery encompasses me but even a sigh from me is forbidden And then hope appeared and i rushed to the Almighty Lord praying from him For However long the labor lasts the truth always returns home......... the truth always returns home......... > JAY: So Josh, it's winter in Wisconsin right now. > JOSH: Lord, is it ever. JAY: It's kinda giving me the winter blues a little bit. There's snow everywhere. > So we're gonna try and liven things up. > JOSH: Okay. JAY: We have three '80s action movies set in warm locations. JOSH: Tagline: "In Vietman he was the best. He still is." JAY: Do you think this movie might've been influenced by Rambo? > Oh my God, look at that. > JOSH: Knife dick. JAY: He's got a knife dick. I don't think that's intentional. > JOSH: Well, we don't know who this is. > JAY: [laughs] JOSH: "Mike Danton has been called the 'most perfect killer ever'." By someone. "He earned the title in Vietnam, but now he'll have to prove it again. "But this time, Denton only has his bare hands for weapons. "He's up against not only a fully outfitted army of blood-thirsty mercenaries... "but also the very man who taught him all he knows!" > JAY: "Oh my God, this is nothing like Rambo." > JOSH: [laughs] I've already got serious problems with this illustration now, because I'm... I've been told he only has his hands. And yet gun... knife dick... shorts... > JAY: Mullet. > JOSH: A mullet. SOLDlER: [grunts] > *[spine snaps]* > ALL: *[exclaims and laughs]* RlCH: They really needed to give you some background on this fucker. > JAY: Yeah. "Who is this guy? Why is he so crazy?" > RlCH: He's just Action Hero. He knows how to do this all because he's Action Hero Man. > JAY: Maybe there will be something later. > JACK: How could--look at this. > JAY: Oh my God! ALL: [laughs] > JAY: "Look out, guys! He's got a stick!" > ALL: [laughs] JAY: So next, we have... as a part of the wonderful Andy Sidaris collection... one of my favorites, I've seen this one before, *Hard Ticket to Hawaii*. > JOSH: That was a B-Fest one, wasn't it? > JAY: Yeah, it was a B-Fest movie. Not the most exciting box, because as you can see, there's 12 films in here. I think this set cost me $5. This'll be short, because there's 11 other movies listed on the back here. "A Hawaiian drug kingpin plans to flood the island with narcotics "all financed by illegal diamond shipments to his private retreat. "When his henchmen kill two DEA agents who are trying to stop the drug lord... "the agency sends two of its best agents to break up the drug ring... > "and take out the leader." > JOSH: I am still interested. JAY: And, uh, completely coincidental, the two best agents are both stacked blondes. AGENT #1: And I hit 'em with a small fine, and off I go. AGENT #2: Oh yeah, don't hit nobody. They don't make work for the locals, the locals spend their money in town... > JAY: "Hey, let's give all the dialogue to this guy." > JACK: [laughs] HENCHMAN: Freeze! LADY: [screams] HENCHMAN: Hold it! > JACK: Whoa! > RlCH & JAY: She just threw the nunchucks. JACK: That's not how nunchucks work! > RlCH: [laughs] > JOSH: But it worked! > It worked! > JAY: Yeah. JOSH: I don't if that's not how you're supposed to use them--that worked! DONNA: Taryn, we need to figure out what just happened. TARYN: Let's unload and hit the jacuzzi. JAY & RlCH: [laughs] JOSH: *Miami Connection*. > JAY: I'm very excited about this one. > JOSH: Oh my. "The year is 1987. "Motorcycle ninjas tighten the grip on Florida's narcotics trade... "viciously annihilating anyone who dares move in on their turf. "Multi-national martial arts rock band Dragon Sound..." > JAY: Whoa. > JOSH: "...have had enough. "and embark on roundhouse wreck-wave of crime-crushing justice." This is brilliant. JAY: So basically, what you're saying is "This is gonna be the best movie ever." JOSH: Yeah, pretty sure. "When not chasing beach bunnies or performing their hit song 'Against the Ninja'... "Mark (played by kung fu master/inspirational speaker Y.K. Kim) and the boys... "are kicking and chopping at the drug world's smelliest underbelly." [laughs] > JAY: Sure. > JOSH: I love this. "It'll take every ounce of their blood and courage "but Dragon Sound can't stop until they've completely destroyed "the dealers, the drunk bikers, the kill-crazy ninjas... "the middle-aged thugs, the 'stupid cocaine'... > "and the entire Miami Connection." > JAY: "Yay!" *[fighting sounds]* JAY & JACK: [laughs] JAY: If he was hiding in there, how did he know if someone came by? > JACK & JAY: Oh no! > RlCH: [laughs] NlNJA: [laughs] > JAY: He thinks it's hysterical. > JACK: It's kinda funny. RlCH: So they're a kung fu band fighting a biker band... being pursued by... the girlfriend's brother's drug lord ninja friend. > JAY: [laughs] > JACK: Who I'm sure are also in a band. RlCH: Who are also in the ninja band. JAY: So, I think out of the blocks of screenings that we've done so far this to me was the most consistently enjoyable. > RlCH: Definitely. > JAY: I don't know if I can speak for everybody else. JOSH: I did not feel sad or bad... > at any point during the filming. > JAY: No, I was never--never bored. There was never a lull, but the first movie we watched... was the only one I was completely unfamiliar with, and it's called *Deadly Prey*. Uh, and Rich, why don't you explain *Deadly Prey* to people. RlCH: Uh, *Deadly Prey*, I mean... I guess it's easy to describe, because there's not much in the way of plot. > Uh... > JACK: [laughs] RlCH: I don't really know quite what the plot was. There's these military guys. They're in the woods, and they're training. And they're funded by a rich white man for some reason... > that we never find out. > JAY: Played by a robot. MlCHAELSON: [monotone] I'm a businessman, Hogan. Not a fool. > JAY: [imitating] "Actortron 5000." > ALL: [laughs] JAY: "Generic Evil Businessman program running." RlCH: The way the army trains is by taking unarmed, innocent civilians... and shooting them in the woods. > JAY: Yeah, just scooping 'em off the street. > JACK: Well, hunting and then shooting. RlCH: Hunting and then shooting them. JAY: But, they make a mistake, and they scoop up the wrong man. RlCH: They scoop up the wrong man. They scoop up the Terminator. > THORNTON: Run! > DANTON: You're gonna die. > JAY: Yeah! Again! > RlCH: Alright! [laughs] JOSH: "You got a problem." JAY: Are we gonna hear "you're gonna die" in every movie we ever watch now? *[tense percussive music]* RlCH: Now, he should hide, like, right there by the entrance. And when they all run out, to find him in the woods... > he should run back into the base... > JAY: [laughs] RlCH: ...and take those grenades from the desk. JOSH: Whenever the head of the mercenaries is at his desk... he's just got, a kind of, a little brace here of grenades. > JAY: They're just there. > JACK: They never get used. They're in focus, in-frame, in every shot at his desk... and the grenades are never touched. JOSH: No, they get knocked over when Grandpa gets killed. > JACK: Oh, the--all his nice grenades fell off. > JAY: "Oh, his grenades." JAY: He's the Terminator meets Rambo... minus pants. RlCH: Minus personality. > JACK: [laughs] > JAY: And personality and charm. > JACK: Backstory...and--and one-liners. > RlCH: And--and one-liners. JAY: No, he has 1 one-liner in this movie. It's the best one-liner in the history of action movies. > RlCH: Where he says "fuck you"? > DANTON: Fuck you... > JAY: No, where he goes: [growls] > ALL: [laughs] > JOSH: That's his catchphrase. > JAY: That's his catchphrase. > DANTON: [growls] > SOLDlER: [screams] > DANTON: [growls] > *[rocket explodes]* [looped foley sounds] JACK: It's a movie made up completely of clichés. There is no plot to this movie... > ...besides "don't die". > JAY: [laughs] Yeah. [gunshots] [explosions] RlCH: It's like somebody without an understanding of, like, human language or culture... watched the first two Rambo movies. And they made, like a cross-breed of these two movies just from the things they've seen and didn't understand. But they saw these things and they put 'em in a movie. JAY: Whoa, he's gonna throw these rocks on 'em, isn't he? > RlCH: Yeah. > JAY: "[grunts]" > JACK: Yes! > JOSH: [laughs] > RlCH: This small pile of rocks... > JOSH: Stay close. RlCH: ...in an area where there are no other rocks around. > JAY: [laughs] Yes! > RlCH: There's just a big pile of rocks. > JACK: [laughs] > JAY: *[imitates banjo music]* RlCH: "Oh my God! Run to the left and right!" JAY: [laughs] It's like Prometheus. > Just run to one side, and you'll be safe. > JOSH & JACK: [laughs] > RlCH: It's just--well, it's a lazy script. > JACK: [laughs] > JOSH: Yeah. > RlCH: It's a very lazy script. They didn't bother to have a plot. They didn't bother to throw on characterization. Things happen--things happen because they should in that type of movie. JAY: It--it does so far with that, that it comes back around to being compelling. > Where it's incredibly entertaining. > RlCH: [laughs] JAY: Like, I was entertained the whole way through, just because it's so--I mean, from the first frame. *[soft piano coda]* *[soft drum beat]* JAY: That tells you everything you need to know about the movie. JACK: Could we take a moment to talk about how effective grenades are... > in this universe. > JACK & RlCH: [laughs] > JOSH: You mean--you mean "not very"? > JACK: "Not very." That's a level of effectiveness. RlCH: They all fall on the ground, exactly one foot away from the person they throw 'em at... and they make a little pwoof... > JACK: [laughs] > JAY: Yeah. RlCH: And the person is completely unharmed. [explosions] They were self-aware enough to realize, about halfway through the movie... that people would get bored of running through the woods. So there's, like, a 10-15 minute intermission where they're at the camp. > JOSH: They've got-- they've captured him. > RlCH: They've captured him. > JOSH: And he's taken away. > RlCH: And he's taken back to the camp... 'cause they don't wanna kill him after they capture him... even though the whole point was to kill people for training. They capture him anyway. JOSH: Ah, but that's after they realize that he is the ultimate soldier. RlCH: Right. But then they go right back to the woods. > It's like an intermission in the middle of the movie. > JOSH: Well, yeah. JAY: Well, the best part about that section of the movie is... he is tied up in the camp...he escapes. DANTON: Bitch. SYBlL: [grunts] JAY: He goes home. Meanwhile, his--meanwhile, his girlfriend was been kidnapped. > JOSH: His wife. > JAY: His wife has been kidnapped, so... as he's going home, she's going to the camp. And he just leaves the camp... and walks home in his tiny shorts and no shoes. JOSH: Which he could've done at any point. JAY: He could've done that at any moment. > JAY: Wait. > JACK: What? Oh, God damnit! JAY: All that, and then he just goes home! > JACK: Why didn't he go home sooner? > JAY: [laughs] JAY: So he goes home, realizes that his wife has been kidnapped... and then just goes right back to the camp. RlCH: We should point out that he walked home covered in blood. > JAY: Blood and barefoot, yeah. > RlCH: Through--through the suburban-- Well, he lives in a suburban neighborhood. It's not like he lives in the middle of nowhere. So he walked home... through the suburbs, covered in blood-- doesn't stop at the police station to say, "Yeah, you know, I was kidnapped." He just-- "I'm blood--Hi honey, I'm home, covered in blood." > FATHER: Friend or enemy? > SOLDlER: I'm a friend! FATHER: You're a liar. > [gunshot] > ALL: [laughs] JAY: This is the best character in the movie. > JOSH: Oh yeah. Long shot. > JAY: "Why'd you even bother asking me?" There is a wonderful subplot involving his wife's dad... who decides to take matters into his own hands, and... go to the camp, even though he doesn't know where it is, or that it even exists. RlCH: The wife saw, like-- I think she read the license plate off to the father. And there was, like, a whole-- obviously, there had to be a whole, like, section of detective work > that the movie didn't show us. > JOSH: Yeah, it's like, just knowing the fact... > that it was a van with--yeah. > RlCH: "License plate, okay, I'll go to the woods." What I love about that, though, is the father tracks-- he, you know-- The father confronts the old guy with a gun. > And he gives this long, wonderful speech. > JAY: Oh my God. FATHER: "Who am I?" A little man who spent 27 years of his life as a cop, trying to put big shots like you away. 27 years in the filth, in the dirt of the street-- and there ain't no music down there. You watch the people in the streets, killing--raping each other, putting dope through their veins... while big men like you sit in the fancy penthouses. > ALL: [claps] > JOSH: Acting, everybody. Acting. JAY: And then, after all that, he talks about, yeah-- > "I wanna put people like you in jail." > RlCH: About putting people behind bars. And then he just shoots him. FATHER: Today, the nobodies who made you rich are gonna win. > Die, you son of a bitch... > [gunshot] JOSH: And then it's back into the woods. Tim Curry and Action Man team up, because they were buddies in Vietnam. COOPER: Besides, you're probably going to kill them all anyway. I like being on the winning side, it's a lot healthier. *[barely-audible electronic riff]* JOSH: And they team up, and Action Man sets all sorts of traps in the woods and does a lot of fuckin', you know, uh-uh-- > RlCH: Just like *First Blood*. Coincidentally. > JACK: Like *First Blood*, or... > RlCH & JAY: [laughs] > JACK: or Predator, or Commando... > or any other action schlock... > JAY: Yeah. JACK: For some reason-- even though he's killed, at this point, a dozen guys and has access to dozens of machine guns, he's setting spear traps. JOSH: But then they get Action Man's wife back... and put her in, like, the secret hiding place, and he's like: "Stay here, I'm gonna kill all these other fuckers "and I'm gonna come back for you." So he goes along, killing all these people, and meanwhile... the second-in-command big bad guy-- the guy with the black shirts and sunglasses-- > RlCH: Sunglasses Guy. > JOSH: Who is the worst manager ever, who has just been randomly killing employees, essentially. JAY: Yeah, whenever anyone questions what he's doing or has bad news, > he just fuckin' kills 'em. > JOSH: Yeah. SOLDlER: Christ! We're not huntin' him! He's huntin' us! THORNTON: Suck this. Come on. JACK: It's a very-- again, collection of clichés-- that's a bad guy trope. Where they're just, like, "Ay, you disagree with me? Boom, I'm a bad guy." JAY: But usually there's a reason for it, or there's some sort of, like-- > RlCH: He just gets mildly annoyed. [laughs] > JAY: He's just annoyed and shoots 'em. - The bank was supposed to be close - Well, don't exaggerate - The Turkish son of a bitch, he will want to hung himself when he get to know... - We are a good pair, aren't we? - Yes, but no. We make the numbers, we get the money and that's it. - Sure? - Yes sir. It's finished. We'll divide the money and that's it. - Yes, sure, I understand you. You are offended because I made you earn a fortune, aren't you? - We are different. - Are we? Yes, sure we are. You know the difference? I stand with what I do. You are afraid to be marked. What do you think? That you are better than me? - You are the worst kind of bug. You want the money, but you don't want to get dirty. - Do you know the difference? If you wanna be a son of a bitch, you need balls - If you wanna be a real son of a... - No, wait Castrito, let me explain you, let me explain you please! - Go there. Come you too, come here! - Wait Castrito, wait, let me explain you, I was going to pay you, my mom got sick... - Your mom is dead! - That's why, she got sick and she died... - Shut up, shut up! Son of a bitch, you've been fucking me with this story for one year! - Give me the money now or I'll destroy you. - Please, I supplicate you, please... - Don't supplicate anymore, I want my money now or I'll kill you as a dog - You kid... - This must be a joke... - Do you want to get killed for a shitty check, you fool! - No, why? What did you do with the money? - I've hidden it, to avoid being assaulted - Give it to me - No, if you kill me there's no money - Then I'll kill him - Go - I will really kill him... - That's life - Juan! - No - No? - No. - Why? - Because he said "shitty check" - What? - He said "check" instead of "money" - I didn't say "check" - Yes you did - I didn't say "check" - Yes... you said check, fuck, you said check - What do you want? You called me at last minute, I didn't have any time to prepare anything... - What a fool you are. Do you see you are useless? - And the 50? - What? - The 50 to pay... - To pay what? - The gun - Put it in your ass, you fool! - Do you see why I need you? - What do you stare at me with that violated-virgin face? - You don't know what I do? What did you expect? - A miracle. - C'mon, let's go that the bank's open. Gimme the check - No, I'll carry the check - No, it's my issue, gimme the check Syrian troops continue to bombard areas of the city of Aleppo in the sixth day of clashes with rebel forces. The regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad has faced new accusations of indiscriminate attacks as it seeks to reclaim rebel strongholds. Syrian activists say nationwide violence killed 108 people on Wednesday, more than half of them civilians. The head of United Nations peacekeeping, Hervé Ladsous, said international monitors are struggling to carry out their mission before it expires next month. As you know, about half of the military observers have been for the time being sent back to their countries So the mission operates on a reduced basis, reduced in numbers, reduced in team sites in the provinces and does what it can. We, of course, have to take into account the security situation which in many places is extremely delicate. A government forecast says the worst U.S. drought in about a half century will drive up the cost of food next year. In a new projection, the Department of Agriculture says food prices will climb 3 to 4 percent, with the price of beef increasing up to 5 percent. The scorching drought in the Midwest has ravaged fields and driven up the price of soybeans, wheat and corn, with domino effects on the cost of meat and other products. Economists fear the drought could impact global food prices since the United States is a major agricultural exporter. The Department of Agriculture, meanwhile, has added 76 counties in six states — including Wisconsin, Michigan and Kansas — to a list of natural-disaster areas due to damage caused by drought and heat. Nearly 1,400 counties have been designated as disaster areas in the 2012 crop year — more than 1,200 of them due to drought. The U.S. Drought Monitor last week found nearly 64 percent of the contiguous United States is in moderate to exceptional drought. Police in Colorado have revealed Aurora shooting suspect James Holmes detailed his planned massacre more than a week before the attack occurred. An unopened package sent by Holmes and recovered at a University of Colorado mailroom contained illustrations and notes about killing a large number of people. The package was sent to a psychiatrist, but never opened. Speaking on Wednesday in Louisiana, President Obama said he plans to tackle U.S. gun violence in the shooting's aftermath A lot of gun owners would agree that AK-47s belong in the hands of soldiers, not in the hands of criminals. That they belong on the battlefield of war, not on the streets of our cities. I believe the majority of gun owners would agree that we should do everything possible to prevent criminals and fugitives from purchasing weapons. We should check someone's criminal record before they can check out a gun sell. That a mentally unbalanced person should not be able to get his hands on a gun so easily. These steps shouldn't be controversial, they should be common sense. President Obama's comments on gun violence come as he faces pressure to back a robust global arms treaty before a Friday deadline. All 193 members of the U.N. General Assembly are scrambling to complete the first-ever global agreement regulating the arms trade. The United States is by far the world's largest producer, importer and exporter of armaments. The Obama administration has demanded a number of exemptions from the new proposals, citing so-called "national security interests." Brian Wood, the head of Arms Control at Amnesty International, said President Obama holds the key to determining whether the treaty will be effective. It's still hanging in the balance. The decision is in the White House with President Obama as to whether he will agree a "golden rule" in the treaty that will mandate governments to stop the transfer of arms if it's known or there's a substantial risk the arms are going to be used for war crimes or crimes against humanity, acts of genocide, or serious violations of human rights." The fallout from fatal police shootings of two Latino men continues in Anaheim, California, with at least 24 people arrested in a mass protest that stretched late into Tuesday night. Several people were injured in major clashes between protesters and police as hundreds of people marched through downtown Anaheim, some reportedly smashing windows and setting fires. On Wednesday, the mother of police victim Manuel Diaz called for the violence to end, saying she did not want it to be her son's legacy. U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner appeared before Congress on Wednesday to answer questions surrounding his initial response to the rigging of the international interest rate, LlBOR. The banking giant Barclays was fined $453 million last month for manipulating LlBOR, which provides the basis for rates on trillions of dollars in transactions across the globe. Recent documents and testimony have fueled accusations Geithner failed to adequately share his knowledge of Barclays" actions with federal regulators when he headed the New York Federal Reserve four years ago. In his testimony, Geithner insisted he acted responsibly. felt that we did the important and fully appropriate thing, which is to bring the attention not just to the people in Washington but to the British, not just the reports, and the concerns that were broadly available in the market in the public domain, also of the range of problems in the way this rate was designed to create that vulnerability, and so we brought these concerns to their attention and we felt, and I still believe this, that it was really going to be on them to take responsibility for fixing this. Geithner has come under criticism because federal regulators received little cooperation from the New York Fed in building their case against Barclays, despite the Fed's knowledge of Barclay's actions. Testifying before a British inquiry last week, Bank of England Governor Mervyn King said: "At no stage did [Geithner] or anyone else at the New York Fed raise any concerns with the Bank that they had seen any wrongdoing." The Coalition of Immokalee Workers held rallies nationwide on Wednesday to urge the fast food chain Chipotle to enter into an agreement ensuring humane working conditions for farmworkers harvesting tomatoes sold inside its restaurants. The Immokalee Workers" campaign has already won "Fair Food Agreements" from chains including Subway, McDonald's, and Burger King. The protests come one day after thousands of workers rallied in New York City to call for an increase to the U.S. minimum wage, which has remained at $7.25 for the past three years. The Washington Post is reporting the online phone platform Skype has increased its cooperation with law enforcement to give police access to online chats and other user data, including credit card numbers and addresses. Skype has had a reputation as a highly secure platform used around the world by activists seeking to avoid government repression. Its reputation for security stemmed from its strong encryption technology and other features. But authorities had pushed for changes, saying Skype's security allowed criminals to communicate secretly. Skype's security changes have been hailed by law enforcement but strongly criticized by anti-surveillance activists. One of five self-described anarchists accused of seeking to blow up a Cleveland-area bridge has pleaded guilty and agreed to testify against the four others. The five were detained in April after allegedly planting and detonating what they thought were active bombs. It turned out the bombs were fakes supplied by FBI informants. On Wednesday, Anthony Hayne agreed to a plea deal that would see him receive a maximum sentence of 15 years in return for his testimony. And here are the answers: For the error introduced by a lack of enough sampling, all these problems are true. If you don't have enough samples, it might make the utility too high; it might make the utility too low-- and it could certainly be improved by taking more trials. But with the differences due to having not quite the right policy, The answers aren't the same. So yes, if you don't have the right policy, that could make the utilities too low--if you're doing something silly, like starting in this state and the policy says, "Drive straight into the minus 1" that could make the utility of this state lower than it really should be. But it can't make the utility too high. So we really have a bound on the utility here. The bound is: what does the optimal policy do? And no matter what policy we have, it's not going to be better than the optimal policy; and so we can only be making things worse with our policy, not making them better. And finally, having more N won't necessarily improve things. It will decrease the variance, but it won't decrease or improve the mean. When you're caring for a loved one, it can be rewarding, but stressful. It's really important to make time for yourself, so you don't get overwhelmed. So, here are a few ways you can be kind to yourself. First, join a caregiver support group. It's one of the most important things you can do. It really helps to be with other people in the same situation. They may be able to give you some ideas about where to look for help in your community, like getting meals brought to your loved one's house. Or how to find someone to stay with your loved one so you can take a break. And don't be afraid to ask other folks for help. Check with family members or friends. You don't have to do it all yourself. So, make a list of everything that needs to get done, and ask them to help with a few things on your list. Also ... and this is really important ... make sure you take time to have some fun with friends. Or at least give them a call. You need to make some time to do things you enjoy. Watch out for your health too. Getting enough sleep, exercising, and eating healthy meals can help you handle stress better. Even just a quick walk can help put you in a better mood. So remember, to be a good caregiver, you've got to take care of yourself first. That way, you can do your best to care for your loved one too. project number 6 here we are going to do a three dimensional pie chart and this is a little example I put it over here the first thing i want to do is sort the numbers for some reason it doesn't work on mine it might work on yours so I am going to highlight copy, and I am gonna highlight the numbers I want to sort and then I am going up to sort here and going from largest to smallest and always hit yes when it asks to expand, very rarely do you not do that then I am going to total make the cell bigger and I am going to highlight everything but the total, I am gonna go to insert a pie and pick this plain 3-D pie that is not the format I like, right up under here where it says design it is already up there I am going to click this one with the leader lines and I want this line to be sideways just to give you practice in rotating a pie I am going to click to the side here and right click and go to 3-D rotation and I am going to rotate you have to go all the way around until there is a direct line for the two largest slices so it looks like 320, and you can change perspective here you can mess with that to see what it looks like or you can tilt the whole thing I am going to close, for the chart title and the subtitle you can change it here and after you put your title in you hit enter and put in the year or something since I asked for a subtitle Now i want these two the largest ones to be exploded slightly so you click on it once and then you click on it again until just the little circles are on that slice and drag it out just a little bit same thing here, click on it once and as long as that slice is lit you can click on it like that and then lets say I want to change two of the slices to some other pattern or something I am going to right click and go to format data point and go to fill and you can do pictures or whatever I am going to do a preset, its just faster to do it this way and close that one, and maybe one other one so I pick one over here and right click go to format data point, fill and gradient and here are some preset ones and so I will change it to something like that just to let you know you can change them then I want to insert a text box so you go up to here and put insert, a text box and you are going to name it top sellers now once you click on something like that usually up here at the very top it will have some possibilites so I going to go over here and pick something fancier for that then I ask for in addition to the text box I ask for insert some arrows, so its under insert shape and just pick out an arrow and start from the box and drag it to there and you can even make that larger if you want to and then again right here you can do another one it shows up there a different place and then again I am going to make it match the other one I believe that's it, again you might want to get rid of this, since it didn't work and put this on top of that, maybe not alright, then you can move this to a decent place and then get rid of this sample one if you want you can get rid of that I don't have the title and subtitle but other than that thats what we want, we want to rotate it we want to change the bars and we want to I lost when I did that, I lost my little arrows when I moved it so just join it in with them and thats it for number 6 I'm afraid My memories are haunting me Replaying right before my eyes The past that I've been trying to flee I turn to run but then I stumble and fall I hear someone calling "The bell has rung!" "You're too weak, too young!" and now everyone I've ever loved is following me They stare at me with eerie smiles They tell me they're the ones I don't see I turn and stumble and the world seems to blur Can't take anymore Oh the bell has rung I'm too weak, too young I'm too small, too late Just a toy of fate The 'eh' as in 'bed' vowel sound. To make this sound, the jaw drops, eh, and the tongue remains forward with the tip touching lightly behind the bottom front teeth. Eh. The mid/front part of the tongue raises somewhat towards the roof of the mouth while the back of the tongue feels like it stretches wide, eh, eh, bed. Here is the 'eh' as in 'bed' vowel on the right, with the mouth at rest on the left. And here we see the parts of the mouth drawn in. The soft palate, as with all vowels, is raised. It is the mid/front part of the tongue that is somewhat raised. But the tip of the tongue still rests against the back of the front bottom teeth. Sample words: feather, spend, benefit. Sample sentence: French bread is best when it is very fresh. Now you will see this sentence up close and in slow motion both straight on and from an angle so you can really study how the mouth moves when making this sound. French, the bottom lip moves up to the ff position, and then the mouth opens into the 'eh' as in 'bed' vowel. See that jaw drop. Tongue moves up to make the N, ch. Bread, again, the 'eh' as in 'bed' vowel. And again the tongue moves up to make the D. Is best. Another 'eh' as in 'bed' vowel. When. Now here you will see that the tongue is not down, and that the jaw does not drop as much. This is because the word when is not stressed in this sentence. It is shortened. It is still the 'eh' as in 'bed' vowel, but because it is so quick, the mouth does not form the true position, and the tongue is moving up into position for the N in 'when'. It is very - with the 'eh'. Here the tongue position appears to be slightly different. And that is because the tongue is beginning to move into position for the R consonant sound in 'very', even as the jaw has dropped for the 'eh' as in 'bed' vowel. So the tongue does not stay down in the eh position long. This is typical of the R consonant. It tends to take over the vowel that comes before it in the same syilable. Fresh, 'eh' as in 'bed'. And here is the same sentence from an angle. French, the bottom lip moves up to make the F and the jaw drops for the 'eh' as in 'bed', but the tongue quickly moves up to make that N. Ch. Bread, again, the jaw drops for the 'eh' as in 'bed'. And again the tongue moves up to make the D in bread. Is best, lips come together for the B, and the jaw drops, be-, best. When, with the shorter eh vowel, and you can see the tongue moving up into position for the N. It is. Bottom lip comes up for the V, very, and here is the eh, but the tongue is not completely forward, as it is already moving back for the R sound. Very. Bottom lip moves up to make the F in fresh. This is a good shot of the 'eh' vowel. You can see the tip of the tongue is lightly touching behind the bottom front teeth, and the tongue is raised a bit in the front/mid to make this eh vowel sound. That's it, and thanks so much for using Rachel's English. We are Reef Catchments Solutions, an Australian Environmental Consultancy and service provider. We offer environmental and landscape planning, environmental operations, environmental policy and strategy development, ecological systems monitoring and reporting, and applied research, development and learning. One of our major programs is Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Support. Our staff previously worked for Fisheries Queensland, the department that did it all. Now, Fisheries Queensland only acts as a regulator for fish passage and freshwater habitats. Reef Catchments Solutions does the rest. Design, monitoring, and rehabilition. We can help you take care of fish, and the waterways they live in. And we understand your need for development. We can advise you on government regulations because we know the legislation inside and out. That's because our staff helped to write the book. We provide support for all steps required to care for fish and meet legislative requirements. Now let's get into the service details. We provide environmental and landscape planning, environmental operations, environmental policy and strategy development, applied research, development and learning, and last but not least, ecological systems monitoring and reporting. We couldn't do this on our own. The strength of Reef Catchments Solutions is in our connections around the world. We want you to join the network. Speak with us to find your solution. Need inspiration? Our latest projects are on display at www.rcspl.net.au. Hello everyone. I want to give you a few tips on Chapter 14: Management, Motivation and Leadership. This is one of my favorite chapters to teach if I am in a face-to-face class so I am really sad that we are not getting to work together on this, but I hope you will really take this chapter seriously. Most of my students feel like this is the chapter that really gives them skills that they can use when they get out in the job market. when you either own your own business or working for someone else in a management level position. So...management is such a crucial part of a business. If you don't have good strong managers or if the management doesn't motivate the employees then you are not going to be a successful firm. There are four different management functions. The first one is planning. You have to figure out where to go and how to get there as a manager. It is your job to figure out how to motivate your employees to help get you there. Organizing and determining a structure for individual jobs in the overall organization. You have to get the skill sets, the people, the facilities; you have to put it all together and organize it so you can meet your goals. Leading--directing and motivating people to meet organizational goals. Plan and simple you have to motivate them to want to do it. Controlling - check performance and making adjustments as needed. You have to check and see what's working and what's not working and if it is not working make changes so it will work. The biggest challenge in carrying out this function is the rate of change that is occurring in our world today. As a manager every time something changes it will affect your business and what you can do with that business. Things that are changing - competition is continually changing, technology is continually changing, globalization and employee expectations, the needs of your shareholders and all the other factors that change all the time will have a direct impact on what you as a manager need to do. The role of the manager itself has changed a lot in the last couple of decades. In the 1950s, if you were a manager, you went in, your people respected you simply because you were the manager. You told your employees what to do and they did it. Why? Because you were the manager and you told them to. Now manager have gone from being a boss to being a boss, from being a disciplinary to being a motivator, from being a dictator to being a team builder. So, you as a manager, your role has changed. So especially those of you who are returning students who possibly in a previous job could walk in and tell your employees this is what we are going to do. This doesn't work any more. Our younger generation wants to know why you expect them to do it. They want to know what are the benefits, what are the rewards. Why should I be this ethic worker? So, it is a whole different ball game so make sure you read about that in your book and understand that. With competition skyrocketing the way it is we have to be good at our jobs as managers and if we're not our employees will leave and go somewhere else--especially those good ones. They don't have to put up with a manager that they feel does not understand them. They don't have to put up with a manager that is not willing to motivate them. They can live and they can go somewhere else. Now in today's economy we are probably witnessing a little less of that, but this younger generation has different expectations than those working back in the 50s. Which was before my time, but I have heard about it. Then let's take a look at some of the different skill sets that managers need. There are three different types of skills. First, technical skills. Technical skills are simply having expertise in a functional area or department. All managers need that skill, but that is especially important to the first line managers. How can I manage you if you are a welder if I don't know anything about welding? How can I manage accountants if I don't know anything about accounting. So technical skills are especially important to those first line managers. Then we have human skills. This is the ability to work with and through other people in a range of different relationships. You have to figure out what motivates people. You have to figure out how to get along with people. How to help other people get along. You have to have human relation skills and know how to utilize them. Even though all managers need these, these are something middle level managers need. Usually you have the employees and then the supervisor and then you have your middle level management. And they are overseeing usually several different supervisors who are then managing several different departments. So the middle level one really needs the human relation skills. Because not only do they work with employees, but they work with managers of employees so you have to have a little different skill sets there. And then we have conceptual skills. This is the ability to grasp a big picture view of the overall organization and the relationship between its various parts. You have to be able to see the big picture and very manager needs that, but that is especially important to the top level managers. If you are the big boss, you better understand how all the little departments, all the people fit together for the good of the organization. That is extremely important. Anther skill that's really important for managers would be critical thinking. Managers have to be critical thinkers. They have to be able to take all the resources, all the people, all the different little issues that come up make decisions that will help their company meet their mission. And usually that mission is going to involve making money. So it is very important that you be able to think critically and do what is best for your company. I know in a lot of classes, well in every class, we try to give you exercises that will help you learn critical thinking skills. And so many times I find that is the question you don't do because you have to think. You need to learn to think so don't pass by those questions that aren't right there answered in the book. You need to learn how to think--it is so important. Now one of my favorite parts of teaching this class, and I'm not getting to spend a lot of time on this and I am really sad, are the different theories of motivation. Those begin on page 227 in your book. The first theory of motivation is called Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Maslow's Hierachy of Needs basically functions around that there are certain things that if your employees don't feel comfortable that these needs have been met, then they are not going to be willing to give you more and more. And if you look at that starting at the top, first is their physiological needs. If they do not feel like their basic survival needs are being met, then you are going to have a hard time in getting them to function at a higher level on the job. They have to have food, water, clothing, and shelter. So if you have an employee working for you who is living on the streets you are going to have a tough time getting that employee to concentrate on his job because he is concentrating on where his next meal is going to come from. So these types of skills especially can be an issue with minimum wage employees because you never know what their financial situation is A lot of times what you are paying them is not meeting that basic needs of survival. Once they have those needs met, they have the need for safety. I am not going to read all this, you can read it. They have to have each level met before you will get them to function effectively on the next level. So they have to have four lower levels met before they will be able to function in self-actualization. As education majors we learn this about students, too. If you are struggling with paying your bills, you are going to have a tough time enjoying my lecture today. because you are worried about paying your bills. So I have to find a way to motivate you and let you know that if you are having trouble paying those bills you need to go ahead and get that education so you can reach self-actualization. You are going to be able to get a good job, a better job. You are going to be able to support your family. You are going to feel better about yourself because you are supporting your family. Therefore, once you get that education you are going to be able to work quickly up those levels. So, if I can convince you that passing my class is going to make you a better manager and in being a better manager you are making more money and if you make more money you are going to be able to take care of your family better, do you see how then I can motivate you to do the classwork and to make a better grade in the class and to listen to my lecture. Okay the next page we have Theories X and Y. Theories X and Y really are opposites of each other. If you will look at Exhibit 14. 2 on page 228, down at the bottom, you will see that Theory X has these assumptions about workers: workers dislike work and will do everything they can to avoid it. So if you have this management style, you are thinking nobody is coming in today to work. If I am not right on them all the time they are not going to do their job. They also believe that fear is motivating. The way they get you to work is to use fear. If you don't do your job, you are not going to have a job. Do you value your job, if you do you better do this and you better do that. Kind of a 1950s way of management. They believe that people prefer to be directed, avoiding responsibility and seeking security. Now, I will tell you that there are people that only function under Theory X. You may have a child that can only be motivated through Theory X. They only now that you mean business when you are either yelling at them or taking something away. It takes that type of motivation to get them to do their homework--taking things away or them getting into trouble. Sometimes that is the theory that works for employees. I would say today that is not the theory that works. Theory Y assumptions include work is as natural as play or rest--workers do not inherently dislike it. The managers that practice this theory believe that you want to be there--that you want to do your job. They believe that doing the job is something they love to get up and do everyday. Direct rewards can be motivating--people can exercise self-direction and self-control to meet company goals. The motivation is not going to be fear. The motivation is going to be positive. Let's get this done and we will all take off early on Friday. If you accomplish this high of sales, you are going to get an increase in your pay. So there is more of a motivational instead of a "get you" attitude. People can accept and even seek responsibility. The capacity for imagination, creativity, and ingenuity is widely distributed in the population. In other words, they are looking for your ideas. They want you to be part of the management. They want you to be part of the team. It is more of a team type concept. Okay, there is more information about that in the chapter, but go there and read it. Expectancy Theory is a motivation theory that concerns the relationship among individual effort, individual performance, and individual reward. In other words, if I put effort into this I will see performance and when there is performance, I am going to get a reward. And that is motivates them. If you are that type of manager and put carrots out there to motivate your employees and you say, if you do this, this is what is going to happen and when this happens, this is what I am going to give you. So, I could say to you, if you will read your chapters and if you will answer the questions and do the discussions thoroughly, then your performance will be to complete the exercises positively, and what will the reward be? You will get an A in this class. So do you see the difference than me saying, you better get that work done, if you don't you are going to fail this class. So the difference is instead of threatening with an F, I motivate with an A. See the difference? More you can read in your book about the theory. Equity theory is a motivation theory that proposals that perceptions of fairness directly affect the work or motivation. What this means is I have to fill like as an employee that you are treating me fairly. I have to feel like you are listening to me and that you value me. And if I feel that about you I will be motivated to work for you. If I don't I am not going to be motivated to work. So, in the Equity Theory what you are trying to do as a manager is prove to your employees that you are fare and the same to everyone. Some of you may feel like I have been unfair to you because I have questioned the work you have done in my class. The work is word-for-word like someone else's or I found your answers when I Googled. I found word-for-word, just different reasons why I have had to confront you. And so if you think that I am picking on you this type of theory won't work. But if I tell you and I want to tell you that it wouldn't matter who you were, if I thought you were cheating, I would call you on it. And sometimes I am wrong. When I catch you on it, I don't accuse you. I say here is what I have witnessed. Tell me what it means. And then I let you tell me what it means. I value so much when you are honest with me as some of you have been and nothing makes you feel better than honesty. Now we are getting away from Equity Theory, but you are going to more motivated if you feel like there is equity there at the workplace. Your theory of motivation if you have this management style will be to make everybody feel like their all part of the team. Again, you need to read that. Then there is motivation today and it talks about a few different concepts, but I am going to try to pick up the pace a little bit. Read about the different theories of motivation When you really read the different theories it is really interesting. There are three levels of management planning in terms of scope of planning. They are strategic planning where you are planning for five years out. Whenever you are doing strategic planning as a manager, some questions and concerns you want to think about: should we acquire a new company, should we make our firm public, should we move our facility oversees, should we make a new product, should we hire new employees? All the different strategic plans. What are we going to do five years from now? Are we going to build? Another type of planning by managers are tactile. These are planning imitative that take about a year. Should we invest in new production equipment? Should we allocate new dollars to the internet? Should we make a change in the structure of the organization? Things like that. The third one is operational. These are daily, weekly, monthly things that you look at in your planning. How should we schedule employees this week? How should customer service people answer the phones. These are more of a daily, monthly, routine type things. Let's change this policy or procedure. It effects today--not long term. Communication plays a vital role in planning because all of the functions are linked. You have to take all of these 3 planning levels, your tactile, your operational, and your strategic and each one affects the others. Your book talks about goals and how to set goals and it talks about mission statements and how to set mission statements. It talks about organization charts and how organizational charts are set up. There are so many different things in there for you to look at. If you will look on the bottom of page 231, you will see examples of mission statements. You need to understand what a mission statement is. The purpose is to find the organization's purpose, values, and core goods providing the framework for all other plans. The mission statement should be very simple. It should be vivid. It should be compelling. And it should be written so anyone from the janitor with a high school degree to the CEO, the top guy in the company, will understand it and will know exactly what their part in meeting the mission. If you will look on page 231, here are some examples from Amazon, Starbucks, Google. I love Chili's Bar and Grill's statement. We have one here in Alamogordo. They have their mission statement on their wall. It is to "Spice up everyday life". Now that is there mission statement. They don't just want to be average run of the mill restaurant. Their goal is that when you come and dine there, you will leave with a spiced up life. Not only with the food, but with the entertainment. That is a mission statement. One of the things you are going to have to do on your assignment this week is to write a personal mission statement, so really look at that information carefully. You are going to have to write your own. It is called critical thinking skills so I don't want you skipping that one. What are the pros and cons of the different organizational structures. First, let's look at the organizational structures. There are three different ones. The first one is the line organization structure. I am on page 230. A line organizational stucture is simple. I am your boss, you report to me. I have a boss and I report to him. And he has a boss and he reports to her and she has a boss and it is just straight up the line. You know exactly where to go and typically you don't jump. You do exactly that. Some pros on that is that it is clear, simple, and everyone knows who is in charge. The cons include lack of specialist to provide advise or support for the line mangers. Sometimes the person above you doesn't know what you are going so there can be some issues. Read more about it in your book. Another con can be inflexibility. That is the only person who can give you what you need to do that job and there is potential for too much paperwork. Line and staff organizations are organizations with line managers from the primary chain of authority and then you have staff departments working along side the line departments. So a lot of times within a company you have different departments and you have your managers there and then you have like accounting. Accounting functions and purchasing issues have managers that work above all the department managers. So when I need something to do with purchasing as a manager, I have to go to that area to get purchasing. If I have something that pertains to the HR department there is a manager over there that will help me with that. So there are different staff manager level positions and you go to the right one depending on need. Where as in the line, you will just go to your manager who might not be the specialist in purchasing who then goes to his manager, who then goes to his manager, so you don't have the specialties. Whereas line and staff you have the specialty areas of management. Read more about it. Then there is the matrix. This is where you might pull people from each of the different areas to work on one area. So, you take someone from each of the different departments to then work on what you need as far as purchasing area. Now the problem is you have to have all these meetings, you are all in separate departments and have to working around everyone's schedules, there might be instability if one person isn't functioning then it will hurt the entire group, sometimes the employees are in conflict, some think you are just out for what your department needs and not what my department needs so sometimes it can cause some real problems. The good things are that it helps promote teamwork, gets the different departments seeing what the other department does which can help make work flow better. There's strong potential for innovation since you have different people from different groups coming together to make something work. It provides a strong potential for employee satisfaction because I get to be a part of this then I am more motivated as an employee to want to do something. Make sure you look over that in the book. What are the characteristics of affective leaders and what leadership styles do most effective leaders use? And there really are three key characteristics: trustworthy, visionary, and inspiring. Your book talks about those three. There are some other traits that are important: empathy, courage, creativity, intelligence, and fairness. Your book talks a lot about the different types of leaders. Make sure you see the characteristics of leaders, why you need them, and why they will make you a good leader. It is common sense, but you still need to think about it. Did you ever think that empathy was important? That courage was important? Those are important characteristics of a leader. Of course, fairness, intelligence, creativity, those things we think of, but some of them you will find a little different. I gone through a lot of information here. This is a great chapter. Spend time with it. Your work is still due on Sunday. Try to get it done early in the week, so you can have a nice long week. Hello I'm Liona Boyd March of Dimes is celebrating their 60th anniversary this year and last year I was the special guest speaker at their fundraising dinner and I was so impressed to learn all the different things they do to help people with disabilities live fuller and more independent lives. You know, when I was diagnosed with 'task specific focal dystonia' through overpractice, 'Musician's Focal Dystonia'. I thought my life was over. But I was able to find a positive and happy solution. I am singing, I am still playing guitar every single day of my life. Just with a different style. And March of Dimes helps the people they support find positive outcomes to the challenges in their lives. I'm really proud to be a friend of March of Dimes and congratulate them on 60 years. Here's to 60 more. Howdy y'all! Joe Hills recording here as I always do in Nashville, TN, joined today by Xisuma, (hey) topmass, (hello) and zombiecleo (heya) And today xisuma was started teaching me a game the other day and i thought it was such a cool idea i decided to make a court for it. so i figured we'd walk over and xisuma would teach us how it's played. This is it, isn't it? What is this? This is it Oh wait, have you seen any other structures in this area oh wow, nice job this is perty this is epic so the way the game works is you start with a grid of dots of redstone and then you connect the lines, but xisuma can tell us more about that please do ok, right, um, so everyone gets to make a move and the move is to place a piece of redstone you can't place it -thanks, sorry - you can't place it where the glass is but that's why you've put glass there, right, because you can't actually put redstone on glass? Correct, yes, those are spaces that would be invalid moves. Exactly, very smart. So we'll get to take it in turns um, so yeah, when you place it down, you make a move, you place a piece of redstone and then it's someone else's turn to put one down now, when you get to a situation like this, where the next piece of redstone put down creates a box whoever puts that piece of redstone down gets to take another turn and also claim that square as their own so if I were to place that there I could then claim that as my own and make another move somewhere else. The object is to get as many squares as possible so in the beginning states of the game you'll find that people are putting down redstone everywhere but trying to avoid actually making squares until, like most of the grid has been filled up, and then everyone tends to make the squares. got that topmass? uh, well, we'll just give it a whirl and see what happens I'm going to quickly grab two more colors of wool because part of the benefit of this grid system here is that it casts light up from below the glass and so we want to avoid blocking that light with dirt or what have you. um, is there redstone? there is, in those chests ah, that's why there's carpets here indeed, and, I verified that those carpets will not burn, even though they're under the fire. but they look really cool with the smoke coming off of them are they flammible when there is just fire nearby? I didn't test that because they're not a full block, it wouldn't surprise me if because of that it was a little bit different ok, so uh we've got orange green, cyan, and red, I've picked up the cyan tiles for the carpet green! I would love to be red, if possible there's only orange I'll be orange, orange is my favorite color is it? yeah, orange is blue that, that, that's um... do you remember his old, psychedelic youtube layout? everyone remembers that oh yeah good old days yeah, it was very orange and blue, wasn't it alright, so uh do we want to go in reverse alphabetical order? uh, that means i go first no that means zombiecleo goes first oh that's right ha ha ah, suma i need more education I can help with that! aha you are a teacher, yes topmass, it's your turn there we go, that's a move so whoever gets the most first, like your thing in the middle, that's what you want? In many countries around the world today, people suffer violence, oppression and even death because of their religious faith. Christians suffer 75% of this religious persecution. It is the silence and indifference from the West when faced with these facts that is both suspect and disheartening. Most people know little or nothing of what you are about to see. The 20th century saw unparalleled persecution and upheaval in which radical regimes - both right and left - swept away the old order, targeting Christianity in the process. Millions perished - more than in all the preceding centuries put together. Today under such regimes state censorship of Church activity has resulted in ongoing clampdowns on Christians. In China, bishops and priests continue to disappear mysteriously; others are seized, put under house arrest or imprisoned - sometimes for decades at a time. This is a secret video recording of Bishop John Han Dingxian of Yongnian who was in police custody for a total of 35 years. Bishop Han appears in a caged balcony, holds a cross aloft as a message of faith and defiance. While state sponsored persecution remains a brutal reality, many of these dictatorships collapsed since the 1990"s or underwent massive reform. Such countries have enjoyed freedoms undreamt of by previous generations. Elsewhere, however, their fall has left a power vacuum that was quickly filled by new threats to religious freedom, with often tragic consequences. The problem of Islamic extremism prevails throughout the Middle East and northern Africa in varying degrees. Since the recent overthrow of several regimes in the Arab world, the moderate voices of Islam have made little headway against the extremists seeking to fill the power vacuum. Christians are increasingly vulnerable and fearful, and with good reason. With Saddam Hussein removed in Iraq, attacks on Churches, homes and families have been both violent and systematic. The result: a mass exodus of Christians, whose population since 2003 went from 1.4 million to around 300,000 today. Similar events are taking place in Egypt, as of yet on a smaller scale, and many worry Libya and Syria will soon follow suit. In places where the dominant religion establishes an unjust social order, such as India's caste system, the reaction to the Christian message can provoke aggression on a massive scale. In the Indian state of Orissa, extremists carried out two spates of anti-Christian violence unprecedented in magnitude. More than 330 churches and chapels were attacked and over 5,000 homes were targeted. The final death toll was almost 500, while 54,000 were left homeless. A religious Sister, Sr Meena, was raped in full view of a hostile crowd. She has since taken her final vows as a Sister. Similar events have taken place in Malysia, Indonesia, Pakistan and even in Buddhist Sri Lanka. Pope Benedict XVI said that "Religious freedom is the first of human rights since it expresses the fundamental reality of the human person." As a Catholic charity, Aid to the Church in Need is committed to supporting these communities, and ensuring that - at the very least - those who are persecuted are not forgotten. Hear the cry of those who suffer for their faith: We are their hope. Only together can we overcome religious hatred. The founder of Aid to the Church in Need, Father Werenfried van Straaten, said: "They are being tested in faith; we are being tested in love." Afterburner Well, we've got a little walk to take today, folks. We're gonna end up in the same place we started, but there's a lot of history we need to cover in between. OK, let's get started. Do you recognize this man? This is Rodney King. Name sound familiar? Well, it should. He was the victim of a severe beating at the hands of white policemen, and in the early '90s he was one of the most famous people in America. Now what about this man? Do you know who he is? His name is Kenneth Gladney, and he too was beaten. King is famous and Gladney is almost unknown, because King's beating -- which was criminal and appalling -- fit a narrative, and Kenneth Gladney's did not. Mr. Gladney made the mistake of attending a town hall meeting with Representative Russ Carnahan. Now, President Obama, facing rising criticism of his radical health care reforms, promised Congressional Democrats that "If you get hit, we'll punch back twice as hard." Now, part of that 'punching back' strategy was to have members of the Service Employees International Union attend these town hall meetings in defense of Obamacare. Well, three of them, wearing SElU T-shirts, saw Mr. Gladney handing out flags that bore the American Revolutionary slogan "Don't Tread On Me." Now, when Mr. Gladney offered one of the SElU members a flag, he replied, "What kind of nigger are you to be giving out this kind of stuff?" The three union members then proceeded to knock Mr. Gladney to the ground and repeatedly punch and kick him. Now, let me answer the question that this left-wing union member asked. This American patriot, Mr. Gladney, is the kind of person that runs counter to the narrative. Racial protection, racial sensitivity and victimology only apply to those blacks and minorities that follow the narrative. That's why you'll never see Mr. Gladney on the cover of Time or Newsweek or The New York Times. Now, what do I mean when I say "the narrative?" Well, let's turn to MSNBC. Greg Gutfeld and the folks at Hot Air are trying to keep alive a remarkable story. Take a look at this segment run on MSNBC at 10:45 a.m. on August 18th of 2009. "A man at a pro health care reform rally just outside wore a semiautomatic assault rifle on his shoulder and a pistol on his hip. The Associated Press reports about a dozen people in all at that event were visible. Also, there are questions about whether this has racial overtones. I mean, here you have a man of color in the presidency and white people showing up with guns strapped to their waists. [inaudible]" And the gentleman with the assault rifle, representing the angry, ugly face of white racist America come to lynch the black president? The man whose face we never see, but whose rifle and handgun are used to make the case? Who is this horrible bigot? Oh, it's this man. And what is his hateful, racist, lynch-mob reason for attacking the president of color? "I'm absolutely, totally against health care. Health care in this way, in this manner -- stealing it from people -- I don't think that's appropriate." So why was he edited out? Why, in fact, did MSNBC producers choose to cut away from his face and hands -- but keep his rifle and handgun -- to gin up stories of armed, white mobs at town hall meetings ready to lynch a black president because of racial hatred? He was edited out because not only didn't he fit the narrative -- he was edited out, and the American people were lied to by MSNBC, because he ran counter to the narrative, just as that other American patriot, Kenneth Gladney, ran counter to the narrative. So what exactly is "the narrative?" Well, now we have to go for that long walk. These two men are not politically correct. Now, we've all heard that term, but what does it mean? Where did it come from? Most people think it started in the '90s, or perhaps even the '60s. No. Its origins go back to World War I. Now, prior to the Great War, Karl Marx predicted that the workers of the world, united by class consciousness, would arise as one and overthrow national identities and bring about the paradise on earth of world communism. They considered this not theory, but science -- accepted fact -- and war would be the trigger. War came. The biggest, most appalling, most horrific war imaginable came, but communist revolution only came to agrarian, backwards Russia, which was practically a feudal country, and not to the modern, capitalist, industrialized nations like England and Germany and the United States, as communist science had assured the world that it would. Now, as the dust settled on the Great War, a group of Marxist philosophers decided to form an institute -- a think tank to analyze what had gone wrong. It was originally to be called the Institute for Marxism, and would be similar to the Marx-Engels Institute in Moscow. But some worried that the Institute for Marxism might be a little bit too, um -- well, actually, a little bit too honest. So they decided instead to name it the Institute for Social Research. Based at Frankfurt University in Germany, the Institute for Social Research opened its doors on July 22, 1924, and over a short period of time this Marxist brain trust became known simply as "the Frankfurt School." The Frankfurt School's problem was very simple. The workers, seduced by the material successes and general prosperity provided by capitalism, were too blinded -- that's the word they often used, "blinded" -- by this prosperity and relative well-being to recognize their class consciousness and bring about the communist revolution. Someone else would have to be the vanguard. But who? Now, while these Marxist intellectuals were trying to figure out who the new vanguard of the revolution was going to be, another problem arose. Nazism was on the rise in Germany. Many of these intellectuals were Jewish communists, doubly unwelcome in Hitler's Third Reich, so in 1934 they moved the Institute for Social Research out of Frankfurt and took refuge in America -- specifically, at Columbia University in New York City. The Institute for Social Research remained at Columbia until 1951, when it returned to Europe. Presumably, it wasn't very far from the Columbia School of Journalism, which awards the Pulitzer Prize. But it was while it was here in America that the Institute, still informally known as the Frankfurt School, did its most important work. The great insight gained by the Frankfurt School was to divorce Marxism from economics and marry Marxism to the culture. And the fruit of this fundamental change in strategy is known as critical theory. Now, the theory of critical theory is simply to criticize. I know it sounds silly when you put it so plainly, but really, that's all there is to it. You see, the Frankfurt School found their new vanguard for the revolution against Western civilization, and it was going to be the dispossessed. The beauty, the genius -- the genius! -- of critical theory was twofold. First, each area of critical theory could appear to be unique and self-contained. For example, feminism could attack Western culture from the perspective of its oppression against women, and that oppression must be unique to Western culture. No mention was made of what the ancient Chinese or the Aztecs or the Persians or anyone else, how they had treated women. Only the oppression of women in the West was on the table. Likewise, African-American studies would only criticize American slavery, as if slavery were unique to America. The genuine horrors of American slavery and its consequences was a powerful weapon against traditional culture, as was the example of Rodney King. But to quote the black African King Ghezo, who said in the 1840s, "The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of all their wealth. The mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery." You see, now, a quote like that shows the economic incentive of a black culture to sell other blacks into slavery purely for economic gain. Quotes like that make slavery seem less about racism and more about economics, and quotes like that show that there's a little more than white English-speaking guilt to go around. It runs contrary to the narrative and it has to be suppressed in schools. It is politically incorrect. Preeminent psychologist and Frankfurt School co-founder Erich Fromm argued that there were no real sexual differences between men and women, and that the roles they played in traditional Western culture were simply that -- roles assigned to them by the culture. So now gender studies could launch critical theory attacks and claim that all of the oppression of homosexuals or women throughout history were due merely to Western culture and the corrupt patriarchy of Dead White Men. Dead White Men laid the philosophical foundation for the United States of America. If capitalism had triumphed where Marxism had failed, the only way left to bring down this edifice of success and prosperity was to go to the root morality that it was based upon and attack it from all sides. Gender studies, radical feminism, African studies, Native American studies, the deconstruction of classical literature to show racism or sexism or whatever other useful -ism for philosophies that didn't even exist at the time of their writing -- all of these programs and all they do is inculcate and aggravate a sense of rage, separatism and victimology and assign to the only culture that actually tries to eradicate these injustices the sole onus of their origins. Now, I said that critical theory was brilliant strategy in two ways, the first being that it launched multiple, apparently unconnected attacks against the dominant culture. But the real source of its power and genius, however, is that the criticism never demands an alternative. What might have been better, what might have worked in its place, what alternatives have been tried successfully in the past -- nothing. That's because they have nothing. There is no logic, no history and no factual underpinning to their dreams and philosophy. Everything they believe in has proven to be wrong. It's been drowned in oceans of blood and tears. But why should mere fact trump ideology? One of the main pillars of the Frankfurt School, Max Horkheimer, famously wrote, "Logic is not independent of content." Yes it is. Yes, it is! Even the idea of facts, logic, reason and history are under attack, which is why Rachel Maddow will do 30 minutes making fourth-grade jokes about "teabaggers" because that infantile snark is all she has against common American citizens who are quoting Hamilton and Jefferson and Adams, chapter and verse, and who are referring to the various clauses of the U.S. Constitution and asking where these new federal powers draw their Constitutional legitimacy. You can't argue with that. You can't even let that come out. No, let's make teabagger jokes, and let's just mock the rubes instead. America -- the Frankfurt School's bastion of racism and sexism -- fought a civil war and lost 360,000 Union dead to eliminate the shameful heritage of slavery. America has elected a black president and run a female for vice-president twice. Is there so much as a single black mayor in all of Europe? Are there even any black people living at all in China? None of that matters. It's off the narrative -- in the same way that Kenneth Gladney is off the narrative, the narrative being that President Obama's radical socialization of American health care -- and in fact the entire economy -- is opposed only by a small group of rural, white, ignorant, paid, gun-toting lunatics driven by a racial hatred for a black president. That's the narrative. And it will be maintained, even if it means MSNBC producers and executives have to work throughout the night or over the weekend finding the footage they need to tell the story, and excising those faces and hands that inconveniently get in the way. Now, I understand that Mr. Gladney is bringing a lawsuit. Good for him. If I was this unnamed patriot with the AR-15 -- I can't find his name, because the media never deemed it worthy to report it -- then I would sue MSNBC for defamation of character and for using me as a pawn to tell the exact opposite story I was there to tell myself. You know, there's a line in the movie "Serenity" that I often think of these days, and that line is "You can't stop the signal." The truth will get out. The left has been telling these lies for almost 100 years now, in order to resurrect a political philosophy that has killed no less than 100 million people and still will not die. Now, do I think that Contessa Brewer, Rachel Maddow and the producers at MSNBC are part of a vast Frankfurt School conspiracy? Of course not. Contessa Brewer does not strike me as a person who was hired for her deep historical perspectives, but that's the power of the narrative, you see. It's now so deeply and widely embedded in the culture that it's simply what people believe. And if there were any real journalists left in the world, we'd have heard more about the Frankfurt School. But the signal will get out, even if it's just through the efforts of a few of us sitting here in our basements, writing in our pajamas. I'm Irv Broudy, and I helped develop the Khan Academy math program here at the Boys and Girls Club of Chaffee County. One of the really important parts of what we're doing is the one-on-one coaching with the kids. We've got a group of great volunteers from the community. Most of them have taught before – maybe even at the college level. And all have enthusiasm for working with the kids. The Khan software is being used internationally. It's really extraordinarily good software. It involves short videos – ten minutes or less – and problems. And it provides feedback to kids about how they're doing, and to the coaches who help them. Also, it has a wonderful built-in series of incentives. The kids earn 'energy points.' And they really groove on energy points. We let the kids – after they've earned their energy points – shop in what we call the 'Khan Store.' The Khan Store has little gifts – sometimes food. (We try to keep it to healthy foods.) And the kids are able to convert what they've learned and earned points for in math, into something tangible. And kids really seem to like it. Khan has definitely improved her math skills. She went from being an average student – now she's in advanced math. And I think Khan has been a big part of that, as well as the teachers. She loves everything about Khan. She works as hard as she can to get those points, and to be able to spend her Khan points, and to improve her math skills doing it. The kids meet once a week for about an hour and a half. And they spend about half that time on the computer working through the Khan Academy software. But the program's not just about sitting at computers. We think it's really important – especially for kids at this age – middle school grades – to have something active to do. So we combine the computer work and a little blackboard work with active, physical games One of the games that the kids particularly like is 'math kickball,' where they play a sort of baseball, where, when they get to a base, they have to answer a math question. If they don't, they're out – unless the fielder who catches the ball also doesn't answer the question – in which case, they each get another chance. But the kids really like it. They're running around. They're letting off some of the energy that's been pent up while they sat at the computer, and they're having fun. And most importantly they're learning math. So we think it's a really good part of the program. We think we're doing a great job with the kids. The kids and their parents, I think, by and large, agree. We'd like to do more. Right now, we're limited by the size of our tech lab. We have twelve computers in there, some of which work sometime, but not all the time. We'd love to be able to serve more kids – both here in Salida, and in our other chapter in Beuna Vista, where we don't have a lab at all. So it'd be great if we could find a way to reach out and offer the program to more kids. To do that, we need more resources. *Timing by MrDonZea (YouTube: MrDonZea)* Most of the video games I talk about are... action games, sidescrollers.. ..games that are in the realms of fantasy. But... There's a huge, huge following for games based on sports! And I get a lot of requests for that.. And... I'm not really a big fan! Because.. I don't know, I... I guess I like fantasy games more because it's something that you couldn't do in real life.. ..whereas a sports game you could... go outside and play sports. It's possible. Not for me, 'cause... I don't know anything about sports. I'm a fucking nerd! Usually I stick to what I know best. But sports video games have been around since... video games first existed. They're not going away. How do I ignore it for so long? I can't. There's boxing and racing games... I don't mind those too much. ..but the ones we're talking about are all the ball games, like baseball. Look how many baseball games there are! I don't even know where to begin! "Major League", "All Stars", whatever... Always named after players' names.. ..sequels to games... What the hell is different this time? It's baseball! And there's basketball. NBA this and NBA that.. ..one of the most popular games of all time is "NBA Jam". Okay, it's basketball... again.. Football! Don't even get me started! And I'm not talking about the kind of football where they actually use their foot.. ..I mean the kind where they slam into each other, like a bunch of barbarians! Ngh! What I don't understand is why everything is always "bowl". What, like a toilet bowl? Okay, I know at least what the "Super Bowl" is. It's the most anticipated football game in the season. And with so much testosterone and high energy going around, why is the halftime show always... some pussy pop group? Get Metallica in there or something! It doesn't make any sense! All right. Back to football video games. Madden, Madden, Madden. Madden '91, Madden '92, Madden '93, Madden '94, Madden '95, Madden '96... ...Madden '97, Madden '98, Madden '99, Madden 2000, Madden 2001, Madden 2002, Madden 2003.. Who the fuck is John Madden anyway?! He doesn't even look like an athlete! What is it with football? Everybody go, football! Go there! Football! Football, football, football! Like, what the fuck? Sunday football. Monday night football. Thursday football. Football on Thanksgiving! Football on Christmas! And out of all sports, it's the one everybody goes the most fucking apeshit over! Makes them act like fucking maniacs! Eh... I gotta calm down. All right. If I'm gonna play some sports games, I gotta start... with the Atari 2600. Yeah! This is when sports games were fucking sports games. Look at these titles! "Baseball", "Basketball", "Football"... Not this "Madden" shit. Just plain-ass, normal, everyday, no question about it, no NFL, no year.. ..not named after a player, not named after a coach, not named after the referee's pet goldfish.. no quarterback, dime-back, Nickelback, simple, ordinary.. ..unembellished, unmistakable, crystal clear, as frank as Frankenstein.. ..as blunt as an atom bomb, one compound word.. ..it's mother fucking, God damned, sons-of-bitchin', fuck-fuck-fucking FOOTBALL! Aaand it's one of the worst games I've ever played in my life. Are these football players, or are they stormtroopers? Are they wearing helmets, or are these microwaves on their heads? Is it team white versus team... naked? Is that a crowd noise, or is it the sounds of the ocean? Is that the entire field? Yeah, it is. And it's surrounded by... water, it looks like. Yeah, it's like an island. It's Football Island. In other words, Hell. Gonna make it. I'm gonna make it! Yeah! Yeah! Touchdown! Ahhhhhh! Ahhhhhh! Aaahhhh! Aaahhhh! To be fair, football games had to start somewhere. In "RealSports Football" and "Super Challenge Football" the players look more like people.. ..and the screen scrolls. In "Super Football", there's a 3D perspective. Pretty ambitious for the Atari 2600. I'd say play this one. Or the latest "Madden". "Basketball", now this is some great stuff. What is this? Purple man can't jump? I love that you're dribbling a square ball. That's right, this is before circles were invented. I like how the players are constantly stomping around, like Les Claypool or Angus Young. Or perhaps like a dog, getting its belly scratched. Oh, look at this, look at this! Yeah! You can't do that in "NBA Jam"! You can actually keep playing after the timer runs out. This is a pretty fun game for what it is, but there are simple things they couldn't get right. If you select 1 player, you get the 2 player mode, and if you select 2 players, you get the 1 player mode. I'm not kidding. When it comes to baseball games, there is a handful of them. Like "Home Run". Even though I know nothing about sports, I can tell you one thing. There's only one pitcher in baseball! What the hell is going on here? They eat the other players! In the same way that Pac-Man eats the ghosts! "Super Challenge Baseball" is slightly advanced. By slightly I mean... it's like a bunch of restroom signs got loose and started playing a game of baseball. The batter's sorta like a letter G that's been stepped on or something. Nobody has a neck and they balance the balls on their heads. But hey, it looks better than the other game. And graphics don't matter much if the game plays well. And this one.. ..does not. It's shit. I can't figure out how to control the other players. And it's Atari. There's not too many buttons to try. Have you ever seen a game of baseball where the catcher runs out to get the ball? By the time he gets it, the batter has already run the first base, had a cup of coffee, and watched the whole Godfather trilogy. Then I tried throwing the ball back to the pitcher, but it keeps going through him. What am I supposed to do to continue the game? I guess I gotta go downstairs to home plate. "RealSports Baseball" is even more advanced. But the sound effects are awful. Listen. That is the sound of all-encompassing negativity. Really, what's it supposed to be? The sound of the bat cutting through space and time? Why is the batter naked? I'm not trying to be funny, he is naked. You can see all the other players wearing shirts and pants. The batter *is naked*. And they gave him a dick. Maybe it's the knee, but then where's the other knee? It's a dick. The batter is naked. Concluded. "Ice Hockey". It's somewhat playable. This is a little bit of an economic version of hockey. They can only get two sticks, so when a player passes the puck to his teammate, they have to pass the stick, too. "RealSports Volleyball". Your teammate is your mirror double, and can only copy your every move. When you bend over, you look like a harp. The sound of the ocean is like an atom bomb going off. The net is like... nunchucks. And the sun is like Pac-Man with his mouth shut. In fact, it is. Fun game, though. Very intuitive and playable. "Boxing". What is this? Geodude fighting Mr. Game&Watch in the middle of a baseball field? I gotta admit, I was pretty confused looking at this, until I figured out that it's an overhead view. All along I thought they were crabs or something. This is hilarious. Too bad there's no fall-down graphic, because then we could have seen their whole bodies. Let's step it up with "RealSports Boxing". As the title suggests, this is the real version. The graphics are way advanced, even though you can see through the outlines on their arms.. ..and when they get knocked down, they look like they've been squashed by a steamroller.. They punch each other so hard the sounds of their impacts resonate like a cannon blast. And one more thing: you can select your character. For the 2600, that is pretty innovative. "Tennis". Playable? Yes. Graphically advanced? No. Is that a net, or is it a wall? Could they not make a simple grid? Yes, they could! "RealSports Tennis" actually has a net. And get this: you can enter a name! Not that I care to, but it's another interesting thing to see in a 2600 game. "Grand Pricks". Yeah, it's "prix", but it looks like pricks. It's a bunch of kazoos flying through a cabbage patch. Not too bad. But then try out "Math Grand Prix". Your car can't move until you finish a math question! You wouldn't wish this game on your worst enemies. "Karate". What's up with your legs? They're multi-jointed! It's like you're fighting on a giant Combo! You know, those little pretzel bites with cheese in the middle? Yeah, I'm stretching now. Before there were combos in "Killer Instinct", you were... mashing the button hoping you'll eventually hit your opponent. It's crap. Moving on. "International Soccer". Have 45 minutes to spare? Then I wouldn't recommend it. Let's see if "Pelé's Soccer" is any better. Oh my God! Oh, man! Which one is Pelé? Let me guess, the round one. This is the only sports game I think I've ever played, where the controls are so broken it's impossible to score! Even if you purposely let your opponent come near your goal, you can't keep your goalie from automatically blocking the ball! And when you get to the opposite goal, you can't keep your players from automatically kicking the ball all over the place! I'm not even touching the button! Stop kicking the fucking ball! "Golf". This. Sucks. You can whack the ball until the cows come home, but that ball is not going anywhere you want it to. Every time I try to hit it, it goes straight up or down! I've tried approaching it from every angle possible. The club is useless. It's like the staff in "Dr Jekyil & Mr Hyde". Oh, c'mon! Oh my God! Get it over there! Fuck! And the par is 3? How could anyone do this in three strokes? I've actually reached 99 and rolled the counter over to 0! If I can get 3 now, would that count? And this person golfing looks like Mimal the elf. Now I have to explain. If you look on the United States map.. ...Mimal is an acronym for Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Spells Mimal, and looks like an elf. With Minnesota being the hat, Louisiana being the foot. And that's Mimal playing golf. But am I talking about video games here, or US geography? Let's move on. Let's try "Miniature Golf". What the hell, man? It's like the characters from Pong went to play golf! Hoho, Good Lord! Oh, it's killing me! Oh, you're a square, pushing a smaller square towards another sq...[laughs] my God... I don't even know what to say about this game! Just look at it! Well, that's Atari Sports for you. Some of these games were pretty innovative for their time.. ..and others were... a little crappy. I think it's obvious to say that in all the years since, sports games have done better. So if that's the type of game you enjoy, then game on. Maybe you're the kind of person who remembers which bush to burn in "The Legend of Zelda" to find the labyrinth.. ..or maybe you're the kind of person who remembers the score to some sports game years ago. Maybe you like to go around in a "Star Trek" uniform, or you like to go around in a sports uniform. And I don't mean like a sports T-shirt, but the same jersey that the players in the game wear. Whatever the case, maybe, somehow, in our own ways, we're all nerds. Blues is one of the great obsessions of every jazzman. It's like the basis of what we practice every day. And it could be a lot more complex than what we've just been playing. You can play with it and create more sophisticated harmonic forms. Let's give an example... Here, this was quite basic... with a rythm called " Boogie-woogie " based on three chords. Three really simple chords. And then the Jazz musicians modified it. Made it more sophisticated. So, now, blues is played with a lot of different chords but on the same canvas, on the same basis After these quite archetypical blues examples, we're going to play blues our way. Which means evolving on the blues's form on this segment of twelve measures but with different harmonic colors. And also more free... more based on... In fact we are interested in the idea of a twelve measure set but we don't put the chords at the same places we did in the previous extracts. Well, here we kept the same form...but we shattered it depending on what we wanted to play at the moment. We have been less faithful to... We've been faithful to the form but not to the chords which are the underlying theme in traditional blues. So we are going to be cleaning your baby's teeth. As soon as your baby gets teeth you can clean them. They may come in one or two, or they may all come in at once. But once they start eating solid foods, even just formula, there's sugar that deposits on the baby's teeth and you're going to want to clean that sugar off just like you would your own teeth. There are many different ways to clean a baby's teeth. You can get a very small toothbrush, one that fits in the baby's mouth; there are toothbrushes that you can actually put on your finger, and then you put it in the baby's mouth. Or you could simply put some toothbrush on your finger and clean the baby's teeth that way. The most important thing is to use a toothpaste made for babies that is fluoride free. And that's because fluoride is not something a baby can swallow; it would be dangerous if they did. So you have to have fluoride free so if they do swallow some of the toothpaste, which they do, it's safe for them. So you open up their mouth and simply rub the toothpaste on the teeth on the top and on the bottom. And if you had a toothbrush or your finger or baby toothbrush you would first use the toothbrush then you would rinse with water and then clean the baby with just water at the end because they're too little to swish around and clean on their own. It's really important to start when they're young so babies get used to you cleaning their teeth. If you start much later, they could fight you on it. But soon when they're able to hold you can give them a toothbrush and they can start playing with it; it's also a great distraction when you're changing their diaper. It's a great way to teach your baby good dental health now and hopefully for the future. Hi. I'm here to talk about congestion, namely road congestion. Road congestion is a pervasive phenomenon. It exists in basically all of the cities all around the world, which is a little bit surprising when you think about it. I mean, think about how different cities are, actually. I mean, you have the typical European cities, with a dense urban core, good public transportation mostly, not a lot of road capacity. But then, on the other hand, you have the American cities. It's moving by itself, okay. Anyway, the American cities: lots of roads dispersed over large areas, almost no public transportation. And then you have the emerging world cities, with a mixed variety of vehicles, mixed land-use patterns, also rather dispersed but often with a very dense urban core. And traffic planners all around the world have tried lots of different measures: dense cities or dispersed cities, lots of roads or lots of public transport or lots of bike lanes or more information, or lots of different things, but nothing seems to work. But all of these attempts have one thing in common. They're basically attempts at figuring out what people should do instead of rush hour car driving. They're essentially, to a point, attempts at planning what other people should do, planning their life for them. Now, planning a complex social system is a very hard thing to do, and let me tell you a story. Back in 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell, an urban planner in London got a phone call from a colleague in Moscow saying, basically, "Hi, this is Vladimir. I'd like to know, who's in charge of London's bread supply?" And the urban planner in London goes, "What do you mean, who's in charge of London's — I mean, no one is in charge." "Oh, but surely someone must be in charge. I mean, it's a very complicated system. Someone must control all of this." "No. No. No one is in charge. I mean, it basically -- I haven't really thought of it. It basically organizes itself." It organizes itself. That's an example of a complex social system which has the ability of self-organizing, and this is a very deep insight. When you try to solve really complex social problems, the right thing to do is most of the time to create the incentives. You don't plan the details, and people will figure out what to do, how to adapt to this new framework. And let's now look at how we can use this insight to combat road congestion. This is a map of Stockholm, my hometown. Now, Stockholm is a medium-sized city, roughly two million people, but Stockholm also has lots of water and lots of water means lots of bridges -- narrow bridges, old bridges -- which means lots of road congestion. And these red dots show the most congested parts, which are the bridges that lead into the inner city. And then someone came up with the idea that, apart from good public transport, apart from spending money on roads, let's try to charge drivers one or two euros at these bottlenecks. Now, one or two euros, that isn't really a lot of money, I mean compared to parking charges and running costs, etc., so you would probably expect that car drivers wouldn't really react to this fairly small charge. You would be wrong. One or two euros was enough to make 20 percent of cars disappear from rush hours. Now, 20 percent, well, that's a fairly huge figure, you might think, but you've still got 80 percent left of the problem, right? Because you still have 80 percent of the traffic. Now, that's also wrong, because traffic happens to be a nonlinear phenomenon, meaning that once you reach above a certain capacity threshold then congestion starts to increase really, really rapidly. But fortunately, it also works the other way around. If you can reduce traffic even somewhat, then congestion will go down much faster than you might think. Now, congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm on January 3, 2006, and the first picture here is a picture of Stockholm, one of the typical streets, January 2. The first day with the congestion charges looked like this. This is what happens when you take away 20 percent of the cars from the streets. You really reduce congestion quite substantially. But, well, as I said, I mean, car drivers adapt, right? So after a while they would all come back because they have sort of gotten used to charges. Wrong again. It's now six and a half years ago since the congestion charges were introduced in Stockholm, and we basically have the same low traffic levels still. But you see, there's an interesting gap here in the time series in 2007. Well, the thing is that, the congestion charges, they were introduced first as a trial, so they were introduced in January and then abolished again at the end of July, followed by a referendum, and then they were reintroduced again in 2007, which of course was a wonderful scientific opportunity. I mean, this was a really fun experiment to start with, and we actually got to do it twice. And personally, I would like to do this every once a year or so, but they won't let me do that. But it was fun anyway. So, we followed up. What happened? This is the last day with the congestion charges, July 31, and you see the same street but now it's summer, and summer in Stockholm is a very nice and light time of the year, and the first day without the congestion charges looked like this. All the cars were back again, and you even have to admire the car drivers. They adapt so extremely quickly. The first day they all came back. And this effect hanged on. So 2007 figures looked like this. Now these traffic figures are really exciting and a little bit surprising and very useful to know, but I would say that the most surprising slide here I'm going to show you today is not this one. It's this one. This shows public support for congestion pricing of Stockholm, and you see that when congestion pricing were introduced in the beginning of Spring 2006, people were fiercely against it. Seventy percent of the population didn't want this. But what happened when the congestion charges were there is not what you would expect, that people hated it more and more. No, on the contrary, they changed, up to a point where we now have 70 percent support for keeping the charges, meaning that -- I mean, let me repeat that: 70 percent of the population in Stockholm want to keep a price for something that used to be free. Okay. So why can that be? Why is that? Well, think about it this way. Who changed? I mean, the 20 percent of the car drivers that disappeared, surely they must be discontent in a way. And where did they go? If we can understand this, then maybe we can figure out how people can be so happy with this. Well, so we did this huge interview survey with lots of travel services, and tried to figure out who changed, and where did they go? And it turned out that they don't know themselves. (Laughter) For some reason, the car drivers are -- they are confident they actually drive the same way that they used to do. And why is that? It's because that travel patterns are much less stable than you might think. Each day, people make new decisions, and people change and the world changes around them, and each day all of these decisions are sort of nudged ever so slightly away from rush hour car driving in a way that people don't even notice. They're not even aware of this themselves. And the other question, who changed their mind? Who changed their opinion, and why? So we did another interview survey, tried to figure out why people changed their mind, and what type of group changed their minds? And after analyzing the answers, it turned out that more than half of them believe that they haven't changed their minds. They're actually confident that they have liked congestion pricing all along. Which means that we are now in a position where we have reduced traffic across this toll cordon with 20 percent, and reduced congestion by enormous numbers, and people aren't even aware that they have changed, and they honestly believe that they have liked this all along. This is the power of nudges when trying to solve complex social problems, and when you do that, you shouldn't try to tell people how to adapt. You should just nudge them in the right direction. And if you do it right, people will actually embrace the change, and if you do it right, people will actually even like it. Thank you. (Applause) Here for tape B, and we're gonna quickly show you a quick comparsion of the RAM performance I have an original IPAD here and the new IPAD 2 on the right. And what I've done is I've gone ahead and I loaded all of the story from## today. From TlBI main site and I opened them up in the background tabs. Now, with the original IPAD, it only has 256 megabite of RAM, so after when you're browsing web and you open up a tab, and you switch back to the previous tab you're viewing It's gonna reload the entire page because it simply doesn't have enough memory to keep every tab in a live state. So with the IPAD 2, we were guessing that it has at least 512 megabite around, at least double from the IPAD. And that really helps with browsing and keeping everything saved in the memory So I'm gonna quicly show you I opened every, as many tabs as I can on both of the IPADs here. And with the IPAD 2, you see that you can open up each tab, and every single tab is saved into memory It doesn't clear each tab out or clear any of the tabs out. No problem switching between tabs here So, every single tab is loaded into### memory there with no hi-cups or what so ever. Now with the IPAD, at first I have to reload another tab and it seems to, again refresh the entire page. So, probably gonna do that. I'm not on every one apparently, but the majority of tabs, unfortunately they're not gonna be saved because of the lack of RAM. It looks like it's doing pretty well here. Here's another one that had to refresh. And there's another one that had to refresh. Half of the tabs were cleared out here. Another thing you'll notice is the checkerboard effect when I'm scrolling up and down quickly. You just don't get that with the IPAD 2. I haven't seen any checkboard effect yet. Again, I have all tabs opened here. And I just I'm not seeing## any of the checkboard effect happen. Again, just scroll up and down. On the original IPAD, and you get that immediately. That's a pretty good undersatnding of, you know, how much better of the perform IPAD2 is And apparently how much more RAM it has. I'm guessing it has 512. But again, it could have as high as a GB But, I mean that's a quick comparsion, obviously, the IPAD2 is performing## much better than the original IPAD, when it comes to scrolling in the browser, and keeping tabs open in the background. So, I hope that helps you get a better idea, and thanks for watching. And the answer is if the pattern is the empty string, then that matches anything, because the empty string occurs in every text, even if the text is itself empty. So we just return "true" no matter what. If the pattern is the dollar sign, that means that matches only at the very end of the text. So we want to return "true" only if the text is the empty string. So we say "return does the text equal the empty string?" True if that's true, false if that's false. And I put parentheses around it just as a convention of when you're checking in a return value. It makes it a little bit easier to see that this is a return value. Let us continue this brief introduction into relativistic cosmology. An important notion is the so-called cosmological principle. It states that universe is same, at a given time, it's same in all directions and at all locations. This is what's described as homogeinity and isotropy. In a sense, cosmological principle is the generalization of Copernican principle, but on a global, universal scale. Now, there is a perfect cosmological principle proposed by Hoyle and collaborators which says that universe should also be same at all times and that was the basis of this steady state cosmology, which unfortunately did not survive experimental tests. So, what do we mean by isotropy and homogeneity? The picture on the left is homogeneous. You can be anywhere in the infinite plain covered with the stripes and it will look the same, but it's not isotropic. The stripes have a given direction. So it's not the same along the stripes or orthogonal to it. The picture on the right is isotropic from the point in the middle, same in all radial direction, but it's clearly not homogeneous. And, here, we have an example, it would be homogeneous and isotropic texture that is same everywhere in all directions in all places and the one on the right which is neither homogeneous nor isotropic. Why is this important? Well, is it really true? Well, it is true on scales larger than about 100 megaparsecs and there are a couple of experimental pieces of evidence for that. The map on the right shows positions of radio sources in the sky. Those tend to be very far away and so there are a fair sampler or of universe's volume. As you can see, it is, it does look pretty homogeneous. The ellipse on the lower left is indicative of what cosmic microwave background sky looks like, very uniform. There are fluctuations in it, but they are parts in a million, so that tells us that indeed the universe of very large scales is homogeneous and isotropic. Not so on scales smaller than about hundred megaparsecs where we see all the large scale structure, fila ments, and voids, and so on. Turns out that doesn't really matter so much as far as cosmological tests are concerned and cosmology really operates on scales of gigaparsecs and larger. So, it's true that locally, universe is not homogeneous, isotropic, you are standing on a planet after all, but on large enough scales it is a good approximation. Let's go back to general activity. Remember, the most important notion is that presence of mass and energy, the term is geometry and geometry determines where mass and energy go. And the two have to be consistent, so getting a consistent solution to that is essentially Einstein's equations. We will not derive them in here in any shape or form. Just need to show you a little bit of what they look like. So we start first with Poisson equation which describes gravitational potential phi as a function of density rho and this is true in Newtonian physics as well. Now, general relativity says that potential, gravitational potential can be also made equivalent to geometrical description through a metric transfer. And, there is the plane density, there is so-called matter energy density tensor. And that is a matrix four by four and we need not go into its details. So a short connotation, so using these two indices, mu and nu, which go from zero to three, this represents sixteen partial differential equations of this form and those are the Einstein equations. So basically, thing to remember. On the one side, there is a term that is all about spacetime geometry. And on the other side, there is a term that is all about mass and energy and for the move. So this is what Einstein equations are really all about. So there are sixteen of them, but we made those important assumptions that universe is homogeneous and isotropic and that means that only one coordinate would matter, radial coordinate. So that makes things much simpler, instead of sixteen equations we only have one. And that is what's called the Friedmann equation which is the basic staple of cosmology. Just one more thing. Gravity as we know it is an attractive force and this is certainly true in as well. But Einstein's equations allow for introduction of an additional term in potential. And you can think of it, as say integration constant or a new face of gravity just like electricity and magnetism are two faces of electromagnetic interaction, but something that's only apparent of cosmological scales. Essentially, this corresponds to constant energy density term and that is what's called a cosmological constant. Now, if it is seen as, say integration constant, we have no idea what it is. The theory doesn't give us its value and we don't even know its sign. It can be attractive force or repulsive force. The result, it is a repulsive force and it is actually very important, but we'll cover that later in the class. So, those are the basic notions of relativistic cosmology. Next time we'll talk more about the expanding universe and what that means. <Episode 44> Your Grace. Record every word. Yes, sir. Now, shall we begin? On one condition. Release the inspectors and my retainers. Find my consort. Now. Sire! What? The King? Yes, sir. Sire. Where's my consort? Sire? You deaf? Where's my consort? My lord. What are you doing here? You forget what I told you? Follow me. We're going to the palace. My lord. Well? I said follow me. Sire. I clearly told you not to investigate my consort. Stand down, Viceroy. Sire. Pardon me, but that would be wrong. She made a full confession. What? Her real name, her involvement with the guild, even helping the guild leader. She confessed everything. All duly recorded in the police records. It's too late to take it back. I hope you understand. Dong Yi. Dong Yi went to the capital police station? Yes, Your Highness. With her retainers being held and the King under pressure... she couldn't stand it any longer. They used her sense of justice. That's how they got to her. What now? There's nothing the King can do. My lord. Why did you do it? Why did you do this to me? A confession? Are you that ignorant? There's no getting out of a guilty plea. The court will demand execution. I know, my lord. But some things are more important than my life. - The lives of my retainers and your-- - My what? Don't you dare say this was for me. My lord. If it was, if you thought of me even a little... you wouldn't be here at all. You'd have asked me to abdicate and run away with you. Me, punish you? Never, you understand? Never. My lord. Sire. Not 'Sire'. As of this moment I'm no longer king. I'll do what it takes. Whatever it takes. My lord, let go. Don't let me take you down with me. Uh, my father is Kirk Taylor; he's a teacher at Heartland... ...and he tells me about things that go on in this area, and it seems... ...like a nice community. I, myself, am gay, and I'm a young person, and that can cause lots of trouble. And when you hear of things like Dr. King's speech: that one day he wanted... ...his grandchildren, his posterity, to not be judged upon the color of their skin... ...but by the content of their character, I hope that one day, we too can be... ...judged on the content of our character, and not who we love. How old is the Headquarters for the Klu Klux Klan? Does that really sound great on your racism record? The fact that they chose this city to come into... And you probably want to get rid of them, and so how would you like more headlines... ...of 'Howell Denies Gays' or 'Howell Doesn't Protect Them?' This teacher, whom I fully support, finally stood up and said something. I have been in rooms, in classrooms, where children have said the worst kinds of things. The kinds of things that helped drive me to a suicide attempt when I was only... ...nine years old. These are things that hurt a lot. There's a silent holocaust out there, in which an estimated six million gay people... ...every year kill themselves. Is this really the environment we want for our school? Do we really want this on our record? Now, I'm saying that the best thing you can do right now... ...is just, give him his pay for that day, and just reverse the disciplinary actions. He did an amazing thing. He did something that's inspired a lot of people. And whenever, EVER, I have a teacher stand up for me like that... ...they change, in my eyes. I support Jay McDowell, and I hope you do, too. Zane is a dangerous fellow who likes to go rock climbing inside an active volcano. He is a dangerous fellow. He just heard some rumblings, so he's decided to climb out as quickly as he can. Zane's elevation relative to the edge of the inside of the volcano in meters, E, as a function of time in seconds is shown in the table below. Zane climbs at a constant rate. So this guy, I mean if we were to draw a volcano here, this guy is just kind of silly. So this is my volcano. And he's actually climbing on the inside of an active volcano. So there's probably smoke and ash and all the other stuff coming out of this thing. So this really is dangerous for him. And let's say that this right over here is Zane. He's climbing up from inside the active volcano. So let's think about what they're telling us. So based on the table, which of these statements is true? So I'm not going to even look at these statements here. I'm just going to try to interpret this. So his elevation as a function of time in seconds is shown in the table below. So his elevation is negative 24 when time is equal to 0. And this table is done in a kind of nontraditional way. Normally, we would have the input into the function on the left-hand side. And then we would have the function of it on the right-hand side. And actually I like looking at things that way, so I'm going to make it like that. So let me copy and paste this so I can put it on the other side. So let me cut and let me paste it, paste it right over here. So this one, now I can think of it a little bit clearer. So at time 0, he's going to be at negative 24 meters. At time 4 seconds, he's going to be at negative 21 meters. So this makes a little bit clearer, at least in my head. So let's think about what's happening. So where does he start? At time equals 0, where is he? Well at time equals 0, he is 24 meters below the edge of the volcano. So this distance at time equals 0, this distance right over here is 24 meters. And we could even plot this in a graph. So this is his elevation relative to the edge, and it is a function of time. I'll write it like that. And it is negative most of this time. So I'm going to make the t-axis a little bit higher. So it looks something like that. That's our t-axis. And when t is equal to 0, we see that his elevation is negative 24 meters. So his elevation is negative 24 meters. So he's going to, this is right here at 0 seconds. And then when time increases by 4, so our change in time is equal to 4, what's his change in elevation? Well, his change in elevation is, let's see, he's going from negative 24 to negative 21. He increased by 3. So his change in elevation is equal to positive 3. He increased by 3. So at what rate is he increasing his elevation with respect to time? Well, change in elevation is equal to 3 per unit. And that's 3 when his change in time. And remember this triangle just means a Greek letter delta, shorthand for change in. So change in elevation over change in times is 3 over 4. So one way to think about this is that he goes 3/4 of a meter per second. The units up here is meter. The units down here is second. So he goes 3/4 of a meter per second. And we can verify that. The next row here, we see our change in time is 8. So it's twice as much time has passed, so he should have gone twice as much distance if his rate is constant. Let's verify that that's the case. So he went from negative 21 to negative 15. His elevation increased by 6. So change in elevation over change in time is 6/8, which is the same thing as 3/4. So you see that he has this constant change. So let's plot a few of these points. So when time is 0, his elevation is negative 24. When time is 4, right over there, his elevation is negative 21. Let's say this looks something like this. And so his elevation as a function of time is going to look something like this. Let me actually draw it a little bit more to scale. Because the other thing that we do know is that when time is 32, his elevation is 0. So let me put that right over there. When time is 32, his elevation is 0. So his elevation as a function of time looks something like this. And we could plot other points there when time is 4. So 4 is going to be at this half. That's a 4. So 4 is going to be right over there. His elevation is negative 21. So this is a general idea. He starts at negative 24 meters and he increases at a rate of 3/4 meters per second. So which of these choices is correct? Zane was 24 meters below the edge of the volcano when he decided to leave, and he climbs 3 meters every 4 seconds on the way out. That seems right. He climbs 3 meters every 4 seconds. So we're going to go with that one. Let's make sure that these aren't right. Zane was 24 meters below the volcano when he decided to leave, and he climbs 4 meters every 3 seconds. No, no, it's 3 meters every 4 seconds. So that's not right. Zane was 32 meters below the edge of the volcano. No, that's not right. Zane was 32 meters. That's not right either. Translation by Engin Akyurek Universal Fans Club Translation Team Ender Alagoz & Citi Piti I am Dr. Serdar Batur I have been working in Guzelyurt for two months I have worked in many problematic locations in the world. There is nowhere in the world like this place. This place is the capital of fear, loneliness, and desolation. There are masters and slaves. There are dying people and killers. There are submitters to be able to stay alive. Is there a justice? No Tiny and graceful Narin... is trying to stay alive as a woman in this violence and among the men surrounding her. Between life and death,she is quitely and patiently waiting for their decision. She is taking small and timid steps. She has accepted this cruel cycle to protect her family. She has determined that the cruelty of her husband Mustafa is the faith of the life bestowed upon her. She seeks refuge in her prayers only. She pours her heart out to the clouds of mercy. Guzleyurt is surrounded by mine fields. Young, old, children, and women... They all live in the middle of these mine fields. Commune with death... Our job is to clean these mines on their lands. But, how are we going to clean the mines ready to explode in people's heart? I took out the bullet in Narin's heart. Now, how is life going to heal her wounded heart? Will her conscience escape unhurt? What are you doing here? I wanted to check her to see if she needs anything. I was going to put a pillow underneath her head. Get out. I checked; she doesn't have a fever. looks like she sweated a little bit. -Get out. -Let me change her clothes; otherwise she will catch a cold. Are you thickheaded? Do you want me to talk to you the way you'll understand? Don't hit me Mustafa! Please, don't hit me! Don't hit me! Don't scream! Why are you screaming? Mustafa, stop! Don't scream! Why are you screaming? - Don't do it! -What are you talking about? Don't scream! Don't! Why are you screaming? Don't scream! Get out! Son, what are you doing? Leave her alone. Behave! Take this actress away from me for God's sake! Or else I am going to hurt her! I am not doing anything to her. I saw her beside Narin When I opened my eyes. Don't make me talk! Mom, take her away from me. Phoney! Ok. I won't tie you anymore. Narin... You got it now, didn't you? You can't escape from me and this place anymore. You are going to be wherever I am. I know... We have been hurt a lot. There is a bullet inside you. It is from me. But, do you know how many wounds I have because of you? Narin, I am all shattered... I said "Let this pain be over" "Let this wedding be our funeral" I shot you. I wanted to kill you. I was going to come with you by firing the last bullet into my head. Mustafa, son... Come on, go to your room. I stay here. Mom, go back to sleep. I am here. Mustafa, listen once. Go back to your wife. My wife? My wife? Did the artist become my wife with nuptials? Don't sound off in front of the patient! Do you want me to call your dad? May be you want to talk to him. We will never get separated, my girl. Never! What? Did you miss me, eh? I know you missed me. Mahmut Pasa! Don't you see Doctor is sleeping uncovered? Cover him. -Allah! -Oh! Ya, Doctor! Did you wake up? I have fallen asleep here. The best sleep is under the stars. If there wasn't a security problem nobody could make me sleep inside. By counting the stars one by one... By dreaming... Mahmut Pasa, you are very romantic indeed. What are you talking about for God's sake? Mahmut Pasa the Romantic! I am not a romantic! Get off! You... Son... My lamb.... Come on, get up and sleep inside. Narin's ball... Are you going to take us to the school? No. Then give me the ball. I'll take my siblings to the school. Take it. You take them to the school. Today, I am taking you all to the school. You will follow me. I am the chief Ramo! Come on, breakfast time! Melek, you call Yusuf. Be quick! Yusuf! Have breakfast with your sister. - Thank you, abla. -Enjoy. Thank you. Here... Sweetheart. Everybody is asking you at the school. When will you come with us? When I get better. How long? Narin Abla! I am the chief now. I'll be leading them. Look, I have the ball. Be careful, ok? Don't you forget to pray. Am I going to say "Bismillah,Bismillah?" My lord, we trust you You will say "Protect these kids, keep their path clean" I will pray for you as well. Ok? Come... Well, how many eggs do you want romantic Mahmut Pasa Bey? Shut up. Don't make me start on your "roman" and "tic" now. Allah Allah... Crack three eggs. I don't want to break your heart. Yenge is here... Sweetheart. I've made a surprise visit. I missed you so much. You did a good thing. Come. That's the real romantic. The poor don't have a person they can hug like this. Hi... Welcome Ms. Aylin. See, how you beautifully take your step. Praise be! Narin, you sit here I will air out your bed. Fatma Abla. Can I come in? Come in Yasar, sit. Tell me, what do you want me to bring for you? I don't want anything abla, Thanks. I just want to see Narin. Why don't you sit Yasar? You guys sit, I will see Hatun Abla to give her breakfast. You look better. Do you have any pain? Just a little bit. Do you? I take this and it makes me better. I don't feel a thing. Narin I couldn't help you. I wish I didn't happen that way. But, I am here now. I will stand by you Chef and his assistant in Urfa building site are coming. we'll start the evaluation today We'll immediately solve groundbreaking process. I can't be with you today. I have things to do at the field. But, I'll stop by later. Unal Bey, have you arrived? Ok.I'll take him from the hotel. Bye. My lord, we trust you Let our road be short and clean Let us do good in school Let Galatasaray be the champion. Take Yasar with you and come for the breakfast. I'll talk to you. Ok. Narin, how are you? Fine. Yasar, Dad calls us. Come on. I'll come again Narin. You rest and don't get tired. Ok. Kadir, you neglected the job again. Today, start the work. If you are not able to meet the deadlines, I can find someone else. There are many people looking for a job. Abi, I swear I am doing my best. I want a person who uses his brain while doing his best. Come on, eat before it gets cold. You start Yasar, I'll bring your teas. Thanks Seher Abla. Yasar, son, eat soujouk as well. I did it mainly for you because you love it. You finish your bread, both of you will come with me. You both are grown up men now. You will expand my business. You are married now; you will own your business. Yasar, you will work with your brother. Where? What nonsense! Instead of thanking me, you ask me where. Your dad bought an hotel. I became a partner in Mardinli's Hotel. They were short of money; they were gonna build additional building. We'll go and see. Fine. Congratulations. Enjoy your food. Let me bring your medicine. Ok, Abla. Come with me.Walk.. Walk. Walk. Quick. This can be our home.Just right for me and Narin. I will make a huge flat combining these three rooms. A suit for you at the next door. You use the front as an entrance. What will dad say about this? What will he say? He cooked our goose already Now, it's my turn. He thinks that he is smart. He will set up his ruse at the gas station in front of the hotel by means of hotel. And we will watch it. What ruse? Little soldier, little soldier tell me what you are doing Soldier, tell me. When you were not here, Aslan Bulut set up such a system that... As if I don't know(!) Anyway... He doesn't want anybody to know. Don't look at me innocently like that. Smuggling diesel fuel. Wake up! Hello! I absolutely don't want to see here like this, manager. Yasar, son, did you like it? He did Dad. My brother and I will put everything in order. Come, sit there. Don't be afraid. I won't strangle you here. Mustafa ripped up the wedding gown. He doesn't know where to stop. He is all over me. See! I cover it because I don't want people to see it. But, he wants over and over again... Did you see the golds given me during the wedding? When you are a bride of a rich house, everybody gets in line to give you something. I thought and I am giving you these. Take them. Take them and go away. Quitely. Don't say anything to your mom, dad, or brother. Leave here if you want to live. This place can't be your home, my dear. I would be very glad if you tell Aslan Bey that I Called him. You have my number. Oh. Not necessary. Thank you I see him here now. Aslan Bey. I just talked to your assistant to get an appointment with you. I am glad that I met you here. Hello. Aylin Hanim, right? Yes. My engineer colleagues, Unal Bey and Ahmet Bey. And mayor Aslan Bey. Let's go there and drink something, is that ok? Sure.Mustafa! You come as well. You know my son, don't you? I know him. This way. What would you drink? Let's get tea, right? Bring tea. We want to do technical estimate and measurements on the land. And we also want start the school construction immediately. What's the hurry Aylin Hanim? Our personnel should control the project as well to see if there is anything missing. We don't want a sloppy work. Better late than never. Ali Bey and District Governor didn't see anything missing. Therefore... They may not see. Our job is to see. If problem arises in the future, they will hold us responsible. You know... The bureaucracy. They may get reassigned in the future. But we are always here. How are you my rose? You are always on my mind. I want to come and see you. Don't cry my rose. How is Reporter Serpil Hanim? What is she doing? She is fine. She is planning to write an article series about here. She is going to write every step of the school construction How is Narin? I want to visit her before I leave. She is very well. Praise be. Yes, I am late. I am leaving now. Host our visitors well. Mustafa is here. Do your meetings with him. He is the new boss of this place. If you'll excuse me. Aslan Bey! What should we do? Do we Wait for news from you? Yes, you do. We'll take care of it sometime. Slowly! I just bought these sleepers. I make you pay for it... Golden girls! A pain in the neck. I would throw those sleepers over her head to show her the real pain, but... Let's check our pissy countess to see what she is doing. Ok. I got it Aylin. The mayor will make things difficult. I will talk to the district governor now. Don't leave the hotel before I come, ok? Good bye. Doc! You will have difficulties with the Mayor. Expecially, after the news in the paper. What was that? Bloody wedding in Guzelyurt. He will cause you great distress. If he ever tries to destroy those children's future See what happens then. Look.If you need the gendarme, let me know. You might as well start a war. You never know. How are you Hatun Abla? You look well, praise be. You live off the fat of the land. Nobody has your comfort. I want to be comfortable just like you. But we gotta do a very good cleaning first. Especially, the ones who are in the way. You understood very well. You've raised a very contented daugther. Praise be. I made an offer to Narin. Tell her to accept it. I don't know how you tell it, but... Tell her to accept it if she wants to live. Oh! Don't cry. Girl, I have our best interest at heart. What happened Hatun Abla? What did you do to make her cry like this? Nothing... We had a heart-to-heart talk, but poor woman was touched. It is very difficult. Anyway, Hatun Abla. I am leaving now. I come back again. Hatun Abla. My sister... Huh! Your horse Narin exeburated again.Let the horse out. This place depressed even her. -Hello -Welcome -Is district governor available? -Yes, this way. -Good day, Mr. Governor. -Welcome I am sorry that I came all of a sudden without an appointment But, I need you help on an important matter. No need to be sorry, Serdar Bey. Our doors are always open to people like you. Please, sit. I don't want to waste your time. Therefore, let me start. You know, assignment of the land reserved for the school project was done in front of you. Yes. Today engineers came to take measurements.But... Did the municipal cause a trouble? Especially, mayor himself. He said "No need to rush. We need to make some research about its situation" Mayor Aslan, how are you? And we have been going to the land you assigned. If you have time, you come as well. Ok... Let's meet at lunch time then. Thanks. Ismail, do you know how many cars per day stop here? It is no less than 500-600 per day. Trucks are icing on top This is a good job, congratulations Mustafa Abi. Thank you. Could you please fill up the tank? Of course, right away M'am. What gives Are you going back? No, I am going to see the land. District governor is waiting. Here you go. Thank you. Takt it easy. I am always here. Sorry for our loss. Thank you. Welcome Yasar. May God not give you another pain to make you forget this pain. Amen... Please think us as your son as well. Whatever you need, we are always here. Yasar. how are you? Are you a veteran now? I hope you feel better. How is Narin? Did she survive? Narin!Narin! Narin! What happened to you? Narin... Hi. How are you? Thanks. Sorry, we distracted you from doing your job. No, not at all Aylin Hanim. This is our the most important job right now. And I also promised you to help you. Thank you very much. You didn't wait too long, did you? Welcome Mayor. Thank you. Please open your eyes. Narin, we are very scared. Let's call the doctor and let him know Abla. You call Ibo. They must be with Aslan Bey. They know what to do. Look! She is opening her eyes. Narin... Do you hear me? Talk to me. Mom... What sweetheart? Tell me. Mommy... This is not good. I'll let them know. I am planning to open a library after the school is built. I hope you are going to help us as well. Let's handle this school first Mayor. Library is easy. What? Narin is sick? Aslan Bey! I got a call from home. Narin is not well. Serdar Bey! Doctor! Do you have a minute? We got a call from home. Narin fell ill. Ok, I'll examine her now. Don't worry. Serdar, I'll come with you. Ibo, you go with doctor. Let me know if he needs anything. Ok. I wonder what happened. They are killing Narin That is what's hapenning. I hope you die. What are you doing? You... You... What did you do to Narin? Tell me, what did you do to her? Listen to me, if something happens to Narin I destroy you before Mustafa. You all have gone crazy. Get out of my way. Come on Doc... Come on... Fatma Abla! Where is Narin? She is at downstairs. This way... Thank God, you are here. Please leave the room. Let me check what happened to her. Doctor... If you need something, I'll be outside. Thanks Ibo. Do you hear me? Now, I'll dress the wound. Ok? Your wound have bled. Does it hurt? My heart bled, Doctor Abi. Narin, it will get better. All these things will pass. Wow! My officer! Dude, where are you? I call you but I cannot reach you. I am not like you, dude. I have been working since the morning. And where is Ms. Aylin? She and Doctor Serdar went to your house. Narin got ill again. They left not long ago. Don't be afraid. You went through fire and water. Yes. This little needle is nothing. It makes me sleep, Doctor Abi. When I sleep, bad things happen. That's why I am scared. You have to sleep more and get rest so that your pains will go away. I have a headache and also my vision is blurry. Hold my hand. Tighter. Little bit more. More. Ok. Look Narin. The bullet at the back of your neck is still there. And we don't know what happened when you fell down. Therefore, it would be better if we get it checked in a hospital tomorrow morning. They don't let me go. Just trust me. I'll talk to your dad. Ok? Get well soon. Ladies, I am finished, you can come inside! Narin Aylin She helped me a lot during your surgery. Without her, I wouldn't be able to do the surgery alone. She came from Istanbul just to see you. Narin, your face is glowing. We were worried about you. Do you feel fine now? Do you want anything? What do you want us to do? Examine my mom. She is sick. I don't want her to get sad. I'll do it. This way Doctor. Did you tell Kadir Abi? Ibo called him. He'll be here soon. Hatun Abla is Narin's mom. She is bedridden. I take care of her. But, she is like an angel. Hatun Abla. I am Doctor Serdar. I just examined Narin. Don't you worry. She is getting better. Hatun Abla. He is the doctor who saved Narin. Bless your heart. See, she understood, too. Don't cry Hatun Abla. Don't worry. Your daughter is very well. Tell me now, what are your complaints? She can't tell what's bothering her. She is mute, how can she tell? Narin! What happened again? She just fell asleep. Doctor examined her. Let's go outside. Seher will stay and that'll be enough. Is she ok? Son, she is fine. Aylin Hanim, come on... Let's go outside and drink something. I'd better drink an Ayran. I guess my bloodpressure dropped. Ibo! Is Narin Ok? She is fine abi. Doctor is here. Would he leave Narin here if something was wrong? Kadir, come.' Narin is sleeping. We alarmed you, but when we see her lying on the floor just like that... We all panicked. I'm going to sit on that lounge. -I'll prepare the ayrans right now. Please sit. -Ok, thank you. Fatma! Come with me to the kitchen. We'll serve to the guests. I'll do it Abla. Don't worry. Kadir Abi! Could you come over here? Let's talk. Doctor, I beg you, tell me, is she ok? Kadir Abi, look... We gotta take Narin to the hospital tomorrow the latest. She complains about a headache. I examined her and the signs are no good. She doesn't have strength in her hand. For example, her eyes. What I am trying to say is we need to take her to the hospital. Ok, doctor. Whatever you say. Abla... I am going to tell you something. But, don't get mad at me. I am very suspicious of Asiye. I think she did something to Narin. We don't know if she pushed around her. She is always around Narin. Last night, Mustafa, too, caught her next to Narin. Actually, I also don't believe what Mustada told. Our troubles never end. Doctor Bey, please, drink our ayran. We are going to server now. Doctor Serdar is on public service. You will have many patients from this house, doctor. I talked to Kadir Abi As well. Tomorrow, we have to take Narin to the hospital right away. You make her ready... And we go together. It is beyond your ability, eh? Yes,that's right... There is nothing we can do with available means in here. Welcome, my brother. My brother, veteran infantry sergeant Yasar Bulut. Yasar, come, meet with Doctor Bey Meet with Aylin Hanim. Welcome Thank you. I am Serdar. Nice to meet you. I am Aylin. Nice to meet you. Me too. I saw you this morning. I heard that you had been cleaning the mine fields. I wanted to meet you. Please come whenever you want. We talk later. I am sure we have a lot to share. Narin...You are hungry, aren't you? I'll bring you something to eat, eh? So, what did doctor say? They will take her to the hospital for check-up. Her situation is bad, then. Is that so? She is going to stay here. We need to examine her to prevent her situation from worsening. Excuse us. Tomorrow, you make Narin ready early in the morning. Kadir Abi and I will take her to the hospital. Give her the medicines that I gave you after 4 hours. Ok. If there is any emerceny, call me. Ok. Doctor Abi... Narin... I am going now. If you ever need me, just tell them "Call Doctor Abi", ok? I examined your mom. Don't worry, she is very well. I hope she gets better. Thanks Doctor. Two minutes. If you didn't come back in two minutes, I would come there. Good job, you cut the visit short. Tomorrow morning, I'll take Narin from here. I'm finished Aylin. Let's go. Doctor Bey, thanks for everything. Not at all. Goodbye. Let me see you off. Goodbye. Throw it to me. Don't mention it and don't make me feel bad Kadir Abi. We'll see you tomorrow. -Good bye -Thank you doctor. Tomorrow, Zeynep Teacher will come here. She asked about Narin. You are the Abla from Istanbul, aren't you? I recognized you. Yes, you're right. And you are the mine doctor, aren't you? Yes, and you're Ramo. -Yes. -And you're Yusuf. -I am Omer. -I am Ayse. These two are mine, Doctor Bey. Is that so? Good bye. -Good bye Kadir Abi -Good Bye Ms.Aylin. Ya, Kadir Abi.. What was the doctor doing at your house? This is the doctor who healed Narin. He was here to examine her. Oh, this is he? Praise be! Praise be! Praise be! Yes This is not going to work. We need to take Narin to Istanbul. Otherwise, we are going to lose her. Mustafa? We are not going to tell him. Hello, Serdar? How are you? I'll take it to your Mom. She is busy with her flowers. It is Serdar. Sweetheart? I've been thinking about you just now and you called. Mommy.. We will come to Istanbul tomorrow. I wil bring Narin with me. I want Kenan Hoca to see her. Ok, you made the right decision. I'll talk to Kenan and arrange all the appointments. But, what about the problems over there? I don't know, I'll figure it out one way or another mom. I'll let you know tomorrow, ok? Bye. Welcome. Aslan Bey, I have something to tell you before the dinner. Let's go to the guest room. If it is bad news, tell me later for God's sake! This is good news for all of us. Fatma, set the table. Ibo, get the kids from the street. It is late. Ok, Abla. Tell me. Doctor came and examined Narin. They will go to the hospital with Kadir tomorrow. So you know. Nothing bad, that is. I know all these. Ibo told me. Come to the point. I say Kadir and his family should move to the house in our village. As long as Narin is here, we won't have any peace in this house. Asiye won't leave her alone. She won't give any of us some peace. Not to the girl. Not to us. Fatma and Seher both saw as well. She is harrassing her when she gets the chance. They say something bad is going to happen to her. And I saw it, too. Well, you brought her here saying that she was an angel. So, is your niece devil, Duriye Hanim? No, that's not what I am saying, but... Of course, they are young. They don't want to share their home or husband. Tell Mustafa... Why.. Tell me what I will say. I am tired of al of you. I want to get rid of you. I am tempted to move somewhere away from you all and enjoy myself. I wish you did this and saved me as well. Call your son to the dinner. You get my dander up when you say "your son, your son"! As if I brought Mustafa from my father's house! Good evening Abi. If you don't mind I want to tell you something. Abi, we got the news. Tonight, three trucks will hit the road. I am going to the depot. Do you have anything to say? Check the money, there should 6000 dollars more from previous sale. Don't let it fall through. Follow up that. If he doesn't give the money, don't pump the diesel Tell them we are not playing games here. Take Ibo with you. If something goes wrong, let me know. Ok abi. You guys start... Delicious. Enjoy. How did you sauce this? Doctor Bey, I put a little bit star, moon, and love. Pasha, you've become a poet since last time I saw you. No, no... for God's sake. Do you know what we call Serdar and Mahmut Pasha? Watch your step Ali Asker, you may be starved tonight. Don't be afraid of his threats Ali Asker, just tell. Ya, Doctor Bey... I am telling it now: Romantic Mahmut Pasha Bey. Ok! Tonight, everybody will be starved. Yasar. Yes, dad. Did you take a good look to the hotel with your brother? We did and we talked to the manager as well. I approved the alteration plans. The construction will start immediately. There will be additional 20 rooms. Let me tell you something. It is a great advantage that it is near the gas station. I asked around, it looks like the number of cars are no less than 500. We will earn money easily. And we also open a couple of touristic shop next to it. And we run them. Ok... Good idea. Good thinking. And, we are going to do some alterations here as well. When Kadir and his family move to the village, we handle their side of the house as well. And Asiye and you move into their place. There are two huge rooms. It will be like an apartment flat. Where are they going? I want them to be closer to the fields. and have men in the houses at the village. I can also go there now and then to get some peace. Furthermore, that place is good for speedy recovery of the patients. We rebuild the vineyard house as well. Don't we Aslan Bey? Narin? She will live with her parents in the village. She can't be here anymore. This is the new order Mustafa. Do your job, start a family, and give me some peace! Hello? What happened Kadir? Did you get it? Ok, ok...Load. I am going to the hotel. I have visitors. Let me make an appearance. Abi... Enjoy your meal. Mustafa. These turkus break my heart. What happened to me? You feel the same as the people here. You are starting to understand here. You are starting to understand the grief pouring on us. Hello... Is this gendarme? I am going to tip off. Uh-huh. Diesel smuggling. Aslan Bey... From now on, I am going to stage the new play. You are going to play this one until I get bored. Let's see. You took me somewhere at night when I came to Ankara last time. Red Balloon. There was a girl. I made her sing "The side of my cup is green" Turku singer. Bahar Acar. Of course, I know. She has very nice routine. When these alterations over, let's bring her for the opening, eh? Sure... Let's do cheers. Cheers to Bahar. What would you like to drink? What would I like to drink? Bring something. And let them arrange a room for me; I am going to stay here. Yes, sir. I want him to move out from my house. Let me give him the first year's rent... My Lord who creates the night and the day, the stars and the moon. You are the one who lights our way in this darkness. Thank you. You protect the believers from the bad and cruel people. Thank you. Kadir Abi, I can take you there. No, thanks. Doctor will be with us. It is better if you stay with my brother. Hello? Yes? It's me. When? Both of them? Damn... How am I going to tell this to my brother? What happened? Is it something bad? The trucks got busted. Hello. Are you ready Kadir Abi? We are ready. Let's go then. Serdar is waiting in the car. Doctor Bey! Yes. There is a pain, right there. It is like scouring inside. When I carry something in the shop, it is like it is going to rupture. And I have no man to take care of me. When do you want me to come to you? For patient visit? I am not at the hospital these days. When I am available, I will come and examine you, ok? Ibo, you tell the news to my brother. I am leaving now. Aslan Bey will be very mad. Narin! Get well soon, my dear. Don't you worry. You will get better. See.. A doctor such as him is taking care of you. Narin, ,my dear, put this behind your head, ok? Thanks Abla. Come on my girl. -Narin, take good care of yourself, my dear. -Bye. -Bye -Bye Bye my dear. She will get better. I hope so Safiye, I hope so. A doctor such as him is taking care of Narin. She will get better, for sure. Yasar... Yes, I stayed at the hotel. Why don't you come here as well? Bring something clean to wear, ok? See you later. From now on, this is my home. Seher, pour me some tea. Asiye, my girl, give me some tea... Bring eggs, too. I hope you die from overeating. Are you looking for the tea cups? They are not there my dear... This side. There you go. Tea spoon is here. Don't forget where it is. Take it my dear. Duriye Abla likes her tea light. Don't forget to put a lemon on the side. They are very ready for requesting a service. They make their bride serve and it is not even a month. Abla... Thanks fatma. See, you get up early but your brother still sleeps. Good morning. Call him. He is not here. He stayed at the hotel. He wanted clean clothes to wear. Yasar. Do a man-to-man talk with him. He is embarassing us. Thanks my girl. Sit and have your breakfast. While going to your brother, would you take me to my mom's house? Let me ask you something. Do you have Narin's identity card? Yes, I do Doctor.Here it is. Do you ask it for the hospital? Yes, it will be necessary for the procedures. Narin? It is your birthday three days later. You'll be 18 years old young girl. Let's do a birtday party for you. Doctor, we don't know such things. We never did. Damn you all scumbags! Are you gonna make me a murderer? I send all of you away! Where is he? Where is he? I am going to kill you! How could you this to me? Do you know how much money I lost? Aslan Bey, calm down. Arghhh! Aslan Bey, your blood pressure will go up. Let me die and get rid of all of you. Enough is enough! It is either me or you! What happened? Dad is mad at my uncle because of the business. You make the bag ready, I'll take it to my brother. Kadir Abi. Because of the bullet in her head Her reflexes are not responding well Let me put it this way: She is losing strength in her hands and arms. Her vision is problematic as well. We can't heal her here. We have to take her to Istanbul. There is nothing to worry about. I arranged an appointment with the best brain surgeon in Istanbul. We can heal her but... We need your permission. My daughter would be dead by now if it wasn't you Doctor. You know what's best. I entrust her to you. Don't you worry. My mom and Aylin will always be with her. Mom... I am talking to Kadir Abi now. We will bring Narin to Istanbul. ok, bye. Did Inci Abla alarm the whole Istanbul? We are going to Istanbul Ms.Narin. Everybody is waiting for you there. Mom says you shouldn't stay at the hotel. She says you are embarrassing us. Really? It will be like this from now on. I stay at wherever I like. She can't do anything about it. And I will bring Narin here as well. She can live with her bride Asiye all alone in the house. They took Narin to the hospital this morning. I know. How is dad? He was shouting his headd off for Uncle Kadir. I guess there is a problem with the trucks. He was talking about how much money he lost. You are saying he got hurt, eh? He was like a mad man. He only gets hurt when it comes to money. At last, I am over the clouds. Thank God. These clouds will take me Istanbul now. Grant me goodness, and let the goodness find Doctor Abi who protects me and Aylin Abla. You showed me good people. Compassionate clouds, like a cotton... They are beautiful as your heaven. Full of light. Hello, Mustafa? Asil, my brother, where are you? We are waiting for you. My brother, may God unite you again. What do you mean? Narin flied to Istanbul. They took her. Who did take her? Who would it be? Doctor Serdar with Aylin Hanim. Which flight? 10:00 AM Ok. Thank you. I'm from Mexico. I have three sisters. I have a twin sister and my little brother. My mom lives with us. My dad is in Mexico. He has a Ph.D degree in Education. And my mom is a professor. I'm a teacher assistant here at Northridge Academy High School. I think that the at-risk youth experience is very unique. Many of these kids really need individual help, like very, very basic stuff. Everything is leading me more to immigration. But I also want to work for the government at the national level. I think after I finish law, I will be able to specifically choose what I want to be. (music) Oh, my god. You haven't changed a bit. Still tall. Still friggin' sexy! I totally want to blow you! Just so you know, I'm gay now. You were gay then. I saw the look on that tight ends face the day after Prom. Come in. I was so excited to get your call. I haven't seen you since graduation. Weren't you Valedictorian? I always loved you for your mind. No. I barely graduated. Yah, but you always thought with your penis. which makes you smart in my book. Ya, speaking of smart. Wow, you're really doing well for yourself. Ya, I guess all those years playing doctor with the neighborhood boys, finally paid off. County Coroner. So cool. I'm making you a double Martini. Are you trying to get me drunk? I remember you weren't always so gay when you were drunk. Ya, ya, ya. I'll have a drink. I'll have a drink. Go make me a drink. Make yourself comfortable sexy. I'll be right back. Feel free to ditch the pants. Kidding. Dirty or clean? Uh huh. Jesus christ! You scared the... Hello. What's going on in there? I see you met Potter. He's my lab assistant. We're working from home today. Hi. Hi. I like to call him Hairy Potter. You should see all that fur underneath that shirt. Go ahead Potter. Show him. Really Susie? Show him your fur. Don't you just want to be Little Red Riding Hood skipping to Grandmother's house through that forrest? But, you're not here to see him. You're here to see me, right stud? Have a seat with me on the couch. Here are the stomach contents from the hooker. Not now. Go work someplace else! So, what excuse are you going to use to see if I'm still as hot as I was in high school? So, I heard you did the autopsy on a friend of mine who died recently. That party bear? You knew him? What a pity. He was a cutie. whoa, whoa.. So, I was wondering if you knew how he died? Come on, Wood! Is that really why you're here? Yeah. Fuck. I was hoping you had a head injury and thought you were straight. Sort of a reversal of that straight English rugby player that had a freak gym accident and went into a coma. And when he woke up, he thought he was a completely gay hairdresser. Wood, I have been dying to suck that dick of yours for years. It's the only thing I could think about since your call. If, I let you suck it, will you tell me what I want to know? Hell ya! Ok! Ok. But you are probably going to need some help getting hard, right? A little. Potter, get in here! Good idea. Take your shirt off. Strip for him! Look, I told you before, I'm not a stripper. I have a PHD. Just do it!! Faster! I need music. I can't do this without music. For fuck sake! Yes, I like that. Alright I like where you are going with that. Ya, ya, ok, that's working. I'm feeling Wood. Ya, pants. There we go! Good job Potter. Ya, dance for me. Nice ass! Do the "Cabbage patch". Do the "Sprinkler" for me. Do the "Swim". You're a fish now. You're a sexy fish. You're my sexy little bitch fish. That's what you are. Ya, that'll...woo... Do the Kylie Minogue. Don't talk. Don't ruin it. Yes, yes! And were off!! Thank you! So what happened to the guy? She found traces of an odorless, fast-acting poison in J Cub's system. Someone definitely had it out for him. Degas and the Nude is a new exhibition at the Musee D'Orsay in Paris. The works on display span half a century although they are perhaps less well known than his paintings of ballet dancers and horses. This exhibition explores Degas's evolution as an artist throughout his long career. The nude plays a central role in Degas" oeuvre because it's where he started his career, it was at the heart of the classical art training he received. And the nude can be seen throughout Degas" career as the genre through which he innovates technically, using painting, drawing, sculpture, monotype, engraving and obviously pastels, but it's also the genre through which he evolves stylistically. Some of the works are very seldom on show due to their fragility. Others have been borrowed from the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Chicago Art Institute and the New York Metropolitan Museum. The majority of the works in the exhibition are on paper, monotypes, pastels, chalk at their extremely delicate of light sensitive. That's why they've never been on permanent displaying their respective collections. The exhibition runs until July. How does a falling ball move after it is dropped? This question asks for a careful analysis of the ball's velocity and position as it falls. In a nutshell, the ball's velocity increases steadily in the downward direction. But its position shifts down further with each passing second. Now, to help you understand these positions and velocities, let me suppose initially that gravity has vanished, and let's look and see what happens. To a falling ball in the absence of gravity. In a live class I can make that supposition, but only in my head. In video, I can show you that possibility. Now, this is a class about how the real world works. It's a science class. It's not about science fiction. So whenever I do this sort of thing, when I show you how things would happen if I changed the rules slightly, I'll let you know. So, off goes gravity. Lets see what happens to a ball that's released from rest in the absence of gravity. Gravity has been switched off. Now, the acceleration of the gravity is zero. And lets see what happens when we drop a ball from rest. Ready, get set, go. There's no acceleration due to gravity, so the ball's velocity starts at zero, which is when I release it, and it stays at zero. The ball's inertial, and it does nothing. It just remains there in space. Gravity is still switched off. And I'm going to drop the ball from rest again. But this time, I'm going to plot the ball's velocity verses time. Now velocity is a vector quantity, and plotting a vector quantity is difficult. After all it has an amount and a direction. So what I'm actually going to plot. Is the vertical component of the ball's velocity. That is, the portion of the ball's velocity that lies along the vertical direction, and therefore that affects the ball's altitude or height above the ground. So if it's moving downward That contributes a downward component of velocity. If it's moving upward, that is an upward component of velocity? Ready? Again, no gravity. Here we go. Ready? Get set. There you have it. The balls velocity starts at zero, and as time passes, the velocity stays at zero. It's inertial. The acceleration due to gravity is zero, in the absence of gravity. And so, the ball's velocity is constant. Well, this is getting tedious. We need some action. Gravity's still switched off, though. So, if we want some action, we want some motion, I've gotta do it myself. So I'm going to drop the ball again, but this time I'm going to give it a push before I let go of it. I'm going to make sure that it has a downward velocity from the moment I let go. What it does with that velocity is up to it, but I'm going to give it that starting velocity in the downward direction. And as it moves I'm going to plot two things. I'm going to, first I'm going to plot the vertical component of the ball's velocity, as before, but I'm also going to plot the vertical component of the ball's position. What's the vertical component of position? Well, it's the altitude of the ball. Relative to some starting point, some zero, and I'm going to make the zero the point at which I let go of the ball, so if the ball moves downward relative to the point where I let go of it, that's downward, a position that's down, below where it started. Those'll be the negative values for my component, vertical component of position graph. If it moves upward, which it won't this time, those'll be the positive values of my vertical component of position graph. So here we go. I'm going to release the ball, not from rest, but with an initial downward component to its velocity, and we'll watch the ball fall in this gravity-free environment. Are you ready? Get set. Go. It was inertial. The ball coasted downward. After all, it has zero net force acting on it, here in the world of no gravity. And so whatever velocity it started with it retained.So as time passed,the velocity didn't changed. The position of the ball did changed however. The ball used its velocity to cover the distance. And with each passing second, it went lower and lower, lower and lower,until it finally. Until finally it drifted out of view. Without gravi ty the ball becomes inertial after you let go of it. It's experiencing no external forces, and so it travels at constant velocity, in accordance with Newton's first law of motion. Whichever way it was heading when you let go, it'll keep heading in that direction, and there's nothing special. Above downward anymore. Finally, its time for some gravity, but just a little. If I turn on the full earth gravity, the ball drops so fast that I can't show you what's going on. So I'm going to start with just a little bit of gravity, 1/100th. Of the full earth gravity. That means that the full acceleration of the gravity here in my special video world is going to be 0.098 meters per second. That's 1/100th ofthe real-world value. What you'll see then is the ball accelerate downward. It will go faster and faster as time passes. At the same time, its position will change. It will cover distance in the downward direction. I'm going to drop it from rest, make things simple, and you'll watch it accelerate downward and travel downward. In response to a very weak version of gravity. Are you ready? Here we go. Ready, get set, go. How about that? It started very slowly. In fact, from the moment I let go of it, it was at rest. And then it went faster and faster and faster as time passed. and it used that downward velocity to travel more and more with each passing second. So in the first second, it didn't go very far because it was traveling very slowly on average. The second, second, it traveled farther. The third second, farther still, and by the time five seconds have passed, it had pretty much drifted out of view. So, that's life with weak gravity. To show you full gravity, the whole earth's gravity, to return to the real world. I need more height. I can't work in this little, little, laboratory. We gotta go use the entire Physics Building at the University of Virginia. And that's what we're going to do. The earth's gravity is strong enough to make things happen fast. And that's why I need more height to work with. I'm going to drop this bo wling ball out of the third floor window of the Physics building and let the ball fall all the way past the basement. But even with that amount of height to work with, the fall's going to be over in a little more than 1.2 seconds. So we'll do it initially at full speed. And then because this is video, I'll slow down the video and begin to mark it up, so that you can see how a falling ball moves. Going down. Here's a bowling ball. Ready. Set. Go. I told you that fall would be quick. It's hard to even see the bowling ball as it plummets. To make it easier for you to follow the bowling ball during its descent, I'm going to highlight it with a red dot. So here's the same fall, but with a red dot marking the position of the bowling ball as it falls. Ready, set, go. Because I'm trying to explain how a falling ball moves after is dropped I need to be able to show you how the ball's position and its velocity change with time. But recall that while it takes only a single glimpse to absorb the ball's position, it takes two glimpses to determine the ball's velocity. And if you go as far as looking for acceleration, it takes three glimpses. It would be helpful therefore, if we had more than the one glimpse of the ball's position visible simultaneously. Since this is a video, I can do that. The camera records 30 frames per second, that's 30 glimpses of the ball's position every second. What I can do is cause the whole video to remember all the previous glimpses of the ball up until the current moment. That means that every thirtieth of a second, we'll have a glimpse of the ball. So, here's that same falling bowling ball, marked by a red dot, and all the previous red dots will linger on the screen so you can see the, the evolution of the ball's position. And from that. Take a loot at its velocity and acceleration. Ready, set, go. That trail of red dots tells us a great deal about the bowling ball's movement after I dropped it. At first, the bowling ball was moving downward very slowly, and it remained close to my hands. It had a small downw ard velocity, so its position was shifting downward slowly. But that slow descent didn't last. After about a second of falling. The ball had accumulated a much larger downward velocity. After all, it's accelerating downward rapidly, at the acceleration due to gravity. So, there near the bottom of the fall, the ball had a large downward velocity, and so its position was shifting downward rapidly. To help you observe the motion I just described, I need to slow the video down. So here's the same fall again at 1/10th of normal speed, slow motion, and I'm going to mark out the ball's position every fifth of a second. So five times a second. I'm going to draw a line, to indicate where the ball is. Let's choose as the zero of position, the point from which I dropped the bowling ball, that's zero. I can not measure the ball's position every 1/5th in a second in indicating on the video. I can also measure the ball's velocity every fifth of a second, and indicated as well. But to do that, to make the measurement of velocity, I have to compare two positions at different times. After all. Velocity is the rate at which position is changing with time. I need to look at the change in position to observe velocity. So, here is the same fall, once again in slow motion at 1/10th of full normal speed, with approximate values for the ball's position and it's velocity. Indicated every fifth of a second. As you can see, the falling bowling ball's velocity is increasing in the downward direction by about two meters per second every fifth of a second. It's a steady increase in downward direction, so this corresponds to a steady acceleration downward. Over the course of an entire second, the bowling ball, ball's velocity increases by about ten meters per second in the downward direction. That's an acceleration of ten meters per second. Per second, or equivalently, about 10m/sec^2, in the downward direction. That's not a coincidence. This is a falling ball, and falling balls accelerate downward, at about 10m/sec^2. The acceleration due to gravity. So this is a falling ball, its velocity's increasing steadily in a downward direction at a rate of ten meters per second per second or 9.8 meters per second per second if you like, physics works. Well, you may find it helpful if I graph that falling bowling ball's position and velocity, each as a function of time. So here, here in this next version of the same video, I will give you a plot of the bowling ball's velocity versus time. And the bowling ball's position versus time. Here we go ahead, slow motion, a tenth of normal speed, the bowling ball falling out of the window. The ball's steadily increasing downard velocity is the hallmark of constant downward acceleration. After all, this is a falling ball, and falling balls are always accelerating downward at the acceleration due to gravity. That steady downward increase in the ball's velocity causes the graph of the ball's position to arc Downward, for some thoughts on the shape of that arc, let's return to my laboratory. The bowling ball survived it's fall just fine, but the ground outside the Physics Building has a pretty good dent in it. So where do these motion curves come from? That is for falling ball drop from rest, its velocity plotted versus time gives you a straight line and its position plotted versus time gives you a curve that bends downward. Where does that come from? To answer those questions, we need to look at how the falling ball dropped from rest, how it's acceleration depends on time, how it's velocity depends on time, and lastly, how it's position depends on time. The first of those. How the following ball's drop from rest. Acceleration depends on time is simple. Its a falling ball, its acceleration is constant. Its the acceleration due to gravity, approximately 10m/sec^2 straight down, and we represent that by the little letter g. So. The following ball's acceleration is just equal to little g, nothing else. Time is out of the picture. Second issue, the velocity of that following ball dropped from rest as a function of time. Well now time does matter because the following balls. Velocity starts at zero, but because it's accelerating downward, the velocity gradually accumulates more and more downward, aspect to it. It goes faster and faster. After one second, the falling ball, dropped from rest, is heading downward at, ten meters per second, approximately. After two seconds, it's a 20m/sec, approximately, and so on. All right? What's the formulaic relationship, then, between the velocity and the time? It turns out that the velocity of the falling ball dropped from rest is simply the acceleration, which is little g, times time. Nothing else. So that is the formula for a straight line. When you plot The falling ball dropped from rest at velocity versus time there in a straight line. The slope of that line is little g, the acceleration due to gravity. All right? That brings us to position. The falling ball dropped from rest; position is more complicated, because to determine how far the ball has moved from where we started We have to know the average velocity of the ball over the time we're, we're considering. From start, from the drop moment, to, to now, and we have to know it's average velocity over that period, and we also know, have to know, the length that period because the, the, the ball will move using its, its average velocity to make progress, to go somewhere. To change its position and the, the new position of the ball will be its average velocity times the time over which it's used at average velocity, namely the time between the drop and now, the moment in question. That passes, that begs a new question. Okay, so what's the average velocity? Of this ball droped from rest. In many cases in physics, calculating an average velocity is difficult.This is a very simple case where you can do it pretty easily, the average of a ball it drop from rest is simply. The average of its starting velocity times zero and its ending velocity, the moment in question. Just take those two values and average them because they'll be times early on when the ball was traveling more lik e the starting velocity, they'll be times later on when the ball is traveling more like the final velocity and it all averages out. The middle, the middle point, in terms of velocity, is, the average. And so, we know, what the velocity of a falling ball is, as, as a function of time. It's, it's g * time. So, the velocity at the start of the drop is zero. The velocity at the end of the drop is, g*time, when, not necessarily the end of the drop, but the moment in question, the moment we're paying attention to. So the average of zero in gtime is gtime/2, halfway between the two. So that is the average velocity of a falling ball dropped from rest. G*time/2, the falling ball uses that average velocity to make progress and it has time,amount of time to work with so we multiply g*time/2, the average velocity, * time, we get. The new position of the falling ball dropped from rest. It's g*times^2/2 and that is the, the formulatic relationship between the position of this falling ball dropped from rest and the time it's had to fall. So there's the whole story. The, the relationship between acceleration and time, is simple, it's a constant. The relationship between the falling balls velocity, and time, is, is, is a straight line. It, it is, that the, the falling balls velocity, is proportional to time; g * time, time. And finally, the falling ball dropped from rest position is proportional to time squared. It's g/2 times time squared. And that kind of a formulaic relationship betwene position and time gives you an arc, if you plotted against time. time squared. If you plot time squared or anything proportional to time squared against time, it gives you an arc. And the shape of that arc is parabolic, so this is the mathematicians would identify that and go, oh, that's a special kind of arc. It's a parabola and parabolas show up all the time in falling objects, and will see more of them later on in this episode. During the first second of its fall the stone is moving down relatively slowley on average and so it doesn't travel very far from you hands, but during the second, second of its fall The stone is moving downward much faster on average, and so it covers far more distance during that second, second than during the first second. That's why, after only one second of falling, the stone is much closer to your hand than it is to the water. So we've seen that when you drop a ball from rest, all of its motion occurs along that vertical coordinate direction. And that motion is relatively simple. The ball's acceleration, is that of a falling object. It accelerates downward at the acceleration due to gravity. The ball's velocity, is also pretty simple. It starts at zero, because we're dropping it from rest, and then it increases in the downward direction In proportion, to the time, over which the ball has been falling. Lastly that brings us to position. The balls position, we can define as starting at zero, and then that position, increases in the downward direction, in proportion to the time it's been falling squared. That's because As the balls moves faster and faster, it covers more and more distance with each passing second. So, it, it, it, its velocity increases in proportion to time, its position increases in proportion to time ^ two. Well, this is the simplest case of falling. Falling from rest. In the next video we'll take a look at what happens if you have a ball that's not falling from rest. Its actually falling, from a start in the upward direction. The EU has money to share out - a lot of money, for regions which are structurally weak. In return Brussels wants to have its say. But can beaurocrats really know what Portugal's periphery for example needs? Up until now, this has never worked. From 2014 the structural aid is itself to be re-structured, giving more control to the EU. At the same time it should be easier to access funds. Sounds like a contradiction. Does it make sense? That's what we're asking next week on Europa plus. Hi, welcome to the class again. And in this lecture, we are gonna study geometric transformations, the rotations and translations. So, you might be wondering why we need to have this lesson on linear algebra. The reason we need to have this lesson in linear algebra is because we want to understand how a camera captures an image of an object in the world and what happens if the camera moves. So, that's what we wanna understand. So, there are two things involved here. So, imagine that we have a camera. And in that camera, we have a coordinate system. So, in the coordinate system with the camera, we are going to have x, y, and z. Coordinates associated with various points in the object. Right, now, what happens if this object moves? So, all these coordinates will change. Coordinates change. Now, is this, is this really fundamental? Suppose I have a chair and I moved the chair, is the chair now a different object? In a setting sense, no, it's the same object but if I measure the coordinates with respect to the camera, those have changed. So we want to distinguish between these, these two effects and we use these two terms in computer version. One is pose and the other is shape. So, pose refers to the relationship of the object to the camera. And it's gonna be characterized by how it is situated with the respect to the camera. So if I am looking at an object and then I moved that object, then the pose changes, But the shape doesn't change. The shape is, changes only if I break that object or tear it apart or some such thing, is independent of the relationship of the object to the camera. So, let me illustrate this with an example from high school geometry. So, suppose I have a triangle. And then I, I can move it. So, I can move it to some new place and I can rotate it at the same time. So, what happened is that I have translated each. And I have rotated it. But it's the same triangle. So, in high school geometry, we call this the notion of congruence. So, we'll say that these two triangles are congruent. And there are a number of conditions under which, by which we can figure out whether the two triangles are congruent. So, we want to develop this idea more generally. And basically, what we are gonna come to is some notion that there's certain transformations you can do and that does not change the shape. So, shape Of the triangle Remains unchanged under the transformation of rotation and translation. Note, The coordinate's xy of radius points on the triangle have changed. So, that's the fundamental distinction pose changes when we rotate and translate the object, shape does not. Okay, so, that motivates the study of rotations and translations. So, let's think about this more generally. So, we have rotations. And I'm just trying to rely on your intuition of what rotations are and translations. And now we will operate like mathematicians. Are these special cases of more general transformations? That's the question. And the answer is yes, And these special class of transformations I call rigid body transformations. And rigid body transformation include rotations and translations as special cases. Sometimes we will use the term isometry as well. Okay, what do I mean by rigid body transformation? So let's think of what we mean by the word rigid body. A rigid body is characterized by the fact that if there are any points on that rigid body, they have the same relationship with respect to each other as the object moves. So, If I have let's say a cube. So, I consider this cube And then I can take some points on this cube. And if I move this by some rotation and translation. What will happen? What will happen is that, the distances between any pair of points will remain unchanged, right. If you move the object, the distance between these, the distance between these two points will remain the same. So this distance stays constant. So, we know that this happens for the rotation and translation. Now, let's think of some objects when this won't be the case. So, now I will try to draw a balloon. Okay? And now what happens to this balloon is that we blow up this balloon, it becomes much bigger. So if I have points A and B, Now, these points are much farther apart, A' and B'. So, the distance between A' and B' is unequal to the distance between A and B. And in this example of the balloon, this is not a rigid body motion. Okay. So, we have seen some examples, an example of a rigid body motion and an example which is not a rigid body motion. So, now let's get into the math of this and we have define this formally so now we have the formal definition. Rigid body motion is a transformation that preserves distances. Okay, so let's state this more precisely. Suppose I have point a, this is in three dimensional space and I have some point b and this is also in three dimensional space. Now, I apply some transformation and let's see what is the notation Ψ for this transformation. And, this gives me the new location of the point Ψ(a) and the new location of the point b which is Ψ(b). So, how do I measure the distance between a and b? So, what is the distance between a and b. Well, this is given by the length of the vector corresponding to the difference between the vectors a and b. So this is just a notation for length. So, just to remind you, suppose we have a vector, vector v which is has three components, v1, v2, v3 then the norm of v. Norm of v is given by v1² + v2² + v3² and then you take a square root of this whole thing. So, this is the notion of length which you studied in high school and in Linear Algebra classes. So, what we do here is we, we take the difference between the vectors a and b and the we compute the length of the difference and that's the distance between a and b. Okay. So the, so now let's use this notation here. So, what's the distance here. So the distance is going to be the norm of the difference between a and b and what's the difference here? It's Ψ(a) is the point after, is the point a after the transformation and Ψ(b) is the point b after the transformation and we take the length of this difference. So, ιf Ψ is a, so, we can now define this. If Ψ is a rigid body transformation then the length of a - b is equal to the length of Ψ(a) - Ψ(b). Okay, so that's my definition. So, you can't really argue with this because this is the definition. Okay, so mathematicians always start with some definition inspired by, by physical considerations and that's what we have done here. We want to allow for the case when an object moves without breaking apart or stretching or some such. We have been inspired by physical considerations to define the notion of rigid body transformation but now we are going to mathematically precise definition. And what we will do now is to just, try to follow through on this definition. So, now we'll kind of operate like mathematicians who use the physical world as inspiration for some definitions but then they tried to find examples, proof theorems and so on and so forth. In our case, these are going to be about rotations and translations. But first I have to prove that rotations and translations are rigid body transformations and this is what I will try to do next. So, let's consider examples, first is translation, a rigid body motion? That's my question, is it? Well, let's define what is translation. So, translation is that you just shift an object by some amount. So the if I have a point a, after the transformation it's going to be a + some shift which I'm indicating by t. Right? So, that's the definition of translation. So, this is the definition of translation. Okay. Can we check that this is a rigid body motion. How do we do this? Okay, so if we have the point a that's gonna get transformed to a + t. If we have the point b, that's going to get transformed to b + t. Okay. We have some difference here between the point a and b, so this is the distance, this is the original distance. And now, let's figure out the distance between these guys. So, the distance between this guy is going to be given by ||(a+t) - (b+t)||, correct? And what is this going to be equal to? This is going to be equal to the distance, because the t is canceled out. So this is the, the old distance was given. So, this is the new distance. Let me indicate here. And the important point is that, these two distances are the same. Few, that's very comforting and we have convinced ourselves that translation is a rigid body motion. Okay let's take a break here. To Apply the Science of Awareness against Opinions of Doership So, let's talk about the samayik... We will take up questions tomorrow. In todays samayik... [we were talking about] discharge... [so] we will continue talking about discharge we will take it on doership and opinions there is a tremendous knot of doership "One must do this", we call it "applying brakes" "This should never be done how can you do this?" if someone seems to have done something wrong [we'll say] "err, how can you do this?" "you can't do this?" but [a moment ago] you were saying it is discharge! "Oh, yes, I forgot. it is the stock of karma from the past life that is getting discharged". as soon as awareness (jagruti) comes, things get normalized otherwise one becomes emotional We want to bring about that awareness (jagruti). That, recognize discharge as discharge and that discharge is under the control of scientific circumstantial evidences (vyavasthit) in that, deep down within us, there is knot of doership "It should not be done like this" "It must be done like that" we had read it once, that "one shouldn't do this", "one shouldn't have done this" that is also a pitfall "It should be done", "One has to verily do it" is also a pitfall this illusion of doership then whether it should be done or it should not be done both these (pitfalls) does not allow you to remain natural (sahaj) it is a type of intrusion of the intellect and this knot of doership then leads one to blaming the other person and causes one to remain in internal suffering (bhogwato) we want to bring this [change] slowly, gradually, coming into a natural state [of being] what does that mean? whatever is appropriate at that time , that will tend to happen "One must not do it this way" that is a pitfall and "It must not be done" is another pitfall our natural (sahaj) intent should be, "May nobody be hurt" and "I want to solve the file with equanimity" today, we want to see this in samayik that it is [karmic] discharge and yet we maintain insistences, that "it should be done in this way only", or "it should not be done like this" or we have expectations of the other person that "he should do this" and "he must not do it in any other way", or it is our intent that this should be done and the other person does it then we get very happy that "how nice is that other person", "how kind he is", "how wise he is and how clever he is" this happens because it suited our opinion and if our opinion is that "he should not do this" then our thoughts would be , "why is he misbehaving this way?", "why is he wasting time?" "he is wasting money?" and [we say] "is this the way of Dada?" by doing this... our intellect [is showing other's faults]... because there were certain opinions we had, we see that person's behavior as wrong, why? because it was our opinion in reality, it was the fruition of his karma that came in the form of discharge so today we should see this that for individuals close to us in our daily interactions how many brakes of doership have we placed "one must not do this" that is one brake and "one should do this" is another brake and then one will say, "I'm unable to do it", "I can't do it" "I'm not comfortable to do this" "I'd never do it this way in my life" these are also brakes [of doership] we need to see how this top (bhamardo) is moving. But these opinions do not allow the awareness to remain These opinions [are hindering us] So when would the Soul become natural (sahaj)? that state of experience that we are asking for, when will that happen? [it will] when the opinions of doership finishes This mind-speech-body-complex (prakruti) does not need the opinions of doership It [the doership opinion] is with the intellect and ego And prakruti is unwinding per scientific circumstantial evidence And if there were a pothole, how does one simply jump over it? If there is a pothole of a certain size, then [one must jump] at this speed, with this intensity, at this velocity, one must jump over it is there any such knowledge that one has to be taught? It just happens on its own. it just happens that is something that is intertwined within the prakruti but these are knots of the ego and they are wrong beliefs and then these [knots of the ego] show faults of each other, they [knots of the ego] cause interferences (dakho) to occur with each other and give suffering (bhogwata) to each other and they [knots of the ego] do not allow the awakened Self to experience... that is, to remain in the natural (sahaj) state upon seeing [something], one becomes emotional "how can you do such wrong thing?" or "This should be done. Why aren't you doing it?" Because our prakruti is one of doing, "I can't sit idle." "I finish all the work promptly" and when he sees someone idling he gets all worked up [and thinks] "That person is weak", "He is lazy", "He is a procrastinator" "He just wants everything readymade, and he's not ready to work for it". You are one that is hardworking but why have opinion about others? your prakruti is like this but our intellect shows us faults of the other person, it shows us [the other persons] negative so we especially want to observe this "knot of doership" and this samayik, is especially important to do... because, if things happen according to our opinion of doership, then the sweet juices of doership (garvaras) arise and if the opposite happens then internal suffering arises and the thing is that, one sees the instrumental person(nimit) as faulted "he did it like this", "it is because of him things went wrong" if the results are good, then one says "how well he has done..." "bring him forward" "help him..." "why are people are not helping him?" we get pulled by such illusionary attachments (moha) in both [cases], it is our opinion of doership. this is a very subtle level of discussion so as the opinion of doership diminishes, then one will be able to reach the clear direct experience of the pure Soul that is how [significant it is] and the reason we miss following the directive (agna) of vyavasthit is this - the opinion of doership it exists at a very subtle level When one talks theoretically, all the understanding remains but in reality, based on that opinion "this person is spoiling this", that opinion [of doership] does not let vyavasthit remain present so today, we will see this knot of doership in samayik and gradually if one becomes clear theoretically then practically it will become clear to bring about this understanding requires a great spiritual effort [on our part]. this is all awakened awareness at the subtler levels if this knot of doership leaves from inside, Dada used to say that, "for a person whose knot of doership leaves and on the other side, vyavasthit is the doer, if this awareness remains then he will have the extraordinary experience of pure Soul very quickly" it is such a huge [thing] this experience would arise Because one knows he is a pure Soul but he is not released [completely] from the opinion of doership, "this should be done" Or "this should not be done" or for these worldly dealings, or for volunteers, or for mahatmas, or for Aptaputras, or that men should stay like this and women should be like that and that for all kinds of people we have [a variety of] opinions, [such as] "it should be done like this" or "it should not be done like this" we will study this all of a sudden, right now you will be able to see it from the root, and it will get finished that is not going to happen we will recognize it [knot of doership] and then gradually, in our day-to-day life, wherever we become emotional wherever things affect us that "this is getting spoilt' in those cases, we want to see this knot of doership [because] this knot is the only one that... In reality it is the energy of vyavasthit that is running the worldly dealings of all life forms and yet we feel that "why is he spoiling it?" "why should he not do it like that?" , "he should do it like that" and "why is he not doing it like that?" now he is [doing it because of vyavasthit] but if we see him as not doing [something] then we are seeing [him at] fault and if we think "he should do this" then also, the faults are arising and this brings veils of ignorance [over the Self] so this is one thing that is at a subtler level we will continue to study it that where have we had these opinions for people take it [events] from today take it[events] from the past or take sticky files in your life and the daily dealings with them let us focus our camera on these do we have any expectations for him? that "he should this" or "he should not do this?" or do we have opinions about our own self , that "I would only do this?" If I were left alone, "I will only do this" If I were not left alone... "If I am with others, I would not do this" In this way, there are a variety of opinions one has for oneself, one has opinions about the other person as well, there are different opinions are for a file you have attachment for and for the sticky files , whom you have abhorrence for, there will be different opinions of doership for those so there are many different [situations] and then there are opinions for matters pertaining to food and drinks [he thinks], "if I were to get this..." "if I were given a gathia (savory dish), and if they gave me tea, then I will only eat that and will not touch anything else, like bread etc". that also, "I do this, I don't do that" "I do this and I don't do that" In this way, one has so many opinions about oneself. So we will see all these things and what are the consequences of these opinions [one has]? the day he is served tea, he remembers, "that gathia (savory dish) hasn't come?". that fact that you remember doesn't let you remain in the natural (sahaj) state of pure Soul you have remembered [something] we should know this, but we should also have the awareness that the main reason for this [remembrance] is because of the opinion that is ingrained inside! That "if it's like this, I would do this" and "I will not do that" we will recognize these opinions and then whatever is in vyavasthit, let it be if we accept scientific circumstantial evidence (vyavasthit), then the opinions will leave alternatively if we recognize our opinions then we will be able to remain longer in the knowledge of vyavasthit This year, we want to fit [this awareness of] vyavasthit of course with that, there is [the agnans of] pure Soul and Files but we will concentrate more on vyavasthit, [so] the knot of doership is broken and released and the knowledge of vyavasthit remains with us Scientific circumstantial evidence is the doer and once [the knowledge of] vyavasthit remains, it is then possible that many types of illusionary attachment (moha) will leave it is possible that many types of attachments- abhorrence (raag-dwesh) will leave and it is possible that many types of mistakes (dosho) will dissolve, provided the knowledge of vyavasthit remains in its exactness we have to keep practicing this, that is, we call it studying it, and by continuously studying this, those veil of unawareness (ajagruti) break and awareness (jagruti) increases. so today, we will especially take on "doership" for people in our household, for servants, for children, for the elderly "the elderly should not do this" and "when we are doing things our way, they should not interfere with us" or "when we are working they should help us", there are a variety of opinions that lead to knots of doership. The people giving seva also have many knots of doership, "that mahtmas should behave like this" or "not behave like this" it is fine at a basic level that we have some rules so we will follow them but when one creates raag-dwesh , those are considered insistence of doership that deep opinion, which becomes stronger, leads to abhorrence, if things do not happen as per expectation and if things happen as per expectations then attachment arises we want to dissolve that intensity gradually, we should bring about this [understanding] that this awareness (jagruti) should remain with us that this is the knot of doership and we must make all the efforts to save the glass [from falling], but once it falls and breaks then it is vyavasthit then those emotions that arise after, that "if I had saved it this way this would have happened because I did not save it this way, this happened, he should not do it this way or he should have done that, you did that.." that entire [knot of] doership overrides the intellect whatever the stock of doership, then it comes to the surface like a fire so, wherever there is this conflict, or if it happens opposite to your expectation, or there is a kind of loss then that intellect of doership overrides it entirely and that time we can see [realize] that it is those knots that, "One should do this" and "should not do this" "if I had done it like this, then this would have happened, Because I didn't do it like this, this has happened" now once it has happened, there was no need to have contrary thoughts or any interference in whatever has happened but the intellect creates this scene even then just know [this is happening], gradually [set it] "whatever happened is correct and [tell your intellect] do not interfere (dakho)" go beyond the entire intellect that is the kind of samayik we want to bring about so recognize this intellect and we can remain in the knowledge of the Self so we will do this samayik sincerely on doership, for people, for the things and for our own inherent characteristics and traits (parkruti) and then, this not limited to individuals only but then [expand the samayik] for groups of people "they should not do this" or "they should do it this" and then for communities, "they are like this and should not this" "and should do this" So all of these [values of] doership has been ingrained in us for infinite lives that "it should be done like this" "it cannot be done like this" and this [wrong] state of naturalness does not let us get to the experiential stage of pure Soul today, we will especially focus on that and today, we have taken the subject of discharge, that this whole prakruti is verily discharge, then "he should do it like this" or he should not do it like that" is an opinion that is not worth keeping in discharge due to the push of circumstances whatever causes were sown the discharge will come in that way so, "one should not do this" that is a wrong opinion and "one should do this" that is also a wrong opinion Whatever happened is correct so today we will set this analysis and while continuing with the awareness of discharge we will also see it from this angle that vyavasthit is the doer, circumstances (sanjog) are the doer and how many opinions do we have; for people, for things, for groups, for work, for rituals, for owns own self we will focus on the opinions of doership so let us do the vidhi, repeat Hey Dada Bhagwan, Hey Shree Simandhar Swami Prabhu give me the strength to do a samayik with pure applied awareness of the Self (shuddha upyog), in worldly interactions of the daily life, for one's own self, for other people, for deeds, for things, or for the administration of daily chores, for volunteers, wherever opinions of doership have arisen and people are seen as faulted or there is an opinion of doing, and if it happens accordingly, then garvaras (sweet juices of doership) arise illusionary attachment (raag) arises, in all those events, [may] I recognize the opinions of doership, apply the gnan of vyavasthit (scientific circumstantial evidence), may I set the scientific circumstantial evidence apart from the part of the pure Soul everything else is in the state of discharge, in that who can one see as the doer?, and whom should we have the expectation that "one should do this or not do that?", for all those wrong beliefs, for the opinion of doership, by setting the awareness of Gnan, grant me the absolute energy to see this in samayik, [I surrender] my mind-speech-body All the illusory attachments associated with my name Bhaav Karma (charge karmas) Dravya Karma (subtle discharge karmas) No Karma (gross discharge karmas) Oh Dada Bhagwan (Absolute manifest Self) At Your lotus feet I surrender I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul Jai Sat Chit Anand We will go with gnan, that this is a file, this work is a file, we want solve it with equanimity that knowledge must remain, if in vyavasthit beings all the evidences together, then the work will get done , if there are lack of evidences then the work will remain unaccomplished until it does not happen we will do penance, but we do not want to see anyone at fault or stay in internal suffering (bhogwato) with the viewpoint of this scientific knowledge Let's set the awareness against the opinion of doership. 1 00:00:23,000 --> 00:00:27,000 Goals and Techniques for Teaching Reading. 2 00:00:47,001 --> 00:00:52,000 teachers develop awareness of the reading process and reading strategies 3 00:00:55,001 --> 00:01:00,001 asking students to think and talk about how they read in their native language 4 00:01:04,001 --> 00:01:14,001 allow students to practice the full repertoire of reading strategies by using authentic reading tasks. 5 00:01:16,001 --> 00:01:21,001 encourage students to read to learn by giving students some choice of reading material 6 00:01:28,001 --> 00:01:37,001 show students the strategies that will work best for the reading purpose and the type of text. 7 00:01:38,001 --> 00:01:43,001 explain how and why students should use the strategies 8 00:01:46,001 --> 00:01:50,001 students practice reading strategies in class 9 00:01:56,001 --> 00:02:04,001 what they're doing while they complete reading assignments 10 00:02:08,001 --> 00:02:15,001 encourage students to evaluate their comprehension and self-report their use of strategies. 11 00:02:18,001 --> 00:02:30,001 build comprehension checks into in-class and out-of-class reading assignments and review how and when to use particular strategies 12 00:02:35,001 --> 00:02:41,001 encourage the development of reading skills and the use of reading strategies by using the target language 13 00:02:56,001 --> 00:03:02,001 do not assume that students will transfer strategy use from one task to another. 14 00:03:03,001 --> 00:03:14,001 explicitly mention how a particular strategy can be used in a different type of reading task or with another skill. 15 00:03:19,001 --> 00:03:21,001 the techniques for teaching reading. 16 00:03:29,001 --> 00:03:32,001 Integrating reading strategies. 17 00:03:52,001 --> 00:03:56,001 set a purpose or decide in advance what to read for 18 00:03:58,001 --> 00:04:03,001 decide if more linguistic or background knowledge is needed 19 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:09,000 determine whether to enter the text from the top down or from the bottom up 20 00:04:19,001 --> 00:04:25,001 verify predictions and check for inaccurate guesses 21 00:04:28,001 --> 00:04:31,001 decide what is and is not important to understand 22 00:04:33,001 --> 00:04:35,001 reread to check comprehension 23 00:04:37,001 --> 00:04:39,001 ask for help 24 00:04:46,001 --> 00:04:50,000 evaluate comprehension in a particular task or area 25 00:04:52,001 --> 00:04:56,001 evaluate overall in reading and in particular types of reading tasks 26 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:05,000 decide if the strategies used were appropriate for the purpose and for the task 27 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:10,000 modify strategies if necessary 28 00:05:15,001 --> 00:05:19,001 Using authentic materials and approaches 29 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:52,000 the reading material must be authentic 30 00:05:54,000 --> 00:06:13,001 the reading purpose must be authentic 31 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:33,000 the reading approach must be authentic 32 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:39,000 Reading Aloud in the Classroom 33 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:58,000 to read aloud to your students as they follow along silently 34 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:07,000 you have the ability to use inflection and tone to help them hear what the text is saying. 35 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:28,000 use the "read and look up" technique 36 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:36,000 students read a phrase or sentence silently as many times as necessary, 37 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:44,000 then looks up and tells them what the phrase or sentence says. 38 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:54,000 this encourages students to read for ideas, rather than for word recognition. 39 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:20,000 Anthrew Building, 15 Floor, Room 03, Dr. Eden Flores. NARRATOR: The answer to poverty did not come from an Ivy League college or a Washington think tank. It came from Bangladesh. In 1976 Muhammad Yunus, a young economics professor, encountered a group of women who appeared to be running profitable cottage industries. Yet, they and their children were starving. Village loan sharks charged them so much interest that the women could barely scratch out a living. Dr. Yunus leant the women small amounts of money out of his own pocket. The women flourished, and Grameen Bank was born. Grameen Bank has grown into a powerful force for social change. It has leant more than $4 billion, and now serves more than three million borrowers; 95% are women. A 1998 World Bank study found that Grameen families were emerging from poverty at the rate of 10,000 per month. Other research indicates that almost half of Grameen bank members have escaped poverty. For perhaps the first time in history, an effective anti-poverty strategy exists that can create an impact that lasts well beyond the original investment. CHRYSTlA FREELAND: Hi, I'm Chrystia Freeland. I'm the U.S. managing editor of the Financial Times. And I will be moderating this pre-lunch session. Sorry that we're starting a little bit late. That may cut down on our Q&As before lunch. And thank you for your patience. I did say to the Google people that the slot just before lunch on a Monday is rather unforgiving. But we do have a very eclectic international group of really inspiring renaissance people to talk about this subject. Which I think in many ways is the most interesting one, and probably wrongly named. Because it's not really the other half of the world, it's most of the world that I hope we'll be talking about for the next hour and a half. Just a few notes on how we're going to do it. We will have the full gamut of speaking forms. We're going to have one 20 minute talk, then a conversation between me and our next presenter, and then two 20 minute conversations with me and two people each. I hope at the end of that we'll have time for a few questions and answers from the audience. Our first speaker is an intimidating renaissance man, Professor Hans Rosling. He began as a doctor in Mozambique, actually discovered a disease. He's the founder of Sweden's Medecins Sans Frontieres. So I guess that means in Europe nowadays that you become foreign minister eventually of your country. And we'll be looking forward to that. And he also is, with his son and daughter-in-law, founder of a very creative internet application designed to make dry statistics absolutely fascinating. He's going to talk about that now, and other things. And if he doesn't tell you enough about Gapminder, I urge you to read the Financial Times because my colleague, Simon Bristow, is interviewing him this morning. So you'll get the full story there. Professor Rosling, please. [APPLAUSE] PROFESSOR HANS ROSLlNG: When I talk with my students about their world, they tell me they cannot live like us. This is the single most common expression about the world that I hear from the undergraduate students in Sweden. And I got very interested about how do they think. How do they think? I decided to put them at a test. I asked them a number of questions about the world when they came to my course in global health. And this question lead to a major scientific discovery. I asked them which is the child mortality highs? In which of these two countries in each pair? And it happens to be that Turkey has twice the child mortality of Sri Lanka, Poland twice of South Korea, Russia higher than Malaysia, Pakistan higher there, South Africa higher there. And these are the results of the Swedish students, 1.8 correct answers out of five possible, a wonderful result for a professor. It's like a market survey for you. Is ignorance out there? I can teach, you know. But the main discovery came that evening when I wrote the report. I suddenly realized that I had proven, with the confidence interval of plus, minus 0.4, that top students is Sweden with the highest grade you can get in the college system know statistically significantly less about the world than the chimpanzee. [LAUGHTER] Because a chimp given two bananas, one South Africa one Thailand, and they would choose. They would pick 50% correct answer. Why do my students know less than random? Why would they score better hadn't they seen the question? It means that when I teach about stem cells, I have the white sheet of paper in front of me. When I teach about the world, the head is filled with preconceived ideas. It's much tougher to come with facts about the world, because we already think we know about the world. I ask the students how do you think about the world. Well it's we and in them, they said. What do you mean with we and them? Well it's western world and third world, they said. We learned it in school. But what is the criteria of the western world? And then the started to think what criteria was. Well we learned that it's long life and small families. And third world is short life and large family And I'm happy because these are sharp criterion. So we develop the Trendalyzer software where we could display the world. You can see I put fertility rate here. The size of family from one child to eight children, the length of life here, 30 years up to 80 years. And where is it human beings want to leave? Where would you like to live? I had to have a ladder to be able to show you. Human beings obviously want to live up here. Don't you? That's where you want to live, two children, three children 80 years old. We want to replace the funerals of the young with the funerals of the old. This is what. And that's very few countries that live up there. Look there. It's problematic because these are the western countries. Ever bubble is a country. The color here, there's are the Americas. This is Africa, all Africa. Can you see that, large families, short lives. but I I'm compass all the bring green there large family a short life. Europe, almost all Europe up there, with the exception of Turkey down there. And this is Asia. And the ones up here in Pacific is of course Australia, New Zealand, and Japan. So the students are right. The world consists of one group of countries down here which has third world large families and short life, and western world small families. This is 1950 when I was two years old. So the students know something which was long ago. So what has happened with the world? What is the world today? If I would show you the world, how has that changed? What out, here we go. You can see now, 1952, '53, health is getting back here. China's improving health there. Latin American countries here. They decreased the family sizes going this way. You can see Bangladesh is down here. This in India. China is very successful with family planning. Latin America moves. Now the Arabic countries start with family planning. The African countries is moving on. But the HlV epidemic is coming. It's taking down the life expectancy. It's falling. South Africa is falling down there. The rest of the world is moving up. And when we come into the modem time, we have a completely new world, more or less like this. This is the prognosis some few years forward. But the lost actually [? meshed ?] the date like this. Did you have this world view? Did you know that the average in all countries is two to three children per woman? That the length of life is 65 to 75 years old? There is no limitation between the third world and the western world any longer. Mesh it as this. The students I asked, bloody wrong. And I can show you the enormous development of some countries here. Let me peak here Bangladesh. It was in the first movie here. And I look here at United States, 1958. And then I moved forward. Here we go. Wow, family planning. Not only credit, also government investment in family planning, in primary healthcare, aid. A lot of things means that Bangladesh today is almost like United States 1965. And these are solely date. The family size we know very well, it's easy. You make a survey, you knock the door, door open, the kids come out, you count them, one, two, three, four, five. It's very easy. This is more difficult. An income is more difficult. But I had to show you also the distribution of income of the world. How does that look? It looks like this. This is the best available data, dollar per day in purchasing power adding together the household surveys, 90% below the poverty line. And there's no gap between the rich and the poor. There is a hump. You can see the hump there. So you can see that there's some sort of western countries, developing countries, but they are merging together. And where are the different continents? That's Africa south of Sahara. These all the OECD countries, the country club of the United Nations. This is Latin America, every income in the world. This is East Europe, former Soviet Empire. This is East and Southeast Asia. And this is South Asia, with India mainly. And if we go back in time, the time when I was a student, I studied public health in Bangalore in 1972. And I was amazed about the rural poverty I could see just outside Bangalore in 1972. And now we shall see what has happened. Population has grown. And hundreds of millions in Asia get out of the poverty. And East Europe slips back into poverty. And the best prospects, prognosis we have, is that this will happen. Now these people are not so happy yet because they are just one step out of poverty. I came back to Bangalore, went out to the same health center. Reality completely transformed. Two to three child families, a booming economy which was making an impact in the rural areas. But people still didn't have health insurance. They still didn't have access to health service. They still had a very, very tough life. But they were away from famine. And they were on their way into the modern world. Now I can show you this in another way. Let me be very, very concrete. Let me show you dollar street. This is the street where everyone lives on. The number of your houses, how many dollars you earn per day. This is number one here. I move up the street like this, and you can see how houses get better and better. There are houses all the way. We live in the continuous world. And let us visit them. Let us visit the $1 house here. Let us visit the dollar-- this one has how much? I have to look up, $2 to $5, tiles instead of mud, and move it up here. This is the first garden. How much do you have to earn to have a garden? Five to $10 a day. You have a garden. There we are. And the first swimming pool here. We have the first swimming pool. And if we put it down to here and here, I think we can squeeze in them to show you the continue of the world. And I want to show you the bed. This is a mat on the floor. These people that live on the mat on the floor. Here you have a bed, no sheet, but a blanket. Here it's even a cover. It's a very nice bedroom. I can show you the toilet. I used to lecture for the [UNlNTELLlGIBLE]. They always shout, we want to see the sofa. Show us the sofa. And even the poor family. I worked a lot with people in poverty, and I've never found so much dignity, human dignity, making the best possible about your life situation. Sunset we share, everyone, and a little bench outside the house. Here it looks as if they're quite well already. But look it's the father which is sitting there. The whole family is on the floor. These are for visitors. Here you'll find a more modern life. And here you'll find a very nice sofa. So how can we make sense of this world? How can we make sense of the world? One way of doing it is looking like this. Here I put money here, gross domestic product. Now it's national accounts, national accounts. And here, child survival. How many percent of children that survived? And $500 $5,000 $50,000. And this is Africa, South Asia, East Asia, Arab state, East Europe, Latin America. And up the arrow with city, it looks as if there is a gap in the world. But when I split Africa into it's countries, you can see that sub-Saharan Africa is quite diverse, even on average between countries. Sierra Leone in crisis. Mauritius got free trade. They could sell their products on the same situation as the European farmers. And in the middle here you'll find Ghana. If I split South Asia because the big bubble is India, Afghanistan goes down, and Sri Lanka up there. Grandmother can read on Sri Lanka. Public investments in education was very early. Arab states, they should be the same, same religion, same climate. Don't think that you know Arab states if you've been in one. Yemen to Dubai is a one hour flight, and it's two ends of the world. And East Asia is the same. China is the big bubble in the middle. And down there goes Cambodia. And up there Singapore. That overruns. We used to be so happy in Sweden because we had the healthiest kids in the world. Then we used the braggers around in the world. But Singapore overtook us three years ago. And now they have the healthiest children in the world. And here we have East Europe and such a difference has emerged from the Soviet Empire. Tajikistan and Slovenia is furious that they can't remember although [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] fast enough. And Latin America, well the difference there is mainly within countries, not so much between countries. And very soon Chile would overtake Cuba in health of the children. Chile is doing very well socially also. And they're are the OECD countries. And if you split OECD, it's not so big difference. But really, the whole world is like this. It's a continuous variation in the world. And I could also show the split of the world. Because it's very dangerous to just show the average. Look when I split South Africa. The richest 20% of South Africa there, the poorest are there. And I split Uganda, the richest are up there, the poorest are there. And Niger, West Africa, great producers of cotton. And they wonder why should the U.S. subsidize cotton farmers with $4 billion to $5 billion U.S. a year. If you just take away that. You get those $4 billion to $5 billion to hand over to Ann Veneman at UNlCEF. And the West African farmers can do on there. Because it's not enough with microcredits if you have been deprived of your market by unjust subsidies. This is a very serious issue. But look, you have the whole Africa-- the whole world, within three countries in Africa. The world is quite complex like this. And if you would see how it has moved, it has moved like this. We can see there was China 1960. And this is how they moved. China got healthier with Mao Tse-tung but not richer. There he died, Mao Tse-tung, Hsiao-peng made them rich, but not so much healthier. And they mainstreamed it. And we go up this patent of the world which we know it today, which is a continue where most of the countries are in the middle. This is a picture of the same way. I want to show it because I you to show my family. This is my great-great-grandma. She was born 1830 when Sweden was down here. That's a position in Sweden 1830. And then Sweden progressed, but not so fast. And their great grandmother was born when Sweden was like Mozambique. My grandma who took care of me when I was a child was born when Sweden was like Ghana. Invest in Ghana. They are a take-off. Mother was born when Sweden was like Egypt. And I, I'm the Mexican in the family. And my daughter was born when Sweden was like Chile. And I had my first granddaughter born when Sweden was like Singapore. But it's not we and them We don't divide our relatives in we and them. We feel very strong connections, and we see how every generation has worked hard and tried to improve the situation for the next generation to come. I want to show that I'm a studious professor. So that's why I have these bullet points powerpointed. [APPLAUSE] Development dimension. Very often we want to measure development in one dimension. This is very wrong if we read [?AmartiaF enyWenewa.?] Economic growth, governance in education, health, human rights, environment, are a very important dimension of it. Now, who are the drivers? I would say that economic growth I give three plus/ two plus for governance and just one for these good nice things. Whereas these are not the same thing as the goals. I don't think economic growth is a goal. It may be the strongest mean we have for development. But is not a goal in itself except for one little subtype of persons which are quite strange. But the majority of people money is a mean, it's not an aim. Governance in education, well school isn't that fun, and voting isn't that fun. What's fun is health, human rights, environments, culture, doing what you want. That the aim. And this is how we have to see. We have to see at the complex world and see several things at the same thing. The poor people when they live in poverty, under one dollar, the just want deals. They want their crop to grow. They listen to the agronomists. What should I plant? Out of poverty they get through technology. The African farmers I spent 20 years in research in rural Africa, the women said give us a mill, we'll pay for the rest. And they really need the credit for that. And then they need a market. Otherwise they never get away from poverty. But market, she says, I need school. Otherwise I will be cheated. I need a healthy kid, otherwise I can't go. I need infrastructure by the government so I can go easy. I need that microcredit for my bicycle. I need the information. I need the room in right to do what I want. And I love free trade. I hate agriculture subsidies overseas. So why can't we have a fact-based world view? If we make a technology, we can websites with search and interaction. The statistics can be free. The analysts can say aha. We can make webcast stores like this, like we show the weather in TV. We can reach the public and even hit the TV so fast as we say in Sweden. This is what we want to happen. The problem is World Bank is still selling the public statistic. It's a very strange business. That bank needs to revise several things I would say, several things. I did a survey. I went to Wall Street. I'm coming up the tube station. I have my American Express card ready. I think I have to pay to walk the sidewalks. But it's free. The sidewalks are free. Isn't it fantastic? Some things shouldn't be tax financed. And I think it's time that statistics become intellectual sidewalks. That we fact-based to a much larger extent. And we can achieve this. Free data, Paul Cheung who is the head of UN Statistics will open UN statistic databases free. And it wasn't difficult to convince Larry Page and Sarah [? Gabrin ?] that Google would be a great company to invest in this. And very happily we sold our software to Google two months ago. And now we really think that a change would come. That will be technology free for the world for statistics. The public statistic is no intellectual property problem. It's already owned by the public. It's not like the books and the journals and all these things. This statistic is $20 billion a year paid by the public. It should be out there understandable, free and searchable. And we think it will happen very soon. Thank you very much. [APPLAUSE] CHRYSTlA FREELAND: Well thank you very much, Professor Rosling. You've set a wonderful baseline for our subsequent discussions. And I must say, if he would be my professor, I would be much better at statistics then I am today. Professor Rosling is also a very active blogger. So if you want to continue the discussion with him after this session, I urge you to ask him and converse with him that Way. Hello everyone, this is Max and welcome for this Dota 2"s character introduction video. Today we're gonna talk about some kind of falcon from another world who comes to destroy everything. I'm referring to Outworld Destroyer, alias Harbringer. Outworld Destroyer is an intelligence carry having a really good lane control and that can reverse a team fight situation thanks to his ultimate. His goal is to accumulate the most possible intelligence and mana in order to maximize his damage. His orb effect make him one of the most dreadful heroes in terms of dps. As most of the intelligence heroes he's fragile and his power makes him a frequent target during team fights. You'll have to stay behind to launch a devastating ultimate then achieve the lost souls still wandering on the battlefield. Harbringer's first skill is an orb effect called Arcane Orb. This spell adds damage depending on the mana you actually have. The more your actual mana will be high, the stronger you'll hit. This spell doesn't have a cooldown, costs 100 mana and will allow you to transform 9% of your actual mana into damage pure damage on your auto attack, ignoring enemy heroes armor. This orb effect is one of the most powerful of the game because the bonus damage quickly becomes huge. Illusions and invocations take 400 additional damage. Astral Imprisonment is Outworld Destroyer's second spell. It sends any hero (friend or foe) in another dimension for a 1 to 4 seconds duration. If the targeted hero is an enemy, Harbringer will then steal form 2 to 8 intelligence to him for a 60 seconds duration. Imprisoned heroes become invulnerable and impossible to target but still can be focused by Harbringer's ultimate. This spell is the only Destroyer's disable, giving him the possibility to engage or escape a tough situation. If will give you the possibility to deprive the enemy from his intelligence, so of his mana, increasing at the same time the damage of your ultimate. Essence Aura is the Destroyer's third ability. It's a really useful passive for yourself and your team. When Harbringer or one of his allies will cast a spell in an AoE of 1000, he will then have 40% chances to recover 25% of his mana. Plus it increases the Destroyer's mana pool by 300 for a permanent duration. The skill works when you attack with Arcane Orb, which you'll be able to leave activated permanently during end game. All your team will be grateful, because during end game, this spell is way more effective than Arcane Boots. Sanity's Eclipse is Outworld Destroyer's ultimate. It's an AoE spell inflicting 10 times the difference of intelligence between Harbringer and his foes as damage. If a hero is hurt by less than 500 damage he will then lose 75% of his mana. This ultimate got a 160 seconds cooldown and its area of effect and caste range will both increase with levels. The spell effects can be increased with the Aghanim's Scepter, it will then deal 11 times the difference of intelligence as damage and the cast range will go from 700 to 800. Be careful though, if a hero got more intelligence than Harbringer the spell won't have any effect. This falcon being some sort of a highbrow, the chances for this to happen are really weak. Sanity's Eclipse will be feared by agility characters and will empty of the enemy intelligence heroes mana bar. To make it simple, it can reverse a team fight situation, giving you the advantage. Talking about the skill order, Outworld destroyer can be played in different ways. We will only develop two builds here, but others are also possible. If you want to play Outworld Destroyer with an aggressive style, in order to spam your Orb to harass, take a level of Astral Imprisonment at level 1, an Arcane Orb level at level 2 then 3 Essance Aura levels in a row. Upgrade then your Astral Imprisonment to level 3 then your Arcane Orb to max level. Take the last level fo Astral Imprisonment then upgrade your stats. Of course, take your ultimate every time you can. Upgrading Essence Aura first will increase the chances of this passive to proc and will then recover your mana for you to harass with your orb. If you prefer empty your opponent's mana bar, take a level of each spell at the beginning of the game, starting with Astral Imprisonment. Once level 4, take another level of Essence Aura then Upgrade your Astral Imprisonment to max level. After that, upgrade Essence Aura then Arcane Orb to max level. One more time, take your ultimate every time you can. Let's talk about the equipment now ! As a starter take a Mantle of Intelligence, 3 Iron Branches, a Circlet and a set of Tangos. If you feel like there's a lot of harass potential in the lane you're facing, you can replace the Circlet by a Healing Salve. Buy then your Boots of Speed and upgrade those into Strenght or Intelligence Power Treads. You can switch between those two attributes any time anyway. Transform the Branches into a Magic Wand if needed and your Mantle into a Null Talisman. Then buy a Force Staff, giving you an escape an some intelligence. You can then go for a Scythe of Vyse, having one of the best disable of the game and giving you a high intelligence bonus. If your opponents have a lot of disable, a Black King Bar seems like a good idea and will come in handy during team fights. If you have trouble farming and that nobody either does in your team a Mekansm is also a really good choice. Shiva's Guard can also be a good protection item since it gives in addition to some armor an AoE snare and an intelligence bonus. Seems kind of a good deal :) ! Of course, among all those items suggestions, make your choice regarding the game progress and the opponent team. If your game is going pretty well, you can build funny items on Harbringer like the Aghanim's Scepter + Refresher Orb combo. The first item increases your ultimate damage and the other gives the possibility use it a second time. You're owning, and you're owning HARD ! Linken's Sphere is like BKB a good protection item. In case of enemies dealing a lot of physical damage, you can build an Assault Cuirass. Finally, Rod of Atos can also be a good item since it gives a 50% slow from 800 range and increasing health points and intelligence. Here we are, it's over for Outworld Destroyer aka Harbringer. I want to thank Xari and Hobbit who helped a lot and gave us the possibility to make this video. If you don't want to miss our next videos, please subscribe to our channel. You can also find us on Facebook, Twitter, Google +, IRC and Steam. Thank you for watching, in the meantime, we'll go back to play some Dota 2. Satsang with Mooji Silent Intensive, Zmar Portugal, 15th Sept 2012 S1 [Mooji:] If you've come to that place where it's all happening by itself, then there's no pride, there's not, 'Look - I did this, look at that!' No, there's no pride so whatever is done through this body is the play of the vital force of consciousness. Then, there may be a sense of deep gratitude for the sense of being one capable of experiencing all of this. You may feel a deep appreciation for the creative power, a great love for God or something. You see? And in the non-existence of a personal live-er of life, that is replaced with just unbound joy and peace. You are here! You cannot say 'I'm not here,' because even to say 'I'm not here' requires you being here to say 'I'm not here.' You are here, but as WHAT are you here? Before, maybe we would think only in terms as a person; you could write something on your you know, resume or whatever it is; you could say this about yourself. But now you can say, 'But, that's just the story of me, that's not really what Is.' And in the what-Is-ness of that, yes, the vital force may express dynamically through this body; and in another body with the same light - the same awareness - maybe very little is expressed. Who is to judge the intensity of that expression? I once saw a man, he was a carver, and he used to carve, you know - sculpt - on the head of a matchstick. He was working and he was also making these figures sitting on an elephant with an umbrella - all this kind of stuff - in exquisite detail, on the top of a matchstick. Okay? And a strong magnifying glass, and he's like this. You see him [inaudible] but in that, there is intense work going on. The instrument is moving but you hardly see anything. Is that man working hard enough? [Laughter] You may think 'But that's not dynamic! Dynamic is, you know... Ahh!' No, but he's... Intense concentration and meditation creating. And then you have to zoom in, zoom in - and you look and say, 'My gosh, look what this man has made!' On the head of a matchstick he has carved a figure holding an umbrella sitting on an elephant, with everything, you know. 'My God!' Is that dynamic? Of course it is dynamic. Lots of ways of [being] dynamic. Some people are sitting, observing 'I'. Is that dynamic? Of course - very dynamic! So lots of ways of expressing this life. [Questioner:] It doesn't matter how it will show, however it wants to. [Mi:] Yes, the real place is one fixes ones attention on attention itself, because this is one of our most powerful forces. Because wherever attention moves and touches, we are just registering this as experience. And life we say is experience; and the memory of the experience; and the desire for experience. That something is even more intimate than attention, in which attention itself is watched. If you can come to this - oh, that's very dynamic looking: Come to that place and find what is there. Discovering this somehow blesses every other facet of our expression; it is automatically, spontaneously blessed by that seeing. Not seeing this, we are continuing in our nomadic journey in life, hitchhiking from one situation to another - restless. Discovering this, knowing ones self - yes - then no action will bind you, no thought will push you into some sorrow. This is why, so much, I am pointing only to this. You may speak of a hundred different variations, situations that we can be in, but I point you to one inside of which you will see a beautiful viewing place for everything else. Who will come? Because things seem to be in the way, like a sacrifice: 'But if I come here, then I stand to lose this.' This is the game; will you overcome it? You see. You are not discovering something else - your OWN self - not something else. If it's something else, you can say, 'Well - pfff - I've found it and [sighs] I'm very disappointed.' But it is your own Self; how will you be disappointed with your own Self? Even when you discover this, the 'you' who discovers this will not be there to say, 'I discovered it.' You'd have to be speaking from the Self, not the one who discovered the Self. That's why I say, When the raindrop is falling towards the ocean, maybe there's some fear, 'What will happen to me? What will happen to me?' You see. But when it meets the ocean, can it report about this meeting? 'Ah, when we met, oh it was so nice.' Can it remain a raindrop inside this ocean? Now saying these things is sometimes scarey for people: 'Oh my God, I don't know if I want that blend. Maybe the infinite is too big and I like my little privacy.' But the infinite is not somewhere else, you see; the infinite is also here. 'In the non-existence of a personal live-er of life, that is replaced with just unbound joy and peace.' (Mooji) Music Clips: Omkara "Everything is Passing" www.mooji.org This is DJ We are DJ I became a DJ here You will sing a song here I am going to introduce you It is the format that you come out and sing So you have to do very well In conclusion, you have to do well I got it Do Fighting Now, get in Here Fighting! Today, to finish Woo Young's recording Successfully, We invited a special guest He came from rather far away 슈퍼창따이, a hit song writer He traveled to China and came back Style is somewhat like this But you came in style Please describe about this song How you made this for Woo Young This song is made for Woo Young For Woo Young- Don't lie -How many months did it take? It took 3 months And how many modifications were there? There were 5 modifications Only five? Let's say that there were more I modified eight times And also didn't you put a lot of effort into the track? Yes Please tell us which track you put a lot of effort into You don't know, do you? Synthesizer Made by using synthesizer American style It is not an American style It is our style! It is our style, not American style Isn't it Woo Young? This is our style It is the song made for Woo Young Junsu was somewhat lazy No, no I will make a lot of money with this Stop saying about money now Let's go First, listen to the guide just once We will listen once and finish in one try Woo Young, In the part 'O in my ear', 'Whisper Woo, O' It is very good until 'whisper' 'O~O~O', there, the rhythm starts to move back OK, I will listen for a second Difficult~ Brother Junsu's song is difficult Breathless? It is a breathless song It is breathless So, the later part 'Woo~Woo~Woo~' this is originally not your part But you decided to put your voice here to complete this song First, up to 'I can't stop, my heart begins to pound', it was so good 'and hearing your voice' 'your voice~', ending like that You have to snatch that 'voice' It is originally not a rap You brought a very unique rap It is so difficult Woo Young will show a very fascinating rap to you I am now recording Woo Young's rap I will do 'Ri' a little better 'Ri' shall be fast I can't do it~ Yes, you can~ Woo Young, you can do it! Now, shall we go for doubling? Everyone, a really funny video is made Woo Young, you were shaking a little in the beginning Uh~ Now let's bridge it Shall we bridge it~? But, you have to do it What? That is after the bridge Shall we do the bridge first? Would you like to listen to the guide? Yes~ We made it! Brother 창대, 슈퍼창따이! That we anticipated so much I am going to cry We worked the whole night through for three months Brother Junsu and brother 창대 슈퍼창따이 and really Well, brother 슈퍼창따이 didn't do anything~ He was having coffee Putting a great deal of effort, and while doing so, gets tired and orders seasoned spicy chicken It was soy sauce chicken, and it was so delicious, start working hard again, his style is like that We did it! Let's go to eat now We are in the same boat What, Woo Young? This is how we do it You tell all the boys "No" It makes you feel good, yeah I know you're out of my league But that won't scare me You've carried on so long You couldn't stop if you tried it You've built your wall so high That no one could climb it But I'm going to try Would you let me see beneath your beautiful? Would you let me see beneath your perfect? Take it off, now, girl Take it off, now, girl I want to see inside Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight? You let all the girls go It makes you feel good, don't it? Behind your Broadway show I heard a voice say "Please don't hurt me." You've carried on so long You couldn't stop if you tried it You built you wall so high that no one Could climb it, But I'm going to try Would you let me see beneath your beautiful? Would you let me see beneath your perfect? Take it off, now, boy. Take it off, now, boy. I want to see inside Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight? Tonight See beneath... See beneath I'm going to climb and top your ivory tower I'll hold your hand and we'll jump right out We'll be falling, falling But that's okay I'll be right here, I just want to know Would you let me see beneath your beautiful? Would you let me see beneath your perfect? Take it off, now, girl Take it off, now, girl 'Cos' I want to see inside Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight? # Oh, tonight. # See beneath your beautiful Oh, tonight We ain't perfect We ain't perfect, no Would you let me see beneath your beautiful tonight? Dooooo! Dooooo! Doooo! Doooooo! Doooo! Doooo! (Father's voice in background) Uh ohh! (Mother's voice in background) Ball please... (Child's voice) No! (Mother's voice in background) Throw the ball for Bella. (Child) Ahhhhhh! (Mother's voice in background) Bella? Bella? Throw the ball. (Mother's voice in background) Ta, throw the ball. (Child) Ahhhhhh! (Mother's voice in background) Please throw the ball. One, two, yeahhhhh! (Mother's voice in background) Ok. (Child's voice) Bye, bye. Bye, bye. Byyye! Byyye! Byyye! Hi! Hi! (Mother's voice in background) Ready? Hold on. Gooooo! (Child's laughter & Mother's laughter) (child's laughter) (Mother's voice in background) Spinning around... (Mother's voice in background) Where's the balls? Other side... On the other side... Grab a ball.. Good girl! Can you say hi, Chloe? Say hello! Hi! Where do theballs go? (Child's voice) There! (Mother's voice in background) You try again. Well done! (Mother's voice in background) Hi! Chase a smile, give Chase a smile. Give a model look. Do you wanna model? Well done! (Mother's voice in background) Chloe's, um, AFO's, legs wraps, socks and shoes which we are just about to put on her to do some standing in her standing A-frame. So, Yeah, so that's what we have to do for her. So wait and see how it all comes together. And, we'll, um, clip her in this A-frame here shortly. Ok, bye! (Mother's voice in background) This is a standing frame. So, you get the idea. Alright, we're going to start putting all this together. (Mother's voice in background) Well, we've put her AFO's on and her leg wraps. The first thing that goes on is those AFO socks. Then we put the AFO's on, which are the plastic butterfly things and those leg wraps and then we've got the shoes then we've got the leg wraps around. So, it's lot of things we have to put on Chlole. And, we've got to start her standing. (Father's voice) This is Chloe doing her standing frame. I'll show you what that looks like. She's in her standing frame in here. (cartoon TV in background) (Father's voice) What this does is helps the, uh, her leg muscles take weight and build the core strength. (Child crying) (Mother's voice in background) You can do it, you can do it. Alright, Mommy help? (Child' voice) Help. (Mother's voice in background) K, go. Come on! You can do it! You can do it. Awwwwww! (Child crying) (Mother's voice in background) Try again, try again. Try again. Mommy help. (Child crying) (Mother's voice in background) One more, one more...try again. (Child's voice) Mama. (Child's voice) Baba? (Mother's voice in background) Come on! Belle... (Mother's voice in background) You got it, you got it! Grab it, grab it Grab it! Aww! Roll over...roll over....go! Roll over, Miss! Come on, come on! Ohhhh! Wooooooo! (Mother's voice in background) You did some rolling over. Paulo Sergio Rosa Presents... Thinking Together Online ...Yeah, but it's still a good beginning. Paulo: Philippe Joubert, you transformed yourself in this past period, in this past year... Into a specialist in this topic of global warming, climatic change... And you have been giving a contribution to companies, to governments, to states about this problem. Are we going downhill? Is the situation really that serious? We had a quick conversation a few days ago, and you noticed that some people... Even some important ones, don't believe it that the world is warming up... That it would be some cycle of nature, that we shouldn't worry about it so much. Explain to us if this subject is really serious, if we're still going to see an impact in our generation... And what do we have to do. Phillippe: When I became interested, I thought that I was working for my grandson. To prevent that the second generation would be impacted. At the time, we always talked about 2100, 2150, etc. After a few months, I understood that I would be working for my son, And we would talk about 2070, 2080, and now, I think I'm working for myself. Because, the acceleration of the consequences of climatic change are such, That nobody can deny that things are going in a direction, at an extremely dangerous speed. Just to finish this subject about climate, 90% of the scientific community agrees that... Global warming does exist, the origin is from CO2 emissions... And other gases as well, but especially carbon. And third, that the human activities of the last, put simply, 150 years... Is the origin of this carbon accumulation. Nobody else, except 5 to 10% of the population, believe otherwise. You can always debate about the degree, the importance, the speed, etc. But there's no question that carbon accumulation is originated by man. Paulo: Let me give you an example: Paulo: Philippe, a couple of months ago, we had lunch together when you went to São Paulo... - You're there in Paris now, right? - Yeah, I'm in Paris. Editing pages is much the same as editing posts you'll be pleased to hear. The main difference is that pages are static, fixed content, usually linked from your blog's main navigation or as opposed to dynamic, constantly updated content. If you'd like to learn more about the difference, there's a video all about it. So let's say you want to write an 'About Me' page, or whatever else you'd like to have a page about. Head to pages and select 'Add New.' Now, just as with a post, give your page a title and add whatever content you'd like to have in the main body. For more tips on this, see our videos on writing and publishing a post, and using the visual editor's toolbar. The main difference you'll see, besides the absence of tags and categories, is the 'Attributes' pane. At the top of the pane, you have a Parent option. This allows you to create a hierarchy of pages, so for instance, you might have a main About page of a quick blurb. And then tucked under that, "Life Story," "Contact Me," or "My Dog" pages. Kind of like sub-pages. So if you have a number of pages, you can assign a parent to the pages that you're editing with this option. Finally, you can change the order of your pages if you have several. Just assign numbers to each of your pages in the order that you'd like them to appear. If you have this set to zero, they'll appear alphabetically in your site navigation. So there you go, editing pages is versatile, but pretty much the same deal as putting posts together, and gives you a great way to communicate the key facts or ideas about you, your life, business, or blog in a place that people will find. The minarets are our bayonets the domes our helmets the mosques our barracks and the faithful our soldiers Believe me Istanbul won today as much as Sarajevo Izmir won as much as Beirut Ankara won as much as Damascus Diyarbakır won as much as Ramallah, Nablus Jenin, the West Bank, Jerusalem Gaza has won. Inshallah in 2023 this noble nation will take his place in the world stage again and play his role like in the centuries before and put his name into the history nobody will be able to stop this. In this video, I would like to talk about one simple thing that you can add to your videos to make them much more engaging, and that is to add in-video quizzes. I think of this as a way to allow you to check in with every single student in your class, For you to go to every student one at a time, and just check if they're understanding your lectures Students learn best, I think, not by passively listening, But by doing things and thinking through and practicing with the material, And the in-video quizzes offers them a way to do so. Also, contrast the in-video quiz to what happens when, you know, maybe you and I lecture in front of a live audience. I know that when I teach a class in front of a live audience, if I ask a question in class, What usually happens is that, you know, Half of my class is still madly scribbling away, trying to write down the last thing I just said. Maybe ten percent of my class is logged on, on Facebook. And, usually there's one kid, usually, like, the smarty pants in the first row, that just blurts out the answer. And then the class moves on, Right? And then, in fact, usually I, as the instructor, feel really good that someone answered my question. But, what happens is that only one student gets to attempt an answer. In contrast, on the website, you can allow every single student to attempt an answer, and allow every single student to get an instant feedback about whether or not they're understanding your material. And video quizzes were a technique pioneered by my collaborator, Daphne Koller. And, in all the class surveys were done, students love this feature. And in fact, often ask us to keep on adding more and more in-video quizzes. We recommend they have maybe one in-video quiz every four to seven minutes of lecture. And so for most lectures, for most videos, having, you know, maybe one quiz or maybe two quizzes in the lecture video would be sort of fairly typical for a cause that, you know, Reduces them at a reasonable rate. A small number of instructors have experimented with having extremely frequent quizzes like maybe one every minute or one or, or so. Most instructors don't do that. And maybe one to two quizzes per video or small comment but if you want to experiment with other formats, you should, of course, feel free to do so, too. I recommend that you try to ask questions that you think the students should be able to answer based on what you've already taught them. Early on, some instructors experimenting with asking questions on material that they had not yet taught. So, you ask a question about future material so that the students will think about it. And then, they would finally teach the students the answer. We found if the MOOCS that seem to work less well and the students were often, I guess frustrated if they were asked questions they just could not answer. So I think, I, I tend to recommend asking questions that with a little bit of thought, they should be the answer. And usually these are, you know, relatively short, quick, questions. The sort that you may ask to a live classroom, and expect someone to answer quickly. So, something that, you know, they can think about for like five seconds, ten seconds, maybe half a minute, maybe one minute. But, often these are relatively short, quick questions, rather than things they have to go off and do a lot of work. Because it's something you can answer and maybe, you know, ten seconds, twenty seconds, is less interruptive of the flow of the lecture video. And if you can't think of anything else to ask, if you ask just stay awake type if questions, You know, ones where the questions have pretty obvious answers. Like, what was the thing I just said? You know, even questions like that are better than not having any questions. Because it gives the students something to do and it keeps the students much more engaged. One other thing that's useful to do, is to try to make sure that all the information the student needs to answer the quiz appears in the quiz itself. So, for example, if you're teaching a class on probability, probability and statistics, You may ask, You know, what's the probability of rolling the same number on every die? These are the answers that, you know, well, what is n over here? Maybe you had defined it in the lecture video before, but it's nice that the student doesn't have to rewind the video. I think it's nice when the video has a sort of forward momentum, so that, you know, for the most part the students don't need to rewind that often, unless, they actually missed something that's on there for awhile. And so, rather than, if I see a quiz like this, I would also, just write redefine n" on this slide, even if n whatever, was defined earlier in the video, It's fine to just include the definition again on the slide that contains your old video quiz. Now, there are several types of old video quizzes you can use. Like this example here. It's a multiple choice, where you, you know, select one of four options. You can also use a checkbox answer question where you give the student number of options. You say, you know, check out of the five. So, for this, I sure have no idea what the right answer is. Maybe I, Since we checked those, and then we can click Submit, so that's the, you know checkbox answer type of question. And then, you can also have short answer questions, where you ask a short text answer, and the student types some text into the text box and the software can automatically grade it, based on whether or not, you know, certain keywords match, or certain properties like that. So, that was in-video quizzes. By adding a few of these into your lecture videos, I think you'll be able to make your lectures even more engaging, and help your students to learn better. Whereas, in-video quizzes tend to be relatively short, relatively quick questions, Part of your group should also contain longer, thinking more serious homeworks and exercises. In the next set of videos, we'll start to talk about homeworks and exercises and how to structure them since they are the other major components of how to teach a successful MOOC. Narrator: Welcome, glad you could join me. Today I'm gonna demonstrate for you how to chart a forecast in Excel. My name is Dr. Steven Harrod and we are working in Excel version 2007 so uh, most of what I show you will be identical if you're working in an older version of excel but just to be aware the menus that you see above are for the version for 2007. So let's get started. Here is what we are going to do. First of all, we are working with a simple exponential forecast today. So I am going to show you how to program, how to program the formulas for simple exponential forecast into a dataset on the next spreadsheet here on the next tab. then I'm gonna show you how we're going to study this forecast to see how good it is. We're gonna do some analysis on this forecast so I'm going to show you how to calculate the mean absolute deviation, I'm actually gonna go straight to the running mean absolute deviation which is a little bit more advanced version of the mean absolute deviation, and then I'm gonna show you how to calculate the running sum of forecast errors, and then I'm going to show you how to calculate what is called the tracking signal which is a way to diagnose the process that you're forecasting and look for any patterns or look for any indication that the process that you're forecasting is undergoing any significant changes. Finally we'll graph forecast and we'll graph the tracking signal and discuss the results and do a little bit of analysis. Okay, well let's move on to our work sheet. Here's our work space and we're starting here, we've already got some data. This happens to be some fuel consumption data, this is the mile per gallon figure for a family car. And these are data entries made every time the gas tank has been filled on the car. So every time the gas tank has been filled the fuel consumption, the number of gallons purchased has been recorded, the mileage has been recorded and we've calculated the miles per gallon for that filling. And then the time column there is simply the sequence, the serial number of the fills, the fuel tank fills for this car. And you see we have about 129 data entries here, we have 129 fuel tank fills for this car. So if you fill this car oh I don't know once a week, we have about two years of data here. So let's start by making the exponential forecast. Now the exponential forecast has one parameter that we have to set. That parameter is called alpha. So we should put on the spreadsheet a place where we can simply change alpha or enter alpha to make it a lot easier for us so let's go ahead and do that. Let's put a label in first... Let's use this cell to record our alpha value. So let's put some cosmetic decoration here to help us keep track of where alpha is on the spreadsheet. Line this up. I'm gonna do something special, I want to name this cell to make it easy for me to recall this information in future formulas. And the way I do that, I highlight this cell, I go up here in the left in this area called the name box, and let's name it, let's just call it alpha. Type the name in and hit the return key, it saves that name and now that name is linked to this cell right here. And you can always go back to check to see if that name has been linked correctly, if you highlight the cell like that notice the name has now popped up verifying that you have in fact named that cell. Okay, let's go ahead and put in our forecast. Here's our forecast... Remember this is our simple exponential forecast and the formula for simple exponential forecast let's put that in right now. That formula is the forecast equals alpha times the actual data let me back up here a minute, I started too quick Let me move down a cell, let's put it right there, okay, equals alpha times the actual data from the previous time period, that's where I goofed up there, alpha times the data from the previous time period plus parenthesis, one minus alpha... times our previous forecast which would be right here. And then hit return, hit enter, and now you've got that formula in there. Now recall for the exponential forecast we need a seed forecast, we need a starting forecast value to start our forecast. In this case we don't have any other guidance, we don't have any other information to go by so we're going to use the simple naive seed value here we're just gonna use the existing four, the existing actual data from that day for our forecast. So there we go. So there's our first forecast really. This value up here is something we just entered as our starting point, get a little color to separate it. So that is not a real forecast, that is just an estimated forecast that we put in as the basis for our calculation. This is our first real forecast right there. And we want to carry that forecast all the way down, we want to forecast all these values down here, all these time slots right here. Since we've entered that equation, let me show you that equation again right now. So that's the forecast equals alpha times the previous time slot's data value plus one minus alpha times the previous forecast. Now since we've entered this with a named cell and everything else is just going to flow we just want the next equation down to be the exact same equation but everything shifted down a row. All we have to do is highlight that cell, grab the corner, click and drag and you drag that all the way down and Excel is automatically updated that equation and filled it into each row below for you with the correct references. So every cell going down here is now alpha times the previous actual data value plus one minus alpha times the previous forecast and there it is right there. Now nothing's happening yet, it's not a very exciting forecast because we haven't added, created a data value for alpha yet. So alpha of course is any value between zero and one. Now let's pick a simple value that might make sense, let's use zero point two. I entered zero point two and now suddenly we have some forecast activity, now we actually see some forecast here, so there it is right there, there's a forecast. Using the simple exponential. So there's our forecast and the next thing we want to do now is we want to calculate our running mean absolute deviation. Now to do that first we need our absolute deviation. Okay, and the absolute deviation is going to be our actual value, let's see, it is going to be equals absolute value of this minus this, the absolute value of our actual value minus our forecast value. So we'll save that, there we go, and in this particular first entry, it's of course practically zero. We'll click and drag again and get that value for all of our forecast all the way down. Now technically this first one really isn't our first forecast because we didn't do a forecast, that was a made up value, let's get rid of that, they're technically not a forecast right there. So we shouldn't be doing any absolute value calculation right there either. So we've got our absolute deviation so let's get our running mad. Let me line up these columns right here... actually let's put some more rows over here... Did you see how I did that? If I grab a cell and click and drag, basically the idea is anytime you grab a cell and click and drag by the handle you're copying that cell's contents up and down, or left and right depending on which way you drag. So I wanted to get that formatting so I clicked and dragged over to get that formatting. So running mad... Now we have nothing in the first entry because we don't, we're not going to pay attention to that. That's our starting, cold start value right there. So let's start right here, so our running absolute, running mean absolute deviation. So the first value is going to be average times, average of this value actually, it's just the one value. Now let's set this up so we can, we want it, the next one, the next one we're gonna want is gonna be average of this and this. Now we can make this a lot easier if I lock in this top cell with a dollar sign... And then, you see what I did, let me show you what I did again. So that is the average of this range of cells, now it's the same cell so it's essentially one cell. But the first one has been locked in with these dollar signs right here. What that means is now, when I want this one to be the average of the first and the second now when I click and drag, it's gonna lock that in, but it's gonna update this one. So now I have the average of two cells and if I do that again, now I have the average of three cells and if I do that again, now I have the average of four cells, you see where this is going? So let's take this to it's logical conclusion, all the way down... So this is the running mean absolute deviation, this is the mean absolute deviation of all the forecasts up to the point wherever you stop, so this is that running mean absolute deviation and here's that running mean, see it's collecting everything up to that point, you just keep on going, it's the same thing. So now we have the running mean absolute deviation so the next thing we need is the running sum of forecast errors. Now the running sum of forecast errors, now the forecast error is the actual value minus the forecast value so there's our first forecast error. So the running sum is going to be the next forecast error minus and here's the forecast error plus the previous forecast error, that's the running sum, the sum of all the forecast errors as we go so there's the forecast error then we do the same thing again, actual minus forecast plus previous error, sum of error, like that and I think you can figure out where this one's gonna go, we can click and drag on this too, so click and drag and now we filled, everywhere we go, we have filled this equation in properly, each one of them is the current forecast error plus the sum of all the previous forecast errors. So we have our running mean absolute deviation, our running sum of forecast errors, and now we're ready to calculate the tracking signal. Now the tracking signal is the running sum of forecast errors divided by the running mean absolute deviation. So that's going to be this cell divided by this cell. I'll save that... Here we go again, you know where this is going, click and drag, down we go... there we go, so there is our tracking signal for this data. So now we have completed our forecast, we have a simple exponential forecast, we've calculated our running mean absolute deviation, we've calculated our running sum of forecast errors, and now we have our tracking signal which is the ratio of the running sum of forecast errors divided by the running mean absolute deviation. So let's graph these and see what we've got. First of all let's graph insert, build a graph, how about line sounds good, sounds like this one looks good it's gonna give us a dialogue here, it's gonna ask us to collect some data here pretty soon go up here and select the data, and here's our forecast... Let's call that forecast, let's go ahead and add our actual values in here too... Remember to leave out that first row because that's just a, that's our starting point and we don't, we don't want to compare that and we're done. See here's our forecast, now it looks a little ugly because these data points are so big and dark and black because I've got the screen resolution so high but you can manipulate this if you just get your mouse over that line and right click on it and then it says format see, it says format data series right there, let's do that and you can start to tinker with these markers and make them smaller, three point sounds good, let's change the size of that line much better, much better at this size right here. Same thing with the blue, let's do that too, I'm still showing the red, no, blue, I want the blue, there we go Bring that down, make the line smaller, okay, so there we go, look at that, we've got a nice graph, and we can have a little bit of fun with this at the moment now, see we've got all this data but it's automated according to this alpha value now you can experiment with this alpha look at this, watch this. Change your alpha, look at the line move, isn't this kinda fun, see the line shifts of course, look what happens when you go to one, remember this lesson alpha equals one, what does that mean? What kind of forecast do we have when alpa equals one? Answer: this is the naive forecast. Alpha equals one and the simple exponential becomes the naive forecast so you can see the blue line is essentially exactly the same as the red line only it shifted over by one time unit. Go the other direction, go to zero, oops, look what happens to the forecast, it disappeared, we've got a flat line so you go to zero and essentially our simple exponential forecast means no forecast, nothing's happening, we don't have any information at all so that's kind of the range between zero and one, so let's put that back where it was so now let's take a look at our tracking signal, okay let's graph that tracking signal let me scoot this out of the way so we have some space, I'm gonna move that over here. Here's our tracking signal, let's start over, insert, graph, 2D line right there, make some room, kind of shift this around, it's kind of still in the way, select the data, move this out of the way again and here's our tracking signal, let's grab that, k, we're good with that, that's okay scoot up here, let's look at our graph. Now since there's only one value on this graph you don't need a legend, a legend is silly, there's nothing to distinguish so you can go ahead and delete that so we're gonna delete that. I hit the delete key and made it go away okay, so here's our tracking signal, let's tighten this line up again. a little bit tighter line, there we go, so there's our tracking signal. Now I'll leave it to you, if this is an assignment, I'll leave it to you to figure out how to add a title to this, pretty it up in some ways, maybe you want to adjust some of the font sizes and things like that, I'll leave that to you to experiment with but take a look at this tracking signal so look what's going on here, see how it's peaking at certain points, it's peaking right here, huge swing right here, there's another peak right here. and it starts to kind of climb this way again what is going on with this tracking signal? well, something is fundamentally changing in the underlying process when these peaks are happening. and it turns out that what is in fact changing is, these are the points where we have summer mileage. these are summer driving milage, the miles per gallon figure is going up in the summer and during vacation because we're taking family trips at this time so the car milage is having a dramatic shift and then here where this is starting to climb right here, this represents a subtle long term shift in the car's performance tires, air pressure low, maintenance issues, the car is fundamentally starting to change it's behavior right along here but these peaks right here, these represent basically highway milage, basically times you take in the car in long trips and as you change the alpha value these things will start to shift look at that, starting to shift more there so you see a different picture with the tracking signal as we shift the alpha value but this same kind of peaks are still here, and these represent, these represent family vacations, these are the fuel fill ups on long highway trips to family, relatives, to places across the country, and then this over here represents the car basically is getting old, starting to show strange behaviors, it gets older so we're done. We started with a sample set of data, we calculated an exponential forecast, a simple exponential forecast, we calculated our absolute deviation, we now have a running mean absolute deviation, and our running sum of forecast errors and we calculated the tracking signal, and we graphed our forecast, here's the forecast graph right there and then we graphed our tracking signal and did our analysis so we're done. Thank you so much on joining me on this lesson. Hope to talk to you again. Thank you. Bye bye. Now the real question I'm bringing up to is, "Do firefighters cause fire?" or more extremely, "If you're going to get rid of our firefighters, will you get rid of all the fire?" Obviously, this seems to be in the data. I'm not going to do a presentation on a type of integral. I guess if you have this in your tool kit-- and actually you have it beyond the exam on this type of integral, and you actually keep it and you retain it, then you, I think, will become an integration jock. But anyway, let me show you what I'm talking about. So let's just remember what the product rule of differentiation was. So let's say I had two functions, let's say f of x times g of x, and I wanted to take the derivative of this. f of x times g of x. Well the chain rule just told us that this is just the same thing as, let's say, the derivative of the first function f prime of x times the second function g of x plus now the first function f of x times the derivative of the second function. And I'll show you where I'm going with this in a second. Now, if we were to integrate both sides of this equation, because we're still doing algebra on some levels, anything you do to one side of the equation, you can do to the other. So if we were to integrate both sides-- well if you integrate this side, you're taking the integral of a derivative, you just get back to what you took the derivative originally of, so this just becomes f of x times g of x, and then we have to integrate the right hand side, well that just becomes-- and we're doing the indefinite integral, kind of the antiderivative, but we can use this tool when we do definite integrals as well. So that's the integral of f prime of x g of x dx plus the integral of f of x g prime of x d of x. And now this might seem a little bit arbitrary, and it is a little bit arbitrary, let me take-- well, I could take either of these-- but let me just take this one and move it to this side of the equation. So I'm going to subtract this term from both sides of this equation. And so, we could say this-- so let me change colors, because this could get confusing-- this term right here, we could say that term f of x g prime of x d of x is equal to this term-- let me switch back to the yellow-- is equal to f of x g of x minus this term. Because I put it onto this side of the equation. So what did I just do? It looks like I just-- well, I am just essentially playing with the product rule from differentiation. That's all I did. And you probably wondering, well, Sal, this is all nice and it looks fancy, but what good is this going to do me? Well, what I essentially just did is I kind of proved this-- you could call this a formula, but I often forget it, especially once I haven't done it a long time, and then I actually just reprove it to myself just by remembering the product rule-- but this is called integration by parts. And I'll show you where this is useful. Let's say we want to take the indefinite integral of x cosine of x d of x. Well, everything we have in our integration tool kit so far I don't think help us here, right? Because we don't have a function and its derivative, so we can't do substitution or-- which is the same thing as the reverse chain rule-- this isn't a simple polynomial. So if you encounter this when you're doing integrals, kind of the last tool kit-- and this is pretty sophisticated-- is to do integration by parts. And so how can we use this for integration by parts? Well, integration by parts tells us that if we have an integral where we have a function and then the derivative of another function, then we could use this formula to hopefully simplify it. So what I'm going to do-- and you might view this as, well, Sal, how did you know to do this? And I'll tell you my thought process actually after I show you what I did. We always, in math in general, you always want to simplify. You always want to move from something that's complicated to something that's simpler. So in this situation, we could assume that x is f of x, and we could assume that g prime of x is cosine of x, or we could assume the other way around. The reason why I'm going to assume that x is f of x, and I'm going to assume g prime of x is cosine of x, is because later we want to take the derivative of f of x. The derivative of f of x simplifies things a lot. And we also want to take the integral of g prime of x. We want to take the antiderivative of g prime of x. And the antiderivative of cosine of x is sine of x, which is just as complicated. It's not making it any more complicated. And actually, try it the other way around, and you'll see that if you took the antiderivative of x, you would get something that's more complicated. You get x squared over 2. So that's the intuition, and let me just solve through it, and hopefully it'll make a little bit more sense. So if I assume that f of x is x, and g prime of x is cosine of x, then f of x-- this yellow term, let me write it in yellow, just for fun-- so f of x-- so I'm saying that f of x is x. So that's x. And let's say g of x is cosine of x, right? I'm sorry, g prime of x is cosine of x. So the derivative of g of x is cosine of x. So what's g of x? It was the antiderivative of cosine of x. So that's sine of x. I hope you understand what I'm saying. This can be a little confusing. Let me write it separately here. Actually, well I'm running out of space, but I'll write it in the corner right down here. See, I'm saying that f of x is x and I'm saying that g of x is sine of x. And the reason why I knew g of x is sine of x is because I said the derivative, I said g prime of x, is cosine of x. So you know, if the function-- if the derivative of a function is cosine, then we know the function itself is sine. That's just something you memorize. I haven't proven it to you yet, but it's usually in the inside cover of your calculus book. But let's just move forward. And then this is minus the integral of the derivative of f of x. Well what's the derivative of f of x? Well, we said f of x is x, right? So the derivative is just 1 times g of x. Well, I already said that g of x is sine of x. And I think you would agree that we've now simplified this a good bit, because this is just the integral of sine of x, right? So this is just equal to x sine of x-- this is just this first term right here-- minus-- and what's the integral of sine of x? Well, the derivative of-- well, let me make it even simpler. Well we can make this a minus, we can make this a minus sign of x and make this a plus. And now it's really easy. What's the antiderivative of minus sine of x? We can ignore this 1. What's the antiderivative of minus sine of x? Well, yeah, it's just cosine of x. And we should never forget the plus c. So we just used the product rule to derive this formula for integration by parts, and in a lot of calculus books they do this u and v and dvd. This is the same exact thing. I like this more, because it naturally makes more sense to me. It's easier for me to read, and I can derive at any time, just from the product rule. So I don't have to necessarily memorize it. You might want to memorize it for the exam, because it's faster for when you take the AP exam. But when you do calculus-- it's been about fifteen years since I learned it-- and I just remember integration by parts is just really a derivation of the product rule, and that gets me back to the format. I don't even have to look it up. And then I can use it. So that's an introduction to integration by parts. In the next presentation, I will do a bunch of examples-- well, as many as I can fit in to ten minutes of actually using integration by parts to solve fairly fancy integrals. I'll see you in the next presentation. BLlND BEAST Produced by Kazumasa Nakano Original Story by Edogawa Rampo Screenplay by Ishio Shirasaka Photography by Setsuo Kobayashi Recording by Takeo Suda Lighting by Nagaharu Watanabe The Cast Eiji Funakoshi Mako Midori Noriko Sengoku Directed by yasuzo Masumura My name is Aki Shima. I was never very popular as a fashion model. But I was very moved by the artistic sense of the photographer, Mr. Yamana. And quite willing to let him take such pictures of me. The exhibition created quite a sensation. I went to the gallery one morning for an early meeting. To discuss our next project. At such an early hour, there was only one visitor. He didn 't take any notice of the photographs. He was crouched at the foot of the featured statue. It was a nude study of me. It was sculpted by one of Mr. Yamana 's friends. His whole demeanor was very strange. What happened next was unexpected. It felt as if the statue and my body were somehow one. I felt his hands as he pawed the statue. It felt as if he was running them over my body. It sent shivers down my back. I ran out of the gallery. Several days later I worked for Yamana again. I woke up at 4 in the morning and drove down to the studio. Yamana was very demanding, working for him was hard. I was exhausted, but I still had to drive back to my apartment in Tokyo. Once home, I called a local masseur to relieve my fatigue. It's open. Come in. I'm from Sakura Massage. They've never sent you before. That's correct. your normal masseur is otherwise occupied. They sent me instead. Do you mind? I guess not. I only moved here three days ago. I beg your pardon. Hurry up and start. If you don't mind. Give it some muscle. I like it hard. If it doesn't hurt, it doesn't satisfy me. Like this? The massive bombing has not yet begun and those who sacrifice their life in Moscow are so far away deep in the snow. Two days after Hitler's major defeat, his ally, Japan, launches a surprise attack on the United States big naval base in the Pacific, Pearl Harbor. And with this wave of Japanese planes, the war becomes a 'world war'. In London, Rose dances. She's already dreaming of Christmas. She hears her parents say, <i> Now the Americans will fight on our side, </ i> <i> The Russians on our side. </ i> <i> We, British, are no longer alone in this. anymore. </ i> hi this is Mrs israel with another pre algebra tutorial today's topic monomials a monomial is a mathematical expression that is made up of only one term it cannot contain any addition or subtraction science or negative exponents let's look at a few examples a the second power is this a monomial? yes it is because it does not have any negative exponents or additional subtraction terms but the second example b the third plus c is that a monomial? no it's not because it has an addition sign in it let's look at their example sixty a the second b the fourth is that a monomial? yes it is again there are no additional subtraction sign and no negative exponents here's another example five x to the negative third power is that a monomial? no it's not if you said no because it has a negative exponents you are correct let's look at another example negative six x two the second y the fourth is that a monomial? yes it is because there are no negative exponents no additional subtraction sign remember that this is a negative sign let's try one last example five x to the third take away fourth x x to the fourth is that a monomial? if you said no you are correct it is not a monomial because it has a subtraction sign or you could think of it as an addition sign taking away a negative fourth x Edgar Allen Poe is rightly famous for having created some of the first examples that really crystallized forms of popular genres. The facts in the case of Mischua Valdemar is a fine science fiction story. We'll apply certain scientific principles. We'll get certain results. We'll feel certain horrors. It fits within the Eden complex. It works perfectly well. There were many stories someone trying to figure out the mystery for ages in human history infact the story of Oedipus is trying to solve the mystery for which the Oracle gives clues but the clues get misunderstood. But the so called tale of the great detective, that sort of story we think of with Sherlock Holmes first achieves fully complete form. In early works by Edgar Allan Poe, works like the Purloined Letter. In The Purloined Letter. We have a story of the detective, Dupin, and the prefect, who comes into Dupin and says, I don't know what to do, this letter that belongs to this noble lady has been stolen and we know it was stolen, and we have gone into his apartment when he is away, and gone and looked every drawer, we've looked everywhere, we've even look at hollowed out the dowels in his furniture, we've had people waylaying into the street to see if he carried it on his person, it cannot be found. But, I would pay £50,000 if only somebody could give me that stolen letter. Well. Dupin takes on the commission, and he finds the letter they next encounter. The prefect is speechless. Dupin says, fill up the check. He fills out the check, gives it to Dupin, and he runs away with the letter. The second half of the story is Dupin explaining to his sidekick exactly what went on and he explains, well, you know there is this game where kids ask, where children ask each other to find a place on a map and they never find Asia because it's so big that the letters just don't get seen at all. Ultimately the explanation is that, the miscreant had kept the letter in a sheaf of letters. And Dupat had figured it out, so he made a facsimile that would look like the sam e letter and when he went to visit the criminal he switched the two letters and took it away. It was hidden in plain sight. Well, half of the story is getting up to that moment of huh! And the other half the story is the explanation. At the time the story was published it was the rage. But for modern readers it's too boring. It takes half the time to explain what happened. We all know Hidden in Plain Sight but it wasn't known then. If we take a look at The Purloined Letter we could represent it as a triangle with a crux. Aaaah happens. And the second half is the descent, what's called in literary terms the dénouement for a French word meaning the unknotting. If you take a look at that 1845 story. The dénouement, the crux happens in the middle, the dénouement begins then. If we look at Arthur Conan Doyle's work, like The Adventure of the Speckled Band, 1892, we have exactly the same structure. We have the detective, we have the detective's side-kick, Holmes and Watson. We have a policeman who explains why this mystery cannot possibly be solved. And then, we have the detective matching his mind with that of the criminal in order to be able to figure out what happened, set a certain trap and then solve the problem, which he then explains. During the dénouement, after that crux. If you look at those Doyle stories you see that we have the same structure, but shifted further. So that the dénouement begins much closer to the end. If you go even further. Say with Agatha Christie. A.b.c. Murders of 1936. You have the same structure again. But, the explanation is within the last very few pages. In other words, people just got bored with the predictability of the form. It's what's called aesthetic fatigue. And as aesthetic fatigue set in one way to keep the genre vibrant was to make the discharge of that great solution ever more concentrated by putting it at the end getting closer and closer to the end. That's one way, that's one way for genres to develop. Now, there are other ways to develop them. For example, Agatha Christie published the Murder of Roger Akroyd in 1926. This novel was an enormous sensation, some of the sensation quite negative. Because, as you read through the novel, and realize where you're going, and know you have that ordinary structure of the tale of the great detective. And you're waiting for that dénouement at the end, you discover that the murderer is the narrator. That's not fair, that's not allowed. You can't do that Agatha. Well, she never did it again. But she had created something entirely new by taking the ground rules of that narrative world and reversing them, by doing something fantastic. She helped to generate a new genre, just as Mary Shelley had invented science fiction by taking the explanation from gothic explique and moving it from the end of the text to the beginning. This idea that our ways of seeing depend sometimes on the fantastic for their development is crucial not only in the development of literary genres, but in our development of our understanding of the world. One of my favorite examples in the history of science is the work of Evangelista Bautista Torricelli. In 1643, he did an experiment that showed that he was worrying about something which I will have to admit, very few of us worry about very much. He know, as everyone at the time did, that if you're trying to dig a well, and you dig down. And we'll find water, it will come rushing up to the surface. Unless the water is more than 33 feet deep. And if it's more then 33 feet deep it won't come up to the surface. Well, why not. So Torricelli had an idea, of course air has no weight, anybody knows that, have a balanced scale and well nothing puts down on either side and besides which, you know Aristotle, the philosopher had said that nature abhors a vacuum, so you know air is nothing. So everybody knew, by the way, the distance to the moon so there's got to be air all the way to the moon and the ancient Greeks even had, had fanciful stories about hitching geese together and taking a ride to the moon on the backs of the ge ese who were flying through that air. They knew that they couldn't actually do that but they knew how far away the moon is, it's actually pretty easy to calculate if you take a look at. Shadow you know how long the moon takes to go round, you can triangulate it. The ancient Greeks knew the distance to the moon. So Torricelli had this amazing idea. I mean clearly, clearly there was air throughout the entire universe, the philosopher had told us that. Clearly, air had nothing to do with anything because it had no weight what so ever, but, what if, what if, air had weight? And it was the weight of the air kind of going through the ground that pushed down on water. So when you made a hole above it if the water were only 33 feet or less the water would come up. But if air had only enough weight to lift water that high then if you had to go deeper to find the water the water wouldn't come up. In other words water is working because air has weight. Air has weight, that's fantastic. So what did Torricelli do? He had constructed an enormous glass tube, what he wanted was a tube more than 33 feet long, but that's pretty hard to accomplish, that's certainly was in the middle of the seventeenth century. So instead he found the densest liquid he could find, which was mercury. And he found a tube that we would now call about a meter long. The word meter wasn't used then, but we'd call it about a meter long. And he sealed one end of it and he filled the rest of it with mercury. Then he took it and he turned it over into a bath of mercury. Now, he knew what was gonna happen when he took his finger away. If air had no weight, then all of the mercury in the tube would sploshing out, gravity would make it fall down, but if air had weight, then the weight of the air pushing down on the bath of the mercury would reach some equilibrium with the weight of the mercury in the tube and that mercury will go down only so far. He did all his calculations in advance. He took his fingers away. And the mercury went that far. He knew. He knew. He created the first permanent partial vacuum in the history of humanity, he had proved that air had weight. More importantly, his calculations had shown that if the column of air above the earth were uniform in density, it could extend if that was the weight of air, 33 feets, feet worth of water. It could extend only five miles. In other words between us and the moon almost everything was vacuum. Nature didn't abhor a vacuum. Nature preferred a vacuum. On that day in 1643 Evangelista Battista Torracelli discovered outer space. We live in his world, and we still pay him respect, because one of the terms use for barometric pressure is the Torr, after Torricelli. When he pulled his finger out and that mercury went down and stopped, it was the world's first barometer. In other words, by taking something that everyone knows and thinking of its exact opposite, Toricelli was able to change the world. The fantastic not only changes genres, it changes how we understand anything and sometimes that fantastic understanding is the one we seek forever. So here's a problem for you. Here are ten dots, five in the top row and five in the second row. And the question is, think of them as trees. How can you plant all ten of trees in such a way that they wind up in five rows, each one of which has exactly four trees in it. Since the aim of this particular discussion is to get you to think well the fantastic imagination. I'm gonna leave you with that. There's a puzzle. Enjoy. When developing learning algorithms, very often a few simple plause can give you a, better sense of what the algorithm is doing and just, sanity check that everythings going okay, and the algorithms doing what it's supposed to. For example, in an earlier video, I talked about how plotting the cause function J of theta can help you make sure that gradient to sense is converging. Often, plots of the datar, of, of the learning algorithm outputs, will also give you ideals for how to improve your learning algorithm. Fortunately, Autive has, very simple tools to generate loss of different plots and when I use learning algorithms, I find that plotting the data, plotting the learning alger, algorithm and so on, are, often. Important part of how I get ideas for improving the algorithms, and in this video, I'd like to show you some of these octave tools for plotting and visualizing your data. Here's my octave window. Let's quickly generate some data for us to plot. So I'm going to set t to be = to, you know? This array of numbers. Here's t. Set of numbers going from, zero up to.98. Let's set y1 = sine of two pi 4t. And if I want to plot the sine function, it's very easy. I just type plot t, y1, and hit enter. And out come this plot where the horizontal axis is the t variable and the vertical axis is Y1, Which is sort of this sinusoid function that we just computed. Let's set y two to be equal to. The cosine of two pi four T like so, and if I plot. T, Y2 What Octave will do is it will take my sinusoid plot. And it will replace it with this cosine function. There, now, you know, cosine of X say one, right? No, what if I want to have, both the sine and the cosine plots on top of each other? What I'm going to do is I'm going to type. Plot T comma Y, one. So here's my sine function. And then I'm going to use the function, hose on. And what hose on does, is it causes to now plot new figures on top of the old one. And let me now plot T, Y2. I'm going to plot the cosine function in a different color. So let me. put A, an R in q uotation marks there. And instead of replacing the current figure, it'll plot the cosine function on top. And the R indicates, the color. And here are additional commands. X label time. A to label the x axis or the horizontal axis. And Y label values A to label the vertical axis value. And, I can also. And I can also, label my two lines with this command. Legend, sine, cosine. And this puts this legend on the upper right, showing you what these two lines are. And finally title Y plot puts a title at the top of this figure. Lastly if you want to save this figure you type print D DGNP. My plots, P and G, so P and G is a, graphics file format, and, if you do this, this is where I should save this as a file, but if I do that, then we actually change directory, to, let's see. that. And then, I will print that out. So this will take a while, depending on how your, Octave configuration is set up. This may take a few seconds. But, change directory to my desktop. And Octave is now taking a few seconds to save this. If I now go to my desktop, , let's hide these windows here's my plot dot PNG which octave has saved, then you know, that's the figure I have saved as a PNG file. Octave can save thousands other formats as well so you can type help plot if you want to see the other file formats, rather than PNG that you can save figures in. And lastly, if you want to get ride of a plot, the closed command. causes a figure to go away, so there's a figure and if I type close, you know, that figure just disappeared from my just disappeared from my desktop. Octave also lets you specify a figure or a number. So you type figure, one, plot T, Y1, that starts up a first figure in that plus T Y1 and then if you want a second figure you specify a different figure number so figure two plus T Y2, like so and now on my desktop I actually have two figures, figure one and figure two, one plotting the sign function, one plotting the cosign function. Here's one other neat command that I often use which is the subplot commands, I'm going to use subplots 121 what this does is divides, subdivides the plots. Into A one by two grid, that's what the first two parameters are, and in response to, access the first element, that's the what the final parameter one is, right, so this, divide my figure into one by two grids and I want to, access the first element right now, and so if I, take that in, this product, this figure is on the left and if I, plot T Y1, it now fills up this, . You know, first element and if I now do subplot one, two, two. I'm going to start to access the second element and plot T, Y2. Well, throw in Y2 in the right hand side or the second element. And lost command you can also change the axis scale and change axis to open five one minus one, one and this sets the X range and Y range for the figure on the, on, on the right and says the horizontal range of values and the figure on the right to range from 0.5 to one and the vertical axis values to range from -one to one. And you know, you don't need to memorize all these commands if you ever need to change the axis all you need to know is that there's an axis command and you can really get the details from the usual auto help command. Finally just a couple of last commands - ClF Clears a figure. And, here's one more neat trick. Lets set A to be equal to a five by five matrix square, say, so A is now this five by five matrix. There's a neat trick that I sometimes use to visualize a matrix, which is I could use image S, C. Of A and what this would do is this would plot a five by five matrices so it'll take my matrices I'll plot this as a five by five grid of colors where the different colors correspond to the different values in the A matrix. So briefly I an also do color bar let me use a more sophisticated command if we just see A color bar, color Map gray this is actually running three commands at a time, running every emesher FC, then running color bar, then color map gray and what this does, is it sets the color po, map, it's a gray color map, and under writed also puts it in this colo r bar and, So this color bar shows what the different shades of color correspond to, curan frequently, the upper left elements of, the A matrix is seventeen, and so, you know, that corresponds to. Kind of a mid shade of grey, whereas in contrast the second element of a, the one two element of a is 24 versus a one two is 24. So that corresponds to this graph here which is nearly a shade of white. And the small value say a, what is that a, a four five Know is the value three over here that corresponds. You can see how my color bar that corresponds to much darker shade in this image. So here's another example I can plot a larger you know. Here's a magic fifteen that gives me a fifteen by fifteen magic square and this gives me a plot of what my fifteen by fifteen magic square's values looks like. And finally to wrap up this video. What you've seen me do here is use common training of function cause here is how we actually do this , if I type A plus one, B equals two and C equals three. And hit enter. Then this, this is actually carrying out three commands at the same time or really carrying out three commands one after another. And it prints out all three results. And this is a lot like equals one, b equals two, C equals three. Except that if I use semi colons instead of a comma, it doesn't print out anything. So, this, you know? This thing here we call comma chaining of commands or comma chaining of function calls. And it's just another convenient way in Octave to put multiple commands like color bar, color map. To put multi commands on the same line. So, that's it. You now know how to plot different figures in Octave. And, in the next video. The, the next main piece I want to tell you about is, how to write control statements. Like if, while full statements in Octave. As well as how to define and use functions. Cairo Train Station When has anyone, football fans or otherwise, Ever responded to a referee's time-out by putting the lights out?! And in a second, the audience is up there, And in a second, the lights go out, and we find ourselves sealed off on all sides! As soon as the match ended and the referee blew the whistle, The lights went out, the doors were shut on all sides, and they took to slaughtering people. Cairo Station [Chants] The people demand the execution of the Field Marshall (Tantawi) They were throwing us over the bleachers, As if we're bags of garbage! Or a water bottle being tossed. Those jumping over the fence to avoid being tossed, Would get stabbed or kicked in the head. What game... what Tantawi... what the hell. [Chants] Justice for the martyrs, or we die like them. [Sign] He lived a hero, died a martyr, and his rights we will surely win. Tell me, soldier, who killed him - or are you hiding the evidence!! [Chants] Come on, idiot, hear my demands: freedom, freedom, freedom... [Chants] The Ministry of Interior, are thugs. 13 years old - dead in a stadium, HOW?! Where will his blood go!! You killed him! How could you!!! How!!! You were sitting in the stadium watching? Watching what in the stadium?! Why don't you get up?! Do your jobs! Carry out your duty - or is it only ours? This time is different from any before - no one is leaving! [Chants] Dirty bastards... the government is dirty. [Chants] Oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh, oh - fuck that Habib el-Adly of yours! [Chants] Get back, get back, get back. [Chants] Down, down with military rule. Its a site not often seen here at the man-made Mark Twain Lake Massive amounts of water being released from the Clarence Cannon Dam 28,000 cubic feet per second now slowly increased to 38,000 Tuesday morning Which means more than 260,000 gallons each second Its doing what it was designed to do and that was to hold back flood waters but there comes a point when you have to release some of it because there is going to end up being no more room. Recent heavy rains are to blame In the meantime authorities with Ralls County say between 25 and 30 homeowners along the Salt River Basin are evacuating and moving their property out as a precaution. Jake Miller WGEM News This sound indicates a change in the gates here at the Clarence Cannon Dam and this siren has been going off a lot lately. Here its more than 400,000 gallons of water each second Right now the Corps is releasing water at 54,000 cubic feet per second and that number is likely to rise based on rainfall and inflow of water into the lake. Corps employees are working to protect the nearby switching station and the dams powerhouse This is important because the hydropower plant produces millions of megawatts of power 58 megawatt plant. It provides the public a source of power for 20,000 homes. The switch yard is what allows power to leave the Power plant here at Mark Twain and go out on the electrical grid. These sandbags proved their worth just weeks ago in and around the Mississippi River. They are being used here again at the Dam. So far the Adams County Highway Department has supplied 85-100,000 sandbags right here. In the meantime residents are still being asked to stay out of their properties as some homes down stream and taking in water and if more releases are necessary, more water will be headed their way. Jake Miller, WGEM News. For several days the Clarence Cannon Dam has been releasing 54,000 cubic feet of water a second. On Saturday, with no additional rain and the lake level finally dropping, the Army Corps of Engineers to decided to reduce the amount of water being released to 40,000 cubic feet per second, or just under 300,000 gallons per second. Well this is certainly better than where we were a couple days ago. when we were still worried about incoming water. So right at the moment we are on our way down as far as lake level is concerned. and that does mean that releases are on their way down. So, things are starting to look up. The lake is currently sitting at 636 feet. Even though Heitmeyer says this weekends decrease is a positive step forward, they are still keeping a watchful eye on possible precipitation. Jake Miller, WGEM News. Alright welcome to the last problem set. Let's go ahead and dive in with a question about decidability. Given a program on a RAM and an input to that program, which of the below are decidable? The RAM runs at least 1,000,000 steps before terminating. The RAM runs at least 1,000,000 steps and will eventually terminate. Or the RAM runs at most 1,000,000 steps before terminating. Check all that are decidable. Hi. Welcome to week 8. I hope the past week was fun, it was I hate to call it a tangent because I think statistics and finance are in some sense integrated so much that it's tough to talk about a different discipline, I mean, I think of statistics as part of finance and so on. But I think it was an opportunity for you to do something that was useful to you beyond finance. And most of the assessments of last week are related to figuring out how to estimate things and I put up a note for you. I gave you assessments which you needed to do. We also introduced you to just simple ways of using Excel. And It's a little bit embarrassing even talking about how to do it because it's so obvious. So I hope you've had time to practice that. Let me just caution you about one thing. Chances are, you will use that much more outside finance than within finance. And the kind of stuff that we did last week, statistical stuff. And the reason I'm saying that is because in finance, you can almost, it's so intuitive you don't need to estimate risk. So let's get started with the recap of last time without a major discussion of statistics and then move on to today. So what was the recap. And I just want to do it a little bit hands-on. And the reason is the issues are very very important, but they're not detailed. So remember, I always show you the snapshot. And remember in the back of our minds is Orange. Do you remember Orange? Orange is that innovative company that is trying to mimic another fruit, and that fruit is called Apple, it's trying to make uPod, whatever. Whatever was with "i" they want to make with "u". Which is not a bad strategy if you ask me, but ... OK. So you want to evaluate Orange, you've got all the cash flows because that's your job. You've come up with this idea, you can think like that. So you got everything, now you looking for--you got the cash flows--you're looking for r. And whenever you think of "r" put an "a" next to it. And the reason is, real assets create value. OK? So, now I know that but I don't know what my r is. This belongs to Orange in the sense that Orange created this idea but this belongs to the market. And now you know why markets are so important, is because all valuation is relative. So you say OK, I want to value r _a, I mean Orange. So you find a company called Apple and you say, OK, let me go figure it out what r_a is. What you realize is you look at Apple and there is no r_a to be found or measured, and the reason is real assets don't trade and you see now the beauty of markets: there is Equity and there is Debt. And if it's in a market place Equity certainly trades Debt may be between you and the bank, you being Apple and the bank and turns out for convenience we wanted a situation where we did worry about that (you know) inherent value creation shouldn't fundamentally depend on what the financing is. And that's not therefore the focus of this class. So I'm going to assume, quite realistically as we saw last time that Apple has no debt. If that's true, if I can somehow figure out how to measure the risk of this and then go from risk to return on equity, remember, risk of equity--return on equity, I have found r_a. You see the beauty of it? And the reason is I do not know what the machines and ideas and people residing in Apple are and they are not trading day to day, but to get to return I need to know value over time (right) what is return, change in value plus the (change) dividends that are paid. So I want to figure out r_a, so I go catch my nose the wrong way because I can't go directly so I go through financial market. (You see, I try to do that, I can't.) But anyway, so you got your r_a. But in order to get r_a what do I have to do? I have a challenge: I first have to define risk, then I have to relate it to R_e, the return. Turns out that's what our goal is today. But one final part about the recap. What did we see, and I'm going to pick it up here, what did we see, know about risk? What is our attitude towards risk? We do not like it. But we like return! Do not like risk, like return. However, behaviour sure that we will take on more risk in a portfolio context than return. So why did I say portfolio context? Because if you are risk-averse we will always spread our wealth around, we will never put our eggs in one basket. And that's a behaviour shown to be the case. So last time we saw that large portfolios of small stocks was (??) a huge difference. A large portfolio is simplifying (?) it is more representative of stocks still had a significantly higher average return difference, 8% in that data. So what does that tell us? That risk goes with the return, but we are using portfolios. So the notion of a portfolio and risk are tied very closely and we are going to squeeze every ounce of knowledge that has been created in the last 50 years in finance. And I remind you of one thing: The definition of risk got one Nobel Prize. Harry Markowitz did a lot of work in the Fifties on it. And then Bill Sharpe and Black and others did work and Bill got the Nobel Prize for coming up the relationship between risk and return. And though this is eventually, you'll say, this is too simplistic and that's the beauty of it E=mc square. Don't you think that's simple too? And that's its beauty eventually. The beauty of a good model is not that it's right, especially in human behavior. The beauty of a good model is how much simplicity can capture of human behavior. OK? So let's get moving to where we left off last time and i've given you a bit of homework to do. So let's pick up there and this is still in my book a recap. And then we'll start week 8. But you know it's kind of an artificial divide between recap-ing and picking up. OK, i showed you this graph. It is also available on the website. And the earlier graph i'm not going to talk about because it's, we've spent a lot of time. Now stare at this one and I asked you the following: Think of one thing that makes you pause about this. It could be many, but i'm going to think of one thing. and that one thing has to have some more 'oove' to it. Because there are alot of things you could think of in this graph. Right? So come again now, what's the major difference between the top 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 entries. Starting with Disney, ending with Proctor and Gamble and the last one. What's the major difference? The major difference is that the 11 are stocks and S&P 500 is a portfolio. Now, it is true that those are only 11 and i said S&P has 500. But let's assume those 11 kind of cover most industries are represented. The purpose of this is not to give you a perfect example but the purpose is to give you an example that will be very close to reality in terms of what i'm trying to express. OK, first question: what is the one thing you notice? and i'm going to say it now, because i'm getting desperate to let you know what the one thing is. Hopefully you'll agree with me. One thing, S&P 500 variance is less, standard deviation is less than all the others. Now, as i said, i could pick some stocks if i looked hard enough that would probably be a little bit less than this or whatever. But i'm just giving you this data to think about. There's a pattern here and the pattern is individual securities tend to be much more risky than a portfolio of them put together. And this will form our basis for the entire development of a definition of risk, and the entire development of relationship between risk and return. The nice thing is we'll do it in just today's session. Because we have already done statistics we understand it, we talked about Risk and Return. We could do an entire class between this topic of this week, we could do an entire class on it. But I think for our purposes our goal is valuation, so we are going to spend time enough so that we capture all the major elements. (OK?) So let's see what's going on and then move on. Literally the next slide says what's going on, so this is what's going on: Remember, there are two major risks. Keep this at the back of your mind, very important. One is Macro, or Systematic. The other is Unique, or Specific. Please keep this at the back of your mind and now let's talk about what's going on. So I'm going to call the standard deviation of a portfolio sigma_p. "sigma" stands for standard deviation, you know this from last week, just a symbol. And when you estimate it many times people will use small 's', and that is to differentiate between a concept and the data measurement. I'm not going to worry about it. Many times they put a hat on it, to show that it's an estimate. Turns out this is sigma_p, and let me call sigma_i the standard deviation of a particular security 'i'. So this is a security, say for example Exxon, and this is in our case S&P 500. What do you notice? You notice that in our example each one of these, each one of these is greater. (Right?) And how much was this? I believe 15%. Turns out, if I took (1 / n) average of all the standard deviation in this S&P 500 so what do I have on the right-hand side? I'm averaging all the standard deviations of S&P, in the 500, and I'm assuming, just what I showed you I didn't show you all 500 because, that's all we would do, right? So I showed you a representative sample. What's true is, this is true ... ANY TlME you do this analysis this will have to be true. And this is called Diversification. I.e., and this is what we are going to talk about at length, what i.e. that is Diversification is the phenomena where the average standard deviation or risk, of the things within their portfolio if you average them, is much higher than the standard deviation of the combined. And quick question. We are going to go into this, just keep this at the back of mind we'll take a break, it's a good time to pause before we pick up, however ... keep one thing in mind: Always ask: Why? So let me leave you with one question which we will pick up next time and you'll see in detail, is which of these two risks that are present in each "i", do you agree? Each security has some macro risk, some unique risk. And macro risk again is what? Interest rates, oil shocks these days... Heck, if the web, internet stops it's probably a huge risk. Didn't use to be there 40 years ago, right? What is a unique risk to a company? Something specific to it. Industry-specific could be one thing, an input peculiar to it could be another thing. And remember, these risks change over time, right? So something that was a unique risk to a while ago is now a permanent risk. I gave you two examples, (right), the oil shocks and more recently technology has become a macro risk. However, one unique risk common to all companies is management's investment decisions. So those can't be macro risks. So compare say for example the president of a country so compare, so Obama's policies versus the policies of even the best seeming CEO of all times, Jack Welch when he was in charge of General Electric. Who is unique? Jack Welch, right? Because he affect GE, and GE may be the most awesomest company, probably the biggest company if you add equity and debt. It still cannot have that macro effect that say, a public policy move of a president can have. So think like that. So which of these two gets removed? Remember, as is forming the portfolio, what is happening to the average risk? -- It's going down. Think about it: Which of these two risks is standing to "cancel" with each other? Leave that (?). Think about it. We're going to come back, pick up, give a kind of an intuitive answer and move on to the details and some of the most profound work done in Finance. See you in a little bit. Michael Tobin: So I thought I'd share some ideas that I have about leadership. And I'm sure many of you are going to be leading businesses and divisions and countries and stuff like that in the future, so listen up. And - you can laugh at me. And so I thought as I had lots of time, I'd start. Eighteen minutes is a lot of time to fill up, so I'll start right at the very beginning: This is where I was born, back in the 60s. Anyone recognize that? In London? It's Guys Hospital. Guys Hospital, Tooley Street. You know the area? Anyone? That's what it looks like today. It's changed quite a bit. Change is important. Change is quite a lot. That was me in the 60s. [laughter] Thank you very much. And as you can see, I haven't changed at all. So it was a rough old neighborhood in Bernese. And you had to -- uh- I think any shoes that I did wear were already worn by at least three of my brothers before I got hold of them. And that, by the way , isn't me peeing up the wall. Just that's what one person said when they saw that. But yeah, now I have to pay to get holes in my jeans you see. So things haven't changed that much. So then when I was about seven I was whisked off by my mom to Africa, and we had to escape a fairly rough environment that was created by my father. And we jumped from the frying pan into the fire. And in Africa at that time it was Apartheid, and there were Petrol bombs going everywhere, and, uh, being shot at five times a day. And that was all fun. That's also a big indication of change, if anyone's been down to South Africa these days anmazing place really great place for Charlene, my wife and I went on a honeymoon there to Capetown earlier this year. So it's a real big difference there too. So when I came back, I didn't go to university. I went to do an apprenticeship with a company called Allen-Bradley. Apprenticeships are making a comeback as well these days. But I used to make robots. [laughs] And you guys I'm sure -- if I still have it in my pocket here -- So does anyone recognize one of these? If you can even see it from there. Recognize that? A micro SD. Yep, little chip. Sixty-four gig on this little thingy here. Right. So this -- anyone recognize what this is? This is a hard disk, okay. This is a 10 MB hard disk. Now, my first job flogging computers, I used to only have to sell one of these a week and I hit my target. 10 meg hard disk. So in other words, there's six and a half thousand of these in this. So change. Change, change, change. So I think the way we lead, the way we manage also probably has changed quite a bit. And I don't really like the thought of managing companies. I like to empower people to help themselves to lead the companies that they run. So I have a team of 14 direct reports. I don't have a PA. Four of them were best men at my wedding, so we're a very, very close knit organization. They've been in their jobs at least ten years, which is pretty amazing for an internet company. And I like to empower people. I like to empower people. Now interestingly enough, around my board room, I have some etchings. And there's different etchings from different parts of Europe where we have our data centers. And I found a famous person from each of these places. And I've found something that that famous person has said to try to epitomize the ethos of our company. So for example, Dublin, we have a data center in Dublin. Everybody likes to Google and Facebook and Amazon. as customers out there. And George Bernard Shaw, he said that the reasonable man adapts himself to the world. And the unreasonable man expects the world to adapt to him. All progress therefore depends upon the unreasonable man. So think about that as you go along. Ask your questions. Ask your questions. But, um, sometimes it's very difficult to impart a message. Now, when I merged Telecity and Redbus together, two companies back in 2005, you can imagine two companies that were head to head competitors for a long time suddenly being merged together. And my management team were very worried. Because very often you have consolidations means redundancies, people lose their jobs and things like that. And I said to people, don't worry. And I just couldn't get this message into peoples' minds that they shouldn't be worried about this. So I took them up to Scotland -- the management team, and we went across the Firth of Fourth, if you know that area. And on the north side of the bridge, just underneath the bridge, there's a man made aquarium, but it's so big you don't realize it's actually -- it's manmade, but you feel like you're really in the ocean. And I didn't tell them what we were doing, but we turned up there and I asked them all to get into their wet suits. And they looked at my slightly strangely, but they did as they were told. Good people. And then they brought the breathing apparatus on and then I pointed them towards the shark tank. That's me and my HR director, by the way, right there. That's a real picture. So, um, we dived to these sharks with no cages or anything else. And when we came out again, I asked the management team how they felt before they went in. And they said, we thought you were crazy. I was swearing at you, I was so scared I peed myself. And various other things. And I said, well, how did you feel when you were in there, actually down on your knees, down there, right? and face to face with these very, very big sharks? And they said I was still pretty scared and couldn't tell if I peed myself or not but I felt excited and really, it was a very, very exciting feeling. And I said, how did you feel when you came out? They said, it was like a life-changing experience for me. I was so excited it was really, really great. I said, okay, every time you have a problem in your life, every time there's an issue that you fear, all right, go through that process in your mind. The chances are, A) it won't be won't be as bad as you ever think it will be. But if it's really scary, it's exciting. And when you come out of it you'll feel better. You will have grown as a person. Of course the ones I didn't want to carry on in the business, I gave them a little nick of the corner of their arm before they went in. That worked well. Anyway, but um so then of course I did merge these companies together and these two hated organizations came together and they made this real market leadership position. And you can imagine there were every now and again there were these two people after years of fighting each other didn't really get on so well in the management team. And I took them up to the North Pole. Um, and the anyone's ever been here this is the Ice Hotel. And they make it every year up at the North Pole. Absolutely fabulous place. Everything's ice. The rooms are ice. The beds are ice. That's a bed. And really, really awesome stuff. And the glasses are ice. If you drink enough, it slowly gets melted on the edge where you drink. It's about minus 40. And so I got them really drunk in the vodka bar first and then I explained the sleeping situation. And you have to sleep two per bed for body warmth in this place. So all the ones that didn't get on well together, I made them sleep together. So in the morning they were fine. They really were. They were good. There's something about the fact that after having drunk a lot, they needed to use the loo. And the one thing, of course, you don't have in an ice hotel is a toilet, for obvious reasons. So you have to go outside and dig yourself a hole. And there's no electricity. So one of them had to keep watch and guide the other one back in at 3:00 o'clock in the morning and then have to warm his feet up against his bottom. Yeah, that worked. That worked. That was really good. So anyway, so we had this -- the business is a recurring nature of business. And you're normally at probably the same with everyone you kind of start with year it's January, rough old Christmas And before you know it it's valentines day and then before you know anything else it's Easter and then you're into summer holidays. And then you've got to hit all your targets at the end of the year, and so everyone goes crazy like between September and December trying to hit all your targets. Well, it's a load of nonsense if you've got a recurring business, because every order I get in January I get 12-month's value for. All right. If I get an order in December it's almost worthless to me. So I had to impart this message. And people were struggling to understand the importance of the really, really hard push at the beginning of the year So I took them to Lillehammer in Norway and this is the Winter Olympics bobsled track. And if you think sleeping with sharks -- swimming with sharks not sleeping -- sleeping with them as well. -- swimming with sharks is scary, try this. This is very, very, very scary. So if you imagine you've got a helmet that weighs about three, four kilos on your head and you're experiencing seven Gs, going around corners, left and right, in probably five times in less than a second, that is something else. There's a professional driver there of course and three of my team broken up into teams and um, we were about, I think it was about one minute 20 from the top to the bottom and I said the world record is 102. So in other words you've got to knock 18 seconds off. And if we can get within three seconds of the world record, there's a prize for everyone. And of course the first time they get they sit there and realize there's absolutely nothing you can do at all once you're going down the hill. Other than hold your breath and and pray. All right. So all the difference -- and by the way we did get within three seconds of the world record. To get to the record is a bit different, but getting within three second and it's all about the push at the beginning. So we found out that a four seconds improvement at the bottom can be made by a 0.4 second improvement at the push at the top. So getting people used to understanding a little bit more effort at the beginning can drive fabulous results at the end. So then we made a very successful company and we listed it, as Freda was saying, listed it five years ago last week and probably chose the absolute worst time in history to list the company on the stock market. But we've been incredibly successful, mainly luck, than judgment I'm sure. But -- so the interesting thing is when you become a public company, people have to be very careful of what they say about the business. So when you're a private company you can say we're going to do a million next year we're going to do this and that. If it's a public company it's insider information and you 've got to be careful of how you speak. So to impart this little message, I took them to Tallinn. And that was great. Picked them up in little Trevance from the airport, which was quite a cute idea, I think. Nearly blew them up. So we had a lovely meal in this middle of this 13th century little town of Tallinn. afterwards we were walking down the beautiful cobbled streets about 10:00 o'clock and these big, old doors opened up and 15 Kalashnikov-carrying KGB agents dragged my team inside and roped them to chairs and interrogated them. And every one of them said something they shouldn't have said. It was absolutely terrible. It was terrible. so they realized that actually they need to be a bit more careful about what they say under pressure. So yeah. Yeah. Now, so actually a very serious point, though. About two years ago was one of the big jumps in our growth trajectory, and it was also a very, very challenging time in the industry. So the targets I had given them were quite -- quite aggressive. Um, but they were moaning a lot and they were saying, we're not going to do this. I have children to feed. I'm not going get a bonus and moan, moan, moan, moan, moan, moan. Moan, moan, moan, moan, moan, moan, moan. So I took them to Auschwitz. Sorry. And in Auschwitz something very special happened to my management team. They stopped moaning and when they stopped moaning, they started to get on with driving real, real value out of the business. Because trust me, after that, everything's a cake walk. It really is. So I thought that I would leave you with a couple of other etchings around my boardroom. Um, and two of them we apply some poetic license. So the etching for Milan is actually Sophia Lauren. And she's not really from Milan. She's from the south of Italy. But so she says that: Mistakes are the fees we pay for living a full life. So bear that one in mind. Don't worry about making mistakes. It just means you're doing stuff. And the other one, which is my final words to you. Um, Napoleon for Paris. Which again, a complete fake because he was from Corsica. But anyway, it works for us. Napolean said that: In victory we deserve champaign and in defeat, we need it. Thank you, very much. (Applause) Piss-legged, drag-assed khakis tucked into jump-boots, a sleeping-bag coat torn by river-bank blackberries— parks himself across on the bench opposite the man writing at a riverside picnic table. Clears his throat: "Asking you a favor—guess my age. Close enough. Thirty-eight this year, okay. Ask me a question, any question. Know I'm Indian, yeah? Cheyenne, Montana. Damn Indians, all they know is how to do one thing: drink. Okay, here's the joke. How do you track an Indian? Go on, guess— I'm listening. No? Put your ear to the wind for the sound of the guy crying, 'Hey bro, I'm thirsty!'" He unstraps a sweaty watchband, pushes the watch across the table. Digs one pocket for change—nickels, pennies, a dime—pours them around the watch. Three knuckles are bloody, the forearm protruding from his sweatshirt scored with long cuts, some scabbed, some fresh. He parts the midnight hair over his eyes: "Hey bro—another favor: drink with me? Take that watch for a dollar or two, go up to Hop Sing's and get us a beer. You got to get it, bro, Hop Sing won't dispense to me, damn Indian. So ask me a question, I'm listening. Name's Wolverine. Only know how to do one damn thing—" He raises two fingers, points at a clutch of children in a wading pool. Cocks his thumb, cradles one arm like a gunstock, squints through an invisible scope. The neck tightens, pulling his lip into wolverine snarl; then rifle-recoil. Then the benign gaze of a full-time drunk. "My first rifle? Pellet gun. Plinking quail. Plink the rancher's chickens when they strayed. One day saw this hippie thumbing on the highway while I was beating through sagebrush. Thought, Why not? Just a bigger sort of target. Didn't guess I'd score at that distance, but plink—he claps his leg like a big horsefly nailed him, Ow! Goddam Ow! No idea who ambushed him. So I see I got a gift to sell to Uncle Sam." Groomed as a marksman, flown to Kuwait. Sniper duty plinking Saddam's waterboys wading the dunes. Their hair black as his, heads poking out at sunrise in the crosshairs. They don't fall to be found, pocketed like quail, they fall away behind dunes, unconfirmed kills. He can hear their water-cans leaking through the sand of his dreams. "Push the shirt up my arm. Farther. You got to push, bro, this other arm's broke. Yeah, see that? Dog soldier. That's the mark, like a crosshair, north east south west, grandfather's four directions. Cut it myself. I'm a killer and I'm hurting. I can see you're scared, a quail in the sage—don't know which way to run. No fear, bro, my woman outranks me. Traded my rifle for Uncle Sam beans and cheese. He's got a warehouse in Montana where our women line up to change bullets into beans." He wants the white man to rouse himself, take coins and wristwatch, raise him by his good arm to see Hop Sing about a canister of eight percent oblivion. He wants the invisible woman to trade him back one bullet full of all the water telescoped in the desert to plant beneath his wolverine chin. He wants a quail to claw his eyes, a mother to say No, a grandfather to sing West South East North, raising burnt sage in his palm. "Hop Sing's is two blocks south. Drink a beer with me or walk me home, I'm hurting. This park's a graveyard where clouds bury old water. Don't turn round, bro, the black and whites are talking about us— —guess Hop Sing told them I was on the way, damn Indian." A police cruiser idles across the street. It's a good day to walk away, the white man thinks. Then hands back the watch he has bought, and helps Wolverine to his feet. "My woman outranks me. Should I snipe her? Yes or no. Tell me my mother says No, tell me. Can you feel the shotgun pellets in my shoulder? Like stars in the river of grandfathers. Go on and touch them, bro, keep your hand there—" When their feet reach the edge of the park, jump-boot and sandal, black and whites bracket them. "Hold up, chief," one blueshirt says. Another bends to his shoulder-radio, hand on holster. "Hands out of pockets. Sit on the curb. Name?" The white man expects to hear "Wolverine;" the answer is "White Crow, Leroy." Date of birth? "1967." Home? "The riverbank." The blueshirts ask the white man the same questions; the radio pronounces him free to go. "Walk away, professor," the blueshirt advises. It's sunny, mayflies unregulated as a drunk sniper's thoughts blow east. The writer walks north to his car, the black and whites separate, east and west, and Leroy White Crow, a fresh ten in his pocket, alone again on legs too thin for his jump boots, wobbles south. His father is jailed two counties south for stabbing a logger in the cheek; he could use a visit. Somehow Leroy must get there—burrowing through roadside nights like Wolverine, or floating above Interstate 5 fog like White Crow-- and he will. Even if his good arm breaks against some windshield, even if he's knocked out of piss-legged khakis by a logging truck and reduced to a cloud of mayflies over a ditch, he will go south to bring drink to his father's lips. Find the perimeter of a rectangle with the length and width given below. Express your answer as a simplified rational expression, and state the domain. All right, so they give us the length-- the length is this rational expression, and the width is that right there. If we just draw ourselves a rectangle-- let's draw ourselves a rectangle up here, so we don't use valuable real estate. If that's the width, and that is the length, the perimeter of this rectangle is going to be the width plus the length times 2, because you have two widths right here, and you have two lengths. So you could view that as w plus w plus I plus I, which is the same thing as 2w plus 2l, which is the same thing as 2 times the width plus the length. So, we have to find out what two times the width plus the length is as a rational expression, so let's write that down. The perimeter is going to be equal to 2 times the width plus the length, or we could say the length plus the width, either way. So the width is x minus 3y over x plus 4, and then the length is plus 2x plus 5y over x plus 4. Let's add these two rational expressions: we have the same denominator, so we can just add the numerators. So this is going to be equal to 2 times-- the denominator is going to be x plus 4, and we have the same denominator. This problem wasn't too hairy, we didn't have to come up with a common denominator. We're going to have x minus 3y plus 2x plus 5y in the numerator, so let's just simplify. We have our x terms-- you have an x plus a 2x, so that's going to give us a 3x in the numerator, and then you have a negative 3x, and a 5y in the numerator. Negative 3 plus 5 is plus 2y in the numerator. And then we can multiply out this 2-- we can distribute this 2, and then we end up with, we have 2 times 3x is 6x, 2 times 2y is 4y plus 4y, all of that over x plus 4. And there's really no way to simplify this anymore-- here, we actually had the 2 factored out, and 3x plus 2y, no common factors, it's not going to cancel with x plus 4. And when they say state the domain, we just have to think about the x values that aren't part of the domain, that would make either of these expressions, or this final expression, undefined. Actually, all they care about is the final expression. And the thing that would make the final expression undefined is if this denominator is equal to 0, and the denominator is going to be equal to zero when x is equal to negative 4. So we can just constrain the domain and say x cannot be equal to negative 4, that we are not defining, that this is undefined at x equals negative 4. So the simplified, rational expression for perimeter: 6x plus 4y over x plus 4. x cannot be negative 4. Hi, welcome back to recitation. In Lecture, you discussed some of the inverse trigonometric functions as part of your discussion of inverse functions in general and implicit differentiation and I just wanted to talk about one briefly that you didn't mention in lecture as far as I recall which is the inverse cosine, what I'm gonna call the arc cosine function. I just wanted to go briefly through its graph and its derivative So here I have the graph of the curve y = cos(x) so this is a, you know, you should have seen this before I hope, so at x = 0 it has its maximum value of 1, and then to the right it goes down and has its first zero is at pi/2. and then it has its trough at x = pi, and then it goes back up again. And it is an even function. It looks the same to the left and right of the y axis, and it's periodic with period two pi, and it's also what you get by shifting the sine function to the left--the graph of the sine function to the left--by pi/2. So, okay, so this is y equals cosine x. So in order to graph y equals arc cosine x, we do what we do for every inverse function -- we take the graph and we reflect it across the line y equals x. So, I've done that over here. So this is what we get when we reflect this curve, the y equals cosine x curve, when we reflect it through the diagonal line y equals x. So, one thing you'll notice about this is that it's not a function. Right? This curve is not the graph of a function because all these humps on cosine x -- you know, there are more humps out here -- those horizontal lines cut the humps in many points, and when you reflect, you get vertical lines that cut this curve in many points. So it doesn't pass the vertical line test. So in order to get a function out of this, what we have to do is we just have to take a chunk of this curve that does pass the vertical line test. And so, there are many many ways we could do this. And we choose one basically arbitrarily. Meaning, we could make a different choice. And we could do all of our trigonometry around some other choice, but it's convenient to just choose one, and if everyone agrees that that's what that one is, then we can use it and it's nice. We have a function, and the other ones are all closely related to this one choice that we can make. So in particular here, I think there is an easiest choice. Which is, we take the curve y equals arc cosine x to be just this one piece of the arc here. So it has a maximum, so it goes from x equals -1 to x equals 1. And when x is minus one, we have y is pi. And when x = 1, y is zero. So this curve is the graph of the function y equals arc cosine of x. And if you want, so there is a notation that mathematicians use sometimes to show that we are talking about the particular arc cosine function that has this as its domain and this as its range, so we sometimes write arc cosine and it takes its domain from the values between one and one, and spits out the values between zero and pi. So this is a sort of fancy notation that mathematicians use to say that the arc cosine function takes values in the intervals minus one, one, so it takes values between negative one and one, and it spits out values in the interval zero, pi. So every value it spits out is between zero and pi. So, if you graph the function, so now this is a proper function. Right? It's single valued. It passes the vertical line test. So okay. So that's the graph of y equals arc cosine of x. So the other thing that we did in lecture, I think we talked about arc sine, and we graphed it, and we talked about arc tan, and we graphed it, and we also computed their derivatives. So let's do that for the arc cosine as well. So what have we got? Well, so, in order to compute the derivative, this function is defined as an inverse function, so we do the same thing we did in lecture. We use this trick from implicit differentiation. So in particular, we have that if y is equal to arc cosine of x, then we can take the cosine of both sides. And cosine of arc cosine, since we've chosen it as an inverse function, that's just gives us back x. So we get cosine of y is equal to x. And now we can differentiate. So what we're after is the derivative of arc cosine of x. So we're after d y, d x. So we differentiate this through with respect to x, so on the right hand side we just get one. And on the left hand side, well we have a chain rule here, right? Because we have cosine of y and y is a function of x. So the derivative of cosine is minus sine y, and then we have to multiply by the derivative of y. Which is d y, d x. Now d y, d x is the thing we're after, so we solve this equation for d y, d x. And we get d y, d x is equal to minus one divided by sine y. Okay. Which is fine, this is a nice formula, but what we'd really like, ideally, is to express this back in terms of x. And so we can substitute, right? We have an expression for y in terms of x. So that's y is equal to arc cosine of x. So this is equal to minus one divided by sine of arc cosine of x. Now, this looks really ugly, and this is another place where we could stop. But actually, it turns out because trigonometric functions are nicely behaved, we can make this nicer. So I'm going to appeal here to the case when x is between 0 and 1. So then we have a right triangle that we can draw. And the other case, you can do a similar argument using a circle, but I'll just do this one case. So if -- okay, so arc cosine of x. What does that mean? That is the angle whose cosine is x. So if you draw a right triangle, and you make this angle arc cosine of x, well, that angle has cosine equal to x. So its adjacent side over the hypotenuse is equal to x. And one easy way to get that arrangement of things is to say this side is x, and this side is 1. Okay. So what? Why do I care? Because I need sine of that angle. So this is the angle arc cosine of x, so sine of that angle is the opposite side over the hypotenuse. And what's the opposite side? Well, I can use the Pythagorean Theorem here, and the opposite side is the square root of one minus x squared, the length of the opposite side. So the sine of arc cosine of x is square root of one minus x squared divided by one. So sine of arc cosine of x is just square root of one minus x squared, so we can write this in the somewhat nicer form: minus one over the square root of one minus x squared. So if you remember what the derivative of arc sine was, you'll notice that this is a very similar looking function, and this is just because cosine and sine are very similar looking functions. In fact, the graph of arc cosine is just a reflection of the graph of arc sine, and that's why the derivatives are so closely related. So, okay, there you go, you've got the graph of arc cosine up there, and you've got the formula for its derivative, so that completes the tour of the most important inverse trigonometric functions. So I think I'll end there. Yo it's my life in my own words i guess.... Have you ever loved someone so much You'd give an arm for Not the expression No, literally give an arm for When they know they're your heart And you know you were their armor And you will destroy anyone who would try to harm her But what happens when karma Turns right around and bite you And everything you stand for turns on you despite you What happens when you become the main source of her pain "Daddy look what I made" Dad's gotta go catch a plane "Daddy where's mommy?" "I can't find mommy, where is she?" "I don't know, go play, Hailey baby, your Daddy's busy" "Daddy's writin' a song, this song ain't gon' write itself" "I give you one underdog, and you got to swing by yourself" Then turn right around in that song, and tell her you love her And put hands on her mother who's a splittin' image of her That's Slim Shady Yeah baby Slim Shady's crazy Shady made me But tonight, Shady's rocker by baby, huh... And when I'm gone, just carry on Don't mourn, Rejoice everytime you hear the sound of my voice Just know that, I'm lookin' down on you smilin' And I didn't feel a thang So baby don't feel no pain Just smile back And when I'm gone, just carry on Don't mourn, Rejoice everytime you hear the sound of my voice Just know that, I'm lookin' down on you smilin' And when I'm gone, just carry on Don't mourn, Just smile back I keep havin' this dream I'm pushin' Hailey on the swings She keeps screamin' she don't want me to sing Goes in her pocket, pulls out a tiny necklace locket I look up, it's just me standin' in the mirror These fuckin' walls must be talkin' Cause man I can hear 'em And when I'm gone, just carry on Don't mourn, Rejoice everytime you hear the sound of my voice Just know that, I'm lookin' down on you smilin' And I didn't feel a thang So baby don't feel no pain And when I'm gone, just carry on Don't mourn, Rejoice everytime you hear the sound of my voice Just know that, I'm lookin' down on you smilin' And I didn't feel a thang So baby don't feel no pain Just smile back "But baby we're in Sweden" "How did you get to Sweden?" "I followed you Daddy, you told me that you weren't leavin'" "You lied to me Dad, and now you made Mommy sad" "And I bought you this coin, it says NUMBER ONE DAD" "That's all I wanted, I just want to give you this coin" "I get the point, fine, me and Mommy are goin'" "But baby wait..." "It's too late Dad, you made your choice" "Screamin' your name, it's no wonder you can't go to sleep" "Just take another pill " "Yeah I bet you you will" "You rap about it" "Yeah, Word, K-K-Keep It Real" I hear applause, all this time I couldn't see It's spring and, Hailey's outside swingin' I walk right up to Kim and kiss her Tell her I miss her Hailey just smiles and winks at her little sister Almost as if to... say.... And when I'm gone, just carry on Don't mourn, Rejoice Everytime you hear the sound of my voice Just know that, I'm lookin' down on you smilin' And I didn't feel a thang So baby don't feel no pain Frank B. Gibney: "Who was that transistor salesman?" De Gaulle didn't realize it, but that's exactly what Ikeda was. He came to sell transistors. He came to preside over the transformation of the Japanese economy. Narrator: Ikeda set a simple goal for everyone, "Double your income". It was a catchy phrase that became a sunny national anthem. (Music) Narrator: They called it "A bright new life." As Japanese industry churned out new products and kept people working, consumers bought their way to a new prosperity. There were three items every family had to have. The three treasures. A refrigerator, a washing machine and a TV set. Singer: You ain't nothing but a hound dog, crying all the time. You ain't nothing but a hound dog crying all the time. You ain't never caught a rabbit and you ain't no friend of mine. Narrator: As Japan grew, many Americans assumed that the Japanese economy was dancing to an American beat. Frank B. Gibney: It felt from the outside that Japan was an imitation of the U.S. But in point of fact, Japan was evolving toward a very, very different economic and political pattern. The name of the game was capitalism. But Japan and the United States were playing by a very, very different set of rules. Narrator: No one knows the rules of the game better than Takeshi Isayama. For decades, men like Isayama have guided the Japanese economy on behalf of METl, the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. At this corporate baseball tournament, Isayama is guest of honor. A sign of a special reverence for government bureaucrats not found in America. In the United States, the government is like an umpire, making sure business plays by the rules. But in Japan the government is on the field coaching industry. Big business and government are on the same team. Glen Fukushima: People in Japan expect certain things of the Japanese government, the central bureaucracy. Actually there's quite a high expectation that they will be defending the national interest. And I think in the postwar period that has been defined primarily as promoting Japan's economic development. Narrator: Like most Japanese bureaucrats, Isayama's crowded bullpen office does not reflect the prestige of his position. He heads the division of METI that oversees the global development of Japan's latest high techology. Day after day Isayama hears about the problems facing Japanese corporations. Then he writes the laws that govern industry. Isayama also offers special incentives to help companies develop new technology. Takeshi Isayama: METl's job is to guide the development of Japan's future. When a certain segment of industry wants to go one way and another wants to go another way, the conflict will be destructive. It is METl's job to mediate and choose the best road for all. Narrator: Today, the businessmen who have come to see Isayama are wealthy and powerful. He must use the gentle art of persuasion to advance METl's goals. But 30 years ago, METI was the commander-in-chief of the Japanese economy. It gave the orders and companies obeyed. Hayato Ikeda: Japan was a developing nation. And in order to catch up the other nations economically, it was necessary for some degree of protection, financial support and regulations. These were the primary responsibilities of METl. Narrator: METI funneled Japan's scarce resources to key industries. In 1957, METI decided Japan's future depended on electronics. METI favored Japan's big pre-war companies, like Toshiba, Hitachi and Matsuda. Little companies had a harder time. In the 1950s, Akio Morita helped to found a small tape recorder company that would become Sony. He wanted to buy a new American invention called the transistor. But he needed permission from METl. Akio Morita: When we applied METl, our government, it is not same. Sony has appropriate engineering power. So they approve. So it took more than six months to get that final approval to send the money. Narrator: When METI gave permission, Sony bought the transistor license for $25,000. A year later Sony produced the first transistor radios made in Japan. (Music) (Singing: Sing, sing, sing, sing. Everybody start to sing...) Narrator: Through private initiative and government guidance, Japanese electronics industry grew at a furious pace. (Music) Narrator: But high speed growth put Japan on a collision course with the United States and an American institution, television. Commercial: Well, excuse me. It means that you see virtually everything the TV camera sees and transmits. There's more picture... Narrator: Television was an American invention. In 1955 there were 27 U.S. TV producers with familiar names like RCA, General Electric and Zenith. Now there's only one. In 1955, there were ten Japanese TV companies. Commercial: Squeaking, squeaking, Squeaking. Sony, Sony, Sony. Narrator: Today, all ten are still in business. The story of TV is the story of the collision of two economic systems. In the U.S. American companies were on their own. In Japan companies often worked together and were protected and guided by the government. METI encouraged Japanese companies to buy American TV technology from GE and RCA. The U.S. proudly sold its technology to keep Japan strong against the Communist threat. And the U.S. looked the other way as the Japanese government protected Japan from U.S. competition. Clyde Prestowitz: The government's great priority was maintaining a smooth, diplomatic and military relationship with (soft piano music) - [Voiceover] What am I looking at? - [Voiceover] You're looking at an Ad Reinhardt called Abstract Painting. It dates to 1963-- - [Voiceover] It's name is called Abstract Painting? - [Voiceover] Exactly. - [Voiceover] I see. Because you know sometimes these paintings just look like they're one color because we're looking at a computer screen. If I were to go the museum, is it the MoMA? - [Voiceover] There's a version of this at-- - [Voiceover] There's a version of, okay so what would I see if I were able to go closer to this painting, or is it literally this navy blue color? - [Voiceover] So you walk up to the painting in the museum and there is some distortion here. It would be more of a flat black when you first walked up to it. - [Voiceover] Oh, it's actually closer to black? - [Voiceover] It's closer to a kind of flat black. - [Voiceover] It has a little bit of blue in it that's why we're getting-- - [Voiceover] Right, exactly. When you first walked up to painting, you would actually see a perfect square of black and that's it, no differentiation whatsoever. You would likely, or most people, would then after a few moments walk on because that's - [Voiceover] Yes. - [Voiceover] what people do in museums. - [Voiceover] Before we get into any context, and I don't know the context on this, so this goes back to the principle of a painting standing by itself versus the context making it more interesting perhaps. Just this by itself, yes, it's a big square of black. It is interesting that it's there at the museum, that someone chose to give it that recognition. Based on what I do know, it seems like also this has been done before. We looked at the Malevich. His motivations may have been very different but he had White on White. So with that said, this painting doesn't seem, just on it's own, to do a lot. - [Voiceover] Right, and in fact, this is a perfect example of a painting that really annoys people, that makes people feel like they have been hoodwinked. That their time and this precious wall space has been badly spent, but in fact, Ad Reinhardt is doing something pretty sophisticated, I think. If you had decided not to walk off, if you had decided to spend some time thinking about why in the world somebody would put this perfect square of black on the wall in the museum, you would actually start to question what you were seeing. Because, as you stare at it, you begin to wonder whether or not you're seeing something, but, "Wait it's not there." - [Voiceover] But-- - [Voiceover] And then, wait hold on, because there is this process that takes place, and it takes your eye a few minutes of really concerted looking to start to see what is there. - [Voiceover] Fair enough, but I feel like that happens with a lot of things, that if you really observe anything, not even something that someone has told you is a work of art. I have this guitar sitting behind us. If I really start to stare at that guitar, I start to see new things. I feel like that's almost true of anything, especially a big chunk of color. - [Voiceover] Fair enough, and I think you're right. If we decide to pay attention to just about anything we can enrich it's meaning, but here's something in the world whose purpose is that. It's purpose is not something else, and it is the artist asking us to really pay attention, and he does reward us. When you start to look at this closely, you start to see that there are, in fact, nine squares here. This is a grid. The squares are - [Voiceover] Yes. subtle and different colors. It's just on the edge of perception though. Even as you're recognizing this, you question whether or not what you're seeing is really there. - [Voiceover] No, you're right, I mean I can barely see it on the computer. That is interesting. This idea of creating things on the edge of perception. - [Voiceover] Then take this another level. Think about this as your eye getting used to this. It's not just your mind being focused enough to perceive it, but your eye is actually adjusting. Your pupils are dilating to be able to bring that light in. That very subtle difference in. This is a painting that is working with the biology of our body, the biology of sight, not just the perceptual qualities that are intellectual but the physical qualities of sight. - [Voiceover] I'll push back another dimension, because I'm starting to really like this painting. This, I think, belongs in a science museum. You know, in those science museums, you have these things like, "How high of the thing can you hear?" "What can you perceive?" That's what this is doing. When you look at this painting, you see just a big wall of black. You spend a little time on it. Your pupils dilate and now all of a sudden you capture more light and you start to see the shade differences. - [Voiceover] In terms of its pure perceptual quality, yes, but it's also part of an ongoing discussion of what art should be now in the mid-twentieth century. - [Voiceover] I'm not 100 percent there, but I'm starting to appreciate the why. (soft piano music) The next one, after you service, what would you do where would you cover the net ya, ok so your job, after low service is cover the net so now look serve two feet together, ready together so ready for both sides some players they do that and then be ready like that or they do and ready like that no, its not the one foot it has to be together, because you can go any side ok now, follow me one by one, set after service stay there don't move ready, set serve and then jump ready ok well done ok, Sean too many steps you are too far, move forward ya bring it up up ya yes yes James, service ready I will do the net play kill it 1 2 3 yes 1 2 3 ready, you don't know which side because you don't know which side you have to be ready both sides ok so this step will allow you to go both sides ready, quickly ready 1 2 3 ok, Sean 1 2 3 well done one more ok you make this clear to see where 1 2 3 very good 1 2 3 yes make this clear ready 1 2 yes serve ready, hit ready, hit ready, ok continue ready 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 ready 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 ready well done 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 Well, we are in Motril, Granada. This place is called Panata. This is a farm of Avocado, variatey: Hass. It has been pass 11, 12 years since it was planted. The fruit trees have grown a lot, and are in full production. By the time in which we are, the fruits are in the beginning of the fattening phase. What we want to comment on this farm is working with KlMITEC products. Organic fertilization KlMITEC products. In this case we are working with the organic matter, with BASSO. BOMBARDlER, our amino acid with fulvic acid. Iron, our iron BASTlÓN, and of course, ZlNCO (zinc). These elemnts are very necessary for provide in organic fertilization. At this moment we are working. The fruit is in a fattening phase, as you can appreciate, and we have to conclude all the cycle, all the nutritional process, since manuring is programed, approximately from March, to its finalization, in October more or less. Until harvest, obviously. We take the entire process of organic fertilization in this farm. You can watch how is the fruit tree. With the incorporation of the products that we are doing, in its proper moment. As you can see, there is plenty of vegetative development, a extraordinary fruit setting, abundant blossom There is a lot of fruits As you can see, in this case, the organic fertilization, with our products is going very well. Good evening and hello. Let me introduce myself. My name is Youssef Ouechen. but I'm known as Joseph Ouechen. I'm 28. I'm a fashion photographer and blogger. To set this up a little bit, I'm going to tell you about what I am doing today. So, today I am a contributor ... Ah, it's not ... sorry ... there it is. I am a regular contributor for "l'Officiel Maroc," a Moroccan magazine, for "Blonde Magazine," a German magazine, and for "Elle", in United States. For me, it's a dream come true to contribute to "Elle" United States. And recently, for "New York Magazine." So I'm very, very proud and very happy. (Applause) I had an exposé last year in Toronto. They invited me to have an exposé as part of "Fashion Week." It's the week of fashion, and this year it's in San Francisco. I had an exposé in San Francisco not too long ago, also as part of Fashion Week there. Oops. That's just a photo of a slum. That's where I was born. those are the slums in Sidi Moumen. Today I'm going to discuss ... Today, I decided to tell my story, and to share it with you, which I titled "From Sidi Moumen to New York Magazine." I would really like to share this story who was born there, in Sidi Moumen, in '82. So it's there, where life is really, extremely hard, there where I grew up, there, where the suicide bombers of the May 16, 2003 attacks in Casablanca came from. There, where I didn't even dare to dream of working with these great magazines and also of traveling, For me, there are events in my life, that is to say, my life, the big events are linked to numbers. So, 20. In your opinion, what can 20 be? Me, I don't know. So, yes you could say that. So listen, 20, it can't be... 20, it's not the money that I invested, That is, 20,000 dirhams. It's also not 20 years, that is 20 years that I've put in to succeed and everything. Its also not 20 like in "the 20th of February," These events that changed my life. They changed my view of Morocco. So, exactly like you said, its 20 dirhams. "20 dirhams, what's that?" you are going to ask me. 20 dirhams is the allowance that my mom would give me to go out. So, it's 20 dirhams. I bet that in this room, or elsewhere, you are going to ask me, "But how can someone succeed with 20 dirhams only?" So, I'll tell you: Yeah, its magic, but really it's true. So I will explain to you how I did it: 10 dirhams is for the round trip from the slums to downtown. For me, to go downtown was to travel. It was discovering Casablanca. It was seeing what went on in Casablanca. For me, the trip to the city was also hours and hours spent at the newsstands of Casablanca which were impossible to find in the slums. I spent hours and hours at newsstands flipping through magazines like "Elle," - Later on I became a contributor for it - like "Vogue" as well. It's there where I spent a lot of time, because back then, I couldn't buy those magazines there. For me, it was impossible to buy them. Listen, today, it's about 100 dirhams, so I couldn't. The other 10 dirhams, it also went to the internet cafe which was not in the slums but in another neighborhood. For me, the internet cafe was a virtual trip. It was seeing the other end of the world and what went on there. So was also a departure from the isolation I endured back then. So that's the 20 dirhams. You you're going to tell me, "But 20 dirhams it's not-- you can't get by with 20 dirhams!" Yeah, its true, you can't get by with 20 dirhams. So it's there that I ask myself the question how to educate yourself without means, in other words, without access to libraries, without having access to a formal education, in other words, without going to a great art school and all? Well, I started back then, I remember very, very well, I subscribed to newsletters of foreign institutes, the French Institute, the Cervantes Institute, and all that. It's there in my email inbox that I got invitations to art openings. I remember my first art opening very, very well. There ... it was hard for me when I was at art openings, it wasn't my realm at all, it was separate. I can say it was elitist. For me, just to pass through the door of the French institute was huge. I couldn't ... I spoke, me who didn't speak French. so it was hard for me even to just understand those people there and to understand those works. It was more about the discovery than it was about the pleasure of looking at the works. It was also the TV. I remember very, very well, the TV played a very, very important role for me. I watched a lot of French public television. It's there that I learned to master and speak French, to express myself in French. Four years ago, I didn't even know how to form a sentence in French. So that, it's .... (Applause) Thank you. In those days, I was also a tour guide for Casablanca's and Marrakech's festivals. It's there that I had happy encounters with people who said, "You have to believe in yourself." It's there that I had my first smiles of hope. People smiled at me and told me, "You've got to believe in yourself." So, I also did ... So there is the Internet; internet is really important. So I would say that without the internet, I don't know what I would do. The internet for me is a huge source of free information. Free, well I did pay 10 dirhams to go to the internet cafe. But, it's there that I learned to master my camera without holding it in my hands. That's nuts! I knew how to go to the menu and fine tune it, without even holding the camera in my hands, from just watching YouTube videos. So that's how I learned a bunch of stuff on the Internet. I stared with zero means. Zero was also the number of pageviews of my blog, "You are the style," which I launched. We're going to talk about that later. So, back then, I followed a little what was happening in Morrocco in terms of fashion. I looked at the specialized media and everything and I noticed that Morocco is reduced to the image of babouches, caftans, and teapots which I'm not too fond of. I was born in '82, I belong to the Digital Generation. I wanted to speak about another Morocco, a new Morroco. Ands that's where I launched "You are the style." Its an online, avant-garde, fashion publication about modern Morocco, designers, fashion news. So that's "You are the style." Then I started with only publishing photos of "street style" in it. What is "street style?" It's the fashion of the street. it's photos taken in real life on the streets of Casablanca. This is not Casablanca. At the time, I took photos of foreign street style and I uploaded them on my blog. But that didn't work, my blog, there were zero pageviews. Like I just said, zero visitors. I didn't understand why. Then, I thought what interest is there to launch a Moroccan blog, only to load foreign street style in it? That's when I took my camera, I went down the streets of Casablanca, to take pictures of Bedawas. It wasn't actually the case. That's the first picture I took. She's a Polish model, so that wasn't what I was looking for. I was looking for Moroccans. So, consequently, I started taking pictures of Moroccans and posting them, and it's then that it started, people, then, looked at my blog, and the word of mouth; I remember it very well. It was also thanks to my first published article, in "Au fait," which is a free newspaper. Slt was then that I started to have visitors to my blog, lots, and lots. I have a story in relation to my published articles. My second or third article, I don't remember which, was in the "L'Officiel Maroc." I had a two-page spread, which was huge for me, coming from the slums. I brought back the magazine, ran behind the newsstand, I brought the magazine to my mom, and I said to her, "Look, mom I have a two-page spread in 'L'Officiel Maroc'!" She said, "Yeah, but it would have been better in 'La Fatna.'" "La Fatna" is for housewives, and is about caftans and stuff. I told her, "Mother, it's the 'Officiel Maroc'!" She told me, "But no, it would have been better in 'La Fatna.'" So, like that, little by little, my blog began to grow. And according to the statistics, I had zero visitors. Today, I am at 1,000 visitors. My peak was 900 visitors, which was huge for me. So, when I started the blog, zero. Now, today, fours years later, 1,000. For me, its huge. Generally, the visitors who visit come to my blog are from the four continents, they come from all over. I have pageviews from Japan, Australia, the United States. But mostly, the views are from Morocco, France, The United States, Belgium, and then the Netherlands, and so on. I imagine that you must be saying to yourselves, "Hold on, what are these photos? What is this street style and all that he's talking to us about?" But that's it—street style. It's people whom I photograph in the streets of Casablanca. They're ordinary people, for you, not for me. They are extraordinary for me. They're invisible people for you, but not for me. They're people, who I ... You might say, "But what do you find interesting about these people?" Well, I don't know myself. I am not able to explain it, what I look for in these people. I run up to them and ask them to pose. And every time they ask me the same question, "But why me?" I don't have an explanation. I could say that I'm charmed by these people. I run after them because it's seduction. I love it. It's... It's... I always say it's the clothing and the appearance. It's a little bit the continuity of their personality. It's what we see, it's that extension of their personality. For me, the street is inspiring. It's people, who you would call normal, or I don't know, for me, they are extraordinary. It's the people. You'll say to me, "But it's in Morocco!" But it's in Morocco that I run into these people. The woman there who's wearing a dress, excuse me, I was going to say the old lady, I apologize. (Laughter) (Applause) I made a big faux-pas, I apologize A women of a certain age! There, that's better! So, she wore a retro dress. Him, he's a Moroccan, I also took the pleasure so, that's in my blog. It's a ship, though. Every time, it takes me on adventures. I took one of Kanye West, there. Today, for music and stuff, I also too one of Michael Jackson locally. That's Michael Jackson doppelganger. He believes in himself, like I do. (Laughter) But, I would like to finish with the fact that, for me, the street is the biggest fashion show in the world. That's what I feel. After, today,-- if I came and if I decided to share my story with you, it wasn't to sadden you, or to come here with a moralizing speech. That's not it at all. I come with my personal speech that's based off of what I've experienced personally. I believe in myself. In other words, I would like it if you also believed in yourselves. That's to say each one of us is the master of his or her destiny to change things. So, I'll also say that up until now, there's nothing that can stop me, aside from God, my Creator. Thank you (Applause) He should be good for another hour or so. Well, I guess I better be going. Thank you for everything. I got you a room, that's all. I seem to be leaning on you. ( phone rings ) That's my call. Jimmy? Are you sure, operator? Klondike 54269? Thank you. It doesn't make sense. She said the number's been disconnected. Well, maybe he moved. He wouldn't move without writing me. Unless he did and my father tore up the letter. I've gotta find him. What is it? I don't know. Here. I'm sorry. Keeps happening since the accident. One minute I feel okay and the next minute it's as though I just jumped off a merry-go-round. What do the doctors say? Nothing organic. They think I'm soft in the head. Anyhow, I've got to find Jimmy. I think you'd better stay off your feet for a while. I can't. I've got to find him. Look, uh, give me his address. I'll see if I can find out what happened. No, you've done too much already. That's all right. Don't worry about it. Well, I think it's only a few blocks from here. You better tell me where he works in case there's no one there. You sure you don't mind? I seem to be handing you all my problems. That's all right. Well, here I go again, leaning on you. You throw me a life preserver and I ask for the whole ship. ( suspenseful theme playing ) Excuse me. I'm looking, uh, for some friends of mine. The only address I have is 226 Oglethorpe. That's it over there. Except they start tearing it down first thing in the morning. Whole block's going for a big shopping center. ( scoffs ) Funny, huh? Once upon a time you're brand-new and pretty. The next thing you know, you're all used up. They trample all over you. How long has it been since anyone's lived there? I don't know. Must have been around last April. Sorry, but unless your friends have four legs, long tails, and dig cheese, you won't find them in there. Yeah, thanks. Sure. Come back anytime. I'm here every afternoon. ( dramatic theme playing ) Wait. Please, let's talk about it just a little more. We've already talked. But we don't know that it was Carol. You read the description. We know she was going to the park. W-- I know she wouldn't do anything this terrible. Laura, she kidnapped a 5-month-old baby. How do you do? My name's Pearson. I think this is the girl that you've been looking for. She's our daughter. ( playing slow jazz music ) Baby, this is a story song. You know what a story song is? It tells a story. The girl is lonely. See, she lives in sort of a dream world. She drifts into this bar and, uh, she tells the bartender she wants something cool. Not just a drink, you know what I mean? She thinks she's a real lady. ( continues playing ) Baby, this is like Tennessee Williams, not the "Hut Sut Song." The what? ( continues playing ) You want to see me? Well, I'm looking for a man. He used to work here. Maybe he still does. Try me. Jimmy Hollister. ( stops playing ) You're looking for Jimmy Hollister? Well, not exactly. His wife's trying to locate him. Carol? That's right. Well, let me tell you something, mister. Somebody's putting one of us on. Either way it's not very funny. What does that mean? Jimmy, Carol, and their little baby piled up in Jimmy's sports car about a year ago. ( playing low jazz music on piano ) And? And Carol was the only one that pulled through. I guess you're the one that's being put on. I guess so. Now, remember, baby, it's like she's in a dream world or something. That's the one, all right. She was carrying the baby and this guy I told you about was with her. They got off the bus at Maple Street. What did he look like? I don't know. Just a guy. Five-eleven, six feet. Around a 165 pounds. Middle 30s, I guess. Black hair. That's about it. That matches the description the old man gave us. Wonderful. That proves our only two witnesses have fair eyesight and are telling the truth. But that description probably fits 2000 men in this town, including yourself, sergeant. All right, Mr. Flynn, you can go now. Thanks for your help. Sure thing. Well, at least we got the picture. Did the press get copies? They just went out. Well, we know that bus driver dropped him off at Maple Street. Maybe we'll get lucky. They could have taken a cab from there. You're supposed to be the optimist around here. Well, I just mean it's-- Yeah, yeah, forget it. Well, there it is. Typical picture of a hardened criminal. ( dramatic theme playing ) ( mellow theme playing ) * Rock-a-bye, baby * * On the tree top * * When the wind blows * * The cradle will rock * * When the bough breaks * * The cradle will fall * * Then down will come baby * * Cradle and all * Go to sleep, baby. He'll be back. Real soon. Real, real soon, he'll be back. ( door opens ) Jim. Did you find him? Can you take me to him? No, I didn't find him, Carol. What's the matter? Whose baby is that? He's mine. He's my baby. No, he isn't. He's mine. Look, Carol, listen to me. No. No, I don't want to hear you. I don't want to hear. My father sent you, didn't he? No, he didn't. Well, then why--? Carol. Carol, you've got to take that baby back where he belongs. He belongs with me. Now, you stop talking like that. ( cries ) Oh, nobody's gonna take you away from me. No. Please, you've got to help me find Jimmy. Your husband's dead, Carol. Why are you saying that? Look, you know I'm your friend, don't you? I don't know. I don't know anything. I only know I have to get out of here. Carol, I helped you on the train, didn't I? I helped you find this place and I helped you look for your husband, right? Well, now I want to help you again. I want you to stay here. Where are you going? I'm just gonna go out for a while. When are you coming back? Look, I don't like being alone. You'll be all right. Take me with you, please. I can't do that. Jimmy, I can't stay here. You've got to stay here. I'll be right back. I promise. But I don't like it here. Let me come with you to the club. Please. I'll tell you what. When the club closes, I'll come back and we'll go out for a cup of coffee. Okay? Okay. I'll see you later. Jimmy. No last drink with the boys. That's a promise. ( ominous theme playing ) ( crying ) ( sighs ) CAROL: Jimmy. I couldn't stay there all alone. Don't be mad with me. Carol, I told you. I can't take you with me. Please. ( suspenseful theme playing ) Shh. So I filmed that at in Paul's office, just at, at SLACK there in Palo Alto in 2007. So we're looking back. I'd like to point out a couple of things. He has still a working color Next in 2007, in his, in his office. Couple of things. I, I, I think that, that he makes a really good point, that. This was sort of the first application of the web where people said, oh, I see what's in it for me. Just writing documentation better. I mean we had ways of writing documents and moving things around and. And, you know. Who knows if the Tim Berners Lee, Robert Cailliau distributed documentation thing was all that great. And was it better than just using word processor, or Text editor. Plain text editor. And saying the files are on the web. So. I like to think of the slacked server that had the papers in it as kind of like the first search engine. Right where instead of making stuff, people consume stuff. And it really kinda was the beginning of tipping the balance from the. The web is this giant Wikipedia. And too, the web is a place that we produce of course. We make our portfolios, we make websites, we do Linkedln, Facebook, we make, but we mostly consume, right? We're mostly reading stuff by other people, by other organizations, hunting for airline reservations. I really love Paul's sort of take on airline reservations, right? That, that it actually just helps everybody to be able to fiddle around and figure out airline reservations.'Cause it, it doesn't take them to have, be paying someone on the other side for you to try ten airlines, twenty airlines, try different days. Check to see if you know, late in the day or early. It's really good, and, and, and, you know. Sort of working through Paul Coons's logic there, you think, "that has a positive effect on the economy". Air, if you can sort of reduce the price of travel by. Saving amazing amounts of labor and the price can go down. You can fill-up planes more effectively. We're not wasting fuel, we're moving people back and forth. People are starting to live where they want to live. You know, and, and costs can go down. We don't have to keep building skyscrapers. We don't have to keep commuting. People are working from home and traveling. You know, and lots of people that work from home and travel, you know, once a month, because air travel has become. Much less expensive than it used to be and it, so it's normal and so all of a sudden. So the economy like, just, you know, it's like, things changed. Things changed. When this, the Web and browsers and servers and databases all got connected together. And it changed very much for the better and the economy, I think, took advantage of this. And so we saw, you know, through the 1990's we saw unprecedented worldwide economic growth. And I think a part of this was. Finding little tiny bits of the economy that could be made more efficient. Now, now people lost their jobs too, but by and large it really just made it so that we could do things. Less expensive. So we our now, 20-some years later, twenty years later, it was a long time ago. We are now doing things more efficient. So I think this first example of using the web to solve a problem more effectively is why this first web server in America is a real important moment. So. So here we are. 1991. 1992. But the next place we're gonna talk about. Is 1993. Now. Up till now I've been telling you the story of the Internet and the web. But the web, even in 1993 wasn't assured. Very few people had a workstation powerful enough to do color and powerful enough to be connected and very few of our internet connections were fast enough to move all the kind of fun stuff that the web was capable of doing. And remember most people were thinking of the web as a way to consume. The web as designed by Berners Lee, you had to flip to being to that something to that may consuming. It turned out. Also created about 1990 and be very popular in 91, 92, and 93, was a system that was designed exclusively for consuming. Almost exclusively for consuming. T hat was called Gopher. Gopher was built at the University of Minnesota and they're the Minnesota Golden Gophers, and so they called it Gopher. Also because you Go-For stuff. And Gopher was like, everywhere. And in 1993 the web really. Wasn't many places. It really wasn't. So, I wasn't at this, meeting. The Internet Engineering Task Force, the ITF. They're the ones that create the standards or protocols, and all these things. And there's a, they get together, and they define the rules of the road for the internet. And, And I wasn't at this meeting. But, But Richard Wiggins. My colleague. And friend and co-host on my television show. He also does some of the videos on it. He was at the meeting. And this meeting had. 638 people. And there's a birds of a feather meeting about, about. Gopher. And. The room was overflowing. People couldn't hear enough about Gopher. Gopher, Gopher, Gopher, Gopher. There was also a birds of a feather session about the web. And Tim [inaudible] was leading the birds of a feather session, and almost nobody showed up. And, again, this is related to me. Tim [inaudible] is claimed to have said, you know. My stuff is better. My stuff's better than Gopher. Why don't people use my stuff? And by then he'd been working on this for four years, trying to get people to take the web and, And it wasn't going as good, as well, wasn't going as well as he wanted. So this is a long time ago, 1993, about twenty years ago. And at the same time that the DVD was invented. And so there, you got to go back there. So in 1993 Gopher was dominant, the web was not at all assured. And I want to show you something else. I have to put this up on youtube because we don't have the copyright for the video. But this is a This is a video. And you will see all of these, see them all... I will just point to one of them. This is a video about one particular company, and what they were thinking in 1993 about what the future might look like and. And so, eve rybody kind of knew, the really in people knew about the Web, and they knew about FTP, and they knew about the Gopher. And so this is sort of like a corporation's vision of the future. I'm not going to tell you the company. You'll see the company at the end of the video. Okay? You'll see the name of the company at the end of the video. It's only 30 seconds long, and so what I want you to do while you're watching this video is try to imagine the name of the company. Try to figure out before 30 seconds is up. But the name of the company is. Will be curious if you're surprised or not. It certainly surprises me I think it's delightful. But again tells you something about what's in their mind. Okay so go ahead and click on it I, I can't have this video because of copyright restrictions go ahead and click on it and then come back. Welcome back pretty cool huh. Evil! I mean, companies aren't really evil. Companies just do what companies do. But, for, so AT and T saw it all, right? At and T were the telecommunications lobbyists. At and T, they were the telecommunication lobbyists that limited. Mci had just been formed, which became a thorn in AT and T's side. You might basically conclude that the entire breakup of AT and T. Was just perfectly timed. To let the internet, sneak in. Because if AT and T hadn't been fighting NCI and Sprint and all those folks. Fighting for their very life. Having the long distance and all that stuff. They might've been able to crush this. They might've been able to figure out what was going on. These are not the drudge you're looking for, right? So the academics sneaked all this stuff in while AT and T was not watching. And even in 1993, they coulda won. Right, they could've. Okay. So. Interesting thing to think about. What would the world be like if somehow in 1993, AT and T did win? Look forward to seeing what you talk about on that one. Okay. So, some other mind expanding ideas. Steve Jobs, Apple, the World Wide Web. So, I just want to sort of throw thi s out, this is some optional stuff. I just want to point out something that. Steve Jobs of course, founded Apple Computer. And then, the Apples. Sort of. Everything went really well for Apple. And then, A bunch of scumbags got on his corporate board and started pushing him around. And he said, I quit. You guys think you know more about building computers than me, and I'm gonna quit. And so he quit, and he formed a company, and he called the company called Next, and he said "I am going to build to coolest hardware ever, and you guys and Apple are going to be so sorry about that". Now of course, the history is that he built Next and it was a technical success but a commercial failure. But here's the thing. For the Web, as envisioned by Tim Burnersly and Robert Kayou, was built on the next. The first web server was on a NeXT. The first web browser was on a NeXT that all happened in 1990. You meet Paul Coons in 1991 he was putting a web server on an IBM web frame but he was reading the web that he was creating on NeXT and that's why he still has in his office come to daddy. That's Paul Coons's [inaudible] office right there. Right? So he still has [inaudible] on working next. Partly because, he likes old stuff. Lot of us nerds do. And if you look at Robert Cayou [inaudible]. In that office right there. That is the first web server ever. At CERN [inaudible]. If you want to go see that web server. Go to CERN [inaudible]. Go in the CERN [inaudible] There's a museum, they've got a public museum there. So that's the first web server, this is sort of Paul Coon's. So when he built his stuff, he was using the same software that was running on the server except he was importing it [inaudible] via mainframe, if you recall. But he had to see it on [inaudible], the whole web moved through a next users group, [inaudible] people got conversions, so the first three years. For the next to happen. And then another important thing. Oh yeah, this is kind of a little foreshadowing. Maybe I'm getting stuff a litt le out of order here. But the best web browser for what became the next generation, as the web became successful is Apple. This is now the Macintosh right? So now Steve Jobs is back, he makes the Macintosh computers that have really good graphics, all this stuff and that's why like print people and publishers, loved them, right and so they, that. Allowed the development of Mosaic, which is in the future. In the future in this class, not the future in the world. So, I'm gonna show you this video. This is a video I did for [inaudible] computer magazine, that sort of was a retrospective look at Steve Jobs' life, and This is, this is optional. So, you can take a look at it, if you like. If not, just come back. But, it ties these same threads together, and I called it the second order effective, Steve Jobs. That says that Steve Jobs is not really credited with the internet or the world wide web, but in some ways, by him producing such lovely hardware, He potentially made a tremendous difference, and allowed during the moment that all this was fledgling ideas, Steve Jobs' hardware let people sort of work in the future even though not everyone could afford it. So that, that I think is a, is a real contribution so take a look at this, or not, and come back when you're done. Okay, so, if you so curious, you feel free to talk in the forms about that. If you sorta, wanna agree or disagree. You know, did Steve Jobs, how, how crucial or how not crucial was Steve Jobs effect on this. But again, these, these things are never as simple as they seem. All right. We all say, oh, Tim Berners-Lee made the web. Not so much, right? He did, and what he did was very impressive and important. But there was a rich milieu of. Lots and lots of things that led to the perfect storm that produces the web. So it's traveling time again, so we started at University of illinois, Urbana Champagne, super-computers. Supercomputers as rationale for First Network. First Network built the Universit y of Michigan, NSFNet, 1988 to 1993. Then we go to CERN, 1990 to 1993 to building of and we should probably, like we should put a big smiley face on Minnesota, right? There's, there's Mark McCahill and gopher came from the University of Minnesota, and that sort of fed our need to consume information. So go for [inaudible] we got where the web came from and then we sort of see the first really large scale consumable source of information on the web its stand ford and now we are going to go back. To where we started. ≫> University illinois [inaudible] Champaign. Now, you might say wauw what's the likely hood. There's Universities, all over the planet. Well I'll get back to that, I'll get back to that. Why, why is it that in this story of kinda weird things magically started to happen. Why is it that we visit the same place twice? ≫> Okay, so [inaudible] that. viewing the timeline, the internet was made in 88, the NSF was made in 88, the web 1990. Academics. We're starting to use the web in 1993. But in 1994, like. It all took off. From 1994 to 1995, you could not escape. By 1996-97, they were selling cable modems, they were inventing DSL, all this stuff, right? And it went from. It went from holy mackerel, Tim Berners-Lee sitting in a room with fifteen people, barely wondering why anyone wants to use the Web. To, this is the answer to all of humanity's future. Facebook and Angry Birds and stuff like that. And I think that the thing that did it was the first consumer web browser named Mosaic. So Mosaic, chances are pretty good that you are watching this using a web browser that has, owes it's DNA in some part to the Mosaic web browser, because the National Center For Super Computing Applications and CSA at the University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign. UlUC I think they call themselves at illinois [inaudible] these days, was the first consumer web browser. All the rest of web browsers were kind of academics web browsers. And the key thing was is that it worked on Unix, Apple and Windows. So the Unix, the Unix was, you know its, it was the thing that, that academics had. I had a Unix workstation at that time. But Apple and Windows were more of the personal computers. And they also took and made a web server which became the basis for the Apache web server, the HTTP web server, and We're gonna meet Joseph Hardin. And, Joseph Hardin is a personal friend of mine. Joseph and I, Joseph was at NCSA. And in 1997 he left NCSA and came to University of Michigan. And, in, 2003, Joseph was part of the creation of the Sakai Open Source learning management system project that. I was it's chief, chief architect and so, maybe some of you have schools that use Sakai as your learning management system. Well that was you know, Joseph and me and about 150 of our closest friends that did this. And so Joseph did this twice. Joseph was instrumental in creating the team and empowering the team that built Mosaic and. What's even more important, and I'll talk about this after you watch it a bit, is that Joseph was absolutely committed to the notion of free and open software and free and open standards. To make sure that the Web belonged to all of society rather than belonging to a single company or a single corporation. So, we start with Mosaic, and then we'll come back and we'll talk about how it moves to Netscape and Mozilla and then Firefox. Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org A SHOCHlKU FlLM TOKYO TWlLIGHT Screenplay by KOGO NODA and YASUJlRO OZU Produced by SHlZUO YAMAUCHI Cinematography by YUHARU ATSUTA Art Direction by TATSUO HAMADA Sound Recording by YOSHlSABURO SENO Lighting by AKlRA AOMATSU Music by TAKANOBU SAlTO Costumes by YUJI NAGASHlMA Edited by YOSHlYASU HAMAMURA Starring SETSUKO HARA INEKO ARlMA CHlSHU RYU ISUZU YAMADA TElJI TAKAHASHI MASAMI TAURA HARUKO SUGlMURA SO YAMAMURA KlNZO SHlN KAMATARI FUJlWARA NOBUO NAKAMURA SElJI MlYAGUCHI FUJlO SUGA KUMEKO URABE ElKO MlYOSHI HARUO TANAKA KAZUKO YAMAMOTO TERUKO NAGAOKA MUTSUKO SAKURA JUNJI MASUDA Directed by YASUJlRO OZU My, what a surprise! It's been a while. It's turned quite cold. Indeed. Visiting this area today? Yes. I come occasionally. The new branch manager drops in a lot. Really? Okabe likes to drink too. You're just in time: I just got some salted sea cucumber from home. Sounds good. Some warm sake, please. - I'd like some too. - What? Salted sea cucumber. And more hot sake. As soon as I get to know you people, the head office calls you back. It's true. But since it means a promotion... Where's Akemi? She went skiing with friends. Other side of the Shimizu tunnel, where the snow piles up 350 kilometers high. That's how far it is to Nagoya. You must mean centimeters. Is that what it is? Silly me. Has your daughter gone already? Not yet, but she probably will soon. I also got some Matoya oysters. Want some? Sounds good. Any special way? Afferward, with rice gruel. Okay. I'd like some oysters too. With vinegar. Also afferward, with rice gruel. Okay. - I'll try them with vinegar too. - You too? Sure is cold. It really is. Tastes good, with a nice smell. Are you from the Shima peninsula? Yes. Anori. You don't say! My brother-in-law is from Nakiri nearby. Do you know that area? Not too well, but I once went to Kashiko Island. Nice place. You in the pearl business? No, I'm actually a banker. The sea's so blue there. And deep too. I took a ferry tour around the whole island. Pearls need a place like that in order to grow naturally. The late Mr. Mikimoto sure found the right spot. You're right. Mr. Sugiyama... Professor Numata was here very late a few nights ago. Is that so? Alone? No, with two students. He was already drunk when he got here. I see. The students were escorting him home. - Did he cause trouble? - Oh, no. Not at all. Does he come in offen? No, just once in a while. He forgot that hat. He'll be back for it, I'm sure. Have one on me. Thank you. I'm home. Welcome home. Oh, you're here. Cold, isn't it? Where's Tomizawa? I sent her home. She's sound asleep. When did you get here? This affernoon. Do you want supper? I ate. Oh. Have you seen my <i>tabi?</i> - Where could they be? - They're not around? Tomizawa must've washed them. Check the bottom drawer. I found them. How's Numata? He's fine. I read one of his magazine articles recently: "Resistance to Freedom." Is that so? Quite interesting. Does he get asked to write offen? Is everything okay? - With what? At your place. Shall I make tea? Come and warm yourself. Isn't it late? It doesn't matter. - He got home late the other night. - When? And drunk, no less. He does that offen. - He drinks that much? - Yes, these days. Something seems to be bothering him. What? - Welcome home. - You're home too? - Takako, I prepared your bed. - Thanks. Akiko, have some tea. No, thanks. You're not going home? No. Why not? Has something happened again? What's wrong? Something between you and Numata? That's not good. Shall I make your bed, Father? It can't be helped. Takako, come and sit down. What is it? - Never mind. Just leave me alone. - But... That's just how he is. How he is? It's a sickness. He gets so irritable. He takes it out on poor Michiko. If his friends get good reviews, or there's trouble at school... - But what's that got to do with you? - That's it. He's just neurotic. I'll go and see him. It won't help, and you'll only get upset. That's how he is. BANK You have a visitor. - Hello. - Hi there. What's wrong? Just stopped in to see about a loan. Did you have lunch yet? Not yet. I have an idea. The Towa director's funeral is the day affer tomorrow at 1:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m.? At Seishoji temple? Ever gone to that restaurant around the corner? Which one? Nice place. Has good food. Which one? They serve broiled eel. Are you free now? Yes. Let's go. My treat. All right. I'm going out. I'll be back by 2:00. Please handle any phone calls. Excuse me. Where's the washroom? Down the hall on the right. THE EEL Thank you. Broiled eel and eel liver soup. How about some sake? Not during the day. Why not? One bottle. And one order of liver. - May I make a phone call? - Certainly. Good affernoon. Hello? Mr. Chu? I'm in Gofukubashi, the usual place. Let me talk to Mr. Shinoda. Mr. Shinoda? It's me. Everything went fine at the bank. So go ahead as planned. Yes, that's right. Yes, please. Thank you. Wait a second... Oh, never mind. What a pain! Doing business is such a bother. You seem busy. Well, when it's your own business... Listen, what about Father's 12-year memorial service? What should we do? No need to attend. I'll send money to the temple. Would you? Sure. A thousand ought to be enough. - Plenty. By the way, how's Akiko doing? Why? She came to the house asking to borrow some money. - When? - A few days ago. The day I stopped by our suppliers, so it was Tuesday. Did she say why? No. She told me not to tell you. She wanted 5,000. And you gave it to her? Without knowing what for? Of course not. Listen, I think it would be wise to find her a husband soon. Thank you for waiting. Pardon me. Some pickles too. Have some sake. Why wouldn't she tell me the reason? How odd. That's a lot of money for her. Something fishy's going on. What did she do? She said never mind and leff. She never told me. That's what I thought. What on earth are young people thinking these days? Hurry and marry her off. Perhaps I should. I'll start looking for a match right away. It should be easy. She's a pretty girl. More sake? AlOl-SO APARTMENTS Who's there? Oh, it's you. You spoiled a great hand. I could have won. I'm sorry. You came just in time to save me. Forget it. Come in. Do you know where Kenji is? He's not in? Maybe at school. Would he go to school on a nice day like this? Or even when it's raining? You guys have it easy. Poor fathers who pay for it all. Lock the door. What a hand. Am I dealer? I fold. - So just us two? - All right, I'm in. No idea at all where he is? Who? You mean Kenji? Don't be so tough on him. What? He's lost weight. What do you like so much about him anyway? I don't know. Of course you do. What makes him so attractive? Don't be so nosy. Actually, I know. I know all about it. Hey, Akiko, I met some old lady who knows you. Who? Oh, shoot! Who? - She runs a mahjong parlor. - Where? - In Gotanda. - What's her name? Hey, what was that mahjong place called? Kotobuki-So. Never been there. She was asking all about you. Maybe she confused me with someone else. She knew you well. How could she? Game! Hand it over. I'll be going. Sorry we couldn't be more help. - Lock the door affer me. - Leave us some cigs. So long. Sorry. I don't have much to offer. Please have some. Father, try these. They might be a bit harsh. Busy at work these days? Not too busy. My problem is finding books that need translating. This hit the Maruzen shelves a few days ago. I found out today at school that someone's already doing it. They beat me to it. I've come about Takako. Really? And how's Michiko? Being a nuisance? I don't feel that way. They say it's easier to love your grandchildren than your children. What do you think, Father? I don't believe that. People may think it's easier... but that's not real love. Can love, so to speak, skip a generation like that? I don't think so. If it does, it's a tragedy. Love between parent and child is the most primitive instinct of all. About Takako... Oh, right. What's going on? Did she say something? Nothing specific. Two nights ago she suddenly said that she wanted to think things over. When I woke up, she was gone. I'd been working all night and woke up late. A drink? Not for me. Japanese whiskey has improved. It's snowing. I didn't expect that. <i>I'm back.</i> Welcome home. Get caught in the snow? It may pile up. I didn't see it coming. Your coat's all wet. I saw Numata. I see. Where's Michiko? I just tucked her in. She didn't have her nap today. I see. Cold, isn't it? Anyway, about Numata... Just a sec. Wasn't it awkward? What? Meeting with him. Of course not. But... But he's changed. He wasn't like that before. He used to be more cheerful. I was thinking on the train home that I owe you an apology. For what? Not at all. I should have let you marry Sato. You seemed to like him. It doesn't matter now, Father. I pressured you into marrying Numata. I'll check the bath. I'm home. What? Come here. What? Did you ask your aunt for money? Yes. Why didn't you tell me? What was it for? It doesn't matter now. Come here. What was it for? A friend was in trouble. You could have asked me. It came up suddenly. What did? You weren't around. I didn't know where you were. I don't need it anymore. Your bath is ready, Father. I took the cover off. What did Akiko do? She's just being difficult. THlS WAY TO KOTOBUKl-SO KOTOBUKl-SO This hasn't been discarded yet. Nor this. I guess it's safe. Pon! Three doubles. That's 9,600 points. You're lucky today, Yakko. The game's just starting. I lost the most. My luck's rotten today. Hey, pops, how about some ramen? One ramen? Anyone else want to order? Welcome. Looks good! I've been losing from the start. - Whose turn is it now? - South Wind. Shut up, Noboru. No hints. - Who's winning? - Yakko. Can't stop her. - That one! - Stop it! Sir, Mr. Kanematsu has arrived. Sir! I heard you. What was the last tile? - The 2 Circle. He says he's in a hurry. I'm going back now. Just what I was looking for. This one? - This one's better. You're right. No coaching! Hello. Welcome back. Hey, missus, she's the one you were asking about. Welcome. Your turn. - Ready. - So soon? That was fast. I'll take that. Three triplets with a Lucky Dragon. Three triplets beginning with a 5! - I'll never get home. - It's okay. - Let me play. - I'm losing. Don't worry. Did you see Kenji? He hasn't come here yet. Akiko, come sit by me. Please. How do you know about me? Didn't you once live in Ushigome? Yes, as a child. I don't remember it, though. I was your neighbor. Really? Is everyone well? You have a sister, don't you? Does she have a child? Yes, a daughter. Is that so? How old is she? Two. Must be cute. What about your brother? - He died. - How did that happen? Climbing in the Tanigawadake mountains. When? Summer of 1951. I see. Your ramen's on the way. Say, will you get some rice curry for me? - Hasn't Soma come? - Not yet. I'll make some tea. Won't you please come inside? Where do you live now? Zoshigaya. Are you working? No, I'm studying English shorthand. Do you play mahjong offen? Now and then. It's better that way. We're done. Who won? Don't ask. She isn't nice, is she? I'm the biggest loser again. Now I really can't leave. Kenji's late, isn't he? I'm home. Welcome back. Lock the door. - I'm home. - Hello. You want supper? I already ate. You're still up? I waited up for you, but I'll go to bed now. - Father's been worrying. - About what? Your coming home so late, of course. Why are you always so late? Shorthand is difficult. Sometimes I go to a friend's house to practice. I told Father that. Try to come home earlier. He worries about you. You know... I met a strange woman today. She knows all about our family. Who was that? She said she was a neighbor of ours in Ushigome. Who is she? She owns a mahjong parlor called Kotobuki-So. You go there offen? No, some friends took me. That woman knows you well. Who could it be? She knew about our brother too. - What is she like? - What do you mean? How old? She looked fairly young, but I don't know. She's pretty. - Does she live alone? - No, she has a husband. Is he a tall man? Not so tall. Sort of funny-Iooking, with a bit of a limp. For some reason, I almost felt as if she were our mother. Why? No reason. I just did. She couldn't be our mother. She's just a stranger. I guess so. I was only three then. That's right. CHlNCHlN-KEN CHlNESE NOODLES Welcome. Are you alone? Has Kenji been here? Mr. Kimura? Not in a couple days. He hasn't been in? No, he hasn't. Hey, when did I last deliver food to Mr. Kimura? <i>Night before last.</i> I'll come again. Who was that? That little delinquent who's always in here with Kimura. Your charcoal's lit. Hey, close the bottom of the stove. I mean kindly close it, please. Hello. - You're early. - I've got the early shiff. Hello. Hi. What's up? Do you know where he is? You haven't found him yet? I saw him this morning. - Oh? I went to his room... Why are you chasing him? I'm not chasing him. We just need to talk. Don't you two overdo it. You can go blind, you know. Huh? Just talking to myself. Water, please. Water? So long. Leaving already? You just got here. Well, ain't that lucky? - I have to talk to you. - About what? Come with me. I'm kind of busy. It won't take long. Kenji, go with her. Please. Where'd you and the madam go last night? Nowhere. I saw you two getting in a car near Sukiyabashi. Did you now? I saw you too... getting in a car with Mr. Kon. Liar! He wouldn't have the guts. This is terrible. How can this be? What's terrible? You're absolutely sure? You think I'm lying to you? You think I could lie about this? No, I don't... but what a mess. I'm the one in trouble. Much more than you. Please be serious. Stop looking so indifferent. Indifferent? It's all I've been thinking about since you told me. But you've been avoiding me. That's not true. You've been running away from me! What are we going to do? I wonder if it's even mine. Who else's could it be? Whose do you think it is? Are you that suspicious? It isn't that. Then what do you intend to do? What am I to do? Stop crying like that. Let's think it over. What a mess. I have to go now. I've got to meet Professor Otsuka at 6:30. Wait for me at the Etoile, will you? I'll be there by 9:30, okay? I'm going. Be sure to wait for me. Then what happened? Say something. Welcome. Thank you. What did you say then? Nothing. Liar! Quite late, isn't it? What are you doing in a place like this? Thinking about something? Something worrying you? Expecting someone? It doesn't concern you. That's true. You've been waiting a long time. Where do you live? What's it to you? - Where's your home? - None of your business. You'd better tell me. Who are you? I see you around sometimes. Where do you live? Answer me. Do you do this offen? No. Stealing women's underwear at your age. Why? You married? No. You cold over there? Come and warm yourself up. <i>Hello?</i> <i>That's right.</i> <i>No</i>, <i>I haven't heard anything yet.</i> <i>Yes</i>, <i>I will.</i> I'm Akiko Sugiyama's sister. Thank you for coming. Officer Wada, she's here. Come around, please. Sorry we had to call you here. You're her older sister? Takako, was it? Please have a seat. My father couldn't come. I see. It must have come as a shock. She hasn't committed any crime. But young people these days go astray for the slightest reason. Please keep a close eye on her. A girl shouldn't stay out late alone for any reason. I'm terribly sorry. You there. Come over here. Stubborn, isn't she? What's the matter, Akiko? What is it? What's wrong? I don't want to go in. It's all right. Father doesn't know. Come along now, all right? Father, you're still up? Come here. You too, Akiko. Father, it's late. Never mind that. Akiko, come in here. Where have you been? The phone rang affer you leff. I thought it was Numata, but it was the police. Why didn't you say anything? Why did you hide it? Akiko, what did the police want with you? Sit down. Father, it's late. Let's discuss it tomorrow. Akiko, why were you taken to the police station? What did you do? Why don't you say anything? Why'd they take you in? No one in this family should be taken into police custody. Father, she didn't do anything. You be quiet. Akiko, I'm asking you. She was only waiting for a friend at a café. But why so late? Akiko, what were you doing there? You won't tell me? You're no child of mine. Father, you mustn't. It's very late. Let's discuss this tomorrow. Akiko, you'd better go to bed. Let her go, Father. She's impossible. How did she ever turn out this way? What a disappointment. Akiko's Ionely. I'm sure of it. Father, please be more gentle with her. She grew up without knowing a mother's love. That's why she's Ionely. I've tried hard to keep her from feeling that way. But without a mother... I've always tried to dote on her... so much so that I was afraid you'd be jealous. This is the result. I made a mistake somewhere. Bringing up a child... isn't easy. Father, please go to bed. Have you had any word from Numata? - No. - I see. Good night. Good night, Father. You're still awake? Please go to sleep. Sister... I'm not wanted, am I? Why do you say that? With what Mother did... I should never have been born. Take this. Hello! Is my brother in? Hello, Auntie. You're here? Is your father in? Oh, good. Hello. I thought you'd be leaving, so I rushed over. I leave at noon today. What is it? - Auntie, please sit down. - That's okay. Michiko's a good little girl, aren't you? What's that? About what we discussed... What? Takako, come here. Brother, come over here. - What? - Where's Akiko? - She leff for school. - Perfect. Is Numata well? That's good. The other day we talked about... Try this. A new cream we're going to sell. Which do you think would be good for Akiko? The one with a long face is the second son of that Diet member who died of a stroke. He certainly does have a long face. It's true. I prefer that one there, the son of a wholesaler we do business with. Graduated from Rikkyo. Comes to our office offen with his father. Looks like that actor Kinnosuke. Take a look. Oh, and the strangest thing happened. I ran into her. - Who? I was on the escalator in the department store. She looked very familiar from the back. And it was her! - Who? - Kikuko! Mother? She moved here two years ago. - So it really was... - You knew? No. She was with a man. Seemed to be in a rush, but I made her sit down and tell me everything. She's had it tough. Takako, I want you to hear this too. Yamazaki died in a prison camp in Amur. Kikuko heard about it in Koshigoe... no, Blagoveschensk. Affer that, she went to Nakhodka. She runs a mahjong parlor in Gotanda now. She was a little reluctant to tell me that the man was her new husband. It seems they met in Nakhodka. - Auntie. - What? What is he like? His hair's unkempt. Seemed easy-going. If I'd taken a different escalator, I'd never have seen her. It was quite something. So what do you think about these two? THlS WAY TO KOTOBUKl-SO Welcome. Mother? I'm Takako. Takako! Please come inside! Please. Won't you come inside? That's all right. What is it? Please come in. It was nice of you to come. I hear you're a mother now too. You have a daughter? She must be cute. What does your husband do? Here you go. I came to ask a favor of you. What is it? Ask any favor you like. Don't tell Akiko that you're her mother. She doesn't remember anything about you. The pictures were all burned. She doesn't even know what you look like. This is no time to tell her you're her mother. Why not? What's wrong with it? Don't you think it would make things hard for Father? Please do as I ask. I must go now. Hello. Who was that woman who just leff? Welcome back. She's pretty. Who is she? She came looking for her sister... the one who was here the other day. Is that so? She's a beauty. Listen, we need to give Soma an answer soon. He's been very considerate and helpful. I think I'd like to go. Muroran can't be as cold as Jiamusi. Those Manchurian winters were cold! Well, how about it? The work isn't bad either. Sales department. Go ahead if you want to. You don't want to go? I don't want to go by myself. I could never sleep alone in the freezing cold in Muroran. Come on. Let's go together. KASAHARA OB/G YN CLlNIC Make sure you rest. We don't want you bleeding again. - What do I owe you? - That's 200 yen. Thank you. Take care. Who's next? Sit down. What was your name again? Sugiyama. Ah, right. What have you decided to do? I think I'd better... I see. I agree with you. You seem too frail to give birth. Where's your bar? Shinjuku? Shibuya? A lot of girls like you come in here. Once in a while, girls from good families sneak in, but unless they give a good reason, I turn them down. - Um... - Yes? Do I have to go into the hospital? No, the anesthetic wears off in a few hours, and then you rest at home. Let's have the thermometer. You don't have a fever. Shall we do it today? Yes, please. The standard fee is 3,000. You have it? Yes. Girls offen have no money afferwards and can't come back for follow-up care. You're sure you have enough? That's all right. You can give it to me later. Come with me. This way, please. Michiko's such a good girl! Who's that? Oh, it's you. I'm back. Welcome home. What's wrong? You look so pale. I have a headache. - Did you catch a cold? - No. What is it? You're acting so strange. Shall I pull out your futon? Wait here. Are you all right? You'd better change. I'm all right. It's nothing. Don't worry. - But... I'll be okay if I rest a bit. - You want to take something? - No, I'm fine. You don't have a fever. Any chills? - No. Auntie came today not long affer you leff. Bustling about as usual. I wondered why she came so early. She's been finding matches for you. She brought two pictures. One has an awfully long face. Auntie seems to prefer the other one. I don't want to get married. I can't. Why not? I don't want to. I see. I guess I don't set a very good example. But Akiko, there are many happy couples. My marriage is an exception. You're young. Your life's ahead of you. Who knows what happiness lies in store? Don't let my example discourage you. Your life's just beginning. You'll find happiness... Takako. What? Let me get some sleep. Are you sleepy? Go to sleep then. You're not cold, are you? Call me if you need anything. I'll leave the lights off. Is the president here? He's meeting with the director of Tajima Shipyards. I see. It'll probably be a long talk. I'll be at my usual place. Let me know when they finish. Mr. Sugiyama sure loves those <i>pachinko</i> machines. He always tries to get the top score. It's just like him. It is. He's the only auditor who reads all the daily reports. Hey, the balls aren't dropping in No. 70. <i>Just a minute.</i> Odd place to find you. Why, hello. I went to the bank, but they sent me here. Is something up? They're stuck again! Hasebe's back, you know. I saw it in the newspaper. Seems he had a hard time over there, so we thought we'd have a class reunion. Will you come? I guess I could. I have to go to Osaka for four or five days. Will you notify the others? Why me? Come on, I'm too busy. I guess I have no choice. Want to try? Take some. This is hard. It's not like golf. It's all in the thumb. I see what you mean. Where shall we hold the meeting? Somewhere not too expensive. There'll be a lot of people. That makes sense. Say, Akiko came to our house a few days ago and asked for a loan. Did she tell you? My wife gave her the money, no questions asked. I wonder why she needed it. - Oh, that. I'll pay you back. - There's no hurry. She needed it suddenly to help a friend. 5,000, right? Yes, but don't worry. You can pay me later. You see, I'd already leff the house that day. Please don't blame your wife. KOTOBUKl-SO Is my boss here? Not today. Where can he be? Your boss is missing? He sure loves his mahjong. He was here till 2:00 a.m., on a rare winning streak. That is rare. Do things like that really happen? It's just a pastime for him. Yeah, he's a real philanthropist, always giving us his money. You said it. He practically bought this shirt for me. A very nice man. No doubt a VlP member of the Red Cross. Ah, this is it. 1,280, everybody. From everybody? Hello. Wasn't Kenji with you? He went to Shinjuku. When? Stop chasing him around. Didn't you just see him? Akiko, you're looking pale. Something wrong? - Hurry up and play. - Okay. Welcome. Your sister's pretty, isn't she? My sister? How do you know her? - She stopped in one day. - Here? Looking for you. When? Let's see. Four or five days ago. You're leaving? Good-bye. What's she so restless for? Why's Kenji avoiding her? The story behind it goes deep. It's heavy stuff. What is it? It's all Tomita's fault. He's a very bad man. Quit joking. It's between them. I had nothing to do with it. - It appears otherwise. - Cut it out. Now he's playing dumb. Devious, aren't you? So tell us. Once upon a time, a boy and girl, both pure of heart, were attending the same junior college. Young, good-Iooking, perfect in every way, they enjoyed a beautiful friendship. But there was a villain dwelling in the boy's apartment building. He corrupted the boy, and with great ease... how shall I put it?... brought the boy and girl together. Is that true? It is, every single word. Shocking, isn't it? Hey, that's enough. But there's more. The girl in question leff college and started studying English shorthand. Having fallen in with the wrong people, she grew more and more decadent, until she and the villain became friends. It's now the "lucky seventh inning," and, as offen happens, the girl is chasing the boy. Things have gotten quite interesting. To borrow an English turn of phrase, her tummy's getting big. Are you sure? Is that true? I can't know for sure, but in any case, it's quite a fascinating turn of events. To think that that girl... I'm shocked! True, quite true. It's shocking. A shock so great is seldom heard of. - What was that? - A West. Won't help me. - Pon! - Pon? Talk about a shock. <i>Who's that?</i> Oh, it's you. I have to ask you something. Come upstairs. What's gotten into you? What is it? Why did you go to that mahjong parlor in Gotanda? Why? Why did you go? What did you go there for? Well... Why didn't you tell me? If I had told you... How did you find out about that place? Who told you about it? Auntie said... How did Auntie know about it? Tell me the truth. I want the truth! - Auntie ran into her. - Who? Mother. So that woman is our mother affer all. Why didn't you tell me it was her? I never thought she'd return to Tokyo. Even if she came back to Japan, it wouldn't be to Tokyo. Why wouldn't she? Tell me. Why not? Please be honest with me. Why did Mother leave Father? What happened? It was while Father was away in Seoul. We were living in Ushigome. One of Father's subordinates, Yamazaki, stopped by offen and helped us out in lots of ways. He was tall, and fun to be around. You and I both liked him. I was a child then too and didn't understand what was happening. So Mother and that man... But never speak of this in front of Father. I remember quite well. Soon affer Father came back, he took us to the zoo. It was a sunny day. You were so happy. You toddled this way and that. On the way home that evening, you fell asleep on the train, and Father carried you on his back. When we got home, Mother had leff, never to return. Akiko, never mention this to Father. Since that day, he's tried so hard to forget. - Then maybe... - What? Maybe I'm not Father's child. Why would you say such a thing? I must take affer my mother. I'm not like Father at all. I only have Mother's foul blood in my veins. No! That's ridiculous! Why do you think that? It must be! I'm not his child! Akiko! <i>I'm home.</i> It's Father. - I'll go ask him! - Akiko! You don't understand. Akiko! Father. What is it? I want you to tell me... Akiko! What? What's going on? KOTOBUKl-SO "Anti-Prostitution Laws Enacted." Well, I'll be... - Is she here? - Oh, hello. Kikuko? Good evening. Are you alone? There's something I want to ask. What's that? Come with me. Going out? Just for a bit. What is it? I'd like to speak to you in private. Let me see. Where could we go? Come this way. Welcome. May I use your room? Certainly, but it's a bit of a mess. Don't bother. I have no help, you see. There you are. Let me know if you need anything. Come in. It's kind of dirty, but... What did you want to talk about? Whose child am I? Whose child? I know you're my mother. Who said that? Who told you that? My sister. Takako told you? Mother, whose child am I anyway? Tell me? Whose? Forgive me, Akiko. I didn't forget about you and Takako. I thought about you constantly, wherever I was. Your brother too. I didn't know he had died. I kept worrying about you. Even if I admitted that I did wrong, none of you would ever forgive me. Never mind that. That's not why I came. Whose child am I? Why, your father's and mine. That's a lie! Is he really my father? Who else would it be? Are you that mistrustful? Don't you believe me? He's your father. That's one thing I can tell anyone with pride. Akiko, if you only believe one thing I tell you, at least believe that. You understand, don't you? You understand, right? Thank you. Akiko, one of the customers was talking about you. How is your health? He said you were pregnant. Are you? Is that true? I will never have a baby! Never! Why not? And if I do, I won't abandon it like you did! I'll love it with all my heart! Akiko! I hate you! That sixth hole is a jinx. It's a dogleg. - How many strokes did I take? - Eight. - What was par? - Four. Not even close. Where'd she go anyway? I have no idea. Don't hide it. Come on, tell me. I really don't know. You're lying. I can see it in your eyes. Don't run off. How long do you plan to mope? Forget about him. Find a better guy. There's lots of 'em around. What's so special about him anyway? It's all right. I'm leaving. Say, who was that? Nice-Iooking girl. Her? She's a wild one. What's wrong with that? Bad girls are more fun than the good ones. Is that right? You oughta know. Fill her up. CHlNCHlN-KEN CHlNESE NOODLES Welcome. Give me some sake. It's getting colder. Might snow. I hear Mr. Kimura's going to move. He was here last night. Said he was looking around Kamata. Did he find an apartment? Here you are. They say apartments are scarce these days. And the newer ones are real expensive. You gotta hustle. Bring me another. Are you sure? That was a lot. I'm fine. If you insist. So this is where you've been. I looked all over. Couldn't find you anywhere. I knew you had no one to talk to. I couldn't sleep at night, thinking how worried you must be. It's true. Look how I'm wasting away. What was that for? Stop it! That sure startled me. What was that about? Made me spill the sake. Girls these days sure are hot-tempered. They'll walk all over you if you're not tough. Did something happen? I'm gonna go see. Hey! What happened? Still feverish? No change yet. It's a lot of trouble for you. I have no choice. She's a customer. That Kenji is heartless. Didn't even come to see how you were. What happened, Akiko? Thank you for everything. It was a close call. I heard the train whistle and rushed out to find her like this. She had just leff my place. That's always been a dangerous crossing. Lots of accidents. One newspaper called it "the devil's crossing." Nothing had happened recently, but now this. What a mess. The watchman was taking a leak. He saw the train coming and rushed to lower the gate, pee still dribbling. But it was too late. She'd already been hit. Poor guy's taking it hard. The police took him away. A policeman was here until a while ago. He wants you to wait until he gets back from the station. What a terrible thing. Thank you for your kindness. Not at all. Well, I'll be going. Sorry to keep you so late. Don't mention it. Father, his name. Yoshihira Shimomura. I run a noodle house nearby. They call me Gihei. Real name's Yoshihira. We'll stop in to thank you later. Never mind about that. Now, if you'll excuse me. Thank you. I'll be leaving now. Good night. Say, I forgot to tell them the name of my place. Please tell them it's called Chinchin-Ken. Akiko! What happened? Akiko, what happened? I don't want to die. I don't want to die. You're not going to die. Don't worry. Akiko, you must hold on! Takako... I don't want to die. You'll be fine. You're not going to die. Father. What is it? I want to start over. I want to start my life over again from the beginning. Akiko! I don't want to die. Don't talk like that. You're going to be fine. Mother. Hello. Akiko is dead. When? How? How could this happen? It's your fault. Takako! Takako... Takako... and <i>Pon!</i> <i>Welcome.</i> A bottle of sake. Did they come to see about the fire hydrant? They want to put it where the side street dips a bit. Mr. Wakana got angry and refused to put up the money. Here you are. It's a little lukewarm. Why'd you leave like that? What's wrong? What happened to Soma's job offer? It still stands. I don't like Tokyo anymore. Why's that? It would suit me just fine if you went with me. Will you go? You will? That's great. I'll go tell Soma right away. I'm tired of fetching ramen and rice curry for mahjong players. Let's drink to it. The cold won't be unbearable. If we go together, it'll be warm enough. So you're willing to go. I sure am thankful. Hello? Hello? As I mentioned on the phone... I'm leaving for Hokkaido tonight on the 9:30 train. I wanted to bring this as an offering to Akiko. Is that all right? Here. We may never meet again. Take care of yourself. I'll be going now. Good-bye. <i>The express train for Aomori</i> <i>scheduled to depart at 21:30</i> <i>will leave from Track 12</i>, <i>with stops at Omiya</i>, <i>Toyama</i>, <i>Utsunomiya...</i> Good thing we came early and got good seats close to the bathrooms. She won't come. No use looking. She's not coming. Have a drink. Careful! You'll spill it! Just forget it. It's getting cold. Why would she come? Here. Have another one? No, thanks. We'll be on this train until noon tomorrow. Our butts are gonna be sore. I should have brought a blanket. Yes, you should have. You're not seeing her off? You can still make it. Don't hesitate on my account. Father... I'm thinking of going back. Where? I don't want Michiko to feel the way Akiko did. I see now that a child needs the love of both parents. No matter how much love you gave Akiko, she was still Ionely. She wanted a mother. Maybe you're right. I did my best, but a mother's love is different. She might have told a mother things she couldn't tell me. Can you make a go of it with Numata? I'd like to try. Even if it's difficult, I know I have to. Michiko is growing up. I see. So you're going back? I'll try very hard this time not to make you worry. I see. My selfishness was partly to blame. We're all a bit selfish. Anyway, give it a try. I know you'll succeed. I'm going to try. But Father, if I go, what about you? Don't worry about me. Akiko isn't here now. I'll manage somehow. I can have Tomizawa come in again. Well, that's that. What time will you be home tonight? As early as I can. What about supper? Boil some rice for me, though I might not eat it. Leave at your usual time. I have a key. Which shoes will you wear today? The black ones, please. THE END Subtitles by SUBTEXT SUBTlTLlNG Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org In the last video, we looked at nucleophilic aromatic substitution with an addition-elimination reaction. In this video, we're going to look at an elimination-addition reaction, also called the benzine mechanism. And we start with bromobenzene here. And to bromobenzene, we add some sodium amide, which is a strong base, and some liquid ammonia. And you can see that we have substituted an amino group for our halogen on our ring to form aniline as our product. Let's go ahead and look at the mechanism here. And so we're going to start with the elimination parts. Let me go ahead and write down here elimination. And the sodium amide functions as a base. So we go ahead and draw the amide anion here, with a negative 1 formal charge on this nitrogen. And so it's going to take this aromatic proton right here, which leaves these electrons behind on this carbon. So let's go ahead and show the result of our acid-base reaction. So we have our ring. We still have our leaving group for the moment. And now we have a negative 1 formal charge on this carbon. So we form a carbanion. Let me go ahead and highlight these electrons. So these electrons in here are now on this carbon, forming a carbanion that's ortho to our leaving group-- so an ortho carbanion. So when these electrons in magenta move into here, that allows these electrons to kick off onto our halogen, so it leaves as an anion. And we create what's called the benzine molecule-- so a triple bond in our molecule like that. And so these electrons in magenta have moved in here to form a triple bond. This is a little bit different from usual triple bonds. This happens to be an unstable intermediate. So this benzine molecule turns out to be very reactive. And so in the next step-- we'll call this the addition portion of our mechanism-- our benzine molecule is right here. And it's going to react with amide, the amide anion. But this time, the anion is going to function as a nucleophile. And so when I go ahead and show my amide anion like that, I'm going to show it functioning as nucleophile attacking our triple bonds--so attacking one of the carbons. So I'm going to say on that side, which would push these electrons back onto this carbon. And so we can go ahead and show that. So we have our ring. Right now, we have our NH2 attached to our ring. And we have these electrons move out onto here, onto this carbon. So once again, the electrons in magenta have moved out here to form a carbanion-- again, an ortho carbanion. Our last step would be to protonate our ring. And so we have ammonia. Ammonia comes along. That's going to function as an acid and donate a proton. So these electrons in magenta are going to pick up a proton here, leaving these electrons behind. And we protonate our ring and we're done with our mechanism. We have formed aniline as our product, like that. All right. So that's the mechanism for elimination-addition. Let's see if we can go ahead and do a practice problem here. And here we have a disubstituted ring. And our two substituents are para to each other. So we're going to add our strong base-- so sodium amide, so negative 1 formal charge here. First step is elimination. So the first up is an acid-base reaction, where the amide takes a proton that's next to our halogen. And so we have two choices here. We could take this proton that's next to our halogen or we could take this proton that's next to our halogen. In this case, it doesn't matter, because they are equivalents, pretty much the same thing, if you think about the symmetry of the molecule. And so this is going to take this proton, to make our lives easier here. And then these electrons would remain behind on this carbon. So let's go ahead and show our acid-base reaction here. So we have our ring. We have our methyl group here on our ring. We have our halogen here on our ring. And now we have a negative 1 formal charge on this carbon. So we have electrons on that carbon, negative 1 formal charge. These are going to move into here to form a triple bond, and these electrons kick off onto our leaving group. So the chloride anion leaves and we form benzine. So we form our benzine intermediate. And so I can go ahead and show that right here. So there's benzine. There's still a methyl group attached to our ring. Now once again, I chose to show this proton participating in the acid-base reaction. It could have been in this one, but it's just helpful the way I drew my benzene ring. I happen to show my pi bond right here, and so it's easier to show it there. But you only get one benzine intermediate here. And so here is our benzine intermediate, which next is going to react with the amide anion, which is now going to function as a nucleophile. So I have a negative 1 formal charge on my nitrogen. And it's going to function as a nucleophile. And it could attack either side of that triple bond. I'm going to go ahead and show it attacking this side of our triple bond. And so these electrons would come off onto there. So let's go ahead and show the results of that. And so I have my ring. And I'm going to add on my NH2 to this top carbon this time. And my electrons went off over here onto to this carbon. So I still have a methyl group, like that. Now, I could have showed the amide anion attacking the other side of the triple bond. That's possible, too. So I could have thought about my nucleophile attacking over here, which would push these electrons off onto that carbon. So let's go ahead and show that possibility as well. So once again, we have our ring. So we have these electrons on our ring. We have our methyl group. This time, the NH2 added onto the right side of where our triple bond used to be. And these electrons ended up over here. And so of course, the final step, which I won't show the mechanism for, we just need to protonate that anion. And we end up with our two final products. And so let me go ahead and draw those. So we have our two groups, and in our top example, they are para to each other. And then our other products, our two groups on our ring, are meta to each other. And so you get a mixture of products here. So thinking about your benzine mechanism. So let's look at one more type of elimination of a reaction using the benzine mechanism. So another famous one. And you can see this time, instead of using sodium amide, we're using sodium hydroxide. But we know that this is a strong base, and so that will work. You have to heat it up a lot and add some water, some proton sources. And you can see that, eventually, you're going to get an OH group substituting in for your halogen. So this is a very famous reaction. Let's see if we can do this problem down here, where we have a methyl group on our ring and we have our chlorine like that. So this is a little different from the one that we just did. So these two are meta to each other, and those other ones were para. So once again, we're going to think about the hydroxide anion functioning as a strong base. And it's going to take a proton off of our ring. Remember, it's going to take a proton off next to our leaving group. And so it could take a proton off from here, or it could take a proton off from here. And those are two different positions this time. So we're going to get different benzine intermediates. So we need to think about two different benzines. So that's different from the previous example. We only had to think about one enzyme. So first I'm going to think about the proton on the right. So if this proton leaves, you can think about these electrons in here moving in to form your triple bond. So let's go ahead and draw that one first. So the elimination of your halogen would give you your benzine intermediate and your benzine intermediate would look like this, with your methyl group being right here. And so that's one possible benzine intermediate. Of course, we could have taken off this proton-- so sodium hydroxide, could've taken off that proton. And your halogen could've left in the elimination step to form another benzine. And this time, it would be between this hydrogen and the chlorine. So it would be over here. So benzine would have to be over on that side. And so we could go ahead and draw our benzine like that. Now, notice I'm showing a different resonance form of the pi electrons in the ring. But we know that that's OK. I just happened to start out with my pi electrons in my benzene ring like this. But I could have just as easily have started out the opposite way. So what I drew here is not incorrect. It's just a different way of showing it. And it's necessary for us to show the benzine intermediate this way. And so now we have two benzine intermediates. And in the next step, hydroxide would function as a nucleophile, and it could attack either side. So let's go ahead and think about the hydroxide anion functioning as a nucleophile. And let's go ahead and draw the possible products. I could think about hydroxide attacking this side of the triple bond, in which case our final product would look like this. We would have our ring. We would have our methyl group here. And then we would have our OH group para to that methyl group. So that's one of our possible products. So let me go ahead and use a different color so we can see that better. So a nucleophilic attack here would give us this product, nucleophilic attack here would give us a different product. So let's go ahead and draw that. We would show our ring, and we would show our pi electrons. We'd show our OH adding here. And we would still have this methyl group. And so you can see these are different products. So we have two different products so far. And once again, we could go over to this molecule, and we could show the same thing. We show hydroxide attacking the left side of our triple bond. So let's go ahead and draw that product. So if hydroxide attacked the left side, it would add on to the left side of where our triple bond used to be. And now we would have this product. So that's another possible product. And now, of course, we could have attacked on the right side of our triple bond for this one. So let's go ahead and draw the fourth possibility here. And so now we have our benzene ring. We have our OH group added onto here. And then we have a methyl group right here. And so if you look at it, you can see that these two are actually the same molecule, because these benzene rings-- I've just drawn the pi electrons in different places, but we know that those are just resonance structures of each other. And so we get a total of three products for this reaction. So this would just be one molecule, and then this would be two, and then this would be three. So this would be my approach to answering this question on an exam. You don't have time to draw out the full mechanism, so think about eliminating your halogen to form the benzine intermediate. Think about how many benzine intermediates are possible. And then, finally, think about adding the nucleophile to either side of your triple bond, and that will give you your possible products for your answer. Hello, everyone. Welcome back to the University of illinois Coursera course on heterogeneous parallel computing. We are going to, to go over lecture one, the second episode of lecture one. We're going to be discussing the software costs in heterogeneous parallel computing. And the, for this slide shows that the software cost has been increasing more rapidly than hardware costs. And, this graph is published, was published by IBM about 2010. Where it shows that traditionally, software cost has been lower than the hardware costs. Meaning, that the blue line shows the hardware cost and the red line shows the software costs. And the software cost is measured in terms of lines per chip. And it has been traditionally increasing by about two times every ten months. Whereas, the hardware cost is measured as hardware gates per chip and has been increasing at two times every eighteen month. So, the rate of increase of software cost has been faster than hardware cost for a long time. And, in, In, in, around 2010, because of the fast, faster increase rate, the software costs have passed hardware costs on a typical chip. So, future, in the future, when we build a system, we will need to be very sensitive about controlling the software cost because it has become a dominating part of the computing system design. So, there are two important factors in controlling software costs. There are many other factors but we're going to be focusing on two important factors as far as parallel programming parallel heterogeneous parallel systems are concerned. The first one, scalability. So, when we developed an application, even though we might be developing an application on a system with a core type A, we want to be able to later on, take the same software and run it on a system based on core A, maybe the second version and expect the perform, the, the performance or the efficiency of the code to improve because the hardware of the second the core A second version has improved. So, also in scalability in, in some cases, mean that whenever we de, develop the core software on core a we want to be able to run the same software on multiples of these core A and get the benefit for having multiple cores, without changing our software. The other important factor in software cost control is actually portability. So, even though we develop our application on core A, we should be able to run the same application on a different core. Let's say, core B and core C available, even from different vendors. And expect the software to perform well on these different cores. So, though that, we will the typical example is that we should be able to run the, the software on a, let's say, a serial machine, a multi core CPU machine, or a you know, mini core GPU machine. So, with scalability and portability, we can reduce the software cost by using the same version of the software and running on all these different types of machines or future versions of the same machines. And, so that we can minimize the redevelopment cost and when we try to run the software on all this variety of systems. The scalability of the sys, hardware has been a major, major challenge for quite a few years. And, at this point in history, we are actually kind, in a situation where each generation of the hardware has a large number of parameters that need to be scaled. And the software needs to be able to deal with all these increasing you know, parameters in the important parts of the soft, hardware design. So, what the, in each different generation, we have increasing number of compute units. We have increasing number of threads. We have increasing vector length. We have increasing pipeline depth. We have increasing DRAM burst, and we have increasing number of DRAM channels. And we have increasing data movement latency. So, when we develop our software today, we will be running on the type of core with certain number of in each of these the dimensions. But, when we run the software on a future core, you will necessary, you will be necessary for the software to be able to automatically adjust to all these increased numbers and, and get, still run well and get benefits. There, also a large number of different types of hardware types even in the same time frame. So when we write a piece of code, we would like the code to be able to run a multi-core CPUs versus many core CPUs. We want to be able to run on VW processors versus SlMD processors versus multi-threaded processors. And we also, in some cases, we may even need to be able to run on sheer memory versus distributive memory machines. So, the programming style that we use in this course would support both scalability and portability. So, that's why we're going to be using this programming style because this programming style has been already demonstrated to have high level of scalability and portability for the software. So, if you're interested in more, learning more about the software design considerations and software cost control, I would like to encourage you to read up on, on chapter one of the textbook. Thank you. This is a suprisingly challenging question. If you look at these numbers from 3 to 6. When we increase X by 3, Y decreases by 3, which suggests W1 is -1. Now let's see if this holds. If we increase X by 3, it decreases Y by 3. If we increase X by 1, we decrease Y by 1. If we increase X by 2, we decrease Y by 2. So this number seems to be an exact fit. Next we have to get the constant W0 right. For X = 3, we get -3 as an expression over here, because we know W1 = -1. So if this has to equal zero in the end, then W0 has to be 3. Let's do a quick check. -3 plus 3 is 0. -6 plus 3 is -3. And if we plug in any of the numbers, you find those are correct. Now this is the case of an exact data set. It gets much more challenging if the data set cannot be fit with a linear function. Thrush is similar to a yeast type infection in a baby or a fungal infection. The area that a baby can get thrush is usually around their mouth and sometime in their diaper area. You can recognize this because it's raised bumps, and sometimes the bumps have a white tinge to the top of them. If you notice this around their mouth, inside their lips or gums, in their diaper area or on folds of their skin, you would want to contact your doctor, and have them seen immediately, because only your doctor or dermatologist can accurately diagnose thrush. If they are diagnosed, you may be prescribed a prescription cream that's anti-fungal to cure what's going on. The way they get thrush is that in moist environments yeast can grow. And if they suck on a bottle too long, or there's moisture trapped inside a pacifier, or there's moisture trapped in a diaper area, thrush can develop. If this happens, you want to make sure that you sterilize all of the bottles, the pacifiers, and try to air these areas out as much as possible. Your doctor should give you the cream and the direction to help fix the situation as soon as possible. Let's look at solving linear equations. For example, let's solve the following equation for y. The first thing we'll do is we'll distribute the three to both of these two terms as well as the five to these two terms. Which gives us three * y + six = five * y - 30. Now when solving when your equations what we wanted to know is bring all the variables to one side. And all the numbers to the other, Which would give us 3y - 5y = -30 - six or -2y = -36. And now, dividing both sides by -two gives us our answer of y is equal to eighteen. Now, if we didn't want to work with all of these negatives, we could have started in the same way, by distributing the three and the five through, giving us this 3y + six = 5y - 30. But now, if we bring the 3y to the right, and the -30 to the left. We get six + 30 = 5y - 3y or 36 = 2y. And now dividing by two gives us the same answer of y = eighteen but we didn't have to work with all those negatives. All right, lets look at another example. Lets solve this equation for t. Again, we'll start in a similar way. And distribute this -three to both of these two terms, as well as the five to both of these two terms. Which gives us four - 3t - six + t is = to 5t - five - 7t. Now let's combine like terms on both sides of the equation. The four and the -six are like terms. As well as the -3nt and so our 5t and -7t. Combining these gives us that four - six is -two and then, -3t + t is -2t = 5t -7t is -2t and then -five. Again, let's bring all the variables to one side, and the numbers to the other. And what does that give us? We have -2t + 2t = -five + two. But isn't the left hand side here just zero? So zero = -five + two or -three? No. So what does that mean? That means that no value of t will work. No matter what value of t we try to plug in to this equation, we will never get a true statement. And what would our answer be in such a situation? Our answer would be no solution because there's no value of t that will satisfy this equation. Now, what if this value over here, negative three actually had turned out to be zero? Then what would our answer be in that situation? We'd h ave zero is equal to zero which is always true. So no matter what value of t plug in, we'd always arrive at a true statement. Our answer in such a situation would be all real numbers. All right, let's see another example. Now this example is different in that we have these fractions here. Now there's different approaches to solving such an equation. But the approach that students seem to like best is to find the least common multiple of these denominators here, so we can multiply both sides of the equation by that least common multiple to eliminate the fractions. So let's do that. What is the least common multiple of these denominators here? Isn't that 30? So let's multiply both sides of this equation by 30. So we have 30 times the entire left side is equal to 30 times the entire right side. And now let's distribute the 30 to these two terms as well as these two terms which gives us 30(b+10))/15. * v ten / fifteen + 30 * -one-fifth = 30 * v1 + one / six + 30 * -one-tenth. Now fifteen goes into 30 two times so I'll have a two left here, five goes into 30 six times so I'll have a six left here. Six goes into 30 five times, we'll have a five left here. And ten goes into 30 three times, we'll have a three left here. And now our equation has simplified as follows. Two * v + ten + six * -one = five * v + one + three * -one and we've eliminated the fractions and now let's distribute the two and the five through which gives us two * v + twenty And then we have - six = five * v + five and then - three. And now combining like terms we have 2V. And then twenty - six is fourteen = 5v and five - three is two. And now we will bring all the variables to one side and the numbers to another. If we bring the 2v to the right, and the two to the left, if you remember from the first example, then we can eliminate working with the negative coefficient of v. That is, we have the following. Fourteen - two = 5v - 2v, or twelve = 3v and dividing both sides by three gives us our answer of v is equal to four. And this is how we solve different types of linear equations. Thank you. And we'll see ya next time. Welcome and congratulations for taking your first step towards getting your degree in Nursing. On this website, we've provided you with the information you need to decide if Ryerson is the right program for you. Included with the written materials, we've also created a Powerpoint that gives you an overview of our program, and we've created videos in which our students and the student advisors provide you an idea of the experiences that you will have when you come into our program, and some helpful hints. We believe that this is an excellent program and it will help you achieve your learning goal. Thank you! Worecester is a horder A pedal workin on somethin just to earn a dollar We're gonna try to dadadada super awesome Sometimes i wonder what were gonna do aint no cure for the summertime blues mamma told me son you gotta make some money The Pure Lotus. Good morning, how may I help you? I'd like to book a table for tomorrow afternoon, if possible. Certainly, ma'am. What time would that be? About 10 o'clock. I'm afaid we don't open until 10:30 am, ma'am. Ok. 11 will do And how many people will be there in your party, ma'am? Well, I think there will be for of us Ok. There will be a table for four tomorrow afternoon at 11 o'clock. In whose name, ma'am? That's Janet Gray Could you spell that, please? That's J-A-N-E-T G-R-A-Y Ok I would like to have a table to eat outdoor. Would that be ok? Let me check for a while. I'm afraid all the outdoor tables are booked out. However, we have a table for four next to the window looking out a beautiful garden. Would that be convenient for you as an alternative, ma'am? That's fine, I guess. But can you make sure it is in non-smoking section. I and my friends can't stand the smoke. Certainly. So, that's a table in non-smoking section near the window for four people tomorrow at 11 o'clock in the name: Janet Gray. That's right. Thank you. I've booked a table as your request. Thank you for calling. Wonderful, I look forward to eat. Thank you very much. Goodbye. You're welcome. Goodbye. Good afternoon, welcome to the Pure Lotus. Do you have a reservation? Yes, we do. Could I have the name, please? Janet Gray Ok, Ms. Gray, your table for four is ready. Please, follow me. Right this way. Take your seat, please! Would you like to drink something first? Yes,of course. I would like a coke. And for you, ma'am? A coke, too And for you? Mineral water,please. And for you, ma'am? A lemon soda, please. Ok.Certainly. So, that would be 2 cokes, 1 mineral water and 1 lemon soda. And, here's today's menu. A waitress will be with you shortly to take your order. Thanks Wait a few minutes! Could I take your order now or you need some more time? Uhm.. we'll have fried spring rolls for appertizer, and the main course... Let's see A, ya. Could you please explain the name of some dishes? Like New moon, it has interesting name. Ya, because it's a dish, is savory and delicate crepe made of rice flour, turmeric powder,mushrooms, bean sporouts served with fresh vegetables, deep into vegan fish sauce along with pickle carrots. It has the shape like a half of moon, so we call New Moon Interesting! So good. Got it. And how about Don't mind Obstacles? It's a kind of mushroom hotpot. With delicious smell mixes with sweet taste of various mushrooms,served with fresh vegetables, rice noodles especially eat in cold weather like this, it will be more delicious. Wow You've made us feel mouth-watering. We will have Don't mind Obstacles, please Yes, and I can recommend this? Yes If you use Don't mind obstacles with vegan sake, it will be more delicious. It has warm and spicy taste. Oh, good. Thank you for the recommendation. We'll have a bottle of sake. So you will fried spring rolls for appertizer, Don't mind Obtacles for main course and one bottle of sake Yes. That's right. Thank you I'll be right back Be careful! it's hot! It's Don't mind Obtacles! Oh! Good! Wow! Enjoy your meal! Thank you Waitress! Yes? Could I have the bill, please? Certainly. I'll be back with the bill. Here is your bill. It seems like you've given us the wrong bill. Oh, I'm really sorry for the inconvenience. As you see we're on the busiest time of the day . So I hope you'll pardon for our mistake. It's not big problem Thank you very much. I'll be right back with the right bill. Here is your bill Here .... You can keep the change. Thank you Good bye. Good bye. Thank you for coming You get to start. Okay. Hi everyone, I'm Andrew. I'm an Alum of ESU, I have my Bachelor of Science in both Information Resource Studies and Crime and Delinquency Studies. I'm currently a graduate student at SLlM and a presenter for the HAVEN program. My name is Luke Wolford, I'm currently a graduate student in Mental Health Counseling at ESU, I graduated in May of 2012 with my Bachelor of Science in Sociology with a minor in Crime and Delenquincy Studies and I kind of made the HAVEN program, which you can't see because of the box. What we'd like to start out with a little bit is talking about what we call gender and sexual minorities, which is commonly referred to as the LGBTQA community. We found that's not really inclusive, and the real one is way to long to actually go into, so we just use gender and sexual minorities, because it's a lot more inclusive, a lot easier. We use GSM for short. What I have are a couple of statistics out of a 2009 survey of high school students. It was over seven, it was almost 8,000. It was like 7,951 students from across the country that were all in high school, and I think it was 52% of them identified as being gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The rest identified as being heterosexual. Out of that 88.9% of students heard gay used in a negative way, as an example "That's so gay," frequently or often at school. 61.1% felt unsafe at school because of their sexual orientation and 39.9% because of how they expressed their gender. And then you have 40.1% were physically harassed, pushed, shoved or worse, in the past year because of their sexual orientation and 27.2% because of their gender expression. When you look specifically at non-binary gendered individuals, that means those individuals that are transgender, inter-sex, transsexual, or anything that isn't cisgendered or people who are comfortable with the gender role they were assigned at birth, the numbers get even more frightening. In grades K-12 78% of students that identified as non-binary gendered experienced harassment in one form or another. 90% of transgendered individuals report either being harassed, mistreated, or discriminated against on a job, or had to take actions like hiding who they were to avoid it. That's 9 out of 10. 46% of transgendered individuals will attempt suicide at some point, which is really frightening when you realize that only 1.6% of the cisgendered population attempts the same. Where we're going to go now is we're going to talk a little bit about some of our experiences at ESU. I am trans-sexual, and I did transition. Between the summer of- I got my degree in May, and by the time I started graduate school in the fall I was living full time as a man. About a month before I came out I was in the Rec Center, and the women's restroom was closed for cleaning and I needed to change so I could get to class. Right before coming out. I figured well I'll go ahead and use the men's room, I'm dressed pretty gender neutral, it shouldn't be a problem. And the janitor came in and said "You're in the wrong restroom." That was kind of difficult to deal with because I really didn't know how to take that. It really did say this isn't a comfortable place to transition, and it's really important to note that there is no gender neutral bathroom in the Rec Center or HPER. The two places where you really do have to change. I like to swim, went to the locker rooms. In the women's locker room you have a wall of Handicap shower, with nice curtains, but with my ID saying Andrew I felt really uncomfortable there, so I went to the men's locker room. Bay showers, two stalls, one of which was closed and out of service. There was literally one place I could shut the door in the men's room to change. Before I even get there I either go to the library, becuase I have a locker there, or I go to the rec center, and I empty my pockets. Phone, keys, wallet, anything that is in my pockets, that isn't clothing that keeps me looking normal until I get to the locker room is secured. I expect that some day I will be attacked because of where I am in the locker room. And I plan for it. I quite literally know every exit in HPER to get to Police and Safety. It's just one of those things, because of the climate we're in, because of that first incident I have to be aware of it. There may be a student who may see my body, and react violently, just because of who I am. When I first came out to the student health center, to get the treatment to transition, it took a bit to get pronouns right. They knew me as a female before and I had to go in and have meetings and sit down and say "You can't use she, even when you're talking amongst yourselves. It's very much undermining who I am and what I'm trying to do." Even today I still run into problems. I, for the most part, am read "male" all the time, but I don't feel comfortable hanging out in male only places, especially the bathroom. I work on the 4th floor of Plumb. There is a bathroom right across from my office, with one stall. If it's occupied I don't feel comfortable waiting around for someone to come out, so I may go down to 3rd floor, or 2nd. There have been a couple times I've had to go down all four flights of stairs in Plumb to use the bathroom. That takes a lot of time out of your day and it's very uncomfortable, just to realize that you have to be that aware of where you are on campus. Now, I have kind of a different experience at ESU. I am a non-traditional student, I came to ESU, right out of high school, stayed for a semester, and then realized I didn't have the, well, maturity really, to stick with it. So I sat out for eight years. I quite literally left ESU, after a few years left Emporia, moved to Lawrence, got a job working for the Department of Education at the FAFSA help desk, as a contracted employee through Pearson Government Solutions, went from there to work for T-Mobile USA, and then came back to ESU in 2007. It would have been the end of the 2007 Spring semester that I came back. And one of the first experiences I had on campus relating to being a member of the gender and sexual minority community was a talk done by a faculty member about the importance of coming out as an Ally. And for me, that was awesome. Because it was like, when I was first here, it wasn't talked about. At all. It was something that was invisible, you had the P.R.I.D.E. group, but they had their subtle efforts. At the time P.R.I.D.E had an office down in the Union, in the Center for Student Involvement. When I came back that was gone. I thought things had gotten even more invisible and that was the first event I got to go to on campus, so it kind of showed me, okay, maybe things aren't so bad, and so I was really optimistic. That doesn't change some of the things I've heard since then. I got very lucky in my undergraduate programs. I was in Sociology and the Crime and Delinquency Studies department, so all of the faculty there identified pretty much as being Allies in some way, shape or form. They're all very open minded. That doesn't change the fact that pretty much in every class I've had, both then, and still continue to have as a graduate student in Mental Health counseling, if there is something mentioned about homosexuals, lesbians, bisexuals, transgender, it's wrong. It is wrong. The best example I can think of is during a class called Social Deviance. We got to the chapter on homosexuality, and the book actually said that lesbians tend to be more monogamous and gay men tend to be promiscuous. And so I had to out myself in the class, and quite literally told the professor "Bullshit." I quite literally stood up, fortunately there was a young girl in the class who was a friend of mine, and who identifies as a lesbian, who also stood up at the same time and did the exact same thing, because we can cite numerous examples of people that do not fit that so, it was one of those... The authors really didn't do their research and didn't understand that that really is offensive. During, actually, my multi-cultural counseling class this semester that I'm taking, we have a book that devotes a chapter to pretty much everything, except for it groups GLBT all into one chapter. It does not acknowledge that, you know, transgender transsexual, in and of itself probably deserves three chapters, as opposed to the, you know, normal chapters, that that they're given. It was the smallest chapter in the book. I actually decided to be nit-picky before I said that statement and went through and counted the pages. It is. It is the smallest chapter in the book, and I had to correct the professor again because this book lumps cross-dressers with transgender, transsexual, and said that one term, transgender, includes all three groups. Which, if you have someone in the class that is transgender, transsexual, maybe someone that does identify as a cross-dresser, transvestite, any of the other terms that can be used to describe that, that can be offensive to them as well. So, it's even when your're trying to be culturally competent, learning these skills to help these individuals, it's blatantly offensive. I have actually known a couple of students here at ESU within the last year that have actually walked out of classes because of comments professors have made. So, it is something that still happens, even with a better climate. To that end, what we have is a little bit of information that we'd like to give you on being an Ally, and kind of, what that entails, so what I'd like to start with is the textbook definition of what an Ally is. This comes out of the Merriam Webster dictionary. The Webster's dictionary defines an ally as one who is associated with another. That's it. That's the full definition. One who associates with another. So, what Andrew and I did, while I was working on the Hayden program, was getting more specific, and went to Sociology. In a sociological context an Ally is a member of the dominant or majority group who is elected to support a minority group. So, what that means in context for, gender and sexual minorities- Gender and sexual minorities, someone who is an ally to them is someone who is not a gender and sexual minority who is supportive. But we kind of took it a little bit further there too. It's anyone who is supportive. It doesn't matter if you have that identity, or you don't. If you identify as part of the dominant social group, or if you identify as part of the minority group. If you're supportive you're an ally. So what we kind of do during a normal Hayden workshop is we do an exorcise about what a good Ally does, and what a good Ally doesn't do. So we're going to kind of cover some of those. And I'll let Andrew kind of take those. What an Ally does do is assure confidentiality and maintains it. I said that I am concerned about my safety. I live openly because I recognized how difficult it was to find resources for transitioning. So I want people to be able to come to me, but not everybody has the ability to live openly. They may be risking financial support from thier parents, physical safety from their room mates. So if somebody comes to you you need to make sure that you keep what they tell you, between you, unless they give indication otherwise. Use active listening skills, avoid stereotyping whenever possible, know how and where to refer someone. There are a lot of resources on campus, there's a lot of information out there. I know Luke and I are both willing to answer any questions anybody has. Seeks to educate themselves on issues. As we said, the accurate information is hard to find, but it is important to make an effort, because if all we have to go on are stereotypes it's very difficult to build those connections. Makes mistakes, but learns from them. I've just been reading a book, it's "35 Dumb Things Well Intentioned People Say." and a lot of, well a couple, of the ones in there are "Well it's just a joke." And he goes into how easy it is, when we point out, when somebody says, this was hurtful to me for us to get defensive. It's very important to admit our mistakes, apologize for the act, for what harm was caused, even if it wasn't our intention. Just, and then move on. Learn from them and don't you know, when someone says this word bothers me, it's probably a good idea to drop that word from your vocabulary, or at least use it very carefully. What an ally doesn't do; Gossip or share personal information, talk over others, make instant judgements, assume they can handle everything. That's a big one. We don't expect to cover everything needed to work with gender and sexual minorities in an hour. We don't expect to cover it in the three hour Haven program. It is impossible for us to give you all the information we have spent a lifetime collecting. So don't assume we expect you to know everything. We don't. We don't have all the answers, and an ally doesn't expect to be perfect. This is a learning experience, even for somebody that studies this constantly and is always doing these types of presentations, I make mistakes. I was recently doing a run through of a workshop I do called "The Other Sides of the Coin" and in that workshop I made the assumption that everyone in the room was cysgendered, and Luke had to call me out, 'Do you realize what you just did?' And it was unconscious, I've gotten so used to being the one visible person on campus that it's very easy for me to assume that every one in the room has no clue what I've been through. Which falls into promoting the very bias i'm up here fighting. So just remember, you can make mistakes, and you apologize and you move on. What I'd kind of like to do is cover, then, a few of the things you can see here at ESU ESU has a pretty big tradition actually. I know people have probably seen this sign around campus. This is the old program that was used at ESU. It's called SafeZone, it was started in 1994. It was one of the first programs of its type in the country and ESU was one of the three founding schools to start this program. If you actually check down at the bottom of some of these it has "Copyright 1994 GLARE Back." G.L.A.R.E. was ESU's Pride Group in 1994. Then in 2007 when I came back all the materials for that program had disappeared. The only thing we had left were the signs. All the documentation all the instructions on how to make that program were gone. So by working with administration, working with the counselling center within Student Wellness we got permission to start using a new program called SafeSpace. Which, the signs are a lot smaller, and this program though had some flaws. Andrew and I noticed that the biggest flaw with this program is that it is not as inclusive as what we would have wanted. It leaves out almost all Trans issues completely. So, it would have been over this past summer, over the summer of 2012 yeah? No, 2011. I'm jumping ahead, I'm jumping ahead, I'm not good with dates. I sat down and started working on HAVEN, very dedicated. And so we went with an even bigger sign than SafeSpace and SafeZone. We went with a full page sheet that talks about what the HAVEN program is. Basically what we define a HAVEN as is: "The purpose of the HAVEN program is to provide a welcoming, understanding, supportive and confidential environment for any member of the campus community. In the areas within the campus carrying the HAVEN logo biased comments and attitudes will not be ignored and instead will be met with an educational and informative attitude." What that means to me and Andrew, to the people who start going through there is that we're going to work on making sure that everyone in the campus feels safe. Within the HAVEN program we focus a lot on Gender and Sexual Minorities. It's what Andrew and I know. It's what we live, it's what we have experience from. It's also what the education is usually lacking on. It's very easy to find academic, verifiable, acurate works on other issues of diversity. I keep trying to study transsexuality in an academic sense and I keep having to throw things down and run away from my desk because they are so offensive to me I can barely stomach looking at them let alone taking the time to actually write something to correct them. So Andrew and I devote a lot of our free time as graduate students- what's that? To doing gender and sexual minority research, I had to go out and buy a filing cabinet actually, because I had finally hit the point where folders weren't cutting it. I hit that less than a month into the summer. What we've designed was kind of a base-line. So we'd kind of like to cover in depth a bit of what makes a HAVEN. So, we broke it down into four areas. The welcoming area: These places have to open to any member of the campus community, it doesn't matter the reason someone is seeking out a HAVEN, the point is they sought it out. They've come because for some reason they didn't feel safe, they felt unwelcome, they felt like they were being bullied, having a bias done against them, whatever terminology you want to use. So that's the main one. The second one we went to was an Understanding Atmosphere. What we defined this as was: A place within which views of each individual will be accepted and treated in a respectful manor regardless of identities or beliefs. What that means is that you're not going to tell someone you're wrong. You can't think that way. We're not telling people how to think. That's why we have the "will be addressed in a respectful and educational manor." It's going to be "This is why that's hurtful." "If you believe that that's fine, but this is why it's hurtful to other people." A supportive environment:One can expect a positive atmosphere in which a focus is placed upon opportunities for advancement personally, socially, and professionally. Now what that says to me, I don't know what it says to Andrew, is that within these spaces we're going to recognize everyone that is on the college campus is either a student, staff, faculty of some sort. Or interested in becoming one of those, or just a supportive community member. We're going to push, in these spaces, to help develop in that role. Whether it be in the role of a student who's trying to, you know, get their degree. Okay, how can we move past this to support that effort? If it's a faculty member, if it's you know, a staff member, how can we get past this so that you can continue to grow within your career path? If it's a community member, how can we get past that because we appreciate you. And then the final one is assured confidentiality, I think Andrew covered this one pretty well, but still, it's the "Don't go gossip." It is: Within these areas what is discussed will remain between only those individuals present. I use Andrew as an example a lot even when Andrew isn't with me because I've gotten blanket permission to use anything Andrew has told me for these workshops, for these presentations, because otherwise I would be breaking that. Because I would sometimes be telling some details that most people would be uncomfortable having shared about them. So the blanket permission is, I will tell you if you can't use this, because for the most part I'm using this. Because I don't have a lot of people around to use as examples. I have met guys like me on only a couple of other occasions. So I pretty much have me to use as a way to teach people, Okay this what happened, this is why it bothered me, can we please fix this so that somebody else doesn't have to go through this? And that's the main reason I'm here is that I quite literally went through so many ups and downs trying to transition at ESU I want it to be open so that the next person has the resources to not go through it. Umm, when I went to the rec center for personal training because those that are female-to-male can actually use body-building as a way to alter their shape, especially after you start testosterone if your doing strength training your muscle mass will increase and you pass a lot better. Well the Rec Center had these handy forms requesting personal trainers that you had to check male or female. Pretty obvious, but my training needed to be tailored to a body that was between. I don't meet female standards anymore but starting testosterone, those first couple months I don't have the muscle mass that someone who's cisgendered male would have. So I actually crossed them off, wrote in this, and then set up a meeting with the director and said, Okay, can you change the forms? And they did which was awesome. They're still inaccurate, they have male, female and transgendered, which leaves off inter-sex and transsexual, and a host of other identities, but it was start. It offered the option for there to be a non-binary identity. But it's the little things like that. I see those survey's all the time. I can think of a couple that I've slipped under Dr. Wyatt's door because he teaches research methods and I'll see a survey come out from his class and it's like, by the way, your content validity is off. You're completely negating an entire population. And to his credit he has always changed it after that. We have a little bit more time left than what I was expecting because I like to talk fast. And apparently so does Andrew. So at this point we can do a couple of different things. I'd like to kind of open it up for our studio audience. I like that term. I get to use it, fun, as to what you'd like to do. I have a couple of exercises from the HAVEN program and I'd like to see what would interest you the most. We have some handling biased scenarios, is what we call them, where you get a problem and you get to kind of figure out how you would handle it. Or we can do what's called a guided visualization, which is something that we use to create empathy within the HAVEN programs. Kind of start it off on the right foot. Try to put the participants in the position of the people who might be coming to talk to them or needing the ally-ship. So I kind of like to know what you guys would like to do. Okay, raise your hand if you want the guided visualization. And who wants the scenarios? Okay, so we're going to go with the visualization. Sorry, in the interest of time I'm not going to allow much muttering and side discussion. Okay, so this is the fun part for me because I get to read. And I pace, so please, I hope that's not distracting to anybody. I'm going to read what's called the guided visualization. You'll be asked to imagine a world very different from the world in which we now live. I would like you to pay attention to your reactions, whether they are in the form of a thought, an image, a feeling, an emotion, or a sensation in your body. Take whatever you get and allow it to be there. Don't try to change it or make it go away. This is an exercise in empathy, meaning you may experience the emotions or thoughts of someone described in the following situations. I would like to remind everyone that there is no right or wrong response to this exercise and even no reaction is okay. You might want to go ahead and make yourselves comfortable in your chair, pick a point in the room to focus on, close your eyes, et cetera. If you are a heterosexual this will most likely be a very different experience than what you are used to, one without heterosexual priveledges. These include the ability to get married, freedom from persecution by religious and or political leaders, and the ability to openly express one's affection without fear for personal safety. These are all things denied to gay men, lesbians and bisexuals. If you are a lesbian, gay, bisexual individual or someone who has had a same sex relationship, this may be a different experience for a different reason. You will the norm. I'd like us to reverse the world as we now know it. I want you to think of the world's population composed mostly of gay men, lesbians and bisexuals with only five to ten percent of the population openly identifying as heterosexual. This is the way the world has been since the times of ancient Greece when pederasty, the love between an older teacher and a younger pupil of the same sex gave rise to same sex romantic relationships being seen as the natural order while heterosexual relationships were used only for procreation purposes. Once artificial insemination techniques were perfected and became common practice for procreation heterosexuals became viewed as unnecessary abominations. If you are heterosexual it means you are different, unacceptable, an outcast and a freak. No normal person would want to associate with one, let alone be one. I would like for you to think of your daily life as being this way. Feel the ever-presence of homosexual, lesbian and bisexual people, the non-presence of heterosexuals. Think about what it tells you of the value in being heterosexual. Of being gay, lesbian, or bisexual. To date there have been only two openly heterosexual legislators elected to national office in the history of this country. There are only a few very stereotyped images of heterosexuals on TV or in movies. Gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals are the visible leaders at the center of power. Recall from your childhood how fearful you were of classmates who called you "breeder" in teasing fun. They didn't even know the real meaning of the word, but you did. And so you learned to be distrustful and wary of anyone to prevent anyone from learning your terrible secret. You may have been attracted to a teacher, classmate, or celebrity of the opposite sex. You spent your entire adolescence learning homosexual behavior, all dating preparation, social events and adult training are directed towards being a homosexual or bisexual. You wanted to appear normal so you went on dates with individuals of the same sex. You may have even gone so far as to get a date to the prom with a person of the same sex from another school to avoid suspicion. You may have gone as far as having sex, kissing, or other activities just to prove your gayness, all the while secretly thinking of your forbidden heterosexual infatuation. No matter what you did though, the harassment everyday between classes didn't stop. You were teased, trapped, pushed or tripped. And no one said anything to stop it. Teachers who were in the hall nearby acted as if they heard nothing. Perhaps you went to the principle. They said they'd look into it for you, but you never heard of anything being done and nothing changed. Now you're in college. There is a campus straight-gay alliance, but you're scared to go to any meetings or event they sponsor. You once manage to work up the courage to make it to the building where the meetings were held, but you couldn't bring yourself to enter the room. You know if you attend any of the meetings your secret's going to be out. Everyone on campus is going to know you're heterosexual. Eventually you meet someone else like you. Cautiously at first, since you could be wrong, you begin to develop a friendship with them, and then the friendship turns into stronger feelings, you're ecstatic. You want to tell everyone you know how lucky you were, You wanted to shout it off the rooftops, but you couldn't. You had to keep it a secret from your family, your roommates, your classmates, because you knew you would be disowned, evicted, or worse. No matter how happy you were, you never forgot that you could be attacked for any public display of affection, even holding hands. This weekend, there is a dance being put on for the schools homecoming week, everyone in your residence hall is going, they want you to come, but will you dare to bring the person you've been dating, let all of them suspect or know that you're sick, abnormal, or illegal? If you don't bring your significant other, what will you tell them? What will this do to your relationship with them? Worse, what if you do take your significant other and word gets out not only to your fellow students, but to your professors as well. Some of your professors are very outspoken about their negative views on heterosexuals and you're depending on their recommendations for your future career path. Go ahead and take a few deep breaths, let let everybody kind of come back to this instead of the fantasy. And I kind of do a little bit of discussion afterwards, because I like knowing what people think. It's kind of just a quirk. Umm, did anyone experience any strong feelings with this scenario? Would anybody like to share? Okay, that's fine. A lot of times, some things we get a lot, are uneasiness, we also get outrage, anger, and several strong, what we call "feeling words." Things that are brought up during this, that feeling was in it. And were there any challenges in this scenario that were kind of new to anyone? All of them. I mean, the idea that "breeder" would be a derogatory term is both funny and sad at the same time. You're not doing it right. Yeah, like Andrew said, we've heard it used. It is a term that has been thrown out. Umm, were there any challenges that were familiar? A lot of times some of the challenges people say are familiar is getting teased at school. Because getting teased, getting picked on, being bullied, is not something that is unique just to the gender and sexual minority community. It's what you're getting teased or bullied about that changes. I have a question here, because I kind of suspect one of the answers. Did this scenario bring any stereo types to mind? You mind if I share? The first time I had this scenario proof read was actually with Dr. Gehrke, and she called to mind a stereo type, because I had a lot more details in the first draft than this, and one of the images that she said got drawn to her mind, which is why it was proof read out, was the image of a fully decked out army, vibrant colors, coming down the street, and so we kind of had to change a couple of the terms in there so that it didn't have the laughter effect. Some of the other stereo-types that people tell me about are the "Jack" stereotype out of "Will and Grace" if anyone has not seen that, Jack is a very flamboyant, energetic and I would- the term I use to describe him is "So flaming he's a five alarm fire." He's very over the top, umm, as political leaders, images like that is what we generally get with that. Umm, basically the entire purpose of that exercise within the HAVEN program is to give people kind of an early idea, an understanding of this is where the people that might be coming to you, are coming from. This is why allies are important because you're going to be interacting with individuals who may have felt this or worse. A lot of the exercises we use within HAVEN are based on personal experiences, or experiences that have been shared with us by friends. That is one critique he didn't mention, is we've had people say it's - The scenario is too over the top, it's too out there, and everything in there has happened to either us or someone we know. We try to ground this in situations that we've been in, that we know for real. And that's one of the things that we really focus with. But one of the things that we kind of have not touched on we kind of did with the things a good ally does, and the one I kind of drive home is education, because like Andrew mentioned, like I mentioned, we still make mistakes, we're still learning, and there's always room for more of that. We recommend things like, we have a rudimentary, and it's really rough and I apologize, website for HAVEN, but we also have a links page that we're still updating. It gives other sites. GLESEN, which stands for gay, lesbian, straight education network. They are the group, that is a national not-for-profit that did the SafeSpace program. Their efforts though are focused at the junior high and high school level alone. So any materials you get in there are going to be targeted toward a much younger audience and they are very heavily focused at GLB- gay, lesbian, bisexual as opposed to any other members. Matthew's place which is something I'm a strong believer in I still remember when Matthew Shepard was murdered. It was something very emotional for me, because I could put myself in his place and because I had been to Laramie so I was kind of scared to know that that could have been me. We have a Google group for the HAVEN program, it's not very active at the moment because we don't have a lot of people in it. We have the Human Rights Campaign, often called HRC, they do a lot of outreach. We have the Trevor Project which is a suicide hotline and a community for outreach education. There are some others that we don't have up yet because we're still making sure it's okay to list them such as Campus Pride, which is a national not-for-profit targeted at Colwich GSM individuals to build leadership. That was started, actually, by an ESU alumn, Shane Windmier, really nice guy, great to talk to. There is also LGBTguild. com which is a group out of Kansas City and Kansas and the surrounding area of medical professionals, mental health counseling professionals that have sought out and joined this website. And what's... Do you have any others? There's a lot of them. I use Susan's Place. It's a forum for binary gendered individuals, binary sexed individuals. While it is a forum and the librarian in me is screaming "It's an inaccurate source," It's where I go to for my health information. If I want to get information on a surgery I will post a question and I will get answers from guys who have been through it or have done their research. So that's one where, you want the the academic, you want the peer review, you want the credible information, but from my experience the personal information is far more accurate, it's far more usable. And at this point that's pretty much all the information we have, so we'd kind of like to end everything with a question and answer. That's not all the information we have, it's all the information we're going to throw at you. Now is the time for you to ask the information you want. I was meaning that's all we have for today, but... Yeah? Throw out a comment if I may since I have been an Out Ally for, how many years now, and seek actively to try and address some of these issues in history class rooms, one of the simplest ways I think that faculty, anyone who's involved with undergraduate education can start educating themselves, is to consider maybe one individual in your field who was an out GLBT person and think about the impact that person's work has had on your discipline and to think about whether that person's sexual orientation was a big deal in their career, and simply bringing that up in a classroom setting can be a sign to your students that you are aware of these issues and that you are willing to learn, to open yourself up to the possibility of gaining more of an education. I've been on this campus for thirteen years now, and I suspect that more people than not would be willing to learn if they just realized it was an issue, and your GLBT students are a great source of education so show, signal that you're willing to take that step, to step maybe outside your comfort zone and that can go a long way toward making your classroom or your advising setting, or your office more inclusive, welcoming, safe HAVEN. Even just including that there also serves another purpose, in that it provides a role-model. It shows the GSM students that it's acceptable, that people have done this before. One of the reasons it took me so long to transition, was I was at ESU for three years before I even knew transsexuality as a concept even existed. It took me another two years to realize that it was something that I could do, it wasn't just something that those who knew from age three, those extreme individuals, could do. It was something that even though I didn't realize it until I was an adult that I could do and that I could be happier with. So having those role-models, becuase it is a minority population, they aren't as visible, helps a lot. You should add the Southern Poverty Law website to your link space. Good one. And It Get's Better, I think it's under resource and so I haven't publicized it. So then, Southern Poverty Law and then what was the other one? I'm sorry. It Get's Better. It Get's Better. Ah yes. Awesome. Thank you. Anything else? There's an event this evening, by the way, a panel of discussion, as part of PRlDE week. That's right, Science Hall 072, 7:00pm. I'm on the panel, I better remember when it is. I'm on the panel too. If anybody has any question for that, for people that might not be up here, that is as many gender and sexual minorities and allies as we can find to fit on this panel so go to the union, write out your questions. So um, it's sort of a tricky situation we're in now because this law is sort of getting ready to pass that, umm, protection of religious freedom act, and so, like, what are we going to do as a university? And that's a good question, except for, my main answer would be, here at ESU, I know right now sexual orientation is in the non-discrimination policy at ESU. ESU has stood behind that for many years, and the university population made it very clear when the former president Schallenkamp tried to remove that, that that was not to be removed. I personally would like to see ESU pass the updated version of the non-discrimination policy to include gender identity in it, but other than that I don't think it's going to affect ESU much. I know when SP142 was going to the floor I have reached out several times to contact Senator Longbine and expressed my disdain on this bill, and cannot get a hold of him, can not get a call back, nothing. I believe it's also a chance for us to lead by example. If the faculty and the students make it clear that ESU is a place for all students, regardless of sexual orientation and gender identity, sex identity, it shouldn't affect us because we will be setting the tone and making it clear that you can have your religious beliefs, however my religious beliefs say that I need to be myself and live openly, and your right to believe what you want to believe ends right here, where mine start. I don't know how many people are aware of this because it's still going through faculty senate, but one of the subcommittees on faculty senate has been trying to come up with partner benefits, however, Wow. Well, it sounds "wow" until you realize that Kansas' marriage law that was voted in, it's resolution banning practically everything that wasn't traditional bible-mandated marriage, imparts an incredible limit to what this bill can include, basically, it seems to boil down to , same sex partners will have bereavement days if their partner dies. That's what we're up against. I'm not on the subcommittee. Kansas went so far with that law that they destroyed anything that could even resemble anything but the traditional bible marriage. I had several of my friends who were involved in long-term, hetero sexual relationships that were what was, at the time, called common-law married that lost everything, it was horrible. One couple I know had a rather large problem, because they were common law married, and owned a business together. Their marriage was nullified, and suddenly one of the partners was completely cut out of the business. And it was an extreme example, but they had to go through very large legal hoops, I mean it went over the top to do it, and to me that's kind of what this bill is doing. It's kind of going above and beyond, way over the top, and... And it's also something to remember it's preventing certain individuals from heterosexual marriages, as a transsexual man, Kansas will never acknowledge my transition according to Kansas law. Which, means that I can only marry a man, but getting a judge to sign off on that after I've had surgery and amended my birth certificate, I expect to be a little bit of an issue. So it's important to remember marriage equality isn't just talking about two individuals of the same sex getting married, it's about individuals who are between sexes, who are transitioning, it's about marriage equality as a whole. Well, and this wasn't just going to marriage equality, this was SP142 as well, which the only thing I can say is that I hope ESU kind of sticks to it's non-discrimination policy and that example will help get that bill, maybe overturned. There's nothing to say ESU students could not work with a State Legislator to try to initiate more friendly legislation as well. Yeah. I can't even imagine how difficult and time consuming that would be, but then I know that, for instance, political science classes have, as assignments, run for office, or tried to initiate legislation so if you could work that in as part of your education to try to make Kansas a more Just, welcoming, equal state... I remember when the marriage resolution bill went through, and many heterosexuals were also protesting the elimination of their rights, "It's not what you think " was a big a yard sign in those days, but nothing says legislation has to be permanent, can't be undone or can't be replaced. And that is often the first line of defense is to get legislation out there that does what you want and need it to do. I mean, that's why anti-gay legislation has been so powerful, right? So, get out there and do something kids. See, I would say legislation is the second line of defense. Education is the first. It is teaching ourselves about these issues, it is taking it into the classroom, most of my presentations in SLlM are on gender and sexual minority issues. I know there is at least one co-hort of librarians that will be able to answer reference questions about gender and sexual minorities. They will probably be sick of it by the time I graduate. But that is one group of people that knows these issues, that will ask the questions of the legislators that will say, hey, what's really going on here? And so, knowing our selves, knowing our society, is an extremely important part, and then we can start calling people up and saying, okay, you need to listen to what we're actually doing with this. This is the issue that you're actually addressing. Well I was thinking there would be some way, I mean, to sort of, circumvent the whole anti-discrimination clause to say, you know, we can't say this in our non-discrimination clause or whatever, but we could go on and say, you know, somewhere else in a round-about way. I'm not sure, I'm really not sure, because that's going to be one of those- I'd defer to Dr. Gerish. Everything has to, in the end, everything has to be consistent with the Board of Regents policies, and what Regents is going to say, everything has to be consistent with State law because they're a state agency. Which sucks. What I'd like to see in anti-discrimination policies or you go through your list, your veterans, your race, your sex, your- you know, all those other things, and then add "Or any other reason." Because bias and discrimination, it doesn't matter if it's a recognized group or not. But that means racists are protected too. It means bigots are protected too. I mean, seriously, it kind of does. Hmm. Yeah. If you get to say I'm a persecuted minority because I'm a racist, it kind of undermines the whole purpose. Yeah. But if that racist doesn't take any discriminatory actions, doesn't say anything while they'r there it does the job effectively. Doesn't act on their racism? Mm-hmm. Now, wait a minute though, that sounds suspiciously familiar though, you can be gay just don't act on those urges. Doesn't it? I'm glad you said it. But simply the fact that we're having this conversation is I think, it's the education component, that you said Andrew, is the first line of defense. And well, I say that because last night at the anti-bullying rally one of the individuals referred to homophobes, and to me that's the stripping of their identity, their everything, their accomplishments, and taking them down to this, because you believe that. And I think bigots does the same thing. It strips their accomplishments, everything their doing, you know, just because they have that belief, doesn't necessarily make our beliefs superior. Well, maybe that's a visualization scenario, that someone who's done brilliant things and happens to also be an on the record racist slash child molester, because you can think of gazillions of - you don't have to make them up, the historical figures there. Exactly. Exactly. Just open up a text book you can find the - But what if you reduce Lewis Carol to simply being a child-molester? Does that mean Alice in Wonderland should be thrown out the window? I mean, that might be a reasonable scenario to ask people to envision to discuss. You know, you're reducing all of this persons work down to this one facet of their personality. Is that reasonable, is that cool? It really- yeah. Plato, Socrates... Well, yeah. Don't get me started on the Historical Accuracy thing. No, I'm not, I'm just saying, we can go there. Any others, and in all honesty, if we didn't aswer that adequately, please come up, discuss afterwards, I have all day, so... Any others though? I guess not, thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you for having us. Hi, my name is Jason Cornwell and I'm a User Experience Designer on Gmail. We've been hard at work to update Gmail with a new look and I'm excited to share with you some of the biggest improvements. To start, we've completely redesigned the look and feel of Gmail to make it as clean, simple and intuitive as possible. In addition, the new Gmail automatically adapts to fit nicely in any size window. If you prefer a specific display density, you can easily set that as well. Some people use a lot of labels, others chat a lot. You can now adjust the size of the label and chat areas to meet your needs. Even if you do nothing, Gmail adapts to you. The new look allows themes to really shine and we've updated many of them with new high-resolution imagery. You may want to take a moment to check out one of the many new high definition themes. Conversations in Gmail have been redesigned to improve readability and to feel more like a real conversation. We've also added profile pictures so you can see who said what. Searching is at the heart of Gmail. The new search box makes it easy to customize your search and find exactly what you're looking for. You can also create a filter from the search box. We're excited to finally share the new Gmail with you and hope you'll enjoy the new design as much as we do. [Mooji] Leave off everything else for a moment. Don't touch anything else for a moment. Even though it might appear to be there, swimming through the corner of your perception, leave it. Don't touch anything at all. You have the power to do that. Remain unoccupied. Remain unassociated. And see if you can describe what remains. You are already free! Don't doubt. Nothing belongs to you. Even though it appears. Play with everything. Enjoy, but don't have the sense that 'I need this, for this, not for this'. For work fine, for this play fine. But for this... Don't associate with anything. Don't touch, 'Oh yes, but I need this'. [Q.] I don't feel the need. All these things are flying around, and it is like chaff. [Q.] Chaff. [M.] Very great. [Q.] Nothing. I'm not attached. [Mooji] What remains to be done? [silence] [Q.] To say Yes. [crying] [Mooji] Don't trust that which says No. [silence] Don't wait for Yes. You are that which is beyond Yes and No. [Q.] I'm waiting years and years for Yes. I just don't know... [Mooji] Don't wait any more for Yes. If Yes is going to come for the mind, that would be an ace up the sleeve of the mind. It will not serve it. It will keep you waiting for Yes. Do not be at the mercy of the mind. You are there before even Yes or No. [Q.] So Yes is fake. [M.] Yes. [laughter] [Q.] It's the last trap, or the last fence. [M.] Very great. [Q.] That doesn't exist. [M.] Very great You are there before Yes, and No, and Maybes, and Thereafters. They come after you. They have no existence apart from you. If something says Yes, it is you who see it and go, OK. You don't need a Yes. You are already free. [silence] Didn't Rumi write something beautiful? He says, 'Knocking at the door, it opens. I have been knocking from inside.' [silence] [laughter] [Q.] I'm so blessed. [M.] You are! [laughs] 'I' means blessed. 'I' is synonymous with blessed, with grace, with peace, with what is. Let it out. [laughter] [silence] [Q.] It's so strange! For years I feel like nothing is holding me, but yet there's this hold. It's just that I'm waiting for this Yes. [laughs] [Q.] The last invisible hold! [M.] Yes, yes. [laughs] [Mooji] See the power of concepts? [silence] Now you can say No. Try it. 'No, no, yes, no.' [Q.] No, yes! [laughter] [Mooji] Now you have released your Yes from being No, and your No from being Yes. [laughs] You can do this. You are free. [silence] Some doubt? Some doubt is there? [Q.] No! [laughter] [Mooji] What a beautiful No. What a beautiful No. That No says, 'How silly would that be?' [laughs] Very great. [music] I have lived on the lip of insanity, wanting to know reasons... Knocking on a door. It opens. I've been knocking from the inside. - Rumi If you're not good enough at Ultrasound, that's not an excuse to punish your patients with radiation. Get out there, ultrasound some hearts, lungs, IVCS and let us know how you feel about it. He got his wrist pain from over-aggressive high-fives. Hello Ultrasound Podcast listeners, welcome to the first Ultrasound Podcast Little Itty Bitty. We were going to call this something more cool, like an ultrasound podcast wee... But, we realized that Weingart has already trademarked 'Wee', and we had too many copyright suits out already. We've been trying to figure out how to better steal people's ideas without getting in trouble, We're calling this a Little Itty Bitty, not a Wee...but the idea is the same. Super short little episodes, that we think are important to talk about. That we're not really motivated enough to make a whole podcast. So, in honour of EMCRlT (who we plagiarized the idea from), we're going to take a suggestion from Scott. In his last episode, he mentioned us talking about confirming tube placement using ultrasound. We've already done one episode on the US guided cric. Keith Curtis described this method of using the US to identify the cricothyroid membrane. And get a tube in it more quickly in the obese patient than just by landmarks. This was published recently in Academic EM, but even before that, we got emails from you guys - the listeners - about 2 cases where using this, made a real difference. One was in a really bad burn patient with basically, no landmarks. And the other, was in a super-obese patient. We've got images from both of those cases and we hope to have the stories for you sometime in the near future. That's kinda old news, but I wanted to mention it because I am always happily surprised when I hear that you guys are actually doing this stuff. That we're teaching you about. You are all amazing. And make it fully worth it to make these podcasts. So, here it is Scott...a little itty bitty on tube placement confirmation via US. Now Scott mentioned looking at the lung for sliding to confirm mainstemmed intubation versus good placement. Which is a great thing to do. And here he is talking about it. SW: Ok, now we're going to think about checking tube depth. And that usually, in conventional EDs means an xray...and that's fine. You NEED an xray at some point post-intubation. You could do an US too. One way to do it is to slowly advance the tube until the left sided lung sliding disappears. And at that point you pull back around 3cm-4cm. Then you 'il have a very nice tube position. Or you could actually look for the tube cuff in the trachea - it's a little harder. And these will hopefully all go up on the US podcast...Mike/Matt hopefully you're listening. So...what's Scott talking about here. He's talking about using the linear probe and evaluating the patient's chest for the presence of lung sliding. And the concept is that...if you are actually aerating the patient's lung, there's going to be lung sliding seen using that linear probe So, how do you do it? Well...you're going to use the linear probe, place it on the patient's chest. Usually, around the mid-clavicular line. (I usually use the mid-clavicular line on the right and the anterior axillary line on the left). But, it doesn't matter - as long as you see good lung tissue and can see the pleural line. You put the probe marker, typically towards the patient's head. And you'll sort of be in this sagital section, so you'll be looking between the rib spaces and you can see the rib shadows. And you'll get something that looks sorta like this. Rib shadow here, and rib shadow here. And then there's this bright white line between the rib shadows. It's your pleural line. Where the visceral and parietal pleura connect. When there sliding against one-another, we see this little shimmering occuring. We call this pleural sliding. Really, an easily visible thing, especially if the patient is breathing. And you'll typically see these when you bag the patient. If you're not bagging the patient, you're not going to see sliding. So, the technique is to try to find something that looks like this. This is an example of what you would see if you saw at pneumothorax or if you had say a right mainstem, and you're looking at the patient's left side. Where there is a rib shadow here, and a rib shadow here... and then, there's the pleural line, but there's no sliding along the pleural line. So I want you to do is, you'll want to look on both the right and left side. And the first thing you'll do is basically push the tube down to the point where you'll only see sliding on the patient's right side. Here were looking at the patient's right side and you see sliding. But then we look at the left side and we don't see any sliding at all. That tells us that we're right mainstemmed. And then what Scott's saying is that you pull back until you see sliding on both sides. Like this... So now we're looking on the right side and we're seeing good sliding, and then again we're looking on the left side and we have good sliding. So we know that we are no longer right mainstemmed. And then Scott's saying you just pull back an additional 3cm, and that way you know you're in an adequate place. And this really makes sense. This is physiology, this is really basic ultrasound understanding. If we're aerating that lung, we're going to get sliding along that pleural line. This is a great tip, and really like the real-timeness of it. Yes...timeness is a word (at least in Kentucky). Personally, I use this more as confirmation, rather than real time visualization. I look at sliding while everyone else is auscultating after the intubation. Obviously if you're going to do this though, you should look prior to intubation while bagging as well, to make sure the absence of sliding you see is not a pneumo. And it only disappears after intubation, when you mainstem it and isolate that lung. If you continually back the tube up while looking for sliding to start again, until the whole thing is floating above the patient's head. Then it's probably a pneumo. Avoid this by looking prior to placement, while bagging. Now...did Weingart totally make this up? No, there's some pretty good evidence for using it. Just like any good ultrasound idea than anyone ever has, Blaivas has already studied it. In this study, he intubated a bunch of cadavers with a couple of other guys, and watched for lung sliding after the intubation. To confirm whether he was in the esophagus or trachea. And here are the results. Pretty awesome.. There were two different operators, one was 95% sensitive and the other was 100%. And they were both 100% specific. For telling whether the tube went in the trachea or esophagus. Now Scott was talking about position, as to whether or not it was right mainstemmed or not... And they looked at that as well... It turns out it, that's not quite as good. As you can see here - their sensitivity was quite a bit lower... So not as good at telling if its in the esophagus or trachea. Here's another study, more recent from resuscitation... Where they had somewhat better results in trying to identify single-lung intubations. They looked at these patients bilaterally, at the mid-axillary line after intubation, and their accuracy was 88.7% for identifying single lung intubation. Pretty good. Not perfect. So it's hard to say this is a sure thing, like the trachea versus esophagus. But not bad. And the had less than 10 total patients they got single lung intubated. So, I'm not sure what to make of the 88%. But it's something for you to think about. And just to be clear about what doesn't work, you can't use diaphragm movement, like this study tried. Specificity for mainstem intubation was 50% in this study. So don't do this. They did comment that it was 8minutes quicker than xray. But it was wrong. Sliding is better, like in the Blaivas study, but still not great for mainstem or not. So, this really hasn't been confirmed and shown that we're good enough at telling if it was mainstemmed or not. But I couldn't find anyone who's actually done the real time (watching the sliding) while advancing - that Weingart proposed. That would be really cool to see. These were static measures that I just showed you the studies for. A dynamic measure like that, may actually be useful and really good. I think someone should actually study this Weingart method. So I had also mentioned viewing the balloon in the cords. This looks like this - and is also useful. But if you are confirming after intubation, I think that good lung sliding while bagging the tube is much easier. And we've got great evidence for that, to tell whether or not it is in the esophagus or trachea. What is super useful and fun, is real time visualization of the tube placement. This is really cool. Now, like many others of you out there, I primarily use the glidescope, and have my residents use it as well. As you've got higher success rates, and less cranking on the person. i.e. better care... It's how I would want myself, or my family intubated. And when we use the video laryngoscope, I can watch, exactly what's going on, on the video - in real time. However, residents and new trainees need to be able to use the normal blade. So for newer intubators, I will have them try direct laryngoscopy first with glidescope next to us - ready as needed. And this use to be a somewhat nerve-wracking experience, as they are new users and I can't really see what is happening. It always amazed me how of then they could definitely see the cords if I asked, but it ended up in the goose somehow. Now I know I could have them use the glidescope as a direct laryngoscope, and only look at the screen myself. But I think they should get comfortable with actual steel. It definitely makes me less comfortable though when I am teaching them this way. Since I can't see what's going on. But super nerve-wracking no more! Now I just quietly, relaxed, place the probe on the neck. And get this picture of the trachea, and the esophagus. Then I ask them, "what do you see?" ughhhh......I think I see the cord, I'm passing through the cord. And then I say "Hold on there tiger! - I just saw it pass through the esophagus, why don't you pull back and try again." (in a pretty condescending voice). So then they pull back just a bit, and try again. And then I see this. The espophagus, the trachea. And as the tube passes through the trachea, I see it light up. Just like that. And then I know it was definitely through the cords. They ask me "How do the lungs sound?", and I say "Don't worry about it, I trust ya"...and then I walk away. Not really...I wish I was that cool. I'm actually still sweating it, and waiting for the CO2 monitor to turn yellow. Listening to both side, and looking for sliding. But I'm trying to do it all while looking somewhat cool. I definitely have a reputation to look after. And again, I'm not totally making this up. It's been studied a fair amount. In this study, they had EM doctors watch the neck sonographically during real intubation in the OR with elective surgery. And these guys were pretty awesome. But is it true that you could do this in the ED (Not in elective intubation)? Well, this other group studied this in the tracheo-rapid US exam or TRUE study. And they too were awesome. Prospective, real ED intubations, 98.2% accuracy! So, what doesn't work for looking at the neck for tube placement? Well, you can't really look after the fact. You can, and you may see a nice picture, but when you use the static method, you may see what you think is a tube in the trachea. But what this study found, was that the sensitivity fell to 51% (From 97%) in the same intubations. When compared to the dynamic view. Watching it in real time. You have to watch it while it's happening, not afterwards. And if you're feeling really frisky....you don't have to do these things in isolation, you can combo-them up. Watch the neck, watch for sliding bilaterally. It's all information you can put together in your overall assessment. So, a real quick how-to and logistic discussion. First, it's at the suprasternal notch. Much lower than what you're probably expecting. Not at the cricothyroid membrane, but lower to get this view. I prefer the curvilinear probe, with the depth adjusted as shallow as it could go. And as you can see I have the probe here on Mike's neck, midline. And you can't really see the esophagus because it is hidden behind the trachea. Mike's swallowing here, but you don't really see it because it is behind the air-filled trachea. However, if you move the probe to the side, kind of oblique. Just as you see on Mike's neck here. You can definitely see the esophagus, right beside the trachea. And as he swallows, I think he was drinking a skinny sugar-free banana latte with extra whip cream. It's super easy to see that esophagus slide out. Just like you can see it light up as you passed the air filled tube through it. Hopefully not, but if you're resident or someone else did. If you're showing a video it's always the resident, it's not you. Now, you probably want a protocol, right? Well, too bad. I'm not interested in giving you a protocol for this. What I want is to give you mad skillz. Take all this, practice on yourself, you're going to be amazed at how easy it is to see the esophagus and trachea. Practice on some cadavers. And try it out in some non-emergent conditions first. Then go for it. Use what you need, when you need it. Obviously this does not replace capnography, xray, and other means of confirmation. But it's one more piece of data in real time. Sometimes, very helpful. Sometimes knowing 30s sooner than you would with capnography is really important for a sick, desating patient. So, I like it! And I think Mikey likes it too. Right Mike? Mike: I couldn't agree more Matt, this is really interesting stuff. And I think the most interesting aspect of this is using the dynamic US. To really ensure that the resident or whoever the provider is, really has the tube in the right place. Because, I think it is ridiculously easy to tell whether it is going into the esophagus or trachea. As far as what Scott's talking about - using US for placement of the tube. And determining whether you've got a right or left mainstem. I think that's really interest, and their isn't a lot of research on that. But I did find a case series. Reported by none other than Mike Blaivas. Looking at POCUS for sonographic detection of ETT mainstem intubation. This is really interesting because, these were just unusual cases, where they found the ETT went into the left mainstem. Basically lost lung sliding on the right when they looked with US after intubation. And they looked because they had decreased breath sounds on the right side. And what they ended up doing in most of these cases was pulling the tube back 2-3cm. So you should check it out, it's in the Journal of US. And pretty cool stuff. Matt: I've got 2 important pieces of new for you. 1) If you've made it this far we've got bonus clip for you from Casey Parker at broomedocs.com. 2) You can quit emailing me about finding a replacement for Mike because I found him. You already know that Casey is brilliant, from reading posts on his broomedocs blog. 2 days ago he sent me this clip from the chapter he's writing for Introduction to Bedside US Volume 2. On the Secondary US Survey in Trauma. It's related to this topic, so I wanted to throw it in here. Now the stethoscope can still be a very useful tool in this process. He's brilliant, hilarious and Australian. You're in a busy trauma and your resident's just intubated the patient. And the sats are really staying in the low 90s. Pressure alarm on the ventilator is going off. You realize that something's not quite right. So you pick up your linear probe and place it on the left chest wall. And you look at what's going on there. At first glance, it looks like normal lung sliding. But if you look closely, and listen to the sats monitor in the background. Beep.Beep.Beep.Beep.Beep.Beep.Beep. You'll notice these movements are time exactly with the cardiac pulsations. This is the lung pulse-sign. Of a normally expanded, but non-ventilated lung. Most likely a right mainstem bronchus. And you'll want to pull that tube back, so you can once again ventilate that lung. At this point, you should leave the probe on the chest wall, while you withdraw the tube. And you can confirm sliding once you've pulled the tube back past the carina. I usually get my stethoscope at this point. And use it to strangle the resident. That way everyone learns something from the experience. Social economy is the sector made up of organizations that do not belong to public economy, or to the private capitalist economy. We speak of the cooperative business model but other main vectors of social economy entities, in addition to cooperatives, are mutuals, industrial corporations, companies of insertion, special employment centres, associations, foundations... All of them are also social economy entities. [Western Weekly] [Background Music] Meghan Milazzo and Andrew Jones Andrew: Hello, I'm Andrew Jones. Meghan: And I'm Meghan Milazzo Both: And this is Western Weekly Andrew: We're here to report to you on the latest campus news. Meghan: So tell us what's new this week, Andrew? Andrew: Steve Buckingham, a four time Grammy winner, will be speaking in the Heritage room in the Union on October 3rd at 7pm. He created a college course: How Rhythm and Blues & Rock "N" Roll Tore Down the Wall of Segregation and he will be giving a brief summary of his course. Buckingham has been awarded 11 platinum and 19 Gold albums and has worked with famous artists such as Dolly Parton, Cat Stevens, Isaac Hayes and Linda Ronstadt. For more information, email DM-Cumbie@wiu.edu Meghan: October 6th is Disability Culture Day. Stop by the Multicultural Center anytime from 10:00am-3:00pm to celebrate this day. Displays will feature the history of the disability movement, and the implications of the social justice movement on the disabled population. To find out more e-mail GE-Steil@wiu.edu Andrew: Do you enjoy stargazing? I know I do. Go to Horn Field Campus on October 8 for "Harvest Moon on the Prairie." The evening will be filled with food, entertainment, the signature Corn Maze, and stargazing. Tickets will be $25 for adults and $15 for children 12 and under. A social hour begins at 5 and dinner will be served from 6 to 7. Entertainment will be provided during dinner and until 8. This sure will be an amazing night. For more information, contact Mindy Pheiffer at HF-Campus@wiu.edu Meghan: The BFA Musical Theatre is having a showcase benefit concert October 9. From 3 to 4:30, students will be performing songs from famous Broadway, classical, and contemporary shows. The concert is to raise money for scholarship funds to help support the program. Meghan: Get ready to wear pink, guys, because starting on October 4th it's "Wear Pink Every Tuesday" in October to support breast cancer awareness month! If you'd like to learn more, contact Judy Yeast at Ja-Yeast@Wiu.edu Andrew: Ladies, come enjoy an upscale dining experience complete with cloth linens, seasonal decor, a relaxing atmosphere, and extremely fast service. Heck, bring the boyfriend and make it a date! Cost is $7 which includes beverage and dessert! This dining experience is provided by the Department of Dietetics, Fashion Merchandising, and Hospitality. This luncheon treat is available every Tuesday and Thursday in Knoblauch Hall, Room 239 through December 11th. The Knoblauch Cafe is open from 11:30 am- 12:45pm. Contact Penny Corder at Ps-Corder@Wiu.edu or call 309-298-1985 to make a reservation. Andrew: Interested in having a chair massage? On October 5 from 8 until 4:30, Tammy Miller of Health and Harmony will offer chair massages. Cost is $1 per minute. The chair will be located in the Colgate Room at the Rec Center. Call Campus Recreation at 298-1228 to make your reservation. Meghan: I know I can use one! Join in on the fun while we prep for the Big Pink Volleyball tournament! A Bags tournament will be held and a $50 prize is in store for the winner! Nets and Big Pink Volleyballs will be available for groups to practice with, and for newcomers to use to introduce themselves to the game. Also, there will be pink cupcakes available in the cafe area upstairs! This event will be held at Spencer Recreation Center on Thursday, October 6th from 8:00pm until 11:00pm. Want to know more? Contact Jennifer Sanders at Dm- Cumbie@wiu.edu Andrew: $50 and cupcakes? That sounds good to me. Love soccer? Come watch our Lady Necks face South Dakota State on October 7th at 3:30 on the John Mackenzie Alumni Field. It's sure to be a great game. For more information, contact Carla Oliver at Cj-Oliver@wiu.edu Meghan: And to wrap-up the week there will be a documentary, "Dead Girl Walking," on October 7th from Noon-1 in the Multicultural Center. It's presented in honor of all the breast cancer survivors and their partners, and for anyone whose life has been touched by a life threatening illness. Contact Amelia Hartnett at AF-Hartnett@wiu.edu for more information. Andrew: And that sums up this week. For Western Weekly, I'm Andrew Jones. Meghan: And I'm Meghan Milazzo. Both: We will see you next time, Leathernecks! [Background Music] Now, the important thing to understand to be able to figure this out here is that if the Boolean formula has a satisfying assignment then a shortest path from A to B that visits all vertices can visit each of these vertices by basically paying just one extra edge. Instead of going this way, we have to go this way exactly once for each clause. The length of the shortest path from A to B that visits all vertices is the same as the shortest path from A to B that does not visit the clause vertices plus m because we have to pay one extra edge for each clause vertex that we visit here. It's something plus m and we know that there is a path between A and B that visits each vertex exactly once, and so, the path length from A to B is almost the same as the number of vertices, it's just one less, so you can see this here in the example. If I have two vertices then the shortest path would mean those vertices is one so one less If I go 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 vertices then the path has length four and so on. What we have here is 5n + 3 mn +1 and then we have to add m. Our total here is 5m + 3mn +1. And now, we are almost done. We have shown that if the Boolean formula has a satisfying assignment then the length of the shortest path from A to B that visits all vertices has length 5n + m + 3mn +1 Where n is the number of variables and m is the number of clauses. Now, we also have to show the other direction of course. If there is a shortest path between A and B of length 5n + m + 3mn +1 then each clause in the Boolean Formula can be satisfied. We have a satisfying assignment. Right now, we have shown that if the Boolean formula is satisfied then we have a path of this length and now, we need to show the other direction as well of course. If we have a path of this length then the Boolean formula has a satisfying assignment. Why do we need to show those two directions? That is because the requirement for reduction is that our new instance that we constructed here is a yes instance if and only if this Boolean formula up here has a satisfying assignment Right now, we have shown the if and now, we have to show the only if, but this is actually quite easy because if we know that there is a path between A and B of this length here then we already know that each vertex is visited exactly once because this is the bear minimum of a tour between A and B given this many vertices. Secondly, we know that the tour will correspond to a variable assignment It will correspond to an assignment of true and false to these vertices here because otherwise we would visit a city more than once. We've already shown that and finally, we have also shown that each clause can be satisfied because we can only visit a vertex down here like that with paying just one extra edge if the assignment up here corresponds to a satisfying assignment. And now, we are almost done in showing that shortest tour is NP complete. I don't know if you noticed, but there is one small detail missing Right now, we are only going from A to B and we are asking for the shortest path from A to B. We are not asking for shortest tour yet and that is actually quite easy to fix. We'll just remove this vertex B here and make this edge very, very, very, very long over here and then it's not the length of the shortest path from A to B anymore, but it's the length of the shortest tour. And of course, that length is only true if and only if the Boolean formula is satisfiable And we're done. We have reduced SAT to a shortest tour. We have shown that shortest tour is in NP. So, now, our final conclusion this problem here is NP-complete Of course, it's a bit ironic that showing that a problem such as shortest tour is NP complete can sometimes feel like solving an NP complete problem in itself. That's why I would now like to show you how to even further simplify that problem is NP complete. [music] Dr. Steven Zucker: We're in the Gemäldegalerie in Berlin looking at a really spectacular panel painting by Giotto this is The Entombment of Mary --and it shows the Virgin Mary tenderly being lowered into her tomb but it also simultaneously shows her spirit rendered as an infant being cradled by Christ in heaven Dr. Harris: It was made for the Church of Ognissanti--or All Saints Church--in Florence --and it's certainly one of the jewels of their collection Dr. Zucker: It's a wonderful representation of the qualities that made Giotto such an important artist in the early 14th century Dr. Harris: In the late 1200s--the traditional that Giotto was coming out of is the Byzantine tradition --where the figures are elongated--where there is an emphasis of gold and patterning --where the figures seem very distant from us and there's no real interest in their bodies as existing three-dimensionally in space --but that's exactly what Giotto gives us Dr. Zucker: The figures have a sense of volume--of mass--of solidity--of gravity --but more than that--you've got a kind of psychological intensity and interaction that makes these figures seem as if they are autonomous in the world Dr. Harris: So let's take for example--St. Peter--whose engrossed in reading and if we look at the robe that he wears we can that Giotto has moved from light to dark to indicate the folds of the drapery and a sense of the figure being round and three-dimensional Dr. Zucker: You can see the way in which the figure's elbow is pressing into his waist --gathering that cloth--creating those folds --and there is really a sense then of the reality of that moment --something we recognize as our own elbows have pressed into our sides Dr. Harris: Look at how gently she's being lowered into the tomb --and the look on the face of the apostle who lowers her body --looking into her eyes so lovingly Dr. Zucker: The intimacy between them can be seen again between the spirit of Mary in the body of the child and Christ --their faces are close--they look at each other Dr. Harris: And it's also a kind of inversion of the image of Mary and Christ that we usually see where Mary is shown holding Christ as a child Dr. Zucker: And look at the way that the representation of Mary's soul--the infant --has it's light drapery swirled around it --it's just a beautiful kind of tender rendering by the artist --just to the right of Christ you see a figure bending over slightly --that's St. Andrew whose sprinkling holy water on the dead body of Christ's mother --but perhaps my favorite figure is just to the right of that --you can see in back of the angels who are holding tall candles --there's a figure in a kind of yellow white gold--his cheeks are puffed out --and if you look closely--in his right hand he's holding high a censer --that is he is distributing incense and it seems as if he is trying to blow it towards Mary Dr. Harris: Just to the right another angel has its mouth open --as though she is speaking and two angels just to the right of that seem to be engaged in conversation --so while this image is very formal and hierarchical --with Christ in the center--larger than all the figures --it's at the same time informal and natural Dr. Zucker: That sense of the natural comes across so well in the conversation between those angels --the angel who stands in front--look at the way in which the thumbs of that angel are hooked into belt--into its pockets --there is this sort of wonderful sense of total informality there Dr. Harris: In fact that angel also looks like she is about to speak Dr. Zucker: This is a painting about Mary leaving the physical realm and becoming spirital --but it's this kind of intimacy--this kind of detail of individual actions through which Giotto creates this fabulous sense of reality [music] Spontaneous Talks with Mooji [music] Be in Your Universality Monte Sahaja 5 May 2012 [Mooji] Consciousness in its expression as human being lives a very narrow life, small life, very private. It's part of the coziness that the mind dwells inside this, sometimes, very small world. But I want to encourage us to be in the universal being. Something wants to shrink into being personal, a personal being, small. You know your world, you fit into your context very well. But you're a universal being at the same time. And even if you live in a place, like, in a little tiny village, it doesn't stop you from being universal inside your self. This is something I felt this morning, and very, very much want to share this way. Just to announce that, again, inside the consciousness, as consciousness, we are universal, we're not personal. And when we ... now I am saying it deliberately, inside, as an invitation to welcome ... not even to welcome, but to come into your universality. When I say you welcome your universality, it's almost like sometimes you are welcoming from the place of still being personal. It's a very subtle thing, because, after a while, it feels completely natural and easy and effortless just to be a person. OK, don't try to stop being a person, just be in your universality. Because to live a life that most people call life or existence, can be a very narrow thing, a very private affair, but to be in your universality is to be conversant with all things. Not necessarily that you are conversing with all things, but your beingness is large enough, everything fits inside your beingness. I don't know if you follow what I'm really pointing to, this can be an instant [snaps fingers] of recognition. An instant! [snap], instant! [snap], instant! [snap], instant! [snap], of reminding and recognition to stay in your openness. And it will feel like an effort in the beginning, because something just drops back into the personal setting. Of course that can continue. Don't fight with that. But try to understand what it means 'to be in your universality'. And the only way we can experience this successfully, in a sense, is to be aware of the 'I' in its normal expression and context, and be aware that that is being also observed. The very fact that it's the observing of the 'I-me' places the sense of self in a larger space of being. It's almost like you have to be empty. You come back to just being empty. When you're empty, you have no size. When you're a person, you definitely have a size. We feel almost a kind of security in our size. But universality is more to do with consciousness; the body is not. It has a size, the mind and our present level of knowledge, that has a kind of proportion, but the pure being has no proportion. And that is the only constant, amazingly. I'm not just talking about the dynamic consciousness, the dualistic function of consciousness, but pure being. That's the only aspect, the only part ... I'm using words like 'part', 'aspect' ... it's not this, but because language is itself so limited, we are touching words that bring a kind of limitation. But that dimension of oneself, which is entirely the only place where you are effortless. Yet because we come into the sense of effortful-ness, or being a person, into a kind of construction, it seems that 'we' have to make an effort to be the effortless-ness which we naturally are. So, you see how the mistake is kept up. Constantly our self-referencing goes back to something personal. We always go back to measurements: 'Well, this is just how I am'. We measure ourselves by our temperament and habits, conditioning, whereas all these are phenomenal to the one who sees. So this call to universality, I don't know where this will reach inside yourself, and how it will manifest, but it is in somehow communicating these truths that the consciousness shakes off the littleness of being, and finds the infinite space in which all things have a place. In the totality, all things have a place. In the person, not. Definitely some things are required, some things are not required. We are like traffic policemen in our own mind, because you have to protect your identity, and the idea of self. This is not so, for the one who sees. For one who sees, there's nothing to protect, because that which is cannot be harmed. While we have a sense of being, having an existence in a body, the consciousness seems to want to perpetuate that at any cost! To the point where, if we had the choice to live forever in this body, we would choose, 'Yes, yes, yes!' We would think that's just a big gift. But it's not the life in any particular body that is so precious, it is the consciousness. Everything points to ... if there's going to be really an evolution in the conscious being, everything points to coming back to emptiness. It's the only place where there is space! Everything else is claustrophobic! As a person we are claustrophobic! So many concerns. So many things have to be kept up. So much self-consciousness, so much looking after this body, all of this! So the crisp thing I want to say is: Be in your universality. Sometimes just the saying of these things, the very saying of them, and the hearing of them, shows us how we are not in our universality. Where the consciousness points attention is always into the kind of personal projections. Don't waste time with that for a moment. Just somehow contemplate a little bit what it means to say, 'Be in your universality'. Is there something you have to do? Is it something you have to do? Or is it not just a kind of recognition that is pointing somehow to what already is. Then something feels, 'But how can I stay like this?' This is the voice of the human. Ah! Chief, what are you doing?! This situation right now is emergency. As you know well, the President, the Chairman of Programming, and most importantly, the advertisement companies are watching us closely. That's great for someone. Being watched closely every time. This is an emergency for the entire Drama Department. Sohn Kyu Ho. Your disciplinary action's for the later... Disciplinary action? What disciplinary action? I have never seen a bastard with high view ratings get a disciplinary action. What disciplinary action... shit. I'm not asking you for help. What's up with that bastard?! Hyung, what's up with you? Sit down and talk. Man. I never filmed for you? While I was preparing for my work, you fucked up, so I cleaned up your mess, so my project got less attention and ended prematurely due to low ratings. I won't even be satisfied if I pound you, son of a bitch! Do you know that? -Then pound me! -What?! You son of a bitch! You call that a death wish?! Hey, Ji Oh! Hey, Ji Oh! Hey, Ji Oh! Is there Director Jung Ji Oh here? -Ah, he's over there, over there! -Over there, over there! Ji Oh! It's your father, your father. Hey, where is the Chief? I never visited to thank you for taking care of my young punk. I'm Ji Oh's father. Nice to meet you. He's doing very well here. Oh my, thank you. Hey, you hillbillies, you saw that, right? Hey, come in, come in. Hey, hey, hey! Hey, this, isn't this that house that comes out in Yeleng's drama? That's right, that's right. You can't see anything like this ordinarily. Hey, you saw it, right? At the station's entrance, the security guard kept on asking where you going. And if that wasn't enough, you saw how they took your I.D. and check you? Right. Before, when Ji Oh got me in, I wasn't able to sightsee all this. Why not? Because he's busy. He's so busy. He's so busy that he even forgets his birthdays. I bet he's busier than Gil Dong. Busier than the president? No, no. Hey, Ji Oh. I don't know about the President, Hey, Ji Oh. I don't know about the President, but you're busier than the Prime Minister, right? I don't know about the President, but you're busier than the Prime Minister, right? Hey, Ji Oh. You grew up well. Hey, hey, you know me, right? I'm your far uncle. Oh my, you succeeded. You succeeded. There, there, over there, look at the ceiling! Wow, it's high, right? They hang the camera up there and some 20 guys film here and there. Who directs all that? My Ji Oh does. My Ji Oh creates the image all in his head, then says cue, and when he says do this, do that, some 500 kids underneath him can't retort back and tremble, saying "Yes, yes, yes." That's really a sight to see. By the way, are all those cameras? Here, drink this. By the way, why didn't you go sightsee, Mother? Oh my, I don't like that. He said there was a relatives' meeting in Seoul so we rushed over here but... Making Ji Oh all embarrassed. I said, "Let's just leave" to him. After just calling. But he had to... Why? It's great bragging about your son to the country elders at times like this. It's great for me. Coming over to visit where Ji Oh's working is great for me. But, because he doesn't like it... And my appearances aren't so fashionable either. Oh, Dad! Oh, Joon Young! -You're doing well, right? -Yes. Hey, when you're working, ask me to join. Instead of always forgetting to include me. Ok, Dad. Right, then I'll see you again. Is he your father? Ah, no. I just call him dad because he comes out in the drama as "Dad". Wow, this is amazing. Seeing all these people from dramas here. Is my Ji Oh also close with people like them? Of course. Not like me, acting dull-witted and shy, but like a maiden, acting friendly, start a conversation, and giving orders, like that? Of course. Here, the director is the king. People like them can't go against the director. I can't go against my Ji Oh either. But still, having those elders unable to go against him is wrong. It's Ji Oh. Then, I'll see you again. -Yes, Mother, I'll see you again. -Yes. Yes, you can go out that way. Sunbae, summons. Is this some military? What's up with summons every day? Shit. Thanks to you, we got promoted in the social ladder, right? People from the countryside, seeing the T.V. station in Seoul and all. Of course, it's a promotion. You think anyone can see this? Man, I'm only saying this now, but that guy from the town mill. I didn't even smile when he was bragging that his kid became a lawyer. I didn't even smile. Hey, how many lawyers are there in Korea? Couple thousands. There's lawyers and prosecutors all over the place. But, how many drama directors are there? Even if you count everyone from the 3 broadcasting stations, there's only a handful. Seriously. You saw how Joong Sik from that drama bowed to my Ji Oh, right? Huh? Joong Sik? You saw how he shook hands and was all glad to see him, right? Did you or did you not, you hillbillies? Ah, I saw, I saw! Useless, just useless. Are you angry? That's why, why did you come? Who comes to their son's workplace? Who? When he's working... And not just you guys but with a crowd like that. It's because your father's so proud of you. If I make him that proud, then he should at least talk nicely when I go home. Whenever I go home, he keeps provoking me as if he can't get enough of it. Always create trouble with money, talk nonsense, and exaggerate. I mean, how do I have 500 worker bees underneath me? Also, you hang lights on the set ceiling, what cameras? He doesn't even know anything. Stop it. What do I do if you keep on hating your father? I don't like hearing it when I'm living with him. I'm not angry at you. You know, right? I know. Go in. Mom, go first. No, you go in first. Hey, Ji Oh, aren't you coming? You guys go first! Hurry up, punk! When there're your elders, punk... Go in. Mom, go first. Go in. Bye. Oh my, oh my. Ah, this old lady! Hey, stop! Hey! Hey, hey, hey! Don't do that. Ah, just go. Hey, Ji Oh. Do you know you did really well to your parents today? I was really, really, proud of you. I'll call you when I get home. Hello? July 31st, 2008, Wed.-Thurs. drama "That Summer's Love" at Thursday broadcast's 45 min. 17 sec. scene, New Jersey clothing brand gets aired for 3 seconds. Then 3 minutes later, New Jersey brand gets aired for 2 seconds, and you're saying, Director, you knew this? Jung Ji Oh. Did you know? Or did you not... I knew. And the context? While re-filming a scene, there was an accident, And in the chaos, I didn't have time to erase the brand in the CG room. Due to indirect advertisement, a case has been opened at the broadcast commission. You have the right to draw up a dispute. And if you're going to do it, then submit the document to the Human Resources Department by the coming 8th and... I admit it. I waive the right to dispute. You do know that if you don't dispute the case, your performance will be docked 1.5 points and your annual bonus will be docked 5%. Yes. How much did they say they'd cut? Don't talk to me, bastard. You think you're so righteous and good, right? I'm the black sheep in this Drama Department, right? You do know it, you crazy bastard. When you say something, all the sunbaes and juniors say "Yes, yes, yes". When I say something, everyone says, "Hmph," and snorts at me. You must be happy. Having everyone on your side. Are you going to keep showing your face and talk flippantly? If you're really good, then you'd play with the black sheep, kid. You bullying me like everyone else while pretending to be good. Isn't that funny? Meanwhile, pretending to be all good and kind in your work. Hey, if ratings aren't high despite the earnest lines, then what is it? A cult drama? Hey, if ratings aren't high despite the earnest lines, then what is it? A cult drama? Do you know where I have to go right now because of you, bastard? Hey, Jae Sik, let's go eat. Hey, you son of a bitch... What are you doing? That crazy... Hey, Jung Ji Oh! Hey, then what do we do if you both say you're not going to do it? -When we're all in this together... -PBC. What the hell are they doing here again, leaving their great station behind? Hey. You do it. You unable to do the B team just because your wife's giving birth's not an excuse. She gave birth to a baby she didn't want, I promised I'll take care of it. If I don't keep that promise, she's going to say divorce. I also have filming for a one-act play in two days. Then, you can film that and go over to Sohn Kyu Ho. Hey, you think divorce is that easy? Your wife is just bluffing. She's going to complain a few times then give in. Ah, I can't do it. Can't, can't, can't. Hey, you go. Jung Ji Oh or Joo Joon Young, between you two, one go. Why don't you just kill me? While assisting for 5 years and directing for 3 years, you know I never had a day of rest, right? If I use up all my backed-up vacation ever since I was an assistant director, it'd be a year. While Sohn Kyu Ho never backed up as a producer to someone else's work, I produced minis, specials, and even the dailies while even filming for the B team... I can't sacrifice my life anymore. Also, if there's anyone who worked as hard as me in the Drama Dept... Hyung, tell me. Did you work as much as me? You think it's ok if you just turn your head to the side? Even if my nickname's the Drama Dept.'s back-up, B team expert, I won't do this. It seems you have to do it. I don't think there's another place where you'd take a test for someone else just because they said they didn't have time to take it. As you know, I got the line-up for next year's second half. I can't do it. What do you think an organization is all about? You think we have this meeting because I wanted to? Begging here and there to punks who doesn't listen crap... Why is there an organization if everything goes well for you? If you're going to act like that, then leave the organization. But, if you don't think you can leave, then you need to listen. Right? Get angry at Sohn Kyu Ho. Why are you getting angry at us? There's no solution. No solution.... If there's no solution, then just say it! Why are you like this to us?! Why?! Why are you getting angry at us? Then let's have Chief do the filming. The world improved so much. You can't tell the difference when you use CG. Nowadays, the digital characters look really realistic, right? By the way, they said they'll find the B team or not, did they? I like organizations. There's nothing you can't do in an organization. If they tell you to do it, you do it. What are they going to do by rebelling? That's why organization life is scary. Before, you said a director's not part of an organization, but an artist. Fill the sky with a little more ??? and then I wonder, can we give the characters a little more movement? Ah, why are you doing this to me? Why me? There's dozens of Drama Dept. directors, so why me? Tell Gi Min or Jong Gu who rested all they could to do it. How can we send kids who weren't even assistant, to direct a historical drama? Man. Sohn Kyu Ho. That son of a bitch, seriously. I'm going to go and kill him. Hey, hey, hey, hey. Sit down. Sit down. So, what are you saying? You're saying that you're only going to care for Sohn Kyu Ho, aren't you? You're saying that you're going to kill either me or Joo Joon Young, right? No, if we talk about responsibility, isn't it you, Chief, and you, Drama CP's responsibility? Because you think if the drama goes bust, then you'll get fired, that's why you're dragging me and Joon Young into this? Is this your sense of friendship and loyalty to me? Huh?! Say something... anything. I really can't say anything to you, Sunbae, even if I had ten mouths to use. I think I'm going to go crazy too. If I can film, then I'll film it. What are you doing, coming over to my house? Seriously?! I won't do it. I have no strength left after 2 years of non-stop producing mine and other's work. I didn't sleep at all while filming mine for a month and it just aired yesterday. Instead of saying, "Good work" or "I watched your work well", you're telling me to do more work for 3 months. Is this fair? When even men are passing out with bloody noses, having a woman like me go... Aren't you being too much? Look at this! I have a bloody nose now. Hey, your house is really nice. Manager Oh, please take these kids and leave. Let me sleep too. I ended early morning yesterday too. Man, I think Jung Ji Oh has to go after all. What? Even after saying all that, has to be Sohn Kyu Ho. To the end. Jeez. Aren't you going to leave for real? Then I'll leave myself. -Hey, hey, hey, Joon Young! -Joon Young! Sunbae! Hey! Taxi! Taxi, taxi! Where did you go? Did you sleep well? Having the cooker and the burner all out. Did you set up a household with someone here? I was thinking of setting it up with you. You seemed cold so I went to the morning market and bought a flower blanket. Let's go there with you later. There were a lot of neat stuff. Ok. Let's hide here for about a week and then leave. By then, Kyu Ho's drama will air and someone would be in the B team, filming. Hm, it's tasty. Rice. Rice? Did you turn off your phone? I'm not answering any calls either. It's not done yet. It needs to cook a bit more. By the way, what do we do if we get fired at this rate? Fire us under what reason? You and me officially requested for a vacation and came here. Also, you think they can fire us for not filming someone else's work? When anyone can see it's not our fault? Sohn Kyu Ho who gets his paycheck raised, using someone else's work. I won't help that son of a bitch this time no matter what. You be resolute too, girl. Rice. Ah. You really can't stand watching me eat, can you? Ah! I lied to my Mom. What lie? That your father raises livestock and that there are 10,000 cows. It's because my Mom kept bugging me about how much money your house has. That's why. My family... we have 20 cows. If your Mom finds out later, she'll be disappointed. You can't easily say understand my Mom now, right? Your mother seemed great. And your father seemed funny. To Seoul people's eyes, they're completely old people. They said they were having a hard time having a child after having my sister then had me. Ah, by the way, my sister owns a soju tent in a marketplace. Can she cook well? If she does, let's go eat there. And not go if she can't? I really don't like places that can't cook well. We don't have just one or two obstacles to overcome. I don't think we can marry. We decided not to. Ah, well, that's great for me. No pressure. Should we just live together? I think that's a great idea for now. Ah, by the way, it's a secret that we're going out in the Drama Dept. Why? Because of Yang Soo Kyung? Yang Soo Kyung? Ah, nothing. But, why? Sunbae and I are both good at work and having two who are successful date will make people jealous. And if that happens, we might get bad line-ups for programming. We're working because we're good at it, but if people say we the couple's doing everything, then that's not fair to us. Let's go sightseeing the market. Just carry it. Don't want to. It's 20$, 20$. That one's 50$. I was just talking to myself. Talking to yourself? Sure about that? Weren't you saying that for me to hear? If the parents says to give in, then of course you have to give in. Yeah, there's disapproval from everyone... That's why she's still not married at 30... Sunbae. Why did you join the Drama Dept.? Was your dream originally a drama director? Yeah. I watched drama everyday when I was little. But, when a boring drama happened to play, I got really angry. It felt like a waste of time. That's why, instead of getting angry, I thought of just making it myself. I'm going to be the Drama Dept.'s first woman chief. Be good to me. If you're going to get line-up. Sunbae, you wanted to make films in college, why did you join the Drama Dept.? To live. Movies are for the hungry artists. I need money. I'm lacking to become a poor artist. It's all due to being born as the eldest son in a poor countryside. Did you know? That most geniuses were able to afford a living. Is there anything to a drama? Because my Mom likes it, I like it too. Early morning, stirring cow food, picking out weeds from the garden, going to the market to sell vegetables, then making dinner... Like that for 365 days, the woman who lives without a joy, nowadays finds enjoyment watching my drama over and over again. That's all I need. For Sohn Kyu Ho, drama's his ambition and game, while to me it's enjoyment, and to you, Sunbae, it means to support a living and filial piety. Oh my, there're all sorts of reasons to make drama. What do you think happened with Kyu Ho Sunbae's B team? Even if I die, I won't do it. I need to hit it big too. And then, get calls from productions here and there... and earn lots of money.... Quit the broadcasting station and then... And then? I want to have your Mom like me. Hey, girl, someone will see. What if someone sees? What if someone sees? What if someone sees? Do it when we get home. You get really touchy-feely. You need to consider the location and then do it. When was I touchy-feely? Crazy bastards. What did they say was wrong with your drama? I liked the whole thing. Oh my. It's about gay love but you understand that, Mom? Hey, how is this a gay love story? It's a story about humanity. Jeez. If you think about it, it's the learned ones that don't know anything. Wow, for a change my Mom's to my liking. Mom, let's hang up. And sleep. It's almost 5 A.M. Bye. What's this? I like this scene the best. Mom wants to run like that too. But, I'll get sick, right? Did you play all night long again? Sleep. Just sleep. Do you know what time it is? Still not sleeping? Joon Young... your dad said let's get a divorce. What? What is it? If they tell us to have either you, Sunbae or me go, then I'll do Sohn Kyu Ho's B team. What? But, Sunbae, you need to hit big for sure with your next drama and have my Mom like you. Get some more sleep. Chief Park. I think the work prepared by Writer Kim Jae Hee last time will fit with the PBC's upcoming weekend drama. Director Jung! Ah, the sunshine's really great. Should we go in somewhere and talk? Isn't it uncomfortable having people stare at you? It was uncomfortable when I was young. But nowadays, I'm thankful if someone glances at me. Since I'm a bygone star. Oh my god, Yoon Young Unnie. I'm your fan. Can we take a picture together? You're so pretty, Unnie. One, two, three. Thank you. Thank you. Please, give us an autograph. Her face is so small. Wow, is this for real? Are you working again? Honestly, it's scheduled next year's fall but, I'm going to prepare diligently and if I can, go for earlier airing. Since it's reality that if you have a good writer and casting, you can by-pass the scheduled line-up and get a spot. Cho Seung Won and who else you needed? Cha In Young only does movies and plays and not dramas, right? If I got the two to do it, then what can you do for me? Production involvement? That is, casting as a central character? Helping your company contract Writer Lee Seo Woo. Then again, that woman will never listen to me. Well, you won't need me... Because I really don't have much, there's nothing even if there's a deal. Before you said you wanted to go crazy for work. Now, you're going crazy by reality. By the way, I heard there's going to be a B team for Sohn Kyu Ho's work? Joo Joon Young went in. You sent your lover straight to hell? You're a lot crueler than I thought. Being poor means you don't have much luck. With style, say "Hey, kid, you stay out of this. I'll go to support." That's what I should've done to save face as a man and all but... You must have said "Thanks," and accepted her help without a hesitation. If not, then did you not even say that and just put on an unwilling expression and slyly accepted it? I feel really shitty. And dirty. I wanted to seem cool to Joo Joon Young out of all people. It seems perhaps, to her, it'll be hard to show her my cool side and thinking that... makes me angry. Why am I so poor? Gosh... Kyu Ho, that bastard, I'll kill him. Hey, everyone worry about the others. You'll get it for belittling me for being a girl. Aren't you going to say it straight? Who's "Over there?!" She's disciplining you. So, don't be so angry... Why is she so cute... You don't even consider the fact that I love you, right? Just because you and I slept together one time, it'll be a mistake to think we're in some special relationship. Sunbae, you probably don't know just how much I love you, Sunbae. Okay, Hello! It's Majestic Um, I'm gonna make a video where I answer questions my webcamera thing has auto-focus its really creepy uh, some of them are comments, some of them are, yeah i'll just start, cuz there's a lot to go through uh, "marry me, I have a mermaid outfit, not really, but I can get one, "not really but I promise I will let you call me Ariel as often as you want, really" um, cool. I don't know where you heard that I was into mermaids...I don't know.... where you would have heard that uhhh, anonymous asked: "just stumbled on this here lil blog and I gotta say just watched your fisting 101 video while eating half a bag of smart food and I am so happy to discover that there is a name for all of us hungry virgins out there power and excitement and reclamation and you are hot" thank you, thank you for that-- it filled me with joy um, "what kind of product do you use in your flawless, voluminous locks?" um, I actually, I use - don't it's blurry it's annoying I use uh, this one that's like... a pomade... I dunno Uh, that was not, that's not an answer to your question Kevin Murphy is the brand I think, it's called "Night Rider" I just- I use backcombing as a product and I also use, uh... having sex those are the 2 ways to get your hair to look the biggest also aerosol hairspray Um, anonymous asked: "I don't know if you've talked about this before" oh I'm chewing gum that's so rude "but what do you use to bind? do you have any tips for how people with larger chests can look more flat" um, I made video a while ago about a really low cost binder that I got at a medical supply store, I'll link to it I guess It's a really embarrassing video also, like, underworks has binders and I use their binders... I dunno Um, I don't know like, I have... I have some big titties guys and um, I feel pretty good about them most of the time but you know, they're harder to conceal but I don't know I just kind of roll with it, you know? I don't know if I have tips cuz, you know I like to flaunt, I like to flaunt this Anonymous asked: "what pronouns do you prefer?" So, like, I'm hoping that one day there can be like, a last time that I answer this. I appreciate when people ask. Any pronoun is fine, they is like... okay - better I guess than other ones. I don't really know actually, like I feel very strongly that I actually don't care about pronouns and I think like, other people care about pronouns and it's important to respect those wishes, in those situations but pronouns are not central to the way that I understand my gender I don't know why. Maybe they will be one day, and if they will [are] I promise that I will let you know. But um, I really like a guttural moan as a pronoun or again you can call me daddy or you can call me big fancy or mz unhinged supreme queen 2011 - get creative um, okay "II was wondering where you stand in the whole 'health' thing for fat people? Eating unhealthily is bad for both skinny and fat people, and I see a lot of posts of people talking about how many pizzas they ate, and how they had 10 donuts for lunch" that was- you were talking about me "and what not- and I was wondering if you think this is the right kind of message to be sending to fat people who you may be trying to empower? it's a good thing to love being fat, but it's another to glamorize horrible eating habits. what do you think? I think that um, yeah, that question really annoyed me. I think that people's eating habits are really complicated by things like their class, you know? when I have more access to healthy foods for a low cost I can maybe choose to do that if I want but, um, I also think like, everybody is always telling fat people what they should be eating and, um, I'm not gonna answer that question because I don't think that it's relevant to the way I understand empowerment and like, yeah like, policing people's eating habits is not- I like to celebrate food and celebrate feeling food in however that manifests in people's bodies and eating habits and, yeah it's going to be vastly different for each person but, I don't know I just-- the health this is.... I don't really care about health to be honest. For myself. So. Anyways. I'm really disgruntled so I should probably stop making this video but thanks for watching Also, I do love you guys, I'm just uh, waiting to menstruate so, it's a bad scene In the last several videos we talked about the difference between the book value and the market value of a company's equity. And in this example here, where I said this is some type of a financial institution. And these are its assets. And at least on its books, it had $1 billion of government bonds. $10 billion of very highly rated corporate bonds, so these are loans to corporations that are very likely to pay back. $10 billion of commercial mortgages, those would be loans for someone to buy an office building, or build an office building, or something like that. And then we focused in a little bit on this piece, this green piece here, residential CDOs. And I explained what those are. Those are essentially derivative securities that are derived from mortgage backed securities. Which are just a bunch of mortgages that are packaged together. And we focused on that because this is really the crux of everything that everyone's been focusing on since the credit crunch started. Although, I'll throw it out there, this is just the first wave. This is what's deteriorated so far. Housing prices have gone down, you had all of these people with these liar loans where you could make up your income and get a million-dollar loan with no money down. So this was just the first wave. But you can imagine, if the economy gets bad enough, then a lot of these commercial mortgages are going to to start looking not so great either. And actually, there was an article that I read this morning where they talked about because of all of the turmoil in the financial system, because of this piece, that the commercial vacancies actually going up. And a lot of the people who own commercial mortgages, they're actually getting a little bit worried right now because a lot office space is going free. But anyway that's not the focus of this. What we should focus on now is well, fine, this bank has a shady asset. And that makes it look a little uncertain as far as what its equity is worth. If we said this asset was worth $4 billion, we said we have $3 billion of equity here. Because everything would have added up to $26 billion. And we have $23 billion in liabilities. And so liabilities plus equity is equal to assets. Or assets minus liabilities is equal to equity. So 26 minus 23 is equal to 3. And I gave you the example of well what if the stock market is actually valuing this thing at an equity of $1.5 billion. And the way you get that is, they're saying $3 a share and there are half a billion shares. So what if the stock market is saying no, I think that this company's equity is only worth $1.5 billion. And a rationale for that could be that they just think that this asset right here is worth $1.5 billion less. Anyway, I just wanted to make that point because a lot of people often get confused between book and market value. But now, let's think about why this matters. Why is Hank Paulson, and Ben Bernanke and George Bush, and seemingly everyone else, so scared? The logic goes, well if this is just one bank and maybe these things are worth zero, what's the problem? If these things are worth zero, this one bank declares bankruptcy, and it just gets resolved in the bankruptcy process. And I'll do another video on how the bankruptcy process works. Or, there's another scenario where you say, oh well this one bank, maybe this isn't worth zero. Maybe this is worth $4 billion. And as long as people just continue to loan it money, it should be able to be fine and it'll weather out the storm. And that's the crux of the issue. Whether people will continue to loan them money. So, corporate loans, or loans to corporations or banks. Most of the loans we're familiar with in our personal lives, maybe a mortgage, where it's a fixed term, 30 years, at the end of it you've paid all of the interest and you've completely paid off the loan. Corporate loans tend to be for simplicity purposes, interest only loans. There might be a little bit of paying down the equity. But for the most part they're interest only loans. So for example, this Loan A over here. It'll have some interest rate, let me make something up, maybe it's a 7% loan. And maybe its term, they'll give you the money for some period of time, let's say it's for three months. So that says that whoever lent this money to you, they'll give you $10 billion. Every year you pay 7% but on I guess a monthly basis, you'll pay roughly 1/12. We know that that's not the exact math, but you'll pay it's actually 1.07 to the 1/12 power, but it's roughly 1/12 of this. And then at the end of three months, you pay that lender back the $10 billion. You might say, well that's a strange way of financing yourself. Because every three months you're going to have to go and get another loan. And that's absolutely true. But in a normal credit environment, most companies can say, OK I'll borrow this $10 billion for three months at an annual rate of 7%. And then when three months pass, I'll just got another loan, maybe from the same lender, maybe from another lender, that has maybe similar terms. Pay off the old loan, and get a new loan. You can kind of say they keep on renewing those loans. They're able to keep keep getting new loans that can replace the old ones. What's happening now is you have these short term loans, let's say three months, and then when it comes to renew, the bank or whoever lent you this money says, I'm not so sure anymore. Because one, your stock price has been tanking. And if anything, we know that a lot of these hedge funds out there, they're doing more homework than me, the bank, or the lender is doing, or at least these ratings agencies are doing. So maybe they see something fishy. And I know that you have some type of assets, you have some of these residential mortgage backed securities, or you have some of these derivative assets there. And you don't really give a lot of transparency to me. In fact, seldom you'll actually even see this much transparency on a company's balance sheet. They'll often say just like a big bucket of, they'll call them level three assets. And those are assets that really the management of this bank can decide what they're worth. So if I'm the person who lent them the money, I'll be like, you know what, I saw Bear Stearns go down. And Bear Stearns looked a lot like you. I saw Lehman Brothers go down and Lehman Brothers looked a lot like you look now. You know what? I just want my money back. Just pay me the $10 billion loan. And then you go out, if you're this bank, you say, OK well let me look and find someone else. And no one's willing to lend you the money because everyone's gotten a little bit irked. And they go for another guy for loans. And they're like look, I'm not going to give you a loan, but here's some advice. If you really think these assets are worth enough, why don't you sell these assets, and maybe some other assets, and then you can be good for your money? You don't even need the loan. You don't need to hold these assets. So what you do when this comes due, since you can't get any other loans, let's say that you sell these. So you sell these AAA corporate bonds. Those are very valuable. So you get $10 billion for them. So now you have $10 billion in cash. And you're able to pay off this loan. And actually, what I've just described, this is called deleveraging. Actually, I'll probably save it until the next video on what leverage and deleverage is. But just think of it this way, leverage is the ratio of how much assets you have over how much equity you have. And so if you think about someone who has a lot of assets, but they're controlling it with very little equity, they have huge leverage. If you're controlling $10 of assets and you only have $1 of equity, you have 10:1 leverage. Now, I just reduced my assets, but I didn't change my equity. So I've deleveraged. I'll do that more in the next video. But that's fine, so I was able to cover that. I didn't have to declare bankruptcy or anything. But let's say when this loan comes due, I'm in the same situation. This person, everyone's a little scared after Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers and they say, I'm not prepared to renew this loan to you. And you go out into the credit markets and no one else is willing to give you this loan, but you're like, OK fine, I have these commercial mortgages. And I can sell them. They're fairly liquid securities. Liquid securities means that there's a market in them and that you can find buyers who are willing to buy them. But let's say since you have to kind of do it in a fire sale type of situation, since you have to do it very quickly and everyone's a little scared, let's say you only get $9 billion for these. They're worth $10, or so you say. But then when you actually try to sell them in the market, you get $9 billion. And let's say you have to sell your government bonds as well. So you get another billion. So that gives you $10 billion. And then you could pay off this guy right there. So now it's getting interesting. Notice, the book value of my equity, well it might have changed a little bit. Because I had $10 billion of assets. and I had to essentially write them down to $9 billion, because that's what I got for them. So let's actually recalculate our new book value. So if I'm the company, remember this $4 billion was what the company said it was worth, the $2.5 billion was what the market said it was worth. So they have $4 billion plus $1 billion, so we have $5 billion now in assets. And what's our liabilities? We have $3 billion in loans. And now the book value of our equity is now going to be $2 billion. And just to think about it, why did our book value of equity go from $3 billion to $2 billion? Well, because I actually thought that these commercial mortgages were worth $10 billion, but when I had to sell them really fast, I only got $9 billion for them. So I essentially had to write down those assets and then sell them and turn them into cash. So that's why the book value of the equity is now $2 billion. And now notice something here, the book value of this residential mortgage backed security, at least what this bank management says the book value is, is $4 billion. I shouldn't have crossed it out, let me write it again. $4 billion, the $2.5 is what the market was saying. Which is larger than my total equity. So if this is worth zero, then I actually have negative equity. If this is worth $2 billion instead of $4 billion, then I have zero equity. So now I'm getting into a very interesting situation. And I wonder what's going to happen when Loan C comes due. And we'll explore that in the next video. So on the other hand, look at the drought. In the Spring of 2012, so that's this year, I have to remind myself because I can't remember what year we're in. In the Spring of 2012, the Mississippi River, which comes down here Had the highest recorded flows in history. Three months later we're in one of the worse droughts, other than the Dust Bowl of 1935, that we've ever experienced. These may be indications of climate change. I won't try to jade you into thinking that they are. But one of the things that we see with climate change and global warming is that the extremes will be higher. And possibly more frequent. So we might expect more flooding. The watershed of the Mississippi is something that looks like this. I mean, its a huge, its a third of the United States. And, and by the time the water gets to New Orleans, down here its been used 20 to 50 times depending on the flow. Not necessarily for consumptive use, but its been reused that many times. So, here we've got in the Spring the major, major flooding in the, in the Mississippi and by this summer, this was July 31st, we have major droughts, and what is this area of the country? That's the bread basket of our production of wheat. This is where we produce 32 million metric tons of wheat every year. Much of that is used actually that's what we export, that's not even what we use, that's just what we export to other countries. Some of it, it in terms of aid, some of it in terms of, of revenue. So I've already told you this that, but I really want to emphasize, in Southern California, 60% of the water, so two out of three glasses that you drink out of the tap or two out of the flushes that you flush down the toilet come from somewhere outside Southern California. We are dependent on California from the San Francisco Bay Delta area and the Colorado River, but I think I'm going to convince you that the Colorado River is running dry. What are we going to do about that? That's going to be an interesting question. So the Colorado river starts up here in Colorado and then here's a little bit of Idaho, there's Nevada, Utah Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona. The upper Colorado, which were not going to talk about today is fed by Lake Powell, okay? The lower part of, well so I've just told you that. The lower part of the Colorado, which is fed by Lake Mead, which is just outside Las Vegas, Nevada feeds water to Nevada, Colorado, California, Arizona and New Mexico. So, water law is a very complex issue, and in the United States we have eastern water law and western water law. Western water law is first in time, first in right. So that means that if your grandfather had come down here, well let's just put him in Southern California, the poor bugger's by the salt and sea. But say hes down here and, and does agriculture and he withdraws 1,000,000 gallons a day of water for beneficial use, growing crops or something like that. In 1890, your family, he has established water rights and your family is still avail-, you can still demand a million gallons of water. Every day or every year for your crops there. So the interesting thing is the Colorado River is under western water law. So it's prior appropriation, and what that means is that people have to establish when they first started using water and then it's allocated between the various states. And what happened is california lucked out because in the 30's we spent I think we paid for two thirds of the hoover dam. So we have a lot of water rights on the colarado we basically purchased them that way. But, the thing is, when we distributed the water from the Colorado to these 5 states, it happened to be that we were using, a time in history when it was relatively full Colorado River, it was running very high, and now, because the amount of water that is going down, It's over-subscribe. In other words if everybody here said okay, this year I'm taking all of my, allocated water, we would completely dry up the Colorado River. So we screw, once again we've effectively screwed Mexico, because the Colorado River used to drain out into Mexico and into the. Down here, in, in the Sea of Cortez. It hardly ever meets, makes the Sea of Cortez anymore. So aside from some international issues, we're going to have some issues in these states as the Colorado River, starts to dry out more. So Lake Mead is the largest reservoir in the United States. It's located in the Colorado. About 30 miles from Las Vegas and forward by the Hoover Dam. Has anybody here seen the Hoover Dam in Lake Mead? It's pretty impressive, as an engineering thing it's unbelievable isn't it. When it's full, and it hasn't been full for a long time. It extends, it extends upward of over 112 miles or 180 kilometers. And it holds approximately, well this is easier, 35 cubic kilometers. So that means it's a kilometer by a kilometer by a kilometer, that's a cubic kilometer. Or, if you're a football or soccer player, it's ten soccer fields this way, ten soccer fields that way and ten soccer fields that way, that's a cubic kilometer of water, that's a lot of water. That's when it's full. Lake Mead's got a serious problem with ring around the collar. In 2007, it was 118 feet below maximum. It was at 46% capacity. I got this picture and this information from Ken Dewey. I'm not exactly sure where he is, but it was, I got this some years ago. If we look here in 2009, it had come back up, but it still a hundred feet of ring around the collar here. My friend, Pat Mulroy, who runs the Southern Nevada Water Authority is, was so scared. That this lake, these lakes levels would continue to, to decrease and she spent a billion dollars digging through these mountains underneath so she could get more water to feed Las Vegas. Because at the rate is was giong, in 2007, she would not have any water in 2000 and about 12 or so. Luckily we got a little bit of rain and it helped. So the maximum level of Lake Mead, is 1229 feet above sea level. In 1998, when it became fully charged, it was at 216 feet above sea level. 200, 2010, it was at 1089. So we were really hurting in 2010, and May 15th it was down, up, back up to 190, 1,095. I'll show you some pictures here in a minute. The real question that people again are asking is, is this the norm? Is this 12-year drought normal? Or is it an anomaly of weather? If you believe the global climate models, it's probably going to be the norm and it's going to get worse. So, again, I don't think we have to look very far to think about the fact that water is going to be a critical issue in the 21st century. This is what happened earlier this year from the maximum elevation was 1134, okay and the minimum on May 28th. But look at what happened. So, about here our, we have a very smart governor, he says, we're out of the drought. Don't worry, you can use water.. Well, that's really pretty stupid. Because, now, look at what happened. It just keeps continuing to go down and down and down. If we look at And that, so that, I got that when I was giving a lecture in May. Okay? So now, it's November. And you can see that, yes In May, it was down to about 1118.0. But you see, it continued to go down. And then we had some recurrence. Thsi recurrence is not due to rain. It's due to the release of water from Lake Powell on the upper part of the Colorado River. But then it started to go down and back up and it's down. And today it's at about 1115 okay. So, if you look at the, this is when the Hoover Dam was built in 1937. And as the Col, as Lake Mead started to fill up, it got up to 12, 20, and then it went down. You could see, there's some pretty shaky times. There was a drought back here in the early 50s. Went back up another drought and then slowly but surely, up till 1980 something around there, it reached 12 well, almost 1200, I guess that 1229 feet. But, look at what's happened it kind of didaloot around here but since the early, late 1990s it had a steady drop. Now I don't know, this is a, this is an increase but right now we're 1115, so if this is 1100 and this is 1110, we're right here. Drought is defined as 1125, so we're already ten feet below drought. Now, ten feet, when you think about it, doesn't seem like very much, it's not even this much. But when you think about the whole of Lake Mead which can be when it's full 112 miles, that's a lot of water. We're losing water. So what we're seeing here is what we think is may be the norm. In other words, as the climate Tends to warm and the, the, climate chagne starts to take hold.We're going to see less and less and less water. At 1075 we're at a critical shortage. I think alittle bit below 1075 not only are we going to start worry about our water supply. We're going to lose 30% of our electricity supply. 30% of the electricity that's used in Southern California comes from the, from the Hoover Dam. So not only are we thinking about water, we are thinking about electrical energy as well. I'm not going to go into this, this is just a little bit of detail, well actually you can see where we are year. This is this year, it's not down to 11 what they say 1115 so it's right about here. Oh, we're out here in November It's the right here. So you can see that, that a couple of years ago we were really hurting. The reason I'm talking about this is 30% of our water supply is dependent on Lake Mead. And if Lake Mead dries up or goes to a certain level we're going to lose all our water supply, 30% of it at least. Okay, so let's talk a little bit about sea level and sea level ray rise, because I think, to me, this is one of the biggest issues that we have to deal with. Certainly here on the coast. And certainly in the long run, as far as water is concerned. Ay yai, yai. How, how long do we got? >>, Till 10:40? >> 10:45. >> Okay. Okay. So, I already mentioned that when we were doing water resource planning, we used to look at the past and project the future. But today, we can't do that, because things are starting to go up. They don't go up linearly or linear like this, it's actually more of a hockey puck stuff. And, an when I heard, Michael Mann, I think it's Michael Mann, of Penn State give a talk up at the aquarium at the pacific last year about this hockey puck stuff. We are no longer, capable of predicting water resources with any certainty as a result of climate change. And that's why I say that the biggest enemy of water is overpopulation. The biggest unknown in water, in the future, is going to be population control. that's all for now, we'll have more later I told you I know them officer. they are no terrorists They are just miserable men with no reason to live for Officer, got a call saying the negotiator is on his way here, won't you wait? What for Gracia? For these morons? Officer Gomez Lira is going to talk to the kidnappers This is Gomez Lira, the time is up and there's no deal You have one hour to come out of the bank, otherwise we're going in It's not that easy officer We have important information in our hands. we want a press conference to reveal the embezzlement against this country this bank is broke Ask for a car and a plane a warranty for each live in here, a car to take us to the airport and a plane with enough fuel to get us out of here Forget it. In one hour you'll be out of there A press conference, yeah right Well, speak up, what did he say? No deal We have one hour to surrender But they'll have to negotiate, they will we can call the journalists and the media by ourselves i have a friend on the news channel no phone service surrender. There's nothing to do it is true, it's all over, what else can you do? you failed no way. Now more than ever. Come with me to presidence move I think that's the best it could happen, to try no harm anybody, but enter the building what's your opinion? out there, all of our clients are together, the employees, they are dangerous How ignorant you are Mendez! The last thing we need is a scandal A new financial help is about to come through We have to stop that forceful entry Use their sons, pregnant women, sick people, old ladies, whoever. Find somebody to talk to them and come to sense And do it now The only way to stop a forceful entry is to gather enough information to push them and negotiate what information? Dear, don't pretend you don't know anything. They took everything away, the financial help Not at all. I know there were some mistakes but the financial help is to repair the wrong See? Even the pieces of art are in your presidence hands Come with me Sit down there and take a look at the accounts and see where is the money See by yourself The money was sent offshore, now look at the date the same day the finalcial help arrived, what do you think? But I made all these transactions myself And they took it all away, President Secretary It can't be right - Can't it? Rogelio, tell Balmore to come upstairs, third floor, with the vaults video where is that sound coming from? I am so sorry, it was not my intention - Answer it, don't wait Sure what? Of course is me babe, who else? Sushi? is it the police? if they know who we are, they must know about all of you I can't. No babe, I just can't my dear, I am in a strange situation I can't. No babe, I just can't my dear, I am in a strange situation My darling, please understand, it is not that, I'll explain later I'm kidnapped Patricia. It's not an excuse, don't be jealous for God's sake Let's do this, put the radio on and the tv... Damn, she hung up It was my wife and she hung up what an asshole! give me that You take it, and call your friend hold this Journalist Susana Rondon, please We have to find the money from the financial help Here you have the deposit made offshore and other transferences, but you won't get any name The banks on the islands? I am an idiot So this is very cheap yeah, alright there must be a way to open these accounts You are the president's secretary, you must know I didn't even know they took the financial help away And I was the silly one to face the emergency committee Nice artists. And a Kandisky How brave! a crook and a collector what did you say? Kandinsky here it is we made it Balmore. I don't kiss you because I'm straight. who would ever know you were a hacker? - what is it? are you crazy? No man, the name of the painters were the codes We got' em Now i'm going to my bank into my account How much do you want Balmore? Hey, and whose account is that? Mine, and my friends's this is what I wanted now I am taking $4000 000 from the personal accounts of these rats It's no crime to steal from a thief I want to go in, how come? why not? we're his family what do you want me to tell him Juan Carlos? Don't know Rita. Tell him the baby is kicking, you don't want him to be an orphan, that he better surrender and cry, Rita Rogelio, can you hear me? It's Rita hear me. You cannot do this to me whose idea was all this? Rogelio, listen. I am going to be fired How can I face my parents now? that woman is insane And you thought I was an asshole Don't get me wrong I don't want a fatherless child Shout up Rita, shout up. Everything will be fine don't keep crying in fact, if they kill you, I won't forgive you that are you listening? Are you listening? Balmore, take a look downstairs, specially to Rogelio Balmore is going there how far are you planning to get? what do you want? To get us all killed that's what you want with this insanity? You are the leader of this plot, and you got your friends into this of course, you must be the one who has nothing to lose Don't go along with them Stop it mate, stop it don't go crazy I cannot reach it I know what to do Pedro - Consuelo? Pedrooooo Speak, don't stop. Tell him he's too old for this game, keep talking Pedro, what the fuck are you doing? why isn't your wife outside? She's not there You're one of those with no wife nor lover Dear God! (Unclear) Man : His office is in Tahrir, he told me Don't go to Tahrir, it is mayhem there Film his face first While filming don't leave his face This is his right shoulder and his entire back he was electrocuted in the posterior and in his thighs too He emerged in his underpants only They took all his cloths Here's his left shoulder and his hair, was cut by a broken glass bottle Show me your face, Khaled show us your belly too, This is his belly, near the navel see here and this is his right arm show your little finger Woman : His arm has cuts His little finger, in the right hand is broken into two And his hair, has been cut with broken glass, torn with broken glass Who did this? Was it the soldiers? Officers and soldiers Also, one of the officers from the armed forces When he saw he was a bystander He got him out and asked him to leave but told him not to mention his name so that he wouldn't get in trouble This is his left arm Show us your back again This is the back, again, This is the face and right shoulder and right arm front and back and the right side of the back, left side, left arm I am recording with my voice, because the officers of the army, when they saw that he was a bystander, they sympathized and let him go but in addition to two mobile phones from the newest models, and all his cloths, he was left in his underpants One of the officers gave him the trousers he's in now There's his hair, cut with the broken glass Here's the shoulder , the right and the left one show your belly, (woman crying) "He's my son" God willing, we will get a report from the hospital detailing what has happened shall we stop or wait for the doctor to give his report? I have to say that I'm very glad to be here. I understand we have over 80 countries here, so that's a whole new paradigm for me to speak to all of these countries. In each country, I'm sure you have this thing called the parent-teacher conference. Do you know about the parent-teacher conference? Not the ones for your kids, but the one you had as a child, where your parents come to school and your teacher talks to your parents, and it's a little bit awkward. Well, I remember in third grade, I had this moment where my father, who never takes off from work, he's a classical blue collar, a working-class immigrant person, going to school to see his son, how he's doing, and the teacher said to him, he said, "You know, John is good at math and art." And he kind of nodded, you know? The next day I saw him talking to a customer at our tofu store, and he said, "You know, John's good at math." (Laughter) And that always stuck with me all my life. Why didn't Dad say art? Why wasn't it okay? Why? It became a question my entire life, and that's all right, because being good at math meant he bought me a computer, and some of you remember this computer, this was my first computer. Who had an Apple Il? Apple II users, very cool. (Applause) As you remember, the Apple II did nothing at all. (Laughter) You'd plug it in, you'd type in it and green text would come out. It would say you're wrong most of the time. That was the computer we knew. That computer is a computer that I learned about going to MlT, my father's dream. And at MlT, however, I learned about the computer at all levels, and after, I went to art school to get away from computers, and I began to think about the computer as more of a spiritual space of thinking. And I was influenced by performance art -- so this is 20 years ago. I made a computer out of people. It was called the Human Powered Computer Experiment. I have a power manager, mouse driver, memory, etc., and I built this in Kyoto, the old capital of Japan. It's a room broken in two halves. I've turned the computer on, and these assistants are placing a giant floppy disk built out of cardboard, and it's put into the computer. And the floppy disk drive person wears it. (Laughter) She finds the first sector on the disk, and takes data off the disk and passes it off to, of course, the bus. So the bus diligently carries the data into the computer to the memory, to the CPU, the VRAM, etc., and it's an actual working computer. That's a bus, really. (Laughter) And it looks kind of fast. That's a mouse driver, where it's XY. (Laughter) It looks like it's happening kind of quickly, but it's actually a very slow computer, and when I realized how slow this computer was compared to how fast a computer is, it made me wonder about computers and technology in general. And so I'm going to talk today about four things, really. The first three things are about how I've been curious about technology, design and art, and how they intersect, how they overlap, and also a topic that I've taken on since four years ago I became the President of Rhode Island School of Design: leadership. And I'll talk about how I've looked to combine these four areas into a kind of a synthesis, a kind of experiment. So starting from technology, technology is a wonderful thing. When that Apple II came out, it really could do nothing. It could show text and after we waited a bit, we had these things called images. Remember when images were first possible with a computer, those gorgeous, full-color images? And then after a few years, we got CD-quality sound. It was incredible. You could listen to sound on the computer. And then movies, via CD-ROM. It was amazing. Remember that excitement? And then the browser appeared. The browser was great, but the browser was very primitive, very narrow bandwidth. Text first, then images, we waited, CD-quality sound over the Net, then movies over the Internet. Kind of incredible. And then the mobile phone occurred, text, images, audio, video. And now we have iPhone, iPad, Android, with text, video, audio, etc. You see this little pattern here? We're kind of stuck in a loop, perhaps, and this sense of possibility from computing is something I've been questioning for the last 10 or so years, and have looked to design, as we understand most things, and to understand design with our technology has been a passion of mine. And I have a small experiment to give you a quick design lesson. Designers talk about the relationship between form and content, content and form. Now what does that mean? Well, content is the word up there: fear. It's a four-letter word. It's a kind of a bad feeling word, fear. Fear is set in Light Helvetica, so it's not too stressful, and if you set it in Ultra Light Helvetica, it's like, "Oh, fear, who cares?" Right? (Laughter) You take the same Ultra Light Helvetica and make it big, and like, whoa, that hurts. Fear. So you can see how you change the scale, you change the form. Content is the same, but you feel differently. You change the typeface to, like, this typeface, and it's kind of funny. It's like pirate typeface, like Captain Jack Sparrow typeface. Arr! Fear! Like, aww, that's not fearful. That's actually funny. Or fear like this, kind of a nightclub typeface. (Laughter) Like, we gotta go to Fear. (Laughter) It's, like, amazing, right? (Laughter) (Applause) It just changes the same content. Or you make it -- The letters are separated apart, they're huddled together like on the deck of the Titanic, and you feel sorry for the letters, like, I feel the fear. You feel for them. Or you change the typeface to something like this. It's very classy. It's like that expensive restaurant, Fear. I can never get in there. (Laughter) It's just amazing, Fear. But that's form, content. If you just change one letter in that content, you get a much better word, much better content: free. "Free" is a great word. You can serve it almost any way. Free bold feels like Mandela free. It's like, yes, I can be free. Free even light feels kind of like, ah, I can breathe in free. It feels great. Or even free spread out, it's like, ah, I can breathe in free, so easily. And I can add in a blue gradient and a dove, and I have, like, Don Draper free. (Laughter) So you see that -- form, content, design, it works that way. It's a powerful thing. It's like magic, almost, like the magicians we've seen at TED. It's magic. Design does that. And I've been curious about how design and technology intersect, and I'm going to show you some old work I never really show anymore, to give you a sense of what I used to do. So -- yeah. So I made a lot of work in the '90s. This was a square that responds to sound. People ask me why I made that. It's not clear. (Laughter) But I thought it'd be neat for the square to respond to me, and my kids were small then, and my kids would play with these things, like, "Aaah," you know, they would say, "Daddy, aaah, aaah." You know, like that. We'd go to a computer store, and they'd do the same thing. And they'd say, "Daddy, why doesn't the computer respond to sound?" And it was really at the time I was wondering why doesn't the computer respond to sound? So I made this as a kind of an experiment at the time. And then I spent a lot of time in the space of interactive graphics and things like this, and I stopped doing it because my students at MlT got so much better than myself, so I had to hang up my mouse. But in '96, I made my last piece. It was in black and white, monochrome, fully monochrome, all in integer mathematics. It's called "Tap, Type, Write." It's paying a tribute to the wonderful typewriter that my mother used to type on all the time as a legal secretary. It has 10 variations. (Typing noise) (Typing noise) There's a shift. Ten variations. This is, like, spin the letter around. (Typing noises) This is, like, a ring of letters. (Typing noises) This is 20 years old, so it's kind of a -- Let's see, this is — I love the French film "The Red Balloon." Great movie, right? I love that movie. So, this is sort of like a play on that. (Typing noises) (Typewriter bell) It's peaceful, like that. (Laughter) I'll show this last one. This is about balance, you know. It's kind of stressful typing out, so if you type on this keyboard, you can, like, balance it out. (Laughter) If you hit G, life's okay, so I always say, "Hit G, and it's going to be all right. Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. So that was 20 years ago, and I was always on the periphery of art. By being President of RlSD I've gone deep into art, and art is a wonderful thing, fine art, pure art. You know, when people say, "I don't get art. I don't get it at all." That means art is working, you know? It's like, art is supposed to be enigmatic, so when you say, like, "I don't get it," like, oh, that's great. (Laughter) Art does that, because art is about asking questions, questions that may not be answerable. At RlSD, we have this amazing facility called the Edna Lawrence Nature Lab. It has 80,000 samples of animal, bone, mineral, plants. You know, in Rhode Island, if an animal gets hit on the road, they call us up and we pick it up and stuff it. And why do we have this facility? Because at RlSD, you have to look at the actual animal, the object, to understand its volume, to perceive it. At RlSD, you're not allowed to draw from an image. And many people ask me, John, couldn't you just digitize all this? Make it all digital? Wouldn't it be better? And I often say, well, there's something good to how things used to be done. There's something very different about it, something we should figure out what is good about how we did it, even in this new era. And I have a good friend, he's a new media artist named Tota Hasegawa. He's based in London, no, actually it's in Tokyo, but when he was based in London, he had a game with his wife. He would go to antique shops, and the game was as such: When we look at an antique we want, we'll ask the shopkeeper for the story behind the antique, and if it's a good story, we'll buy it. So they'd go to an antique shop, and they'd look at this cup, and they'd say, "Tell us about this cup." And the shopkeeper would say, "It's old." (Laughter) "Tell us more." "Oh, it's really old." (Laughter) And he saw, over and over, the antique's value was all about it being old. And as a new media artist, he reflected, and said, you know, I've spent my whole career making new media art. People say, "Wow, your art, what is it?" It's new media. And he realized, it isn't about old or new. It's about something in between. It isn't about "old," the dirt, "new," the cloud. It's about what is good. A combination of the cloud and the dirt is where the action is at. You see it in all interesting art today, in all interesting businesses today. How we combine those two together to make good is very interesting. So art makes questions, and leadership is something that is asking a lot of questions. We aren't functioning so easily anymore. We aren't a simple authoritarian regime anymore. As an example of authoritarianism, I was in Russia one time traveling in St. Petersburg, at a national monument, and I saw this sign that says, "Do Not Walk On The Grass," and I thought, oh, I mean, I speak English, and you're trying to single me out. That's not fair. But I found a sign for Russian-speaking people, and it was the best sign ever to say no. It was like, "No swimming, no hiking, no anything." My favorite ones are "no plants." Why would you bring a plant to a national monument? I'm not sure. And also "no love." (Laughter) So that is authoritarianism. And what is that, structurally? It's a hierarchy. We all know that a hierarchy is how we run many systems today, but as we know, it's been disrupted. It is now a network instead of a perfect tree. It's a heterarchy instead of a hierarchy. And that's kind of awkward. And so today, leaders are faced with how to lead differently, I believe. This is work I did with my colleague Becky Bermont on creative leadership. What can we learn from artists and designers for how to lead? Because in many senses, a regular leader loves to avoid mistakes. Someone who's creative actually loves to learn from mistakes. A traditional leader is always wanting to be right, whereas a creative leader hopes to be right. And this frame is important today, in this complex, ambiguous space, and artists and designers have a lot to teach us, I believe. And I had a show in London recently where my friends invited me to come to London for four days to sit in a sandbox, and I said great. And so I sat in a sandbox for four days straight, six hours every day, six-minute appointments with anyone in London, and that was really bad. But I would listen to people, hear their issues, draw in the sand, try to figure things out, and it was kind of hard to figure out what I was doing. You know? It's all these one-on-one meetings for like four days. And it felt kind of like being president, actually. I was like, "Oh, this my job. President. I do a lot of meetings, you know?" And by the end of the experience, I realized why I was doing this. It's because leaders, what we do is we connect improbable connections and hope something will happen, and in that room I found so many connections between people across all of London, and so leadership, connecting people, is the great question today. Whether you're in the hierarchy or the heterarchy, it's a wonderful design challenge. And one thing I've been doing is doing some research on systems that can combine technology and leadership with an art and design perspective. Let me show you something I haven't shown anywhere, actually. So what this is, is a kind of a sketch, an application sketch I wrote in Python. You know how there's Photoshop? This is called Powershop, and the way it works is imagine an organization. You know, the CEO isn't ever at the top. The CEO's at the center of the organization. There may be different subdivisions in the organization, and you might want to look into different areas. For instance, green are areas doing well, red are areas doing poorly. You know, how do you, as the leader, scan, connect, make things happen? So for instance, you might open up a distribution here and find the different subdivisions in there, and know that you know someone in Eco, over here, and these people here are in Eco, the people you might engage with as CEO, people going across the hierarchy. And part of the challenge of the CEO is to find connections across areas, and so you might look in R&D, and here you see one person who crosses the two areas of interest, and it's a person important to engage. So you might want to, for instance, get a heads-up display on how you're interacting with them. How many coffees do you have? How often are you calling them, emailing them? What is the tenor of their email? How is it working out? Leaders might be able to use these systems to better regulate how they work inside the heterarchy. You can also imagine using technology like from Luminoso, the guys from Cambridge who were looking at deep text analysis. What is the tenor of your communications? So these kind of systems, I believe, are important. They're targeted social media systems around leaders. And I believe that this kind of perspective will only begin to grow as more leaders enter the space of art and design, because art and design lets you think like this, find different systems like this, and I've just begun thinking like this, so I'm glad to share that with you. So in closing, I want to thank all of you for your attention. Thanks very much. (Applause) (Applause) Once you've received your contract packet in the mail you can do everything online. First log into your MyRed Account. On the left side choose UNL Other Student Services, then UNL Residence Halls. This will take you to the Housing contract main menu. From there just follow the directions to the contract process. One thing to note, there is a box to check that says you've read the contract book and policies. It is very important that you actually take time to read this document. You are signing a contract that involves f ees should you decide to cancel. After reading select the checkbox and continue through the process. If you have questions please call or email our office. So my challenge to you is what if you didn't have to do anything about anything at all. Nothing at all, to do nothing at all to do about anything. Yes, make a cup of tea because that does begin the trouble. Whatever it is you have to do, answer the phone, make us appointment what I would love. But it does not accompanied by this idea that there is something that I need to do to be stable in the awareness, is what if you didn't have to do anything about because I tell you that is chop forget about it. If you touch this idea you believe it instantly into existence and then you have to believe another idea to remove it. So why not drop both ideas in the first place and stay where you are? You are simply here within reach. All that arises for you, including this sense of spirituality forget about spirituality, You are simply here within reach. All that arises for you, including this sense of spirituality forget about spirituality, forget about enlightenment and forget about you also. And what remains here that which cannot be from will of release. It's just that simpler that simple. Sometimes we over use the intellectual faculties. Which are only meant to take you up to the seeing and thereby they said goodbye we have serve you not they would go. Your simply here. All this knowledge that we acquire called spiritual knowledge is only a mirror for the timeless to see itself. And for what reason for no other reason than it's fascinated with its own recognition or something. I don't see that the idea that something is difficult which is a persistent notion in the psyche of the human expression of consciousness that we are just have to do something to kind of sometimes we are speaking like also a sense that we must get something accurately. so I said no there is no accuracy in the self or everything is the self. If you give up all your notions all your effort to try and get somewhere just drop it right here because you have the power to do it, just drop it. Yes, just like you're sitting in a restaurant full of people thinking glasses and, and the utensils and stuff and talking and there is music and yet you can have a sweet conversation with your friends and you just have to do it because you don't let it in in the same way you don't let this thoughts in that there is something that I need to do to just to stay more present and the minute you are without this thought "hooo" your recognition is here. You know what often times this moment of seeing is attended by great laughter. There's nobody laughing, it just that it's seems too simple to be true. Because how many books, how many libraries, how many cds, how many teachers, how many stories can it all be pointing to this simplicity. My God! What a joke! What a strange thing that I simply am. Some full acceptance of this ever-present truth happens as it were. We can give it a title of grace, or sort of benediction or whatever it is but it simply happens. TlRANOS TEMBLAD: THE WEEKLY REVlEW OF URUGUAYAN EVENTS Hello, singer from One Direction. Hello, to everyone. Another week in Uruguay. It was the first of May, a meteor landed in Rocha, a sheep was born in Paysandu, there was the first National Figurine Naming Contest, a youth painted some graffiti, some children were baptized, Alicia posed infront of the caves, Raúl shined shoes, Some bags amassed into a whirlwind, Matías filmed shadows on the wall, Joel and Tun Guele went for a drive, dolphins swam on the coast, Patricia danced, some young guys drove on the sidewalk in Malvin. and a gigantic spider crossed the interstate. Another week in Uruguay... Samantha, a North American journalist who doesn't speak spanish, tried to find out about mate from someone who doesn't speak english. Mate... Our mate... typical in Uruguay 'All the people...?' '... Yes, drink mate, that's right. ' 'Ah! Very excellent!' 'With water, and we drink mate!' And what's more, Samantha discovered the secret to our happiness. Duncan Reid is a British musician and this is their latest music video, it's called, 'Montevideo'. The video was honored as, 'Value to the State [of Uruguay]'. On top of that, Ducan Reid was named 'Distinguished Guest of Montevideo'. 'This is the second gift, the first was simply being here... ... in this magnificent city with the best people in the world' You notice he's got it clear that: 'URUGUAY IS THE BEST COUNTRY!' On another note, we could also give an award to Hansi Lang The band we saw last week. Or this Belgian band named Montevideo. Or even Igudesman who, we should named: Honorary Citizen as soon as possible. 'Uruguay is the best country! In the whole world!' A little boy got his foot caught in the roof of a railway car, in Rodó Park in the department of San Jose. in Rodó Park in the department of San Jose. 'It's stuck in there' After a couple hours, the solution arrived: After a couple hours, the solution arrived: Motor Oil. 'But Mom, you'll drop the cell phone!' 'No, I got it.' Stefano and his mom, presented a stampede of pigeons. 'Ah! Holy Sh-aturday!' 'They are scared.' 'Pigeons! Shoot off some fireworks!' 'See?! They shoot fireworks?' This week there were three awkward moments all during interviews. In this case, a man has just landed with his parachute... and he doesn't understand this question: and he doesn't understand this question: 'Have you had a jump that was your maiden voyage? Or something' 'You mean like the first time?' 'Yeah, it was like 21 or 22 years ago' 'Yes, but have you had one here, today?' In this case, a Uruguayan presenting his film internationally... In this case, a Uruguayan presenting his film internationally... gets uncomfortable with a question. 'It seemed like they were together, but separated in their hearts' 'Yes, yes' 'It's true' 'That happens... and you just revealed the end of the film...' And in the middle of the national Wolf Fish day, a man finds out that there are only two species of Wolf Fish. 'There are three species of Wolf Fish that we know of.' 'There are three species of Wolf Fish that we know of.' 'Three of them came out' 'I call it 'la negra', it's Brasilian'. 'Ah yeah, actually we were just at the aquarium... ' 'And they said it's the same fish, it just changes colors' 'Ah, really?' 'Seba, Happy Birthday! I love you!' 'Happy Birthday!' 'Happy Birthday Seba!' 'Seba, I love you... Happy Birthday.' In no part of this video do they make it clear who Seba is, or why they love him so much. And that's why, it's the Enigma of the Week. By the way, some enigma hunters investigated the case of the possessed cup we showed you last week. 'The possessed cup...' 'Our explanation, which is pretty simple is that,' 'the air that comes out of here, makes the cup move.' Thank You... Enigma Solved! On the musical scene this week: Garo presented the music video of celebration, From Tacuarembo Jose Luis presented: 'Failure', Some youth danced hip hop in the streets of Rivera, Eli U and Family sang: 'Behind the Cross', Manuel sang his song which was titled: 'You are from Old China', Some young men danced in a video for the wedding of a friend of theirs, A young lady sang the song from Titanic, reading the lyrics from her cell phone, Gary Rótulo presented the music video for the song: 'Don't Ask Me', ...'Don't ask me to give you advice'... Agustin and Soledad sang: 'I Believe in You', and the Fans of Roxette Club, got together to sing Karaoke. And the candidates for 'Crack of the Week' are: This youth, who puts on deodorant and then does some flips, this man who does latte art, this sk8er gurl, this young lady who succeeds in putting an egg on top of a nail, Melina, who dominates this metal lid, and Martha, the grandmother who has a birthday and celebrates it like a quiñceanera. She did the triumphant drive in, wore the white dress, and even danced the waltz. And this is why she is the 'Crack of the Week'! ... Grandma, quiñceanera, 'the Craaack of theee WEEEEEEK' And we'll leave you with the 'What the Fuck?!' moments of the week: The simulation of the meteor crashing in Rocha, a Mexican wearing the Peñarole Jersey, a helicopter that crashes in Valizas, and Juan who talks over the telephoot. Thanks anywayz YouTube! 'So, Thank You, YOUTBE for everything that you give us!' And all this happened just in one week! When the Industrial Revolution started, the amount of carbon sitting underneath Britain in the form of coal was as big as the amount of carbon sitting under Saudi Arabia in the form of oil. This carbon powered the Industrial Revolution, it put the "Great" in Great Britain, and led to Britain's temporary world domination. And then, in 1918, coal production in Britain peaked, and has declined ever since. In due course, Britain started using oil and gas from the North Sea, and in the year 2000, oil and gas production from the North Sea also peaked, and they're now on the decline. These observations about the finiteness of easily accessible, local, secure fossil fuels, is a motivation for saying, "Well, what's next? What is life after fossil fuels going to be like? Shouldn't we be thinking hard about how to get off fossil fuels?" Another motivation, of course, is climate change. And when people talk about life after fossil fuels and climate change action, I think there's a lot of fluff, a lot of greenwash, a lot of misleading advertising, and I feel a duty as a physicist to try to guide people around the claptrap and help people understand the actions that really make a difference, and to focus on ideas that do add up. Let me illustrate this with what physicists call a back-of-envelope calculation. We love back-of-envelope calculations. You ask a question, write down some numbers, and get an answer. It may not be very accurate, but it may make you say, "Hmm." So here's a question: Imagine if we said, "Oh yes, we can get off fossil fuels. We'll use biofuels. Problem solved. Transport ... We don't need oil anymore." Well, what if we grew the biofuels for a road on the grass verge at the edge of the road? How wide would the verge have to be for that to work out? OK, so let's put in some numbers. Let's have our cars go at 60 miles per hour. Let's say they do 30 miles per gallon. That's the European average for new cars. Let's say the productivity of biofuel plantations is 1,200 liters of biofuel per hectare per year. That's true of European biofuels. And let's imagine the cars are spaced 80 meters apart from each other, and they're perpetually going along this road. The length of the road doesn't matter, because the longer the road, the more biofuel plantation. What do we do with these numbers? Take the first number, divide by the other three, and get eight kilometers. And that's the answer. That's how wide the plantation would have to be, given these assumptions. And maybe that makes you say, "Hmm. Maybe this isn't going to be quite so easy." And it might make you think, perhaps there's an issue to do with areas. And in this talk, I'd like to talk about land areas, and ask: Is there an issue about areas? The answer is going to be yes, but it depends which country you are in. So let's start in the United Kingdom, since that's where we are today. The energy consumption of the United Kingdom, the total energy consumption -- not just transport, but everything -- I like to quantify it in lightbulbs. It's as if we've all got 125 lightbulbs on all the time, 125 kilowatt-hours per day per person is the energy consumption of the UK. So there's 40 lightbulbs' worth for transport, 40 lightbulbs' worth for heating, and 40 lightbulbs' worth for making electricity, and other things are relatively small, compared to those three big fish. It's actually a bigger footprint if we take into account the embodied energy in the stuff we import into our country as well. And 90 percent of this energy, today, still comes from fossil fuels, and 10 percent, only, from other, greener -- possibly greener -- sources, like nuclear power and renewables. So. That's the UK. The population density of the UK is 250 people per square kilometer. I'm now going to show you other countries by these same two measures. On the vertical axis, I'm going to show you how many lightbulbs -- what our energy consumption per person is. We're at 125 lightbulbs per person, and that little blue dot there is showing you the land area of the United Kingdom. The population density is on the horizontal axis, and we're 250 people per square kilometer. Let's add European countries in blue, and you can see there's quite a variety. I should emphasize, both of these axes are logarithmic; as you go from one gray bar to the next gray bar, you're going up a factor of 10. Next, let's add Asia in red, the Middle East and North Africa in green, sub-Saharan Africa in blue, black is South America, purple is Central America, and then in pukey-yellow, we have North America, Australia and New Zealand. You can see the great diversity of population densities and of per capita consumptions. Countries are different from each other. Top left, we have Canada and Australia, with enormous land areas, very high per capita consumption -- 200 or 300 lightbulbs per person -- and very low population densities. Top right: Bahrain has the same energy consumption per person, roughly, as Canada -- over 300 lightbulbs per person, but their population density is a factor of 300 times greater, 1,000 people per square kilometer. Bottom right: Bangladesh has the same population density as Bahrain, but consumes 100 times less per person. Bottom left: well, there's no one. But there used to be a whole load of people. Here's another message from this diagram. I've added on little blue tails behind Sudan, Libya, China, India, Bangladesh. That's 15 years of progress. Where were they 15 years ago, and where are they now? And the message is, most countries are going to the right, and they're going up. Up and to the right: bigger population density and higher per capita consumption. So, we may be off in the top right-hand corner, slightly unusual, the United Kingdom accompanied by Germany, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, and a bunch of other slightly odd countries, but many other countries are coming up and to the right to join us. So we're a picture, if you like, of what the future energy consumption might be looking like in other countries, too. I've also added in this diagram now some pink lines that go down and to the right. Those are lines of equal power consumption per unit area, which I measure in watts per square meter. So, for example, the middle line there, 0.1 watts per square meter, is the energy consumption per unit area of Saudi Arabia, Norway, Mexico in purple, and Bangladesh 15 years ago. Half of the world's population lives in countries that are already above that line. The United Kingdom is consuming 1.25 watts per square meter. So is Germany, and Japan is consuming a bit more. So, let's now say why this is relevant. Why is it relevant? Well, we can measure renewables in the same units and other forms of power production in the same units. Renewables is one of the leading ideas for how we could get off our 90 percent fossil-fuel habit. So here come some renewables. Energy crops deliver half a watt per square meter in European climates. What does that mean? You might have anticipated that result, given what I told you about the biofuel plantation a moment ago. Well, we consume 1.25 watts per square meter. What this means is, even if you covered the whole of the United Kingdom with energy crops, you couldn't match today's energy consumption. Wind power produces a bit more -- 2.5 watts per square meter. But that's only twice as big as 1.25 watts per square meter. So that means if you wanted, literally, to produce total energy consumption in all forms, on average, from wind farms, you need wind farms half the area of the UK. I've got data to back up all these assertions, by the way. Next, let's look at solar power. Solar panels, when you put them on a roof, deliver about 20 watts per square meter in England. If you really want to get a lot from solar panels, you need to adopt the traditional Bavarian farming method, where you leap off the roof, and coat the countryside with solar panels, too. Solar parks, because of the gaps between the panels, deliver less. They deliver about 5 watts per square meter of land area. And here's a solar park in Vermont, with real data, delivering 4.2 watts per square meter. Remember where we are, 1.25 watts per square meter, wind farms 2.5, solar parks about five. So whichever of those renewables you pick, the message is, whatever mix of those renewables you're using, if you want to power the UK on them, you're going to need to cover something like 20 percent or 25 percent of the country with those renewables. I'm not saying that's a bad idea; we just need to understand the numbers. I'm absolutely not anti-renewables. I love renewables. But I'm also pro-arithmetic. (Laughter) Concentrating solar power in deserts delivers larger powers per unit area, because you don't have the problem of clouds. So, this facility delivers 14 watts per square meter; this one 10 watts per square meter; and this one in Spain, 5 watts per square meter. Being generous to concentrating solar power, I think it's perfectly credible it could deliver 20 watts per square meter. So that's nice. Of course, Britain doesn't have any deserts. Yet. (Laughter) So here's a summary so far: All renewables, much as I love them, are diffuse. They all have a small power per unit area, and we have to live with that fact. And that means, if you do want renewables to make a substantial difference for a country like the United Kingdom on the scale of today's consumption, you need to be imagining renewable facilities that are country-sized. Not the entire country, but a fraction of the country, a substantial fraction. There are other options for generating power as well, which don't involve fossil fuels. So there's nuclear power, and on this ordinance survey map, you can see there's a Sizewell B inside a blue square kilometer. That's one gigawatt in a square kilometer, which works out to 1,000 watts per square meter. So by this particular metric, nuclear power isn't as intrusive as renewables. Of course, other metrics matter, too, and nuclear power has all sorts of popularity problems. But the same goes for renewables as well. Here's a photograph of a consultation exercise in full swing in the little town of Penicuik just outside Edinburgh, and you can see the children of Penicuik celebrating the burning of the effigy of the windmill. So -- (Laughter) People are anti-everything, and we've got to keep all the options on the table. What can a country like the UK do on the supply side? Well, the options are, I'd say, these three: power renewables, and recognizing that they need to be close to country-sized; other people's renewables, so we could go back and talk very politely to the people in the top left-hand side of the diagram and say, "Uh, we don't want renewables in our backyard, but, um, please could we put them in yours instead?" And that's a serious option. It's a way for the world to handle this issue. So countries like Australia, Russia, Libya, Kazakhstan, could be our best friends for renewable production. And a third option is nuclear power. So that's some supply-side options. In addition to the supply levers that we can push -- and remember, we need large amounts, because at the moment, we get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels -- in addition to those levers, we could talk about other ways of solving this issue. Namely, we could reduce demand, and that means reducing population -- I'm not sure how to do that -- or reducing per capita consumption. So let's talk about three more big levers that could really help on the consumption side. First, transport. Here are the physics principles that tell you how to reduce the energy consumption of transport. People often say, "Technology can answer everything. We can make vehicles that are 100 times more efficient." And that's almost true. Let me show you. The energy consumption of this typical tank here is 80 kilowatt hours per hundred person kilometers. That's the average European car. Eighty kilowatt hours. Can we make something 100 times better by applying the physics principles I just listed? Yes. Here it is. It's the bicycle. It's 80 times better in energy consumption, and it's powered by biofuel, by Weetabix. (Laughter) And there are other options in between, because maybe the lady in the tank would say, "No, that's a lifestyle change. Don't change my lifestyle, please." We could persuade her to take a train, still a lot more efficient than a car, but that might be a lifestyle change. Or there's the EcoCAR, top-left. It comfortably accommodates one teenager and it's shorter than a traffic cone, and it's almost as efficient as a bicycle, as long as you drive it at 15 miles per hour. In between, perhaps some more realistic options on the transport lever are electric vehicles, so electric bikes and electric cars in the middle, perhaps four times as energy efficient as the standard petrol-powered tank. Next, there's the heating lever. Heating is a third of our energy consumption in Britain, and quite a lot of that is going into homes and other buildings, doing space heating and water heating. So here's a typical crappy British house. It's my house, with a Ferrari out front. (Laughter) What can we do to it? Well, the laws of physics are written up there, which describe how the power consumption for heating is driven by the things you can control. The things you can control are the temperature difference between the inside and the outside. There's this remarkable technology called a thermostat: you grasp it, rotate it to the left, and your energy consumption in the home will decrease. I've tried it. It works. Some people call it a lifestyle change. (Laughter) You can also get the fluff men in to reduce the leakiness of your building -- put fluff in the walls, fluff in the roof, a new front door, and so forth. The sad truth is, this will save you money. That's not sad, that's good. But the sad truth is, it'll only get about 25 percent of the leakiness of your building if you do these things, which are good ideas. If you really want to get a bit closer to Swedish building standards with a crappy house like this, you need to be putting external insulation on the building, as shown by this block of flats in London. You can also deliver heat more efficiently using heat pumps, which use a smaller bit of high-grade energy like electricity to move heat from your garden into your house. The third demand-side option I want to talk about, the third way to reduce energy consumption is: read your meters. People talk a lot about smart meters, but you can do it yourself. Use your own eyes and be smart. Read your meter, and if you're anything like me, it'll change your life. Here's a graph I made. I was writing a book about sustainable energy, and a friend asked me, "How much energy do you use at home?" I was embarrassed; I didn't actually know. And so I started reading the meter every week. The old meter readings are shown in the top half of the graph, and then 2007 is shown in green at the bottom. That was when I was reading the meter every week. And my life changed, because I started doing experiments and seeing what made a difference. My gas consumption plummeted, because I started tinkering with the thermostat and the timing on the heating system, and I knocked more than half off my gas bills. There's a similar story for my electricity consumption, where switching off the DVD players, the stereos, the computer peripherals that were on all the time, and just switching them on when I needed them, knocked another third off my electricity bills, too. So we need a plan that adds up. I've described for you six big levers. We need big action, because we get 90 percent of our energy from fossil fuels, and so you need to push hard on most, if not all, of these levers. Most of these levers have popularity problems, and if there is a lever you don't like the use of, well, please do bear in mind that means you need even stronger effort on the other levers. So I'm a strong advocate of having grown-up conversations that are based on numbers and facts. And I want to close with this map that just visualizes for you the requirement of land and so forth in order to get just 16 lightbulbs per person from four of the big possible sources. So, if you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs -- remember, today our total energy consumption is 125 lightbulbs' worth -- if you wanted 16 from wind, this map visualizes a solution for the UK. It's got 160 wind farms, each 100 square kilometers in size, and that would be a twentyfold increase over today's amount of wind. Nuclear power: to get 16 lightbulbs per person, you'd need two gigawatts at each of the purple dots on the map. That's a fourfold increase over today's levels of nuclear power. Biomass: to get 16 lightbulbs per person, you'd need a land area something like three and a half Wales' worth, either in our country, or in someone else's country, possibly Ireland, possibly somewhere else. (Laughter) And a fourth supply-side option: concentrating solar power in other people's deserts. If you wanted to get 16 lightbulbs' worth, then we're talking about these eight hexagons down at the bottom right. The total area of those hexagons is two Greater London's worth of someone else's Sahara, and you'll need power lines all the way across Spain and France to bring the power from the Sahara to Surrey. (Laughter) We need a plan that adds up. We need to stop shouting and start talking. And if we can have a grown-up conversation, make a plan that adds up and get building, maybe this low-carbon revolution will actually be fun. Thank you very much for listening. (Applause) ANNOUNCER: President Bill Clinton. (Sustained cheers, applause.) Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. (Sustained cheers, applause.) Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Now, Mr. Mayor, fellow Democrats, we are here to nominate a president. (Cheers, applause.) And I've got one in mind. (Cheers, applause.) I want to nominate a man whose own life has known its fair share of adversity and uncertainty. I want to nominate a man who ran for president to change the course of an already weak economy and then just six weeks before his election, saw it suffer the biggest collapse since the Great Depression; a man who stopped the slide into depression and put us on the long road to recovery, knowing all the while that no matter how many jobs that he saved or created, there'd still be millions more waiting, worried about feeding their own kids, trying to keep their hopes alive. I want to nominate a man who's cool on the outside — (cheers, applause) — but who burns for America on the inside. (Cheers, applause.) I want — I want a man who believes with no doubt that we can build a new American Dream economy, driven by innovation and creativity, by education and — yes — by cooperation. (Cheers.) And by the way, after last night, I want a man who had the good sense to marry Michelle Obama. (Cheers, applause.) You know — (cheers, applause) I — (cheers, applause) I want — I want Barack Obama to be the next president of the United States. (Cheers, applause.) And I proudly nominate him to be the standard-bearer of the Democratic Party. (Cheers.) Now, folks, in Tampa a few days ago, we heard a lot of talk — (laughter) — all about how the president and the Democrats don't really believe in free enterprise and individual initiative, how we want everybody to be dependent on the government, how bad we are for the economy. This Republican narrative — this alternative universe — (laughter, applause) — says that every one of us in this room who amounts to anything, we're all completely self-made. One of the greatest chairmen the Democratic Party ever had, Bob Strauss — (cheers, applause) — used to say that ever politician wants every voter to believe he was born in a log cabin he built himself. (Laughter, applause.) But, as Strauss then admitted, it ain't so. (Laughter.) We Democrats — we think the country works better with a strong middle class, with real opportunities for poor folks to work their way into it — (cheers, applause) — with a relentless focus on the future, with business and government actually working together to promote growth and broadly share prosperity. You see, we believe that "we're all in this together" is a far better philosophy than "you're on your own." (Cheers, applause.) So who's right? (Cheers.) Well, since 1961, for 52 years now, the Republicans have held the White House 28 years, the Democrats, 24. In those 52 years, our private economy has produced 66 million private sector jobs. So what's the job score? Republicans, 24 million; Democrats, 42 (million). (Cheers, applause.) Now, there's — (cheers, applause) — there's a reason for this. It turns out that advancing equal opportunity and economic empowerment is both morally right and good economics. (Cheers, applause.) Why? Because poverty, discrimination and ignorance restrict growth. (Cheers, applause.) When you stifle human potential, when you don't invest in new ideas, it doesn't just cut off the people who are affected; it hurts us all. (Cheers, applause.) We know that investments in education and infrastructure and scientific and technological research increase growth. They increase good jobs, and they create new wealth for all the rest of us. (Cheers, applause.) Now, there's something I've noticed lately. You probably have, too. And it's this. Maybe just because I grew up in a different time, but though I often disagree with Republicans, I actually never learned to hate them the way the far right that now controls their party seems to hate our president and a lot of other Democrats. I — (cheers, applause) — that would be impossible for me because President Eisenhower sent federal troops to my home state to integrate Little Rock Central High School. (Cheers, applause.) President Eisenhower built the interstate highway system. When I was a governor, I worked with President Reagan and his White House on the first round of welfare reform and with President George H.W. Bush on national education goals. (Cheers, applause.) I'm actually very grateful to — if you saw from the film what I do today, I have to be grateful, and you should be, too — that President George W. Bush supported PEPFAR. It saved the lives of millions of people in poor countries. (Cheers, applause.) And I have been honored to work with both Presidents Bush on natural disasters in the aftermath of the South Asian tsunami, Hurricane Katrina, the horrible earthquake in Haiti. Through my foundation, both in America and around the world, I'm working all the time with Democrats, Republicans and independents. Sometimes I couldn't tell you for the life who I'm working with because we focus on solving problems and seizing opportunities and not fighting all the time. (Cheers, applause.) And so here's what I want to say to you, and here's what I want the people at home to think about. When times are tough and people are frustrated and angry and hurting and uncertain, the politics of constant conflict may be good. But what is good politics does not necessarily work in the real world. What works in the real world is cooperation. (Cheers, applause.) What works in the real world is cooperation, business and government, foundations and universities. Ask the mayors who are here. (Cheers, applause.) Los Angeles is getting green and Chicago is getting an infrastructure bank because Republicans and Democrats are working together to get it. (Cheers, applause.) They didn't check their brains at the door. They didn't stop disagreeing, but their purpose was to get something done. Now, why is this true? Why does cooperation work better than constant conflict? Because nobody's right all the time, and a broken clock is right twice a day. (Cheers, applause.) And every one of us — every one of us and every one of them, we're compelled to spend our fleeting lives between those two extremes, knowing we're never going to be right all the time and hoping we're right more than twice a day. (Laughter.) Unfortunately, the faction that now dominates the Republican Party doesn't see it that way. They think government is always the enemy, they're always right, and compromise is weakness. (Boos.) Just in the last couple of elections, they defeated two distinguished Republican senators because they dared to cooperate with Democrats on issues important to the future of the country, even national security. (Applause.) They beat a Republican congressman with almost a hundred percent voting record on every conservative score, because he said he realized he did not have to hate the president to disagree with him. Boy, that was a nonstarter, and they threw him out. (Laughter, applause.) One of the main reasons we ought to re-elect President Obama is that he is still committed to constructive cooperation. (Cheers, applause.) Look at his record. Look at his record. (Cheers, applause.) Look at his record. He appointed Republican secretaries of defense, the Army and transportation. He appointed a vice president who ran against him in 2008. (Laughter, applause.) And he trusted that vice president to oversee the successful end of the war in Iraq and the implementation of the recovery act. (Cheers, applause.) And Joe Biden — Joe Biden did a great job with both. (Sustained cheers, applause.) Now — (sustained cheers, applause) He — (sustained cheers, applause) — President Obama appointed several members of his Cabinet even though they supported Hillary in the primary. (Applause.) Heck, he even appointed Hillary. (Cheers, applause.) Wait a minute. I am — (sustained cheers, applause) — I am very proud of her. I am proud of the job she and the national security team have done for America. (Cheers, applause.) I am grateful that they have worked together to make us safer and stronger, to build a world with more partners and fewer enemies. I'm grateful for the relationship of respect and partnership she and the president have enjoyed and the signal that sends to the rest of the world, that democracy does not have a blood — have to be a blood sport, it can be an honorable enterprise that advances the public interest. (Cheers, applause.) Now — (sustained cheers, applause) — besides the national security team, I am very grateful to the men and women who've served our country in uniform through these perilous times. (Cheers, applause.) And I am especially grateful to Michelle Obama and to Joe Biden for supporting those military families while their loved ones were overseas — (cheers, applause) — and for supporting our veterans when they came home, when they came home bearing the wounds of war or needing help to find education or jobs or housing. President Obama's whole record on national security is a tribute to his strength, to his judgment and to his preference for inclusion and partnership over partisanship. We need more if it in Washington, D.C. (Cheers, applause.) Now, we all know that he also tried to work with congressional Republicans on health care, debt reduction and new jobs. And that didn't work out so well. (Laughter.) But it could have been because, as the Senate Republican leader said in a remarkable moment of candor two full years before the election, their number one priority was not to put America back to work; it was to put the president out of work. (Mixed cheers and boos, applause.) (Chuckles.) Well, wait a minute. Senator, I hate to break it to you, but we're going to keep President Obama on the job. (Cheers, applause.) Now, are you ready for that? (Cheers, applause.) Are you willing to work for it. Oh, wait a minute. AUDlENCE MEMBERS: (Chanting.) Four more years! Four more years! Four more years! Four more years! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: In Tampa — AUDlENCE MEMBERS: (Chanting.) Four more years! Four more years! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: In Tampa — in Tampa — did y'all watch their convention? I did. (Laughter.) In Tampa, the Republican argument against the president's re-election was actually pretty simple — pretty snappy. It went something like this: We left him a total mess. He hasn't cleaned it up fast enough. So fire him and put us back in. (Laughter, applause.) Now — (cheers, applause) — but they did it well. They looked good; the sounded good. They convinced me that — (laughter) — they all love their families and their children and were grateful they'd been born in America and all that — — really, I'm not being (facetious) — they did. (Laughter, applause.) And this is important, they convinced me they were honorable people who believed what they said and they're going to keep every commitment they've made. We just got to make sure the American people know what those commitments are — (cheers, applause) — because in order to look like an acceptable, reasonable, moderate alternative to President Obama, they just didn't say very much about the ideas they've offered over the last two years. They couldn't because they want to the same old policies that got us in trouble in the first place. They want to cut taxes for high- income Americans, even more than President Bush did. They want to get rid of those pesky financial regulations designed to prevent another crash and prohibit future bailouts. They want to actually increase defense spending over a decade $2 trillion more than the Pentagon has requested without saying what they'll spend it on. And they want to make enormous cuts in the rest of the budget, especially programs that help the middle class and poor children. As another president once said, there they go again. (Laughter, cheers, applause.) Now, I like — I — I like the argument for President Obama's re-election a lot better. Here it is. He inherited a deeply damaged economy. He put a floor under the crash. He began the long, hard road to recovery and laid the foundation for a modern, more well- balanced economy that will produce millions of good new jobs, vibrant new businesses and lots of new wealth for innovators. (Cheers, applause.) Now, are we where we want to be today? PRESlDENT CLlNTON: No. AUDlENCE MEMBERS: No! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: Is the president satisfied? PRESlDENT CLlNTON: Of course not. AUDlENCE MEMBERS: No! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: But are we better off than we were when he took office? (Cheers, applause.) And listen to this. Listen to this. Everybody's forgotten — (Cheers, applause.) Everybody's forgotten when President Barack Obama took office, the economy was in free fall. It had just shrunk 9 full percent of GDP. We were losing 750,000 jobs a month. Are we doing better than that today? AUDlENCE MEMBERS: Yes! (Applause.) PRESlDENT CLlNTON: The answer is yes. Now, look. Here's the challenge he faces and the challenge all of you who support him face. I get it. I know it. I've been there. A lot of Americans are still angry and frustrated about this economy. If you look at the numbers, you know employment is growing, banks are beginning to lend again. And in a lot of places, housing prices are even beginning to pick up. But too many people do not feel it, yet. I had the same thing happen in 1994 and early "95. We could see that the policies were working, that the economy was growing. But most people didn't feel it, yet. Thankfully, by 1996 the economy was roaring, everybody felt it, and we were halfway through the longest peacetime expansion in the history of the United States. But — (cheers, applause) — wait, wait. The difference this time is purely in the circumstances. President Obama started with a much weaker economy than I did. Listen to me, now. No president — no president, not me, not any of my predecessors, no one could have fully repaired all the damage that he found in just four years. (Cheers, applause.) Now — but — (cheers, applause) — he has — he has laid the foundation for a new, modern, successful economy of shared prosperity. And if you will renew the president's contract, you will feel it. You will feel it. (Cheers, applause.) Folks, whether the American people believe what I just said or not may be the whole election. I just want you to know that I believe it. With all my heart, I believe it. (Cheers, applause.) Now, why do I believe it? I'm fixing to tell you why. I believe it because President Obama's approach embodies the values, the ideas and the direction America has to take to build the 21st-century version of the American Dream: a nation of shared opportunities, shared responsibilities, shared prosperity, a shared sense of community. So let's get back to the story. In 2010, as the president's recovery program kicked in, the job losses stopped and things began to turn around. The recovery act saved or created millions of jobs and cut taxes — let me say this again — cut taxes for 95 percent of the American people. (Cheers, applause.) And, in the last 29 months, our economy has produced about 4 1/2 million private sector jobs. (Cheers, applause.) We could have done better, but last year the Republicans blocked the president's job plan, costing the economy more than a million new jobs. So, here's another job score. President Obama: plus 4 1/2 million. Congressional Republicans: zero. (Cheers, applause.) During this period — (cheers, applause) — during this period, more than 500,000 manufacturing jobs have been created under President Obama. That's the first time manufacturing jobs have increased since the 1990s. (Cheers, applause.) And I'll tell you something else. The auto industry restructuring worked. (Cheers, applause.) It saved — it saved more than a million jobs, and not just at GM, Chrysler and their dealerships but in auto parts manufacturing all over the country. That's why even the automakers who weren't part of the deal supported it. They needed to save those parts suppliers too. Like I said, we're all in this together. (Applause.) So what's happened? There are now 250,000 more people working in the auto industry than on the day the companies were restructured. (Cheers, applause.) So — now, we all know that Governor Romney opposed the plan to save GM and Chrysler. (Boos.) So, here's another job score. (Laughter.) Are you listening in Michigan and Ohio and across the country? (Cheers.) Here — (cheers, applause) — here's another job score: Obama, 250,000; Romney, zero. Now, the agreement the administration made with the management, labor and environmental groups to double car mileage, that was a good deal too. It will cut your gas prices in half, your gas bill. No matter what the price is, if you double the mileage of your car, your bill will be half what it would have been. It will make us more energy independent. It will cut greenhouse gas emissions. And according to several analyses, over the next 20 years, it'll bring us another half a million good new jobs into the American economy. (Cheers, applause.) The president's energy strategy, which he calls "all of the above," is helping too. The boom in oil and gas production, combined with greater energy efficiency, has driven oil imports to a near-20- year low and natural gas production to an all-time high. And renewable energy production has doubled. (Cheers, applause.) Of course, we need a lot more new jobs. But there are already more than 3 million jobs open and unfilled in America, mostly because the people who apply for them don't yet have the required skills to do them. So, even as we get Americans more jobs, we have to prepare more Americans for the new jobs that are actually going to be created. The old economy is not coming back. We've got to build a new one and educate people to do those jobs. (Cheers, applause.) The president — the president and his education secretary have supported community colleges and employers in working together to train people for jobs that are actually open in their communities — and even more important after a decade in which exploding college costs have increased the dropout rate so much that the percentage of our young people with four-year college degrees has gone down so much that we have dropped to 16th in the world in the percentage of young people with college degrees. So, the president's student loan is more important than ever. Here's what it does — here's what it does. You need to tell every voter where you live about this. It lowers the cost of federal student loans. And even more important, it give students the right to repay those loans as a clear, fixed, low percentage of their income for up to 20 years. (Cheers, applause.) Now what does this mean? What does this mean? Think of it. It means no one will ever have to drop out of college again for fear they can't repay their debt. And it means — (cheers, applause) — it means that if someone wants to take a job with a modest income, a teacher, a police officer, if they want to be a small-town doctor in a little rural area, they won't have to turn those jobs down because they don't pay enough to repay they debt. Their debt obligation will be determined by their salary. This will change the future for young Americans. (Cheers, applause.) I don't know about you — (cheers, applause) — but on all these issues, I know we're better off because President Obama made the decisions he did. Now, that brings me to health care. (Cheers, applause.) And the Republicans call it, derisively, "Obamacare." They say it's a government takeover, a disaster, and that if we'll just elect them, they'll repeal it. Well, are they right? AUDlENCE MEMBERS: No! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: Let's take a look at what's actually happened so far. First, individuals and businesses have already gotten more than a billion dollars in refunds from insurance companies because the new law requires 80 to 85 percent of your premium to go to your health care, not profits or promotion. (Cheers, applause.) And the gains are even greater than that because a bunch of insurance companies have applied to lower their rates to comply with the requirement. Second, more than 3 million young people between 19 and 25 are insured for the first time because their parents" policies can cover them. (Cheers, applause.) Third, millions of seniors are receiving preventive care, all the way from breast cancer screenings to tests for heart problems and scores of other things. And younger people are getting them, too. Fourth, soon the insurance companies — not the government, the insurance companies — will have millions of new customers, many of them middle-class people with pre-existing conditions who never could get insurance before. (Cheers, applause.) Now, finally, listen to this. For the last two years — after going up at three times the rate of inflation for a decade, for the last two years health care costs have been under 4 percent in both years for the first time in 50 years. (Cheers, applause.) So, let me ask you something. Are we better off because President Obama fought for health care reform? AUDlENCE MEMBERS: Yes! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: You bet we are. Now, there were two other attacks on the president in Tampa I think deserve an answer. First, both Governor Romney and Congressman Ryan attacked the president for allegedly robbing Medicare of $716 billion. That's the same attack they leveled against the Congress in 2010, and they got a lot of votes on it. But it's not true. (Applause.) Look, here's what really happened. You be the judge. Here's what really happened. There were no cuts to benefits at all. None. What the president did was to save money by taking the recommendations of a commission of professionals to cut unwarranted subsidies to providers and insurance companies that were not making people healthier and were not necessary to get the providers to provide the service. And instead of raiding Medicare, he used the savings to close the doughnut hole in the Medicare drug program — (cheers, applause) — and — you all got to listen carefully to this; this is really important — and to add eight years to the life of the Medicare trust fund so it is solvent till 2024. So — (Cheers, applause.) — so President Obama and the Democrats didn't weaken Medicare; they strengthened Medicare. Now, when Congressman Ryan looked into that TV camera and attacked President Obama's Medicare savings as, quote, the biggest, coldest power play, I didn't know whether to laugh or cry — (laughter) — because that $716 billion is exactly, to the dollar, the same amount of Medicare savings that he has in his own budget. (Cheers, applause.) You got to get one thing — it takes some brass to attack a guy for doing what you did. (Laughter, cheers, applause.) So, here, wait a minute — (sustained cheers, applause) — now, you're having a good time, but this is getting serious, and I want you to listen. (Laughter.) It's important, because a lot of people believe this stuff. Now, at least on this issue, on this one issue, Governor Romney has been consistent. (Laughter.) He attacked President Obama, too, but he actually wants to repeal those savings and give the money back to the insurance company. (Laughter, boos.) He wants to go back to the old system, which means we'll reopen the doughnut hole and force seniors to pay more for drugs, and we'll reduce the life of the Medicare trust fund by eight full years. (Boos.) So, if he's elected, and if he does what he promised to do, Medicare will now grow broke in 2016. (Boos.) Think about that. That means, after all, we won't have to wait until their voucher program kicks in 2023 — (laughter) — to see the end of Medicare as we know it. (Applause.) They're going to do it to us sooner than we thought. (Applause.) Now, folks, this is serious, because it gets worse. (Laughter.) And you won't be laughing when I finish telling you this. They also want to block-grant Medicaid, and cut it by a third over the coming 10 years. AUDlENCE MEMBER: No! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: Of course, that's going to really hurt a lot of poor kids. But that's not all. Lot of folks don't know it, but nearly two-thirds of Medicaid is spent on nursing home care for Medicare seniors who are eligible for Medicaid. (Cheers, applause.) It's going to end Medicare as we know it. And a lot of that money is also spent to help people with disabilities, including — (cheers, applause) — a lot of middle-class families whose kids have Down's syndrome or autism or other severe conditions. (Applause.) And honestly, let's think about it, if that happens, I don't know what those families are going to do. So I know what I'm going to do. I'm going to do everything I can to see that it doesn't happen. We can't let it happen. (Cheers, applause.) We can't. (Cheers, applause.) Now — wait a minute. (Cheers, applause.) Let's look — AUDlENCE MEMBERS: Four more years! Four more years! Four more years! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: Let's look at the other big charge the Republicans made. It's a real doozy. (Laughter.) They actually have charged and run ads saying that President Obama wants to weaken the work requirements in the welfare reform bill I signed that moved millions of people from welfare to work. (Jeers.) Wait, you need to know, here's what happened. (Laughter.) Nobody ever tells you what really happened — here's what happened. When some Republican governors asked if they could have waivers to try new ways to put people on welfare back to work, the Obama administration listened because we all know it's hard for even people with good work histories to get jobs today. So moving folks from welfare to work is a real challenge. And the administration agreed to give waivers to those governors and others only if they had a credible plan to increase employment by 20 percent, and they could keep the waivers only if they did increase employment. Now, did I make myself clear? The requirement was for more work, not less. (Cheers, applause.) So, this is personal to me. We moved millions of people off welfare. It was one of the reasons that in the eight years I was president, we had a hundred times as many people move out of poverty into the middle class than happened under the previous 12 years, a hundred times as many. It's a big deal. But I am telling you the claim that President Obama weakened welfare reform's work requirement is just not true. (Applause.) But they keep on running the ads claiming it. Do you want to know why? Their campaign pollster said, we are not going to let our campaign be dictated by fact-checkers. (Jeers, applause.) Now, finally I can say, that is true. (Laughter, cheers, applause.) I — (chuckles) — I couldn't have said it better myself. (Laughter.) And I hope you and every American within the sound of my voice remembers it every time they see one of those ads, and it turns into an ad to re-elect Barack Obama and keep the fundamental principles of personal empowerment and moving everybody who can get a job into work as soon as we can. (Cheers, applause.) Now, let's talk about the debt. Today, interest rates are low, lower than the rate of inflation. People are practically paying us to borrow money, to hold their money for them. But it will become a big problem when the economy grows and interest rates start to rise. We've got to deal with this big long-term debt problem or it will deal with us. It will gobble up a bigger and bigger percentage of the federal budget we'd rather spend on education and health care and science and technology. It — we've got to deal with it. Now, what has the president done? He has offered a reasonable plan of $4 trillion in debt reduction over a decade, with 2 1/2 trillion (dollars) coming from — for every $2 1/2 trillion in spending cuts, he raises a dollar in new revenues — 2 1/2-to-1. And he has tight controls on future spending. That's the kind of balanced approach proposed by the Simpson-Bowles Commission, a bipartisan commission. Now, I think this plan is way better than Governor Romney's plan. First, the Romney plan failed the first test of fiscal responsibility. The numbers just don't add up. (Laughter, applause.) I mean, consider this. What would you do if you had this problem? Somebody says, oh, we've got a big debt problem. We've got to reduce the debt. So what's the first thing you say we're going to do? Well, to reduce the debt, we're going to have another $5 trillion in tax cuts, heavily weighted to upper-income people. So we'll make the debt hole bigger before we start to get out of it. Now, when you say, what are you going to do about this $5 trillion you just added on? They say, oh, we'll make it up by eliminating loopholes in the tax code. So then you ask, well, which loopholes, and how much? You know what they say? See me about that after the election. (Laughter.) I'm not making it up. That's their position. See me about that after the election. Now, people ask me all the time how we got four surplus budgets in a row. What new ideas did we bring to Washington? I always give a one-word answer: Arithmetic. (Sustained cheers, applause.) If — arithmetic! If — (applause) — if they stay with their $5 trillion tax cut plan — in a debt reduction plan? — the arithmetic tells us, no matter what they say, one of three things is about to happen. One, assuming they try to do what they say they'll do, get rid of — pay — cover it by deductions, cutting those deductions, one, they'll have to eliminate so many deductions, like the ones for home mortgages and charitable giving, that middle-class families will see their tax bills go up an average of $2,000 while anybody who makes $3 million or more will see their tax bill go down $250,000. (Boos.) Or, two, they'll have to cut so much spending that they'll obliterate the budget for the national parks, for ensuring clean air, clean water, safe food, safe air travel. They'll cut way back on Pell Grants, college loans, early childhood education, child nutrition programs, all the programs that help to empower middle-class families and help poor kids. Or they'll cut back on investments in roads and bridges and science and technology and biomedical research. That's what they'll do. They'll hurt the middle class and the poor and put your future on hold to give tax cuts to upper-income people who've been getting it all along. Or three, in spite of all the rhetoric, they'll just do what they've been doing for more than 30 years. They'll go in and cut the taxes way more than they cut spending, especially with that big defense increase, and they'll just explode the debt and weaken the economy. And they'll destroy the federal government's ability to help you by letting interest gobble up all your tax payments. Don't you ever forget when you hear them talking about this that Republican economic policies quadrupled the national debt before I took office, in the 12 years before I took office (applause) and doubled the debt in the eight years after I left, because it defied arithmetic. (Laughter, applause.) It was a highly inconvenient thing for them in our debates that I was just a country boy from Arkansas, and I came from a place where people still thought two and two was four. (Laughter, applause.) It's arithmetic. We simply cannot afford to give the reins of government to someone who will double down on trickle down. (Cheers, applause.) Now, think about this: President Obama — President Obama's plan cuts the debt, honors our values, brightens the future of our children, our families and our nation. It's a heck of a lot better. It passes the arithmetic test, and far more important, it passes the values test. (Cheers, applause.) My fellow Americans, all of us in this grand hall and everybody watching at home, when we vote in this election, we'll be deciding what kind of country we want to live in. If you want a winner-take-all, you're-on-your-own society, you should support the Republican ticket. But if you want a country of shared opportunities and shared responsibility, a we're-all-in-this-together society, you should vote for Barack Obama and Joe Biden. (Cheers, applause.) If you — if you want — AUDlENCE MEMBERS: (Chanting.) Four more years! Four more years! PRESlDENT CLlNTON: If you want America — if you want every American to vote and you think it is wrong to change voting procedures — (jeers) — just to reduce the turnout of younger, poorer, minority and disabled voters, you should support Barack Obama. (Cheers, applause.) And if you think — if you think the president was right to open the doors of American opportunity to all those young immigrants brought here when they were young so they can serve in the military or go to college, you must vote for Barack Obama. (Cheers, applause.) If you want a future of shared prosperity, where the middle class is growing and poverty is declining, where the American dream is really alive and well again and where the United States maintains its leadership as a force for peace and justice and prosperity in this highly competitive world, you have to vote for Barack Obama. (Cheers, applause.) Look, I love our country so much. And I know we're coming back. For more than 200 years, through every crisis, we've always come back. (Cheers.) People have predicted our demise ever since George Washington was criticized for being a mediocre surveyor with a bad set of wooden false teeth. (Laughter.) And so far, every single person that's bet against America has lost money because we always come back. (Cheers, applause.) We come through ever fire a little stronger and a little better. And we do it because in the end we decide to champion the cause for which our founders pledged their lives, their fortunes, their sacred honor — the cause of forming a more perfect union. (Cheers, applause.) My fellow Americans, if that is what you want, if that is what you believe, you must vote and you must re-elect President Barack Obama. (Cheers, applause.) God bless you and God bless America. (Cheers, applause.) It's on the basis of these data that Shuang Chen, an assistant professor of history now currently at Iowa University, wrote her dissertation on land distribution in Shuangcheng from to1870 to 1906. So, in Shuangcheng all land was tenured/g. There are two major types of land, government-allocated land and self-cultivated land. I think what's important for us to recognize is not these details about the land categories or the names or the taxation or the rules, but it's rather the two important patterns that these data documents. One is between-category inequality, and the other is within-category equality. So, in other words, the Metropolitan banner men had about twice the wealth of rural banner men, and this inequality between Metropolitan and rural banner men persisted during the half-century that our study covers. At the same time, within-category, most metropolitan households, you add up their land together. Whether it is government allocated land or self cultivated land. It's roughly, it's roughly equal. So, in other words if we were to take HKUST, the illustration would be business school professors make more than humanities professor. But within the business school, business school professors make roughly the same amount each, while the humanities humanity professors make roughly the same amount each. So, within-category equality, between-category inequality. And indeed, if we look at the overall distribution of land in Shuangcheng in 1876, we see a pattern which is very different from the distribution of wealth in the United States in 2004. So, while you also have a group of have a lots, but in this case it's 10% rather than 1%, having 30% of all the land. We don't have that 40% of households with 0% of wealth. Instead, the bottom 10%. it's only 10% instead of 40%, the, and that bottom 10% largely consists of widows, of young children, people who in terms of the rules at the time were not legally allowed to own land. In between next 10%, the next 10%, the next 20%, the next 40%, the amount of wealth is roughly equal. So, although you do find have-a-lots, haves and have-nots, you'll find overall in distribution, which is far more equal than in England and Wales in the 18th, 19th and early 20th century and the United States in the 20th and early 21st century. So, that's the first overall and most important finding. Even before modern economic growth, even when China was still a more feudal society, the distribution of wealth in China wa, was relatively equal within category with some inequality between category. Over time of course, there was some mobility. And you do see here for example, some metropolitan banner men, the sort of lavender histograms having ultimately less land than moving from the top half to the bottom 10%. And you see even more striking that some of the red households, the rural banner households are able to move from the bottom half to the top half in terms of land ownership. But overall, you can also still see that in spite of this mobility, you do see relative equality within-category, with over 55% of the households, the lar, highest histogram being in the top half. And almost half of the rural banner households being in the bottom half. So, within-category equality, between-category inequality. And this high level of persistence pretty much stayed the same. Here, we're comparing 1870, 1876, 1889, there's really very little change over time. So, in that sense, we can see a yes mobility, yes growth, but overall equality. and in that sense, a distribution of wealth which is quite strikingly different from the historical distribution of wealth that we saw for England and Wales, and for the United States. So, the state policy in other words succeeded in maintaining between-category inequality and within-category equality. So, the ca, these are patterns which have been identified by some well known distinguish sociologist for contemporary China. But what's less recognized and very important to note is that this kind of within-category equality and between-category inequality, in fact, is a, is a pattern that with long historical roots. It is not a recent creation of the Chinese communist state. and in fact despite the existence of land accumulation, the pattern of land distribution created by the state policy persisted even after the removal of these institutions in the early 20th century with the Republican Revolution in 1911 - 1912. So, I don't want to go through all the details because there is a lot of historical details in this study, and I recommend the thesis and the subsequent book to you. But the main point to remember is that, a pattern which we'll find, and we'll discuss in a moment for contemporary China, which is within-category equality. Between-category inequality, in fact, has deep historical roots, which probably goes back to China's political economy. handrail Ana Maria Tavares is a sculptor who has worked with urban equipment which normally passes unnoticed highlighting its potencial for industrial design, of these things that accompany us through the city, and transforming them into sculptures in this case starting from the shape of the handrails which are everywhere Translated by Gaspar Pini Here's a question to you. Is the latitude, longitude, altitude system right-handed or left-handed? Consider going north to increase the latitude and consider going east to increase the longitude. So, is it right-handed or left-handed? (Burnie) This weekend we went to PAX East. I took it, I think I to a whole new level. We were out at the bar, I was just sitting there drinking, so I got to that point where I was like right at the edge of drunk, and we were going to leave to meet our people for dinner, and I was like, "Oh, I got a full drink in my hand", and I just slammed it. (Gavin) There you go. (B) That was it. (G) That's the best one. (B) And Ashley's like "Oh shit, I have Drunk Burnie here, what have I done?" Then, we went to go meet the Rooster Teeth group at dinner, and so I walked in, and the way Barb described it was, I walked up to our table, and went to them, and I go, "You're all drunk!" [laughing] (B) And Barbara goes, "Uh oh". Everyone's there, they've been working so fucking hard, and so I stood up, held my glass up to everyone at the table, everybody like stops and looks at me, and I go, "I am Catbug!" [laughing] (B) But the rude thing to happen was after that. So, Bethesda had a big party, Ashley knew some people there, so she goes, "Hey, we're going to this party, but you're pretty drunk so I'll just keep an eye on you, we'll be there for just a little bit then we'll go", and I said, "Aces, let's do it". So we get to the party and Ashley says, "Stay here, I'mma go to the bathroom, don't do anything, don't talk to anybody, just stand right here, I'll be right back." "I'll go to the bathroom with you." She goes, "No, no, no, no, no." She goes, "Just stay here, I'll be right back", so I say okay. She said she went to the bathroom, she came back, and she said I had bags of popcorn, and that I was going up to people, and I would give them a bag of popcorn and I'd go, "Hey, here, take this popcorn. You're too drunk, you have to go now. You have to leave." [laughing] (B) And people were leaving! (G) Oh my god! (B) I was kicking people out. I had a dude come up to me at our booth the next day, and he goes, "Burnie, I just wanna apologise." He goes, "I had a little bit too much to drink at the party, and you kicked me out. You gave me a bag of kettlecorn." (G) You're a piece of shit! [laughing] Here now don't make a sound Say have you heard the news today? One flag was taken down To raise another in its place A heavy cross you bear A stubborn heart remains unchanged No home, no life, no love No stranger singing in your name Maybe the season The colours change in the valley skies Dear God I've sealed my fate Running through hell, heaven can wait Long road to ruin there in your eyes Under the cold streetlights No tomorrow, no dead end in sight Let's say we take this town No king or queen of any state Get up to shut it down Open the streets and raise the gates I know one wall to scale I know a field without a name Head on without a care Before it's way too late Maybe the season The colours change in the valley skies Oh, God I've sealed my fate Running through hell, heaven can wait Long road to ruin there in your eyes Under the cold streetlights No tomorrow, no dead ends Long road to ruin there in your eyes Under the cold streetlights No tomorrow, no dead end in sight For every piece to fall in place Forever gone without a trace Your horizon takes its shape No turning back, don't turn that page Come now, I'm leaving here tonight Come now, let's leave it all behind Is that the price you pay? Running through hell, heaven can wait Long road to ruin there in your eyes Under the cold streetlights No tomorrow, no dead ends Long road to ruin there in your eyes Under the cold streetlights No tomorrow, no dead ends Long road to ruin there in your eyes Under the cold streetlights No tomorrow, no dead end in sight In this segment, I want to talk a little bit about type inference and then, we'll continue this discussion the next segment about one type being more general than another. We're going to study type inference a little later in the course and understand how ML actually does it, but I need to tell you a little bit about it now so that you're not concerned on your next homework if you're getting some types back from ML that might surprise you in certain ways. So, as I mentioned, once we learned how to pattern match on each of types, in the second homework, we don't want you to use the hash character. We don't want you to say hash two or hash foo to get the foo field out of a record. And conversely, now in ML, once we stop using the hash character, we don't have to write down types on any of our function arguments anymore or on any of our variable bindings or anything else. And it turns out these things are related. That once you use pattern matching for getting the pieces of a tuple or a record, the type checker can always figure out what the type of a function argument should be. So, let me show you how that works mostly by showing you code. Here are two functions we've seen before. Our old friends for summing a triple. Take in a single triple x, y, z to pattern-matching against the three parts and sum them up. Or take in a record here, with first, middle, and last fields, bind those fields x, y, and z and then concatenate them together with some blank spaces in between. So, if I just run this and, load this up we will see, as we've seen before, that the type checker can figure out that sum_triple1 needs to have type int * int * int arrow int. You can tell it's a triple, because it's x, y, z. You can tell they have to be ints because x, y, and z are added together. Similarly, full name has to be a record with first, last, and middle fields. And those contents have to be strings because in the body, we concatenate them. And then, the result type of full name one is of type string. So, these patterns told the type c hecker most of what it needed to know. And then how the variables were used showed the rest. So, let me show you that if you use instead hash characters, the type checker does not have as much information. Now, these versions, sum_triple2 and full_name2, which use hash characters the old fashioned way, will work, and they will work just fine. So, let me quickly go over here, and just show you that, that if I reuse them, they work just fine and we get the correct types for sum_triple2 and full_name2 but if I took out these types, and let me just do this for the first one here and try that again, I now get a compilation error message, unresolved flex record, need to know the names of all the fields, blah, blah, blah. And the reason why the ML type checker is complaining is it looks at this sum_triple, and it can tell the triple here needs to be a tupple with at least three fields where the contents are type int. But how does it know that there isn't a fourth position, or a fifth position, or a sixth position? It doesn't. And every type system has certain limitations. And in ML, one of those limitations, is you can't write a function that takes on both three tupples and four tupples. And so, since the type checker can't figure out how wide the tupple supposed be, you get an error message. And that's why this simply doesn't type check and why, in homework one, we made you write those types down. Alright. So, that's fine. That's an advantage of not using hash. But now, let me show you something that you may trip across in homework two and so its important that we tell you about it, okay? So, here are a couple of functions that don't use all the pieces that were pattern-matching against. So this function partial sum adds together x and z and doesn't use y. And, similarly, this name function concatenates the first and last name but doesn't use the middle name, alright? So, if told you on your homework, say, to write a function of type int * int * int arrow int, that indeed had the behavior of adding the first position in t he third position, you would probably write exactly this code. And then, you would save it. And then, you would come over here and you would run this. And you would see that the type of partial sum is int * alpha * int arrow int. And you would say, oh no, I wanted an int * int * int arrow int, and what I got was an int * alpha * int arrow int. And what I want to tell you is, that's okay. That sometimes, the type checker is perhaps a little bit smarter than you are, and in looking at your functions, decides they are more general, more reusable than you expected. And indeed, if you look at this, it worked just fine to call partial sum with three integers. It's a polymorphic function that works for a tuple where the middle position has any type, and indeed, we can call partial sum with three, four, five and get eight, but we could also call it with a string in there, and that will also type check. It would not work to put that string in the last position, alright? That doesn't type check, and that's because if you look at the code, the last part does have to be an int, because we add it. So, whenever this happens, and it often happens when you're not using part of your argument, you'll end up with a more general type than you might expect. And that is okay, alright? I sometimes call this unexpected polymorphism, alright? If your function is correct, and you still need to test it, you still need to make sure that it does work for the types that it is required to work for. Then, if it also works for values of other types, well, that's just a useful thing. And we don't need to worry about the type that ML gave us as long as it's more general than what we needed. Now, hopefully this idea of more general is intriguing to you, and you'd like to learn, hey, given two types, how can I tell if one is more general than another? And I can give you precise rules for doing that and I'll do it in the next This is hombrelobo.com, we are in Agadir we are entering the souk ... I think because we are being brought here this is the taxi's area and they are horning at me, of course here you have all the taxis waiting and apparently the souk is a bit further ahead that way there are hundreds of taxis The white and orange cars are all taxis And here we are they told me not to aim at people without asking first, so I cannot take that guy there, the one bringing us as you can hear, someone got hold of us in the street we were looking for the souk and a guy talked to us in the street and he's bringing us there and we are doubting if he is bringing us to the right place he is obviously bringing us to his shop but also .. well, at least there are many taxis here, so something big is happening in here let's see what we find at least we are having a good time things that happen when you travel different places different customs here we have a bit of that they told me not to aim at people but I hope you can see a bit what people do and what's around here ok, let's see, I will tell you during next video, hope you like them We have seen where the names for the EQL are published now I wanted very quickly to show you where you apply for an NQL. I know this has been covered in one of the other tutorials but I just wanted to make one or two points. So we are looking at the eTwinning Desktop, we would go to the project area and click on it. Here, of course you get a list of your projects, and here are the labels. underneath the image of the label, there is a link to apply for a quality label. Click on that and you arrive at the form. The points I wanted to make here. First of all it says a short description, but please try to make it as pithy or revealing of the project as you can. The most important thing here is this second box here, because remember neither the National Support Service, nor the Central Support Service or anybody outside has any access to your work in the TwinSpace, It is totally private. so unless you can give them access here or you decide to publish some aspects of the TwinSpace they won't be able to see the work behind the scenes so it ireally important that you fill out something here so that allow people to go into your TwinSpace to look at it. They need only be guests, they don't have to have any rights to change anything, other than to read what is there. I wanted to quickly show you that. Of course this is a 3 part form. I will just fill in something briefly here so I can show you the next part of the form which is one of the most important. these are the criteria on which the award is based and this is the same information that will be used when ,at some future date you want to apply for an European Prize. and now I will move on and ahow you a form filled out for a European prize. As part of his defense for his claim that he knows very little. Socrates says, you know, I can call in my defense a bit of evidence. And at this time, as I mentioned in our last lecture, at this time there was a temple, a place called Delphi that had priestesses called Pythians and the priestesses would, we now know, inhale the gas from an underground crevice and then proceed to answer questions that people would come to ask them. People would come from far and wide to ask the Pythian questions because people believed that the Pythian, the priestess could not possible be wrong. That's where the word, our contemporary English word oracle comes from. The contemporary English word oracle means something like a source of information that can not be in error. So people would go to the Pythian and ask for information because they knew that, or believe that information could not be wrong. So, Socrates says, my friend Cheraphon one time went to the Pythian and asked, is anybody in all of Athens wiser than Socrates? And the Pythian apparently answered, Cherapon attests to this. A Pythian answered, no. No one is wiser than Socrates. Now, Socrates now goes on to say, don't be surprised by this. This sounds perhaps amazing but I was surprised, too. I was amazed at this answer, and I didn't understand it. I thought maybe the god who spoke through the mouthpiece of Pythian, the priestess, was somehow using a riddle or messing with our minds in some way. But then I began to think about it. But first thing, backing away from what Socrates himself says, let's be sure that we're clear about what that answer actually means. When somebody says no one's wiser than Socrates, that's not the same thing as saying Socrates is wisest of all. Just as if I say no one is taller than George. That doesn't mean that George is that tallest. He might be tied in first, for first place with Marion, Susan and Bob for all we know. So no one Soc, taller than Soc,[LAUGH] let me try it again, no one is wiser than Socrates might just be because many people are equally wise and that No one is more wise than he is, but he can be tied for first place with 17 other Athenians for all the Pythian priestess has said. That left aside, that's a little bit of logic chopping as it were, but I think it's important to be careful about what the statement actually is. Nest point is the following: Socrates says look I was surprised by this answer, I didn't understand it; so I took it upon myself to try to figure out what the oracle could possibly mean. And Socrates tells us that he was surprised, as I say, he was surprised by this answer and he began to think about it. And he began to realize that maybe what the oracle means is something like the following I don't pretend or profess to have knowledge, whereas other people profess or pretend to have knowledge that they in fact, don't have. So, Socrates says, maybe I have the following slight advantage over many of my fellow Athenians. I'm not under any illusions of thinking that I know when in fact I don't whereas, other people are under this illusion of thinking that they know when in fact they don't and this teaches us a general lesson about the nature of self knowledge I want to suggest that is to say self knowledge is a matter requires a certain amount of wisdom and wisdom is not just a matter of having a lot of information of knowing lots of things, wisdom is also of knowing your limitations, knowing which you don't have. Being, being having a certain amount of humility over the fact that you, there are many questions whose answers you don't know. So, Socrates starts out with that general idea that perhaps what I have, the advantage I have over my, my fellow Athenians is that I don't have any false preconceptions about myself, and that I had that little bit of wisdom and thereby self-knowledge, due to the fact that I don't have any false views about how much I know. First point. Second point, Socrates says, I spent much, a great deal of time after hearing about this god's oracular pronouncement trying to prove that God was, the God was wrong. Tried to show that, that pronouncement was incorrect. So, for example, I went to the politicians and I tried to understand whether or not they had more knowledge than I did. And I went to visit the politicians and asked them questions about justice and knowledge, what the proper running of a state consisted in, and I found that many of them had Views about this many of them had beliefs about this but, none of them had what we would call knowledge. That is none of them could justify their opinions in a proper way, so they had hollow claims to knowing things they thought they knew. They took themselves to have this advantage over others, but that advantage was useless. They did not have the knowledge that they took themselves to have, first example. Second example, Socrates says, then I went to the poets and I tried to understand their poetry. And although, even though their poetry was wonderful. I still found myself feeling that they didn't understand the nature of those poems themselves. Bystanders could better explain the meaning of those poems than the poets could themselves. And so I didn't find the poets had a great deal of knowledge about things that are important. Either they, when they wrote these poems, were if anything, Socrates says, in a kind of trance. And they were, as it were, swept away by almost like a mystical experience when they wrote the poems, but in the process, and likewise beforehand and afterwards, they couldn't say anything articulate about what those poems meant. So I went on. I talked to the craftsmen and found myself very impressed with the skill that these craftsmen had but still didn't feel that they had wisdom. That they had knowledge of a sort that made me feel they knew something that I didn't. If anything, they were, they had a disadvantage by comparison to me because on the strength of their skill in making things like pots and, for examp, and, and statues and some paintings. They took themselves to be wise about other things as well. About the proper running of the state, or how to raise children, or how to educate people. And that professed knowledge, that professed wisdom, was hollow as well. Now, as you can imagine, after going around to all the different groups within Athenian society, and trying to figure out whether any of them had more knowledge, or wisdom than I did, and finding that none of them did, I started to get unpopular. That is to say, I was unable to find any kind of. Work, I wasn't able to make any kind of money, I fell into great poverty, and became extremely unpopular because so many people found that I was irritating them. I was kind of like being a gadfly, showing that they didn't know what they thought they knew, and making them, making them frustrated with me as a result. And not only that but some young men follow my example, you can see the young opinions Athenians around the Socrates says who, who follow me wherever I go more or less who, who join in my conversation with others which we all try to show or determine at least whether now I follow the thing is had knowledge. These young man eng, engage with me in his conversations and kind of do the same thing, that might be why it is that people think I'm professing knowledge and trying to change these young men but they choose to follow me and that make them to do so. >> So how exactly different are human beings? >> Well, our genomes are approximately 99.9% similar. >> That is not a lot of difference. >> Well, it may seem like there's not much difference between us, but our human genome is three billion letters. And if we're only 0.1% different, you tell me. What's 0.1% of 3 billion letters? This video segment begins with an examination of climate forcing factors. Forcing factors such as sunlight and greenhouse gases are responsible for climactic variations that Earth has experienced throughout its history. To predict the future verse climate requires a thorough understanding of forcing factors and how they are likely to change. Forcing factors fall into two categories, external and internal. External forcing factors involve agents outside of Earth and its atmosphere. By contrast, internal forcing factors originate right here on Earth. Variations in sunlight for example are external, where variations in greenhouse gas concentrations are internal. This segment focuses on external forcing factors. Its major points are: number one, external forcing factors include galactic variations, solar orbital variations, and sunspots. Number two, galactic variations occur over 100's of millions of years and thus are uncertain. Number three, sunlight impinging on Earth depends on the Cosine Law, Kepler's Second Law, and the Inverse Square Law. Four, sunlight varies with the obliquity, eccentricity, and precession of the solar orbit. Number five, solar orbital variations may explain glacial and interglacial periods. Last, sunspots have a surprisingly strong influence on climate. Earth is a planet orbiting the Sun, a yellow dwarf star in a spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. Here's a photograph of our galaxy. Who took this picture? Actually it's a photograph of a galaxy that is similar in size and shape to the Milky Way. The Milky Way rotates around a central axis, completing a rotation every 150 to 350 million years. The quantity and quality of energy reaching Earth from nearby star systems and the interstellar medium undoubtedly varies during this rotation. Several major climactic events such as ice ages, the KT boundary, the Great Dying, and Ordovician and Silurian extinction are separated by about 150 to 190 million years; might be coincidental with a period of galactic rotation. Yet the galactic period is so long and so uncertain so as to obscure its influence on Earth's climate. The major driver of Earth's climate is the amount of sunlight that it receives. Three laws- Cosine law, Kepler's second law, and Inverse Square law relate the amount of sunlight impinging on Earth to it's orientation with the sun. The first is the Cosine law. Sunbathers instinctively obey this law in orienting themselves perpendicular to the sun, to maximize the interception of solar rays, or more parallel to the sun to decrease interception. The sharper the angle between the sunbather and the sun, the greater the area over which a given amount of solar energy is distributed and thus, the smaller amount of energy per unit area. Mathematically, I equals I sub zero cosine theta, where I equals the solar energy per unit area. I sub zero equals the incoming solar energy and theta is the angle of incidence. In the sunbathing example, the sun bather perpendicular to the sun is I equals I sub zero, cosine angle of zero degrees equals I sub zero. The sunbather parallel to the sun is I equals I sub zero, cosine 90 degrees which is equal to zero. The cosine law explains many of the differences in climate between the equator and the poles. At the spring and autumn equinoxes, March twentieth and September twenty-second the sun is at midday, directly over the equator, and focused on a relatively small area. Whereas near the poles it is at an oblique angle and spread over a relatively large area. Moreover at the oblique angle near the poles. Solar energy passes a longer distance through the atmosphere and is more likely to be reflected or absorbed before striking the surface. The reflectance of many materials increase that of an oblique angle. For example, sunsets reflecting off the water. For all of these reasons, the poles receive less solar energy per unit area than the equator. The cosign law also explains differences among the seasons. Earth rotates daily around an axis that is oriented at an angle of 23.4 degrees away from its plane of the sun. At the equinoxes the sun is directly over the equator. But at the solstices, June twenty-first or December twenty-first, the sun is directly above the Tropic of Cancer, 23.4 degrees north, or the Tropic of Capricorn 23.4 degrees south. Therefore on June twenty-first, the Tropic of Cancer receives full sunlight, and the Tropic of Capricorn receives 68.5 percent of full sunlight. On December twenty-first, the reverse applies. The second law introduced here is Kepler's second law, which can be summarized as gravitational bodies rotate through equal areas in equal time. In this case, a line drawn from Earth to Sun sweeps the same area of the orbital plane every day, regardless of where the planet is in its orbit. Consequently, Earth moves faster when it's near the sun than when it is far because that's a smaller distance it needs to trace a greater arc to cover the same area. This means that Earth spends less time close to the sun. Third and last is the inverse square law. It treats the sun as a point source of light that distributes energy evenly in all directions. Therefore at a given distance from the sun, its energy is distributed over a surface area of a sphere; Four Pi r squared. At twice the distance, its energy is distributed over four times the area and so on. The inverse square law states that the amount of energy striking an area decreases with the square of the distance from the sun. Or in mathematical terms, I equals I sub zero over four Pi r squared, where I equals the solar energy per unit area, I sub zero equals the initial solar energy, Pi equals 3.14159; R equals the distance from the sun. The distance between the sun and the Earth varies between 147,000,000 kilometers on January third and 152,000,000 kilometers on July fourth. Putting these values into this equation means that Earth at its furthest distance from the sun during the summer in the northern hemisphere receives only 93.5 percent of the solar energy that it receives at its closest distance. Nonetheless the more acute angle of the northern hemisphere to the sun during July more than compensates for the further distance. For example, at the Tropic of Cancer, the ratio of solar energy in June over solar energy in December equals I subzero cosine zero degrees over I subzero cosine 46.8 degrees, or 146%. Together with the effect of distance, this equals 93.5 percent and 146 percent, which equals in total a 128 percent change. As discussed above, Earth's diurnal axis of rotation currently has an angle of 23.4 degrees with respect to its orbital plane around the sun. The planet, however, wobbles like a spinning top, and this angle oscillates between 22.1 degree and 24.5 degrees every 41,000 years. This means that the seasonal difference in the amount of solar energy reaching earth varies with a period of 41,000 years. At the extremes the current Tropic of Cancer, latitude 23.4 degrees, would receive 142.6 or 149.1%, about a 4.5 percent change in solar energy from the minimum to maximum tilt. The elliptical shape of Earth's orbit around the sun is characterized by its eccentricity. Eccentricity in mathematical terms is E = a - p, Over a + p where E is the eccentricity, A is the aphelion, farthest distance from the sun, P is the perihelion, closest distance to the sun. Currently, Earth's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167, but it oscillates between 0.005 near circular and 0.0617 more elliptical with an average periodicity of about 100,000 years. As the eccentricity of Earth's orbit increases the amount of solar energy reaching Earth fluctuates more from summer to winter because of the greater seasonal differences both in the distance between Earth and the sun, Inverse Square law, and the time spent at the aphelion and perihelion, Kepler's second law. When the eccentricity is near circular, seasonal variation derives solely from the differences in the angle between the axis of Earth's diurnal rotation and its orbital plane around the sun; dosine law. At present the summer and winter solstices and the aphelion and perihelion, furthest to closest, nearly coincide. The solstices are June twenty-first and December twenty-first, while the aphelion and perihelion are respectively July fourth, and January third. Earth, however, behaves like a wobbling top. And the alignment of the axis of Earth's diurnal rotation with distance from the sun oscillates with an average period of 21,000 years. That is 10,500 years ago. Earth was closest to the sun on July fourth when the northern hemisphere was tilted toward the sun and furthest from the sun on January third when the northern hemisphere was tilted away. Combining the influences of the three orbital factor of obliquity, eccentricity, and precession, one can reconstruct a history of solar insolation, the amount of solar energy reaching Earth per unit area. Solar insolation oscillates with the periods of its components; 41,000 years obliquity, 100,000 years eccentricity, and 21,000 years precession. At the beginning of the twentieth century estimates of these periods and those of Earth's glacial cycles became sufficiently accurate to suggest a causal relationship between Earth's radiation balance and climate. Solar insulation in the northern hemisphere has a greater effect than that of the Southern Hemisphere because the northern hemisphere currently has about 65 percent of Earth's land mass. And land absorbs much more solar energy than ocean. Therefore, when the northern hemisphere receives more solar energy, so does the planet as a whole. The Serbian astrophysicist, Melanin Melankovich 1879-1958, proposed that when the solar insulation in the northern hemisphere was relatively high during the December, January period and relatively low during the June, July period, more snow accumulated during the winter, and less melted during the summer causing glaciers to advance and an ice age to occur. How well does this theory fit the observed climatic variations? The Delta eighteen oxygen of sea bottom sediment cores a temperature proxy, oscillates with periodicity that reflects changes in obliquity and eccentricities. The influence of precession on Delta eighteen oxygen is less evident. Changing the alignment between the sun's rotational axis and the gravitational center of the solar system produces intense fluctuation in vertical magnetic fields of the sun. These divert heat flow from deeper layers in the sun and generate patches of fluctuating temperatures on the surface that manifest as sunspots. Although Chinese astronomers recorded the presence of sunspots as early as 28 B.C., systematic counts of sunspots began with the invention of the optical telescope. They show that the number of sun spots varies with about an eleven year period as well as with some less predictable longer cycles. Measurements from spacecrafts since 1978 affirm that total solar energy oscillates with 0.05 percent to 0.07 percent in synchrony with sunspot number. Variation in solar energy of this magnitude should account for only about a 0.03 degree Celsius change in global temperatures. Nonetheless sunspot number and mean surface temperature of the terrestrial northern hemisphere are positively correlated. For example the period from 1645 to 1750 the middle of the little ice age, when Europe, North America, perhaps much of the world suffered bitterly cold winters was largely devoid of sunspots. Do sunspots significantly affect earth's climate and might they be responsible for some of the recent climate anomalies? The current consensus is that the influence of sunspots is far smaller than that of many other forcing factors such as Earth's atmospheric composition. This segment has focused on external forcing factors. Some major points were: number one, external forcing factors include galactic variations, solar orbital variations and sunspots. Number two, galactic variations occur over hundreds of millions of years and thus are uncertain. Sunlight impinging on Earth depends on the Cosine law, Kepler's Second law and Inverse Square law. Sunlight varies with obliquity, eccentricity and precession of the solar orbit. Number five, Solar orbital variations may explain glacial and interglacial periods. Lastly, number six, sunspots have a surprisingly strong influence on climate. [Norvig] And the answer is that E is dependent on A. That much is fairly obvious. But it's also dependent on B. Now, why is that? E is dependent on A because if the earthquake did occur, then it's more likely that the alarm would go off. On the other hand, E is also dependent on B because if a burglary occurred, then that would explain why the alarm is going off, and it would mean that the earthquake is less likely. The student revolts that gave rise to black studies happened alongside similar uprisings in the Asian and Chicano/latino student communities, and oftentimes they took place as part of the united front. Thus, Asian studies, Chicano latino studies, and Gender studies come from a similar efforts from marginalized communities in their struggles toward social justice. For that reason, Black Studies theories and methodologies have much to offer to their sister disciplines. WEB Dubois writings on the color line and dual consciousness, that is, the dilemma African Americans face in constantly having to negotiate the boundaries of living simultaneously living in two worlds (black and white) are works that Asians, Latinos, women, and sexual minorities may find value in. The African-American experience in terms of citizenship in the United States - granted by the 14th amendment to the constitution -is an experience that the immigrant community may find value in especially in light of the current backlash on the immigrant community in Arizona in which citizens and noncitizens alike who come from immigrant backgrounds are faced with a whittling away of their civil rights. Some have even considered a partial repeal of the 14th amendment such that the children of undocumented immigrants born in the United States would not be given citizenship rights. As far as the African-American experience -we've been there and done that, and the country would do well to look two that experience as well as the experience of Jim Crow before we go any further down this very dangerous road. By the same token, black studies, and black students, have much to gain in engaging Asian Studies, Chicano/Latino Studies, and Gender Studies. The brilliant contributions of the late Gloria Anzaldua have in many ways succeeded those of WEB Dubois. She writes as a Latina, a woman, a second generation Mexican immigrant, and a lesbian and the notion of border crossing along multiple borders (that is the cultural boundaries between the various aspects of her identity). Is it possible to exist as a Latina in a United States society that devalues that aspect of who she is? How does one negotiate being a woman in a US and Latino society with strong notions of male supremacy? How is it possible to exist as a lesbian within a context that looks upon homosexuality with disdain? These are questions that Gloria Anzaldua deals with that bring dual consciousness to a whole new level - a level of multiple consciousness. I believe black studies would do well to add some of those theories and perspectives into a discipline that encompasses people of multiple identities especially when black people of diverse backgrounds are often in such close contact. Why is it that when you visit the cafeteria on your campus you often see African Americans and Africans (immigrants from Africa) sitting at different tables? What about Blacks from the Caribbean? Are they just as black as black folks from Mississippi? What about black folks who happen to be gay or lesbian? Are the just as black as straight black folk? The social critique of Gloria Anzaldua may be helpful in helping students of Black Studies wrestle with those questions. Finally, what about white students? What do they have to gain from black studies? What is it like to experience the United States as a person of African descent, and what insights can a person gain by looking at that experience? Again, Cornel West shares his insights at an event that I hosted at Sonoma State University. A warning to viewers, this excerpt does contain language that some consider to be offensive, but Dr. West uses the language to make it very eloquent point: ... And we need is so very badly today, especially after 9-11... Especially after 9-11. Never in the history of the nation have all Americans felt unsafe, unprotected, subject to random violence and hated for who they are. It's a new experience any Americans. Many white brothers and sisters, to me, "You know, brother West, I just can't get over this sense of being hated like this." I say, "You don't say! Really?! Oh! That's a novel thing, huh?" "Yeah, I just don't like it." I say, my dear brother, to be a nigger in America for 400 years is to be unsafe, unprotected, subject to random violence, and hated for who you are. So, we've got some experience that might be useful. We've got some experience that might provide some insight for the nation itself to access the best of its past and its present, now that the whole nation in that particular sense has become "niggerized." What kind of resources are available for that nation? Will they remain socratic? Self critical? Or will it become self righteous? Will they remain prophetic or will it become revengefull? Let's look it certain moments in black history when black folk had to respond to vicious forms of degradation called terrorism. What did Emmet Till's mother say when she stepped to the lectern when her baby, Emmet, shot down by American ... murdered by American terrorists in Mississippi August 1955. You all know who Emmet Till was? She brought his body back to Chicago. They said under no circumstances will we allow the coffin to be open. She said, "This is my only baby. I'm 32 years old, and my husband fought in the Jim Crow army against a vicious xenophobe named Hitler, carrying the U.S. flag, and now his baby is now the victim of American terrorism. We go'n keep that coffin open. And they did keep that coffin open in Chicago, didn't they? And 50,000 citizens of all colors - the first major civil rights demonstration, three months before a black sister named, Rosa Parks sat down in order to stand up for justice in December, 1955. And what did she say when she stepped to the lectern - tears flowing, socratic juices still at work - looks over the lectern, her baby's head is five times the size of his ordinary head, and the coffin is open? And she says, "I don't have a minute to hate, I'm gonna pursue justice for the rest of my life! What level of spiritual maturity and moral wisdom and courage to still both critique, but also the care and to love went into that statement. She's not isolated. This is a tradition that produced her. That took very seriously the interrogation of dogma like white supremacy, but yet at the same time she refused to get in the gutter with cowardly gangsters who killed her baby because she didn't have to read Shakespeare's, The Merchant of Venice, to know that the law can be bent one way or the other. Against Shylock or for him or, against Portia or for him. She didn't have to listen to the quality of mercy speech of Portia, then Portia herself was unable to enact. She had already been molded by something else that said, "I'm still not gonna hate! I'm not gonna hunt them down like cockroaches. I'm not gonna exercise of vengeance and revenge. I'm not gonna be manichaean, thinking that somehow, I'm purely good and they are purely evil. No! I'm deeper than that! Martin had the same challenge when four young sisters in Birmingham were victims of American terrorism. 16th St. Baptist Church, you will know what I'm talking about, September 1963. The only time Brother Martin cried in public. Didn't know what to say. Wondering whether this non- violence was a hoax and anyway. People gonna be killing babies like that in church, in Sunday school. He looks of the parents. Tears flowing again. What does he say? "Somehow we've got to muster the armors of love and justice." This is a great people at their best! At their best! And it's a human potential for any people at their best! As Cornel West is fond of saying, there's much that society at large can gain from the experience of a "blues" people, a people whose unique experience provides fresh new perspectives and insights. That does it for this episode. Join me next time for a look into the African past. We explore rise and fall of powerful and wealthy African kingdoms as well as the fateful path they took that ultimately led to the Atlantic slave trade -the trafficking of millions of human beings from West Africa to the Americas. Roll up, wait a minute. Let me put some kush up in it. Roll up, wait a minute. Let me put some kush up in it. Roll up, wait a minute. Let me put some kush up in it. Roll up, wait a minute. Let me put some kush up in it. Now, it's that puff, puff, pass shit, Cheech and Chong grass shit. Blunts to the head, kush pillows, no mattress. Speed boat traffic, bitches automatic. Cross that line, fuck around, and get yo' ass kicked. We roll shit that burn slow as fucking molasses. Probably won't pass it, smoke it 'til the last hit. Down to the ashes, Mary J. a bad bitch. Andre 3001, another classic. Go ahead ask him bitches. 'bout how I be smokin' out, party all night, oh yeah, it's goin' down. Order rounds, we smoke a quarter pound of that good stuff. Oh, yeah, we smokin' all night. Yeah, puff, puff, pass that shit right here, nigga, better than my last batch Caramel complexion and her ass fat. Inhale, exhale. Inhale, exhale. I know you tryin' to get high. Type of shit'll have ya leaning sideways. Take a whiff of this suicide. Holla at me 'cause I got it all day. No need to fly to Jamaica. For the ganja, we can get the same thing. You want the bomb, bomb, biggy. Holla at niggi right here in L.A. Inhale, exhale. Inhale, exhale. Hold up, wait a minute. Let me put some kush up in it. Hold up, wait a minute. Let me put some kush up in it. Still I am Tighter than the pants on Will.I.Am. Backthrow, back still, I have a pound in my backpack. Next to where the Swishers at, smokin' Presidential. Got some Bubba, I give ya that, need it for my cataracts Four ho's and I'm the pimp my Cadillac You can tell 'em Cali back, matter fact, they goin' know This ain't dro, get a whiff of that No, it ain't no seeds in my sack, you ain't never gotta ask, dawg What he smokin' on? Shit, kush 'til my mind gone What you think I'm on? Eyes low, I'm blown High as a motherfucker, there ain't no question 'bout it Niggas say smoke me out, yeah, I really doubt it I'm Bob Marley reincarnated, so faded So if you want it, you know yo' nigga, homie You can put it in a Zag or a Blunt and get blunted Inhale, exhale Inhale, exhale I know you tryin' to get high Type of shit'll have ya leaning sideways Take a whiff of this suicide Holla at me 'cause I got it all day No need to fly to Jamaica For the ganja, we can get the same thing You want the bomb, bomb, biggy Holla at my niggi right here in L.A. Inhale, exhale Inhale, exhale Ain't that kush, we blow on the best smoke Inhale slow, no joke, make yo' ass choke Hold up, wait a minute, you can put it back 'Cause what you got in yo' sack, boy, it ain't that Ain't that kush, we blow on the best smoke Inhale slow, no joke, make yo' ass choke Inhale, exhale Inhale, exhale Inhale, exhale Inhale, exhale So a car insurance company wants to know whether their is an association between age and frequency of car accidents, so we have this table so the total here, the total here is just the total of everything across and then i wrote total here to give the sum of everything and in this case they all happen to be 100 so then i want to know if the data provides sufficient evidence to conclude that association so the first thing to do is were going to use what i suggest is we just label these groups with arbitrary letters (inaudible) hard to reference so we just call this A, B, C, we call this X, Y, Z now we are going to make a table using combinations of this so like ax which is 0 accidents in the last 3 years for under 25 years of age has a frequency of 74 so the (inaudible) observed for ax is 74 the (inaudible) for ay is 90, we are just going to create a vertical column of that information so its going make this so much easier so now we have got each combo, there will be 9 of them cause we have 9 different data points, here is our frequencies carried over from the table, now we are going to generate these so for the first one, the expected for ax, is going to be the row total of a times the column total of x divided by (inaudible) so for E of ax is going to be 248 times 100 divided by 300, does everyone got that? Cause its, thats the row total for a, the column total for x, this is our total number of samples, so we just do that for every combination, for this one since the column totals are the same were going to have like the scores repeat and that's why we have 3 of the same score, 3 of the same score, 3 of the same score When we subtract our expected from our observed, then we get the values now you are going to square each of the values to get rid of the negatives and then you are going to divide each value by the e in that same row so this .91 were taking 75.17 and dividing by 82.67 so now we are going to need a total for that, the total for this column x squared is the total for this column so so if we sum that up, (inaudible) (What is a MOOC?) [Dave Cormier] The massive open online course is a response to the challenges faced by organizations and distributed disciplines in a time of information overload. It used to be that when you wanted to know about something you could do a few things: you could ask someone, you could buy a book, you could try to figure it out for yourself, or you could call a school. If that's school offered a course in a thing you were trying to figure out, you could go there and take it. You could get access to information about a topic. An instructor had combed through journals and books to pull the information together from a library. You might even find others who are also interested in the same things you are. The MOOC is built for a world where information is everywhere, where a social network obsessed with the same thing that you are is a click away: a digital world. A world where an internet connection gives you access to a staggering amount of information. This video will introduce you to how a Massive Open Online Course is one way of learning in a networked world. A MOOC is a course, it's open, it's participatory, it's distributed and it supports lifelong networked learning. In one sense, a Massive Open Online Course is just that: it's of course. It has facilitators, course materials; it has a start and an end. It has participants But a MOOC is not a school, it's not just an online course it's a way to connect and collaborate while developing digital skills; it's a way of engaging in the learning process that engages what it means to be student. It is, maybe most importantly, an event around which people who care about a topic can get together and work and talk about it in a structured way. But the course is open: all the work gets done in areas accessible for people to read and reflect and comment on. The course is open in the sense that you can go ahead and take the course without paying for it - you might pay to get the credit through an institution, but you're not paying for participating in the course. It's also open in the sense that the work done in the course is shared between all the people taking it: the material put together by the facilitators, the work done by the participants - it's all negotiated and in the open. You get to keep your work and everybody else gets to learn from it. The courses participatory: you really become part of the course by engaging with other people's work. Participants are not asked to complete specific assignments but rather to engage with the material, with each other, and with other material they may find on the Web. You make connections between ideas, and between you and other people, in network. One of the outcomes that people get from the course are the network connections they built up through engaging with each other. The course is distributed and all these blog posts and discussion posts, video responses, articles, tweets and tags, all knit together to create a networked course. They're mostly not found in one central location but rather all over the internet, in different pockets and clusters. There's no "right way" to do the course, no single path from the first week to the last. This allows for new ideas to develop, and for different points of views to co-exist. It also means that one of the side- effects of a MOOC is the building of a distributed knowledge base on the Net. The course is a step on the road to lifelong learning. MOOCs promote independence among learners and encourages participants to work in their own spaces and to create authentic networks that they can easily maintain after the course finishes. A MOOC can promote the kind of network creation that lifelong learning is all about: the course part is just the beginning. And how can you go about finding one of these? Well, news that a MOOC will be offered usually spreads on online networks, people who have reputations for interesting skills or innovative thinking on a topic decide to collaborate by offering an open online course covering their topic. Anyone who wants to join in can. In a MOOC, you can choose what you do, how you participate, and only you can tell in the end if you've been successful just like real life. (written and narrated by Dave Cormier video by Neal Gillis) (researchers: Dave Cormier, Alexander McAuley, George Siemens, Bonnie Stewart) (Created through funding received by the University of Prince Edward Island through the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council's "Knowledge Synthesis Grants on the Digital Economy) Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org Starring HAJI SUZUKI and ONN-CHAN HlKARU OTSUBO, KYOKO HARA and RAKUMARO SANYUTEI KOTA MORI and TOMlO WATANABE KOJI KlTA and RANKO (CONTlNENTAL KlDS) Your memory will never return. I'm certain of it. Still... we must release you into the real world. Good luck out there. Hey... how much? How much... Huh? Who are you? Are you hungry? Come on. You can live here with me. It's Pinocchio. Then what is the number for? Then I guess I'll call him... Pinocchio Starting today... you're going to learn our language. First say PlNOCCHlO... Pi - no - cchi - o. I'm not joking! I spent a lot of money! So what are you going to do about this situation? I've never seen such an impotent bastard before! He doesn't know what an erection is! I'm sorry Narishima isn't here. Sorry. Yes... I can't make a comment on that. Yes... yes... He'll call you back. Yes. You're so excited, aren't you? I will drive you insane tonight. Stop that! Stop doing that! I'm so sorry madam. We try to do our best for the client. But remember, you're dealing with living things. You've lost my trust. I will make it right again! Save the speech! I want another one. One that is constantly erect! I want this one! A-ko, This one would be better for you. Now we must discuss how we'll deal with your current 964. Aah, That? Nothing but rubbish. What did you do with him? I was pissed off... I threw him out. Is there a problem? You made a big mistake... Do you understand that because 964 is out there somewhere... We run the risk that everyone will know about this... I will give you a new Pinocchio A-ko but if you do this again I will have to have you erased! Such attitude! You made the contract with him. What is a Pinocchio anyway? Try to say it; Pi- no - cchi- o! Pi- no- cchi- o! That's good! You said it! That's your name! Pinocchio! 964 is missing. - Oh no Look for him. - Yes! Wait! We must keep it very secretive. Find him quickly -Yes! Himiko. Pinocchio! P-Pinocchio! - Himiko. Not Pinocchio... Say Himiko. - Hi-mi-ko. Himiko... Himiko. What's wrong? Are you hungry? Here. I know, you have to use the bathroom. Himiko! Himiko! Whjt... Dfvga... Hkyktnnnt... Kackefergy... Jhfergenenisfer...!!! Homenestay... uncafaerny... ana... hungh? Huaghungawa... unawah... huh? What the Hell, can you talk? What's going on? Who am I? Where am I? What's going on? Please tell me! I don't know. I'd like to know myself. What's going on? Why am I here? I don't know anything! What's wrong with me? Please tell me what's going on! Don't panic. Ok? You couldn't talk until just a minute ago. You're improving. You look like you're in a good mood. My wife finally agreed to adopting a child. Great huh? The climbing season starts tomorrow. Pass me the paper. - Okay. After we complete this map. People like us will have a better life. Then... we won't need a memory to live in this town. I'm getting something to drink. Wait for me. Let me ask you a question... We're looking for someone. He has just a patch of hair. No, he's not totally bald, just a little patch in front. He's about this tall and his name is Pinocchio. Thanks to the silly asses of the world... I can make a fortune. I am a Cupid for the people in the world. I give old ladies with big tits a blow of sexual shock. That's the only way to save them. Pinocchio! What's wrong with you? What's wrong with you? What's wrong with you? What's wrong with you?! Let me see. Move your hands! Let me see it! Move your hands! I'll help you. Come here. Are you sure I'll be alright? Don't worry. I'll take care of you. What happened to you? I don't know. It hurts really bad. Pinocchio... it'll be alright. You'll be fine now... ...and forever. Himiko! You're hurting me! Ha! I tricked your silly ass! You stupid asshole! Who will help you now? You'll be like this forever! Excuse me? Excuse me?! Excuse me? You don't have time to mess with people. Are you hungry?! Eat it. Eat it more! This is a great lunch for you! Eat every bit! Eat it! Eat the noodles! Don't spit it out! Eat the noodles! More noodles! Eat all of the noodles! How's does that taste?! If I melt these metal cuffs and put them in your mouth... ...you'll visit Hell! Raw wheat... raw rice and raw eggs... ...make them rot away... by putting them in your mouth. Where is 964? - Maybe he's... No! This can't be happening! This is too weird! Why can't we find him? He doesn't think and he shouldn't have a memory! He's a freak! - Maybe he's dead. It would be very helpful. Is the next Pinocchio ready for delivery? Yes... but we don't have enough for this month's orders. Shit! What are you saying? Keep selling them no matter what! Idiots are everywhere! Increase our production and sell them off! How... How do we do it? Figure it out for yourself. Just contact us when you find him. Please wait! That's not fair! Wait! Please wait! I don't know what to do? There he is. You're looking for Pinocchio, aren't you? How do you know about the Pinocchio? - I know where he is. How do you know anything about him? You'll take all the credit. Hurry up. You'll see. Come on and hurry up. While he's still alive. Pinocchio is in here. Now what? Is he dead? - I don't know. I... I... Don't move. I'll contact my boss. Stay here. A phone! Hurry up and answer! I found him! I found Pinocchio! Hold on Shimada. He found Pinocchio. Where are you? I see! Stay there! Don't try to do anything yourself. Do you hear me?! Okay! Where is Nagashima? - He had an emergency! This is more important! Where is he? Plus there is a girl with Pinocchio! Kill her! This is very toxic. The gas will kill a person immediately without any sign of foul play. What will we do with the 964? Bring him back here. He needs to be reprogrammed! Yes sir, -Wait. Look at this. - You have ten bullets but one is enough. Get a hold of Nagashima! I'm not carrying this heavy thing! You do it. You're a goody two shoes. How does he expect me to find Nagishima? Where the Hell is he? But we... I know we can't adopt. I don't have time to wait. I have to do it myself. Otherwise... I can't wait forever. That's right! My wife said we could adopt! My wife will be happy with a daughter. I did it. I did it. I have a daughter now! All right, we won't wait for that asshole any longer. I'll show him! We can do it alone! Hurry up! I've been waiting forever. What are you going to do? - Lets just do it. We must kill her. That woman. Why? Why do we have to kill her? Why? Shut up! What the? Don't do it! You asked for it! Why? Why isn't he dead! - Kill him or we'll die! He's not human! Die! Die! How! Himik-ooooooo! What's taking so long? He's our company's secret! Is everything prepared for the operation? - Yes. Bastards! Those three are useless! I pay them good money... What fuck up's they are! I'm stressed out and pissed off and I'm getting very mad! They're eating up all of my money! He's getting out! We must stop him! We must kill him. - We should go back now. Where did he go? - Let's get back to the company! What do I do? - Come with me and hurry up! Boss! Help us Boss! - What is it? - He got away! What?! What the Hell were you assholes doing? He recognized us. He saw me and knew who I was. What? - It's not possible... His memory came back? That's what you said?! This can't be happening. He's coming here. Who are you? You must kill him! Get away from me! Here he comes! He's here. He came to ask you for help! What are you going to do? - Shut up! He's just an idiot! What will you do? We must catch him! Narishima! Help me! It's impossible! Fucking impossible! Help me! Please... help... me! The only way we can help you is by killing you! Monsters must be destroyed! Don't bother us! Be nice and die quickly! Help me! Do something! I hired you for this! What do you expect me to do?! What can I do? Why do you always ask me?! You said you would help me! Why do I have to die? I'm a genius... Why? Die! Explode! Help me. Why don't you help me? Tear your face off! Tear your own face off! How does it feel?! Oh... This feels so good. Everything is so clear... I love being with you! Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org Hey! Come to Penn State Harrisburg! Why Penn State Harrisburg? For me, its close to home I liked the small community feel I like that it was a smaller campus It was easy for me to commute and work a part-time job Definitely diverse; Diversity in programming They have a good political science program They had a good biology program All the professors seemed to really interact well with the students They really want you to succeed and its very apparent The quality education I definitely chose Penn State because of its name Its everything, its the tradition Its the name, its the sports The vibe on campus is very outgoing They have a lot of organization, a lot of great people Its a smaller campus, so you can network and you can build relationships with your professors I feel like professors and other students know me by name The vibe at Penn State Harrisburg is really friendly You come here and theres tons of stuff to do, tons of activities The student body is just tremendous, they come out and support you In every event that you perform Its like a home away from home type of atmosphere I actually met my best friend, Samantha, in my calculus class my freshmen year We're from totally different backgrounds A couple of the people that I've met, they've been from Europe, from Britain I'm from Niger; I'm from Dubai Penn State Harrisburg is unique in that it still offers All of the same attributes of any Penn State Campus You definitely get the college experience But you also get the one-on-one with teachers, and the close knit community It's still Penn State, which is #1 in my book It kinda makes you feel special or important to be able to go to school here Penn State is a big name, love this school Come to Penn State Harrisburg, its awesome! So that we don't get stumped by the Arbeglas in our life and especially when we don't have talking birds to help us, we should be able to identify when things get a little bit weird with our systems of equations. When we have scenarios that have an infinite number of solutions or that have no solutions at all. And just as a little bit of a review of what could happen, these are the-- think about the three scenarios. You have the first scenario which is kind of where we started off, where you have two systems that just intersect in one place. And then you have essentially one solution. So if you were to graphically represent it you have one solution right over there, one solution. And this means that the two constraints are consistent and the two constraints are independent of each other. They're not the exact same line, consistent and independent. Then you have the other scenario where they're consistent, they intersect,but they're essentially the same line. They intersect everywhere. So this is one of the constraints for one of the equations, and the other one if you look at it, if you graph it, it is actually the exact same one. So here you have an infinite number of solutions. It's consistent, you do have solutions here, but they're dependent equations. It's a dependent system. And then the last scenario, and this is when you're dealing in two dimensions, the last scenario is where your two constraints just don't intersect with each other. One might look like this, and then the other might look like this. They have the exact same slope but they have different intercepts. So this there is no solution, they never intersect. And we call this an inconsistent system. And if you wanted to think about what would happen just think about what's going on here. Here you have different slopes. And if you think about it, two different lines with different slopes are definitely going to intersect in exactly one place. Here they have the same slope and same y-intercept, so you have an infinite number of solutions. Here you have the same slope but different y-intercepts, and you get no solutions. So the times when you're solving systems where things are going to get a little bit weird are when you have the same slope. And if you think about it, what defines the slope, and I encourage you to test this out with different equations, is when you have-- if you have your x's and y's, or you have your a's and b's or you have your variables on the same side of an equation, where they have the same ratio with respect to each other. So with that, kind of keeping that in mind, let's see if we can think about what types of solutions we might find. So let's take this down. So they say determine how many solutions exist for the system of equations. So you have 10x minus 2y is equal to 4, and 10x minus 2y is equal to 16. So just based on what we just talked about the x's and the y's are on the same side of the equation and the ratio is 10 to negative 2. Same ratio. So something strange is going to happen here. But when we have the same kind of combination of x's and y's in the first one we get 4, and on the second one we get 16. So that seems a little bit bizarre. Another way to think about it, we have the same number of x's, the same number of y's but we got a different number on the right hand side. So if you were to simplify this, and we could even look at the hints to see what it says, you'll see that you're going to end up with the same slope but different y-intercepts. So we convert both the slope intercept form right over here and you see one, the blue one is y is equal to 5x minus 2, and the green one is y is equal to 5x minus 8. Same slope, same ratio between the x's and the Y's, but you have different values right over here. You have different y-intercepts. So here you have no solutions. That is this scenario right over here if you were to graph it. So no solutions, check our answer. Let's go to the next question. So let's look at this one right over here. So we have negative 5 times x and negative 1 times y. We have 4 times x and 1 times y. So it looks like the ratio if then we're looking at the x's and y's always on the left hand side right over here, it looks like the ratios of x's and y's are different. You have essentially 5 x's for every one y, or you could say negative 5 x's for every negative 1 y, and here you have 4 x's for every 1 y. So this is fundamentally a different ratio. So right off the bat you could say well these are going to intersect in exactly one place. If you were to put this into slope intercept form, you will see that they have different slopes. So you could say this has one solution and you can check your answer. And you could look at the solution just to verify. And I encourage you to do this. So you see the blue one if you put in the slope intercept form negative 5x plus 10 and you take the green one into slope intercept form negative 4x minus 8. So different slopes, they're definitely going to intersect in exactly one place. You're going to have one solution. Let's try another one. So here we have 2x plus y is equal to negative 3. And this is pretty clear, you have 2x plus y is equal to negative 3. These are the exact same equations. So it's consistent information, there's definitely solutions. But there's an infinite number of solutions right over here. This is a dependent system. So there are infinite number of solutions here and we can check our answer. Let's do one more because that was a little bit too easy. OK so this is interesting right over here, we have it in different forms. 2x plus y is equal to negative 4, y is equal to negative 2x minus 4. So let's take this first blue equation and put it into slope intercept form. If we did that you would get, if you just subtract 2x from both sides you get y is equal to negative 2x minus 4, which is the exact same thing as this equation right over here. So once again they're the exact same equation. You have an infinite number of solutions. Check our answer, and you can look at the solution right here. You convert the blue one into slope intercept and you get the exact same thing as what you saw in the green one. Let's try our hand at crafting another regular expression. It's a creative activity. It's fun stuff. And this one is designed to be a bit tricky. I'm going to ask you to write a regular expression that matches single-argument mathematical functions. Let me be more specific about that. First, the function name is a lowercase word made up of 1 or more lowercase letters, [a - z]. The function argument should be a number made up of 1 or more digits, [0 - 9]. And there may, optionally, be spaces before and/or after the argument. So here you've got a function name that's lowercase letters--cosign--c-o-s. It has parenthesis, and then it has a single argument that's a number. Here we've got the same thing, but I've got these spaces before and after the argument. These 2 are not matched. This one has a space between the function name and the parenthesis. For this particular exercise, that's not allowed. We're only allowing spaces just before and just after the number. This one is square root of x, but we're looking for functions that have numeric arguments, not word arguments. Submit via the interpreter, a regular expression matching this specification. As a hint, you may find that you have to escape the opening and closing parenthesis to make sure that they're treated correctly. MlKE SONG: Five, six, seven, eight. ANZE SKRUBE: Seven, [INAUDlBLE]. [SCREAMS] DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Three, season two! Whoo, I just spit on your belly, girl! ANDREW GARClA: Girl, that's you. CHESTER SEE: Did you say fart? LAUREN FRODERMAN: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. ANDREW GARClA: Hey, hey, hey, yeah. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: The thing about Anze, this man can't stop fixing his hair. Under any circumstance, this man will stop, look in the mirror, and fix his hair. MlKE SONG: This is my Anze impression. Two minutes later. Two minutes later. MEGHAN ROSETTE: Every time there's a mirror. ANZE SKRUBE: Oh, yeah. LAUREN FRODERMAN: You know, because I am European and stuff and my hair looks great. I felt good all the way through, and I think we reached our climax right at the moment we were supposed to. Ah, that's bad. I'm sorry, don't use that. ANDREW GARClA: Oh my god. Dancing. LAUREN FRODERMAN: Take that out. ANDREW GARClA: Yeah. MEGHAN ROSETTE: You're invincible. ANZE SKRUBE: Even if you're hitting me, that's fine. Five, six, seven, eight. One, two, and three, four, five. Nice. Good job. MEGHAN ROSETTE: Sorry, I hit your hand really hard. ANZE SKRUBE: No, that's good. I like it hard. Five-- what was that? Oops. CHESTER SEE: OK. Da! LAUREN FRODERMAN: Yep, good. CHESTER SEE: Better a person. Oh my god. LAUREN FRODERMAN: A little [INAUDlBLE]. CHESTER SEE: Da! FEMALE SPEAKER: Absolutely not. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Lauren's crazy! She got too much ADD rolling around. Any open chance she get, you always find her rolling around on the floor like what are you doing? Stop rolling around and teach your partner how to dance, you little crazy, ADD chick. LAUREN FRODERMAN: Ha, ha, ha, that's funny. MlKE SONG: So she's always just falling to the floor like ah, ah, ah, ah. LAUREN FRODERMAN: So I'm a crazy roller on the floor. ANZE SKRUBE: I feel like she's just got so much energy and she needs to release it. BRlTTANI LOUlSE TAYLOR: What am I doing? MlKE SONG: Yes. BRlTTANI LOUlSE TAYLOR: Is it more like a-- MlKE SONG: Almost there. BRlTTANI LOUlSE TAYLOR: OK. MlKE SONG: Let's destroy this. OK, cool. MEGHAN ROSETTE: Just saying it, white girls can't really dougie. Now I feel confident. ANZE SKRUBE: You see? MEGHAN ROSETTE: Just be my body double. No one will tell the difference. We're both blondes, right? MlKE SONG: Cool. Team awesome? BRlTTANI LOUlSE TAYLOR: Team awesome. MEGHAN ROSETTE: No, it wasn't that funny. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: This girl Brinn, she's so sweet. BRlNN NlCOLE: Welcome! DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Anytime you talk to her she'd be like oh, yeah, flowers, sun. BRlNN NlCOLE: Hugs, hugs. I'm just in a more spiritual mood today than I normally am. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: But as soon as that music turns on, this girl will be shaking her cakes like crazy. Oh, you don't what cakes are? Apparently you haven't been to Baskin & Robbins lately. Cakes are on a booty, y'all! BRlNN NlCOLE: A sexy cop? The sexy secret agent? ANZE SKRUBE: On the dance floor you would see her doing something like-- and, you know. MALE SPEAKER: In that box, there's Domino's Pizza napkins. Do you mind? ONLY USE ME BLADE: Oh, yeah. You know Domino's is greasy, so it's meant to soak it up. It's a sponge. Oh, yeah. It smells like Domino's, too. MEGHAN ROSETTE: There's a bobby pin in my pants. I just found that, hold on. Oh my God. CHESTER SEE: I'm nervous. I'm nervous when I go to the doctor and I get tested for STDs. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: You got Exotic Jess, you got Swimneychift 11. Chift, swimney, swimney, chimney. You got Chimneyswift 11. LAUREN FRODERMAN: I'm being that Family Guy dog, the one with the broken legs. See you later, this is awkward for me. See, I'm that type of person that does things and doesn't think about them. And then afterwards I'm like, oh, all these repercussions. That's why people don't do this. That's why it's just me. ANZE SKRUBE: Mike always makes this funny sound effect. MlKE SONG: Uh, ah, boom, bah. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Oh, ah, oh, ah. MlKE SONG: Digga, digga deh. Digga digga, deh. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Uh, ah, digga, digga, ding, ding, ding. MlKE SONG: Digga, digga, deh. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Oh, what is that digga, ding, ding, ding? MlKE SONG: Wha bam! Wha bam! Wha bam! Wha bam! LAUREN FRODERMAN: Every time I look at him, if we're all talking or what not, he's just like-- MlKE SONG: Chic, chic, chic, chic, chic. LAUREN FRODERMAN: Meep mop. MlKE SONG: Do, do, do, do, dooooo. Wa, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah. Huh, huh, huh, huh, huh. Ah, ah, uh, ah, uh, ha. Doingg. BRlNN NlCOLE: When he's dancing, he doesn't need music. PRANK VS PRANK: I always make the dumbest faces when I dance. LAUREN FRODERMAN: That's good! PRANK VS PRANK: Yes, going to Harlem State. You didn't see this yet? Get off me! LAUREN FRODERMAN: Dance Showdown. PRANK VS PRANK: Dance Showdown, son. LAUREN FRODERMAN: Exactly. MlKE SONG: Bend, bend, bend. And to the left. So whoo, whoo, to the right, to the left, to the right. Going on one, two. So I really have to go to the bathroom. Am I almost done or should I just go right now? FEMALE SPEAKER: Probably have like a couple more. MlKE SONG: OK. FEMALE SPEAKER: But do you want to go now? MlKE SONG: Like how many more? FEMALE SPEAKER: Maybe like six. MlKE SONG: I'm going to go now. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Even though you're catching this on camera, I'm sure no one will ever see this, right? LAUREN FRODERMAN: OK, you know what? That's OK. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: It happened again! Oh, snap! CHESTER SEE: Look at us, [INAUDlBLE]. ANZE SKRUBE: Two, one, and-- MlSS HANNAH MlNX: I think we broke the chair. ANZE SKRUBE: Ah, we broke the chair. MlSS HANNAH MlNX: We broke the chair! ANZE SKRUBE: We practice too hard. DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Yeah! LAURlEANN GlBSON: Bravo, judges! Bravo! ANZE SKRUBE: D-trix, he's just a crazy town. LAUREN FRODERMAN: You watch him and it just gets to be a lot of like whoo! MlKE SONG: It's your boy, D-trix. BRlNN NlCOLE: You're watching Dance Showdown, comment below, subscribe, yeah! MlKE SONG: Whoo! BRlNN NlCOLE: Whoo! MlKE SONG: Whoo! Whoo! Whoo! Whoo! LAUREN FRODERMAN: Whoo! DOMlNIC SANDOVAL: Whoo. Bing. Whoo! Heh! Wooo! Woo! Hoo subscribe. EXOTlC JESS: Thanks so much for watching Dance Showdown. Please leave us a comment below and tell us what you're most looking forward to. Subscribe if you haven't to already. If you haven't to? Thank you so much. Thank you so much for watching Dance Showdown. Please do me a favor and leave me a comment below and tell me what you're most excited. Mother [BLEEP]. MlKE SONG: Good bye. Hopefully I'm out of frame. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. My name is Bahvna Mishra, and I thought life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're going to get. This holds true in many aspects of life, such as relationships, friendships, education, and leading on from that, eventually our careers. I can tell you so from my own experiences as a teenager right now. The adolescence stage in our life is the phase when we begin the journey of finding our true selves, when we begin to learn who we are as people, who we want to be and who we aspire to be. And this happens to the element of surprise, the idea of not knowing what we're going to get, is what helps us grow as people, helps us come to a conclusion to this journey of discovery. We're constantly learning through life and it " s a never ending task, and we're at the peak of this learning journey during our teen years. Let's look at relationships. The ending of a relationship right now feels like the end of the world. But it's really not. It's just the beginning, a door opening towards a new relationship. And the best part of that is that you don't know who it's going to be with or what it's going to feel like. You're probably wondering why that's the best part. Well, the other person can be the complete opposite of what you thought your idea of perfect was. It might seem completely wrong at the beginning, but it could turn out to be the best decision you've ever made. And if it's not, well, then you've made a mistake. But learn from your mistakes! Don't dwell on it. It's a similar situation with friendships. I've recently learned to differentiate between my true friends and the people who are just in it for the benefits of it. I'm not picky about my friends. If I like you, I'm more than happy for you to be my friend. It's just that sometimes people don't... Sometimes people aren't always who they seem to be. But that's ok, because the next time around, you'll know exactly what or, more specifically, who to look out for. And what more obvious if we're learning media and even education itself? Let's be honest: how much of what we actually learn in class are we ever going to use in our day-to-day lives? The funny thing about it is, though, that you never know what piece of information might come in handy in certain situations. We all regret that talk about "where the baby came from" with our parents. And at that time, we just, like: "Woh, it's disgusting. I don't need to know that!". But you'll eventually realize that it's probably one of the most helpful talks you've ever had. Could be, not necessarily. Don't even get me started on careers. I'm at this stage in my life right now, where I should be coming close to a decision about what field of work I want to pursue, in order to choose my subjects for university. But I'm extremely confused. One part of me wants to go into the unpredictable industry of filmmaking, and exploit my creativity, while the other half just wants easy money through business. But, no matter what I choose, there's never going to be a definite path to success. I'm going to have to make mistakes, going to have to make the wrong decisions, in order to make the right ones. When you have a problem at hand, you always have a choice. You either deal with it and find a solution, or you just brush it off. All these aspects of life are like a box of chocolates. You never know what flavors are going to be offered and, most importatly, which ones you're going to like or dislike out of them. But once you've taken a bite out of a flavor, you always have the choice: you either develop a taste for it, or just spit it out and never try it again. The point is that the honor of surprise is good. Take life as it comes and don't regret any moment, 'cause, at the end of it, you'll know that you've learned something along the way. Thank you. (Applause) Good Evening! Now to present the five and ten year service awards please welcome to the stage Executive Director of Central Iowa Youth For Christ: Matt Mayse and Expansion Project Coordinator for the National Office: Josh Kingry! Welcome to this Jimdo review! With several million users this website builder has become a popular choice for users from all around the world. To edit a Jimdo website, simply go to your homepage and click the "login" link. Now you enter your password to access the website editor. When you are logged in you can see this toolbar where you find a range of important functions. But more on that later, let me first show you how to edit a Jimdo site. When I move my mouse over a Jimdo element it will be highlighted telling me that it can be edited. If you want to make changes in this text block for example, simply click on it and this text editor will open up. Here you can change the style of your typeface and also choose a different color if you want to. And here you can change or add an image by uploading a new one from your computer. To add a new element, all you have to do is click the "plus" button. This gives you the whole variety of Jimdo elements that you can add to your page, for example a photo gallery, file downloads, a contact form, YouTube videos or even a newsletter subscription form, as Jimdo has its own simple built-in newsletter tool. You can also easily add "share buttons" so that your website visitors can share content they like with their friends on Facebook and Twitter for example. If you decide that you'd rather have this widget in the right hand column you can simply drag and drop it there. What's special about this side-column in Jimdo is that it will be shown on all pages. That means you only need to add the share buttons once and they will appear on every single page of your website. What's important to know is that changes will be published to the web immediately. With many other website builders you first have to click "publish" before it will be visible to the public. If you don't want certain pages to be seen from the public you can enable a password protection. But more on this later. As always, click on the element to edit it. You can move around your existing pages here ... and also change their hierarchy. You can have up to three levels, which isn't too much but should be enough for most small to medium-sized websites. To exclude pages from your navigation, click on the eye symbol. This way you can hide pages--like your terms & conditions page, if you have one - and only show it in your website's footer for example. To add a new page, simply click - you probably guessed it - the "add a new page" button or this "+" icon. Let's now take a look at the website's header. When I click here the header editor opens up. Jimdo offers a range of free images to choose frombut you can also upload your own image. Check the dimensions of your banner here to make sure it will be the right size. If you have your own company logo you can add it to your website here. You are free to move it around in the header area any way you want. Jimdo offers a wide selection of template layouts ranging from playful and artsy ones to more business-like themes. There are special layouts reserved for Jimdo Pro and Business customers. I am going to change to this template now ... and as you can see all my content is still there as it only changes the design and nothing else. And if you're a pro and know how to code HTML and CSS or know a programmer who can help you, you can even create your own theme from scratch. The style menu offers a couple of preset font settings. This is very convenient if you don't want to put together your own fonts and font sizes. If you need more creative freedom simply click on each individual item and customize it the way you want. These changes will be active on all pages of your website, making it very easy to change the entire style very quickly. Here you can customize the background image of your Jimdo website by either choosing a pattern, one of Jimdo's images or by uploading an image of your own. Now let's take a look at the most important settings. Everything to do with your email address or domain can be managed here. Pro and Business users get their own domain name and email account as part of the package. Here you can password-protect certain areas of your website for different audiences. A mobile-friendly version of your website will be generated automatically, which is very handy. Pro and Business users can also optimize their website for search engines here. Most importantly the title and description of your pages. Unfortunately Jimdo somewhat limits the customization of the title it's more or less the same on all pages. But in general Jimdo has search engine friendliness built into its core system. Here you can activate your blog, and here you find one of the most interesting Jimdo features: The online store As this is very powerful we will create a separate video with a detailed review of Jimdo's ecommerce features. Creating a website with Jimdo is easy enough that even people who would have never even thought about creating their own website will be surprised what they are able to achieve. Jimdo scores especially with its ease of use, social media features and the online store. It would be nice if they could also add a few more levels to the navigation and further improve search engine optimization. But from what we have seen so far Jimdo has been very innovative and will probably have a lot of pleasant surprises ahead for their users. On WebsiteToolTester you can find an even more detailed Jimdo review as well as a comparison chart with other website builders. There we also provide a video that explains everything you need to know about creating a free Jimdo account and getting your own domain name. And as always: if you have any questions, please do leave a comment! Thank you! I think I might have voided your warranty Elliot, I'm not gonna tell you who messed up with Mrs Best No problem, I just wanted to grab a cup of coffee. Oh, and introduce you to my mom. Mom.. It makes me sound so old I had C-sections with## all my kids, so everything is as it was down there. You and Elliot would have such cute babies. I keep telling her, she's only got five more years to pop one out. Have you ever seen chubby Elliot? No Well, if you wanna see it. Just break up with her and waited a couple of weeks. When she is depressed, she hits a bag of Doritos like there's diamonds at### the bottom. I love you too Mom It's your dad How did you get this number You like her Because if you don't tell me which interns messed up I'm gonna beg her to move here She's just a little weird, Elliot. I can handle weird. I'm sorry. the light just hit you so perfectly. I had to have a taste. No not youI It was Liza. I would have told you earlier, but someone told me not to Who told me not to Baby, you are not bothered by what Dr Cox said, are you You know you are my black prince Baby, that's not it. I am black, I am reminded all the time. Patient doesn't want a black doctor People think I know the score to## every NBA game And I told you what happened last week, when a new board member met the surgical stuff Nice to meet you What's up doug It's not even about that It's about the nursery. It's about that stupid minivan. I don't know if you know this, but overnight I went from Chris Turk Stud to Grandpa Turk. The guy who wears overalls and does embarrassing dances at cookouts##. You do that now. But in a cool way Hey, thanks to your little telling me the wrong time prank. I was 45 minutes late for## my oriental massage. Which meant that instead of Pang Wa, I had to settle for Qing Lao. So? Qing Lao is A DUDE! You know, I've accepted that you are useless here Maybe you can just try a little harder and not make things worse You know, what he doesn't get is that I could have been a janitor anywhere When I got out of college, I had offers, man, Morgan Stanley, DuPont. I even considered taking a year off and cleaning my way across Europe. But no, I chose a hospital. You know I'm no kidding myself, I know I don;t have the most important in the world But I work in a place that helps people, and I always thought that I was part of that Who cares Have you seen Carla My term, have you seen just how stupid your look when you do your angry quick walk Carla covered for one of my interns and then lied to my face about it Come on, of course she did. If an intern got hammered by attendings and stripped what little self confidence they have## everytime they messed up There wouldn't be any interns left. Lucky for anybody in this dump, Carla happened to have been## here long enough to be able identify when someone needs to be protected These kids need to start standing on their own. You got that right sister, because you definitely got where you are all on your own. Well you sure as hell didn't give me any help. * I didn't say I did It's okay. It's not a big deal Dr Cox is gonna kill me. Dr Cox doesn't have to find out. Just promise me that you're going to practice repositioning just once, I promise Okay Turk. I get it. Having a baby changes things I just don't want to say goodbye to the life we have now**, you know? Bbay, you don't have. We'll still have fun, go to bars, go dancing Just focus on the positives. For instance, we'll still have lots of sex. Really But I can tell you, that this is normal. You'll get through it. Come to think of you, what would really help me get through it Man, you are gullible today Well, Mr McNair, hope you didn't mind** me, hanging out all day talking to you I don;t think you don't mind. I've got a seven sense about this sort of thing My sixth sense is I can tell when squirrels are afraid. Anyway, I know you lost your computer and I thought maybe you were a little bit lonely. I've been### lonely around here a couple times. I don't know. I just hope I helped. Nobody is buying it, here we go, your new computer is finally here, sorry it took so long What time is it? 6 o' clock How is your day? Cold Now help him up so he thinks there's hope for our relationship yet. .Even though the janitor had basically kidnapped me, when he helped me out I couldn't help but feel there was hope for our relationship yet. I guess being locked up all day makes you appreciate the things that really matter Hey, did## I ever thank you for all the help you've given me over the years? Don't sweat it Like the support of a friend The importance of family What up, dawg? Yeah, you know I'm down to play ball, I just gotta drop Junior off with the old lady at the ducky park. Yeah. Yeah, then we gonn' hoop it up* ] Hey, you know what, this isn't gonna work. I can't, I can't. Or realizing that you actually do make a difference. And there you go, Mr. McNair. Thank you. Don't mention it. I wasn't talking to you [GUlTAR MUSlC] South Korea is a unique market. TESCO has been evolving itself, adjusting to the local market. It even changed the name itself from TESCO to Home Plus. And at last, it grew to rank number two in Korea. But TESCO had to overcome one obstacle. A fewer number of stores compared to the number one company, E-MART. Mission. Could we become number one, without increasing the number of stores? We made an in depth study into Koreans once more. Koreans are the second most hard working people in the world. For them, grocery shopping once a week is a dreaded task. So we decided to approach these busy and tired people. Idea. Let the store come to the people! We created virtual stores hoping to blend into people's everyday lives. Our first try was subway stations. Although virtual, the displays were the same exactly the same as actual stores from the display to the merchandise. Only one thing was different. You use smart phones to shop. Scan the QR code with your phone and the product automatically lands in your online cart. When the online purchase is done, it will be delivered to your door right after you get home. People can relax more after work and on weekends. Result. People can shop at TESCO Homeplus wherever they go without having to visit the actual store. Moreover, we could change their waiting time to shopping time. After this campaign online sales increased tremendously. Through this campaign, 10,287 consumers visited the online Home Plus mall using smart phones. The number of new registered members rose by 76%. And online sales increased 130%. Currently, Homeplus has become number one in the online market and is a very close 2nd offline. Sweetie Belle: (gulps, trembling) Are you sure about this, Scootaloo? I've never even HEARD of a pony zip-lining before... Scootaloo: (confidently) Neither have I, but Spike told me it was AWESOME! (ponies screaming) (ponies screaming, crash) (Scootaloo grunts, screams) (Sweetie Belle grunts) (Applebloom yelps, all three crash into ground and grunt) Applebloom: (weakly) See anything? Scootaloo: (dejectedly) Tree sap and pine needles, but no cutie mark. Sweetie Belle: Plan B? Scootaloo: Yeah. You know where we can find a cannon at this hour? (helmet clatters to ground) It's no use. No matter what we try, we always end up without our cutie marks. And surprisingly often, covered in tree sap. Sweetie Belle: Maybe we should do something less dangerous. Like pillow testing, or flower sniffing. (water splashes) Applebloom: This town is full o'ponies who have their cutie marks. Why don't we ask THEM how they did it? Sweetie Belle: That's a great, SAFE idea. Scootaloo: Yeah! And we can start with the coolest pony in Ponyville! Applebloom: Applejack! Sweetie Belle: Rarity! Scootaloo: Come on, guys. I said, "Cool!" You know who I'm talking about. She's fast. She's tough. (slams bucket) She's not afraid of ANYTHlNG. Applebloom and Sweetie Belle: ...Pinkie Pie? Scootaloo: No! The greatest flier ever to come out of Cloudsdale! Applebloom and Sweetie Belle: Fluttershy? Scootaloo: No! Rainbow Dash! Applebloom: Oh, yeah! That makes much more sense! Sweetie Belle: Of course! Scootaloo: Let's do it. Let's find out how Rainbow Dash earned her cutie mark! Applebloom and Sweetie Belle: YEAH! (double high-hoof, splat) (ponies struggling and grunting, sap stretching) (all three groan) (theme song begins) My Little Pony, My Little Pony, ah, ah, ah, ah, (My Little Pony) Twilight: I used to wonder what friendship could be (My Little Pony) Until you all shared its magic with me Rainbow Dash: Big adventure Pinkie Pie: Tons of fun Rarity: A beautiful heart Applejack: Faithful and strong Fluttershy: Sharing kindness Twilight: It's an easy feat All: And magic makes it all complete, yeah (My Little Pony) Do you know, you're all my very best friends (motor revving sounds) (Scootaloo gasps) (brakes squealing) Applejack: (echoing shout) GET BACK HERE, YA THlEVlN' VARMlNTS! Applebloom: Thievin' what, now? (Applejack pants, all scream, crash) Applejack: Applebloom?! Applebloom: Hey, sis, how'd you get yer cutie mark? Applejack: ...I never told you that story? Scootaloo: Hey! I thought we were gonna ask Rainbow Dash! Applebloom: We need all the help we can get! Scootaloo: Ugh, fine. Applejack: Why, shoot. I was just a li'I filly, even littler than y'all... (flashback wipe) Applejack: (voice-over) I didn't wanna spend my life at a muddy ol' apple farm. I wanted to live the sophisticated life, like my Aunt'n'Uncle Orange. So I set out t'try my luck in the big city: Manehattan [Manhattan]! The most cosmopolitan city in all of Equestria. Snobbish male pony: Hey! Outta the way, ya rube! Applejack: (voice-over) I knew I'd find out who I was meant to be in Manehattan. (Applejack knocks on door, door opens) Filly Applejack: Aunt Orange! Uncle Orange! Thank y'all so much for lettin' me stay! (door slams shut) Aunt Orange: (patronizingly) "Y'all!" (snobbish laugh) Isn't she just the living end? Uncle Orange: (haughty chuckle) How quaint. Aunt Orange: Don't worry. We'll have you acting like a true Manehattanite in no time. (ponies chattering) Stallion: And how are you finding good old Manehattan? Filly Applejack: (eloquently) Oh, it's simply divine. Aunt Orange: Very well said, my dear. Filly Applejack: Although, I must admit the city noise took some getting used to. Where I'm from, the nights are so quiet you seldom hear a peep until the roosters wake you. White mare: The...what? Stallion: I say, my dear, what in the world is a..."rooster?" (ponies chuckling condescendingly) Filly Applejack: (thinking in normal voice) What's he talkin' about? What do I say? I don't wanna look like a fool... Server: Dinner is served. Filly Applejack: (aloud, eloquently) Thank goodness. Being a city pony's hard work. I'm so hungry I could eat a- (normal voice, morosely) Cock-a-doodle-doo... Oh, I wonder what Granny Smith and Big Macintosh are up to... I bet they're applebuckin' their way through the Red Delicious trees. Oh, what I wouldn't give for just one bite... Applejack: (voice-over) I never felt so homesick in all my days as I did right then. (distant explosion) It was amazin'! A rainbow, pointin' right back towards...home. In that moment, it all became clear. I knew right then just who I was supposed t'be. That's when this here appeared. I've been happily workin' the farm ever since. (bunnies blow raspberries at Applejack) There they are! GET BACK HERE, YA THlEVlN' VARMlNTS! Sweetie Belle: Aww, that was such a sweet story! Scootaloo: Sweet?! Try "sappy." (Scootaloo gags) Come on, we've gotta find Rainbow Dash and hear the COOL way to get a cutie mark! (vroom) (Applebloom and Sweetie Belle screaming) (brakes squeal, wheels snap off, Crusaders scream and crash into ground) Fluttershy: (gently) All right, little ones. This way, this way. You really should be more careful. Somepony could get hurt. Why are you in such a hurry, anyway? Scootaloo: We're trying to find Rainbow Dash so we can hear how she earned her cutie mark. Fluttershy: Oh! That would be interesting. You know, I wouldn't have gotten my cutie mark if it weren't for her. Scootaloo: (intrigued) Rainbow Dash?! Really?! Fluttershy: Oh, yes. It all started at Summer Flight Camp... (flashback) Fluttershy: (voice-over) You'd never guess, but when I was little, I was very shy. And a very weak flier. (Fluttershy struggles weakly) (Fluttershy yelps and flails about) (Fluttershy gasps) (Fluttershy snags flag and crashes, grunts) (Hoops and Dumbbell laughing) Colt Dumbbell: Nice going, "Klutzershy!" [Fluttershy] They oughta ground you permanently! Colt Hoops: HA! My baby brother can fly better than you! (Hoops and Dumbbell laughing) Fluttershy: (voice-over) It was the most humiliating moment of my life. And then, out of nowhere... (air whooshing past) Filly Rainbow Dash: Leave her alone! Colt Hoops: (mockingly) Ooh, what're you gonna do, "Rainbow Crash?" Filly Rainbow Dash: Keep makin' fun of her and find out! Colt Dumbbell: You think yer such a big shot? Why don't you prove it?! Filly Rainbow Dash: (goading) Whaddya have in mind? Colt Hoops: Yer goin' down! Filly Rainbow Dash: In history, maybe! See you boys at the finish line! (Fluttershy waves flag) (Fluttershy yelps, voice trembles as she spins) (Fluttershy screaming) (Fluttershy flailing legs) (Fluttershy screaming; soft thump) Filly Fluttershy: Huh? Fluttershy: (voice-over) I had never seen such beautiful creatures. Butterflies don't fly as high as my cloud home. And I'd never been near the ground before. (gentle piano intro plays) Filly Fluttershy: (singing) What is this place Filled with so many wonders? Casting its spell That I am now under (drum flourish) Squirrels in the trees And the cute little bunnies Birds flying free And bees with their honey (holds each note in turn) Ho~ney (music builds) (big band style) Oh, what a magical place And I owe it all to the pegasus race If I knew that ground had so much up its sleeve I'd have come here sooner, and never leave Yes, I. Love. Ev-ery-THilllNG! (holds final note) (song crescendos, ends) (distant explosion, aural shockwaves) (frantic croaking) (gentle acoustic guitar rendition of My Little Pony theme plays) (gently) Shh. It's okay. (hollow knocking, hollow echo) You can come out! (gurgling) Everything's okay. There's nothing to be afraid of. (quacking) Fluttershy: (voice-over) Somehow, I had the ability to communicate with the animals on a different level. Scootaloo: Waitwaitwait. What happened to Rainbow Dash?! What about the race?! Fluttershy: Oh! Well, I wasn't there, so I don't really know what happened. Scootaloo: Come on, Crusaders! We've gotta find her! Besides, I can't take any more singing. Sweetie Belle: Maybe my sister knows where she is. Bye, Fluttershy! Fluttershy: Bye, girls! Scootaloo: How did we get roped into THlS?! (pouting) We'll NEVER hear Rainbow Dash's story! Rarity: Are you girls STlLL obsessing over your cutie marks? Sweetie Belle: Of course! Most of the fillies at school already have theirs... Rarity: Mm, I know how you feel. For the longest time, I couldn't figure out why I didn't have mine. (flashback) (stage playing music) Teacher: (nasal voice) Well done, Rarity. Your costumes are very nice. Filly Rarity: "NlCE?!" They need to be SPECTACULAR! And the performance is tomorrow! (sewing machine whirring) Rarity: (voice-over) I tried every trick I could think of, but nothing seemed to work. The costumes just weren't right, and the play opened that night! Filly Rarity: (dejectedly) Maybe I'm not meant to be a fashionista after all... (horn poofs, Rarity shrieks) What's going on?! (drags along ground) Rarity: (voice-over) I had no idea where my horn was taking me. But unicorn magic doesn't happen without a reason. I knew this had to do with my love of fashion and maybe even my cutie mark! (Rarity grunts) Rarity: (overly dramatic voice-over) I knew that this was...MY DESTlNY! Filly Rarity: A ROCK?! THAT'S my destiny?! What is your PROBLEM, HORN?! I followed you all the way out here for A ROCK?! (grumbles) DUMB ROCK! (loud explosion, air whooshing, Rarity screams) (rock cracks and splits) (Rarity gasps) (stage playing same song as before) (audience "oohs") Scootaloo: (frustrated) ARRRGH! These namby-pamby stories aren't getting us any closer to our cutie marks! They're all about "finding who you really are" and boring stuff like that! Rarity: Yes, Scootaloo. That's exactly- Scootaloo: (oblivious) Come on, girls! We need action! We need Rainbow Dash! (door slams shut) Twilight: As a young filly in Canterlot, I always wanted to go to the Summer Sun Celebration, (Scootaloo groans) where Princess Celestia raises the sun. (flashback) Twilight: (voice-over) And I saw the most amazing, most wonderful thing I've ever seen. (fanfare) (fanfare) (Celestia flaps wings, ponies "ooh" and "ahh") (ponies cheering) Twilight: (voice-over) I poured myself into learning everything I could about magic. (Twilight grunts intensely, page turns) (Twilight gasps) My parents decided to enroll me in Princess Celestia's School for Gifted Unicorns. It was a dream come true! Except for one thing... I had to pass an entrance exam! (wooden cart clattering) Female proctor: Well, Miss Sparkle? (Twilight chuckles nervously) Female proctor: Well, Miss Sparkle? (male proctor coughs impatiently) (Twilight strains, grunts) (Twilight groans) (male proctor yawns ostentatiously) Female proctor: We don't have all day. Twilight: (voice-over) I knew it was the most important day of my life, that my entire future would be affected by the outcome of this day, and I was about to blow it! (magical sparks, Twilight strains and grunts) Filly Twilight: (morosely) I'm sorry I wasted your time. (loud explosion) (magical noises, poof) (Spike yawns) (Twilight shrieks, poof) (crackling explosion) (magical poof) (magical poof) (humming, magical poof) (roof shatters) (intermittent sparking) (crackling, Twilight grunts) (humming subsides) (several poofs) (Spike gurgles) Celestia: Twilight Sparkle. Filly Twilight: Oh, I'm so sorry. I- Celestia: You have a very special gift. I don't think I've EVER come across a unicorn with your raw abilities. Filly Twilight: Huh? Celestia: But you need to learn to tame these abilities through focused study. Filly Twilight: Huh?! Celestia: Twilight Sparkle, I'd like to make you my own personal protégé here at the school. Filly Twilight: HUH?! Celestia: ...Well? Filly Twilight: (ecstatic) YEEEES! Celestia: (amused) One other thing, Twilight. Filly Twilight: More? (crash) My cutie mark! (ecstatic) Yesyesyesyesyesyesyesyesyesyesyesyes... Twilight: (continuing from flashback) ...yesyesyesyes... Applebloom: Okay, okay! Sweetie Belle: We're happy for you, Twilight. (Twilight continues) Scootaloo: Yeah, thrilled! (under breath) Let's get out of here while we still can. Twilight: ...yesyesyes, YEEEEEES! Male pony: Uh...you okay? Twilight: (giggles nervously) Um...yes. (motor revving noises) Scootaloo: Ugh, why don't we EVER smash into Rainbow Dash? Pinkie Pie: You're looking for Rainbow Dash? If I was her, I'd be at Sugarcube Corner! Of course, if I was anyone, I'd be at Sugarcube Corner! Hey! I have an idea! Wanna go to Sugarcube Corner?! Sweetie Belle: Well, we're sort of looking for Rainbow Dash so we can hear how she got her cutie mark. Pinkie Pie: Cutie mark?! Come with me and I'll tell you how I got mine! Scootaloo: (resigned groan) Why not? Pinkie Pie: All RlGHT! (flashback) Pinkie Pie: (voice-over) My sisters and I were raised on a rock farm outside Ponyville. We spent our days working the fields. There was no talking. There was no smiling. (sighs) There were only rocks. We were in the south field, preparing to rotate the rocks to the east field, when all of a sudden... (distant explosion, air whooshes past) I'd never felt joy like that before. It felt so good, I just wanted to keep smiling forever! And I wanted everyone I knew to smile, too, but rainbows don't come along that often. I wondered, "How else could I create some smiles?" (rooster crows) Mr. Pie: We'd better harvest the rocks from the south field. (loud band music) Mrs. Pie: (sternly) Pinkamena Diane Pie, is that you?! Filly Pinkie Pie: Mom! I need you and dad and the sisters to come in here, quick! SURPRlSE! You like it?! It's called...a party! (party blower blows, Pinkie's family gasps) (ponies' lips quivering) (crestfallen) Oh...you don't like it... (gasps) You like it! I'm so happy! Pinkie Pie: And that's how Equestria was made! Scootaloo: (brakes squeal) Wha...huh?! Applebloom: Look! We're here! Pinkie Pie: Maybe on the way home, I can tell you the story of how I got my cutie mark! It's a gem. Sweetie Belle: Oh, come on. She's just being Pinkie Pie. (Scootaloo sighs) Scootaloo: Rainbow Dash! You're here! Rainbow Dash: (smugly) I hear YOU'RE looking for my cutie mark story? Scootaloo: (sighs) You have NO idea what I've been through today to hear that story! Rainbow Dash: It all happened during the race at Flight Camp... (flashback) Rainbow Dash: (voice-over) ...where I stood alone, against all odds, to defend Fluttershy's honor. (Rainbow Dash snorts) (Fluttershy yelps repeatedly) (Dumbbell crashes softly into cloud column) Rainbow Dash: (voice-over) I'd never flown like THAT before. The freedom was unlike anything I'd ever felt. (excited prattle) The speed, the adrenaline, the wind in my mane... I liked it...a lot. (Rainbow Dash yelps) Colt Hoops: Heh! Later, Rainbow Crash! Filly Rainbow Dash: Hey! Rainbow Dash: (voice-over) Turns out the only thing I liked more than flying fast... (Rainbow Dash whooshes past, Hoops screams) ...was WlNNlNG! (air screaming) (Sonic Rainboom) Most people thought that the Sonic Rainboom was just an old mare's tale. But that day, the day I discovered racing, I proved that the legends were true. I made the impossible happen! (ponies cheer) Rainbow Dash: (smugly) And THAT, little ones, is how you earn a cutie mark. Cutie Mark Crusaders: Whooooa.... Fluttershy: Wait a second. I heard that explosion. And I saw the rainbow, too! Rainbow Dash, if you hadn't scared the animals, I never would have learned I could communicate with them and gotten my cutie mark! Pinkie Pie: I heard that boom! And right afterwards, there was an amazing rainbow that taught me to smile! Applejack: When I got my cutie mark, I saw a rainbow that pointed me home. I bet it was your Sonic Rainboom! Rarity: There was an explosion I could never explain when I got my cutie mark! Twilight: This is uncanny! If that explosion didn't happen when it did, I would've blown my entrance exam! Rainbow Dash, I think you helped me earn MY cutie mark, too! (Rainbow Dash grunts) Pinkie Pie: We ALL owe our cutie marks to YOU! Fluttershy: Do you realize what this means? All of us had a special connection before we even met! Rarity: We've been BFF's forever and we didn't even know it! Applejack: Come here, y'all. (ponies voicing mutual affection) Applebloom and Sweetie Belle: Aww! Scootaloo: EWW! Scootaloo: Give me a break! Come on, Crusaders! Maybe we just need to try zip-lining again. (Scootaloo grunts, sighs wearily) Fluttershy: Hey! How about a song? (ponies agreeing) Scootaloo: (echoing) NOOOOOOOOOO! Twilight: (voice-over) "Dear Princess Celestia, Today I learned something amazing. Everypony everywhere has a special magical connection with her friends, maybe even before she's met them. If you're feeling lonely and you're still searching for your true friends, just look up in the sky. Who knows? Maybe you and your future best friends are all looking at the same rainbow!" Spike: Gross! When did YOU get so cheesy? Twilight: Just write it, Spike. (ending theme begins) My Little Pony My Little Pony (instrumental) My Little Pony, friends You are likely familiar with the test for carbon dioxide. When we pass it through limewater, it turns limewater milky. This is due to the formation of calcium carbonate, which is insoluble in water. Limewater is simply a aqueous solution of calcium hydroxyde, this reaction is a part of a bigger cycle, called the limestone cycle. Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock with a high percentage of calcium carbonate. In this lesson, we will learn about how limestone is formed, some uses of limestone, and the limestone cycle. Millions of years ago, the shells andskeletons of many dead marine organisms have fallen to the seabed. Over the years, these deposits have become thicker and have been compressed by many more layers of sediments to form limestone. As mentioned in the introduction, limestone is a type of sedimentary rock with a high percentage of calcium carbonate. Limestone has many uses and real-life applications. It has been used to carve many structures and even to construct buildings! In another lesson, you will learn more about the real-life applications of limestone. Limestone can be thermally decomposed in a rotary kiln to give quicklime and carbon dioxide. The chemical name for quicklime is calcium oxide. A rotary kiln is a kiln that is able to rotate as the reaction proceeds this helps to ensure complete thermal decomposition of the entire limestone sample. As this process requires heat, it is an endothermic reaction The reaction of quicklime with water produces slaked lime. The chemical name for slaked lime is calcium hydroxide. This is a highly exothermic reaction and the industrial process is called slaking. Slaked lime can be dissolved in water to form limewater. Since it is only slightly soluble in water, a large amount of water is required. Limewater is simply a aqueous solution of calcium hydroxyde. As you can see, we have almost completed the limestone cycle. How do you think limestone can be formed from limewater? Hint: Think about the test for carbon dioxide. Please pause the lesson, and resume when ready. When carbon dioxide is passed through limewater, calcium carbonate is formed. If we continue to pass carbon dioxide through limewater, it will turn clear again because of the formation of calcium hydrogene carbonate. As calcium carbonate is insoluble in water, this is why limewater appears "milky". We have now completed the limestone cycle. To recap the limestone cycle: Limestone can be thermally decomposed to form quicklime and carbon dioxide. Quicklime reacts with water to form slaked lime. Slaked lime dissolves in water to form limewater. Limewater reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate, the main component of limestone. In summary, limestone is a sedimentary rock with a high percentage of calcium carbonate, formed from the compression of deposited dead marine organisms. The limestone cycle involves the formation of quicklime, slaked lime, and limewater and limestone once again. There are various implements that can be used for the farmer's walk. It can be performed with heavy dumbbells or short bars if other implements are not available. Begin by standing between the implements. After gripping the handles, lift the implements up by driving through your heels, keeping your back straight and your head up. Walk, taking short, quick steps, and don't forget to breathe. Move for a given distance, typically 50 to 100 feet, as fast as possible. I have the perfect party food that you can make for the Big Game. Whether you're watching it at home or tailgating it, these Spicy Korean Chicken Wings will help get your fierce, competitive game-face on. You're going to need three pounds of chicken wings. You can get party wings which include wing tips, the wing, and the drummettes. And for the sauce you're going to need a quarter cup of soy sauce, a quarter cup of gochujang, which is basically this spicy korean red pepper paste, that you can find at most local supermarkets nowadays, or at the asian market. A quarter cup of honey, three cloves of minced garlic, a tablespoon of grated ginger, one tablespoon of rice vinegar, one tablespoon of sesame oil, about a tablespoon of sesame seeds, and a tablespoon of chopped green onions. First fire up the grill to medium-high heat. Once your grill has been heating for about five minutes, place the chicken on the grill. Grill it for about ten minutes on each side until it's completely cooked. Make sure you're not charring it though; so if you get a little bit of char, lower the heat, and extend the cooking time. While the chicken's cooking we're going to make the sauce. In a big bowl, combine your soy sauce, gochujang, honey, sesame oil, and rice vinegar, and mix it well. And then stir in your garlic and ginger. Now that your chicken's done cooking, take it off the grill and toss it in the bowl with the sauce. Make sure that every chicken is coated with the sauce so that you get that nice flavor. Now take your chicken and throw it back on the grill for another five minutes. You're heating up the sauce so that it develops a nice caramelization and crust on the chicken. Delicious! For a little bit of garnish I like to add a little bit of sesame seeds and the chopped green onions right on top. MmmMm! It has that nice crunch from the caramelization and then it's nice and spicy! I hope you give this recipe a try on your next big game day. I want to know - what school or NFL team are you rooting for? Comment below and please subscribe and follow me on Instagram. I'll see you guys soon! Bye bjbjLULU GWEN IFlLL: Amid growing nervousness about the prospect of an attack, Margaret Warner reports on the possible repercussions of strikes and counterstrikes between Israel and Iran. MARGARET WARNER: Some 1,000 protesters marched in Tel Aviv last weekend, urging the Israeli government not to attack Iran's nuclear facilities. "Bibi, don't bomb Iran," the posters read, calling Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu by his nickname. The protest reflected mounting concern among Israelis that their leaders may be on the verge of launching a preemptive strike against Iran's expanding nuclear program. Though the Iranian regime has vowed to destroy the Jewish state, recent polls in Israel show only 19 percent would support their government attacking Iran unilaterally. Alarm is growing in Washington as well that an Israeli strike may be in the offing, with unpredictable consequences for the region and the United States. PRESlDENT BARACK OBAMA: Already, there is too much loose talk of war. MARGARET WARNER: To the American Israel Political Action Committee early this month, President Obama made a major commitment. He will prevent, not simply contain, a nuclear-armed Iran. BENJAMlN NETANYAHU, Israeli prime minister: Thank you, too, for that strong speech yesterday. MARGARET WARNER: But in a White House meeting the next day with Prime Minister Netanyahu, the president continued to argue for giving sanctions and diplomacy more time to work. BARACK OBAMA: In my speech when I say all options are on the table, I mean it. Having said that, I know that both the prime minister and I prefer to resolve this diplomatically. We understand the costs of any military action. MARGARET WARNER: Yet, that evening, Netanyahu told the AlPAC gathering that, as far as Israel is concerned, time is running out. BENJAMlN NETANYAHU: My friends, Israel has waited, patiently waited for the international community to resolve this issue. We have waited for diplomacy to work. We have waited for sanctions to work. None of us can afford to wait much longer. JEFFREY GOLDBERG, The Atlantic: I think it's highly plausible that Israel would decide to strike Iran's nuclear facilities some time this year. MARGARET WARNER: Journalist Jeffrey Goldberg, who talks frequently with senior Israeli and U.S. officials, is national correspondent for The Atlantic. He says the two allies don't share the same timetable on when preemptive action might be called for because Israel doesn't have the military might that the U.S. does. JEFFREY GOLDBERG: The Israelis believe they have a shorter window of opportunity. They believe that the Iranians are building redundancy into their systems, meaning, right now, you're talking about five or six or eight different nuclear sites. But, in another year, it's going to be 12 or 16 or 20. The calculations are, there's going to come a point when we no longer can do this. This is what they tell me. We're not going to be able to do this in six or nine or 12 months. And then it's going to be up to the United States to deal with this issue. The Israelis don't want to subcontract out their existence or the guarantee of their existence to any country, even their best friend in the world, the United States of America. MARGARET WARNER: The notion that Israel could attack Iran's nuclear facilities, as it did in Iraq three decades ago and Syria in 2007, is not new. But Israel's timeline acquired more urgency recently. Austin Long is a defense analyst and assistant professor at Columbia University. AUSTlN LONG, assistant professor, Columbia University: The Israelis have a really robust military capability to destroy the key parts of the Iranian nuclear facility or the nuclear program. MARGARET WARNER: Those include the uranium enrichment site at Natanz and the processing plants at Isfahan. But there's a newer, harder-to- attack enrichment facility revealed in late 2009 that's buried under 300 feet of rock at Fordow, near the holy city of Qom. AUSTlN LONG: This is an incredibly challenging target, much more challenging than Natanz or any of the other facilities. MARGARET WARNER: To get at these facilities, the most direct route for Israeli warplanes would be due east across Jordan and Iraq. To most sites, Long said, Israel will likely deploy its modified F-16 jets carrying 2,000-pound bunker-buster bombs. To Fordow would go its F-15 jets carrying 5,000-, as well as 2,000-pound bombs. But those bombs would have to hit with unprecedented precision. AUSTlN LONG: It would require six or seven 5,000-pound bunker-busters sort of impacting one after another at the same spot. You would have opened essentially a crack or a tunnel down through 80, 90 meters of rock. The idea would be to have one bomb that finally went all the way through into the space where the centrifuges are and then exploded. These are very accurate weapons, but getting seven bombs to sort of line up would require using many more than seven bombs on the same point. So you're talking the Israelis would have to drop 75 or more weapons on the same aim point to have any confidence at all that this would work. MARGARET WARNER: Even if that operation works, no one's sure how long it would set back Iran's nuclear program back. Even more imponderable is how would Iran respond and what would be the fallout for Israel, the Middle East and the United States? MATTHEW LEVlTT, Washington Institute for Near East Policy: The only thing that s completely certain is that Iran does respond. There's no way Iran doesn't respond. It will respond against Israel primarily. MARGARET WARNER: Matthew Levitt heads the Counterterrorism and Intelligence Program at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. MATTHEW LEVlTT: It really all comes down to, how extensive is the strike, the Israeli strike, how many people are killed in that strike, how badly is the nuclear program hurt in that strike, and, therefore, how severe do the Iranians feel they need to respond to such an attack? Because they understand that they will be inviting a response to their response. MARGARET WARNER: Last week, the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, promised swift retaliation if any Iranian nuclear sites are hit. AYATOLLAH ALI KHAMENEl, supreme leader of Iran (through translator): We do not possess nuclear weapons, nor we will make them. But in the face of enemy attacks, whether it is America or the Zionist regime, in defense of ourselves, we will attack them at the same level they have attacked us. MARGARET WARNER: But there's argument about whether Iran would carry through on that threat. ALI ALFONEH, American Enterprise Institute: If Iran should engage in a direct military attack against Israel, there's always the risk of U.S. involvement, and the Islamic republic would do anything in its power to avoid U.S. intervention in such a conflict. MARGARET WARNER: Ali Alfoneh, a resident fellow with the American Enterprise Institute in Washington, believes that risk would keep Iran from retaliating directly against Israeli military targets. ALI ALFONEH: They know that if they start a conflict which would run, spin out of control, and which would involve the United States, that would be a very, very costly conflict. MARGARET WARNER: There's another option, Alfoneh said, more advantageous to Iran and the future of its nuclear program. ALI ALFONEH: On the diplomatic front, Iran would, first of all, mobilize the world opinion against Israel and depict itself as a victim of Israeli aggression. At the same time, such an attack would also legitimize Iran leaving the Non-Proliferation Treaty because within the treaty, there are legal ways of leaving it if the national security of the country is endangered. MATTHEW LEVlTT: I don't find it plausible that if Iran is attacked, it sits back and says I'm going some diplomatic route, leave the NPT, and that's it. That's not how the Iranians operate. That's not how this regime would operate. This would be a shot directly at the revolutionary regime. MARGARET WARNER: Iran has many tools at its disposal, its own missiles, its Revolutionary Guard and elite Quds strike force, and proxies like Hezbollah militants to Israel's north in Lebanon and Hamas and other militants in Gaza to Israel's south. Levitt thinks Iran would employ some or all of those to hit multiple targets in the crowded Middle East and Persian Gulf neighborhood, where U.S. warships patrol. MATTHEW LEVlTT: It would very likely carry out attacks using those tools, targeting Israeli, Jewish and probably American and other Western targets as well. We'd see rockets falling on U.S. bases in the Gulf, and we'd probably see some type of effort to block the strait. MARGARET WARNER: Absurd, says Alfoneh, the Iranian leadership is not suicidal. ALI ALFONEH: Iran and the Iranian regime is much more interested in survival than in revenge. And that is the policy that they have shown for many, many years. MARGARET WARNER: But Jeffrey Goldberg sees a danger of escalation even if Tehran's senior leaders choose caution over retaliation. JEFFREY GOLDBERG: I find a third argument even more plausible, which is that an accident will happen. In other words, the Persian Gulf is filled with these small Iranian speedboats run by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps. And all it takes is one hyperactive commander acting on his own to ram or try to ram a U.S. ship, and then all hell breaks loose, and it's not because the regime even wanted it. But then you enter into a cycle of escalation that could be extremely dangerous for the United States. MARGARET WARNER: It is just this unpredictability that keeps Washington policy-makers and many Israeli citizens up at night. urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags City urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceType urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags PlaceName urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags State urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags country-region urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags place GWEN IFlLL: Amid growing nervousness about the prospect of an attack, Margaret Warner reports on the possible repercussions of strikes and counterstrikes between Israel and Iran Normal Microsoft Office Word GWEN IFlLL: Amid growing nervousness about the prospect of an attack, Margaret Warner reports on the possible repercussions of strikes and counterstrikes between Israel and Iran Title Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 Let's say it's election day coming up again. In this example, I would like you to get an intuition how confidence intervals behave. Here's again all the voters and there are multiple institutions. Institution 1, Institution 2, and Institution 3 that all samp of the voters to derive a prediction of what the outcome of election day is. For simplicity, there are only 2 parties A and B and say institution 1 finds in a sample of 20 with 11 say A and 9 say B. What do you think the maximum of your estimate is going to be base on the information? I'm asking here for the probability that party A wins. hi guys this time i am gonna show you the best export settings of camtasia studio the best export settings of camtasia studio for youtube so lets go Yes, I'm a journalist. And I declare myself "not guilty", although suspected. I'm also an Italian citizen, and I'd like to know what the facts are exactly. Plus, as they said, I love TED. I'm all for TED, for Media Lab, for all those many (or too few) places where information, inspiration, examples from extraordinary people, all come together. And there are organizers, like those who worked on TEDxLakeComo, with a taste for these things. And then there's the most important thing: an audience that makes you feel at home, that have these thoughts that it almost seems like you've known them forever. As an Italian citizen, this is definitely not my usual experience. Indeed, I have to tell, I'd like to know what the facts are, but I absolutely don't know how other people think they'll discover the way the things are. As a journalist, my job is to tell you what's going on: the mud in Genua, the mud of financial markets, the mud of all those stories we've been telling each other for years, stories that are linked with the ongoing facts, and much more with how we see and think about them. To put these three identities together, which we all are living, I have three questions and an answer. These three questions come from a series of facts that happened to me in a recent, extraordinary moment of my life. I was invited to talk at Media Lab, the MlT's think tank in Cambridge, MA. They asked to share my experience in a research about new media: I did, and they were all happy, students, professors, PhDs, listened to me, posed questions. Then, once it was all over, one by one, they all came along and asked more or less the same question: why Italians don't rebel? (Applause) For a rebellion to take place, many conditions are necessary: one of them is, you've got to know who are you going to rebel with, to achieve what, based on what diagnosis and which shared knowledge: we can do it,guys at Media Lab asked me this question because they thought, as we're close to Tunisia, we just might have done like them. They are not communist, they are Americans! But their approach is, when a given situation must change, you've got to do something. To do that, according to us, in our experience, you need to feel part of a group, to do that. During the last ten days I learned the analysis seen and told by a Professor Dan Kahan, in Yale, who defines a particularly serious social condition, similar with the one we know very well. He calls it "cognitively illiberal state", a state of things which is illiberal from the cognitive standpoint. How's this state like? It's a state of things where the difference in values, ideologies, ways to see and evaluate facts, is so big that in a society there's no different way to know how things really are without the risk that this request is interpreted as an opinion, a position: you just cannot talk about a given fact without making other people think you're supporting an ideological viewpoint or another. Cognitively illiberal state. If we think of ourselves as a peaceful and happy democracy, we won't rebel, but if we depict our country as an illiberal, cognitively dictatorial one, then a form of protest can be set up, meeting ourselves. Meeting ourselves is the third issue: I feel that all we have done with social networks, the Internet, blogs, facebook, was just great: it forced us to reconsider all the media system! The journalist in me has spent these last ten years confronting with an extremely capable, new, and creative subject which was this active audience that has contributed to information, criticized it, spread it, made it relevant and has become an extremely important subject to deal with. But it's not clear how different social groups meet on social networks. Platforms, now, are actually supporting these fast ways to connect, they valorize the fast way we use to connect and acknowledge each other. And things roll out fast because it's easy to agree each other. This dynamics emerges more or less everywhere and, essentially, makes us all meet likewise people. Groups and still separated cultural islands emerge (as in the cognitively illiberal state), where cultural clichés matter, or ideological positions, activism, goals to achieve, whatever. It's not always like this, and this is not created by the Internet: it's just some practices that in this phase of Internet's development are prevailing. Of course it's not all like this: as Frieda Brioschi showed us, Wikipedia is a project where all contributors manage and produce something together. I'm talking about other platforms, like facebook or twitter, where likewise people can easily and rapidly meet. We're so used to meet likewise people, that we're not aware of some striking differences in our society. According to me the most striking discover was one reported by Wikipedia Italy too with data on illiteracy in Italy, functional illiteracy: people who can't understand a newspaper's content, when reading. They were tested on reading and comprehension abilities. And maybe they decipher what the written symbols mean, but don't understand what the whole text means. And the number of people in italy who are functionalli illiterate according to a research by OCSE and ONU is 47%. No other western country scores so poorly. I don't know you, but I don't know anyone of them. My personal world spins around people who read much. People with a rich, sophisticated "media diet", with Internet, newspapers, books, even a little tv! (Laughter) Yet almost half of us doesn't understand what's written. And.. sorry: tests were performed, in Italy, on a sport newspaper (Laughter). Forty seven per cent. According to Tullio De Mauro, the figure is even higher, but he's a very hard grader: he looked at the book provided by ISTAT to those who interview Italians about their reading frequency. And he has discovered that when a person replies: "No, I read no books" the interviewer is supposed to ask back: "Not even a cookbook?" and so those who replied "No, i read no books" admits: "Well, yes,a cookbook." So Tullio De Mauro thinks it's even worse than that, but 47% is already enough for me. What do these observations, these conditions we're in, bring us to say? There's this great opportunity, the Internet. Great openness, great participation, great innovative energy. There's a divided landscape, in our society, so that I don't know anyone in this half of population that don't understand what they read, if they read at all. And there's a condition where ideology, the difference in values, separates us so much that the plain facts just can't be known because they're always presented as supporting a given position. Last example (but please, get furious with me): there's been a debate, in both Tuscany and Veneto, on the opportunity of giving up with this damn weather forecasts, because when they foresee a bad weather, less tourists go visit art cities. Even the weather forecast has become an opinion. That's the condition we're in! (Laughter) (Applause) But the Internet is also a big opportunity. Not really because, "as it is", works and fixes everything. The Internet is a big opportunity because it continuously feeds the chance to innovate, to add another brick to the path we're on. And remember, it's still a very short path: we didn't meet the Internet so long ago. In 1995, only 100,000 people were connected in Italy; now, in 2011, more than 50% of Italians is, according to the Censis. By the way, this is also the year when for the first time four referendum succeded despite a lousy TV coverage, and a continuous decline in newspapers' sales, discarded by most people. And all the analysts agree that 55% of those Italians who voted, acquired informations through the web. Internet is important, and can be improved. The suggestion I leave you with, in the last 3 minutes and 44 seconds, is about a foundation born in Trento, in a big district of research, that aims to add pieces of innovations to Internet encouraging the behaviour of those who give information on the web, in oirder to have a common method to define what's information and what's not. This foundation is called ahref, because it's the part of the html code the standard language for web pages, that part that precedes the hyperlinks. So every hyperlink starts with an ahref, even if the browser hides it to us. The foundation of links. One of the things they've done was launching this platform, called Timu, that means "team, let's team" in Swahili, and citizens who produce the information, on all kind of media are asked to join there. It is open to organizations, foundations, companies that want to investigate something, local authorities who want to support those citizens who are investigating. But on Timu, they all agree to inform using a shared method. Really simple, something like: I'll provide an accurate information, transparently declaring my conflicts of interest,if any, and why am I doing these things. I declare I'll respect the law, and check the sources. A method that enables citizens to declare in an open way, a way to inform, so that those who read what the other citizens produce, read and get informed with what is produced there, might at least know what their intentions were. there's no other way to make this system work but by taking spontaneously charge of the responsability that citizens take to give information. An accurate, transparent information, one that checks the sources and is oriented to respect the law. But if you declare this explicitly, you take a responsibility towards the others, which in turn will assume you're willing to take this responsibility, and you end up meeting other citizens on a different level, where before debating on opinions, an arrangement is made on how facts can be discovered. I think this could help us. (Applause) Ladies and gentlemen the achievments of the past are one thing, but the challenges of tomorrow another. and these are no less daunting. The world is changing rapidly and the whole of Europe, the 27 Countries within the European Union face new political and economic realities. We are living through exceptionally difficult times the financial crisis and its dramatic impact on employment and budgets and on the other side, the climate crisis which threatens our very survival. This is a period of anxiety, uncertainty and lack of confidence. But these problems can be overcome by common effort between our countries. Our duty is not only to guarantee the financial stability of the Euro area, it is also to stimulate economic growth because in the end, only sustained economic growth can bring back confidence, create jobs and absorb debts. I beleive that every country sould emerge victorious from negotiations because a negotiation that ends with a defeated party is never a good one. Every country has its own history, its own culture, its own way of doing things and although our journey may be towards a common destination, we all bring different luggage. That is why I will consider everyone's interests and sensitivities. Because denying this would be counterproductive Without respect for diversity, We will never build our unity and this is why I will always bear this principle in mind. It is my firm intention to ensure that our work develops over the long term and as a President of the European Council, I will listen carefully to everyone and I will make sure that our deliberations turn into results for everyone. I will strive to achieve a large number of consensuses so we can ensure the prosperity of the European Union and overcome all of our difficulties in unison. Thank you very much. #_1 #_2 #_3 #_4 #_5 #_6 #_7 #_8 #_9 #_10 #_11 #_12 #_13 #_14 #_15 #_16 #_17 #_18 #_19 #_20 #_21 #_22 #_23 #_24 #_25 #_26 #_27 #_28 #_29 #_30 #_31 #_32 #_33 #_34 #_35 #_36 #_37 #_38 #_39 #_40 #_41 #_42 #_43 #_44 #_45 #_46 #_47 #_48 #_49 #_50 #_51 #_52 #_53 #_54 #_55 #_56 #_57 #_58 #_59 #_60 #_61 #_62 #_63 #_64 #_65 #_66 #_67 #_68 #_69 #_70 #_71 #_72 #_73 #_74 #_75 #_76 #_77 #_78 #_79 #_80 #_81 #_82 #_83 #_84 #_85 #_86 #_87 #_88 #_89 #_90 #_91 #_92 #_93 #_94 #_95 #_96 #_97 #_98 #_99 #_100 #_101 #_102 #_103 #_104 #_105 #_106 #_107 #_108 #_109 #_110 #_111 #_112 #_113 #_114 #_115 #_116 #_117 #_118 #_119 #_120 #_121 #_122 #_123 #_124 #_125 #_126 #_127 #_128 #_129 #_130 #_131 #_132 #_133 #_134 #_135 #_136 #_137 #_138 #_139 #_140 #_141 #_142 #_143 #_144 #_145 #_146 #_147 #_148 #_149 #_150 #_151 #_152 #_153 #_154 #_155 #_156 #_157 #_158 #_159 #_160 #_161 #_162 #_163 #_164 #_165 #_166 #_167 #_168 #_169 #_170 #_171 #_172 #_173 #_174 #_175 #_176 #_177 #_178 #_179 #_180 #_181 #_182 #_183 #_184 #_185 #_186 #_187 #_188 #_189 #_190 #_191 #_192 #_193 #_194 #_195 #_196 #_197 #_198 #_199 #_200 #_201 #_202 #_203 #_204 #_205 #_206 #_207 #_208 #_209 #_210 #_211 #_212 #_213 #_214 #_215 #_216 #_217 #_218 #_219 #_220 #_221 #_222 #_223 #_224 #_225 #_226 #_227 #_228 #_229 #_230 #_231 #_232 #_233 #_234 #_235 #_236 #_237 #_238 #_239 #_240 #_241 #_242 #_243 #_244 #_245 #_246 #_247 #_248 #_249 #_250 #_251 #_252 #_253 #_254 #_255 #_256 #_257 #_258 #_259 #_260 #_261 #_262 #_263 #_264 #_265 #_266 #_267 #_268 #_269 #_270 #_271 #_272 #_273 #_274 #_275 #_276 #_277 #_278 #_279 #_280 #_281 #_282 #_283 #_284 #_285 #_286 #_287 #_288 #_289 #_290 #_291 #_292 #_293 #_294 #_295 #_296 #_297 #_298 #_299 #_300 #_301 #_302 #_303 #_304 #_305 #_306 #_307 #_308 #_309 #_310 #_311 #_312 #_313 #_314 #_315 #_316 #_317 #_318 #_319 #_320 #_321 #_322 #_323 #_324 #_325 #_326 #_327 #_328 #_329 #_330 #_331 #_332 #_333 #_334 #_335 #_336 #_337 #_338 #_339 #_340 #_341 #_342 I asked you where Selim was. Look. Look my child... You're right. That girl... That girl isn't giving up. That, Fatmagül. They've gone even further with their claims. When they realized they couldn't pull Selim down alone. This time they decided to involve Erdoğan and Vural in it. What are you saying? She went to the police and filed a complaint. Saying those three raped her. - I can't believe it. - Yes, it's unbelievable. With her husband they made a complaint to the police. Kerim, too? - As if ruining our wedding wasn't enough... - Where is Selim? They took him to Izmir with Erdoğan to take their statements. Why isn't this case closed yet? Why is she insisting? They're scum of the earth. That's why. It's because they're saying the truth, aren't they? They filed that complaint despite everything and everyone. Meltem, my girl, how can that be the truth? Are you out of your mind? Yes, I'm out of my mind. I remained silent till now, like an idiot. Girl, come let's sit and talk about it. Perihan Anne? Why aren't you saying anything? Because you can't. - Because it's the truth, isn't it? - The shock got her speechless. She can't believe this is happening. Perihan, please say something. My nerves are shot. - I'm very, very shocked. - Enough with your lies! It's enough! - Meltem, please. - It's true, isn't it? - Selim raped that girl, didn't he? - Meltem... - Meltem please, get a hold of yourself. - If what they say is true... ... I'm with that girl from now on. I'm with Fatmagül. I'll make his life miserable. I'll make sure he suffers for fooling me over and over again. - Meltem, enough! - Girl, let's go inside. Gaye, bring us a glass of water. I'm at fault for not taking this subject seriously. You will tell me everything from the beginning. - Everything... - Okay, okay. That's why I'm here. Come, Honey. This is our house. This is Kerim Enişte's shed. I put flowers on top of it. - This is you. - He drew her hala so beautifully. This is dad, this is mom. This is Ebe Nine and this is me. Where is Kerim Enişte? I didn't have time to draw him. Let's say he's at work. Fatmagül. Kadir Bey is calling. - Alo? - Merhaba Meryem Hanım. I'm Advocate Kadir Pakalın. Hello, Kadir Bey. I'm so sorry. I'm very ashamed. - I couldn't go to Izmir today. - You don't need to be sorry. We didn't know you were going through difficult days. Your wife passed away. - We're so sorry. - Don't show your sympathy. Because we were busy with our own troubles... ... we didn't realize your situation. - Please, don't make me even more ashamed. - No, we really couldn't. Meryem Hanım, please tell Fatmagül and Kerim... ... I will go to Izmir tomorrow to talk to the prosecutor. You don't need to, anymore. The prosecutor called Kerim and the others... ... to Izmir, in order to take their statements. Kerim went there with the policemen. - What are you saying? - And I'm going there by 7 a.m flight tomorrow. Not that I will do anything. But I'll just be there for Kerim. Okay then, we can go there together. Let me buy my ticket. Look, we really don't want to make you busy with this. We have already started to look for another lawyer. No way. Fatmagül's lawyer is me. I promised her. - But you... - I know that you lost confidence in me... ... but I assure you this won't happen again. He says "Fatmagül's lawyer is me". He wants to go to Izmir. Say "okay". 7 in the morning. Atatürk Airport, right? No, no. It's the other side (of the strait). Okay then, see you there. Okay, as you wish. What will we do about Kerim? You said you couldn't be lawyer of both Kerim and Fatmagül. I'll ask a friend of mine to be Kerim's lawyer. His name is Ömer Akari. He knows about the case. We'll carry it out together. Good, we can talk about the details tomorrow. Okay, see you at the airport. - You're feeling well, aren't you? - I am, I am. Thank you. See you. - You'll take the case, won't you? - I already have. Kerim's lawyer will be his friend, Ömer Bey. He sounded good. Assertive... Determined... He said he'd keep his promise he gave Fatmagül. Good then. I trust that man. I trust him. Could you give me my trousers. It's over there. - You're still connected to the serum. - Yeah but I need to get up and take a shower. Okay then. I've made the payment. Let me call the nurse here to get us out. And this is their new story. According to Münir, it's nothing more than dogs barking. But I don't want it to be heard, anyway. Can you please get out of here? I don't want to listen to your stories anymore! You're breaking my heart. I couldn't care less about neither you nor Selim. - Get out of my house! - Come on, Reşat. This assault has been done against all of us, Meltem. This is not something that has done against Selim only! It's against you, me and even your dad. Try to see the whole picture. Can you understand how serious this is? Of course she can. Hence her reaction to you. And she is right. - Let's talk about it tomorrow Reşat. - A second, hold on a second... Turaner Bey. Can you afford this to go public before the elections in June? That's the picture I'm talking about. That's why I'm concerned about. They want to hurt you. - You need to understand that. - No one can hurt us, Reşat Bey. - If these claims are true... - Of course not! ... we'll be on the victim's side and support them. - Don't you dare to threaten us. - Threaten you? - D-did I threaten you now? - Reşat... - I'm just telling you what will happen. - We have nothing to do with this. I'm divorcing Selim right away! - And make it even worse. - It can't be worse than that. Ender, it's okay. Okay, it's enough! Now we need to remain calm. - Dad, you too? - Yes, me too. Me too. First of all... Let us know everything about it. Yes, that's what I'm talking about. Reşat Bey is right. If we read this on the newspapers... I sacrificed so many things to earn this reputation. And I can't afford to loose it. This will hurt the party as well. I hate you all. All of you! Meltem! Okay then. You call the newspapers. Tell them about the slander. Prove them wrong. That is, if they're wrong... It is a slander. I assure you. We need to know which prosecutor is looking into the case. Of course, Münir will soon inform us about everything. Please excuse me for tonight. Sure, honey. Let the driver take you home. Perihan Hanım. I'm sorry. I know that my doubt about your son upsets you. But we're so confused as well. Please, it's okay. We can talk about it later. You see how selfish my dad is. How he wants to believe Reşat Bey. Meltem, those claims don't make sense to me, either. I mean, come on... Erdoğan and Vural, too? They just want to hit harder because they failed last time. I agree that it's a cheap slander. We'll see. - What are you doing? - I saved her number when she called me. - Don't call her. - I will. He should be there at 10 or 11 pm. Wonder if it's the prosecution office in the town or in the city? Abi, don't answer it. I bet it's Münir. Don't pick up. Let it ring. What are we afraid of? What can he say? Alo? Alo? Yes? I want to talk to Fatmagül. Sacide Hanım, is it you? Yes, it's me. Fatmagül, it's for you. Sacide Hanım. She's right here. - Have a good night. - Good night. Alo. Fatmagül, it's Meltem Yaşaran. What happened? I heard you've been messing with us again. I'm not messing with anybody! I just made a complaint. - Isn't it Sacide Hanım? - You're lying. It's a slander! No, it's the truth. I wanted to tell you before. But you didn't want to listen to me. You don't want to hear it. You don't want to believe it's true. I don't believe you because you're lying. For whatever reason, you're maligning! You carry the surname of the biggest lowlife. And then his cousin... And their friend. Saying their names in my mouth is like swearing. They ruined my life. At your engagement night, even. Shut up! Liar! - I know why you're doing this. - You know nothing! They raided my house after I called you in your wedding day. They threatened me with killing my family if I went to Police. They made their dogs beat Kerim. Did you know these? - You're lying. - They're still coming to my house. Even last night, your husband and son of his uncle was here. They didn't leave us alone. They made me have to go to police. - You're lying. - We'll see who's lying at court. Let everyone spit on my face if I'm lying. - Hang up the phone. - I'm not scared of you anymore. Justice shall be served! No one can silence me anymore. You hear me? No one! Calm down. Give it to me... Alo! Don't call us again. We'll see each other at court. Bother us again. And we will let police know about these phone calls too. Don't make me file a complaint about all of you. Meltem? What did she say? The girl is telling the truth, Gaye. She's telling the truth. She still thinks that I'm lying. - She doesn't want to believe it, of course. - Is she stupid? It's time she should open her eyes and get rid of that scum. I'm sorry, sister. I really thought it was Sacide Hanım. I wouldn't have given you the phone otherwise. It's okay abi. Glad you did. I feel better now. Good to know that they're in a stew. If his wife knows about it that means they couldn't hide it. Sit down, sweety. Our worse days have yet to come. See what a phone call has done to us. This is just the beginning. - They'll come for us. - Good, let them bring it on. We're fighting for our honor. No matter what they say or do to us we will not repeat the same mistakes. - Was this for me? - Primarily, yes. Münir called me a thousand times since this morning. If I was scared of them I would have answered him. Good for you. We will move together, from now on. You're saying "same mistakes". I did what I had to under the circumstances. You think it was easy? Dealing with both Mustafa and the Yaşarans. If I didn't sort that out... ... there would be blood. Nothing would have happened. Where is Mustafa now? He's still working for them although he knows everything now. You shouldn't have given them that ring. If we had just one evidence from that night... ... things would have been different. Yeah, I'm the guilty one as always. Whatever happened, happened. That can't be helped. Yes, abi. Yes. The prosecutor's name is Ünal. I don't know. It seems he's new here. He's young. I don't know. We'll see him tomorrow. Abi, can you make an enquiry about him? Will you? Okay, abi. Sorry for bothering you. Okay, abi. Eyvallah. Alo, Ahmet? Any news? You don't say... Alright. Okay, Ahmetciğim. Has he taken similar cases before? Are you saying that we can't influence him? No, it's okay. Thanks. Thank you. See you later. Come here... Come, come, come. You liar. You filthy slanderer. Hey, easy. The dirt you threw at us will come back at you. - You'll see! - I can't wait to see that. I'll file libel suit against you! For everything you've done! - I will see your face then. - Justice will be served. - Shut up. Who's he? - The lawyer. - Hoşgeldiniz. - Hoşbulduk, these are his papers. You just wait... You'll pay for slandering innocent people! - By "innocent" you mean? - Don't answer him. - Mr. Lawyer, please go out. - I'm waiting for my my clients here. Be quiet then. Don't taunt each other. - Are you Kerim Ilgaz? - Yes. You'll give your statement to the prosecutor tomorrow morning. - Take him. - I'll make you pay for that. We'll see who will pay. - Efendim, enişte? - Have they arrived yet? That bum, Kerim has come. Our boys should be here soon. - Is the girl there too? - No, but they are probably around here. It might be good if you can find her and talk to her. That's not a good idea, Enişte. It'll make us look guilty. We shouldn't do anything other than denying all the accusations. They can't prove anything anyway, right? It's not that easy, I'm afraid. It'll be a bit troublesome. But nothing we can't take care of, Enişte. How is it over there? What did you do about Meltem? It's chaos here. Luckily Turaner Bey is a sensible man. He knows well he's going to suffer at the end. Enişte, his help will be crucial. But Meltem is out of control. She has lost it. She believes that girl. She says she'll divorce Selim. No, we can't let that happen. Hopefully we won't. There's nothing that can't be done. We've engaged for the second time tonight. We've worn our rings again before the dinner. Since Selimciğim lost his ring. Who knows where he dropped it. I know it's in this house somewhere. But I couldn't find it. I'll buy an identical one in Istanbul. This is the same ring. He had two of them? Why? He had lost it right after the engagement, you recall? Yeah, from the first day on. Then he bought a new one not to upset you. Then he found his ring. So this one has become spare now. I've totally forgotten about it. Anyway, I better save it. I thought this was the real one. No, no. Let me have it. It might come in handy in case Selim loses it again. Get me the name of the prosecutor. Tell me what type of person he is. I need it. I'll have a word with him. Just do it quickly. I'll be waiting. Oh, Ümit... This is very secret. This is between you and me. Please. I wouldn't have called you if I didn't trust you. Okay, okay Ümitciğim. Thank you. See you later. Ümit is one of the party's secretaries. He's from there as well. He will get in contact with the provincial organization to get information. I can't believe what you're dealing with. I have to do something before this surfaces. You think you can influence a prosecutor? You are supposed to be against these kinds of stuff. Don't get at me, Ender ! - I can't just sit down and wait. - Using your power... ... to cover that up, and then what? Are we going to ignore the facts? And swallow it? We're no longer related with that family. Of course. Meltem will divorce. We'll peel that dirt off ourselves. But one who gets up in anger sits down with a loss I want to do it silently. If this gets revealed before the elections... ... it will be my end, too. We need to be patient. Meltem... ... is more important than your political greed. My girl is more important than anything in this world. Now our belief state contains 2 and 6, and we decide we want to execute the suck action. Now tell me, by clicking on the appropriate states, what states belong to the belief state after we make a prediction for what's going to happen after the suck action. Hello people of Spain My name is Hordur Torfason I'm standing in front of the parlament building here in Island in Reikiavik The capital and in 11th Octover 2008 I camed down here and started to ask people who was passing by what was happened in Island, what is happening, what can we do. And I stood here everyday for a week, at 12 o'clock >> GROVE: Hello, everyone. We're here at the White House today for a very unique event-- an exclusive interview with President Obama, in which the questions come from American people who have submitted them and chosen them online. My name is Steve Grove and I'm the head of news and politics at YouTube. Mr. President, thank you for taking time to answer these questions today. >> OBAMA: It's my pleasure. Thank you, Steve. Thanks for having me and thanks to YouTube for doing this. We had a chance to do this before I was elected and had a great time, so I'm glad we can do it again. >> GROVE: Great. Well, let's tell people a little bit about how this works. Five days ago, um, as you were delivering your State of the Union address, we opened up our moderator platform on YouTube where thousands of people have been submitting and voting on both video and text questions. Some of them, as you'll see, were hard-hitting. Others were emotional. Some were even funny, but all of the questions you'll see here today were voted into the top tier of the thousands of questions we received. And none of them have been chosen by the White House or seen by the president. So this should be a lot of fun. Mr. President, let's let Layman Marcus from Silver Spring, Maryland, kick us off. He submitted this video to remind us of where things were a year ago. [pause] >> OBAMA: Let there be no doubt. Health care reform cannot wait, it must not wait, and it will not wait another year. [orchestral strings] >> GROVE: Mr. Marcus writes, "Mr. President, I know there have been political setbacks "to getting health care reform done. "The 40 million people who have no insurance can't wait. Will they be able to get insurance this year?" >> OBAMA: It is my greatest hope that we can get this done, not just a year from now, but soon. We came extremely close. We now have a bill that's come out from the House and come out from the Senate. That's unprecedented. And if you look at the core components of that legislation, what you have is 30 million people who get coverage, insurance reform, so the people who have health insurance are going to be able to be protected from not being able to get it because of pre-existing conditions or suddenly losing their health care because, you know, the insurance company has some fine print that they didn't read. It makes sure that we actually start bending the cost curve. Controlling the rise in premiums by instituting better practices in terms of how we reimburse doctors, how we ask hospitals to work together. We've already invested in electronic I.T., electronic medical records, things that can help make the system more efficient. So we have this enormous opportunity, but the way the rules work in the United States Senate, you've got to have 60 votes for everything. After the special election in Massachusetts, we now only have 59. We are calling on our Republican colleagues to get behind a serious health reform bill. One that actually provides not only the insurance reforms for people who do have health insurance, but also the coverage for folks who don't. My hope is is that they accept that invitation and that they work with us together over the next several weeks to get it done. >> GROVE: You know, a lot of people that submitted questions were sort of frustrated by the process involved with health care. And the number one question we got in health care came from Mr. Anderson in Texas, who asked, "Why are the health care meetings and procedures not on C-SPAN as promised?" And then one of the top questions in the government reform category was Warren Hunter in Brooklyn, who said, "How do you expect people "of this country to trust you when you have repeatedly "broken promises that were made on the campaign trail? "Most recently, the promise to have a transparent health care debate." >> OBAMA: Well, I guess, first of all, I would say that we have been certified by independent groups as the most transparent White House in history. It's important to understand. We are the first White House since the founding of the republic to list every visitor that comes into the White House online, so that you can look it up. People know more about the inner workings of this White House, the meetings we have. We've excluded lobbyists from boards and commissions. But we also report on any lobbyist who meets with anybody who's part of our administration. So we've actually followed through on a lot of the commitments that we've made, so Warren's mistaken in terms of how he characterized it. What is fair to say is that as the health care process went forward, not every single aspect of it was on C-SPAN. Now keep in mind, most of the action was in Congress, so every committee hearing that was taking place-- both in the House and the Senate-- those were all widely televised. The only ones that were not were meetings that I had with some of the legislative leadership trying to get a sense from them in terms of what it was that they were trying to do. I think it is a fair criticism. I've acknowledged that and that's why as we move forward, making sure that in this last leg, these last five yards before we get to the goal line, that everybody understands exactly what's going on in the health care bill, that there are no surprises, no secrets. That's going to be an imperative. It's going to be one of my highest priorities. >> GROVE: Well, you know, the central focus of your State of the Union was obviously jobs. And a lot of people wrote in asking for some clarity around some of your plans for small businesses. I'm going to play you two video questions in a row. [pause] >> Good evening, President Obama. One year ago today, my wife and I were both let go from our jobs in corporate America within 48 hours of each other. We've since started a small business and we employ a couple of people around us. What is being done to free up funding and encourage the growth of other small businesses that have such a tremendous impact on our economy? Thank you. >> Colin Callahan, Costa Mesa, California. Mr. President, how exactly are you planning on helping small businesses grow and prosper besides simply providing tax breaks? >> OBAMA: Well, let me start with some specific issues that confront every small business all across the country. And it's absolutely true that if we can get small businesses back on their feet, then that's going to go a long way towards bringing the unemployment rate down, 'cause that's the fastest generator of jobs across the country. Number one, small businesses really are still struggling with financing. You hear stories everywhere you go that even profitable, successful businesses are having trouble getting financing, because banks frankly just don't want to take the risk. After having taken way too many risks before, now they're taking no risks and small businesses are punished for that. So we've expanded the SBA loan-- the Small Business Administration loan-- portfolio by about 70%. We've been waiving guarantees and fees trying to streamline the process just to get more capital into the hands of small businesses. That's point number one. Point number two then are the tax breaks that were alluded to. It is important to see if we can give more incentives to small business. So, for example, we're just eliminating capital gains for small businesses, which is particularly important. If you've got a startup, ten years from now, you may end up being successful with your small business, but suddenly you've got to pay taxes on it. If you can take that money, instead of paying Uncle Sam, reinvest it in your business, you can grow it further. So we think that that's the kind of strategy that makes a lot of sense. We want to also make sure that we're providing tax credits for hiring of small business-- small businesses that are hiring new employees. And so we've got a whole range of proposals there. Now in addition to the tax credits, in addition to the financing, one of the other things that frankly small businesses need is just a economic environment that is growing. And one of the things we're very proud of is the fact that we had a 6% contraction of the economy at the beginning of last year. This past quarter, we had a 6% increase in the growth of the economy. That 12% swing offers greater opportunities for small businesses to prosper and thrive. Last point I'd make. One of the biggest burdens on small businesses is health care costs. And probably nobody benefits more from our health care proposals than small businesses, because what we're doing is we're saying that not only will you get tax credits to buy health insurance, but we're also going to let you pool, buy into a big exchange, so that you have the same purchasing power as a big company like Ford or, you know-- Google is able to negotiate with insurance companies and get a good deal. Well, now small businesses, by pooling together in this exchange, are going to have that same leverage. That will help lower their costs and for a lot of small businesses, it's not just a matter of giving health insurance to your employees. It's also just being able to buy health insurance for yourself. That will cut down on small business costs and they'll be able to, again, invest more in their business. >> GROVE: You know, a lot of Americans saw what happened on Wall Street this past year and they wrote in saying, "When are we going to get our bailout?" Here is Frederick from Florida, who submitted the number one video question in the financial reform category. >> Mr. President, my name is Frederick from South Florida. I have a question about your HAMP program and why the banks are reluctant to modify loans for homeowners who can afford to stay in their homes. Now the taxpayers bailed them out. They refuse to help us out. And I would like to know what say you, Mr. President? >> OBAMA: Well, look, this is something that we've been dealing with since the beginning of this financial crisis. We set up a program for loan modification that so far about 4 million people have taken advantage of across the country. You've got about 800,000 people who have gotten loan modifications that are saving them an average of $550. And so these are not insignificant savings. We've been able to get that done. The problem is is the number of people whose mortgages are underwater-- where they actually have home value that's now less than their mortgage-- is a lot bigger than that. And, you know, you saw declining values all across the country. So the amount of money that we've been able to get into this program has not met the entire need. We're now pushing the banks as hard as we can to make sure that not only do they do the most with the resources that we've been giving them, but that they also do a much better job of customer service with people who are coming to them. I get letters all the time of people who have gone through all kinds of hoops, filled out forms. The bank doesn't call them back. Or after they've gone through a trial period, the bank says, "Well, you know, we now think we shouldn't give you a home modification." What we're trying to do is to increase transparency and force all the banks to tell us, "Exactly what are you doing with your customers "who want to stay in their homes, "can afford to pay a mortgage, but need something a little bit more limited?" And I'm hopeful that we're going to continue to see more and more people take advantage of it, but I want to be honest. Given the magnitude of the housing problem out there, that there are still going to be pockets of areas where the housing values have dropped so much that it is still going to be tough for a lot of people and we're just going to have to work our way through this as the economy improves. >> GROVE: Mr. President, let's lighten things up for a minute. We got a lot of people just submitting their ideas to you. Ideas for how to make the country better. They wanted to hear what you thought about them. Let's play sort of a faster round of a thing we'll call "Good Idea, Bad Idea." I'll show you an idea. You say whether you think it's good or bad and maybe just a few sentences about what you think about it. >> GROVE: First one comes from Aloha Tony in your home state of Hawaii. >> OBAMA: There you go. >> GROVE: He says... >> OBAMA: Uh... Bad idea most of the time. There are examples where privatization makes sense, where people can do things much more efficiently. Um, but oftentimes, what you see is companies want to buy those parts of a government-run operation that are profitable, and they don't want to do anything else. So for example, the U.S. Postal Service, everybody would love to have that high-end part of the business that FedEx and UPS are already in. Business-to-business, you make a lot of money. But do they want to deliver that postcard to a remote area-- >> GROVE: Mm-hmm. >> OBAMA: Somewhere in rural America that is a money loser? Well, the U.S. Post Office provides universal service. Those companies would not want to provide universal service. So you got to make sure that you look carefully at what privatization proposals are after. >> GROVE: So bad idea most of the time? >> OBAMA: Most of the time. >> GROVE: Most of the time. Next idea, rather, is a video. >> My car insurance company will allow me to take driver's ed classes to reduce my monthly premiums. Can we do the same thing for health insurance? Take classes in cooking, nutrition, stress management, communication, parenting, stopping smoking, maybe even exercise classes-- and get a reduction on our monthly premiums? >> OBAMA: Well, I think that the idea is a good one. And that is that if people are being healthy, that they should be able to get some incentives for that. And a lot of companies are starting to do that. We probably don't want the insurance companies, though, making those decisions. Because insurance companies have every incentive to take the youngest, healthiest people and insure them-- since they're less likely to have to pay out-- and then leave older, sicker individuals out of their insurance pools. So it's important in any health care program to make sure that the young and the healthy and the older and the sicker are in a single pool. But what we should encourage are individual companies who provide incentives for wellness programs, smoking cessation programs, they're going to get a workout once in a while-- those things are something that we should encourage. And you know, the first lady, Michelle Obama, she's really focusing right now on childhood wellness, healthy eating, getting exercise. That's some--a campaign that she's going to be pushing all year long. >> GROVE: Let's get one more idea in here. This next one comes from J. Levers in Dover, Delaware, who writes... >> OBAMA: Good idea. And we want to do everything we can to encourage clean energy. And I have instructed the Department of Energy to make sure that our Federal Operations are employing the best possible clean energy technology-- alternative energy technology. And what we're seeing is more and more companies realize this is a win-win for them. Not only is what their doing environmentally sound, but it also, over the long term, saves money for them. >> GROVE: Great. Well, let's get back to the questions. And I got to tell you the number one question that came in in the jobs and economy category had to do with the Internet, and it came from James Earlywine of Indianapolis. He said... >> OBAMA: Well, I'm a big believer in that neutrality. Uh, I campaigned on this, I continue to be a strong supporter of it. My FCC Chairman, Julius Genachowski, has indicated that he shares the view that we've got to keep the Internet open, that we don't want to create a bunch of gateways that prevent somebody who doesn't have a lot of money but has a good idea from being able to start their next Youtube, or their next Google on the Internet. So this is something we're committed to. We're getting pushed back, obviously, from some of the bigger carriers, who would like be able to charge more fees and extract more money from wealthier customers. But we think that runs counter to the whole spirit of openness that has made the Internet such a powerful engine for not only economic growth, but also for the generation of ideas and creativity. >> GROVE: But you know, to get good jobs, I think many Americans realize they need a higher education. But college tuition costs are so high. Here is a video question from Saginaw, Michigan. >> Dear President Obama, as a college student who has 14 credits and three part-time jobs, I'm just wondering what are your plans for-- plans to lower college tuition costs? Um... You know, I know we're in a struggling economy right now, but if any-- any little bit that you can help and would be appreciative. Thank you. God bless. Bye. >> OBAMA: Well, John's right that college tuition costs are just crushing on a lot of folks. And this is something I remember from my own experience 'cause Michelle and I-- we had college loans we kept on paying off for a decade after we had graduated from law school. We've already done a huge amount to increase Pell Grants, to help increase the accessibility of college loans and grants at the college level, but we want to do more. And so we've put forward an initiative that is being debated in Congress, and we hope to get passed this year. Where if you have student loans, that you will not have to pay more than 10% of your income on those loans, that after 20 years they'll be forgiven, and if you've gone into public service, they'll be forgiven after ten years. That would provide a huge amount of relief for people. We still need to expand more the Pell Grant program. Make it both accessible to more people and raise the amount of tuition. In order to pay for this, the best part of this is we can actually figure out how to pay for it. Because right now, you've got a lot of banks and financial service companies who are still middlemen in the federally-guaranteed loan programs. And if we can cut those middlemen out, then you've got several billion dollars that you can invest in the programs that I just described. This is something that I've made a top priority. I want us to once again have the highest college graduation rates of any country in the world by 2020. We can get that done, but this is legislation that needs to pass. And the last point I would make... Colleges and universities, also, though, have to figure out how can they cut their costs? 'Cause even if we're putting more and more loans in-- more and more money for loans-- if the inflation in higher education keeps on skyrocketing over time, it's still going to gobble up all that extra money and we'll be right back where we started. So we've got to show more restraint at the college and university level, in terms of ever-escalating costs. >> GROVER: Well, let's back up a bit just from the specifics of education policy and ask a more fundamental question, which comes from Sean in Ohio. >> Mr. President, what do you want public education to help students become? Should they be good workers? Innovative thinkers? Something else? As a math teacher, I want to know what you think it means to be an educated person. >> OBAMA: Well... I think obviously, there's a huge economic component to being well-educated. Uh, we know that if you've got a college education, you are going to make multiples of what you would make as a high school graduate, much less a high school dropout, over the course of a lifetime. But it's absolutely true that a high-quality education is not just a matter of being a good worker. It's also a matter of being a good citizen. It's also a matter of being able to think critically, evaluate the world around you, make sure that you can process all of the information that's coming at us in a way that helps you make decisions about your own life, but also helps you participate in the life of the country. And you know, I'm a big believer that the most important thing that a kid can learn in school is how to learn and how to think. If Malia and Sasha, my two daughters, are asking questions, know how to poke holes in an argument, know how to make an argument themselves, know how to evaluate a complicated bunch of data, then I figure that they're going to be okay regardless of the career path that they're in. And I think that that requires more than just rote learning. Although, you know, it certainly requires good habits, and discipline, and school. It also requires that in the classroom they're getting the kind of creative teaching that's so important. And that's why our administration's initiated something called Race to the Top. Where my Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, has helped to design a competition among states so that they can foster the kinds of excellence and learning everywhere-- not just in some schools, not just in some states-- but in every school, in every state. If states want money, we're going to reward excellence. And if--And we will show them you know, what has been proven to work in terms of encouraging the kind of critical thinking that all of our children need. >> GROVER: Mr. President, the number two category after jobs and economy that people submitted to was national security and foreign policy. >> OBAMA: Mm-hmm. >> GROVER: And the number one question came from Concerned Conservative in Georgia, who asked about your plans for the War on Terror. And then Sean from Pennsylvania followed it up with... >> OBAMA: Well, first of all, I think it's important to understand that we are at war against a very specific group-- Al-Qaeda and its extremist allies that have metastasized around the globe that would attack us, attack our allies, attack bases and embassies around the world, and most--most sadly attack innocent people, regardless of their backgrounds, regardless of their religions. You know, Al-Qaeda is probably the biggest killer of innocent Muslims of any entity out there. And so that is our target, and that is our focus. Now, they employ terrorist tactics, but we need to be clear about who our target is. And we have to fight them on all fronts. We have to fight them in very concrete ways in Afghanistan and along the border regions of Pakistan where they are still holed up. They have spread to places like Yemen and Somalia, and we are working internationally with partners to try to limit their scope of operations and dismantle them in those regions. But we also have to battle them with ideas. We have to help work with the overwhelming majority of Muslims who reject senseless violence of this sort and to work to provide different pathways and different alternatives for people expressing whatever policy differences that they may have. And I think we haven't done as good of a job on that front. We have to project economically working in countries, like a Yemen that is extraordinarily poor, to make sure that young people there have opportunity. The same is true in a place like Pakistan. So we want to use all of our national power to deal with the problem of the extremist organizations. But part of that does involve applications of military power, and that's why, although it is the hardest decision that a commander-in-chief can make, to send our troops into battle, I thought it was very important to make sure that we had an additional 30,000 troops in Afghanistan to help train Afghan forces so that they can start providing more effective security for their own country in dealing with the Taliban and ultimately allow us to remove our troops but still have a secure partner there that's not gonna be able to use that region as a platform to attack The United States. >> GROVE: Well, another central issue in the war on terror now is Guantanamo. A lot of users wrote in about this. Oh, actually, you know what? I think we're gonna-- That'll come later. I think that question's actually about Sudan, which you didn't actually address in your State of the Union, but it was actually the number-one voted question, and it's a video from The Enough Project here in D.C. >> President Obama, more than 3 million Darfuries fear returning home because of instability. Many fear that Sudan may be on the brink of war. What will you do to galvanize the international community to ensure that widespread violence does not occur in Sudan this year? >> OBAMA: Well, the situation in Sudan has been heart-breaking but also extremely difficult and something that we started working on the day that I came into office. Our first task was, at that time, making sure that people who were in refugee camps in Darfur had access to basic water, food, other necessities of life. And this was after the Sudanese government in Khartoum had kicked out a whole bunch of non-governmental organizations that were providing assistance there. We were able to get that assistance back in to help, at least initially, stabilize the situation. The next step in the challenge is to broker a lasting peace agreement between rebels who are still in the Darfur region and this government. And I've got a special envoy who has been very active in trying to bring together the international community to get that deal brokered. Part of what makes it complicated is you also have a conflict historically between Northern Sudan and Southern Sudan. They finally reached an agreement after a lot of work, but the Sudanese-- the Southern Sudanese now have an option where they may be seeking to secede from all of Sudan. That's another potential conflict that could create additional millions of refugees. And so what we are doing is trying to work with not only the regional powers but The United Nations and other countries that have shown a great interest in this to see if we can broker a series of agreements that would stabilize the country, and then allow the refugees who are in Darfur to start moving back to their historic lands. Sadly, because of the genocide that took place earlier, a lot of those villages are now destroyed, and so thinking about how to resettle these populations in places that are viable economically, that have the resources to support populations, is a long-term development challenge that the international community is gonna have to support. We continue to put pressure on the Sudanese government. If they are not cooperative in these efforts, then it is gonna be appropriate for us to conclude that engagement doesn't work, and we're gonna have to apply additional pressure on Sudan in order to achieve our objectives. But my hope is, is that we can broker agreements with all the parties involved to deal with what has been an enormous human tragedy in that region. >> GROVE: You know, the question we missed from the deck, but it was about Guantanamo. And essentially he was saying, "Why is it taking so long to close down Guantanamo?" >> OBAMA: Well, it's pretty straightforward. Number one, you've got a whole bunch of individuals in Guantanamo, some of whom are very dangerous, some of whom were low-level fighters, some of whom the courts have determined should never have been put there in the first place. We've had to evaluate each of those cases, hundreds of cases one-by-one, to determine what these various categories are and do it in a way that stands up to our standards of due process and legal scrutiny. Then we've got to figure out, if we're closing Guantanamo, where are we gonna put them? And we have proposed that there are a number of options on the continental United States where you could hold these people as trials, either in military commissions or in Article ill courts are pending. But unfortunately, there has been a lot of political resistance, and, you know, frankly, some of it just politically motivated. Some of it, people being legitimately scared about, well, if we've got somebody who we've been told is a terrorist in our backyard, will that make us a target? One of the things that we've had to try to communicate to the country at large is that historically we've tried a lot of terrorists in our courts, we have them in our federal prisons, they've never escaped, and these folks are no different. But it's been one of those things that's been subject to a lot of, in some cases, uh, uh... pretty rank politics. And, you know, we've got to work through that process because Congress ultimately controls the purse strings in creating new facilities. If Congress makes a decision that they're going to try to block the opening of a new facility, it potentially constrains what our administration can do. And so this is something that we've got to work through both in Congress, but also with public opinion so that people understand that ultimately this is the right thing to do. By closing Guantanamo, we can regain the moral high ground in the battle against these terrorist organizations. There's been no bigger propaganda weapon for many of these extremists than pointing to Guantanamo and saying that we don't live up to our own ideals, and that's something that I strongly believe we have to resist, even if it has some costs to it and even if it's not always the most politically popular thing to do. >> GROVE: You know, Mr. President, we don't have much time left, but I want to make sure we get to the issue of energy, the environment. One of the rare moments where you were able to get applause from your friends on the Republican side of the aisle in Congress the other night was when you mentioned nuclear energy. And just today, your budget announced tripling the loan guarantees for nuclear reactors. A lot of people had questions about just how this would work and why you did that. >> President Obama, record numbers of young people elected you in support of a clean energy future. If money is tight, why do you propose wasting billions in expensive nuclear, dirty coal, and offshore drilling? We need to ramp up efficiency, wind, and solar, that are all economically sustainable and create clean and safe jobs for our generation. >> OBAMA: Well, you're not gonna get any argument from me about the need to create clean energy jobs. I think this is gonna be the driver of our economy over the long-term. And that's why we put in record amounts of money for solar and wind and biodiesel and all the other alternative clean energy sources that are out there. In the meantime though, unfortunately, no matter how fast we ramp up those energy sources, we're still gonna have enormous energy needs that will be unmet by alternative energy. And the question then is: Where will that come from? Nuclear energy has the advantage of not emitting greenhouse gasses. For those who are concerned about climate change, we have to recognize that countries like Japan and France and others have been much more aggressive in their nuclear industry and much more successful in having that a larger part of their portfolio without incident, without accidents. We're mindful of the concerns about storage, of spent fuel, and concerns about security, but we still think it's the right thing to do if we're serious about dealing with climate change. With respect to clean coal technology, it is not possible at this point to completely eliminate coal from the menu of our energy options. And if we are ever going to deal with climate change in a serious way, where we know China and India are gonna be greatly reliant on coal, we've got to start developing clean coal technologies that can sequester the harmful emissions, because otherwise countries like China and India are not gonna stop using coal. We'll still have those same problems, but we won't have the technology to make sure that it doesn't harm the environment over the long-term. So I know that there's some skepticism about whether there is such a thing as clean coal technology. What is true is right now that we don't have all the technology to prevent greenhouse gas emissions from a coal-powered-- power plants. But the technology is close, and it makes sense for us to make that investment now, not only because it would be good for America, but it will also ultimately be good international. And we can license and export that technology in ways that help other countries use a better form of energy that's gonna be helpful to the climate change issue. >> GROVE: Mr. President, I think we're out of time, but I know a lot of people really enjoyed the opportunity to ask questions of you in this way and would love to do this again with you sometime. >> OBAMA: You know, this was terrific. And I just want to thank everybody who submitted questions, whether via Email or over the Internet, and I hope we get a chance to do this on a more regular basis, 'cause it gives me great access to all the people out there with wonderful ideas. Even if you didn't make your question, even if it wasn't on this show, we appreciate your submission, and hopefully we'll catch you next time. >> GROVE: Great. Thanks, Mr. President. >> OBAMA: Thank you. Appreciate it. Can I tell you a story? Once in the deep jungles of Chambal there lived a gang of dacoits, Sister, you're getting big money, right? How much will you give me? I'll not cheat you Won't I offer Rs.116? Why don't you play? Don't play. Hey Satti! Bloody, come out man I've come, what's your problem? Jintha means base Thatha means baton ChithaChitha means chutney. It means your base will become chutney with baton charge. That's the matter. Sleep .... sleep Sleep my dear sweetheart Song is very nice, who sang it? - My mother. Where is your mother? She's dead Who is calling at this hour? Vikram Rathod is alive Brother-in-law! It seems Vikram Rathod is still alive Bavuji here Bavuji! Vikram Rathod is alive Where? Where did you see him? In Hyderabad What do you want? Bavuji, this is his grave Dig it My brother Titla is a terror to this Chambal valley, he survived his murderous attack also He's not an ordinary man Find him.- Okay Bavuji Vikram singh Rathod! Where are you man? Where are you man? His arrival will make your had time vanish. Predict vastu, treasures Goddess of Wealth! it Goddess of Wealth who pulled my leg? Or is it my imagination? Let me see Goddess of Wealth! I'm sure it's Goddess of Wealth Mother, I'm coming Mother, I'm coming - Really Swamy? Go away. Oh Goddess! Mother, Goddess of Wealth has blessed you Is it Swamy? Don't talk, she promised great wealth for you. How much? Don't talk 100 Lakhs 100 Lakhs? Don't talk.- When? Look there! Goddess of Wealth! Come my Goddess, we are waiting for you here Few hundreds short will also do let's count it later. No, ask her to bring that also She's not accepting a penny less you move away, she'll jump. She has crossed Heaven She has crossed Kailasham By passed lndra's Kingdom She's into the clouds On your terrace! Swamy! What happened? Please sit down. What happened? What's there to happen now? Your father made a vow to tonsure your head in Tirupathi. He didn't fulfill the vow. So Lord Hanuman has put his tail as hurdle to stop Goddess of Wealth's entry. What to do now? I've a Tirupathi knife. You fulfill the vow, he'll remove his tail Goddess will push the money bag in Do it fast Sister, you're getting big money, right? How much will you give me? I'll not cheat you Won't I offer Rs.116? Bloody stingy woman! Will you offer me just Rs.116 after getting millions? I'll make it Rs.126 People like you are had omen to the society. Go away. Why are you going away? -Wait... Why are you leaving my head half shaven? What will the colony people think of me if they see? Why did he leave abruptly? Shave heads! We'll use special blades to shave cleanly. Hey come here Coming madam Tell me. For widow it's 10 and for fulfilling vow it's 20. What type is yours? Half shaven head! I can't How can I finish a job half left by another man? Don't say like that I'm not able to show my face in public. Feel free to ask anything Rs.1000 Rs. 1000? Can't you reduce it? I can...Rs.1500 Settle the earlier figure.- Okay. Shave heads! Rs.10 for full head shave and Rs.1000 for half head shave. Hey Man, come here Hey Athili! You are not an ordinary man How did you manage so many half shaven heads in one day? You are an expert head shaver. Stop! MLA is busy. I'm his wife, tell me your grievance Some Swamy cheated all of us look at our heads. Who am I to tell my woe? Uncle.- Nephew. Total collection is Rs. 26100 If we take off 6100, it's Rs.20000 - What is it? What's the round figure of 5 paise or Rs.5?- Rs.5 That's what I'm saying, if we take off 6100, it's Rs.20000, right? Come out like that, you can't cheat me We shared the hardwork equally, so 10 for you and 10 for me. Give me the ten thousand I shaved half heads &you did the rest 50-50 share, want to take full money. I had been watching you since childhood you never share the booty correctly. Will you take everylhing and leave me only this? Don't you want that also? Why are you taking this also? Cheats will never prosper. We are offering prayers in temple, right? Give me Rs.1000.- No Rs.500?- No Give Rs.10 for tea. I'll smash your face What man? Account not tallying? Where did you steal the money? College girls bus Any scene here is fresh Applying brake is a big issue Cupid is beaten up That's it! It's sin not to taste the pulse under. Are you itching for trouble? My slipper will wear out on you Girl playing Tennis is sensational on the ground She smashed a shot bending and shattered the stadium... Tennis ball maiden is sensational O Tennis girl! Your moves are shattering Is it crop of farms in Athili? Is it your beauty on show? You lift and show. ...the prize you lift and show is energy booster to the youth... You are Wimbledon lady and I'm Amberpet Kedi... 36-24-36 Look great in FTV dresses When a maiden wears FTV dress Old man in jeans...asked for a chance Dear...dear...what happened? What happened madam? Some one made a sound and for that sound... Who made that sound? Who made the sound near a heart patient? I'm calling police. I told you not to wear so much gold warned of heart attack for the sound it makes. Dear, your gold? Night duty Nurse read my pulse She asked to take off my pant and pierced a big injection Groom, listen to me Wife is a goddess A never ending love As love herself. As your life Like light in lamp.. Be a lifelong friend If you find faults with her. If you try to act smart with her. Little devils are here. How to pack them inside? Little monkeys You can't catch me How to enter with this face? Stop playing and come for dinner. Come...come. Children are not allowed.- Steal...rob. Bless us with trouble free robberies Hail Lord Krishna! Hail Butter Thief! Hail Blade! Hail Scissors! Hail the duo of thieves! Lord, with your divine grace, working overtime day and night we stole you from Venugopalaswamy temple, my Lord, with your grace, stole a bench from NTR gardens, stole milk can from milk centre, stole post box from Gandhinagar, stole TV from Railway station stole telephone from public booth Really? Nephew. What else can we wish? Who was on line?- Robber informer. The girl you wanted has come from Chambal for a marriage here. The house you saw is the guest house. Then, we are staying there for a week. I'll keep 4 lorries standby in the next street we can load all the goods. We are going there to settle my love matter. Are you in love? Why so surprised? If you try your antics there, I'll cut, cook and serve you to the guests Sixer! I'll thrash every kid here Satti, is our ball here? It's here only. Come All are sweet and small. I'll burst all your balls today. Forgive the kids this time, women of the area are worst I'm worse than the worst Kids are finished today. Get out! Great Tendulkars and Dhonis to come out with bats. If you come here again, I'll cut it Listen to me...he's not a good man Will you hide inside after beating children? Today, you're finished in my hands Hey Satti! Come out bloody idiot! Oh my God! I've come out, so what? Bloody, let your hands get broken you die instantly with a strange disease. Let your family break up. Let your house get burnt down Let your false hair fall down Nephew, don't calm down don't back off. Let the issue be settled - Settle it, tell me. Bloody idiots! Showing your prowess on kids? Not just kids, I'll strip your husbands and beat them. Will you strip our husbands also? -Any doubt? If you're really a man? If you really have guts? Strip my husband. Come on man You leave me Why should I get stripped to prove him as man? He'll do as he says, leave me Did you see my power? Clear out now. How can we leave without cutting you and smearing salt & chili on it? Bloody woman! Will you hold me by hair? Bloody man! Nephew, she's beating from behind Nephew, a winnow is behind you He's pinching all over the body. Don't leave her...beat her. Why are you beating my nephew? Why are you beating me? Dog...dog...leave me Hey Satti! If you trouble our children again I'll beat you to pulp. Oh Will I keep quiet? I'll break your bones Will you all come together? Get lost. Bloody idiot Get lost, if you dare to fight with me you'll get beaten up. I stayed away because they were women, if I had come, you'd be dead, mind it Will you sit back and enjoy the fun? How dare to beat me with an helmet? What? What happened nephew? Uncle, black cat crossing is also okay, but children are had omen. How to enter? Doors are open. - Don't I know it? We need to find a fool to pitch our tent here for week Look there, the huge lady will surely be the groom's mother. Who are they? My daughter's friends. What's this disrespect? I'm sitting here, don't they know to respect elders? Young girls...they don't know. Aunty! My dear aunty. - Get up son...get up. Saw our people's respect? I got it and lost it What's this? Falling at feet twice is his style Who are you?- Aunty! My relatives, can't you guess from the way they respect? Go son...go inside Aunty. I'll also go inside.- Okay. Super jewels.- Very close relations? -Yes. I'm going up to get flowers Time is in your favour, not left leg Put forward right leg What? Your song last evening was great I know Telugu You know telugu? Then we can converse in Telugu easily. I'm Sattibabu from Athili I'm Neeraja Goswami Neeru, I've much to talk to you Not here ... but when we are alone I brought you to a lonely place Only we both are here Tell me. - I'll tell I like I love you Why am I stammering to tell a truth for the first time in life? Athibabu from Sattili Neeraja Boswami Where is it? This is the matter. Who is it?- Sister .... very urgent Urine? Why she? Should he take her to toilet also? I'm confused. I got a rare opportunity, and the kid spoiled it. What are you doing here? - Cutting vegetables. Somebody's calling there, go.- Okay sir. What are you doing here? Send breakfast there.Okay sir. If everyone stays here, how can we work? Fools! 98...99...100 Policeman is coming, thieves go hiding! Guru! Police! They will catch thieves Out...out...l found the thief. I've caught him Boy! Did you blow the whistle now? Come...I'll give you a chocolate Come...come...you go back Yes, bloody English boy! Will you blow whistle as you please? - Leave me...leave me. Blow whistle now. If you come here again,not ice. I'll cut your bum and smear chili powder, Bloody. Why are you chanting, Jinthatha? Shut up I saw because it's beautiful Aunty. Run out of children's nappies Get a dozen son.- Okay, aunty. Go son...go Go...go Where are you uncle? You son of gun. Yuck! I never expected you to stoop to so low level. Trusting you I've lost my honour too Stop murmuring and come out open You hate children, why are you buying nappies? Do we need love? Not for us, but I need I'm hurt with your refusal, so I'm walking out as protest Cried off. Hey Stop! Thief...thief...catch him I'm not connected with him Thief...thief. Why are you showing only me as the thief? Is the thief behind your father? Bloody, you fixed me up Not a rupee, useless suitcase Why did you get me into trouble? Catch it Thief...thief... - Hey stop Brother! Brother! Everything is okay. - Okay sir. He's okay. My fees? His suitcase? It's empty. EmPty? Empty. The chain I stole from Ramakrishna Adjust with this.- Okay. Though we are not related I saved your life. Account is settled I can stay here but my girl is waiting there Don't see me like that Neeraja! Is it teak wood? Doors? Very good teak wood You'll get it uncle Have another serving of Sambar. Sambar...for him Sambar again?- Yes 15th time.- No problem Though she's serving, how many times? They produced great woodwork then now it's impossible. He loves the taste of Sambar. come & serve again... What? Sambar. Oh God! Hand slipped unwittingly. Please don't take it seriously. I think it's better to wash in bathroom - Come. You could've done this earlier instead of serving 15 times to me. Do you want me to order teak for you? You shove it into your. Sir, I serve you Sambar? Sorry, I'm really feeling I'm also feeling for not getting fully wet in Sambar, Why did you do that? Helping you Is it help?- isn't it? You took trouble to clean my shirt isn't it my duty to clear the wrinkle on your waist? In Athili they say it as help for help Stop narrating tales about Athili Listen to me Yours is South, mine is North Yours is Andhra Pardesh mine is Madhya Pradesh. If you touch my mid region without my permission, I will If you close your eye for a second, I'll vanish. You are a coward, how can you love me? You mean you have it on me? If it isn't there, will I dare to invite you alone to my room? Why will I bring you to the bathroom? I'm new to all this, so I couldn't get it fast If I do it one more time, I'll be right on the track I can't go to bed at night Even if I go to bed I can't sleep If I sleep I can dream it's you in my dreams Is love so pleasureful? I can't wake in day. Even if I do, I can't come out Even if I do come out, I'm an enigma to myself. Time is moving slow in daytime What do you want? Tea or coffee? Can't you say something interesting? Will gossip do for the night? Let's draw lines and play. I made a vow to cross the line, what can I do? O God! I can't take it anymore Your adventurous liberty with me Shall I spend hours together with you? What will happen to me after that? Just 5 minutes are enough for it What's this nasty idea? What to do as our love goes deeper? Be content with kisses and caressing my cheeks with yours Don't blame me later for any other consequences after that Lord Venkateshwara of Tirupathi Lord Sathyanarayana of Annavaram Lord Narasimhaswamy of Yadagiri What will be my plight? Tell me what happened in bathroom? - Go away. Hey Thief! If you go around me you'll lose your job. Do your duty. Okay Neeru, I'll tell you the truth I'm a thief... I cheat people for a living I'll give up that for you. it's your wish after that You'll not do that after our marriage, will you? You mean...you are accepting ...I'll never do. Promise me If give a word I stand by it If I promise I break it. Son Satti! - Aunty! She's a pain in the neck Just once.- What? Only once.- What? Chambal Valley, Madhya Pradesh Titla Bhai! Vikram Rathod is alive Villagers are happy for it A reporter has written it in newspaper. Write Titla! My brother. How will the happiness be as written by your husband? Anybody here knows what is happiness? Yes, what you wrote is true Vikram Rathod is alive Good! you are not having the fear of facing me I see happiness in you for his news of alive. Sir, I beg you...I'll fall at yourfeet Please don't harm them I beg you sir. Little children sir...are getting burnt Stop it sir. Sir...l beg you... please come to save them Sir...madam...please help me Wash my legs Wash it clean Got any clue about him? I sent 50 men but still no information Baba, you also go I want his where abouts Nephew, if you stop working for a girl what will happen to me? I promised Neeru to stop this life of cheating. I'll rob only once, it's the biggest ever robbery, must settle down in life Find something like that Keep the luggage carefully. She's wearing so much, how much will there be in the box? Money is omni present World is gold World is jewellery. Correct uncle, we have to steal that box or never steal. Come. Box is very heavy, what are you carrying in it? With the jewels I'm wearing, I've jewels for everyday of the week Control uncle No change madam - Keep the change. Nephew, we got the world bank Sir.- What? I want to buy ticket leaving this box here but everyone here appears like a thief, but you look like gentlemen What to do madam? Goodness is part of our life Look after my box I'll get my ticket. You don't worry, you can go Take it as this belongs to us from now. Why think? It is ours You can go. Thank you Uncle Abracadabra! mother...Goddess of Rajasthan Uncle, jewels for seven Days One Day'sjewels are on her. Rest six Days, half is yours and half is mine No, change the hands I've also become intelligent, I too know to count. You can't cheat always 50-50 of six, 2 for me and 4 for you How is it possible?- Why not? Take off your hand Where did you steal it? - Steal? We own it. Your face and the box don't match What's in the box? What will be there? Clothes paste, brushes, condoms... And shaving kits Show me Telling you Why is he troubling us? If we don't send him away, we may end up begging to survive You stop nephew. What man? What's this high handedness? Police power? Will we get afraid seeing your police power? Take off your hand Why are you standing here? How to believe you are a policeman? Where is your cap? Where is your baton? Show me Nephew.- Uncle. Open the box.- Why? Look at the holes down and say. He's aiming at my lifeline Open it. Are you child kidnappers? Kidnap? We are not connected to this Father! Father? Are you selling your own daughter? No...just for fun. isn't it uncle? - Fun? I suspected on seeing yourfaces Tell me your address. Street adjacent to Jubilee Hills check post If you ask Sattibabu, anyone will guide you to my house. Take the girl and go home I'll check on you everyday. If I don't see her. No need to use gun... I'll take good care of her. You're a father, look after her like a father. How well that Rajasthani girl cheated us? She talked in Hindi and left us with a girl We thought she's foolish. Think again, who is foolish? Father, this new house is very good I'll ask you a thing, will you answer? Who is your father? -You. Go and check kitchen & bedroom also - Okay father. So small but you act brilliantly. Why is she calling father? - How do I know? Do you open accounts after informing me? Don't know where you dumped cash? - No need to tease me. Tease...who is teasing whom? You said this is last robbery and got me into this mess, now say teasing? Look here, 1, 2, 3...Oh My God! What would've happened had it hit little up? - No uncle.- Shut up. Go and give her a clean bath Or else SI will come. Chewing betel leaf he'll ask where is he? I'm getting screwed because of your daughter.- Shut up. Will she become my daughter if you shout or he points a gun? I will take her. 577 00:47:502,600 --> 00:47:54,900 I'm in very bad mood, I'm talking to you controlling it Asking you the last time Who is your father? Oh God! She's playing games with me Very difficult I'll show you new games. Come You hide here, I'll find you Hide...hide Thank god. Will she stick on to me? Uncle...where are you going? - Don't call me uncle. You left the girl. That policeman will come now. It's okay for you. He loves my lungi, I'm going Uncle, you were with me till now. Will you leave me in distress? Dying together isn't as easy as living together. Open the door. He's here.- Hide! Is there anyone inside or not? He's here, what to do now? Girl Bloody. Where are you? Anybody in or not? Come out man.- Me? Come out I say.- I'm coming sir. Street lights, court bureau, post boxes All appear like stolen goods. Nothing appears like you bought it Are you thieves? No sir, all are second hand things Do thieves appear like humans? Teasing me? I'll rip you apart Take your hands off. Where is Sattibabu? Who is Sattibabu? I don't know sir. Why are you getting anxious man? - No sir. Where is the girl? - Girl...girl... Girl is with Sattibabu Show me, where is Sattibabu? If she's not with him, first you then Hey Stop...stop Stop man...girl is in the lorry. Stop man This game is very nice father. Let's play it again, you go now...run He's not here also. You're making me go around the house. Shall I fire at you? Where is Sattibabu's daughter? - He'll be inside.- Show me. Come What? What sir? Why are you here? Look after her like this Who is she father? Why is she coming here? Let's play robber and police game Hide here, I'll find you. Okay? Stay here only. Come here Who is inside? Which heroine's poster have you pasted? Listen to me.- Let me see - Come. I will tell you. I know why you're dragging me No to such things before marriage If you don't listen to me, even our marriage is hard to happen Why are you so angry? Shouting at me for nothing Since I didn't see your for 2 days, I was yearning to see you, you know? Without understanding that Where are you looking at? Hide Thief. Thief.- What thief? I mean Donga You use Donga scent, right? Try not to flatter me. Someone might see us. Get up Yes. Someone might see us. That's why we shouldn't get up Rascal! Looks like you are very much used to such romantic things I swear! This is the first time I'm trapped in this matter. Don't get up. Please Okay. Go ahead But only. Dance...? Let's go to the street On the street? Shall we go to a hotel? In a hotel? Better in a theatre? You shameless! Stay close to me it's good for both of us Why do you stay away, my dear? Come closer. It's good for both of us If you want a hot spicy kiss I thought of giving you one It is up to you now to accept my kiss Don't show airs! Why are you in a hurry? You're tough to control You're a naughty boy. A little crow fought a dog A rat fought with an elephant Who gave so much courage to the rat and the crow? When fallen in love, it happens No need to be surprised Love is a fever which stays forever. Love imprints itself on our hearts Honey bee kisses the flower. Chalk will write on the board Dry straw must stay away from fire When a leaf falls on a thorn it's finished. If we make penance, won't love shower it's blessings on us? Love will chase you down to the corner and kills you. What are you searching for? Tell me why? We need to find out who and where she is from. If Neeru knows this, my marriage will bein a fix.- Fine.- I'll kick you. Come on help me it's your photo. When did you grew such a big moustache? It's her father's photo and not mine He looks like me First we must find him and hand over his daughter to him Where will you search him? He will be somewhere or the other. Uncle..- Yes Somehow we must find him and get rid of that little devil Ask him.- Okay. Have you seen him? Trying to tease me. He is right behind you And you are asking me? Making fun of me! Do you think you both are big shots Get lost. Why is he getting so angry? Why are they running? I don't know too Let's go and find him Find him Hey Vikram Rathod Hiding like girl! Come out Come out I say. You coward! You ran away! Come out if you are a real man Come out. Boss, he is not here Where can he go? He will die for sure. Come Mr. Vikram, I told you to take complete bed rest. But you never listen to me. And you keep wandering around You don't understand the situation In the accident, your brain got damaged A major blood vessel got damaged and has swollen No one knows when it will burst To be precise, your brain is like an active volcano. Don't go out of the hospital If you don't listen to me, it is like playing with death eat Not feeling hungry? Then eat You used to feed everyday, dad Another one! My hand got cut & is paining. Eat She has turned into a leech I'm getting irritated. She irritates me even when I dine When will I get rid of her! Daddy...- What now? Since your hand is cut I'm not hungry. You eat Get lost I said I'm not hungry, right. You eat Shit! What is she doing? Sleeping She didn't eat I must curse your father first He brilliantly forced you on me Even if you eat or not the mistake is your father's Oh my god! I fell down I'm in no way related to you Don't ask me to feed you. Got it? I'm talking. Don't disturb me Silence And now. I'll break you into pieces Nobody listens to me until I beat them She won't allow me to sleep peacefully. Why are you crying? I can't play my mom's song, daddy. It is broken Thank you daddy. The sky, earth, water and the breeze be with you. Just one more dear. - No thanks, daddy. Please dear. Just one more Okay, only one. Yes, just one. Come Daddy, someone has come for you You said you cheat people But still I fell in love with you You said you hate kids I still agreed You concealed that you've a child Actually. So, your love is not true Be here. I'll be back now. I'm not married and she is not my daughter. When she is calling you daddy, how can we trust you? Her father looks like me That's why she is getting confused My daughter said that you've stopped cheating people. But you've not quit your profession Sir, I'm telling you the truth Atleast you believe me, Neeru She is in no way related to me I swear on you So, you are in no way related to her. -Yes sir. Then, there is a bus going to Devgarh Come and join us. ...Alone Daddy, lollipop Take her and go Run or else they will kill her. Go Who are you? Why are you after me? Sattibabu...run Once more please Run brother...run.- Leave me Run brother. - Leave me Don't get scared. You're safe Neha...dear Neha Come Stop He said that he's not afraid of death Now I see the fear of death in his face it's not easy to face death You coward! If you really have the guts you wouldn't have run this far. Am I any hired goon to fear death? I don't fear death. Instead death fears me Death hasn't got the guts to face me it's been after me for the past 6 months. To take me, death needs another 10 more bodies. I swear on my moustache, I swear on my daughter, if anyone of you survive, or if I die a minute earlier than you shave my moustache and then bury me, you scoundrelsl 824 01:14:38,600--> 01:14:39,900 Come Inspector, is there anyone else? - No sir. Doctor, how is my daughter? - She is out of danger. She'll gain conscious in a while - Doctor... Even though you don't ask us we are bound to answer to the questions that you've in your mind Who is he? Who are we? Why we made you a pawn & troubled you? We need to give an explanation to all these questions. For someone to be remembered for 100 years, he doesn't have to live 100 years A day is enough His victories will make him live for 100 years. He lives in the people's hearts of Chambal like a lightning, a power, he is Vikram Singh Rathod, IPS Additional Superintendent of police Six months back, people in Chambal were merely slaves. And the police wear their uniform only to cover their bodies. Even I was C.l. for a division Where are you going? - Bavuji... To meet Bavuji Police can't go inside Don't you know the rules all diseases get cured! Take good care of that black cow. It's getting weaker everyday. - Greetings sir. Ram Ram Bavuji. -Yes tell me I'm the C.l. of this division My name is Mahanti What's your problem? Tell me My wife is missing from yesterday. Really...? What's her name?- Pramila Age?- 30 sir. Very dangerous age She must be very young Father, mummy is over there. - Mother. Do you know where she went?- No sir. Or do you suspect anyone? No sir. Okay. I'll find and send her home She'll be home in...2 days My children didn't eat for the past 2 days. Didn't I say I'll find and send her home Take good care of your children. Got it? gO I said go Brother-in-law...- Boss My kingdom is Kingdom of Rama No murders, no rapes, no rowdyism We'll be forced to commit a murder only when anyone rebels against us Only when a woman refuses to come, we'll be forced to molest her. Only when someone refuses to give bride we'll be forced to do rowdyism. No such things happen here That's why the village is very peaceful Wow! Those are golden words You are Lord Ram and I'm your slave I'll build a temple at least by borrowing money. Wow! Sleeper coach Look at the one coming AC bogie. Find whether she is free Aunty, are you free or booked? Give them what they ask for. Aren't you angry on us giving money? Why would he? If he doesn't give, he'll lose another leg Who will free us from these demons? Sir, want a taxi? Where do you want to go? - Dalim Chowk. Rs. 200. - it's very near by. The distance does not matter. Whatever Bavuji gang says is final No thanks Once you've inquired you must pay the money, no matter you take the taxi or not Take the money out Don't quarrel with them. Give them what they ask for. You've come with your daughter. Where is her mother? Hasn't she come? Or has she eloped with someone? Tell us what happened? Why someone else? Aren't we here? Listen to your mummy's song I'll be back soon Coming back? Stay where you are. You are finished today. Don't move. Steady. Don't move I say. I see 20 fingers now. I see nothing Boss, it is urgent. I'll be back right away. Oh my god! Get up Your name? Yours? Tell me your name? Your name? Wear your shirts Take out the money. Is your own money in this?- No Brother, you beat them well Who are you? Return their money. - Okay brother. Put on buttons... shut your mouth Never again should I see you Daddy. Good morning sir. Razia, S.l. Patel Nagar. Arranging your house all alone? You could've called us for help - I'm used to it. Sorry sir. A small misunderstanding They said the train was late Or else I would've come to the railway station. It's okay. Please sit Try to adjust Sir, shall I prepare milk for your child? - I'll do it. You've brought your daughter alone Hasn't your wife come? So, what else? How is the village? Father, it's getting late to school I couldn't plat sister's hair. Come father. Why did you come here? Your wife...? I know how difficult it is to bring up children. We have to take care of everything. Go My mother is not dead She is still alive. Do you suspect anyone? Who are you? Leave me Oh my god! Who are you? One phone call will get you transferred to the place you came from. When a police gets transferred, he will still go to a police station And not to a post office Even before the transfer order gets ready, both you and your son will die. Close all the gates Sit in the car. Open the gate He will break the gate I'm here, boss If I can't help you, it's a waste to be Home minister. Please forgive me I've informed the DGP to come here Please be patient Now if you call Titla the village will burn The very thought of his arrival creates ripples in my heart. Please listen to me it's my responsibility to bring back your son. Here he comes! Greetings sir. Enough of your greetings When there is so much happening here were you sitting at home playing with your baton? It's been years since we used batons When I took charge, you told me to overlook whatever happens in this village That's whyl kept quiet. - Shut up Village is different from Bavuji Bavuji is the king of this village How could you arrest his son? Who is he? Where is he? Say something He is the newly appointed ASP Vikram rathod. - Shut up Why did you bring him here? Say something. -I didn't He's here on a regular transfer.- Shut up Was he transferred without your knowledge. So, were you sleeping in your office? What should we do now? Say something. I'll inquire about him. - Shut up I'm feeling restless in my constituency. Stupids become officers I don't know what you're going to do By afternoon, Bavuji's son must be here And that officer must fall at Bavuji's feet Say something. - Sure I'll will I'll take leave Enough of your salutations Bring him back fast. They're eating my brain Once they wear this uniform, they would be raring to kill every criminal Home Minister was shouting at me Once bitten twice shy. Where is the file? He has an impressive track record Where is he? Do you want me to call him? We will meet him In your 4 years of service, you were promoted 4 times transferred 10 times, and made no compromises Your track record is good Winning Medals and having good track record isn't enough. When you are in duty, you must be sincere and fearful And I think you are not used to it Do you know how fear looks like? When you are in deep sleep at night someone will knock the door. When you open the door, you will find the security missing Even your revolver will go missing You'll only hear the rowdies giggling Do you know how scary it will be? Your daughter who comes by 4 pm from school, wouldn't have come. When you inquire in the school the watchman will say she has left 6 O'clock... 7 O'clock...8 O'clock You'll never know about your daughter's whereabouts You'll receive a phone call at 10 Do you know how scary it would be to know what the phone call is about rathod, fear is very precious Never underestimate it He who has no fear cannot survive Why do you feel that I've no fear? Not once a day, I fear every moment of my life When I joined duty 4 years ago I swore to sacrifice my life to do my duty. As you said, someone knocking my door and the phone bell ringing may or may not happen But I will die someday or the other. On that day, the moment I meet death face to face I fear every second that I may fail to fulfill my promise. A criminal's fear can be found in every nerve of his. And my fear lies in the honour of my uniform. My duty is over. I promised my wife that I will take good care of my daughter. I've only one wish When I meet death face to face let there be no fear in my eyes I should wear a smile on my face with my hand twisting my whiskers Daddy. Daddy, did mom go away without telling us? -Yes. Will you also go away? - No dear. If you go, take me along with you I can't live alone Munna the accused has misbehaved due to unstable mind Since it has been proved that it was not intentional the court pronounces him innocent and sets him free. For filing a case without proper evidence, the court warns the police dept. and orders police to take him home safely. Daddy, judge made a fool out of him He got scared and brought me in jeep You've arrested Bavuji's son You will have to bear the insult 10 times more. To celebrate my son's release I'm throwing a party tonight. You must come. And you will Because your Home Minister is coming too. You will come to give him security. I'll show you then how my son will insult you. Get lost Daddy, I want Chameli for tonight's party. Heaps of saris lying unused Never gave myself in to anyone I never allow anyone to touch me What a devil of woman I am! Will you come once? Will you give it to me? Will you come at dawn? Will you light fire of passion and go? Will you come after me and take me away with you? My friend has come from Bombay. Greet him Eat, drink and have fun at night Take rest in daytime Will you bite my chubby cheeks? Will you take on my hot passionate youth? Will you touch enticing little wrinkle on my waist? Will you knock the squeaking door? Will you come down and tie anklets? Will you come forwNard to drown me in kisses? Will you sting like scorpion on my sensitive places? Will you spill water on raging fire? Will you milk the golden bowl? Will you play with my youth? Will you give a jolt to wake it from slumber? Will you strip sari without informing blouse? Will you strip blouse without informing sari? Will you make me mother without making me squeal? Enough of your shaking legs Minister is coming, clear out. Will you come?- Got cash? Not free?- Bloody dirty face! Welcome Home Minister! I want to play a game with them What game? I'll chase one of them, if I catch him he must strip Mad boy! He's very enthusiastic to play...let him play. ASP! Why are you getting so angry? Police are friends of people You must play and be friendly with them Only then they will have faith on us Keep it inside...keep it Start your game son Strip...strip your uniform Come on strip Losing policeman's belt I'll use it for our buffalo. Remove your pant Remove...remove Now. The Policeman with moustache! He's running way...I'll catch him...catch him My son! My son! File an FlR as a mad man jumped down to his death Take Home Minister's signature as witness If it's not enough take his father's signature too. Not only a Policeman, even his uniform will be on duty. May god bless you with along and happy life! I'm Prakash Mehra I'm a journalist. This is demoness Holika Holi is celebrated to mark God killing this Holika. We are not celebrating today for it but for the death of Munna Sir, look at the happiness in these people's faces. If you get rid of other two people it's festival everyday here. This must become their funeral pyre Yes sir. I suspect Titla's men are in this crowd, alert all our men Coward backstabs Man fights face to face When I face death, fear shouldn't be seen in my eyes I must be smiling and my hand should be smooching my moustache. Vikram Rathod...great police officer. You worshipped him like god for his uniform, his power and manliness Look at your God's fate He died with just one bullet, bloody. Is he the man to change your lives? Hear me, my brother Bavuji writes the fate of this place Even if God himself descends here can't alter one line also. He'll meet the same fate Because your God drinks nectar, but I drink blood. Bloody, he's dead Dead Rajput shouldn't leave this world alone. That's whyl killed you, dog! Before my son is reduced to ashes Show his grave before any new police officer takes charge here. Sir, he's still alive Every body be calm, please keep this as secret He's a God to us also, we swear on our children to keep the secret. After knowing he's alive to make Bavuji believe it, we buried an empty coffin We managed to save his life temporarily with all our medical knowledge. We shifted him to Hyderabad for his safety. On consulting doctors here they say his survival is very bleak and may die any moment. His daughter's problem was more painful than his impending death. She'll not eat until he feeds, and never sleeps without him We saw you in those circumstances We inquired about you thoroughly. We know you hate children We wanted her to be with you playing all sorts of drama. You know what had happened after that. It was our mistake to trouble you without any connection to this. We didn't have any other way to find a father to her. How are we to say sorry to you? - No need. We pray to God for his life If you've anything to tell him, you can Brother. Tell me sir...tell me sir. Don't worry about your daughter. She's my daughter. Father. What happened father? Nothing dear, uncle is unable to sleep So we are here to This song will put him to sleep, father. I fear of not keeping up my promise Not only policeman, even his uniform does the duty. Devgadh Beat those bastards. Tell me Tell me, where is he? Loyalty to the master. So arrogant? Where have you hidden him? They say he's dead, why are you asking them, where is he? If they reveal the place, you'll open the grave to see his body. His body too will spring up to do duty on seeing you. Why are you itching for it? Brother-in-law! - Shut you, crook He's unlike us, he stands by his word If he's alive, he'll come uninvited If he comes, he'll not go without completing his mission. I too wish the same, he must come to die in my hands. Don't say he must come, God's may bless so be it If they, you are finished You look very happy, pay fine of Rs.50 for whistling I'm Duvva Abbulu.- I asked money. Pay man. - If I say no Your body will be found on tracks Is the platform full? Hey, he's cracking jokes man Thrash him up.- Will I keep quiet? I'm Vikram Rathod's assistant Vikram Rathod? He's dead. That's why we're back into the business Is it? Look there! Brother has come back May god bless you along life Brother. -Are you fine kid? I beg you sir, start from here sir. If you start from there, I can't bear the tension Don't formulate new rules, you start from here sir. Not now boys, I've much work to do in the village. I'll take a day off and spend it on you. Okay sir, we'll stay here till you come. Dead...dead...how many times will he die? Do you need it now? He may hear your shouts and come back alive. Is it your In-law's place to put right leg first? Cunning villain's house, they must perish with my arrival Put forward your left leg What is he? - God blessed Hey Bavuji! It seems you yearned to see me You escaped like a coward playing death drama. One hit and you needed 6 months to recover. -I died? You were mourning your son's death I gave little time to recover from it. Foundation for peace was laid with your son's death, If I kill you and your brother, the village's fate will change for good You can't harm me in anyway. I'm the only rowdy to this village You're right, I'm also saying the same There must be only one, it must be the policeman Forget about all this crap talk, get as many rowdies as possible for help, call press media also Tomorrow morning by 9 am I'll distribute all the stock you're hoarding to public. In full public glare Do whatever you can Your history is over. Your life hereafter. What is he telling this new word? Jintha means base That ha means baton Chitachitha means chutney. It means I'll beat with baton to make chutney of your base. Sattibabu's words are lies His love is also false If the girl wasn't his daughter, he would've come here by now. Listen to me accept the marriage proposal your father has brought If you don't he's refusing to come home. Listen to me and agree I don't like mother. I feel I made a mistake by refusing Sattibabu You're not Sattibabu but Vikram Rathod. We'll be in trouble if anyone knows about impersonisation. Handle it cleverly. Will you leave me if my parents accuse you of lying? Do you know how eagerly I was waiting for you? Who are you? Asking me who am I, Sattibabu? Sattibabu? ASP? Sattibabu is my replica and my daughter stayed with him for a week, he said his girl friend left him mistaking him? You lost a good man Don't act smart with me Falling in love with you, I've become very shrewd I'll give you a jerk Actually many girls got confused seeing me... What's this? What's the exposing? Aren't you ashamed? Will you show me your waist? I'll arrest you. Close it Aren't you really not Sattibabu? Still any doubt after this incident? Where is Sattibabu?- Himalayas why? Any man disillusioned with woman goes there only. Because he needs a wet cloth to sleep at night. Won't he come back? - Why will he not? Today is full moon day, take head bath at midnight wear a white sari below your navel and go to the terrace. Where are Himalayas? - North Call him with love, Athili! He'll appear before you. It seems he'll come if I call him from terrace at midnight? Policeman is trying to fool me If it turns true, may be I'll miss him Let me try it below the navel! Uncle Didn't get sleep? If you sleep, I'll also get sleep, uncle Will you have milk? Will you? Are you watching over me? If I add little local stuff to it, entire dept. will come to wake you up Take it...have it Hey Abbulu! How clever you are! Let your intelligence go to hell! I never expected to get rid of her so easily. What? - Come Come. Where? Inside. Into the lock up Come. What's this? The stuff has completely taken over her. You handcuff people before putting them in lock up, right? Stay put here Escape! Thank God! I escaped from her. She's not following me, is she? Won't I steal her home before she comes? Before she bats her eye once! Goddess of Wealth must appear before me Say it with love It seems you went away to Himalayas getting angry on me Yes, if you'd delayed a little I would've drank holy water. Our love would vanish Do you know how anxious I was for you? Thief! I got you! Who are you? Get out! Who are you? Thief hid it What's all this? Take your hands off, what's there? Baton! Thief hid it Come, I must put you in lock up and thrash you. Cell will disintegrate take your legs off. He's my thief, my will and wish Sattibabu, tell her to take her legs on you. I'll not, if you want put your legs on him You bloody! Come... - Come Let you both go to hell! You're breaking my waist! A leg from there and a leg from here, Athili in between Play...have a ball! If you see me If I come to your house If I get caught with you in dark... Athili Sattibabu is smooth operator. Look at me Talk to me Let me touch you Take on you When lovers take a decision When they both are interested who can stop them? God came...Lord came Great warrior came galloping on horse Lord of lords came Waking up Raking up Dusting up Pinching If both are interested, who can stop them? We brought the girl to him You made an entry then We were confused to tell you the truth or not He left you for us and the little girl certainly not to cheat you. No problem Here after she's my responsibility. It's going to ring 9, Vikiram Rathod vowed to loot your godowns. What are you planing to do? Either he'll wet his pants or hang himself to death, why are you bothered about it? Did I give good repartee? No? See what I'm going to do and show it to people also it's 9! Come on man it's 9.30 now, why hasn't he come yet? Will he wait till inauspicious time elapses? It's 11.30 now. 1398 02:15:04,600 --> 02:15:06,2 00 Where is the policeman? He may be sitting in lock up fearing the power of my men. He won't sit quiet, very clever man Shut up! Hey Where are your godowns man? I'm searching every street trying to find address. By the way, I saw a board Bavuji liquor factory. I got bored and blasted it Little incidents like this happen don't worry about it. Tell me the address of your godowns Hey Bloody idiot! If you've guts stay there I'm coming there Is it? Okay, I'll wait here Start the vehicles Sir...sir...you are going away. What are you going to do now? Why are you shocked? He lifts his dhoti to tie up while leaving for a war.That's all! Didn't he come? He left just now getting a phone call Went away? Bloody bastard! I challenged him openly to come with his entire gang, that I will beat him stripping him in public.He ran away. He's a villain and you are afraid of him Till now he tortured you all, so I'm distributing his wealth Loot it Is it on air live? Just a minute See, everyone in the village watch this program. See how Bavuji ran away from battlefield with tail between his legs. What's this blocking the road? Why did you ran away before I came here? Okay, I'll give you another chance I'll wait in the main centre to lynch you with public fury, if you've guts, if you drink cow's urine come there. Hey shorty, you'll get the shock of life Turn the vehicles Take out vehicles, turn the vehicles Whiling away time with this You must take out real things to fight not vehicles. Coming Good...very good... gathered a good crowd Let the real man in this crowd dare to fight me. Come out! If one of you steps forward today, it will be end of Bavuji's life. Come out...come out...how can they? Blood isn't running in their veins it's my urine. Not a man is getting angry hearing his derogatory words Don't get scared of men behind him Your exhortations are in vain, nobody will dare to go against me At a snap of my finger women will leave their husbands to sleep with me, want to see it? Hey you! Come here I may not be as good as my son, but I can at least do it once in a month Sit here Will you call me, bastard? If I dared like this earlier, I would've killed both son &father, and slept with your bodies, bastard Well done sister! Beat him! He slapped his thigh like Duryodhana He's done with it Stop it Get up you shorty. A lady kicked you in public are you a rowdy? Whatever left will be squeezed out by police, come. Beat them, thrash them They must wet their dhotis on seeing police uniform. Beat them Oh No! Stop...stop...stop it ASP, what is this? So many batons? Did you use all of it on him? We used 95 out of 100 am I right Bavuji? Stop it! Will you beat a powerful man in station in my absence? Sorry sir, I made mistake Stop it Sir is feeling for missing the show. Let's start all over again Go...go...go away bloody rascal Have you come to get me beaten up again? Go...go...go away. He's getting anxious, can't you share his punishment? You'll lose your political over weight I'm very delicate. I can't take the stick Bavuji...bye.- You thrash him One minute sir. I thought I'll go to jail like Ramadasu but you are in jail now. No problem, I'll share your agony. You'll get beaten up and I'll cry. Beat him Get it down...slowly...that's it What happened brother? I want his people Don't cry dear. We needn't fear for anything Shall I tell you a story? Once upon a time there lived a dacoit gang in Chambal valley, Like these wastrels A good police came there Like your father. Father came and made mincemeat of those dacoits Rathod knows the power of my knock out punch from experience Vikram Rathod is dead The man coming now is Athili Sattibabu. You killed Vikram Rathod treacherously. But Sattibabu is a master crook himself. You can't harm him in anyway. Listen to me and vacate the place before he comes here. Otherwise you will feel for it You'll be finished What's the meaning of it? I'll tell you Jintha means base Thatha means baton ChithaChitha means chutney. It means baton will make chutney of your base. Another info brother-in-law, anybody who asked the meaning of this got the stick. First to elder brother-in-law, second Is he such a great man? Let me see what he can do if I kill his daughter. No need to touch my daughter with had intention, even if you think of it, I'll kill you He has come, I'll escape Go...go You were right Your man made a mince meat of me But I can't play drums I know only to take lives Who will offer alms if you sit here with begging bowl? Go and seek alms in village There are four others depending on you Brother-in-law. My wife is shouting at me for not coming home for a month. If you move I'll kill you I may get beaten up your share also Sir, please give me alms it's two days since I ate. We are in this position for a month Go away. Your goat is dead Look, the tiger has come All are dead We are ready sir. Give our quota to us I'm not in mood now. You stay here only or else the quota will double up. No sir, single is enough >> I ultimately kind of compulsively collected these things for ages. The two pieces that are in the Catist [phonetic] collection are a section of a larger body of work, wherein specifically the magicians are erased from the covers, along with all the other textual information. There's no title of the magazine on there anymore. It's all sort of removed, so that all you're dealing with is the scene from which the magician was performing. That specific body of work grew from the magician Doug Henning. In 1989, he stopped doing magic to study transcendental meditation full time and attempted to open a transcendental meditation theme park. I learned that, just sort of based on this kind of, you know, Internet rabbit hole that I fell down one evening, and was just hooked into his story. And so, I started collecting all of this material to do more research. And during the time that I was collecting that material, I came across this trade publication by the American Society for Magicians called "MUM," which is an acronym for Magic Unity Might. You can erase most magazines. You can erase the material, the ink off of the covers. Pretty much off of any part of the magazine. So it's just literally with one of these erasers that's, you know, pretty standard, but it took me a while to figure out which ones work the best. But one of these standard gum erasers. That guy is just dying to get removed from that page. Oh, this guy too. I really like the shadow. So that's what the covers look like before they get erased. The ones that the Catist [phonetic] have are post this state. This is maybe half of the, they're also so jammed down in there, but of the erasings from this work. Oh, here's one that's almost-- I think I was like, "Oh, I hate erasing around those dice." I usually keep anything that has to do with clocks or specifically has to do with death, and there's usually lots of it. I've loved this image for so long, but I can't. It's like there's something really kind of weirdly grotesque about it. But I have a picture of my daughter from ages ago, wherein she has a third eye on her head, like a little third eye sticker. I've started collecting all of the magicians' obituaries out of these magazines. They're all written by magicians about magicians. And they're just these really sweet depictions of someone's magical life disappearing. This photograph was made, you know, in the 20s or something, and then all of the guys that were still around got together again and sat in the same configuration. I've never been interested in photography. Not necessarily interested in photography, but have made lots of photographs and continue to make photographs because I like what cameras do. Basically, I collected over the course of my time as a librarian at the San Francisco Art Institute, I collected about a banker's box worth of artist publications that were removed from the library through a process of weeding that the library was making space for new catalogs. So there's this process where if something hasn't been checked out in 20 years and doesn't have any specific relevance to the institution and none of the six people in the library think it's worth keeping, then they would get rid of it. I never looked at the art that much in them or read about the artists. There was something about the people being ejected from the system that I was a part of that, at the time, I was inspired by. So all of the images on these pieces of wood come from this specific catalog on regional Canadian art, specifically art from Ontario. Oh, I'm sorry. Quebec. And so this catalog was removed from the library. I held it for ten years in my studio. Maybe even longer, like 15 years. Carried it around. Every once in a while, I would look at the artists. And then started this other project, where I would cut the images of the artists out and attach them to these pieces of wood that are painted black on the back. But the short story of it all is that, to me, it's important that each one of these individuals gets special attention, basically. And I make all of these things in my house, and it's important that they're close to my life in some way. So these are all the pictures of all-- there were 60 artists in the show. And I've organized all the pictures in such a way that the artists go from looking left to looking right, over the course of 60 images. And they're all attached to these pieces of wood painted black on the back. I've been working on this, literally, for a year. And as I'm working on it, I'll get sick of doing it because there's 60 pieces and they all need all of this special attention in order to look complete. And so while I'm doing it all, the things that I have collected from off cuttings from the wood that I've produced. It's this thing that is so precariously balanced that you kind of have to fuck with it every time. And then, on top of that piece is this little homemade domino. My intention isn't to make it a pain in the ass for people. It's more like, "That's an opportunity," you know. That's not something falling down. It is also an opportunity. And I feel like something that can fall down also, is a realistic depiction of something that is possible and very real as well, that shit falls down. All the time. Constantly. And eventually, everything does. [Laughter] >> That's true. >> I tend to appreciate things that are less in your face, you know? And, you know, when something has the patina [assumed spelling] of the world on it, it's more interesting to me. You know, maybe in order to see that patina [assumed spelling] you often times have to look in closer. This right here is a picture of Henrietta Swan Leavitt. And she made, a little over a hundred years ago -- this is in the early 1900's -- while working for Edward Charles Pickering, who was a Harvard astronomer, while working for his observatory, she made what is arguably -- well, defintely one of the most important discoveries in all of astronomy. And probably, well, I would say it ranks in the top three, because it really enabled people like Hubble to start realizing that the universe is expanding. Or even be able to think about how to measure distances to objects in space well beyond the reach of our tools of paralax. We saw with paralax you have to have extremely sensitive instruments just to even measure distances to stars relatively close to us, very sensitive instruments to get to stars maybe further out into our galaxy. And we don't have the intstruments even today to measure things beyond our galaxy. But because of Henrietta Swan Leavitt, we're able to approximate or get good senses of the objects beyond our galaxy. So let's just think about what she did. So her job was literally to classify stars in the Large Magellanic (I have trouble saying that, "Magellanic Cloud.") and the Small Magellanic Clouds. And this is what they look like from the Southern Hemisphere. This is the large, right over here. And this is the small, right over here. And remember, this is before Hubble realized, or showed the world, that there are stars beyond our galaxy, that there are galaxies beyond our galaxy. So at this point in time people didn't even fully appreciate that these were separate galaxies. We just said, "Hey these are kind of these blobs, or these clusters of stars that we see in the Southern Hemisphere." And just to get a sense of where they are relative to our galaxy, the Milky Way galaxy, this is obviously not an actual picture -- we can't take a picture from this vantage point. This would have to be very, very far away, but this is the milky way right here, and this is the small magellanic cloud, and this is the large magellanic cloud (I'm getting better at saying it.) So her job was just to classify the different stars that she saw. But while she was classifying, she looked at these things called variables. And it turns out what she was looking at were a class of stars called Cepheid variable stars. And what's interesting about them is two things: They're super-dooper bright; they're up to 30,000 times as luminous as the sun, and they're five to twenty times more massive than the sun, 5 - 20 X the sun's mass. But what makes them interesting is, one, they're really bright so you can see them from really far way. You can see these Cepheid variable stars is other galaxies, in fact we can see them well beyond even the Small Magellanic Cloud or the Large Magellanic Cloud. You can see these stars in other galaxies. And what's even more interesting about them is that their intensity is variable, that they become brighter and dimmer with a well-defined period. So if you're looking at a Cepheid variable star (and this is just kind of a simulation, a very cheap simulation) it might look like this [large circle], and then over the course of the next three or four days, it might reduce in intensity to something like this [small circle]. And then after three, four days again, it will look like this [large]. And then it'll look like this again [small]. So it's actual intensity is going up and down with a well-defined period. So if this takes three days, and this is another three days, then the period -- one entire cycle of its going from low-intensity back to high intensity -- is going to be six days. So this is a six-day period. And what Henrietta Leavitt saw -- this wasn't an obvious thing to do. She plotted . . . She assumed that everything in each of these clouds were roughly the same distance away; everything in the Large Magellenic Cloud is roughly the same distance away. And it's obviously not exact. This is an entire galaxy so you have obviously things futher away in the galaxy, and things closer up. You have stars here, and here. And their distance isn't going to be exactly the same to us. We're sitting maybe over here someplace. But it's going to be close. It wasn't a bad approximation. And by making that assumption, she saw something pretty neat. If she plotted . . . Let me plot this right over here. So she plotted on the horizontal axis the relative luminosity. So, really, the only way she could measure this is how bright did they look to her, and she's assuming that they're the same distance. So, obviously if you have a brighter star but it's much much further away, it's going to look dimmer. So if you assume that they're all the distance roughly the same distance then how bright it is will tell you how bright it is at the actual star. So she plotted relative luminosity of the star on one axis. And on the other axis she plotted the period of these variable stars. And what I'm going to do is, I'm going to do this on a logarithmic scale. So let's say that this is in days. So this is one day, this is ten days, this is one-hundred days, right over here. So a logarithmic scale 'cause I'm going up in powers of ten. I could say that . . . If we take the log of these, this would be zero, this would be 1, this would be two. And so that's what I'm using as a scale. So I'm using the log of the period. Or I'm just marking them as 1, 10, 100 but I'm giving each of these factors of ten an equal spacing. When you plot it on this scale: the relative luminosity vs. the period -- she got a plot that looks something like this. And this is obviously not exact. She got a plot that looks something like this. It was a fairly linear relationship, when you plot the relative luminosity against the log of the period. So this is obviously a logarithmic scale over here, and so you could fit a line. And why, I'd argue -- and I think most people would argue -- this is one of the most important discoveries in astronomy is if you know . . . 'cause think about what the problem here is: We can look at all these stars in space. Let's say you look at a fraction of the sky, and you look at something that looks like that, so it's really bright. And then you see something dim that looks like that. So if you had a very superficial understanding, you'd say, "oh, this star is brighter." You would say that this is a fundamentally brighter star. But how do you know that? Maybe instead of being brighter, maybe it's just a dimmer, closer star. Maybe this is a closer star. Maybe this is an entire galaxy, but it's so far away you can't even tell. But all of a sudden, by the work that Henrietta Leavitt did, if you see one of these Cepheid variable stars in another galaxy, you know it's relative brightness compared to other Cepheid variable stars. So if you can place just one of these Cepheid variable stars, if you know exactly the distance to one of them, and then you know its absolute luminosity, you then know the absolute luminosity of any other Cepheid variable stars. So let's say using parallax, which is our other tool, we find . . . Let's say there is some star in our galaxy and let's say using parallax we're able to come up with a pretty good measure that it is -- I don't know -- let's say it's 100 lightyears away. And this star is a Cepheid variable star. And let's say it's period is one day. So we know, we now know something interesting. We know variable stars, with a period of one day, at 100 lightyears away, will look like this. Will look like this drawing right over here. So if we later on see a Cepheid variable star with a period of one day -- so it get's brighter and dim over the course of one day (and maybe it's red-shifted as well) but maybe it looks a little bit dimmer; it looks like this -- we now know that if it was 100 lightyears away, it would have this luminosity. So based on how much dimmer it is, we can then figure out how much further away this cepheid variable star is. If that confuses you a little bit, I'll do a little bit more details in the next few videos, and we can get a closer sense of how the math worked. But this was a big discovery. Discovering this class of stars, this Cepheid variable class -- She wasn't the one who discovered them; people knew before her that there were these stars that got brighter and dimmer. -- But what her big discovery was is seeing this linear relationship between the relative luminosity of these stars and their period. Because then, if we see Cepheid variable stars in completely different galaxies or galactic clusters, by looking at their period, we know what their real relative luminosity is. And then we can guess how far those things really are. No, we can ESTlMATE how far those things really are. So a lot of people don't get involved with seed saving, because they're concerned about the problem of cross-pollination, or they think that you have to have pure seed. And well, people are used to going to the store or trusting "the authorities" for their materials and resources. However, I want to make the point today that you don't really have to be so concerned, especially in the backyard garden. For a seed company, if you get off-types, say of a beet or a corn, that could be a disaster, because they're relying on the advertising and the claim of "pure seed". However, in a backyard garden, if you get a few yellow beets with your pink ones, or a few pink carrots with your orange ones, that may not be a liability, it may, in fact be a blessing. When you throw the genes into play, whether it's with the squash or the tomatoes, you sometimes come up with some miraculous results. So I'm not going to brag about this "squmpkin", however, how do you think some of these remarkable varieties evolved? Originally these evolved out of the selected crosses, the random crosses I should say, of genetic material, which certain people back in history found desirable, interesting, beautiful or tasty. And they were special enough for them to save and to preserve. So again, while it's important to observe the principles of purity and self-pollination versus cross-pollination, just because you don't have the ability to isolate or hand-pollinate your cross-pollinating crops, doesn't mean that you can't try growing their seed. And you can always do a test, and if your test shows that you've got what you wanted, or something that's desirable nonetheless, well, that's interesting and it might even yield some remarkable results! I'm Jonathan Tomkin from the University of Illinois. In this lecture, we're looking at recent, current, and future climate change. This figure shows a lot of data, let's examine it. There are three sets. All that data shows the difference in the temperature degree Celsius. And so remember, one degree Celsius is about two degrees Fahrenheit. Compared to the average global temperature in 1950, so a value of minus one on the Y axis means that it was one degree cooler than it was in 1950. This is known as a temperature anomaly. The top graph is a compilation of several different sets of instrumental data. And these record information over the last 300 years is every since we had instruments before this there was no reliable instrumental data. We didn't have reliable thermometers. Let's focus on this set of information first the black, red and yellow lines are different calculations for the temperature normally, and they're from different sources. They do show the limitations. An instrumental data, we only had precise climate measurements since industrialization. So the global instrument record only goes back to around 1850. Before that, we only had spotty data. And although there is a longer set of data from Europe, note the yellow line here Even that doesn't go back too far. What has the change in temperature been over the last 150 years? The black line is increased from normally around -three degrees Celsius in 1850 to around +.5 degrees Celsius in 2005. This means there has been increase of just under one degree Celsius, or about one and a half degrees Fahrenheit, in the last 400 years. Let's focus on the middle figure. This goes much further back in time to before 800 AD, so over 1,200 years ago. The black line is instrument data, and as you can see, it runs out. But we have different sets of proxy data. The colored lines, that go back much further. These proxies are less precise of an instrumentator. They allow making assumptions, about how the climate change natural processes. But they provide climate out of the data that goes much further. So they're very important to our understanding of those earlier periods of those climate. From this data, we can see that different proxies vary, suggesting that there is maybe error in this proxy data. Or that different places in the earth experience different change in climates. Not all climate change is global. Sometimes there are local climate changes from place to place. Interestingly, the proxy data broadly agrees, with itself and with instrumental data. The proxy data suggests that the past was generally cooler than it is today. Between one and zero degrees Celsius, or between one and two degrees Fahrenheit. Notice that there was a big change in both the proxy data and the instrumental data around 1850 when the anomaly, instead of being a negative number became positive. We see this big increase in the temperature of around just under one degree Celsius. The reason why global temperature has change so much since 1850, is because of industrialization. The vast majority of climate scientists believe that the addition of additional greenhouse gases to the Earth's atmosphere has increased the Earth's temperature. Examples of greenhouse gases from industrialization include methane and, crucially, carbon dioxide. The Industrial Revolution became widespread in Europe in the nineteenth century. But then spread to much of the rest of the world. And in fact it's global today. Industrialization requires fossil fuel energy sources and by using these sources, by burning oil, gas, coal we've added carbon dioxide to the Earth's atmosphere. As we can see in the figure, the amount of energy that we've used by burning coal has increased steadily from the 1850s. But other energy sources have also become very important. Particularly in the twentieth century, natural gas and oil, and these have become ever-increasing contributors to the Earth's natural greenhouse by adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Here we have a figure taken from an ice core. This ice core trapped bubbles of air from the atmosphere over 400,000 years, and so by measuring the concentrations of carbon dioxide in each of these bubbles, we can see how the amount of carbon dioxide has changed. In 1950, there was around 280 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Today, we're at over 380 parts per million. And looking at this figure, you can see that the level in 1950 was already quite high to begin with. In fact, there is more carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere today, then there has ever been in the history of human life on Earth. I should point out that there have been periods in the Earth's past before humans had evolved that had higher levels of carbon dioxide than are currently observed. Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere has steadily increased in concentration over the last few decades. This is instrumental data from the observatory in Hawaii. The light blue line is the monthly values, or the dark blue one is the yearly average. The yearly average continues to go up. Notice that the monthly value also rise, can you guess why? It turns out that natural processes are still involved in regulating the Earth's atmosphere. The large northern hemisphere's deciduous forests absorb carbon dioxide in the spring months, but then they emit it again in the fall as leaves decay. This demonstrates that the natural system also influences the composition of the earth's atmosphere but it also shows the limitation of that natural system. The natural process of the earth can react quickly enough to absorb all the additional carbon dioxide that human activities are adding to the atmosphere. As we learned in previous lectures, adding carbon dioxide, a natural greenhouse gas, to the Earth's atmosphere should change the Earth's climate. We've seen this data for temperature in this lecture. The Earth's temperature is warmer today than it was 125 years ago. But, can you think of other examples of how increasing carbon dioxide, which should increase the natural greenhouse effect, which should increase the average global temperature, should influence the Earth? Lets look at some examples. One thing that we would think is that warmer temperatures would mean less ice, because ice would be more likely to melt. This has been observed in many different places, one example is Arctic sea ice. This figure shows that 2007 had the lowest Arctic sea ice ever recorded. And, in fact, this is the lowest amount of Arctic sea ice in human memory. This trend has not changed. In fact, this year 2012, so even lower amounts of ice in the Arctic than was observed in 2007, a new record. This is the lowest amount of ice observed in the sea ice in the Arctic in human history. Similarly, mountain glaciers have also shrunk in size. Although it varies from place to place, almost every region in the globe has seen significant shrinkage in the size and extent of mountain glaciers. Glacier National Park in the U.S. Has lost almost three-fourths of its ice volume in the last 150 years. This sequence of photos shows the shrinking of Gemel glacier. Note that the lake has appeared as the ice has melted. And at the ice, which used to sit hundreds of feet above the valley floor is now much lower. Another consequence you might expect is rising sea levels. This is partly because we're seeing land based ice melt and return water to the oceans. But it's also a consequence of the thermal expansion of water. When we make something warmer, it expands and this is true with the oceans. Sea levels have increased around the world and over the last 100 years, this has been about 200 millimeters. So in other words, sea levels are around 200 millimeters higher. That's about eight inches. Recent sea level rise has been faster than was observed earlier in the twentieth century. So, we expect that this rate of sea level rise should increase through the twenty-first century. And of course there are many natural biological systems that are key to the climate. Using historical records, researchers have determined that Japanese cherry blossom trees are blooming earlier now than they did in the nineteenth century, and we see this in many other systems. So, what does this suggest for the future? Well it turns out that this is tricky. Prediction is difficult because not only do we need to understand the Earth's natural systems, but we also need to predict what people will do. Will we continue to burn as much fossil fuels or more in the future as we have in the past? Or will we change our industrial methods? As a consequence, international bodies have used different scenario estimates to determine what would happen to the Earth's temperature if humanity decided to do different things. Let's look at this figure. Here we can see the previous, the twentieth century data in black, and then there are predictions for different climate futures. The pink line suggests that we add no more Carbon Dioxide in the future. So, in other words, we no longer burn fossil fuels we don't use oil, coal, natural gas. We don't produce cement. This would mean that the climate change would be very minimal between now and the end of the century. There would be a little bit of warming up as the Earth equilibriated at the new temperature. Of course, this scenario is unlikely if humanity survives and we have societies of the future. Using more realistic social models, where we continue to use fossil fuels produces high temperature estimates. On average, however, scientists predict that the temperature would be markedly higher than it is today at the end of this century, especially over land and in the Arctic. This figure shows the world map with predicted increase totals. They're around four degrees Celsius. That is around eight degrees Fahrenheit warmer than today. If you look at this map, you can see where you live. How much hotter is your place expected to be at the end of the twenty-first century compared to the beginning? Four degrees Celsius is a lot, that's more than 4x that we've observed over the twentieth century, for example. This would suggest that the sort of changes we've seen so far are going to be much smaller than the sort of changes we're gonna see from climate change over this century. So, we're gonna see very important consequential impacts from this increase in temperature. So these impacts will include a loss of permafrost. More loss of ice including sea ice and glaciers, increased sea levels, Increased land-based temperatures. Biological systems will have to change enormously. As will our natural farming, as will our farming systems. We might see places will get more or less precipitation than they do today. As you can see from the reading. This picture here shows a picture of a golden toad. Some scientists think that climate change in its natural habitat, the cloud forest of Costa Rica, is at least partly responsible for its disappearance. I wonder if the golden toad, would be the first of many species, that might be made extinct, by climate change. So the burning of fossil fuels is having an enormous impact on the planet. Perhaps we can get away from burning so many fossil fuels by moving to a renewable energy future. In next week's lectures, we'll see if that's possible. Produced by OCE-ATLAS Digital Media at the University of illinois Urbana-Champaign. From where do you come with Mr. Adnan visiting? - why is she dragging us? - It obvious that it's so important for her. Even in the honeymoon we're moving according to Mrs. Firdevs instructions.. We accepted the deal with your family Nihat.. my mother's request is very innocent in front of the contract of marriage. Are you going to mention it everytime? If you keep talking like that, yes! Morover you're complaining injustly. "As guilty, as strong" they say, it is right! Your parents left the wedding of their dear son, everybody noticed, everybody! They embarrassed us. If you'd given so much attention to what poeple said, you would had been waiting more than forty days to pass after the death of your father. Get out. - I didn't mean to say that, sorry.. - Get out! - They are for lady Peyker. - Thanks. My dear Peyker!! I don't want.. I don't want.. I said get out of here, go - Please.. something can happen to the baby. - Go Nihat go! -Did daddy dance with Mrs. Firdevs yesterday evening? - Nop.. With someone else? What? Why did you laugh? Say quickly! You're torturing yourself for everything I'm so sorry for you. I'm sad for you - Yes! - God damn you go to hell! You got my flowers? You're doing this in purpose, aren't you? You wanna make a problem don't do it Behlül don't ever do it again! You'll have problems did you hear me? How can someone be so mad because of flowers?! It's not good to do this. Leave me alone, don't come arround me. You'll have problems I'm telling you it's gonna be very bad! Her voice came to here. Poor thing. Who knows what did you do to make her crazy like that. I swear I did nothing, I just sent flowers. I swear! I'm coming too. Mrs. Aynur, your phone. - Yes Nihat. - What did you did mom? Did you solve it? - I can't do anything before monday. - Mom they want the exchange in monday. What can I do son, I talked about the land and I'm waiting. I'm already not comfortable for doing a thing without your dad knows. If he hears he'll divorced me believe me, he won't wait. I wouldn't ask for money if I didn't need it,mother. Sell it as soon as possible before the sale of the land I beg you. - Ok I'm working on it.. tell the man to Wait few days. - He can't wait mom, you don't know what I'm enduring. - who are talking to? - Ah your father came. Do you wanna talk to him? Hang up, never mind! -Ok son, say hi to Peyker too. Kisses sweetheart, see you. They're saying hi. Tomorow they'll go on honeymoon. Let's invite them before they'll go.. No need. Don't give attention to the girl We'll see Nihat when he'll be back. I said sorry a thousand times. I said that from anger. You insisted that we get married as soon as possible. Now you say that we should've wait after 40 days of my father. I know.. forgive me, please Peyker. Nothing of what I said was wrong. And you wanted to hurt me. I'm sorry. You know how I love my father, how much I miss him! I told you how is it a sensitive topic. I know I know.. forgive me! Look to our situation after our marriage. Please baby don't break what's between us, please! I love you so much Peyker. I love you so much my love. I love you so much I love you so much my love. - What's this? - Chocolate milk "Ince" mother used to do it. Everytime you cry everytime we have a fight she brings us chocolate milk. Mommy.. Me too I missed her so much. If only we never grew up, isn't it Beshir? Your hands became as a camel's. (she meant his hands became very big) I studied in same elementary school for one year with Beshir. It wasn't high school? I didn't know. No, dear! Before my mother died she insisted that I go to same school as Beshir, so I won't go alone I studied there one year anyway, I was sitting next Beshir.. Don't escape .. come .. I will tell Now this one get taller suddently so the teacher moved him to the 3rd back row, he was crying and saying "don't separate me from Nihal", things collapsed. But look, he never leaves you, always next to you although still in the 3rd back row I don't complain about my work anymore. - Behlül that was so bad! - What happened! What did I say? - Let's go surfing a little later. - No, let's go home right away.. We must get ready. We have very important guests this evening. The man was sitting like a french .. During hours we stayed in the train from Brussel to Paris we didn't stop talking about the man. I can guess, gosh! We're young we were making fun, we just had fun.. anyway when we arrived to the station The man stood up, returned like a gentelman and said .. "I'm gonna repeat everything exactly what you talked about me.. with perfect turkish.. We were petrified. Oh Behlül! How's the dishes situation? Firdevs's is same, she couldn't put a bite in her mouth from laughing. Oh gosh, Behlül! Her tits are bouncing from laughing, she opened like this. The girls are more sober I swear, t hey didn't become like her. - Look at me, what is Mr. Adnan doing? - Mr. Adnan is silent. He knows what awaits him, that's why. Uncle Süleyman, let's put something in that woman's food.. Let's prevent the situation in advance, what do you say? I know to whom I will do it first you're all going to shut your mouths Tell me about the girls. Both of them are beautiful I swear. The little one is more beautiful. her look is different I swear. Very delicious, there's eggplant in it but.. It's our Süleyman's speciality, he named it Napoli. - My mother loved it too, he was always doing it. - Very nice. How many years are you living in Turkey, miss Deniz? Deniz or Döniz? - Deniz.. my mother is turk. - But you were born in France, weren't you? In Paris.. the town of lovers. Deniz Decourton When did you come here? - We return here when I was little, with my mother. - hmm, I understood. - Miss Deniz is our greatest chance. - How beautiful! My mother entrusted us to her, Bülent and me, even my father.. Wonderful. Where are you going on honeymoon, let's see? We're going to Sardinia, a sight on sea and the other sight on forest we'll stay in a wonderful house. Enjoy it. They will stay depending to their house amendments, they'll be back when it finish We will stay 10 days, up to 15 days. The amendments will not finish during this period What will you do? if you going to stay in our house let me know to make preparation. Nihat rented a house temporarily, mom! This thing is solved Mrs. Firdevs doesn't like receive anyone in her house as I understand. No, dear.. This is not the reason This is probably not the reason Behlül makes jokes as usual Did you stop working Mr. Adnan? I heard you sold all your factories. No, this is not true.. I'm just working in an inactive way for a time - Since my mother died - I delivered the work to the general manager And everytime I pass by the company The important work for my father became us. But your father should take some rest. what do you say Mr. Adnan? You should run away often If children takes always the priority in life, it will ended by lonelinesss for a human We're happy of our situation, isn't it dad? Yes sweety, Nihal couldn't say sweety correctly when she was little Ok, what's gonna happen when you'll get married? Won't your dad stay alone Who said I'll get married.. I'm not think about this at all. I'll get married I won't hesitate when time will come. This is it! - You become a very beautiful bride - Thank you She was really beautiful Nihal look, this for you.. Mr. Adnan is here too - Is there any other photos? - Most of them are Behlül's You danced with all girls - I said to myself maybe I'll find the one for me. - I've pity for the girl who'll get married to you. - Are the lands in the top belong to you? - Yes - There's a big forest behind - Let's say a garden I remember you house in the island, I never came here Yes, you finished your studies and you newly came back from USA.. - It was probably like this, right? - Yes We spent a beautiful evening I think same How beautiful girl, isn't she? - Who? - Bihter.. Bihter! If only Behlül marries her.. Truly.. why wouldn't Behlül like her? - Maybe there's another girl in his life. - Behlül? oh how many thousand. But I mean Bihter for marriage. Dear, maybe Bihter has a boyfriend. Right, they can't leave this much beautiful girl alone, ah if I was a little more older! - Good night my child! ( Bonne nuit mon enfant* in french) - Good night mademoiselle I guess I can find the bathroom - I'll show you - Ah thank you - Everybody's here, may I open the topic. - Not yet! - I want to be done with this as soon as possible. - Me too I want that But we have to wait for the most convenient time - The children are not ready yet Adnan. - Yes, you're right - Thank you, dear Nihal. - We're really pleased from our situation We don't want anyone to ruin our schedule You don't ever want your dad unhappy, do you? A smart young girl like you, think about that first. It was good! - I'll practice a bit more. - Aren't you tired? One minute! - Can we talk a bit? - Sure Let's go to the garden. [SOUND] [APPLAUSE] >> This sea snail called aplysia is somewhat of a celebrity. At least in the world of memory research. It was this lowly snail that revolutionized the way that neurobiologists like David Glanzman, think of memory. But how do you give a snail a memory? >> We're going to give it a few shocks, but don't worry, it's not going to harm the animal. >> Okay. >> It's not going to produce any long term damage. >> Wow. >> Giving it electrical shocks teaches the aplysia that the world is a dangerous place. >> How do we know it's actually learned? >> We look at a reflex. >> Touch the siphon of an aplysia, and it triggers a defensive withdraw reflex. >> I'm just going to touch the siphon like that. >> And there you see, that's the reflex. >> This reflex can tell scientists if the snail has formed the memory. >> The longer the gill and siphon remain retracted that's an indication that it's learned what we taught it. >> An aplysia that has not been given any shocks will respond with a short lived contraction. >> There it's out. >> So is that. >> 11 seconds. >> But an aplysia that was taught to be on guard responds much differently. >> Now there's a reflex. Now the point is that it stays tucked. >> And this guy's on a high state of alert here. >> Yeah so you sees the siphons just starting to come out now >> And at 45 seconds. So it's four times as long as the naive animal. And it's learned that there's a danger in its environment. That's what its learned. >> This learning is observed in its changed behavior. But scientists can also see signs of memory in aplysia's legendary brain. Let's just say, this sea snail is neurologically well endowed. >> It has very large, huge, some of the biggest neurons in the world. >> Its few but gigantic neurons inspired researchers to essentially create an aplysia mini-brain out of a sensory neuron and a motor neuron. >> We take those out of the animal and we put them into cell culture, and they grow together, and then we have a mini circuit, a neural circuit. >> Scientists can see on a cellular level, what happens as the mini-brain forms a memory. So what is happening? Basically, we see two things, the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron get stronger. >> When the snail gets zapped with electricity, the neurons start communicating differently, sending more stronger chemical signals and receiving more signals. This change, which can happen quite quickly, but doesn't last forever corresponds to short term memory. But administer the shocks over a longer period of time and the two neurons physically change as the snail learns. >> Anatomically, we actually see the growth of new synaptic connections between the sensory and motor neurons. >> And it's this physical change in the neurons that is long term memory. As the snail learns over time its brain is making more and more connections. So that even when the snail gets a break from the shocks it will still remember them. Besides training sea snails to be on a high state of alert, the research on aplysia has been integral in understanding learning and memory and not just for snails >> When you're looking at these changes in aplysia you're basically looking at the bedrock of learning. Those same processes take place in our brains. >> And with the advancements in memory research that aplysia has already inspired, it is most likely going to remain in the spotlight for decades to come. Class, to round out our discussion of social media, I've invited Dave Coffey to join us, to talk about his impressions of MOOCs as social media. Dave brings some interesting perspective to this discussion, because he is the digital and, digital video and media specialist here at the University of Washington for continuing education, who has been the primary producer of this course that has come to you. So I wanted to ask Dave what his impressions were of a MOOC as a social. Social media. As a faculty member I approach this as teaching a class. And so I saw the MOOC as a, as a vehicle for relaying content. And so I brought my model of the classroom and working with students with me. But there's something more happening here. There's definitely a social media quality of interaction that I'd like to capture on video and get Dave's impressions. Thanks for having me, Barbara. it's been quite a journey. It's a whole new realm, it's because it is social media and because it is a class, it's the two have overlapped. Right. so and also because we're producing content. I'm a video guy. I, I just, you know, have been doing this for about thirteen, fourteen years and educational video has been the most recent venture and social media exploding, has been, it's been a challenge because everybody is putting out content all the time. And so, because everybody is putting out content all the time, you have to be able to produce it quickly and, and have that agility. And so with social media being what it is. That it's organic, it flows free. You really kind of have to be able to follow trends. You have to be able to see what direction things are going. And so a MOOC is social media. There's no two ways about it. You have to be able to engage in a, in a massive open online course, just like you would on Facebook or on Twitter or on Linkedln. This isn't distance learning, right? It's not distance learning in the traditional role, where you sit in a classroom or you sit and used to be, I did a case study on distance learning my firs t year of college and it was definitely, you sat in a lecture hall and watched a satellite feed from another college. Mm-hm. And then you, it was like you were in class. And even my role as the visual, video and media specialist for continuing education, that's what we do mostly. We record and have done up to now, we record classes in lecture hall. Mm-hm. for online students and they just open up a browser, click on a link and then it plays. Coursera has shifted that dramatically. yes we've used some repurposed content for your class, for other classes that we've shot, where we take these lectures, and we kind of chop them up into smaller modules so they're more manageable for the Coursera style of small, impactful modules of video and information. And so we've had to sort of hybridize it. a lot of the Coursera classes are shot up with new content like we've done for this course. but at the same time, we've taken older, meaningful lecture content. And repackaged it so that it can sort of fit that model. And so, but really the way we should really be going. The way this is going to evolve is you sit down in front of a camera as the instructor of a class. And you speak to that camera as if it's your student. And you mold your lesson plans and instead of molding it as a one hour lecture. It's, I'm going to speak for ten minutes about this particular subject matter. Mm hm. And now, it's relevant to the ten minutes, the two hours, the three weeks before. And it's going to have relevance further on in the course. But, it's a small video. It is packaged. Right. Just like a, just like if you were reading a chapter in a book. You'd, some students have the ability to read entire sections of, you know, or entire chapters in one sitting, and absorb that information. Other students in college. Like, when I was in college, I read small little chunks and then I moved on. So, for Corsera and other newer MOOCs you know, that are coming out, this is the way to go because, it allows the instructor to, to shift how they're thinking in, in the way they teach. And they can be modularized and, and separated in various ways. and then it also changes how the students absorb that information. It's funny you should mention Cosera as a book because I've had a number of faculty colleagues who talked wanting to use a Cosera course as a textbook. And then modifying or add to the content in their existing class. So, I think a whole new. I don't know where this is headed, but I think, I think there is definitely a trend in that direction from what I can see. Yeah. An-, an- and speaking of trends, I mean the one big thing about this is again to go back to the, the subject matter for this week's lesson in social media. Right. The way one engages in. This particular course and other courses both as an instructor, as a designer, as a student. It's, it's, it's somewhat of a free for all. It's somewhat wild west right now, because it's new. but it is like social media. You get on there, you make a comment about something. you know? I, I got on a course, and I was trying to lend helpful advice and like so many other forums that you run into online, there is someone out there that's not going to appreciate that or that might have their own two cents and rather than take the high road and walk away, I descended into that forward. You bit? [LAUGH] I bit. I totally bit. I descended with that forward mentality and I fought back because I was right. . Even though, I may have not been. So that's one thing that you got to watch out for on this. But the other aspects of it are exactly the same. There's an interactivity. with Coursera you can start a group so one thing we noticed with certain classes is they were starting groups based on cultural and language similarities. So we had a Southeast Asian Facebook group for this computational finance class that we produced. And there were thousands of people in this group, on Facebook studying together on Facebook for a class that was being offered by a university out of Seattle, Washington. And they were all studying and they had somebody translating for them. And then they would watch the courses with transcripts that this person provided. That's interesting. All done on Facebook. So, central media. Looking at our class, you wandered around the discussion forums. I'm wondering what impression you had about the nature of the conversations comparing it maybe to other forums you have been on blogs, etcetera. What do you see as unique about the social interaction on Coursera. Well I think, that the uniqueness of the social interactions here, there's a, a, definitely a single purpose, I mean you go into this class, with a study to this particular form of social media, with a single purpose and that is to learn about the subject matter. So, because there is that single purpose, everybody is striving to get the, the goal of doing well in the class or completing the course. So, rather than you know, you don't run into things like I see in a lot of other forums of people You know, soliciting other Bits of information that's irrelevant to the comment threads. You don't really see that, or I haven't seen it, anyway. You, like. You know. Every, everybody that's in there is there to learn about or discuss or offer their, their take on this particular subject matter or ask questions about this particular subject matter. And so, you don't really see it. Descend in that same sort of chaos that some threads can descend to. You go to a thread that talks about a certain political development that occurred during the election. And suddenly, by the end of it, they're talking about you know, a black helicopter conspiracy theory stuff, that really was irrelevant to the original thread. And you don't see that so much that I haven't seen on these. They still can descend into you know a, sometimes a negative direction which is what happened with the forum thread that I posted onto. But, it doesn't go that saying sort of all, all points, you know it's not the circle with the arrow in every direction. It's more the circle with an arrow that maybe pops out but kind of circle, circles back around. You know, I guess would be a, a, a visual analogy that I would draw. So what did you see about learning from each other around the security topic in particular? Anything that came to mind? The, the learning that I saw was again it goes back to the whole pedagogy of, of being able to splinter out into groups. The people were. Learning outside of the MOOC that they were using. You mean, outside the content? Outside the content of, so they're not in the class. I mean, they are in the class, they are using the forums in the class to learn, but they're going outside of those forums to learn as well. Not unlike students, you know students don't just learn in the classroom. Right. They are learning outside. They're learning over lunch, you know, they're talking with one another over coffee. It's that sort of digital equivalent of talking over coffee about, about the, the class. This, a couple of things that I observed that I thought was interesting, the backgrounds of the people who were taking these classes were significant. And in many cases, we were dealing with expertise that adds to the dimension of the topics so somebody might be a privacy expert from Canada. Another person might be working in this field in Africa, but maybe doing something in the Netherlands and brings a couple of different perspectives. And I thought that was very enriching. In fact One of the challenges that we're facing with the Internet and managing IT security. Now, is that. ClSOs, Chief Information Security Officers, Security Managers have to reconcile so many different legal and regulatory frameworks that come out of the cultures that promote these legal frameworks. So in the US, we have a set of laws and case law that we follow. It's different in other countries. And yet, when you go online, or if you have a multinational corporation and you're looking at security problems, you have to harmonize that in some way. Which brings some interesting, unintended consequences, or perhaps even benefits. Be cause legal structure certainly define cultures and countries and we do indeed, need to harmonize the structures in order to do online business. So, seems to me there was tremendous potential here. To have those kinds of harmonizing discussions. Right. And I think it goes back to what Scott David said in your, in the, the, the panel discussion. was about you know, how do you get the crowd to care. And the crowd in this case being the world. because everybody has different morays, you know. Hm. Our culture has different morays than, than cultures in Africa, the cultures in Europe, the cultures in Asia around privacy, around security you know you and I had a conversation off camera, we were having earlier about Europe's how they, they take privacy very seriously there whereas we really don't in America. and. I think we're going to get there. I think so too. But I agree. We, we're not, we're not as sensitive to this subject. We're not and so how do we get and in Asia it's even, it's almost the exact opposite of that. There is no I, there is no self. So there's no privacy really, I mean, I'm sure that there is to an extent. But in a, a different. In a different way. Way. And so and so. The way that Scott described it was look at it like handwashing. You can still fear. Mm-hm. and not, not fear in a negative sense. It's bad things could happen if we don't, you know sort of collectively come around this problem. And everybody step up and everybody you know care. Well, I, I was excited about the potential of the MOOC for getting that kind of a conversation going, particularly among the kinds of people who are signing up for the class, many of whom have responsibilities in their respective companies and countries, that have an opportunity to dialogue at a working level about these differences. obviously, teaching from the US, teaching from UW, there is a sort of, US centric focus to some of the conversations that I was having with students around the laws and regulations that I am familiar with. But, that's recognizin g that this is just 1-dimension, that there are other laws and regulatory environments that have to mate and have conversations with this. And it looked to me that perhaps the MOOC was even enabling this kind of discussion, that might not happen at the working level so easily. Certainly. Right. Policymakers get together and have these conversations. But that's not necessarily how it plays out in the real world when it gets implemented. And I could see some rather nebulous but perhaps real benefits for having a security discussion in this kind of environment. Well and it again it goes back to the, to the how a MOOC a social media? You meet people on these, you know? So, somebody, an IT professional in, in, Africa who you know obviously because of their, their delay in infrastructure or the, the fact that they're not, they don't have the same kind of infrastructure that we have in more developed countries. And, and they're not as present on the Internet when you look at the distribution of population that's participating in the Internet. Right. It varies continent to continent quite seriously. Exactly. So as they sort of come into their own. Right. And develop, they're going to just, just the same way that the West was used and I don't want to sound hotty and although the West is ahead of the curve, but there are certain, you know, aspects that developing countries look to us for and I think in this particular case, it's a way for IT professionals in developing countries, to look to what we have already done and learn from our mistakes, on one hand. . And, also, learn the good things, you know that have come out of a lot of Internet insurance pol, or security policies and it gets put forth on courses like this. Yes, you're teaching it from a Western perspective because, you live in the West, but you know there's a lot of mistakes that could be made, a lot of foibles you know and, and obstacles that have been overcome that hopefully won't be made or it won't be challenges for these folks in developing countries. An d the best way for them to get that information is signing up for a course like this and meeting people who have already had to deal with those challenges. So. I, I had some of my colleagues from the UK tell me, we like to see you Yanks jump in because you don't think twice. But you make all the mistakes and we sit back and watch you and we get to do it better and not have to go through the angst. I, I don't know if that's typical but they were giving me the rib. But, I also think there's a benefit for people in the US as well. I saw this for myself with two oceans that have isolated us rather significantly. There's few people here, comparatively, that have passports that go outside the borders. At one point, I read it was around fifteen%.. I don't have a passport. Of our population. It's unusual for, for, for that to happen whereas in other countries, where you have more continuous boundaries, there is a sense of different cultures and languages and people are accustomed to that. Language training, when I grew up, was really emphasized because there wasn't much thought that you would be using it. You know the Canadian border was close by. I mean what, you kno speaks the same language for the most part. Of French. Because I studied French in. Right. In high school. But it certainly has had an isolating effect. I see it with my students. And a look like this allows people to engage in conversations with people that are coming from different contexts. Because ultimately you're going to have to be doing business there. If you're going to end in the security business you're going to have to deal with these different contexts and be able to reconcile with. So I think there is an opening here for American students as well and Western students to really understand other, other points of view much more viscerally. Right. Short of going there. Right, well that's, that's the great thing about the Internet anyway. Right. Is that it allows you to be somewhere where you can be otherwise. I mean it's, it's, you know, it's not the same as actually getting off the plane, or getting off the boat and being there, but it's still you get to go there. And, and going back to that case study that I did in, in college about distance learning. One of the big thing, and quite frankly, the instructor that I was writing this paper for, I, I, I hope he looks back at that paper today. Because I was saying things like, professor, having a class in the lavant in the middle east about archaeology and showing a, you know, I am here, I am in Syria. And we're going to look at this piece of architecture and having students all over the world watching it and he thought it was great. And I was 22, you know, and just not. That's fascinating. Looking back now, it's like, I didn't, I mean, yeah, the Internet was there. This was 1993. The internet was there but it wasn't where it is right now. And I don't want to say that I'm a some kind of futurist or sage or anything like that but I just saw potential. If you could, via satellite, via Internet, via whatever have potentially beam that signal somewhere. And the cost was good enough, which I did not include cost in this case study, because it was all theory. Mm-hm. That you could be in one place as an instructor, have other people somewhere else as students. And in this case, every, the world could be your classroom. I mean, that's really what it amounts to. That's really exciting. I'd take that class. I'm really into ancient history. I loved Egyptology but you're right, that would be absolutely cool to study like that. So are there any thoughts you want to share with the students? Well I think that. The, the social aspect, the social media aspect, tying to real life once again. And really hits home with a story that you've told me. And a story that another professor for a different class that we're producing has told me that real life meetups with people on your class. And out of context of the class or of your living situation. Told me you were in at Reagan International was it. Right. Reagan National. And the TS A security person was, Was my student . Was your student. And he, and then he said, you're my professor, looked at your ID. I just thought that was great. I thought that really brought home. The impact that MOOCs can have on your social life and on just you as a social being. We are social beings after all. And another professor of ours, he's a financial analyst and he teaches the computational finance class which I think some of the students on here were taking, looking at the forums. And they, he was at a conference in New York for I believe it was for BlackRock which is a financial consulting firm. And was at this conference, people financial analysts, were coming up to me, I'm taking your class online, and it's great. because it was financial econometrics, which these folks had sort of you know they had, they had studied just on their own to advance their own professions if they've never actually taken a hard class in it. And then they go, they go there and they get to meet the guy who's teaching the class. and they're, they were all peers. But still, it was, you know I just thought that was really great. And I'mm hoping to hear more stories about that as we move forward producing these classes. Yeah, that's great. Well I have to say that this has been an interesting experience for me this quarter, to participate in the development of a class offered on Coursera. And I learned things I didn't expect to learn. The social media aspect of this medium is astounding to me and the potential of this isn't fully developed yet. I think this is an amazing trend and we'll see how it evolves and where it goes but it's here to stay. And I think it's particularly interesting from pedagogical point of view to be teaching compliance issues, information assurance, legal, legal aspects of it. In this kind of environment, it allows for a rich sharing of experiences that you really wouldn't get in an ordinary classroom. And I'm interested in seeing how we might exploit it so this has been a very exciting term for me. I'm happy that you all have joined us. And I look forward to seeing you finish this class and coming and joining us next quarter. So, thank you. ["Loud Noise"] [female] i don't wanna fight no more I dont wanna stay pissed off at you if you got to go to work go on [male] apparently you do... [male]apparently you do cause you keep doing shit to make me angry [female] I'm not doing anything [male] It seems like you are purposely doing shit to fucking make me angry [female] if you dont wanna go to work then dont go to work, ok [female] its really up to you you are a grown adult you can make that desision [female]im not trying to drive you to go any where or not go any where [[male]i didnt say that [female]i just not going to stop you from going to work [male]i didnt say that, i didnt say anything like that. [female]well you have in the past, all i am saying is that [female]if you are headed that way, i mean ... [female] all i'm saying is .i dont want to be the one, i dont want to be the blame for you not going to work [female] i have nothing to do with it, [female] i am not making you stay here continuing arguing [female] i saying that if you need to go to work that's fine, i understand and respect that [female] it dont matter how mad i am at you or not [female] if you got to go to work then you got to go to work [female] it has nothing to do with anything [female] i just dont fight anymore [female] i dont want....... and blowing all up... [male]..you where the one... [female] not i dont, you where the one that started all of the fight this morning [female] i have no intrest in fighting with you at all [female] your asking me questions .. i didnt say...[female] im giving you answers [male] i didnt say.. i didnt say anything about who started it [male] i woke up angry because of how you treated me [female]i didnt say any...[male] how you treated me this morning [female] how did i treat you this morning [female] i put your hand up [female]thats all i did [male] ok.. that mad me fucking angry [male] thats making me fucking angry..[female] i see that [female]then i offered m... then you told me told me to get the fuck away [female] but when i walked away you muddered on and on about me running away... [female] and from then it just got out of control [male] no it didnt [female] and now your gonna threaten me about my expressions [female] that i cant control [male] ya you can.. [female] nore should i have to [male] ya you can [female] you could even go to prision for sticking your tongue out. [phone ring] [female] at least not in america [male talks on phone] yea ill be there in a second [male on the phone] yea i'm ok you want me to just meet you at the house {door creeks] [male cont. on phone] alright ill meet you there [male] im not b... [male] im not holding you against your expressions [male] im asking..the only thing i...[female] ya you are [male] stop! [male] the only thing im asking is that you don't smile like some body thats getting upset... [male] when you can see you getting angry [male] and yes you can control your smile [male] it is a bodily function [female] you know i feel like.. [male] it is a god given function! [male] no it is a god given function to sit there and fuckin smile.. [male] or frown.. or pout.. or do anything! [male] it is a god given function for you be able to make an expression on your face [female] what expression am i supposed to have on my face right now...? [male]right now mad.. [female] yea right now... [male] what you have right now [male] but you wouldn't be fucken smiling about it [female] i dont smile [male]if your not.. [female] when your threatening me.. i dont.. [male] because you... [male] because i done made a fucken statment that your pising me off [male] enough to make me wanna do somthing .. [male] of cource you would't wanna fucken smile.. would you [female] and i'm not, and when i do it's not on purpose [female] i dont wanna be smacked upside the head because i cant help smiling [male] oh but when you smile like this... [female] im not doing that.. [male] thats on fucking purpose [male]ok and yes you where doing that the other day [male] when i was being upset. [female] i dont wanna fight with you [male]... i aint trying to control your hole fucken expressions [female] yes... your trying to control everything [male] no thats not true .. [female] you ... [male] no thats not fucken true.. i dont control a god damn thing [female] when you shoving me up against the [female] wall getting up aganst my face...[male] here you go... [male] here you go you gotta fucken bring up some shit like that [female]... to you [male] what the fuck ever you know thats not control [male] thats me getting you the fuck off of me [male] and getting you to shut the fuck up! [female] im never in front of you [male] but your not gonna sit there and keep fucking you runnig your mouth and saying stupid shit. [female] maybe i havent done anything before your flying in my face... before your already upset. [male] no ofcorce you havent said nothing.. no its not just your expression... [female] did i say anything this morning? [male] no cause you where a fucken.. [female] ...you couldnt be reasonable about it? [female] you just had to fly of the handle like that. [female] and then you had to threaten to kill me.... [male] what the fuck ..what the fuck !!! how have you ben waking up god dammit!?!? [female] not dangerously and threatening you. [male] YEA!!, dont you get it??? [male] that feels threatening when you come out hear talking like this!! [male] that is a threat to me! [female] you said i dont scare you.. [male] that doesnt mean.. i didnt say it scares me [female] threat means scare [male] NO it doesnt!! [female] what does threat mean? [male] its be a... threaten can be intimidation. [female] which means to fear [male] no it doesnt.. stop trying to define it .. stop trying to define it [female] no i'm scared of you...[male] well stop being scared of me. [female] i dont like being scared of my own husband [male] well stop being scared of me you have no fucking reason to be scared! [female] you just threatened to kill me this morning so i have a reason....[male] no i didnt [male] no i didnt [female].. thinking about it and you think i dont have a reason?? [male] you know what ... is waiting for me [door] [female] ... im sorry [male] you know you really dont... you really dont ok [male] you really dont have no reason to be fucking scared of me [male] but to.. to come out here and fucking yell at me is a threat ok... [male] i've told you that.. i have told you that in the past. [male] your thing was sexual abuse... [male] i have to be very very carful with you in the bedroom [male] ...when we are active.. ok... [male] i cant ask certain things of you ... because of what happened to you ok [male] guess what.. i was yelled at so fucken pointless, [male] ...and beaten so fucken pointlessly that the only thing that pops in my fucking head [male] when some one starts yelling at me.. is to get ready to fucken fight!... [male] and to get agressive, and to become defencive... [male] just like you become defencive when i fucken say certain things to you [male] its gonna make very fucken defensive and make you wanna start smile about it [male] because your starting to get so fucken angry [female] you know you smile when you become treaten .. when your gettig in my face. can you control that smile? [male] i feel insane so yea i like smiling.. [female] i do... [female] i fell insane like you to, when you get in my face thats how i do feel insane... [female] and you know what?...don't get in my face,, dont wake me and grope me and how come.. [male]da da da..shut up! shut up about all that shit [female] you think that.. [male] no no no ... shut up about it... because i'm trying... im trying to get you to see... [male] aside from all that [female] ok your right.. aside from all that.. [male] your stepping on shit that happend to me in my past... [male] your stepping on me to the point to make me remember all that... [female] alright [female] ill stop stepping allover your mind ...k.. i don't wanna be threatened alright.. i dont want none of tha.... [male] you dont wanna be threatened... you don't want non of that [female] no i dont [male] ok you know if you had..[female] alri... [male] STOPPED!! [male] if you had fucken remembered i had stopped all that for a long time! [female] you just did it this morning... [male] no... [female] you did for a long time.. [male] you know what never mind [female] you know what just go to work.. i ... [male] we've had this fucken problem before.... supposedly i'm being sooo fucken mean.. [male] that you've gotta leave.. [male]ok we've had this problem before... i have not been fucken mean yet i am starting to starting to be that way So what does the happiest man in the world look like? He certainly doesn't look like me. He looks like this. His name is Matthieu Ricard. So how do you get to be the happiest man in the world? Well it turns out there is a way to measure happiness in the brain. And you do that by measuring the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex in the fMRl, versus the right prefrontal cortex. And Matthieu's happiness measure is off the charts. He's by far the happiest man ever measured by science. Which leads us to a question: What was he thinking when he was being measured? Perhaps something very naughty. (Laughter) Actually, he was meditating on compassion. Matthieu's own experience is that compassion is the happiest state ever. Reading about Matthieu was one of the pivotal moments of my life. My dream is to create the conditions for world peace in my lifetime -- and to do that by creating the conditions for inner peace and compassion on a global scale. And learning about Matthieu gave me a new angle to look at my work. Matthieu's brain scan shows that compassion is not a chore. Compassion is something that creates happiness. Compassion is fun. And that mind-blowing insight changes the entire game. Because if compassion was a chore, nobody's going to do it, except maybe the Dalai Lama or something. But if compassion was fun, everybody's going to do it. Therefore, to create the conditions for global compassion, all we have to do is to reframe compassion as something that is fun. But fun is not enough. What if compassion is also profitable? What if compassion is also good for business? Then, every boss, every manager in the world, will want to have compassion -- like this. That would create the conditions for world peace. So, I started paying attention to what compassion looks like in a business setting. Fortunately, I didn't have to look very far. Because what I was looking for was right in front of my eyes -- in Google, my company. I know there are other compassionate companies in the world, but Google is the place I'm familiar with because I've been there for 10 years, so I'll use Google as the case study. Google is a company born of idealism. It's a company that thrives on idealism. And maybe because of that, compassion is organic and widespread company-wide. In Google, expressions of corporate compassion almost always follow the same pattern. It's sort of a funny pattern. It starts with a small group of Googlers taking the initiative to do something. And they don't usually ask for permission; they just go ahead and do it, and then other Googlers join in, and it just gets bigger and bigger. And sometimes it gets big enough to become official. So in other words, it almost always starts from the bottom up. And let me give you some examples. The first example is the largest annual community event -- where Googlers from around the world donate their labor to their local communities -- was initiated and organized by three employees before it became official, because it just became too big. Another example, three Googlers -- a chef, an engineer and, most funny, a massage therapist -- three of them, they learned about a region in India where 200,000 people live without a single medical facility. So what do they do? They just go ahead and start a fundraiser. And they raise enough money to build this hospital -- the first hospital of its kind for 200,000 people. During the Haiti earthquake, a number of engineers and product managers spontaneously came together and stayed overnight to build a tool to allow earthquake victims to find their loved ones. And expressions of compassion are also found in our international offices. In China for example, one mid-level employee initiated the largest social action competition in China, involving more than 1,000 schools in China, working on issues such as education, poverty, health care and the environment. There is so much organic social action all around Google that the company decided to form a social responsibility team just to support these efforts. And this idea, again, came from the grassroots, from two Googlers who wrote their own job descriptions and volunteered themselves for the job. And I found it fascinating that the social responsibility team was not formed as part of some grand corporate strategy. It was two persons saying, "Let's do this," and the company said, "Yes." So it turns out that Google is a compassionate company, because Googlers found compassion to be fun. But again, fun is not enough. There are also real business benefits. So what are they? The first benefit of compassion is that it creates highly effective business leaders. What does that mean? There are three components of compassion. There is the affective component, which is, "I feel for you." There is the cognitive component, which is, "I understand you." And there is a motivational component, which is, "I want to help you." So what has this got to do with business leadership? According to a very comprehensive study led by Jim Collins, and documented in the book "Good to Great," it takes a very special kind of leader to bring a company from goodness to greatness. And he calls them "Level 5 leaders." These are leaders who, in addition to being highly capable, possess two important qualities, and they are humility and ambition. These are leaders who are highly ambitious for the greater good. And because they're ambitious for a greater good, they feel no need to inflate their own egos. And they, according to the research, make the best business leaders. And if you look at these qualities in the context of compassion, we find that the cognitive and affective components of compassion -- understanding people and empathizing with people -- inhibits, tones down, what I call the excessive self-obsession that's in us, therefore creating the conditions for humility. The motivational component of compassion creates ambition for greater good. In other words, compassion is the way to grow Level 5 leaders. And this is the first compelling business benefit. The second compelling benefit of compassion is that it creates an inspiring workforce. Employees mutually inspire each other towards greater good. It creates a vibrant, energetic community where people admire and respect each other. I mean, you come to work in the morning, and you work with three guys who just up and decide to build a hospital in India. It's like how can you not be inspired by those people -- your own coworkers? So this mutual inspiration promotes collaboration, initiative and creativity. It makes us a highly effective company. So, having said all that, what is the secret formula for brewing compassion in the corporate setting? In our experience, there are three ingredients. The first ingredient is to create a culture of passionate concern for the greater good. So always think: how is your company and your job serving the greater good? Or, how can you further serve the greater good? This awareness of serving the greater good is very self-inspiring and it creates fertile ground for compassion to grow in. That's one. The second ingredient is autonomy. So in Google, there's a lot of autonomy. And one of our most popular managers jokes that, this is what he says, "Google is a place where the inmates run the asylum." And he considers himself one of the inmates. If you already have a culture of compassion and idealism and you let your people roam free, they will do the right thing in the most compassionate way. The third ingredient is to focus on inner development and personal growth. Leadership training in Google, for example, places a lot of emphasis on the inner qualities, such as self-awareness, self-mastery, empathy and compassion, because we believe that leadership begins with character. We even created a seven-week curriculum on emotion intelligence, which we jokingly call "Searching Inside Yourself." It's less naughty than it sounds. So I'm an engineer by training, but I'm one of the creators and instructors of this course, which I find kind of funny, because this is a company that trusts an engineer to teach emotion intelligence. What a company. (Laughter) So "Search Inside Yourself" -- how does it work? It works in three steps. The first step is attention training. Attention is the basis of all higher cognitive and emotional abilities. Therefore, any curriculum for training emotion intelligence has to begin with attention training. The idea here is to train attention to create a quality of mind that is calm and clear at the same time. And this creates the foundation for emotion intelligence. The second step follows the first step. The second step is developing self-knowledge and self-mastery. So using the supercharged attention from step one, we create a high-resolution perception into the cognitive and emotive processes. What does that mean? It means being able to observe our thought stream and the process of emotion with high clarity, objectivity and from a third-person perspective. And once you can do that, you create the kind of self-knowledge that enables self-mastery. The third step, following the second step, is to create new mental habits. What does that mean? Imagine this. Imagine whenever you meet any other person, any time you meet a person, your habitual, instinctive first thought is, "I want you to be happy. I want you to be happy." Imagine you can do that. Having this habit, this mental habit, changes everything at work. Because this good will is unconsciously picked up by other people, and it creates trust, and trust creates a lot of good working relationships. And this also creates the conditions for compassion in the workplace. Someday, we hope to open-source "Search Inside Yourself" so that everybody in the corporate world will at least be able to use it as a reference. And in closing, I want to end the same place I started, with happiness. I want to quote this guy -- the guy in robes, not the other guy -- the Dalai Lama, who said, "If you want others to be happy, practice compassion. If you want to be happy, practice compassion." I found this to be true, both on the individual level and at a corporate level. And I hope that compassion will be both fun and profitable for you too. Thank you. (Applause) (piano playing) Dr. David Drogin: Okay, we are looking at the painting Portrait of a Carthusian Monk by Petrus Christus, dated to 1446. It's a small oil on wood painting that's in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Dr. Beth Harris: And boy, does it look so obviously northern Renaissance to me. I mean, the way that we can see every unflattering detail about this man's face including those veins bulging on his forehead. Dr. Drogin: And even though he's probably a relatively young man, you can still see the wrinkles around his eyes. That's the very typical, incredible attention to texture and detail that's so characteristic of Flemish portrait painting in addition to we're talking about portraiture in the 1440's, the fact that it's in a three-quarter profile with light coming from multiple directions. The rather rigid, or thick folding of the fabric, all of these things ... Dr. Harris: Very northern Renaissance. Dr. Drogin: ... very, very typically northern. Dr. Harris: And, of course, they also tell us that it's made with oil paintings. Dr. Drogin: Right, and of course in Italy, oil paint is not being used at this time and they're still using tempera. You know, when we talk about the texture it's interesting to look at the hair, for instance, because Petrus Christus being very observant has shown how the hair on the top of the head, growing out of the top of his head is different than the hair that's growing in his beard. In fact, that hair is different and he's capturing that in this small image and we should add that this painting is smaller than life size. I mean, it's only about eight inches tall. Dr. Harris: So, you're saying that he has all this sort of fine hair growing from his beard ... Dr. Drogin: Yep. Dr. Harris: ... but there's this sort of thicker, mop of hair on the top. Dr. Drogin: Exactly. Dr. Harris: Yeah. Dr. Drogin: And also the attention to the effects of light and shadow, not only, as you say, picking out the details in the skin, but also the shadows falling on his white robe. Dr. Harris: Yeah, they really ... that's the sort of close, very intensely closely observed light. Dr. Drogin: Yep, absolutely. It's all typical. One detail that's especially interesting about this painting is down at the bottom. It's painted at the bottom as if Petrus Christus has carved his name in a wooden ledge. It says, 'Petrus Christus Made Me 1446' as the signature, but then right above that what you see is a little fly. Dr. Harris: Is he saying that he made the fly? Dr. Drogin: Well, he's saying that he made everything, including the fly. You know, we have to ask, "Why is the fly there?" And there are several different answers and they probably all together are a good answer. One thing is that the fly is very, very small, but still you can see the two little transparent wings and it's tiny fly legs ... Dr. Harris: It's amazing detail. Dr. Drogin: ... and it's little fly hairs and so he's really showing off what he can do. You know, all Flemish artists at this time ... Dr. Harris: How did they do that tiny little details like that? Dr. Drogin: Sometimes they used ... Dr. Harris: Really like close up to the painting. Dr. Drogin: Close, maybe they used magnifying glasses, sometimes they used brushes that had only one hair. Dr. Harris: (laughing) I believe it. Dr. Drogin: This is in part to show off his incredible skill and the other thing is, you know these portraits are, in a way, celebrations of life. I mean, this is a very vital looking young man. He has blood flowing through his veins as you can see in the veins that are represented in his temple. Dr. Harris: Yeah, and he looks at us in a very engaging way. Dr. Drogin: Exactly. He's very much alive, but the inclusion of a fly is maybe to remind us that life is short. That mortality is always with us and death is always around the corner because flies, of course, are normally found around things that are decaying. Dr. Harris: Right. Dr. Drogin: So, this fly at the bottom is to remind the viewer that even though this person might be in the flower of his life and looking very vital and strong and living that always death is around the bend. Dr. Harris: So, is this a memento mori? Dr. Drogin: In a way it's like that and it's a reminder to people to live a good life and, of course, for a monk especially to be a good Christian because death is always coming and then your time is up. Dr. Harris: Right and the idea being that because death could be at any time that one should always be prepared for one's salvation. Dr. Drogin: Absolutely. Dr. Harris: So, this is interpreted in a very Christian context. Dr. Drogin: Right, there's also a couple of other things about the fly. Later on, there's a story that Giotto, the 14th century painter, when he was a student painted a fly on one of his teacher's paintings and that it looked so real that Chima Boerse who reportedly was ... Dr. Harris: His teacher. Dr. Drogin: ... his teacher, reached out to swipe the fly away. Dr. Harris: Right. Dr. Drogin: And it was just a statement of how good Giotto was. That story really is a popular 16th century story, but it may have already been floating around and this might be in a way a reference to that kind of skill. Dr. Harris: Right, but that sort of artist being able to make things so real that they're mistaken for reality. Dr. Drogin: Absolutely and our references can go even further back because in Pliny, the classical writer, he writes a story about a competition between two artists. Two painters who were arguing who was better and one painter paints a bunch of grapes and as he's showing it to the other painter a bird flies down and flies into the painting and so the painter of the grapes says that he is triumphant because he's fooled nature. So, then the other painter paints his image, which is hidden behind a curtain and as the first painter reaches out to pull the curtain aside, he touches the painting and realizes that ... Dr. Harris: It's no curtain. Dr. Drogin: There is no curtain. That's the painting. Then the second painter says, "Well, you might have fooled nature, but I have fooled man and therefore I am the winner." Maybe if Petrus Christus, who we know was very well educated, if this was a story that he might have been familiar with ... Dr. Harris: Maybe. Dr. Drogin: ... maybe his fly, in addition to showing off his skill and in addition to reminding us about mortality, is in a way a conflation of those two artists in one because he has fooled nature. A fly has come and landed on his seal that's fake, but he's also fooled you because you're tempted to reach out and swipe away this fly that's landed there. Dr. Harris: Yeah. Dr. Drogin: So, it really could be referencing all of these different things and adding an important dimension to this 15th century portrait. Dr. Harris: And it just speaks to the importance in western tradition from ancient Greeks and Romans through the Renaissance through the current day of the importance of, or the expectation that we have and the high value that we place on realism and naturalism in art. Dr. Drogin: Yes, very much so. Dr. Harris: On that scale. Dr. Drogin: Especially when representing a secular image like the portrait of a real living individual. Dr. Harris: Yep. (piano playing) My heart like a butterfly has taken flight far away. My heart like a butterfly has taken flight far away. With sweet fragrances it has gone to stay I have never felt this way a ray of light kisses the darkness away. My heart like a butterfly has taken flight far away... Far, far away. Should I say it in words or inscribe it on the sky. Praise be to you. My heart like a butterfly has taken flight far away. With sweet fragrances it has gone to stay Your deep brown eyes. Tease me with a glance. Your soothing words can. Also put the birds in a trance. A little incomplete without you, Now I feel complete. Your simplicity has swept me off my feet. My heart like a butterfly has taken flight far away... Far, far away. Should I say it in words or inscribe it on the sky. Praise be to you. Mequetrefe Payasa Botarate Tontaca Gilipipas No no no... gilipipas no, no. You have to say SON OF A BlTCH, eh? SON OF A BlTCH, kids. Always SON OF A BlTCH... go Right... don't allow that the word SON OF A BlTCH disappearing from our lives from our streets, from our schools. SON OF A BlTCH We have to use it more SON OF BlTCH - more! SON OF A BlTCH We have to use more. We have to use it more! SON OF A BlTCH! It sounds terrific It's the alpha and the omega of vulgarity When you said it, You feel relieved Because SON-OF-A-BlTCH has no rival ASSHOLE is more informal I recognize BASTARD is not too bad but SON-OF-A-BlTCH is special because it's a much more global concept SON OF A BlTCH, we have to use it more SON OF A BlTCH - more! SON OF A BlTCH, we have to use it more We have to use it more! Hey! What have you called me?! SON OF A BlTCH!! Louder fuck! SON OF A BlTCH!!! SON OF A BlTCH to greet SON OF A BlTCH If they don't give you the right change SON OF A BlTCH if you want to offend SON OF A BlTCH! As a group! SON OF A BlTCH - we have to use it more SON OF A BlTCH - more! SON OF A BlTCH - we have to use it more we have to use it more Hello. Everyone has been very supportive. I just want to say thank you to YouTube and to the readers of my blog. www.thetroublewithspikol.com Okay. First of all, I mentioned props. Maybe it's just because I went to the gym but I am feeling really energized. It could also be the caffeine pills, but anyway, I am feeling really energized, so here's my prop. What is that, you ask? Let's see if you can guess. [crinkling of papery prop] Okay. No, it is not a menstrual pad for a giantess. It is an adult diaper. This prop is important to me because and I apologize if you suffer from from urinary incontinence and you use a diaper on a regular basis, please don't be offended by what I am about to say. What I am about to say is this: adult diapers to me mean something is a little wrong. So when I went to get ECT, and I am in the hospital, and I am in the psych ward, and they're telling me, they psychiatric nurses, who are so burned out they don't really give a shit, they're telling me, "Don't worry. Shock treatments are no longer brutal. It's a walk in the park. It's easy. You go in. They put you to sleep. You wake up and you feel better. That's all." Sounds good, right? But then, they told me to put on the diaper. I knew it wasn't going to be a walk in the park because the diaper implies a lack of control. I though I wasn't going to have any major convulsion. Why in the world, then, would I need a diaper? Apparently, I am going to piss myself and maybe worse. So that was kind of how it began. You get into the diaper. Then you get into the room, and it's kind of like a short procedure room. You know, I got up on the table, and at this point, I really was about to piss myself anyway from complete and total fear. But I got up on the table, and I am already wearing a diaper. Things are not good. And then, they give you a mouth guard. Now, I don't have a mouth guard here because, you know, I don't own a medical supply shop or anything. But I have a nail file, um, that has nothing to do with the story. But I said props, plural. Anyway, I'm just feeling so much better. It must be the caffeine pills. So the mouth guards come kind of in small and large, but I am very small. I am a 5 foot tall person. with an extremely small mouth. That's it. I mean, that's as wide as it opens. Not only is is a mouth guard, it's a mouth guard with a handle so they can rip it out of your mouth if they need to. Why are they putting it in your mouth to begin with? Because you are going to have a convulsion, of course. You're going to have such a convulsion that you could bite your tongue off. Or maybe gnash your teeth together in a way that would destroy them. You're going to have a convulsion that may cause you to lose control of your bowels. This is not a walk in the park. They do give you sedation. I kind of said goodbye to everybody while I was counting backwards from 100 or whatever, you know, you get to 98 and you're out. The next thing you know you're awake. The first thought I had was "where am I?" "Who am I? What is I? What is this place?" I have never been so dislocated from my own idenitity as I was in that moment after ECT. I had no idea what was happening. I looked around and nothing seemed familiar. which brings up this kind of philosophical question. If nothing seems familiar, how do you know that it doesn't seem familiar? But somehow you know. You know that you are lacking in understanding of the material world. And you are lacking in understanding of your internal world, your interior world. And you want to understand. So they put you in the wheelchair; they wheel you out. And there are a bunch of other zombies in wheelchairs sitting in this recovery room. My parents came over very concerned, you know, "Honey, it's us. We're here. Are you okay?" The pain in my jaw [sound of cell phone ringing] Like in the middle of everything--the cell phone! The pain in my jaw was terrible. I had a headache. Every muscle of my body hurt. I wanted to communicate with the world, but I was trapped inside myself I couldn't speak. I couldn't make a gesture. I couldn't move my facial muscles. I was a prisoner in my own body. They wheeled my up to my room, got me out of my bed. They might've given me an injection for the nausea, which you also feel. And slowly, I returned to an awareness, not of myself, but an awareness of the bed, the lamp. My parents came into focus. It's a really strange feeling. One minute, you are a savvy person, albeit depressed. Just an hour later, you feel like you've been hit over the head with a frying pan, thrown under a train, and awakened from a 5-year coma. It's completely overwhelming. The reason I believe you don't feel depressed in that moment is because you don't feel anything. You have been so severely disconnected from yourself It's impossible to feel depressed. That feeling of not elation, but sort of self emolation negation, I feel like it's all starting to rhyme, that feeling lasts for days, as you try to reconstruct yourself again. You try and remember, "How did I used to brush my teeth?" You know how you have that little rhythm with the toothbrush? You don't even think about it, but when you brush your teeth, you have a rhythm that you're into. First you do it on this side, then you do it on this side, then the top, then the bottom, then the end, the end. Think about it the next time you go to brush your teeth. Because after the ECT, I did not know how to use a toothbrush. And that lasted for months. I didn't know how to wash my hair. How did I used to do this? Everything was like this enormous project. Pour the shampoo into your hand. Smack it on top of your head. And then what? Rub? Rub it around? I had, I think, 6 more ECT treatments. I stayed in the hospital for some of them. Every single time before the treatment, I would beg my parents. I don't want to do it, I would cry. It was deeply traumatic each time, but I knew I had to keep going because this was my "last resort." I'll just say this and then we'll move on I mean we'll stop talking is what I mean by move on one year later, almost to the day, I was back in a psychiatric facility after a suicide attempt. ECT did not work for me, and that one year later I still couldn't remember much of my previous life. And now 12 years, 10 years later, well, see this is the point! My cognitive functioning is still damaged, and my memory is still gone. I am willing to talk more at length about this, but I think we've gone far enough. I'll tell you more in the next video. Thank you for your support. Bye. [Music] I Give My Life To You 12th of January 2012 Tiruvannamalai, India [Questioner laughs] [Questioner:] I just, I have no life, and [Mooji:] Huh? [Q:] I have no life. [M:] You have no life? [Q:] And I don't want a life. [M:] Ah, ah, ah. [Q:] But, I give my life to you, fully, fully. [Q:] Like to truth----to you. [M:] Yeah, yeah. [M:] Yes, yes. [Q:] And there's no interest in anything else. [M:] Hmm. [Q:] Nothing Mooji. Nothing, nothing, nothing. [M:] Hmm. [Questioner laughs] [M:] Yeah. [Mooji laughs] [M:] Some rare, rare person is coming to that, this type of realization. I don't have any interest to pour my energy towards anything. Everything is passing. Everything is momentary. Now this life is for truth; freedom. Who speaks like that? [Mooji laughs] [Questioner laughs] [Mooji laughs] [M:] Yes. [Q:] I feel fully in my power. [M:] Yes, yes, yes, and it's good that you say, because the people sometimes, they imagine, 'But you are giving away your power.' They say, 'You're giving, or you... this life, you are supposed to use this life for so much adventures, and so many things to do. You have so much potential. You're still young. You know, why don't you wait and enjoy, enjoy this existence with your young body, then when you're a bit, ah, washed up, [Laughter] then you can give your life to God.' [Laughter] You say, 'I am turning all my attention away.' Somehow, it's not even you're doing it. It's, you're finding that, nothing is so appealing, before, like before, and now there's only a kind of a central, a pull only, to be in the Truth. Why? Because you have tasted your Self. You are tasting your Self. You're tasting the beauty, and that is, that can never grow old. You're tasting the Supreme nectar of Self. So you are not really wanting to divide yourself, to share yourself, with things which are only impermanent by nature. Of course you don't dismiss, aah, cynically. You will still continue to eat. You will still continue to enjoy what you enjoy, but you're not dedicated or devoted to that, and what power! You see? Beautiful power, not a power to rule, but a power to be. To meet somebody, who is at rest, who is not aspiring for more things, but who is at rest inside their own being, radiant, peaceful. [Q:] I've been bursting for many months to tell you this. [Q:] Many months, but something felt, just to sit in it, and be very, confirmed, before... There was an awareness not to celebrate too early, because there is also these tendencies, to celebrate early all the time, with anything that comes, and any waves of illumination, and just for many months [Questioner laughs] It's here. It always has been here. [M:] Hmm. [Q:] It's never going to go away. I am That. I am That. And anything can come. Not only in good - bad, whatever, the mind makes it to be. That, it's all okay. It's all okay. It's happened already. Like many things come up, burning, burning, burning, but there's such a joy in this burning. Even in the most difficult, constricted, moments, there's such a joy in the burning, because I'm always Here. [M:] And that state of untouched Presence, is the birthright of all sentient beings. Human being, especially we can speak about. You did not come in this world, to find it in this world, He came in with you, but somehow, distractions come, necessarily, unavoidably, they must come, and you will grow through them, to come again to value, the only thing which is priceless. So, very good. [Q:] I love you. [M:] I love you too. [Laughter] [Q:] Thank you. [Mooji laughs] [M:] Okay. Very good. [Music] The state of untouched Presence is the birthright of all sentient beings. This Life is for Truth, for Freedom... Video extract from the DVD 'Shiva Fever' 12th of January 2012 Tiruvannamalai, India www.mooji.org Hi, I'm Megan Fleming. And I'm Casey McKee. We're from Temple University's Occupational Therapy program. Today we are going to show you how to use ladder reins, an adaptive device used in horseback riding. In traditional horseback riding, riders are required to keep a tight grip with their pointer, middle, and [horse shoes clanging] ring finger; keeping their pinky and thumb free to better stabilize the rein. This may prove challanging for individuals with issues involving fine motor control and grip strength. [Wind blowing] Populations that may experience these difficulties include but are not limited to those with multiple sclerosis,arthritis, and cerebral palsy. Individuals with [wind blowing] unilateral arm amputations may also benefit from the basic designed rein. Beginner riders and riders with intellectual or learning disabilities may benefit from use of the adaptive ladder rein. The basic design of the rein requires less attention than typical reins, allowing riders to focus greater concentration elsewhere. Traditional riding reins [metal clanging] such as these leathers ones typically cost one-hundred dollars for a basic set. Ladder reins similar to these can range in price between sixty and one-hundred dollars, depending on the material they are made from. Casey and I made these for twenty dollars. We used two six-foot nylon dog leashes, three feet of foam tubing, [rustling noise] and a needle and thread for sewing. First, we cut both six-foot nylon leashes down to three foot each and then sewed the ends together to have one long rein with snaps on each end [metal clanging] , like this. Then we used the excess material [metal clanging] to make two eighteen inch rungs. The rungs were placed one below [metal clanging] the original attachment like this and one above the original attachment, like this. Finally, we added the foam tubing onto each rung. [rustling] This gives your rider a built up handle, [laughing] and also is very easy to add and take off because it comes with a pre-cut line down the middle. Putting these reins on is very simple. As you can see they have a simple snap that attaches to the bit, which is right here and is inside the horse's mouth. The bit is responsible for helping you to stop and steer, which is very important when it comes to horseback riding. [metal clanging] Removing traditional reins can be tricky because it's a fine motor skill. If your rider has impairments in fine motor you may need to help them with this task. [shuffling, metal clanging] Once your traditional reins are removed you take the ladder reins and place them over the horse's neck like this [metal clanging]. [rustling] You then take the snap and attach it to the bit [snapping sound]. As we mentioned before, the built up grip of the foam tubing makes it easier to hold. Here are the three different rungs we discussed. The first one is used if you want more contact with the horse's mouth for precision steering. As you move further away from the horse's mouth, you have less contact, allowing for a leisurely ride. Now I am going to demonstrate how to use the adapted ladder rein. I'm going to pull back on my right arm to steer right, [horse walking] and pull back on my left arm to steer left. [horse walking] And back again with the right. [horse walking] And this is my first time on horse (laughter in backgroud) so you know it's easy to use. In Summary, we hope that our adaptive ladder rein will be able to help some of the disability population that we talked about. It is a cost effective tool and we hope that it will help individuals participate in one of the most important occupations that there is: leisure. For more information on adapted horseback riding and adapted devices you can visit the website for Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship International, or PATH international, [metal clanging] which is the governing body for adapted horseback riding. Freedomrider.com is an online store for purching adapted horseback riding devices, and finally, paralympic.org, which offers information about adapted horseback riding at the professional level. Thank you very, very much. It was a wonderful presentation. And just looking around, currently, we have wonderful Deaf space here. But we don't have very much green space in front of us. Our next presenter is Shane Feldman. He is the Chief Operating Officer for the National Association of the Deaf – N-A-D. His presentation is, "Building Bridges With the Communities." Hello all! I'm delighted to be here today. On behalf of all of the constituent groups, N.A.D. recognizes the importance of libraries to our communities. I'd like to talk today about how we can partner together heading into our future. The National Association of the Deaf may be familiar to many of you and unfamiliar to some. It was founded in the 1800s and has long since been an advocate for the Deaf community, looking to trends and experiences of deaf people. Deaf people and their contributions to society were not recognized in the legal systems and institutions for many years and N.A.D. has long since taken on the fight to ensure that deaf people's rights are respected. And our partnership with libraries is important to us. The national organization is a member run organization, driven by the community principles of American Sign Language and Deaf community. We have a right to American Sign Language and a right to exist as Deaf people. We are in existence to promote and protect human beings' rights as citizens of the United States of America. And we have three core values: Self-determination, right to representation, and a right to the use of American Sign Language. That continues to be our mission today. We are looking to get a more collaborative work with the libraries and the Deaf communities that we serve. And for the communities to become more aware of what is out there. Oftentimes, A.S.L. is not yet looked at as a formal language, until the 1960s. Back in Martha's Vineyard, there was a time when the island itself was populated by mostly people who utilised American Sign Language as a way to communicate. Y the language itself was not formally recognized until 1960. Now there was a gentleman by the name of William Stokoe. He was a prominent linguist and he studied a variety of languages. And through his research he realized, and found out, and published, and said that American Sign Language was a formalized language and it belonged to the Deaf community. And realized that it was an extremely important part of the Deaf community. Libraries are an important part of sharing that information with the public at large. The Deaf community has a rich and wonderful history, and oftentimes the communities out there don't realize that, and I think that libraries can help share that information with the hearing communities at large. Deaf-related literature is oftentimes not out there in the libraries today. Sometimes hearing individuals, such as those maybe who are taking sign language classes, are looking for those resources and they're not sure where to go. There are publications out there. Unfortunately, they don't know where to go. There is information such as a book by the name of "Deaf Heritage," written by a gentleman, by Jack Gannon. Now since that book has been published, people came to realize that there was a rich and wonderful history that is attached to the Deaf community. There were Deaf ministries, Deaf histories. And Jack started that research, to get that information out there. Despite the popularity of the topic, the information is not getting out to the public at large. And the publications are out there, they're just not reaching the masses. They are not reaching our bookshelves. Deaf history is important to U.S. history as well. Now our organization was founded on European history. There was a conference in Milan, in Milan, Italy. And it was primarily focused on the education of deaf children. And there were decisions made there that affected us where we were not involved, we were not involved in the decision making at that time. Oftentimes the United States is looked to as a leader for civil rights, for all different types of things, for creative ideas. We were just listening to a presentation by Robert about Deaf space. That idea originated here, in the United States. We are the leaders in that type of creativity. People around the world are looking to us for those ideas. We have an extremely strong, involved Deaf community. And we need to continually push for involvement of that community, and exposure to the world at large. Oftentimes people wonder, the resources that deaf and hard of hearing children have out in the libraries. 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents. These hearing parents, oftentimes when they start to look for resources, when they first find out that their child is deaf, the first deaf person that they are going to meet, they don't have an idea as to what a deaf person is, what capabilities they have, what type of life desires or goals that they have. They have nowhere to go for these resources. Oftentimes parents will go to libraries for resources, and if they do, they may or may not find those resources there. And that is another reason we need to have these resources in our libraries. Also, teaching children sign language. This is starting younger and younger these days. Baby Sign classes are happening all over the country. A.S.L. is a visual language, and a lot of people nowadays are taking the opportunity to teach their children a visual language at a very young age. But oftentimes those babies are hearing babies. We don't see the value for teaching our deaf children American Sign Language. We want our deaf and hard of hearing youth to know their history as well. When deaf children go into their schools and they go and meet their peers and whatnot, they do not have an understanding of their own history. Libraries could become a wonderful resource for that. They could do a project within their own class. They could go to the library and get the information, but unfortunately, too often, they go to their local libraries and don't have that information available to them. There are many professionals within our communities. We have interpreters, American Sign Language teachers, those who work at universities, governmental jobs, audiologists, those who work within the human services communities. Librarians are also among that community, and they can become a resource for all of those professionals. I currently live in Frederick, and I live in a cul-de-sac. I have about six houses on our cul-de-sac. And we have a fairly large Deaf community in that particular area. When I first moved there, my neighbors didn't know any deaf people. So as a result, they went to the library. They utilized the resources that they had there. And they were able to get to know me. And slowly but surely, there were more deaf people that moved to our neighborhood. They were able to utilize the resources that we had at our local library to gain that knowledge. You may realize that you are a vital part of our community, and you need to get involved with our library programs as well. The decision making that goes on at your libraries, the Deaf community needs to be involved in that. The programs that you set up are vital to our community, and we want to be able to be involved in those decisions. Obviously, storytelling is extremely popular in libraries these days. We have children flocking to local libraries for that. Have somebody come in and tell a story using A.S.L., using American Sign Language. You let the hearing children of your communities enjoy that opportunity, let the deaf children enjoy that opportunity, as well. There are many agencies across the country that are represented on the state level, that can work with you in your local states, that I am sure would love to get involved with you. For example, here we have the Maryland Association for the Deaf. They have several storytime opportunities at the Baltimore Library, the Laurel Library, in Columbia, in Frederick. And we also have them here in Washington, D.C. And we encourage that to happen more frequently, both here and across the country. We are in the dawn of new technology. Social networking has taken off – Facebook, MySpace. I mean, how many of you have Twitter accounts? I see hands raised. Facebook? Ok, I'm sure there's many more of you. Facebook is much more popular than Twitter. However, that again is a wonderful opportunity. Set up one of those accounts. And it's a great way to share information. You could put videotapes or whatnot. For example, Margie, the woman who helped get this set up, she had put up sort of an advertisement so to speak, on the Friends of the Library page. And she was able to show this particular event and advertise it. And she put it both on Facebook and on Twitter, and she put it on 'Share'. In which case, you could put that on yours and then share that with your communities. That way the word could get out, so other people could become aware of the program. You all may be wondering about how you could get started with your social networking. Simply set up a webpage. Maybe you could go and find your local library's webpage and then get started. You could find ideas from that webpage. You could also look to N.A.D.'s webpage. We would be more than happy to share what resources we have with you. There's a particular bill, H.R. 3101, and there's also the sister bill to it in the Senate. We have a variety of bills that we are working with currently, to work with the Deaf community in getting captions on Internet resources and videos. And that is something that could benefit, and you as librarians and the library community could work with us. Currently there is very little information close captioned on the Internet. And that's really very sad. Very unfortunate. So that is one of the initiatives that we as an organization are working on. So if you as librarians could work with that, and get your deaf or hard of hearing communities within your home areas to work on that, that could be a project that you could work with the communities on. And again, you could get involved with Twitter and Facebook. N.A.D. is on both Twitter and Facebook. N.A.D has an organization called, "The Friends of the Library." We have a Deaf History Month that was actually recognized by President Obama recently, where we have a variety of groups, obviously, different groups within the country have a month of celebration of their own history. And the federal government has realized that our community also needs to be recognized within the diversity of our country. The National Literacy Society of the Deaf, for Deaf and hard of hearing community, is also important. We would also like to recognize F.O.L.D.A. and their organization which has long since been working for libraries' interactions with deaf people, and thank them for their efforts. Also the D.C. Public Friends of the Library. They actually helped set up today's event. We truly want to thank them. This type of event, we're hoping that we can get this event and spread it across the country, get it set up in other regions, and share this information – how this can become part of your everyday knowledge, not just something that happens once a year at regular conferences. Our website is a wealth of information, and a wealth of resources. If you want to access, say, information about how to get a drivers license, information as to how to [...] N.A.D.'s website has a wealth of resources regarding law, legal services, almost any aspect of a deaf person's life, we have rich resources on our website that can assist you in finding more about that. We'd like to thank all of you for your support, the librarians joining us, and the hosts that have made this symposium possible. Thank you very much. Subtitles downloaded from www.OpenSubtitles.org <i>Sleep my little sister, sleep.</i> <i>Sleep through darkness, sleep so deep.</i> <i>All the rivers find the sea,</i> <i>My little sister, sleep for me.</i> <i>Dream my little sister, dream.</i> <i>Dream, I am here, now dream your dreams.</i> <i>All the things you want to be,</i> <i>My little sister, dream for me.</i> <i>Somewhere there are meadows,</i> <i>Somewhere there are hills.</i> <i>Somewhere horses run,</i> <i>And sheep are still.</i> <i>Sleep my little sister, sleep.</i> <i>Hold my hand and sleep so deep.</i> <i>I will never leave your side,</i> <i>My little sister, close your eyes.</i> ľ Christine! ľ Lea! Little honey! ľ How did you do it? ľ Shh, later. Very good. 150 francs a month, Sundays free until four. I don't believe it! How did you do it? How did you get them all to agree? I told her that it will be more money for her this way. You're so clever, you're so smart. I said that till you learned, you had to have someone to protect you. That was you, Christine! The room is cold. So, my dearů ľ What do you think? ľ About what, Maman? What do you mean, "about what, Maman"? About her! About what else? Don't you at least express an opinion, Isabelle? You know how I value your opinion. Yes, Maman, I know. Remember what you used to call me? My feet still get cold at night, they get like ice. You still have this old thing? I don't care, it has nothing to do with me. Don't you like it? I never liked Maman's sewing, it's vulgar. Christine, what's the matter? I throw it away if you want, I don't care about it. I'm just happy to be with you. I'm happy, too, little 'cold cat'. We are together now, that's all that matters. We'll put the blanket right here. <i>Sistersů</i> And two, for almost the price of one. I'm saving everything. And they didn't want two rooms. Just this lost little corner. Nothing like a convent girl. Such embroidery, such a needlework. Sewing, that's all they ever teach them. You didn't have to go to the dressmaker's. What luck! Look at that pink! Brightens up the room. <i>ľ She liked it. Did you see? ľ She likes everything you do.</i> <i>She sees everything.</i> This veal looks delicious! Of course, you love veal. Don't you? You know I don't. It's too heavy in the middle of the day. Besides, I've heard it ruins the complexion. Where did you hear that? I read it. Isabelle, if you continue it this way, you're going to ruin my meal. Wait till the Blanchards come to dinner. The best cook we've have had in years. You have no idea how lucky we are, Isabelle. Those servants I've known in my day! <i>The older one fascinates me.</i> <i>I've never had anyone like her.</i> <i>Totally trustworthy.</i> <i>I like the younger one.</i> <i>She is almost pretty.</i> <i>Well, just quiet. I don't say that's a fault though.</i> <i>Quiet? She never speaks! Neither of them do.</i> Wellů I suppose they must talk between themselves. I can't imagine about what. Well, maybe they pray. That's how it is when you're brought up by the nuns. Now stop that, Isabelle. Look at your plate. They are so discreet. Not the slightest prying. You don't know what it's like to have a prying maid. When you have someone going through your things. When your father and Iů ůGod rest his soulů were first marriedů Oh, she was something, that one! But these two are different. You mark my words. We are so lucky, Lea. The other houses I've been, they come into the kitchen and interfere. Madame knows her place. Madame checks everything. I like that. Do you? It scares me, the way she checks. Oh no, I like it. It's better that way. Madame is so precise, so careful. But she doesn't let us get away with a thing. Why should she? It's her house. You'll see, the whole town will envy us. We have pearls under our hands, Isabelle. Two pearls. Come on, Lea. Come on. ľ I polished the banister yesterday. Did you see? ľ I saw. You're disappointed, aren't you? I'm sorry I came. Lea, don't be silly. Maybe this was a mistake. I'd slow you down. Stop it, Lea. You're so quick! Sister Veronica said, I'd never been as quick as you. Sister Veronica, what did she know. When you were at St. Mary's, you thought she knew everything. That was a long time ago. I've got over all that now. When I was at St Mary's I was so scared I could never go down the stairs like the others. I could never take a step with my left foot. <i>It was always my right, my rightů</i> <i>I used to envy them running down the stairs when it took me forever.</i> Christineů Tell me a story. Just one before we go down. ľ Which one? ľ Umů when I was little. ľ You're still little. ľ No, I mean really little. ľ The one with the horse. ľ Don't you ever get tired of it? No, tell me. When you were just a tiny thing, Maman sent me out one day to get bread. You came with me, the way you always did. And as we were walking, you let go of my hand and ran into the street. Tell it slow, you're telling it too fast. It was a long, narrow street. You remember? On a hill. And at the top of the hill, a horse and carriage was galloping down, right towards you. I ran into the street, I pulled you across, I pushed you down in the gutter with me. What a noise when the horse galloped by! And everyone was screaming. When we stood up, we were both bleeding. But it was the same wound. It started on my arm and went down across your wrist. Look, we have it still. ľ And Maman, what did she say? ľ Maman? You know how she gets. She screamed at us. And then what happened? Then there was a gypsy. ľ Mad Marguerite, they used to call her. ľ And what did she say? ľ Oh, you know it so well. ľ But tell me again, Christine. "They're bound for life", she said. "Bound in blood." Let me see, Isabelle. Nice, very nice. Coming along, bit by bit. You know, you can't rush these things, my dear. Believe me. A bag like that could take ůtwo years. Maybe more. But there's no hurry, is there? Nothing to hurry for. You've got all the time in the world. Listen to that rain! It's been raining like that for a week. It could go on for a month. That's all we need. Are you listening to me, Isabelle? I'm listening, Maman. Maybe we will go up to Paris this year. ľ Maman, could we? ľ For a little shopping. Maman, when? Oh, I don't know. The things they wear in Parisů And you don't look well in those clothes, Isabelle. You know you don't. How could you? Even I don't look well in them. Pass me the scissors, would you. There, behind you. On the table. What's the matter with you? No, noů Besides, I don't like leaving the house. Why, Maman? What could happen to it? A lot can happen to a house, when you're not there. Parisů I think we just have to forego Paris this year. You don't have to give it all to Maman. It's bright enough that we have to go there every Sunday. ľ But Maman needs it. Maman- ľ Maman, Mamanů Always Maman! Christine, whatů? When I was little, she hated it when I cried. She got rid of me as soon as she could. I had to work, I had to make money. And she took all of it. She placed me and each time I got used to it, she moved me on again. Oh, yes, Mamanů Beloved, precious Maman! Come on, Lea. We don't keep Maman waiting. ľ Who is that? ľ Shh! Let me listen. Who could it be in this weather? Oh, post. Anything for me, Maman? Look at that! No return address. Who do you think it could be from? ľ Well, it's not a wedding. ľ Maybe a funeral. Who is that one though? Another letter from the little Shepherds of the Mount. Will they never stop asking for money? Those children must be eating out of golden bowls! You really think it's going to rain straight through the winter? Well, you never can tell. But it looks it, doesn't it? Still, don't complain, Isabelle. At least we don't have to go out. What is it, Lea? Another letter from Maman? Go on then, read it. ľ I'll read it later. ľ Read it now. Read it out loud! "Lea, my pet, my little dove." "I know I'll see you and Christine on Sunday as usualů" "but I miss you, little Lea." "You'll always be little." Poor Maman. ľ Christine, Maman just-- ľ Just what? "You can't wear your hair like that anymore, Lea." "Like a child, all that long hair." "Next Sunday I'll fix it for you. It will be better that way." "Like Christine's, it won't fall in the soup." "Or get Christine to fix it for you, but tell her to be gentle." I'm never going back. ľ You can go if you want to. ľ You know I wouldn't go without you. You still care for her. She loves you. Maman loves you, too. She is just-- What? ľ Scared of you. ľ Scared of me? You never stick up for me! But that's right. Defend her, take her part like you always do. Don't be angry with me. ľ I'm not angry with you. ľ Your face, it looks so-- What? What's the matter with my face? Nothing is the matter with your face. It is justů There's nothing wrong with your face. It is beautiful! I'll fix it for you, just like she says. If we didn't go back, we could spend all our Sundays together, just to ourselves. We could walk, we could go to the station to watch the trains come in. We could sit in the parků But you wouldn't want that, would you? You want to go back, don't you? Don't you, Lea? That, I like that. That's what she meant. Don't you like it? I hate it! Stop it, please! I hate it! I am a monster, aren't I? Just like she said. You're not a monster. Hereů let meů Let me do it. Please. Please. What did you mean when you said my face was beautiful? What I said. What's beautiful about it? Tell me one thing. This time we're not giving it all to Maman. Christine, we can never get back. Not you, Lea. She will never stop loving you. But why shouldn't you keep your own money? She will forgive you, you'll see. She always has. And Leaů You know what we'll do with the money? We'll save it. We'll save it all from now on. We'll put it together, yours and mine, and save itů and somedayů somedayů Look. Remember what I said. From now on we'll spend all our Sundays together, just the two of us. And Lea, you can decide. Whatever you want, we will do. Promise. I promise. Hold this. Pull! Pull! Pull! That's enough, we have to go down. But it's not time yet. Don't you want to play anymore? What do you think of mine? Amazing. Well, together, I must say we make quite a pair. Come on. Come, how long is it. Hurry up! The door. Look at this hem. I'll never sew like you. All these years with the sisters and I never learned. Sisters didn't know how to teach you. Remember when I used to visit you at the convent? You waited by the gate. You were so little and so hungry all the time. You're still hungry all the time. ľ Christine. ľ Umm? Can Iů Can you what? Can I look at the lace? Of course you can. It's all yours. No one sews like you. Look. It's almost finished. Try it on. Don't you want to? Yes, I want to. I close my eyes. I want to be surprised. Christineů You can look now. It's beautiful. It's you who are beautiful. I'm cold. I know. Christine! <i>Christine!</i> <i>Christine!</i> Lea, look at me. It's not even dented. Don't be frightened. Nothing is broken. Look at me! My angel. And nowů Hurry! This will make a lovely photograph. You're sisters, aren't you? Yes. I knew right away. Did your mother always dress you like that? ľ Like what? ľ Twins. Not twins. I am five years older than my sister. Five years? How about your sister? Cat got her tongue? She is shy. Well, I've always wanted a sister, shy or not. A sister sticks by you, even when you're in trouble. Such a shy thing. I bet you are your mother's favourite. No, Iů What a sweet smile! Still a child, isn't she? Please, now both of you smile. And look at me. Splendid! That will be fine. No one would ever know the two of you were servants. ľ At the Danzards, aren't you? ľ Yes. I hear their daughter is going to be married soon. Of course I've been hearing that for years. You two certainly are discrete. Come on, Lea. Don't be slow. Madame Danzard makes you work hard enough, I imagine, for the money she pays you. ľ 50 francs, didn't you say? ľ For you girls, I'll make itů 25. 50 is what you said, 50 is what we pay. I see. Very well. ľ Hurry, Lea. ľ Thank you. 1, 2, 3, start! I've got nothing to start with. Oh, I did not see that seven! Wait a minute now. Just a momentů What's happening over there? That six is still sitting there. ľ And a nine. ľ What nine? The 9 of diamonds over the 10 of clubs. What's the matter with you? ľ Please, I can't concentrate! ľ What are you talking about? Of course you can concentrate. This is a game of concentration. You have to concentrate on every little detail. Otherwise, all will be lost. That's perfect! Where is that ace of diamonds? I've got the ace of spades, and the 2 and the 3! Oh, Isabelle, how could you? Blocked again, it's incredible. I'll be gone in a minute. Have you noticed? They don't speak anymore. The older one walks by me as if I'm not there. <i>The older one was always that way.</i> Every Sunday they've been in that room. It's amazing. And they've always kept to themselves. They haven't seen their mother in months. That's just as well. 9, 10, jack! What's wrong with them? She has put too much salt in these again! Have they forgotten the Flintons are coming? You know that yesterday when I was coming back from the Loupins, I saw them sitting in the park. ľ At 11 o'clock in the morning! ľ Unbelievable! 11 o'clock in the morning! I mean, I didn't say anything, but they knew. ľ Yes or no? ľ Take a chance, Maman, go ahead. Clubs, just what I was waiting for! Ace, 2, 3ů 6, 7, 8ů Christineů Maman? Do you see? Of course I see. Do you think I'm blind? What on Earth allows her to think she can wear a garment like that in this house? I can't believe my eyes! A cardigan like that must have costů I wonder if I pay them too much. You told me I could wear it. When I gave it to you, I never told you you could wear it downstairs, did I? What were you thinking? Why would you want to wear that sweater anywhere but in our room? ľ I was only thinking of us. ľ You're lying! I have eyes, I can see. When you polish the stairs you're looking off into nowhere. When you sew, you prick your fingers. When you wax the floor, you get wax on your shoes. You drop plates, you chip cups, you burn yourself with the iron! ľ I dropped that plate six weeks ago! ľ What about the cup? The cup was chipped when we came here. I do things, I get things done. And you keep yourself perfect, don't you? Your collar just right in frontů your cuffs folded just so. And why? Do you do everything for her? She will take you with her when she goes. I've always dressed this way. Look at me! You're different. Believe me, I know. Now I see. Handmadeů That wool! You didn't think it was from Dupin's, do you? Such an extravagance! Imagine if someone had seen. Maman, you go too far. <i>Oh, do I?</i> <i>Do I? My dear, you don't know this town like I do.</i> <i>You think I go too far?</i> <i>No, my dear.</i> <i>You haven't lived here nearly long enough.</i> What did I tell you? Perfect! You really should trust me, Isabelle. Have I ever chosen anything you didn't like? Eventually? It looks better at home. Of course it does. Everything always looks better at home. I can't wait to see a certain someone's face, when you walk-- Oh, put your arm down, Isabelle! Remember how long she took last time. What about my iron? It's the second time since October it has had to be repaired. Well, it's another five francs out of her pay this month. Incredible, how long it takes to do a simple hem. You know, my dear, I really think this is too tight around the chest. You can't wear these things too tight, therefore your wedding dress, of course. Now how I'm going to take you to the Flintons with a crooked hem? The neck needs to be lower. Definitely lower. This is impossible! Really. With crepe at 7 francs a metre. Next time we'll go to the dressmaker's! There was nothing wrong with that hem. Nothing! You saw it, that hem was perfectly straight. Wasn't it? ľ Wasn't it? ľ Of course it was. She sees things. Things that aren't even there. Her and her daughter. You will go, will you? Go? Where would I go? Even if she goes, you won't go? Lea! You're thinking about it all the time, aren't you? This is why you're always dreaming. Always off it that other world. There is no other world, Christine. Don't be upset. You heard Madame. You heard what she said. ľ What did she say? ľ You heard her. Don't pretend that you didn't! ľ I didn't hear anything! ľ Nothing about her daughter? ľ Mademoiselle Isabelle, you mean? ľ Who else? Christine, don't be like that. You sound just like Maman. ľ You smiled at her, I saw you. ľ I didn't smile. Promise me that you won't go when she goes. If she goes. She may never leave, she may never get married. Just answer me. Answer me! Do not just keep saying "Christine"! You're all I have, Lea. You are all I'll ever have. Sometimes I think we will never have enough time. Sometimesů Every morning I imagine things that youů Oh, Lea, there'll never be enough time for us. Come, sit with me. I tried to talk to her. ľ Who? ľ Sister Veronica. I waited for her, after morning Mass. <i>I waited for her.</i> <i>But she wouldn't talk to me.</i> <i>Her shoes get clicking on the stone.</i> <i>And she wouldn't stop.</i> <i>She wouldn't turn around.</i> <i>She never turned around.</i> You never told me. Christine. Yes? Let's pretend I am her. Close your eyes. You can look now. Did you see them? Coming back from church in that white gloves. And those hats. They don't even look like maids anymore. But they're losing their looks, my dear. Have you noticed how thin they've become? Especially the younger one. And those circles under the eyesů It's as if they never sleep. ľ Look at this, Maman. ľ What? There, right there. Don't you see? They're getting careless. Leaů Someone behind me, pulling meů Before I turn around I knowů ůher arm around mineů I can feel all her little bonesů Shh. Try to sleep, Lea. She snatches meů into the house andů I run from corner to corner, butů she gets everywhere first. <i>Sleep my little sister, sleep.</i> <i>Dream, I am here, now dream your dreams.</i> <i>All the things you want to be</i> You will never leave me, will you, Christine? You won't, will you? <i>Dream my little sister, dream.</i> I don't think I could bear to live alone in this house. In any house. Do you hear me? I'm so scared. When we came back from the park, Madame was waiting for us. Weren't you scared? Madame never speaks to us anymore. She hasn't said a word in weeks. She never did. Christine, she never did. <i>Somewhere there are meadows,</i> <i>Somewhere there are hills.</i> <i>Somewhere horses run,</i> <i>And sheep are still.</i> <i>Sleep my little sister, sleep.</i> <i>Sleep through darkness, sleep so deep.</i> <i>All the rivers find the sea,</i> <i>My little sister, sleep for me.</i> <i>Christine!</i> <i>Christine!</i> What is it? What happened? The ironů I was in the middle of the satin blouseů Did you burn it? What will Madame do? What will she do to us? How can Madame be angry? It was not your fault. Let me see the blouse. Is it alright? Is it? Is it? Don't worry. Are you sure? It's alright. What will happen now, Christine? Nothing will happen. We just have to wait. How much money do we have saved? Not enough. I know it's not enough. But it will be one day, won't it? Won't it? Rest now. And thenů Then we will go away from here. Andů Yes, my Lea. Someday. I burnt it, didn't I? Tell me. Tell me. My angel. My love. It's alright. Where are they? How should I know? Don't answer me like that. Go and find them! Do you hear me? This is absurd! She should be here to take the packages. She should've been here to open the door. Five o'clock in the afternoon. What time is it, anyway? ľ Quarter past five. ľ 5.15! I mean, really. 5.15 and not a sign of them! I never had anything like it. Go and look in the kitchen. They must be in there. Lea, listen! Well, what took you so long? It's them. Oh, noů They're not there, Maman. ľ Andů ľ Impossible, I'll go. They must be there. And what? There's a glass in the sink, broken. Broken? Enough. What on Earth can they be doing? Maybe they'll go away. Listen! What will we do, Christine? ľ What will we do? ľ Leaů Maybe they're upstairs. <i>I'm going up there at once.</i> We have to go down. Wait! Maman, wait! ľ Wait? What for? ľ I don't think you should. Do you want them to come up here? This is my house, of course I'm going upstairs at once. You don't have to come, if you do not want to. If I don't go down, they will come up. I'm frightened, Christine! Don't leave me! What's this? The lights are off up here. Oh, this is really something. Madameů Madame has come back. What is this? How dare you expect me to come back to a dark house? It was the iron, Madame. It blew the fuse. Again? Unbelievable. That iron was just repaired. What about my satin blouse? Your sister didn't burn it, did she? She didn't burn my blouse? Mademoiselle's blouse isn't finished yet. Not finished? She's wearing it to the Blanchards! I came back to change into it. Why weren't you downstairs? Where's your apron? I finished early, Madame. Don't lie to me. I won't have a liar in my house. Madame knows I don't lie. She is lying, I can tell. You disappoint me. Send your sister down with my daughter's blouse at once. Madame can't see my sister now. ľ What? ľ Just listen how she speaks to you! <i>Let me see where your sister is instead.</i> <i>Then she will explain how she can have ruined my iron.</i> I've already explained to Madame about the iron. ľ You call that an explanation? ľ It wasn't our fault. No? Then whose fault was it? Did you hear that? I heard. Who knows what else they've been doing. If Madame doesn't trust usů She thinksů? We'll leave this house. Leave? And just where do you think you'll go? We'll find another house. Will you? Not after what I've seen tonight. Madame has seen nothing. Nothing? That hair, that faceů You smell of it, my dear. ľ Oh, Madameů please. ľ Not another word out of your mouth! Breaking my iron! My house in darkness! I already told, Madame. It wasn't our fault. Going to church every Sunday, thinking you are a child of God? Madame, you have no right! No right? You must be mad. She is mad. Just look at her. It's you who have no right, Christine. Maman! Just look at that sister of yours. You'll never work with her again. God forgive me for what I have harboured here. You dirt! Scum! Scum sisters! Not my sister! Maman! Not my sister! <i>The bodies of Madame and Mademoiselle Danzard</i> <i>were found in the hallway.</i> <i>On the floor were fragments of bone and teeth,</i> <i>a diamond earring, hairpins, a handbag,</i> <i>a set of keys, a package of meat.</i> <i>The walls and doors were covered with slashes of blood, up to 2 metres.</i> <i>Madame Danzard's body lay face up,</i> <i>Mademoiselle Danzard's body face down.</i> <i>The coat pulled up, the skirt pulled up,</i> <i>the undergarments pulled down, revealing deep wounds on the buttocks</i> <i>and multiple slashes on the calves.</i> <i>On the last step of the staircase a single eye was found intact,</i> <i>complete with the optic nerve.</i> <i>The eye had been torn out without the aid of an instrument.</i> <i>What did you have against Madame and Mademoiselle Danzard?</i> <i>Was Madame good to you?</i> <i>Did anything abnormal happen between you and your sister?</i> <i>You understand me, don't you?</i> <i>Was it simply sisterly love?</i> <i>Speak.</i> <i>You're here to defend yourselves.</i> <i>You will be judged.</i> <i>Leaů</i> <i>I want Lea.</i> <i>I beg you.</i> <i>Bring me my sister.</i> <i>Give me Lea.</i> <i>Lea!</i> Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player I would be willing to bet that I'm the dumbest guy in the room because I couldn't get through school. I struggled with school. But what I knew at a very early age was that I loved money and I loved business and I loved this entrepreneurial thing, and I was raised to be an entrepreneur, and what I've been really passionate about ever since -- and I've never spoken about this ever, until now -- so this is the first time anyone's ever heard it, except my wife three days ago, because she said, "What are you talking about?" and I told her -- is that I think we miss an opportunity to find these kids who have the entrepreneurial traits, and to groom them or show them that being an entrepreneur is actually a cool thing. It's not something that is a bad thing and is vilified, which is what happens in a lot of society. Kids, when we grow up, have dreams, and we have passions, and we have visions, and somehow we get those things crushed. We get told that we need to study harder or be more focused or get a tutor. My parents got me a tutor in French, and I still suck in French. Two years ago, I was the highest-rated lecturer at MlT's entrepreneurial master's program. And it was a speaking event in front of groups of entrepreneurs from around the world. When I was in grade two, I won a city-wide speaking competition, but nobody had ever said, "Hey, this kid's a good speaker. He can't focus, but he loves walking around and getting people energized." No one said, "Get him a coach in speaking." They said, get me a tutor in what I suck at. So as kids show these traits -- and we need to start looking for them -- I think we should be raising kids to be entrepreneurs instead of lawyers. Unfortunately the school system is grooming this world to say, "Hey, let's be a lawyer or let's be a doctor," and we're missing that opportunity because no one ever says, "Hey, be an entrepreneur." Entrepreneurs are people -- because we have a lot of them in this room -- who have these ideas and these passions or see these needs in the world and we decide to stand up and do it. And we put everything on the line to make that stuff happen. We have the ability to get those groups of people around us that want to kind of build that dream with us, and I think if we could get kids to embrace the idea at a young age of being entrepreneurial, we could change everything in the world that is a problem today. Every problem that's out there, somebody has the idea for. And as a young kid, nobody can say it can't happen because you're too dumb to realize that you couldn't figure it out. I think we have an obligation as parents and a society to start teaching our kids to fish instead of giving them the fish -- the old parable: "If you give a man a fish, you feed him for a day. If you teach a man to fish, you feed him for a lifetime." If we can teach our kids to become entrepreneurial -- the ones that show those traits to be -- like we teach the ones who have science gifts to go on in science, what if we saw the ones who had entrepreneurial traits and taught them to be entrepreneurs? We could actually have all these kids spreading businesses instead of waiting for government handouts. What we do is we sit and teach our kids all the things they shouldn't do: Don't hit; don't bite; don't swear. Right now we teach our kids to go after really good jobs, you know, and the school system teaches them to go after things like being a doctor and being a lawyer and being an accountant and a dentist and a teacher and a pilot. And the media says that it's really cool if we could go out and be a model or a singer or a sports hero like Luongo, Crosby. Our MBA programs do not teach kids to be entrepreneurs. The reason that I avoided an MBA program -- other than the fact that I couldn't get into any because I had a 61 percent average out of high school and then 61 percent average at the only school in Canada that accepted me, Carlton -- but our MBA programs don't teach kids to be entrepreneurs. They teach them to go work in corporations. So who's starting these companies? It's these random few people. Even in popular literature, the only book I've ever found -- and this should be on all of your reading lists -- the only book I've ever found that makes the entrepreneur into the hero is "Atlas Shrugged." Everything else in the world tends to look at entrepreneurs and say that we're bad people. I look at even my family. Both my grandfathers were entrepreneurs. My dad was an entrepreneur. Both my brother and sister and I, all three of us own companies as well. And we all decided to start these things because it's really the only place we fit. We didn't fit in the normal work. We couldn't work for somebody else because we're too stubborn and we have all these other traits. But kids could be entrepreneurs as well. I'm a big part of a couple organizations globally called the Entrepreneurs' Organization and the Young Presidents' Organization. I just came back from speaking in Barcelona at the YPO global conference, and everyone that I met over there who's an entrepreneur struggled with school. I have 18 out of the 19 signs of attention deficit disorder diagnosed. So this thing right here is freaking me out. (Laughter) It's probably why I'm a little bit panicked right now -- other than all the caffeine that I've had and the sugar -- but this is really creepy for an entrepreneur. Attention deficit disorder, bipolar disorder. Do you know that bipolar disorder is nicknamed the CEO disease? Ted Turner's got it. Steve Jobs has it. All three of the founders of Netscape had it. I could go on and on. Kids -- you can see these signs in kids. And what we're doing is we're giving them Ritalin and saying, "Don't be an entrepreneurial type. Fit into this other system and try to become a student." Sorry, entrepreneurs aren't students. We fast-track. We figure out the game. I stole essays. I cheated on exams. I hired kids to do my accounting assignments in university for 13 consecutive assignments. But as an entrepreneur you don't do accounting, you hire accountants. So I just figured that out earlier. (Laughter) (Applause) At least I can admit I cheated in university; most of you won't. I'm also quoted -- and I told the person who wrote the textbook -- I'm now quoted in that exact same university textbook in every Canadian university and college studies. In managerial accounting, I'm chapter eight. I open up chapter eight talking about budgeting. And I told the author, after they did my interview, that I cheated in that same course. And she thought it was too funny to not include it anyway. But kids, you can see these signs in them. The definition of an entrepreneur is "a person who organizes, operates and assumes the risk of a business venture." That doesn't mean you have to go to an MBA program. It doesn't mean you have to get through school. It just means that those few things have to feel right in your gut. And we've heard those things about "is it nurture or is it nature," right? Is it thing one or thing two? What is it? Well, I don't think it's either. I think it can be both. I was groomed as an entrepreneur. When I was growing up as a young kid, I had no choice, because I was taught at a very early, young age -- when my dad realized I wasn't going to fit into everything else that was being taught to me in school -- that he could teach me to figure out business at an early age. He groomed us, the three of us, to hate the thought of having a job and to love the fact of creating companies that we could employ other people. My first little business venture: I was seven years old, I was in Winnipeg, and I was lying in my bedroom with one of those long extension cords. And I was calling all the dry cleaners in Winnipeg to find out how much would the dry cleaners pay me for coat hangers. And my mom came into the room and she said, "Where are you going to get the coat hangers to sell to the dry cleaners?" And I said, "Let's go and look in the basement." And we went down to the basement. And I opened up this cupboard. And there was about a thousand coat hangers that I'd collected. Because, when I told her I was going out to play with the kids, I was going door to door in the neighborhood to collect coat hangers to put in the basement to sell. Because I saw her a few weeks before that -- you could get paid. They used to pay you two cents per coat hanger. So I was just like, well there's all kinds of coat hangers. And so I'll just go get them. And I knew she wouldn't want me to go get them, so I just did it anyway. And I learned that you could actually negotiate with people. This one person offered me three cents and I got him up to three and a half. I even knew at a seven-year-old age that I could actually get a fractional percent of a cent, and people would pay that because it multiplied up. At seven years old I figured it out. I got three and a half cents for a thousand coat hangers. I sold license plate protectors door to door. My dad actually made me go find someone who would sell me these things at wholesale. And at nine years old, I walked around in the city of Sudbury selling license plate protectors door to door to houses. And I remember this one customer so vividly because I also did some other stuff with these clients. I sold newspapers. And he wouldn't buy a newspaper from me ever. But I was convinced I was going to get him to buy a license plate protector. And he's like, "Well, we don't need one." And I said, "But you've got two cars ..." -- I'm nine years old. I'm like, "But you have two cars and they don't have license plate protectors." And he said, "I know." And I said, "This car here's got one license plate that's all crumpled up." And he said, "Yes, that's my wife's car." And I said, "Why don't we just test one on the front of your wife's car and see if it lasts longer." So I knew there were two cars with two license plates on each. If I couldn't sell all four, I could at least get one. I learned that at a young age. I did comic book arbitrage. When I was about 10 years old, I sold comic books out of our cottage on Georgian Bay. And I would go biking up to the end of the beach and buy all the comics from the poor kids. And then I would go back to the other end of the beach and sell them to the rich kids. But it was obvious to me, right? Buy low, sell high. You've got this demand over here that has money. Don't try to sell to the poor kids; they don't have cash. The rich people do. Go get some. So that's obvious, right. It's like a recession. So, there's a recession. There's still 13 trillion dollars circulating in the U.S. economy. Go get some of that. And I learned that at a young age. I also learned, don't reveal your source, because I got beat up after about four weeks of doing this because one of the rich kids found out where I was buying my comics from, and he didn't like the fact that he was paying a lot more. I was forced to get a paper route at 10 years old. I didn't really want a paper route, but at 10, my dad said, "That's going to be your next business." So not only would he get me one, but I had to get two, and then he wanted me to hire someone to deliver half the papers, which I did, and then I realized that collecting tips was where you made all the money. So I would collect the tips and get payment. So I would go and collect for all the papers. He could just deliver them. Because then I realized I could make the money. By this point, I was definitely not going to be an employee. (Laughter) My dad owned an automotive and industrial repair shop. He had all these old automotive parts lying around. They had this old brass and copper. I asked him what he did with it, and he said he just throws it out. I said, "But wouldn't somebody pay you for that?" And he goes, "Maybe." Remember at 10 years old -- so 34 years ago I saw opportunity in this stuff. I saw there was money in garbage. And I was actually collecting it from all the automotive shops in the area on my bicycle. And then my dad would drive me on Saturdays to a scrap metal recycler where I got paid. And I thought that was kind of cool. Strangely enough, 30 years later, we're building 1-800-GOT-JUNK? and making money off that too. I built these little pincushions when I was 11 years old in Cubs, and we made these pin cushions for our moms for Mother's Day. And you made these pincushions out of wooden clothespins -- when we used to hang clothes on clotheslines outside. And you'd make these chairs. And I had these little pillows that I would sew up. And you could stuff pins in them. Because people used to sew and they needed a pin cushion. But what I realized was that you had to have options. So I actually spray painted a whole bunch of them brown. And then when I went to the door, it wasn't, "Do you want to buy one?" It was, "Which color would you like?" Like I'm 10 years old; you're not going to say no to me, especially if you have two options -- you have the brown one or the clear one. So I learned that lesson at a young age. I learned that manual labor really sucks. Right, like cutting lawns is brutal. But because I had to cut lawns all summer for all of our neighbors and get paid to do that, I realized that recurring revenue from one client is amazing. That if I land this client once, and every week I get paid by that person, that's way better than trying to sell one clothespin thing to one person. Because you can't sell them more. So I love that recurring revenue model I started to learn at a young age. Remember, I was being groomed to do this. I was not allowed to have jobs. I would caddy, I would go to the golf course and caddy for people. But I realized that there was this one hill on our golf course, the 13th hole that had this huge hill. And people could never get their bags up it. So I would sit there with a lawn chair and just carry up all the people who didn't have caddies. I would carry their golf bags up to the top, and they'd pay me a dollar. Meanwhile, my friends were working for five hours to haul some guy's bag around and get paid 10 bucks. I'm like, "That's stupid because you have to work for five hours. That doesn't make any sense." You just figure out a way to make more money faster. Every week, I would go to the corner store and buy all these pops. Then I would go up and deliver them to these 70-year-old women playing bridge. And they'd give me their orders for the following week. And then I'd just deliver pop and I'd just charge twice. And I had this captured market. You didn't need contracts. You just needed to have a supply and demand and this audience who bought into you. These women weren't going to go to anybody else because they liked me, and I kind of figured it out. I went and got golf balls from golf courses. But everybody else was looking in the bush and looking in the ditches for golf balls. I'm like, screw that. They're all in the pond and nobody's going into the pond. So I would go into the ponds and crawl around and pick them up with my toes. You just pick them up with both feet. You can't do it on stage. You get the golf balls, and you just throw them in your bathing suit trunks and when you're done you've got a couple hundred of them. But the problem is that people all didn't want all the golf balls. So I just packaged them. I'm like 12, right? I packaged them up three ways. I had the Pinnacles and DDHs and the really cool ones back then. Those sold for two dollars each. And then I had all the good ones that didn't look crappy. They were 50 cents each. And then I'd sell 50 at a time of all the crappy ones. And they could use those for practice balls. I sold sunglasses, when I was in school, to all the kids in high school. This is what really kind of gets everybody hating you is because you're trying to extract money from all your friends all the time. But it paid the bills. Department of Human Services and you were correct in you initial analysis that pertains to the matter. So when you think about direct examination, you're not just going to call your witness up and then just kind of go off the cuff. You can if you want, but your presentation is going to go more smoothly and you're likely to feel more confidently if you figure out some questions in advance. You want to think about who the witness is and what's their purpose. You don't want to get up on the stand and say okay tell me everything you know. That's a pretty broad question. They could start telling you about their grandma Claire or they could start telling you about their shopping list for the day. So you want to make sure that you're directing the witness. You want them to tell their story, but you want it to come out in an orderly fashion and you want to be directing that. The other thing that I think is really important is to actually listen to the answers. Lots of times when you sit down and write out all of your questions you just want to start reading through them. Boom. Boom. Boom. And you forget to listen. Lots of times when a witness is answering a question, they're going to say something that sparks another question. Or theyr'e not going to give you a complete answer and you're going to want to follow up on that to get all of the information into the record. So make sure you listen to those answers and then don't hesitate to follow up if you need to. And you want to make sure you clarify anything that's unclear. You want your record to be very very clear. Because at some point if this goes up on appeal, somebody may be reading this transcript and they're not going to have the benefit of hearing the voices and the tone. They're going to need to read this bland words on a piece of paper and try to figure out what you were talking about. Also, because a recording is going to be made of the hearing as we talked about earlier going , you'll be on record during that actual hearing itself where everything will be recorded. Because most of you will be by phone, it's important to be close to the receiver and to speak up so there will be a proper recording of the entire hearing. Nothing is worse than when a transcript is made later on when the matter goes up on appeal and a no or a yes or some word is missing because whoever was testifying or whoever was asking the questions wasn't using the proper diction in their voice which was carrying over to the recorder. So speak loudly, speak confidently during the entire proceeding including on direct examination. And another thing you'll want to pay attention to is not speaking over another person who's talking. That becomes more difficult when you're on a telephone hearing and you start to get the feel for it after awhile, because when people put it on speaker phone sometimes there's some cut out or some cut back. And so you want to pay attention to that. And usually what my rule is if someone else starts speaking I just stop because they're not going to be able to get what both of us have to say and usually it's the Department or the Department's representative that's going to be quick enough to know to stop. The judge is always going to do some direction. You can always say I'm sorry ma'am, I wasn't done with my question and go back and state it. Alright, so after you've gone through direct examination, your witness is going to be turned over to the other side and they're going to be cross examinationed. You know, when I go through I listen to a cross of one of my witnesses I take my pad of paper and I draw a line down the center and I tend to write the answers on the left of anything that comes up. And while I'm doing that, if there's something that I want to follow up on redirect, I start on the right hand side and jot down real quick what my question's going to be so I don't forget because it's going snap, snap, snap, real quick. And that's one good way to know whether or not you need to go back and redirect your witness. So that's a good way to take notes and then you know, you can look at your paper and you've got the side on the left that tells you what they said and then the side on the right that kind of says what you want to follow up and clarify or what you want to fix in the record. So that's a good thing to do when you're taking notes. Now if nothing happens on cross examination, it's okay not to call you witness again. And in fact, it's probably preferred. The one thing you need to remember is if you do recall your witness to clarify anything, the other side gets to cross examine them again. So every time you keep bringing more up you get this back and forth back and forth. The judge may also proceed that you thought something that happened in the cross examination was harmful to your case. So you need to be careful. When I redirect a witness I tend to use words like ma'am I don't think you got to finish your question when you were speaking and so I'd like to give you the opportunity to fully answer the question at this point. I believe you were saying something along this line and then kind of let them fill in the blanks. But that kind of gives the cue to the judge that you didn't think anything bad happened, you just wanted to make sure the record was clear and was there. Now it's your turn to testify. Because you do not have an attorney present, you're going to be directing your own questions of yourself. It's important to begin from the beginning; the who, what, when, where, and how. Too often we jump right to whatever the issue is or the incident that has led to the founding of the report without explaining who the family members were, who was present when the incident occurred, the date that the incident occurred, where the incident occurred, the background information so the Administrative Law Judge has the building blocks to come to a conclusion. Now it's not always possible, and you can vary from this somewhat, but I think it's helpful to stay chronological when possible. You know, the Administrative Law Judge is going to have all of these exhibits coming in, is going to have all of this testimony coming in, and their charge or their job is to take all of that information and to put that into a timeline. So within their final proposed decision, there will be somewhat of a timeline of events that occur. If you stay chronological in your presentation and in your testimony, that is going to immensely help the Administrative Law Judge. We often see pro-say appellant get in there and they're jumping from point to point and they're not staying logical, they're not staying chronological. And frankly, that's not going to help their cause because the Administrative Law Judge is going to be confused and is not likely going to be able to follow their progression of facts. So keep in order, stick with it, start from the beginning to make sure the Administrative Law Judge knows the history that supports the incident that took place and then the ultimate conclusion of the assessment. It's also important to keep it relevant to the issues in your theme. You know, if there's other protective concerns within a family, that might not be real relevant to whether abuse occurred on this specific occasion. Remember, this isn't a juvenile court or this isn't a district court. This is an administrative proceeding where the issues are going to be limited to whatever you decided at that pre-hearing conference. So whether abuse occurred and whether it needs to be on the registry are typically the two common issues. So whether there's other issues with the family or whether they're not abiding by a no contact order or something along those lines is not going to help the Administrative Law Judge get to their overall conclusion in the case about whether abuse occurred and it needs to go on the registry. I never assume the judge knows any facts about the case. You are the teacher. It is your responsibility to educate the Administrative Law Judge about this particular family, about this particular circumstance. They know nothing about the case unless it's present to them during this particular proceeding. On your testimony, it's important to state facts, not conclusions. You know, too often we get in the habit of jumping to the end without providing the supporitng information to go along with the conclusion. Now you're allowed as an investigator, specifically, to state your conclusions at the end, right? Because the Administrative Law Judge needs to know how you got to your conclusion. But don't start there. Start with, you know, I interviewed these people, this is the information that I received, these are the documents that I relied upon, these documents state the following; blah, blah, blah, and I waive credibility in this particular way, things like that. And then end with this is where I ended because of this evidence that I have just presented to you, your honor. Be thorough, but know when to stop. And that's always tricky. When you're given the floor, sometimes it's easy to go on and on and on about a certain point, ad naesum I think is the Latin word. But know that point where you have made the record, you have conveyed the information that you need to convey to prove up your point, and then stop. One of the biggest things that Administrative Law Judges tell us is, Assistant Attorney Generals, when we present cases is we call DHS workers to testify, they do not want the workers reading their assessments. Now it's okay to have your assessments there to glance at, to refer to, to refresh your recollection, because in many cases, you know, these cases are old and you need that tool to be present to refresh your recollection. That being said, do not go line by line through the assessment and read. Prior to the hearing perhaps go through and highlight key sections or key phrases that will jog your memory when you're glancing at that particular tool, but don't go through it line by line. After you get done testifying you are going to be subject to cross examination. Above all, maintain your control. Don't get mad, don't get angry. Even if the appellant is shouting at you, you are going to remain respectful, calm, sing-songy voice. Think of yourself as the most pleasant wonderful person ever, kill them with kindness kind of attitude. If you don't, you're going to lose credibility. Your credibility is going to be shot with the judge and it's not going to help your case. Listen to the questions on cross examination and don't just give in. Just because they're asking you 'isn't it true' which suggests you should be saying yes, you don't have to say yes. And if they ask you a yes or no question and it can't be answered with yes or no, say I'm sorry I can't answer that question with a yes or a no. If you don't understand what they're asking you, tell them. I'm not sure I get what you're asking here and make them rephrase the question. And don't get all nervous and start answering questions and then oh my gosh, I just said that wrong. If you did, correct it. It's okay to say you know, I think I was mistaken there, what I meant to say was or I didn't state that very clearly, my answer is this. Don't ramble. Don't keep going on. On direct obviously we want people to talk long. We want to get big fact stories out. On cross examination, answer the question, only the question, and nothing else. You're going to be pleasant, but you're going to say, you know, that's not true. And an attorney, if there's an attorney that's questioning you, they're not allowed to ask you the same question twice. If you give a definite answer, they can't come back and ask it a second time. Now they can change the question, that's fair game, but if it's the same question, it's off limits. So what I would do in that circumstance if an attorney keeps going at you and asking the same thing over and over again, politely yet firmly say your honor, this question has been asked and answered. I've already given the response. Just so it's clear for the record, here is my response. And the Administrative Law Judge, 9 times out of 10 is going to say council, we need to move on Mrs. so and so or Mr. so and so is correct. Alright, at that point, once all your witnesses have gone, you're going to be resting your case. So you honor, the department now rests. You're not really laying down and going to sleep yet, you're still on the defense here. There's more to come. This is only the first half of the appeal. This is just the title slide for the appellant's case. Now that you have concluded your case, it will move on to the appellant who will be responsible for calling their own witnesses and presenting their own exhibits. Cross examination, many of you have see cross examination on TV, on different TV shows and so forth. You don't have to be fancy with cross examination. In fact, when you're going to do cross examination the first thing you want to ask yourself is what am I trying to accomplish here by asking the question. Don't just throw out questions to be asking questions. Have a purpose for why you are asking the questions. When you are doing direct questions of your own witnesses, they need to be open ended and not leading. The opposite is true when you are doing cross examination. You want to ask closed questions where the person can only respond yes or no. That can be hard to do and because there is an act of discovery in these case where you're taking depositions, you often times don't know what the other side is going to respond when you ask a question. And so sometimes you have to deviate a close ended question. But for the most part, try and keep it closed. One technique is to add some kind of word on the end of your question which forces them to answer yes or no. So for example, Mr. Williams, on September 17th, you never left your residence, correct? That calls for a yes or no response. After he answers yes, when you were at the residence, no other adults were present, correct? Now if you're artful and kind of can think off your feet, there are ways you can ask a close ended question without throwing a word like correct on the end and that would be preferred. But if you're more comfortable by using a word like that, I think that's appropriate in a circumstance like this. Don't get sidetracked as I mentioned earlier. Have a purpose, have a focus with your cross examination questions. Don't act like or feel like you need to respond to everything that was said in direct. Keep it tailored to what's relevant. And of course, if you're in person, for you Polk County folks and Dallas County folks, use appropriate eye contact and voice if you're in person. Look the person in the eye, be respectful, but firm. Another good thing when you're doing your list taking or your note taking put your line down the page. When they're testifying on direct, jot some lines down and use some astricks. That works really well for cross examination too. And just have kind of an idea in your head or have drafted kind of the goals that you wanted to do and open ended kind of brief questions. Impeaching a witness is kind of a fancy legal term for picking apart the credibility of a person. So they call grandma. Grandma gets up there to testify and boy she's sweet. She's going along, she's likable, she's funny, she's engaging with the Administrative Law Judge, but her memory's horrible. She can't remember. And you know this because you've looked at police statements, police records where she's made one statement, then you look at what she said to the hospital and medical records, then you look at what she told you when you were conducting the investigation, and now listen to what she's saying now and all four statements are not the same. So what you do is you put the document, one of those documents in front of her, like the assessment, and you say Mrs. Williams, is it true that you talked to me during the investigation. Oh, yes I did. Is it also true that I took notes during the investigation? Well yes, you did. Is it true that you received a copy of the assessment when it was completed? Yes. Did you have a chance to review the assessment? Yes. Were the statements that I made in the assessment that I attributed to you correct? Well, yes they were. And then you can show her that particular document. So you're confirming that she made a previous inconsistent statement, you're crediting her with making the statement, and then you're confronting her with that prior inconsistent statement. So it's a three strep process to show that the information she's presenting today is contrary to what she had done in the past and therefor the judge should not give her full weight in her testimony because she's not credible or has a memory issue. From time to time you'll get a witness who is flat out unresponsive. And what you can do is you can repeat the question with them and if they're not going to respond, ask the Administrative Law Judge for help and they will direct the person to testify. After the appellant gets done, any interested party that's there gets to go ahead too. Whatever you're going to do with the interested party just depends on who they're aligned with. If they're aligned with you, what you're going to help them do is clarify. If there's something important that they need to be telling the judge that they have not, you're going to get that out of them. If they're aligned with the appellant, you're going to approach them just like you would an appellant. You're going to impeach them, you're going to kill their credibility. And then once that person gets done, you're up again. It's your burden to prove, so you get the last shot at the judge. I would say you only do this when it's absolutely necessary. I don't do a lot of rebuttal. I don't think Paul does a lot of rebuttal. On occasion it's necessary, and when it is, do it. And what you can do on rebuttal is call witnesses, you can call yourself again to testify, you can call another witness back, you can call anyone else that you identified. You can also move to enter additional exhibits. So once you go through that process again, you rest your rebuttal case, your honor, I rest. Feel free to have documents ready and anticipate what arguments are going to be and what arguments you could bring forth on rebuttal. Sometimes you don't want to address issues up front and the other side isn't going to bring them up. And so kind of anticipate what evidence the other side is going to bring and then have that evidence ready for rebuttal if appropriate. At that point, after the other side has gone, you have presented your rebuttal evidence, the evidentiary record is now closed. So the physical evidence and testimony that the Administrative Law Judge is going to consider is done. There will be no more evidence that comes into the record. From this point forward there will only be a paper appeal or transcript of the proceeding that will be considered by the Director of the Department of Human Services, the District Court, or the Court of Appeals, or Supreme Court. So now is your opportunity to make a final closing statement that is not evidence, or closing argument, excuse me, that is not evidence, but will summarize precisely what you would like the Administrative Law Judge to remember about today's hearing. It's important. This is a highlight time. You need to continue to be a story teller. You start with some type of specific statement to get the Administrative Law Judge's attention. Your honor, this is a case about a self indulgent man who stripped the dignity of this young woman. Something along those lines to capture the Administrative Law Judge's attention. And then proceed to go through with highlights of the evidence that's been presented on that particular day. And again, you want to summarize. You want to focus on the key issues. This is not an issue about whether or not Mrs. Dilbert is a good mom. The issue here today is whether or not she committed dependent adult abuse. Highlight the significant facts, the things that you heard during testimony, that's what you're going to highlight. You want to be reasonable, confident, and organized. You want to explain how the evidence supports your conclusion. And you want to diffuse any weakness. You know, your honor, you heard from Mr. Williams that Dr. Smith didn't find any physical evidence of injury in this case, but you shouldn't. This isn't the type of allegation where you would expect to find physical evidence. That actually helps the Department's case, you know, point that out to the Administrative Law Judge. You want to end on a high note. You want to seal the deal. This is my case, I'm strong, I believe in it. Then you're going to sit down and wait for quite a long time. You get rulings in writing, you don't get them right there on the day of your hearing. It generally takes about 30 days and it's going to come to you by mail. So you want to make sure the Administrative Law Judge has your correct address, because if you need to look at appeals, there's some time issues we've got to pay attention to. So at the close of the hearing, make sure the Administrative Law Judge has your correct address. I know some of you have been moving recently. You read the proposed decision carefully, you consider whether an appeal is necessary, and that's a good way of looking at it. Most of the time we're not going to be asking for an appeal of a decision, but if it's necessary, at that point feel free to call the help desk. They can help you get through that process. And ask yourself, what happens if this proposed decision becomes final? That's a very good question, what happens if this isn't over turned. So if it is important to do an appeal you're going to draft that appeal for the Appeal Advisory Committee. You're going to highlight the legal areas, you're going to highlight the risk of harm. You're going to get up there on your soap box right there with your social worker hat and talk about the risk of harm. And this is important. You only have 10 days to ask for review. Now the 10 days starts from the moment that proposed decision is signed by the Administrative Law Judge and sent out in the mail. So if you look on your proposed decision you'll see a judge's signature and a date. The ten days starts from that point forward. So most of you are going to get the decision in two or three days as it goes through the mail, so take that into consideration. If you're going to make an appeal, you're going to have to do it quick. And then the process is when it's requested you get it to the Appeals Advisory Committee and then they will file that with the appeals section. One thing I want you to remember is there's not to be any Ex Parte communication with the Administrative Law Judge during any part of this whole entire process. You don't email the judge or call the judge directly unless all the parties are there. Always remember at any point that you need assistance Tony, Sue, Sandy, they're available to help you out. We have Tony's number here, Sue's number here. Feel free to use them. They're a tremendous resource with a lot of institutional knowledge from doing this for a number of years. They're there to help you and to make you the best you can be, so feel free to use them as you're going through this process. So we're getting ready to close out here, does anybody have any quick questions now before we kind of sum up? The ten days, is that working days or is that calender days? Ten calender days from the date of the judge's order. Does anybody have any questions? The other thing that you guys should have as a handout is that 'Know the Law, Make a Record, Be a Teacher.' That came out as an email to you. We would just like to get some feedback from you. Our thought is that we would like to print this and then laminate it and get that out to you as a resource tool. But we want to be also very mindful of our resources. Is this something you feel like would be a good thing to have like a laminated copy so you can pull this out as you're going through this process? Just feel free to kind of speak up and say yep it would be or you know what, nah, this handout given to us as it is is just fine. I think it would be helpful, thank you. Okay. Anybody else willing to say? How about raise your hands. If you think it's a good think to get laminated, why don't you give us a raise your hand. It's looking about like 20% of you have, nope we're going up. I think that's a good feel for the fact that yep, that is something you guys will see as a good resource. Other things that Kristi mentioned in terms of some other kind of forms, those will be coming to you in terms of with a link as well when we get that information out so you can have those as examples. Anything else anyone would need from us? Any final questions as we finish up? Okay. In this video you'll see how to use AChecker to check the accessibility of a Web page. So to begin with go to achecker.ca and click on the login link to login to the system or click on register to create an account first. Enter your login information into the login form. Press the Login button. Then in the Address field, enter the URL to the page that you want to evaluate. Below that select from the available options, those you want to use for this evaluation. You have the option to validate the HTML or the style sheets associated with the page while you're accessibility evaluation is ongoing. You can also choose to show the source of the HTML along with the accessibility report. You can choose to display the report guideline by guideline or line number by line number. If you choose Guideline you can only choose one of the guidelines to evaluate against. if you choose line number you can potentially choose multiple guidelines and combine them into a single report. So in this case we'll choose view by guideline, and we'll select the default which is WCAG 2 level AA. I'm going to evaluate the atutor.ca site, which is already pretty accessible. I've purposely removed the alt text associated with the ATutor logo up here in the top left corner. So if we click on "Check It", it grabs the HTML of that page, runs it through the evaluator and generates a report that looks something like this. So as you can see it's identified one known problem. And that known problem is "Image used as an anchor is missing valid alt text. " So this is the ATutor logo, as you can see there is no alt text associated with it. So to fix known problems, you have to actually edit the HTML of the page that's been evaluated. So we'll do that. We'll go to our HTML, this is it here. We see that there is the alt attribute for the image that it's referring to. So we can enter the word ATutor as alt text. and save that. and now we go back to the evaluation and we run it again. So in this case it will come back with all of the known problems now resolved. so now we need to look at the likely and potential problems, so these require a human to make a decisions, because AChecker can't determine with certainty whether they're actual problems or not. So we click on likely problems, and we see that it's identified that there's a paragraph element that might be misused, that might be being used to produce a header. So you answer the question, "Should this text be marked up as a header. " You look over the HTML that it's identified as a potential problem. And you see that these are all date, so none of them actually require a header. So to pass can we answer "Text is not a header, current markup is okay?" Yes we can. So we choose pass for all of those. and click on "Make Decisions." So that saved successfully. Now you can see that there are no known problem, and no likely problems. Finally we need to resolve the potential problems. So we have two potential problems listed here. There are actually many more than that that we have to go through and confirm that they are not actually barriers. So I've done those ahead of time here. In this case we've got two images that it's identified as potentially needing a long description. So the question it asks, "Does this image require a long description, and if so is the long description properly marked." So looking at these images, these are two fairly small images. First one ATutor logo is fine with just a single word "ATutor" The second one which is the RSS feeds logo, has short alt text here which sufficiently describes it. so it doesn't need a long description either. So to pass, "Image does not require a long description or the long description has been provided." So we'll choose pass, and resolve those. And now you can see that there are no known, likely or potential problems remaining. So, you can also see that it's generated the seal to confirm that the site conforms with WCAG 2 level AA. You can now take the HTML that's generated, copy it. And, paste it into the page that you evaluated. So in this case we're going to open up the footer of that particular page, and we're going to paste that right at the very bottom of the page. And we will save that. And if we go back to ATutor now, you'll see down at the bottom of the page, right about here the seal will be inserted... there you go. But what happens is because the page has now changed, and there's some new HTML inserted, it's going to cause AChecker to recognize that and ask you to answer a couple more questions to ensure that what you just inserted is also accessible. So as you can see there are 7 potential problems because of the change in the HTML. So you need to go through and resolve those. So in this case again, does it need a long description, No... and so on. I'll just go through these quickly and resolve them all. three four five six and seven and we make those decision, and now you can see that the conformance seal has been reissued again. So now the evaluation is complete. We can logout. And if we go back to our page that we evaluated and reload it. Now the AChecker logo can be clicked on to bring up the original review, so that when people come to your web site they can see that the accessibility of the site has been reviewed. So there you go. There's the conformance seal that was issued. If they wish they can go through the likely problems and see the decisions that were made. like that So this can also be used by site developers, to help monitor web sites as content changes. As new content or information is entered into the page, they can just click on the logo at the bottom of it to be sure that is hasn't introduce any new accessibility barriers. So those are the basics of doing an accessibility evaluation using AChecker. This week, I have another sweet treat for you. If you were a little nervous about last week's black bean brownies, you should try these chocolate chip cookies. Sometimes vegan baked goods taste a little different, but not these cookies. They taste just like the traditional ones. So good! Preheat your oven to 350 and add 1 cup of vegan margarine, ¾ cup of granulated sugar and ¾ cup packed brown sugar to a bowl and cream them together until the mixture is smooth. In a small bowl, combine 3 teaspoons of Ener-G egg replacer with 4 tablespoons of warm water. Mix it until it's completely blended. Then, add it to the sugar/margarine mixture. Combine that and then stir in 2 teaspoons of vanilla extract. Dissolve 1 teaspoon of baking soda and ½ teaspoon of salt in 2 tablespoons of hot water. Add that to the batter too. Next you're gonna stir in 2 ½ cups of flour, but only a half cup at a time. Once all the flour is added, go ahead and add 2 cups of chocolate chips and if you like, you could also add 1 cup of chopped walnuts or pecans. The batter's kind of thick so it's a little hard to stir it. Stir it all together to make sure that you have chocolate chips in every cookie. Drop by large spoonfuls onto an ungreased pan. I just used my silpat. Bake them for 12 minutes to about 15 or so minutes, until the edges are nicely browned. I think I did some for 15 and some for about 18 minutes. Make these this week for your Valentine, your family, your friends or just yourself! Thanks for watching Vegan Cooking with Love! If you liked this video, please give it a thumbs up and share it with a friend. And don't forget to subscribe so you get notified of new videos and check out some of my other ones while you're here. See you next time! We want to figure out the limit as x approaches 1 of the expression x over x minus 1 minus 1 over the natural log of x. So let's just see what happens when we just try to plug in the 1. What happens if we evaluate this expression at 1? Well then, we're going to get a one here, over 1 minus 1. So we're going to get something like a 1 over a 0, minus 1 over, and what's the natural log of 1? e to the what power is equal to one? Well, anything to the zeroth power is equal to 1, so e to the zeroth power is going to be equal to 1, so the natural log of 1 is going to be 0. So we get the strange, undefined 1 over 0 minus 1 over 0. It's this bizarre-looking undefined form. But it's not the indeterminate type of form that we looked for in l'Hopital's rule. We're not getting a 0 over a 0, we're not getting an infinity over an infinity. So you might just say, hey, OK, this is a non-l'Hopital's rule problem. We're going to have to figure out this limit some other way. And I would say, well don't give up just yet! Maybe we can manipulate this algebraically somehow so that it will give us the l'Hopital indeterminate form, and then we can just apply the rule. And to do that, let's just see, what happens if we add these two expressions? So if we add them, so this expression, if we add it, it will be, well, the common denominator is going to be x minus 1 times the natural log of x. I just multiplied the denominators. And then the numerator is going to be, well, if I multiply essentially this whole term by natural log of x, so it's going to be x natural log of x, and then this whole term I'm going to multiply by x minus one. So minus x minus 1. 41 00:01:58,51 --> 00:02:00,54 And you could break it apart and see that this expression and this expression are the same thing. Let me get rid of that. And then this right here is the same thing as 1 over natural log of x, because the x minus 1's cancel out. So hopefully you realize, all I did is I added these two expressions. So given that, let's see what happens if I take the limit as x approaches 1 of this thing. Because these are the same thing. Do we get anything more interesting? So what do we have here? We have one times the natural log of 1. The natural log of 1 is 0, so we have 0 here, so that is a 0. Minus 1 minus 0, so that's going to be another 0, minus 0. the natural log of 1, which is 0, so 0 times 0, that is 0. And there you have it. We have indeterminate form that we need for l'Hopital's rule, assuming that if we take the derivative of that, and put it over the derivative of that, that that limit exists. So let's try to do it. So this is going to be equal to, if the limit exists, this is going to be equal to the limit as x approaches 1. And let's take the derivative in magenta, I'll take the derivative of this numerator right over here. And for this first term, just do the product rule. Derivative of x is one, and then so 1 times the natural log of x, the derivative of the first term times the second term. And then we're going to have plus the derivative of the second term plus 1 over x times the first term. It's just the product rule. So 1 over x times x, we're going to see, that's just 1, and then we have minus the derivative of x minus 1. Well, the derivative of x minus 1 is just 1, so it's just going to be minus 1. And then, all of that is over the derivative of this thing. So let's take the derivative of that, over here. So the derivative of the first term, of x minus 1, is just 1. Multiply that times the second term, you get natural log of x. And then plus the derivative of the second term, derivative of natural log of x is one over x, times x minus 1. 88 00:04:32,14 --> 00:04:34,24 I think we can simplify this a little bit. This 1 over x times x, that's a 1. We're going to subtract one from it. So these cancel out, right there. And so this whole expression can be rewritten as the limit as approaches 1, the numerator is just natural log of x, do that in magenta, and the denominator is the natural log of x plus x minus 1 over x So let's try to evaluate this limit here. So if we take x approaches one of natural log of x, that will give us a, well, natural log of 1 is 0. And over here, we get natural log of 1, which is 0. And then plus 1 minus 1 over plus 1 minus 1 over 1, well, that's just going to be another 0. 1 minus 1 is zero. So you're going to have 0 plus 0. So you're going to get a 0 over 0 again. 0 over 0. So once again, let's apply l'Hopital's rule again. Let's take the derivative of that, put it over the derivative of that. So this, if we're ever going to get to a limit, is going to be equal to the limit as x approaches 1 of the derivative of the numerator, 1 over x, right, the derivative of ln of x is 1/x, over the derivative of the denominator. And what's that? Well, derivative of natural log of x is 1 over x plus derivative of x minus 1 over x. You could view it this way, as 1 over x times x minus 1. Well, derivative of x to the negative 1, we'll take the derivative of the first one times the second thing, and then the derivative of the second thing times the first thing. So the derivative of the first term, x to the negative 1, is negative x to the negative 2 times the second term, times x minus 1, plus the derivative of the second term, which is just 1 times the first term, plus 1 over x. So this is going to be equal to, I just had a random thing pop up on my computer. Sorry for that little sound, if you heard it. But where was I? Oh, let's just simplify this over here. We were doing our l'Hopital's rule. So this is going to be equal to, let me, this is going to be equal to, if we evaluate x as equal to 1, the numerator is just 1/1, which is just 1. So we're definitely not going to have an indeterminate or at least a 0/0 form anymore. And the denominator is going to be, if you evaluate it at 1, this is 1/1, which is 1, plus negative 1 to the negative 2. So, or you say, 1 to the negative 2 is just 1, it's just a negative one. But then you multiply that times 1 minus 1, which is 0, so this whole term's going to cancel out. And you have a plus another 1 over 1. So plus 1 And so this is going to be equal to 1/2. And there you have it. Using L'Hopital's rule and a couple of steps, we solved something that at least initially didn't look like it was 0/0. We just added the 2 terms, got 0/0, took derivatives of the numerators and the denominators 2 times in a row to eventually get our limit. So the way this is working, it does build heap, which we said was θn or more simply θn (logn). Then what we're doing is nx. We're doing remove.mn, which is a (logn) operation, so we get n (logn) for this loop plus (L) for the build heap. It's just n(logn). It's pretty cool. There's only a couple of well-known sorting algorithms that give us such a good running time bound. They say friendship is greater than all other relationships But, friendship between us has been over shadowed by a strange bond We first met at... ...In this college only! His name is... ...Class topper! Girls swoon over him They always hang around him only He guides many students to score centum in exams ln college's good students list ...he's a Hero My name is... Are you Rajesh? I don't like this proxy attendance Students must be like fire in studies What did you say? Did he ask about my absence from class? Does he know what a spear gear means? ...Do you know? Did he actually complete his studies? Ask him to come to me & learn! ...You'll teach, buddy! Buddy! we must enjoy college life! Anyway our life will be like cat on a hot tin roof We can become serious then! I'm a Mechanical Engineering student Hey! What's it man? -I'm a small time rowdy in college What do you say now? Nothing brother! College is very congested What do I suggest for that is... You're a rowdy outside the campus I'm rowdy inside the campus ls it so? Oh! will you beat me? Me? Beating you? -No... No! it won't look good Come on hit me? -No brother! Come on, hit me! This is for you! Brother....brother! - I'm not a rowdy -Brother, don't run away ...l'm not a rowdy! I came just to watch fun! How's that? ...l warned you! but you turned deaf Buddy! please give me concession Even, I guided students to score centum ...But, they've to pay me Rs 100, that's all Girls are allergic to me No question paper for you! study and pass...go away Why? Because you're a girl Adjust a little please! I'm also a Hero! Right from first meeting we had an unimaginable mutual love Hey! Buddy! trapped a bird! No Rajesh! don't get involved into unnecessary matters! I'm warning you only, Rajesh Please no...No! Hey! I'm warning you Please listen to me Come on guys clap! everyone, please clap! clap! He called us as idiots and beat me up lf he's a Mechanical Engineer does he think himself to be great? Today, he's finished! Why did you interfere into my friend's matter? Why did you beat him? -Shall I give you also few punches? Leave me...Leave me! Are you here to study or fight? You may have trouble between yourselves! keep it off the campus! ...Not inside the college Shyam! you're a brilliant student Why do want all this gangs & brawls? Look at him, with ear studs a chain around neck ...A steel bangle on hand Rajesh! you're very proud on receiving money whenever you ask from grandpa lf you concentrate little on studies you'll be University topper Leaving it...with 10 people behind you and 10 people behind you Combined together you're creating chaos in the college Sir, he had only started it lf I get one more complaint against you both I'll expel you from the college What? What? I'm not one to get scared by Principal's warnings You don't know about me Don't play all this foolish kiddish behaviour with me lf I decide I can go to the top also Oh! Mamma! I'm scared at that thought I don't know why! basically I'm a good man only When I see you and your filthy gang I lose my head ...Turn into a bad man immediately why do you think, I'm like that? What you're becoming now? you're a born bad man Hey! you're abusing in English scold in Telugu please...he hates me! ...l hate him to the core Am I not telling you? Buddy! bouquet boy! He's a man with great luck! one should be born like him only Does he have a lucky mole? Whatever you may say, he's a great hit with girls What happened after that? What'll happen? I jumped in and saved him My friends have got bored talking with boys They feel like talking to girls Can you give company to them? ...Don't do it freely! I'll pay you Rs 500 each Who's he? Elder brother?! ls he Uncle or fiancee to all of you? Have you trapped all of you in one go? No, Sam! Did you see? Sister stopped him and brother stopped at once You're a personification of gentlemanliness What's lacking in you? A flute? I'll buy one for you Hey! get a flute for elder brother okay! brother! Hey! wastrel! how many papers do gave as arrears? Why? -Come on tell me! 8! -Only 8 isn't it? Hey! what's this man? he's consoling me and going away May be he's thinking himself to be great Einstein! Hey! Rajesh! do you've 8 papers as arrears? Don't worry! I'll guide you you can also pass A small hitch! It's little difficult to enter your brain Even then, I'll take tuitions, you've to come early morning to my house Knock at the door... wait for me! lf an opportunity arises, you've to massage my legs ...l've body pains also Moreover, Principal has told about you Just now, I've come back after discussing with him Question paper sales! bad name to our college in inter college competition ...He told me about everything! It isn't just enough to grow length & breadth One must've brain! Oh! Did I say all this in front of everyone? Don't forget...early morning 5 AM! Remember! early morning 5 AM don't forget! Bye wastrel! Why're you scared to death? Turn that side and close your eyes! lf Principal calls and asks, you know whose name you've to say isn't it? Okay! Take it! It isn't important to keep here you must act properly infront of Principal At midnight going to warden's house and writing filthy graffiti on walls Bursting crackers inside his house ...What a nasty thing you've done? I know very well! you're one of that group Who was the other guy with you? come on, tell me Tell me, otherwise I'll suspend you from the college Your name came up in the enquiry You both joined together and did this work I'm suspending you from college for a month Stop! Why're you running away? Hey! stop! Why're you beating him, boy? It's unnecessary for you you're not connected with this Not connected? I'm the one who made him to say your name What's it boy? Why're you staring at me? You got a good student's reputation isn't it? We've put a spanner into all your good work He's finished, buddy! Finished! challenge? lf you're truely a Man... Beat him Beat him...beat him Beat him boy! lf you hit him on face! we'll not keep quiet ...Everyone move back, move back -Hey! wastrel! ...l've still few punches left, boy! Leave me! Leave me....Leave me Buddy! when are you leaving? -Tomorrow morning! When are we going to meet again? I don't know! I spent happily courtesy grandfather. ...Hereafter,l've to earn my living Let's go to Bangalore! Not Bangalore, buddy! ...lt'll not suit me! Look, he's coming! ...Wastrel! Shall we've a go at him? You escaped from me that day! Who? me? It's you who's leaving the country getting scared But the way, today's our last day in college Shall we've one last tango? and decide the winner! No please! save yourself! I heard that you're going to America ...You've got the right job! That's sweeping & cleaning ...Yes, that job only! ...l'm going to do that in foreign And you're going to do that same in lndia A small wish! We must never come face to face again in life We departed saying never to meet again in life...2 years later But!.... I know how I had behaved when I was a student Such a man's teaching it means... Hey! don't use mobile in class room Your Singapore project has been approved $ 10,000 is the starting salary! I've sent an open ticket when are you leaving? I don't want to go to Singapore Grandpa is here only! I can't leave him & go away Not yet closed? You're into computer what's the time? Not yet closed? ls it any tea shop or petty shop to close Such a large Library!... Such a large clientele! ...Hundreds of E-mails... Without replying the E-mails, do you want me to gossip with you? Night out as usual My grandson is inside you take him with you Won't you come? lf I come, it'll break into dawn Sekhar, sing a song please, sing a good song Oh! My heart! Sweet Aunty you're a mount of flesh lf you come...l'll give.. -you? Why did you burn me? Why're you shouting? -You burnt me, so I shouted? ...Before that.. I sang a Telugu translation of channel'V'song. Am I wrong? The song sung by him and the mood in which we're, is there any connection He's talking as if his a Musical Genius What do you know about music? I may not know about music but I do know about you What do you know? Don't pull words out of my mouth I'll reveal your secrets His mouth is Garbage bin we mustn't open it! Come on, tell! What did you study? Even that is a college! But, you failed even there also, isn't it? Failing S.S.L.C you claimed to be an Msc and trapped a Maths Teacher ...Aren't you ashamed of it? She's a Maths Teacher, so I added & subtracted, is it a great matter! Looks like lot of things will come out, if we dig up past A lot will come out He's gathering information as if he's a Judge, out to pass judgement ....He himself looks like a criminal on parole His photo is prominently pasted in Police Stations Look at his shoes! one is 8 and other is 9 size! Steal! but, by checking the size He'll go to any marriage, enjoys the feast ...he'll come back stealing shoes Why're you beaming a smile? ls it any T.V. show? Don't talk about T.V. shows talk about him only! ...You talk about him -I'll talk about him! ln a State, where even small children to work in quaries! Till now, did you ever do any small work? Even since your birth, you're living comfortably Did you work hard atleast for a day and earned a rupee? What can I do? I've a father As if he only has father and we all are Test tube babies No, we're Wall Tube babies! Shut up! don't go overboard Keep some English to yourself! He's becoming too smart -Hey! get me a paper - Take it! Why?..why..why? He's behaving as if he has come down from Hollywood! Let me test his standard of English Why're you asking me all of a sudden? Do we've to take an appointment from him for Fax or Courier also? What shall we do with him? -Come on, sign it! We're talking, isn't it? Why all this signatures? -Now, he has come to our way His standard is that much only! ...This is a case of Learning English from Rapidex ...What were you doing 2 years earlier? -I was smoking the same brand You were stealing 2 rupees from a blind beggar infront of Lord Rama's Temple! Do you think, I had missed seeing it? Why're you remembering my past story? Shut up! otherwise, I'll open up you secret! What? What's it? There's a Lord Shiva's Temple outside the town, isn't it? A beggar there will be sitting like this.... ...The socks worn by him on his hand! ...Poor man! this guy stole from him and is wearing it on his leg Hey! why're you going away? -Sit down..sit down I'm the Power & Style of this group, isn't it? Finishing my Engineering studies ...l'm teaching software ...Earning Rs.6000! I'm footing all your cigarette & bar bills! Yes! Atleast for that, sing a good song Hey! sing a song! he's on the better side of life, isn't it? For that, have you taken away my watch? Don't get angry! T.Shirt is excellent, isn't it? Look, how nicely he has tied the rope! Sing boys! sing a song boys!! Some one read that book half yesterday and kept it here He took the book from there and kept it here What is your name? Go! ...Subbuni! please give me Rs.500! Why? -We're going to a movie! Atlast you've become responsible in life Book corner seat and enjoy -Hey! book corner seats! ...Why's he like a spoilsport in a fun game? We both are only going to watch movie Ugh! aren't you ashamed of saying 2 men going to a movie? Ashamed? Why should l? lf a man goes to a movie with his girl friend! it's a movie! ...Why're you spoiling the reputation of theater by 2 men going to a film? What do you want me to do now? -Listen to me, bring a girl each of you Tell me, she's my lover! ....Go to movie, beach or disco with them Go anywhere you feel like not just Rs.500 I'll shell out even Rs.10,000! No...no..no... Rs.10,000? Great Subbuni! you said that so late! Nothing's too late, just one minute! Come here..will you come to a movie tonight with me? I didn't ask you! he had only suggested me to ask you! I'll kill....l'll kill you! Even if you kill me I'm not bothered! You've seen her blasting me, isn't it? That's why, I don't like modern looking girls ...lf I need it, I'll have a quarter.. ...l'll go for such Telugu girls only! My taste is good, he's one whose taste is totally waste! He's allergic towards girls! Such a big lecture for just Rs.500! Look! chasing girls! spending on them wastefully ...And then crying lastly I can't & I won't do such things! I've not yet met such a girl so... Be it any girl, when are you going to bring and show her to me ...That's alright Subbuni! ...Girl means! Bangalore! Hey! Subbuni! come on pick up the phone I'm Bangalore speaking from Rajesh What are you blabbering? Where are you calling from? What's the news? -Subbuni, I've seen the girl! Where did you see her? Sometimes in life we meet unwittingly some people We may not know then... ...That meeting has a special place in our life! I saw her again here! I feel there's something between us! But, I don't know, what's that? Hey! for me!..Hey! for me ...stop....stop..give me ...Just one puff! thanks! Give...give.. wait...wait... Give..just one puff! ...How much time will you... Just now you had, isn't it? Hey! come boys! let's go and greet the couple Just now you said no, isn't it? -I've changed my mind, come..... Looks like my life itself is going to change Come....come...leave me leave it, man..l'll come ...Who's she? Congrats buddy! Buddy! Hey! take a photograph! We'll go, buddy! Rajesh! are you coming or not? I'm coming! coming! Buddy! who's that girl? That girl!? Reena Joseph she's her friend! She's working with Bangalore Ford! She's a CA! Long back I too tried for her Bloody crook! How beautiful she is! Shall I tell you truth? No one is looking at you both everyone's watching her only Did you come here to tell me, only this? I knew it, when you clicked her entire roll! First you go away from here! You bloody! did you observe that also? Buddy! please introduce me to her! You? -Why? You hate girls, isn't it? Are you still thinking me to be like that only? After seeing such a girl.... please introduce me to her Go..first, you go away from here Buddy! lf I strangle your neck you'll be dead I'm not your buddy now I'm a groom! go away! I'm leaving you just because you're a groom. lf you fail to introduce her to me! ...You'll never celebrate your first night in your life, it's my curse I know that! ls it true, what he's saying I'm unable to believe! Hey! did you talk to her? Did she talk to you? Did she make any silent gestures? Not even that.. then, it's a waste! You go for another girl! Buddy! till now, did I ever talk about any girl? There were many girls in our college, isn't it? Chembaruthi of Chidambaram was a great girl! What was that Kerala beauty's name? I never even gave a passing look at them No one ever had disturbed me like this? This girl has upset me totally! She's a demoness -No, buddy ...Beautiful face! ...Dot on the forehead! Tender fingers! ...Buddy! ...Please forgive me! Why? As you were describing her beauty I too enjoyed it! Then, what man? You're saying, face, dot, roots! It's fingers! -Okay! Nothing is matching with your personality! Not only this buddy! if I say one more thing, you'll never believe it! I didn't believe, what you've told already! Come on tell, buddy! we'll believe whatever you may say lf you say, I'm not a man I'll believe even that Hey! isn't it true man? Don't get angry girl! Hey! look there! -What's it buddy? There's a girl next to sister-in-law! ls it Okay? -lt.'s out of focus, buddy! What's there in it? Let's focus it! He has come back! Ready! What's this man!- It's invisible! Hey! I've not yet taken it out! Don't tense me up! take it out ...take it out! Tumbler! You rogue! did you steal it from a wine shop! No! That girl's lipstick! This is the glass used by that girl to drink water Hey! shut up! why're you dancing like possessed one in a Temple? Better than this, you could've done another thing! - What? The banana leaf left by her after eating food. lf you had washed it and hung it here in a frame It would look fantastic! You could become first man to frame a lover's left out leaf in this world! No, buddy..that's... What? No buddy! you were boasting that day! ...You hate woman and you'll not waste time chasing women Looks like you're going to waste yourself That's what, I'm unable to understand I've understood, buddy -What? lf that girl refuses you,not just today your life will become a waste What shall we do now? Shall we all have a drinking binge and sleep? Good idea buddy! He's asking an idea for love and you're suggesting what we do everyday Let's pack our baggages and go to Bangalore! ...We'll find sister-in-law there No need! -Why? They say heart will get thrilled and go haywire on falling in love ...Just now, it has started in me Let it pick up speed! I started liking this feeling very much! We'll go to Bangalore later! Look, she's coming! Will you please come here? No problem! come near me! ls it your cell phone? You're paying your bills correctly, isn't it? My grandma is seriously ill at home, a friend informed me lf you give your cell phone I'll talk to her before she dies Please, give me! I think you're new to the town! I'll talk! ls it Pepsi Uma? How are you? Can you telecast a song from film 'Sakhi' Which song? Wait! I'll ask my girl friend and tell you Which song shall I ask? Are you talking with Uma saying your grandma is serious? My grandma's name is also Uma Yes, she'll drink Pepsi and give me great kisses ...l told for that only I spent few minutes interestingly Have you come? What did you ask with that girl? This tie doesn't match with your shirt Keep the tie & remove your shirt What did you ask with that girl? Buddy! I asked time This is what I thought Do you know, who's that girl? Who's she? She's my M.D's daughter, lf you behave badly with her, I'll lose my image No buddy! I talked to her about your promotion Oh God! Did you talk about my promotion? Do you know, what I'm worth? How much? ls your head spinning? Till now, I wore only one God's dollar only I don't know about any other dollars -Shut up man! come, let's go ...Take me along with you ...l'll be like a stepney Who's that? Did you see those girls how they over took us? Shall I overtake them? No! if they fall down 100 people will volunteer to help them ...lf we fall down? Only 4 people will come ...as pall bearers Oh! Buddy! you've improved your General Knowledge! ...You went as if you were in a race! Now, you've stopped at signal! That's why! they said slow & steady wins the race Do you want to smoke? ...lt'll make your mouth to stink! lf we drink whisky the stink will go away! You got it, isn't it? -Hey, it's ford Hey! that girl! Signal's on! -That Bangalore girl! She's going away! -They're blaring horns Where are my specs? It's here! What's this? They've hanged Lorry owner's photo here! There's a lemon here.. lemon...lemon lf I had Gin with me... Hey! wastrel! did you come out after informing at home? Am I going in flight to come after informing at home? What are doing under the lorry after watching late night movie on T.V.? You too watched midnight masala after getting drunk & hit me Why did you take that lemon? They had hung it wastely here so, I've taken and eating it You wastrel! -Why did they hang it here? Hung it, so that lorry runs safely Rogues? there are 750 spare parts inside Will it run for this lemon without running on those parts? I can't change your attitudes! Watch out! I'll change you Look! he has come to draw the map include me & map it What happened here? Nothing sir! we both are close friends We met after a long time so I parked my bike under lorry & talking to him Parking? He hit my lorry! Did you hit lorry? -Yes! Sir, have lemon juice Take out your license! Give me little time I'll get a license Don't you've a license? Did you see sir! this rogue is driving without license? He's complaining about me as if he's an lAS officer Sir, he's a cleaner! he doesn't have a license and lorry doesn't have a permit Where's the driver? -Hey! tell me, vehicle number Sir! vehicle number? That's my vehicle number -Yes! Tell me your bike's number! It's resting under the lorry why do you want it now? You were riding the bike, isn't it? I didn't ride sir! I had asked for lift and travelling on pillion! An enemy of me drove the vehicle! -What enemy? Yes! lsn't he an enemy one who abandons you on seeing a girl? Alright, I can't avoid booking a case Oh God! in such time one ...two....three... Can you lend me Rs.3? -He has already taken it at previous signal He would've taken it! lsn't he a Collection King?! Will you pay fine in court? I know l.G. very well Greetings sir! But, he doesn't know me! ...l'm Reena speaking has Vasuki started from there Skirt chasing! No smell -What? Get lost man! Hey! will you escape after putting me into a fix? Your MD's daughter's curse has come true Look at these Police baton marks Police have beaten me black & blue You're a friend, who should've helped me in distress but, you left me in peril! ...You're no more my friend I'll buy you a quarter whisky What did you say? -I'll buy you a quarter whisky! You're my bosom pal! Look side way! Not that side.....this side! Did you see her? She's that Bangalore girl! ...Next to her is..that out of focus girl only! Wrong! now, she's in focus -Yes, shall we go & speak to them? No, I'll talk to them! you stand next to me, understood? You want me to watch, that's all Buddy! they're gone! You don't worry! She may've gone to buy some fancy items Let's go inside & see -Come... I missed her because of you only! First, let's check in the canteen it'll be helpful in both ways ls it that important!? Then, what about my whisky? I'm crying for missing her and you're worried about your whisky? You must return it on it's due date Subbuni, I just saw that girl! That Bangalore girl! Reena I said that day my heart skipped a beat on seeing her isn't it! I saw her today on the road ...on the other side! I went after her to talk to her but she vanished ...l don't know, where's that girl? I'm afraid whether I'll meet her again or not? ...She's very beautiful What do you say? Get lost man! He has fallen... Look buddy! you don't worry! I'm promising on Napoleon you'll not miss your girl Buddy! don't believe him he'll change his words after drinks Great man has come! I'm not one to drink duplicate and vomit on roads I'm the one to drink original stuff and talk enthusiastically Sister-in-law! What do you lack? You would've eaten a pizza or a burger and slept peacefully with a doll Do you know, he has become a doll with your thoughts? Don't get worried thinking about her My heart says that girl will definitely fall in love with you Don't believe him, he's talking all rubbish for few drinks He's going overboard? lf I get cranky I'll use choicest epithets Then what? we know she's from Bangalore, he met her there only Surprisingly, today met her by chance here lf she goes away to Bangalore tonight? lf I punch you, your face will need a surgery Hey! think positively! They're confusing you without consulting you, buddy! don't believe them Three weeks ago he saw a girl in Bangalore... He saw, isn't it?.... You're thinking about that girl only isn't it or not? -Yes! Again, why did he see her in this city? What's going on between them? shall I tell? -Come on tell! Some waves are being emanated from you both, buddy These simple waves change to love waves only after you talk to her, remember! Otherwise, she'll become some other man's girl friend ...Sorry! I shouted at you I'll have one more round I'm Sekhar speaking! I told you about love waves isn't it! it has started working out for you Hey! what are you up to man? Hey! don't waste time talking to me! Even if you haven't brushed your teeth come fast, she's infront of me Where? ln Gandhi nagar Market, next to Lord Shiva's temple! Come immediately there! -I'm coming there! Where's she? where's she? Look! there! -There? She? I'll beat you! ls she that girl!? She's not that girl! but she's friend of that girl! That means! Only if we impress a PA we can impress his boss Likewise only if we can impress a guard we can impress a lady cook... I'll shell out your teeth! Likewise! to impress that girl we must impress this girl first I'll impress her! you impress that girl...come.. Sir, please buy something. Will you sell that tube light? It's not for sale! lrritating me early morning! Take 2 kgs madam -one kg is enough. It's good! keep it in fridge Hey! don't suggest women about vegetables! don't they know that? Don't talk too much! Do business properly Give!...give...give! What's this? Look at him! Look, they've taken away my list! Why did you take away her list? With whom are you talking what are you talking? Don't talk too much! Why is the capsicum so large? Sir! It's a cucumber! -cucumber?! don't I know that? Why is papaya so small? -It's Tomato, sir! Leave it man! what's the price of one kg? It's a kg weight! What are you blabbering? He's spoiling business in the peak hour Who are you to question me all this? You must ask that early! We've come for lnspection! He's an lnspector! I'm a Sub-lnspector Understood? we've come for inspection Greetings sir! -Did you see my acting! We must have voice Greetings sir! -Okay! tell me how much, I've to pay! enough Madam, it's Rs 140! Rs 140! settle it! Don't act smart with me! -I'll not give...you settle it yourself You settle it yourself! Will you dare to take it? Will you take if she gives you? -Sir, I'm a poor man. You flattered me with sentiment isn't it? You flattered me with poor man's sentiments isn't it? Alright! I'm sparing you for that My bag! what's all this? Ask him...ask him about that -why're you taking away my bag? You go after him I'll come back after you Button up properly van is coming behind us You mustn't ask! it's wrong! -I'll not ask, Sir Will you give back my bag? Did you see this? one brinjal & one tomato, I got it free Take this Who are you? What do you want? I'll tell! my name is Sekhar! His name is Rajesh! he's my bosom pal! He wants some details about your friend Which friend? His friend! What's the details you want to know? Hey! tell her man, that girl Reena you saw her in Bangalore Later you saw her here I'll tell all that come on, tell As told by him, I know a girl Reena I met her in Bangalore ...She works with Ford I couldn't meet her since I was away! Suddenly, we saw you both on road Met with an accident we met with a accident We thought of contacting you but you vanished -Yes You say, you're Reena's friend! -Yes But, don't you know that she has been transferred to this place Both are just the same! -Yes! What do you want now? We both are family friends it's an emergency lf you give her phone number I'll call her at Bangalore Her phone number is... Beach road! 422 is lndra Nagar exchange One minute! you know Reena isn't it? He must get to know her hereafter only Get to know her? First, forget that phone number We forgot...forgot, we forgot! Forgot isn't it? -Yes! Look Madam, I'm folding hands and telling you the truth My friend has fallen in love with your friend Look, he has become like this! He'll not eat and is not allowing me also to eat He'll not sleep and is spoiling my sleep also He's torturing my life -shut up Even if I introduce you to her or give you her phone number She'll never talk to you Why? ls she dumb? No, she's already engaged! Her marriage has been fixed when she was quite young That's why! I advice you to forget and not to waste your time Hey! Rajesh, why're you going away we're talking about you only! go away! Leave about him! vegetable seller gave it...your money! keep it Have you decided about your lover? Lover? Quick man! Why're you shouting on him? What did he do to you? why're you angry on him? I never expected such a beautiful girl will come into my life I never expected, she'll come vanish away ls she gone? then what? -Have you already decided? It has not yet taken off and you're talking about landing You've not even approached that girl yet She has warned us in so clear terms isn't it? That she's engaged and her marriage has been fixed Why're you asking me to approach her even after knowing that? Already girls don't go down well with me And this one to interfere People like you seeing'Titanic' movie is a mere waste ln a gap, didn't the hero make the already engaged heroine to fall in love You're right! but, who lost in the end? Boy only! Even in Titanic film! Girl is only on the safer side How many liters sir?...2000 liters! What's it sir?! -lmpossible isn't it? -Yes! 2 litres! -Yes sir! -Go! lf you hadn't loved that girl Why did you jump the median after leaving me in an accident? Look! they've passed a New Rule in the 21st century A true lover will get his girl Don't worry about her many suitors they're not in the list Buddy love waves! it's running between your hearts What's the girl's phone number? Your date of birth! Look, you couldn't say it You could remember that but couldn't remember this That's what Love is! You call her on phone and talk to her definitely your love will be a success Yes! Calling from Telephone dept. ls your phone working properly? It's clear! -Okay! tell me your address What happened? Line got cut. What did he say? What did he say? It seems he'll come next week. ...He has asked me to take a week off It seems, I can't avoid meeting him What did you reply for that? ...Before that, line went off You both must definitely meet and discuss Why? Then, will you marry without even seeing him I'll talk to him...l'll... ...ls it Rajeev!? ...Reena's friend It seems you wanted to meet Reena Atleast you have seen her photo She doesn't even know, how you look ...Son of her Father's friend ...They say, he's good looking She talked to you on phone thrice she knows about you, only that So, first you meet and try to understand each other You're coming next week isn't it I'll make her to take off from Office What happened? Again, line's gone dead! Old man is thinking! Don't know what problem he's going to create newly According to you, that boy is coming from America to meet Reena -Yes You say, he'll come from America to meet her, then decide about marriage That girl hasn't seen him till now, isn't it? No! Did I ask you? -No! Keep shut up & listen! -Yes! Do you love her so much? Now, I'll tell you! Still there's a week for that American to come isn't it? That means 7 days! ln the meantime you're going to that girl's house What's this Subbuni? What are you saying? Won't it end in trouble if I go there? Yes! -Then? lf you go as Rajesh it'll lead to problems But, if you go there as that American boy, Rajeev? lmpersonating!? It'll be a Police case I'll sew up your mouth! Just a heart is not enough to fall in love You must've courage! Dear, please listen carefully! You go there as Rajeev move closely with that girl With your magical power of words you make her to love you You'll do it! When she says, I love you Fall at her feet suddenly ....Then, reveal the truth! ...l'm not the American boy Rajeev ...Problem will be solved Will it be solved!? lf it turns serious It's quite natural A girl you love is like Camphor! ...ln anger, she'll burn brightly! ...When calms down! She'll cool you down ...Don't experiment with his life Do you think, it'll succeed? lf it's true love, even a stone heart will melt This is just a women's heart melting it, is very easy Come on, give me your hand, boy! I thought your head is empty you gave an idea! But, there's an extra large hole! in your idea! Did you observe it? ln the one week he makes that girl to fall in love with him lf that American boy calls up even once! He's finished ...He's planning to put us all behind the bars You idiot! When you can think like that? Do you think, Can't l think about it? I've a much bigger idea than that! Come here! Tell me, without biting my ear They've built it to help in robbing! Hey! Bathroom is on that side! Yes! I think someone is bathing inside ls it this one? Cut it man! Sorry! I forgot cutting plier! Stop your tales! Come on, catch it Oh! I've caught it rightly Hey! It's very dark! I'm not able to see anything Hey! Remove that dirty goggles Hey! lf I remove it, I can't hear properly Shall we do one thing? Shall we come back tomorrow in day light to cut? Don't talk rot! Catch this torch light I've caught this also perfectly This torch is also working Look, I've cut the wire! ls it telephone cable wire? Sorry boy! A small technical fault ...ln my haste, I cut my loin thread ...You've escaped! Cut it man! It's okay if it is State Govt. problem This is Central Govt. problem They'll kill us with CBl enquiry...etc. Phone is ringing! May be it's an lSD Call from that American Boy. Cut it! I'll cut it! You wait! Look! I've snapped it Who sent this? Who sent this? Flowers again? Are you making fun of me? Some mad man is sending me flowers... ...And you're bringing it... I'm that Madman! What's it? Love!!?! Do you think, it'll be poetic How much did you spend on it? Rs 3000... We had talked on phone also ....like this.... I came to meet you. You said, you'll come next week. Flight was available, so I came early I'm not able to believe I've been standing with a flower since a long time lf you take it, I'll be very happy! Can I come in? lf you stand blocking the door and ask me to come in... Can you take off from the office? lmpossible! I've to inform them well in advance Please try it for my sake I'm free for 4 - 5 days I thought we can open our hearts and try to understand each other Difficult...but I'll try! I want to make a phone call Phone is out of order for past 2 days! lndian telephones are always like this only American phones never go dead even once also, do you know that? What else do you've in chicken? I think something vegetarian will be better ...lt'll be good here When you talked to Uncle you said you like chicken & Chinese food That's why, I ordered! We had met once earlier also do you remember? -When? ln Bangalore! Don't you remember it? No! I was 8 years old, then! Oh! That one! I do remember it nicely ln your Aunty's marriage you & your pals locked me up in a dark room Do you remember it? -Yes! Do you know how much I had cried? -Yes Uncle also shouted at you! He's always like that only Only then, isn't it? You were always teasing me It was only then! I had only Lucy as my friend then You remember Lucy isn't it? I remember nicely Dark, tall, used to come with a bobbed hair cut... Tall? Lucy was my pup! Even you were giving her a both with a hose pipe That's it...lt used come like a mad dog, tall, black... ...l don't remember anything ...Shall we eat then Definitely! Aren't you feeling well? Nothing! What's wrong with me? Whom do you resemble? -Resemble? Do you resemble your mother or father? I resemble my grandfather Resemble grandfather? Where's he now? You'll definitely meet him What's the distance between Seattle & Chicago? What's the distance between Seattle & Chicago? Didn't you go even once? Don't you know? I don't know Very near! lf we travel in my car it'll be just 1 1/2 hours drive I know all the police en route no one will stop me Flight will be very quick! you'll land before you take off Nothing! my friend has settled down there That's why, I inquired We'll go...we'll go to meet her I'll take you there definitely Why? Aren't you interested in going abroad? Going abroad and working there I like only lNDlA Foreign country can never become motherland isn't it? Say like that Look's like it's going to work out in my favour, deal cautiously boy! I got delayed! I got up very late I'm waiting for over an hour What can I do? my bike never started even after many kicks I thought you know the value of time I said, sorry isn't it? Reena! please listen to me even after I said, sorry... Don't need an Auto, go away Where do you want to go, Madam? Reena, listen to me! I'll also come, wait - wait Reena, stop! I said sorry isn't it? Sir, don't touch the meter I know your matter! you watch carefully & drive So, what's your plan? What a sweat? How could you tolerate such hot climate? Do you've mineral water? Don't lndia have AC Autos? American Autos are fully AC! There'll be a bar here we can enjoy Beer, while travelling Driver, could you stop Auto little that side? Where's he? -He has escaped, Madam Here only! stop! Do you know in America, boys don't allow the girls to open their purses? I don't have change, Sir -No problem! But, they'll leave half way isn't it? Suddenly, I met a friend we last met in our childhood That's only!...to meet him -I know all that! I've some work What's it? -She left it in the Auto I'm not able to understand this girl Not just this girl, we can never understand any girl in this world Till we don't see them, they'll be just ordinary girls The moment they'll come to know that we've fallen in love with them They'll start behaving, Miss lndia That's what, I'm also saying I've a doubt with her behaviour May be she'll call home and refuse this marriage It's good, with your help that Rajeev's image is badly bruised You once again disguise and say you're Rajesh and marry her How many disguises? Like Kamalahasan go on wear as many disguises us possible -Yes I don't know whether your love will succeed or not You'll definitely get an Oscar For such an act, an Oscar? What? -What's today's date? 6th isn't it? -Yes Still love waves are working! Hey! Talk to me......talk to me Look, she has written birthday for your attention She didn't tell me, it's her birthday today? Buddy, did you see she didn't tell him? Only donkeys like us go on tom tom about our birthdays Women are decent Will they do like that? She has said it, without saying! Look! go straight to her! Before friends take her out! You take her out and surprize her with a present -lt.'s good For my delay and your unhappiness Can't you give me a chance to rectify it? I've come to take you out so, please come, let's go out We'll come back soon Please, don't say no! lndian traffic don't have any discipline No...don't go overboard! AC chilling is good isn't it? Why don't you say something? Okay! tell me! Where are we going? Why all this suspense? lf I don't like it, later you'll feel bad about it You don't like it?! no way you'll definitely like it Who had arranged it? This gentleman only isn't it? You fool! where did you find this car!? Sekhar! I'll not spare you! I'll cut you into pieces What's this? New method to start a car? No, we had fully switched on AC isn't it? So Diesel Pump got heated up and valves got busted Valves have to come from Jamshedpur It'll come Come, let's go in a Auto! Why're you eating like that? It's delicious I had arranged many things everything has gone haywire My time is running bad I had to bring you to roadside push cart Got late No! still there are 5 minutes to strike 12'0'clock Are you surprized that how did I come to know it? Why did you hide it from me? You wanted to hide it from me isn't it? But, I came to know it from your planner Why I didn't say because? it's not my birthday today Today, it's my friend Vasuki's birthday Even this has failed Sekhar! you're a dead man No.. nothing So, you did all this thinking it was my birthday It's not like that Okay! don't open it Okay, let's do one thing! I'll buy a gift to Vasuki on your birthday Look, I don't have a heart to take it back with me So, I brought this for you only Please take it, I didn't know what to buy for you I closed my eyes and thought about you I saw this! lsn't it you? When you're thinking, sitting alone in one place You'll be like this only, isn't it? I closed my eyes... thought about you... I saw this.... ...l bought it This is you, isn't it? When you're thinking, sitting alone in a place You'll be like this only, isn't it? I closed my eyes and thought I saw this, I bought it I'm Rajeev speaking We were discussing about you only We were waiting for your phone call only Mother! I'm coming Mother! I'm trying for Reena's phone for past 4 days with no success I called her office, they say she's on leave Will you inform her? No mother, I had told her that, I'll be coming Now the programme is changed So, I'll come to Bangalore later, we'll go together to Reena's place! You'll inform Reena, isn't it? We'll meet at Airport Alright Mother! you'll inform her without fail, isn't it? Hey, why did you come here? I should've questioned you You said that you'll spend time with me for 5 days But, why have you come to the office? No! -lt.'s not correct I have some work, which I can't avoid It's only for 2 hours You go, I'll meet M.D. & come Till then, what do you want me to do? Don't do anything Go & sit in the corner like a good boy I can't do that Hello, who's M.D. here? Then what? I thought of spending time romancing you But, you've made me to sit in the office What kind of office is this? It's like the colour of State Transport bus That's good! -Alright Hey, whose file is this? -Keep quiet It's for you What's it? No, the phone is out of order at home. -I know it I didn't even come to the office -who's it?...who's it?... Your father No Rajeev! Put it down No, Rajeev What do you mean by that? He spoke with me 40 minutes earlier I also told him that I'm going to meet you Why is he calling again? You.... -Okay Okay, What I did was wrong? What had happened to you? It won't even take 3 minutes to talk to him You're behaving as if, the whole world is sinking Yes, My world is sinking Don't you understand? Reena, look at me I can't even waste a single minute I want to talk to you I want to hold your hands That's all! What do you want me to do? Okay, Listen There's a special place I'll take you there will you come? Hey, What's this? You've brought me here -I'll tell you Slowly...Slowly... Such a beautiful place in our city? Rajeev, I'm not able to believe I like it very much I know You know about me & this place very well But, I don't know about you like It's easy to read me I'll tell you about a matter but, it's a secret What's it? -I'll tell you But, before that, you must tell me a secret A secret which no one is aware of Nothing like that It's impossible, A girl without a secret Okay, tell me! -It's true There's nothing Shall I tell my secrets? A girl in the lightning light Even, she is like a lightning I lost my heart Only my life is remaining I think, I'm in love with her She's my friend Arthi This is Sukanya This is... -Vasuki! How do you know? You keep telling me that... You've some close friends and this is her, isn't it? We are a big gang She's my mother -Greetings Hey, This was taken at the time of my convocation Do you know? I stood 1st in the University This was taken at the time of modelling for an Advertisement I can't see anything Everything seems to be out of focus Why? -Because, you're sitting close to me, isn't it? Power failure You've a lighter with you? Do you smoke? Do I look like a smoker to you? I've kept it for an emergency Look here, I'll be here till the power is restored Actually, we don't need these candles Do you want me to sit in the dark? -Not in the dark... Light's on, when you laugh Oh No! My eyes are dazzled Don't you feel anything? -What should I feel? It is.... There's no power too And an ordinary looking girl With a handsome boy Really! Don't you feel anything? Hey, keep these things for America, not here Are you a handsome boy? ls it a joke? Do you know, how popular I'm with girls? But, I don't feel like that I was talking about beautiful girls Don't think that, I'm posing as a palmist, to hold your hand I really know palmistry Oh God! I can't believe it What's it? -lt.'s very shocking It's okay, tell me According to this, you'll not settle down in America What are you talking? -Look here There are no runway lines at all There are many railway tracks They're very clear This is Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh! This is Andhra Pradesh I know that you're going to settle here only I'm not saying this your palm tells that Not only that... another important matter The boy who's going to marry you will be a Telugu Brahmin A Telugu Brahmin? -Yes, a Telugu Brahmin Can't you understand? Those who don't eat chicken mutton in their houses.. ...But eat in Hotels I'm telling you the truth Whatever it may be, you'll lead a wonderful life That's sure It's not me, who's telling this it's your palm Hey, I can't wait anymore Tell me, whether you like me or not? I'm still confused about you Okay, no need, I'll help you I'll do it in my way Close your eyes for 10 seconds Tell me, whether I'm in your heart or not? Am I in your heart? I'll go mad, tell me Which place do you like man? What did I ask you & what are you telling? Take me there, I'll tell you What should I say? Tell me something, auspicious I haven't even talked to men You're the first one I know you for the past 5 days These 5 days passed as if they were 5 seconds I can't forget even a single minute Shall I tell you? I like you very much When will you marry me? When will you marry me? lf I've an auspicious thread & marriage band I'll marry you right now Will there be a marriage band in church? I'll prepare dinner within 10 minutes Have it & go No need for dinner,give me water Why? Are you not hungry? I can't forget this day I want to tell you one thing Now!!! Okay, no need, I'll have You said that you want to tell me something I'll tell you later No need I'm telling you whole heartedly I can't forget, this is a memorable day I'll leave Are they nice? It's not my selection Rajeev's mother had presented to you Do you like it? Did you speak to Rajeev? I'm asking you only Did you talk to Rajeev? Your father will be very happy if you get married You know, he's been talking about this marriage for so many years I'm here What's this? you both are talking, as if you have come for a picnic Did we come here from Bangalore for this? We're going to see the groom I told that, I'll be coming by 1 1'0 clock to Rajeev's family Hey! you tell me No one will believe that Reena is your daughter How beautiful she is! Hey you! your son won't talk like you, isn't it? Then, it's okay There's nothing like that He's very calm like Shyam's mother He had telephoned Reena 10 times I know very well that he likes Reena very much Because of that, I had sent her photo Okay, where's Rajeev? Can't find him at all Still, he hasn't adjusted to lndian time He got up now only & went to bathe Tomorrow, he'll be conducting personal interviews in Bangalore It's a software body shopping He's going to select 25 people We're leaving tonight itself Okay, why don't we take Reena with us to Bangalore? We'll enjoy for 2-3 days Let Rajeev & Reena come closer Engagement will be there marriage will be here Relatives of both the families are here only, isn't it Okay, I agree my daughter has agreed for the marriage Your son must agree Where's he? Ask him to come fast? I think, he's attending a call Take it, my wife prepared it herself -I'll get him Look, he's coming He has grown up very fast We'll sit & talk Yes....yes.... Let them talk... -Talk to her.... I forgot to ask you, why didn't you call me again? What happened? ls the phone out of order? I was continuously trying but I couldn't get the line Have it Give them sweets -Have it Do you remember, what I had told you? We've a big society behind us Look, a big conference is going on I'm thinking of taking you to Bangalore Will you be able to take any leave? We had already discussed about this on phone? What was he looking like? ....About him? He's very tall, always smiling Everything was a foul play Now, is this very important Vasuki? No, I asked you because.... 10 days back, 2 persons came to me & enquired about you They are Rajesh & Sekhar I gave your phone number to them Did you give them? No..they said, they know you very well But, I gave them only the phone number... How did they know about Rajeev? We've to take it seriously He has deceived you They'll get caught, if we lodge a complaint Go & tell your Father about this I had roamed with that fraud for 5 days We had laughed together Then, I had asked him when will he marry me? Do you want me to tell these things to my father? Did he misbehave with you? Won't you call this a misbehaviour? He told lies & deceived me Everything was wrong? But, why did he deceive me? Why did he lie to me? Why did he impersonate? I'm scared after reaching here Will she believe me, that I lied to her, only for her You were bold while telling lies.... ...But, why are you scared to tell the truth? Go, she'll definitely believe you 100% sure, go.... Okay, you go -Okay, I'll go...you get in Why did you come? Whom do you want to deceive now? Reena has come to know about everything How could you behave like this? I want to talk to Reena, please.... But, Reena won't talk to you What do you want? I want to talk to you Vasuki, ask him to go I don't want to talk to anyone Who're you? What's your name? Please Reena, listen to me I came here to tell you the truth But, you already know, haven't I made myself clear? Why should I talk to you? Will you be quiet? Rajesh, please leave without creating new problems Please wait, Vasuki Let me talk, please The problem is between us Vasuki, call Uncle.... Listen to me.... Reena, listen to me... Look here Whom do you want to deceive with these... Reena, what happened? Who are you? -Mind your business What do you want? What're you doing here? Are you misbehaving with a lonely girl? Mind your business.... Ravi, don't come here Why are you still standing here? Get lost Vasuki & Ravi come inside Are you Ravi? Are you the neighbour of Reena Joseph? Are you acting too smart? Did you hit my friend? Do you love her? Love? I'm going to marry her Hit him What did you say? What did you say? Are you going to marry Reena? I want to say sorry! I don't know whether you remember or not... During my aunty's marriage in Bangalore... I pushed you in to a room switched off the lights Locked the doors & went away And you got scared and started crying Even my father scolded me I came to apologize But, you had left before I could reach there The pardon which was to be sought at that time I'm seeking now, after so many years When my mother sent your snap to me... I felt very happy But, when I'm meeting you in person... I've become speechless I can't forget these 3 days But, I won't claim that I've understood you well in these 3 days lf I say that then, it's a lie You need an entire life for that But, if you're with me all my life I'll be very happy I can assure you that I'm feeling proud that, you're going to be my wife Hey, pick it up...pick it up... Ask Rajesh not to call Reena again? -Why? Reena will not talk to him Rajeev is here only isn't it? What do you want me to talk? You are making mistakes one after the another You've also beaten our neighbour Ravi Do you know, why? -There's nothing, I can do Ask Rajesh to forget Reena? Hey, what did she say? What's she going to say? She's saying, what Reena told her Look here, forget what she & Subbuni had said Our headache is that American person Only because of him, you are in problems & dilemma We'll directly go to him we'll talk to him It's okay, if he listens or else we'll throw him out Sir, who are you? What do you want? Where's 5E? It's there What's the matter? -Hey! get lost Come Can't you open the door & get in? Hey, who's that, who has come from America? Who's that? Come out Come out, you coward! Where are you hiding? come out! Will you get your sister married to me? I should've asked that question to you First tell me, who are you? ls it you, who had come from America? Hey, what's his name? Are you Rajeev? Tell me Rogue! Oh! you are the one... The American person is very handsome Look here We've come here to tell you an important matter What's that? ls it a double bedroom? It has also got an attached bathroom Shall we go & talk over there? Will you switch on the A/C or shall we go out? Tell me, what do you prefer? Wait I'm asking him, isn't it Are you dumb from your birth? Hey, what's it? We came here to bash him, isn't it You keep watching.. He's our old enemy, isn't it? It's a re-entry Then, it has become very easy to throw him out Why did you come to my house? To modify your building -Shut up! We came here to talk to a person But, after knowing it's you... I feel there is no use of talking to you Hey, what's there to talk to him? Look here, American! Listen to me You dreamed of marrying a girl isn't it? That's only a dream She's your Sister-in-law Because, he's your elder brother Did you understand? Come on let's go -Wait This is not the game which we had played in the college I love her Even she loves me There's a problem between us because of your intrusion Hey, you've got Dollars and Green Card Don't think that, she'll be flattered with that Pack up & leave now itself That'll be good for us You know that, I'll tell only once Hey, Look! Horlicks Uncle & Soap Aunty have come You're hit by bad time always It's going to hit us if we come with you Hereafter, we won't come Hey, I'll break your teeth Hey, you all went there You could've at least hit him Look at the advice, he's giving We thought of doing that But, he didn't allow us I'll break your limbs Did you tell the American boy that you are in love with her We shouted to that extent that the whole street would've heard How'll he marry after telling that? Won't he pack up & leave immediately No Subbuni! I know about Samuel very well Since it's me, he'll not compromise so easily I had talked to my Father He said, Church is okay He's very happy I've come for a clarification Do you know, Rajesh? He was my Collegemate We keep fighting always He said, he loves you He also said that even you're in love with him I know that's not true I only came to enquire about it I know him only for 5 days Yes! He came to my house as Rajeev from America Thinking that, he was you I talked to him And closely moved with him When I came to know, that it isn't true... From the moment, I had stopped talking to him After that, he tried to meet me twice I avoided him Did he come to you impersonating me? But, how did he know that I'm coming... we both.... Don't make this a big issue I don't want to talk about him Do you know, what he told me? He asked me to pack up & leave the place Can Rajesh become Rajeev? It can never happen Hereafter, he won't disturb you Are you Rajeev? Have you been to America? At least, have you seen it on a Map? Now, it has been proved that you are a localite Stop....stop... What's it? We used to fight in College Now, we're fighting to real life too There won't be any fight or blood shed from my side I know, where to hit you This Sunday.... me... The first invitation is for you Why is it? Since, you're my elder brother isn't it? No one should come What's this? Get lost Hey, tear & throw it Come, let's go I want to talk to you I'm not interested to talk to you Please, get out from here Reena, listen to me... Please, allow me to talk Please, wait for a minute Look here, Whatever I've done is wrong I accept I shouldn't have lied to you But at that time, I never felt that I was committing a mistake I had no other choice I only desired to talk & be friendly with you, that's all For which, I've already said sorry Only one minute Please, stop for one minute Kindly listen to me First time, I saw you in Bangalore in lightning & rain Later, I saw you in Rakesh's marriage After that when I saw you here.. I met Vasuki and collected your details I followed you wherever you went I desired to stay always with you I got that chance I came to know that one Mr.Rajeev was coming to meet you So, I came as Rajeev to your house But, I didn't have any intention of deceiving you I wanted only your love ...that's all I never cheated you even in my dreams When you said that you too like me... I thought of telling you the truth But before that, you came to know about everything Hey! what was my mistake? You had roamed with me for 5 days I might have taken you anywhere Even you would have followed me Because, you had liked me But I never misbehaved with you in anyway I never behaved against your wishes Doesn't your heart know about this Believe me My love is true It's enough if you forgive me The way you've spoken to me reveals your real character ln those 5 days you thought of taking me anywhere And you say that I would have followed you isn't it? You are a street rowdy, isn't it? So, you'll talk like this only But don't think of winning a girl with your tricks You can't play with me On that day you said, you like me You also asked me, when I am going to marry you Don't you like me now? You?! I don't like you Why? Oh! you like only that fellow Yes! I like him only Can't you understand me? What else you want me to do? I am saying sorry, isn't it? Before coming to lndia I had seen an apartment in Seattle Today morning I contacted my friend and asked him to purchase it Reena, your Visa papers will come tomorrow I need your passport I have to give it to the Travel Agent Have you informed your office or not? Have you given the notice? Tell me, what is your problem? Do you want to talk to her? You want to talk to Reena Are you loving her? Do you want me to tell her that you love her Hey! look at me Look at me... Look at me, when I am talking to you You want to know whether she loves you or not? Ask her Now, she is before you, ask her Reena, today we should conclude this issue Why are you keeping quiet? I am the person who's going to marry her Within few days she is going to be my life partner I am telling you to talk to her Shall I go & stand there? Talk to her He who tries to win a woman by force against her wish He's not at all considered to be a man You were a rogue during college days I thought that you might've changed by now But now you have become an eve-teaser How many times should I tell you? Please, I am requesting you lf I find you at Reena's place again... I will kill you Take this...drink it -No need Drink.. -No, I don't want it Hey! drink it Drink it... Have this.. Be careful...careful Buddy, how can he hit him? ls he a big rowdy? He dare to do that because of that girl Do you think, we'll keep quiet? Buddy, we should not leave him He was your enemy in your college as well as in your life One word is enough from you we will admit him in the hospital Buddy... Buddy...you are a good person You had roamed with that girl and at any time... At any time... Did you misbehave with her any time? You never touched her with bad intentions No..isn't it? You are a very good person He will be ruined -Hey, stop your sentiments Hey! it's alright, if you don't get her But, he shouldn't get her Tell him -Yes Buddy, think about it Come....let's go. Just say a word, we'll bash him up His chapter will be closed Take an auto Come, let's go Hey, don't leave him, hold him Hey, what's it? Why are you acting very smart? Won't you understand if we tell you once? Why don't you leave this place? Are you asking us to parcel you to America? Who are you to parcel me? Hey! shut your mouth... Take this Hey, come on Hit him Finish him first... hit him... Are you showing your smartness? Hit him -Hit.. Buddy, hit him first Hit him Don't spare him, hit him Hit him first -Rajesh, hit him Don't spare him, hit him First, hit him Don't look, hit him fast Don't look, hit him first -Hit him, hit him... Go away from here Go away...Go away... Hey! what's this? Hey! what happened to you - Leave me... Reena likes him only That's why... Leave it lf she doesn't want my love... What's the use of hitting him? Hey! where are you going? I am going to the office, why are you asking, as if I'm going newly? Why are you shouting? Sekhar told me about yesterday's incident It's wrong to go and hit him It's even worse to return without hitting him Leave it Subbuni, there is no use of hitting him Then, that girl's chapter is closed Are you closing that book without reading it? From the beginning, I've read that book upside down That's why, I had to close it half way Shall we discuss this tomorrow? Both the rings are beautiful I am not able to decide it Which one do you like? tell me Even I too don't know Hey! don't you need the ring? Tell me lf I am in a confusion I'll decide by closing my eyes Will you decide by closing your eyes? Shall I try? I can see only you I have seen this also Do you like it? After dropping you here I went to my home When I closed my eyes to sleep I had a dream in which you were searching for me That's why, I came Well done my boy How long will you sit here come on, tell me Sekhar told that he'll be coming Did he say that? He is waiting for you since a long time Hey, Did you agree the Singapore contract? Sekhar told me... Not that It seems that Sir's tickets are also ready I thought of telling you this... but before that, you... For all these years you had bean saying that Grandpa Subbuni is there for you Now, what happened to Subbuni grandpa? ls he no more? Oh God!...grandpa Hey! then, what is this? You are not in a position to forget that girl lf you go to Singapore will you forget her? Tell me Grandpa leave that... There is no connection between that girl and this one Her chapter is already over They are paying 6000 dollars per month in Singapore Leaving that, what's there if I stay here Grandpa this is 1 year contract I will send you the tickets within one month You should come there Grandpa, I heard that Singapore girl's are very beautiful They do something called as... Sandwich massage We both will go together lnstead of enjoying in this age ...if I stay here... Look Grandpa... Be cool, grandpa Come, let's go Sekhar is waiting for us We will bear him for some time Bangalore transfer is some what difficult... Father knows few people there I will contact them and tell you She is coming My name is Ravi! I am....leave it He's our Rajesh He's Rajesh's grandpa He said that he wants to talk to you? Will you talk....? Greetings! Talk to her! Are you Reena? -Yes You know our Rajesh very well, isn't it? I'm his grandfather What do you want now? I want my grandson And he wants you We don't have mental peace because of his problem There is a proverb Perform one marriage even at the cost of 1000 lies But, my grandson has spoken only one lie Even that, he didn't speak on his own He told that lie on my motivation I told him to tell the truth with conviction She will get angry immediately after knowing the truth Later slowly that anger will subside But, you never understood his Love You don't know about Rajesh He got a job in Singapore with $10,000 He said, Grandpa is important for me, not the job But now, he is going for only $6000 Why? He's not intrested to stay here Now, you're more important to him than me You are more important than his life to him Please, don't bein a haste Understand him and then say you love him But don't say 'No' to him I had asked Rajesh whether he's like his father or mother He had told me that he's like his grandpa Are you that grandpa? You've come very late So many things had happened without my knowledge Still, it's continuing Nothing is in my hands You find some other good girl for Rajesh At least tell her the truth at that time Please, ask Rajesh to forget me What Subbuni? Did you hear her advice? This will not work, Subbuni Hey, I'm telling you from my experience This girl will never forget my grandson No Sam! I had spoken to that girl several times She is not at all responding Oh! I see lntroduce that girl to me once I will help you Hey, Rajeev What happened to that girl's matter? Hey, leave that matter Swimming pool is full of water With more kick you may fall into it Be careful! Hey,Check whether the chicken fry is ready! Go... What did I say? You told to introduce... Yes....lf you introduce her then I... One Senior bachelor has come to meet you Who? Has he came to meet me? -Yes! Sir, you... You're American Rajeev, isn't it? - Yes Why're you standing? Please be seated I'm Rajesh's grandpa -What's the matter? I want to talk to you Regarding? About my grandson & Reena I can't understand My grandson Rajesh & Reena loved each other You don't know anything Don't talk unnecessarily It's you, who doesn't know anything Rajesh and your Reena.... Not for 1 or 2 days But for 5 days they both had met and exchanged their hearts She even asked him openly When will you marry me? It was wrong to use your name But, it doesn't mean that she loves only American Rajeev Love between Rajesh and Reena is an absolute truth You are saying like this... But when I had spoken to Reena about this, let me tell, what she said She requested me not to speak even a word about Rajesh Do you understand? What will you say for this? Nothing wrong in it brother She was angry with us She was angry because we had told her a lie That is a type of mock anger This is quiet common between lovers Look, my parents had decided long back our marriage I've also decided! I like her very much Okay! Sunny....Okay! You & your parents, Elders would've decided about Betrothal & Marriage But, did everyone ever tried to ask what's there in her heart? No! Shall I tell you, what's there in it? Love! You talked big about betrothal,Marriage ...this...and that.. Auspicious time They can be changed at any time They'll change according to our will & wish But, Love will never change under any circumstances Because, it is equal to God As said by you Love is equal to God But, your grandson doesn't know anything about it All he knows is fights & Brawls Even after knowing that I'm going to marry Reena ...He's trying to spoil it with jealousy Son! I'm saying this with good will for you only Knowing very well that there's some one else in that girl's heart ...lf you marry her! Will your life be happy? I'm happy for your concern about my happiness Look! Don't waste your time Why are you running all around at this old age? Get me an lnvitation Card! Tomorrow our marriage will definitely take place! Don't say another word! Please go away You don't worry! our boys will lay siege to their house ...They'll enter their house and create trouble They'll somehow stop the marriage ls it Okay? Yuck! -What yuck? You want to slip silently to Singapore tomorrow isn't it? Wherever you may go, you can never forget her even for a moment I can't forget her! Yes! I've not forgotten her even now But, I can forget her! ...l'll forget her Hey! What's the time? Shall we go now? What's it? Looks like I'll cast an evil eye myself Do you know how beautiful you look? What's this urgency? You'll spoil my Rose Why do you need a Rose? Give it to the groom ls it? Then, for me? -Are you the groom? ...Come with me Flight is at 7.30, I must be at Airport by 5.30 Come! Come! Dear People! We've gathered here to unite this man & woman as husband & wife These both are getting married in your presence Who's going to give away the bride? ...The vows taken by them... Jesus!Who'll save his children at all times Merciful father! ...The marrying couple should understand each other! ...Filling their lives with Love I'll check in & come! Rajeev Samuel, do you accept Reena Joseph as your wife ...And will you live with her all your life? Rajeev Samuel, do you accept Reena Joseph as your wife And will you live with her all your life? I've to discuss with Reena I thought this marriage is happening with your consent But, after coming here I feel it is not Why're you like this? Don't you like this marriage? I'm asking you only! I didn't ask to make you cry ...l'm...why're you behaving like this after coming here? You're the bride But, there's no happiness visible on your face Why? But, I love you! ln happiness or sorrow I love you I love you in my thoughts and deeds I desired to marry you But, I want to know whether I'm there in your heart You said isn't it? When you're confused you'll close your eyes & decide Close your eyes now and tell me ...Am I there in your heart?.. ....Or that Rajesh? ...Do it once for me! ...Do it once for me! lf you give me an auspicious thread and marriage band cassette ....l'll marry you, right now! Hereafter, I'll not decide after closing my eyes! ....l'm leaving it to you! Rajeev... What happened? Shall I talk to her? Rajeev Samuel, do you accept Reena Joseph as your wife And live with her all your life I'll go, grandpa Look! I'm sending you ticket in a month! You're coming there! We both are settling down in Singapore Are you going to Singapore? Are you going on getting a job?..... ....Or going off defeated? Why're you going away? Before you go away! Shall we decide between us once for all? No, Sam! ....Live happily! ....l had only won in this war ....l can say it confidently! I'm getting late for my flight ...l'm going! You can go! but one important thing I've a stroke, still left I can marry Reena and take her with me in just 2 days You may not know even her where abouts all your life You'll get depressed with her memories I can enjoy it happily & be happy Last stroke is mine You can't live with that, isn't it? Hey! What are you blabbering? Wait a minute! I never told this before with you ...You're very beautiful I did present her with a ring! I didn't marry her She likes you! You! That's why, I've brought her to you You won over me in just 5 days She's all yours! I can never forget our relationship ....l'm your friend always! We both will always remain as enemies There can never be any friendship between us I closed my eyes & saw I saw you My name is Rajesh! I'm not from America I'm a local Andhra Man I love you! >> Hi, I'm Christine. >> Hey, guys, my name's David. >> My name is Fizza. I go to Bucks County Community College. >> Hi, I'm Sylvia. >> I'm Rachel and I'm an actual student at Bucks County Community College. >> My name's Shannon. >> Hi, I'm Michaela and I'm a student here at Bucks. >> Hi, I'm Katy and Bucks is my college. >> Hey, guys, how are you doing? I chose Bucks because it was both affordable, close to home and it offered a variety of classes along with the classes that I needed to transfer to a 4-year school. >> My favorite thing about Bucks is the people here and the ability just to try new things and get a sense of community with people around you and experience a whole new beginning. >> It was my golden ticket, my second chance to get that opportunity that only really comes around once in a lifetime. >> Bucks County Community College gave me an opportunity to excel as a person and to better myself while still living my life outside of school. >> I picked Bucks County Community College and it's turned out to be the best thing that I ever did. >> So why is Bucks the right choice for you? >> The professors here aren't just professors. They're friends. They want to see you do well. They want to see you succeed. >> It's being able to take what you learn in the classroom and bring it into and apply it in the real world, and that's really something I felt here at Bucks. >> Ability to succeed...it gives you that ability. >> Whatever path you choose to follow, Bucks will have classes to help you get there. >> They offer virtually anything. They have art programs here. They have music programs here, business. >> They have a great nursing program. >> There are a lot of good science courses here, biology, chemistry. >> I am a film major so I have all the audio classes, and then I have film production classes and editing classes. >> They have night classes, online classes. Anything that works for you, Buck College can always be integrated into your everyday activities, and Bucks is a great place to start. >> We have a lot of students here that are just here for 2 years, so they can come and in a relatively short amount of time have immediate experience, and they can get a job in two years and typically a really good job. >> All of our programs transfer to other colleges and universities or go into direct job entry programming. >> Every single credit I received at Bucks directly transfers. >> And I could get a good education transfer to a 4-year school after going two years without putting myself in debt. >> And so students can find what they need here and then move right on into another environment. >> Now let me introduce you to some of our professors. >> Bucks is a great place just because the people here really care if you're getting an education. >> I think that's one of the things that makes us really unique. It's that personal interaction between the instructors and the students that provides for a really, really rich learning environment. >> The quality of education is superb. >> Bucks County Community College is also characterized by being very progressive. So while it's nice to have this historic site, we have two very new modern sites that we've built in both Upper and Lower Bucks which have all of the latest technology and featured not only in architectural magazines for their design quality but also for the way in which they meet student learning needs. >> What excites me the most about the Upper Bucks campus is the fact that Phase 2 is a green building. >> This is different from, I think, any other community college. This has a very collegiate setting. >> I feel like I'm at a university when I'm here. The professors here are incredibly knowledgeable, and you can establish relationships with people who are working in their field. >> Students not only get the general ideas of the subject, but they get the real world experience. >> The activity is directly relevant to what they're doing in their life and what they're learning in the text book. >> The resources, the professors, the diversity of Bucks allows, I think, to provide an excellent foundation for whatever anyone else is going to do. >> And we also provide the resources like the computers, scanners, digital cameras. >> We have to be on top of what's happening out there, what's changing. >> The technology in the classroom is just superb. >> Computers, smart boards in every classroom, projectors, it's all state of the art, brand new technology. We have beautiful computer labs. >> We stay on top of it. We teach the newest version of software. >> You get more enthusiastic using professional equipment, getting with passionate teachers. >> It's a wonderful place to work. >> This is my dream job. >> I think Bucks offers a full package along with not just what goes on in a classroom but all of the extracurricular. There's a lot of club activity. There's a lot of socializing. >> And Bucks has so much more to offer. [Music] >> I feel very confident with the skills I've learned here at Bucks County Community College, and they're going to help me further my career. I feel like it was a great choice for me to make to come here. >> The best experience a student can have is to get you used to being in college. >> It's an excellent place to be. If you're thinking about going to college, you've got to make sure you come here to Bucks. >> This is a great school for me, and I'm sure it'll be a great school for you too. >> Bucks is an amazing place for you to go to school. >> You should try it. You'll love it here. The only place we were able to escape it was the river that runs behind our school. Near the station, about two miles from the flash, Teruko Fujii thought her tram had short-circuited on the overhead cables, and that the whole thing was her fault. I thought that I'd caused some kind of disaster. I thought I'd broken the tram and done something terrible! And then I thought, is it a bomb? That was when I realised it wasn't me who'd caused all this trouble. First I thought only the station area was affected. Then I saw people walking towards me with injuries, and skin hanging from them. Everybody thought, perhaps if I go over there, I could be saved. People to the west thought the east might be better. People were going in every direction, in total silence. Amid all the destruction, there was at least one miracle. Eight-year-old Takashi Tanemori was carried through the burning city by the soldier who rescued him. At last, the soldier reached the river, and from the crowds, the little boy heard a familiar voice. Somehow my father spotted me! I guess he called my name, and maybe I responded, and I said, that's my daddy! And then he stood straight to the soldiers, and then he bowed many, many times to the soldiers, said, thank you!You are saviour! Later on, after we were flying back, conversation started about, you know, the war being over, as a result of this bombing. Despite the number of people we killed, we saved multiple numbers over that from being in a war, and being killed, on America's side, and on the Japanese side. That time, there was such a hatred for the Japanese, that the more we killed, the better off we thought we were, because that means there's going to be less that we're going to have to contend with during the invasion. After a six-hour return flight, the Enola Gay reached Tinian Island. The following... Three, four, 500 people there. And when we got out of the airplane, of course we were all getting out,we're tired and I get out, I remember getting out, carrying my oxygen mask,I'm right behind Paul, and then some joker calls us to attention. I got out of the airplane,like I was told, he pins this thing on my shirt, guys are taking pictures of us,I saluted, and after that was over with. I'm back to my duty. We've got to go to de-briefing, by the intelligence people. They had certain things to ask,did you see this, and did you see that, and so forth. Confirming that we had bombed the right target. I said, sure. Dr Hida escaped from the rubble of the farmhouse four miles outside Hiroshima. After checking on the child he had been treating, he headed back towards the city. It's about six kilometres to Hiroshima from there. When I was halfway there, suddenly a strange creature appeared out of nowhere. As it was summer, if it were human, it would have been wearing white. What I saw was all black, from top to bottom. Pitch black. I though it was strange. At the top there was something round,like a head. It had shoulders,something like a body followed. But it was like it had no face. It was black. The area around the eyes had swollen up, it had no nose, the lower half of the face was just mouth! It was frightening! As a doctor,the first thing you do is take a pulse. But when I took his hand, there was no skin. There was nowhere I could hold. So I stood up, saying, please,pull yourself together,and walked around him. This person gave a small shudder, and then he stopped moving. He had died. He had fled three kilometres, and then he died there. That man was the first fatality caused by the bomb, that I saw. Army recruit, Shigeru Terasawa,had been stationed seven milesfrom the centre of the blast. His unit was sent to help survivors, but they soon faced a terrible conflict, between their compassion and their training. Even now there are things that I will never forget. One is the sound of people begging me for water. In those days,we had been told not to give water to the badly burned. To tell you the truth,we all had these big, military water flasks on our hips. People were begging for water, but we didn't give them any. We had been told that if we did, they would die straight away. And so I didn't give them any. A lot of people died. Now, looking back, I wish I had given them water. Burned, and bleeding, in the intense heat, people were desperate to find any water they could. They fled to the rivers, to pools, and reservoirs. Among them, nurse Kinuko. I knew there was a pool of water, in the back yard of the hospital. Lots of people had already got into the pool. More people had jumped on top of them. The people underneath drowned. This is one scene I can never forget. I still dream about it. Then came a strange deliverance. Dark raindrops began to fall from the clouds above the burning city. We opened our mouths, and drank it. Our throats were parched, but it was difficult to capture the rain into our mouths. The rain had been made black by ash and smoke which had been sucked into the rising mushroom cloud. When these ashes mixed with cool, humid air in the upper atmosphere, they formed thick, black raindrops, and fell back down on to the city. The drops of rain were big enough to hurt, when they hit your skin. It descended in a torrent. Black fluid flowed where the rain fell. It was raining black fluid. What the people who drank the rain didn't realise, was that it was highly radioactive. In time, it would poison many thousands. On the day the bomb was dropped, President Truman was still travelling home from Europe. On our way back, on the Augusta, returning to Washington, we were on the edge of our chairs, because we expected any day: any time, any day, to have a flash from the War Department that the first bomb had been dropped. And on August 6th,as we were one day out from Norfolk,that flash came. George Elsie decoded the telegram that brought the news to President Truman on the Augusta. When something like that came, we would walk in to him immediately, we would interrupt whatever he was doing. He happened to be having lunch with the crew, at that point. I took it to Truman, who showed it to Secretary Burns, and to Admiral Leyhey, and Truman announced to the ship's crew this great accomplishment. We have dropped a single bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima, with the power of 20,000 tons of TNT. The city has been completely destroyed! There was cheering, cheering by the crew,and by the officers,when he read it in the officers' mess. The Augusta was one of the ships that was destined for the Pacific, and would have been involved in the invasion. The crew knew that. Just about everybody who was in Europe knew that they would be headed for the Pacific, and an invasion of Japan. So they were just as overjoyed as the President was, that this damned thing is over! We hope this will be a warning to the Japanese military! Come on, boys, we're going home! He was eager to get home, because he was sure that the Japanese surrender would come very soon. In case there was any doubt, Truman spelt it out to the Japanese High Command. It was to spare the Japanese people form otter destruction that the ultimatum of July 26th was issued at Potsdam. Their leaders promptly rejected that ultimatum. If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of war,from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Late that afternoon, the mayor of Hiroshima, issued his own proclamation. The present catastrophe is the result of a horrible and inhuman air raid. The enemy's intention is clearly to undermine the fighting spirit of the Japanese people. Citizens of Hiroshima, the damage is great, but that is only to be expected during a war. Keep up your spirits. Do not lose heart. The morning after the bomb, a full-scale rescue effort began. Squads of soldiers from surrounding garrisons were drafted in to help. They collected the dead bodies and disposed of them before disease could spread. The wounded were quickly taken away for treatment. Makeshift hospitals were set up,although there were only a handful of medical staff. Dr Hida found himself treating 3,000 survivors in a village outside Hiroshima. At first we had no medicine, no equipment. There was nothing we doctors could do. However, we gathered up some things, and started treating the burns. Nurse Kinuko had an extraordinary escape. I don't know whether I was unconscious for hours or for days. When I did come round, I thought, so, I'm still alive. God must have given me strength. She woke to find that she had been thrown into a mass grave. After I crawled out of the hole, I managed to cross the road, to get to the entrance of the hospital. It took me a terribly long time, as I could not stand, nor lift my arms, or move them to the side. I crawled like an insect, and finally reached the hospital entrance. Dr Hinoki from the pharmacy spotted me, and exclaimed, you're still alive! He picked me up, and carried me to the surgery area. The corridor was full of people lying side by side. This was where they operated on me, and removed all of the large pieces of glass that were stuck in me. All over the city, relatives searched the ruins for signs of survivors. Before midday, my friend's father came to get us. But my friend, who had escaped from the bank with me, turned out to have a broken spine. She died a week later. She was a year younger than me. I am nearly 80 years old now, but she was only 18 at the time. whenever I think of her, she is still 18 years old. She was a very pretty, gently person. - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - - Untranslated subtitle - Three days after the Hiroshima bomb, despite all the destruction, Japan still hadn't surrendered. A second bomb was made ready, and Truman issued another warning. The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on more industries. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately, and save themselves from destruction. I realise the tragic significance of the atomic bomb. Having found the atomic bomb, we have used it. We have used it against those who attacked us, without warning, at Pearl Harbour. Against those who have starved, and beaten, and executed American prisoners of war. Against those who have abandoned all pretence of obeying international laws of warfare. We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. A second bomb was intended for the city of Kokura, but it was too cloudy, so the plane moved on to Nagasaki. Desperately short of fuel, the crew released the bomb, despite more clouds. The bomb missed the aiming point, and fell into a valley. This time there was no firestorm, but even so, more than 50,000 people were killed. The Supreme War Direction Council in Tokyo was meeting on the same day. By now, the Russians had declared war on Japan. Then came the news from Nagasaki. Then, Prime Minister Suzuki did something unheard of. He asked the Emperor to break the deadlock, and make a decision. Emperor Hirohito told them he wanted to end the suffering, and bear the unbearable. Four days later, radical soldiers attempted a coup, to prevent the surrender. They failed. At dawn on the day that Emperor Hirohito was to broadcast an announcement to the Japanese people that the war was over, General Anami prepared to end his life in the time-honoured tradition of seppuku. His suicide note read: "My death is my apology for my great crime. " The war was over. At last the troops were going home. There was jubilation around the world. But then, came something that would forever change perception of the bomb. It started in the hospitals. A mysterious illness began to spread. I noticed it from about the fourth day. Of course, it had been there all along, but I thought people were dying of severe burns. The woman who lost her children in the fires, Shigei Hiratsuka, and her husband, were amongst those affected. They lined my bed up next to my husband's, and took his test first. When they had taken enough blood for the sample,they withdrew the needle. But the blood wouldn't stop. Nothing worked, whatever they did. Even when they applied pressure, he carried on bleeding. During this time, purple spots began breaking out all over my husband's body. He then vomited a large amount of brown liquid. Afterwards he went limp, and died an hour later. He had managed to survive that far, but then even he was taken away from me. Her husband was one of thousands who would die from this new and untreatable condition. They were rotting. It was necrosis. There were no white blood cells, so the blood had no power to fight against infection, and so, suddenly, the rotting set in. In the end, the hair would start to fall out. When you put your hand on the patient's head, tufts of hair would come away in your hand. It emerged that those who were worst affected had been close to the hyper centre, or had swallowed radioactive material, like the people who drank the black rain. In hindsight, we realised that it was radiation, but at that time, we didn't know what it was. Radiation sickness has become the single most disturbing legacy of the bomb. American scientist had always known the bomb would produce radiation, but the scale of the after effects came as a shocking surprise. Today Hiroshima is a thriving city of over a million people. Japan, too, has been transformed into a prosperous country that has renounced the use of war entirely. Although no one has used a nuclear weapon since, arguments continue as to the morality of dropping the bomb. Was it really necessary? Could it have been avoided? The nation had no rice to eat, people had not eaten white rice for a whole year. How could such a country go to battle? The Americans knew that, very well, and still dropped the atomic bomb. Why? It was an experiment!They knew that the bomb had enormous explosive power. What they did not know was how much damage the radiation would cause. Some scientists thought they knew, but they had not tested it, so they made an experiment, to find out, by testing it on human beings. The final decision that resulted in the two bombs, Hiroshima and Nagasaki, was not made in Potsdam, it wasn't made by Truman, it was made by the Japanese militarists when they rejected any opportunity to surrenderjust their armed forces, and save further massive loss of life. Today there are just a few places that bear the scars of August 6th 1945. There are burn marks on trees, the shadow of a vaporised man, left on stone. First hand memories are fading too. Akiko Takakura, the bank clerk, who had been just 260 metres from the hyper centre, is one of the last witnesses to the full horror of the bomb. There is a department store called Sogo, in Hiroshima, where I stop sometimes for tea. From the tearoom, I can see the road from the bank to the drill ground, where we escaped. I see old people walking happily down the street. Young people holding hands, and enjoying each other's conversation. Children holding their parents' hands, and looking happy. And I think about those awful scenes that I experienced, many years ago, now, and all the people that lost their lives. I think to myself, what was all that? Did it really happen? Every year, on 6th August, there are ceremonies to recall what took place on that day, to make sure that these events are never forgotten, or repeated. At sunset, tens of thousands of candles are released on the river in Hiroshima, each candle representing the soul of one of the dead. Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org The youth is the base and the first element for any civilization. Thier Training and development is the first step for nation-building Hi, I Am Fahad You don't imagine how we happy when we accomplish something, especially when its the first success when we pass the high school tell me i found my name Congratulation !! May Allah make you succeed in your life my son. your future is rise and shine now I hope Dad that i met your expectations and makes your dreams came true but, all this happiness was a quick dream and i woke up on a difficult reality, No study and No Job what happen with you ? What you want me to tell you ? i didn't find any job and i looked every where. see you guys !! " Adan Sound " Al Salam Alaykom Fahad, Where are you ? every day you come home first thing in the morning !! and you sleep till noon my son, really i feel sorry for you. don't waste your future dad, what you want me to do ? No collage, No job, No nothing. tell me what? the situation continues as it is until i meet with a friend from high school Fahad !! Hi Mishal, how are you ? what happen with you ? nothing, same old same old sorry Fahad to hear that what you think if i share with you my experience with HRDF. and its going to be your first step toward success. but Mishal, how can i get benefit from HRDF ? since i just had a high school. Fahad, HRDF it is for All Saudi youth who is looking for a suitable job. and he has a degree, high school, or elementary school. from here, my goal start to appear. with HRDF i took Mishal's advice, i logged in the HRDF website. i filled the application. after few days, a text message came to me i went to HRDF to see this opportunity. Fahad is not the only one whom started his success with HRDF. but there is thousands more. HRDF was established to fulfill the requirements and to face the unemployment in KSA. HRDF was established by a royal decree No. 107 in 29/04/1421 the decree came in critical and important time for the development of KSA to train and to develop the Saudis to suits the market and to help and encourage the private sector to hire the Saudis. HRDF was established to challenge the time and ourselves to achieve what they expect from us. this is helps us to be what we are now. we used the new technology to rise the proficiency of our youths. in order to fulfill these visions it requires hard work and good skills HRDF been provided with all kind of support from the privet sector. HRDF will bear 50% of the wages for whom been recruited in the privet sector. HRDF has now a good place in the market to be the first institute provides the conturbuition with the companies to help them to hire the Saudis. I am DR. Ayisha Abbas I had and experience with HRDF In my company, the most important challenge was the seller was not okay with the word " seller " in his contract and with the collaboration with HRDF we reach to a term Marketing Specialist. this title make our employee satisfied. and that what's important. we start training for the males and females employees. and we make agreements with some training centers. to train them out the company. I am very glad and pleased with HRDF. they give Saudiaztion a new meaning. Hello. This is Roger Coke Barr for the Bioelectricity course. We're in Week five and this is Lecture number four. We're going to begin talking about some of the features of a one-day cable. It's called one-day because the spatial change all occurs along the x-axis. Let's just talk about the dimensions of our cable. So, if we think about this cable along one axis, we'll call that axis x. At different times, people sometimes call it x and they sometimes call it z For the moment, we'll call it X. Let's say that our fiber has only three important geometrical dimensions. It has a radius, Call that a. It has the radius to an outer structure that is to say, the limit of where currents can be conducted. We'll call that b. And here, we are assuming that b is very large indeed. There is a limit, but it's, it's a big number. And then finally, we are on some occasions concerned with the length of the fiber. So, if it goes from here to here, we'll call that distance l. But more often, we subdivide our cable into segments and where it's subdivided into segments, we'll think of each segment, We subdivide into segments. Let's say, each segment has a length delta x Along axis x, there are currents. There's an intracellular current. I'll call that Ii.. And when the intracellular current is positive, that means it's going in the same direction as x. There's an extracellular current. Sometimes called the interstitial current. But here are es so that it is easily distinguished from the number zero, e for extracellualar and when there is extracellular current, it likewise falls in the direction of x. It's important to realize that, that is a restriction because the extracellular volume is very large. So, in general, currents outside the fiber can flow on all sorts of pathways. Right now, we are forcing our extracellular current to just flow in the x direction alone. Then, there is membrane current. Membrane current flows across the boundary. You're familiar with that, because we've talked about it so much in various other connections. When the membrane current is positive, we'll say that it's flowing from the inside to the outside. One-day uniform cable model has resistance that's specified in various fashions. So, we consider the bulk conductivity of the interior is row i The bulk conductivity of the extracellular is row E. These are the conductivities in ohm centimeters. And we were talking way back there about seawater and how it is in the range of 25 ohm centimeters. That's what we're talking about here with row i and row e. Often, the bulk resistivity, as it is called, is transformed into another form called ri An ri is row i divided by the cross-sectional area. So here, that would be row i divided by ia squared. It's done that way because now ri can be converted to the resistance r The intracellular side can be equal to ri times delta x That is to say, people create this entity, ri, so that some of the calculation that otherwise would be necessary, row i delta x over pi a squared. This is already done in advance. A similar thing is done for row e uwing the radius b, but often, then re is rather small. This model of a fiber, where there's one dimension, we've called it x Currents along the fiber, intracellular, extracellular, they bring current crossing over. This is called the core conductor model. It's a simple model, but it was not made up by somebody in kindergarten. It is a model that was created or at least perfected by Lord Kelvin in England. This is the Kelvin for whom the units degrees Kelvin is named. Kelvin made use of the core conductor model because he was a member of the scientific establishment in England. When at huge cost a cable is laid from one side of the Atlantic to the other and the cable failed. It did not work. So, a scientific committee or a review committee was put together. Kelvin was a member of the committee to figure out what had happened. And in the course of doing that work, the work on the transatlantic cable, the mathematical model that was frequently used came to be called the core conductor model because in that connection this. This cylinder was a physical cable that went from England to the United States. Of course, we have adapted that work into an entirely different context. But the basic idea is much the same. In our case, we're thinking perhaps of a nerve axon that is possibly cylindrical. It's within a salt solution that surrounds it. So, although much smaller and not going nearly as far, it is fundamentally similar in the currents that it carries to the transatlantic cable that was studied by Calvin and thus, we use the core conductor model here, just as he did there. Thank you for watching. I'll see you at the next segment. I don't 'live' life - I am Life! [piano music] [Mooji] You don't have to get unconfused. Even confusion can be there, shimmering, 'Sh-sh-sh,' energetically present. Don't try to get unconfused. Be that in which even the sense or the energy of confusion manifests and is perceived, stay as the perceiver itself. Don't go into, 'Oh yes, I want to understand.' No, don't touch this. Don't touch anything. I want to show you how simple it is. Like looking in the mirror. Simple like this. How long it will take for your reflection to arrive when you look in the mirror? [Questioner] It's there. [Mooji] It's there. You're there despite this confusion, you've been trained that confusion must be solved, 'It's a problem.' [Q.] Yeah. [Mooji] Yes. But you're aware of it. We don't forget what it is that you're searching for. You say. Is it for the pure Truth, to recognise it completely? [Q.] To be free. [Mooji] To be free. Yeah. This confusion is not going to help you. Or trying to work out confusion; it's a hoax. The confusion is a hoax, another form the mind takes. When you're looking for the Truth and you're finding the untruth, you're on to the mind; you smell the rat? Then the mind will begin to throw stones in the bushes to get you to look somewhere else. [laughter] It's arising as, 'Oh yeah,' arising as confusion, 'Oh no, I'm confused.' Then you remember, 'But you, who are you?' Who perceives even confusion? Don't take your eyes off your Self. The attention wants to go to something. Whatever it touches, it's out. [Q.] So how does one live one's day? [M.] How do you live your day? [Q.] Yeah. I mean, what to be? [Mooji] You live your day like me. I don't live my day. I don't live my day, therefore my day is beautiful. I don't have the responsibility to live. I don't even have a life. I AM life. You ARE life. 'How do you live a day,' is a hoax question. It's not true. How do you live? How are you living now? [Q.] I'm just sitting here. [Mooji] Is that what you're doing to live? Sitting here is also taking place. When you sneeze, do you say, 'I'm going to sneeze in about two minutes. I'm going to be hungry in three, thirsty in four.' You don't do it. When you're walking do you think, 'Where to put my next step?' No. Isn't it just happening? Everything is happening. This is the magnificence of your own being. Everything is happening, senses are functioning. You switch them on, turn up to the right volume? Nothing you have to do. Your life is spontaneity itself. How do you live your day? Don't live your day. Don't live your day. If you want to have a bad day, live your day. [laughter] Don't live. Forget about it. Don't live your day. The eyes open in the morning, and everything is up and about; forget about living your day. Why take on extra burden? Don't live your day. Can you say: 'Today I am not going to experience'? Can you do it? Can you stop experiencing? Experiencing will take place. 'I'm not going to move a muscle.' And a mosquito, 'Zz-zz.' [laughter] Can you command the life force how to behave? Can anybody do it? Oh, I tell you, your life is going to be such a beauty. It's going to be such a beauty. Stop buying the promises of a politician. [laughter] Mind is telling you, 'I'll help you. I'll show you how to be.' [laughter] Yeah. Forget about it. You ARE. Throw everything out. Throw all these walking sticks away and dance. Mind makes you clumsy; it makes you clumsy, thinking, 'How do I dance, how do I put my foot?' Yes, like this. [Q.] Yeah. [M.] I want to see you throw all your burdens away. [Q.] Me too. [Mooji] Yes, yes, yes. Then do it now. Yeah? Even if they come, throw them off. These thoughts are not serving you. These thoughts are not serving you. You are the magnificent being; a mighty being. You have no place amongst this type of thoughts. Don't descend down into that region. I so much want to hear a report from you; I'd love to keep an eye. I wish I was a bird; I'd fly and look around, see how you lot are getting on. Don't pick it up, don't pick up any of this. You don't need it. Eat the food in your mouth. Swallow. That's all. [Q.] I even said I should be a vegetarian, I should do this and that. [Mooji] Forget about it. Forget about it. [laughter] Enjoy your life, please. [laughter] If you feel drawn to a certain type of food, eat. Enjoy yourself. If you feel, 'I would like to change it,' change it. Enjoy yourself. There's a time to put effort, and a time not for effort. There's a time to work, and a time not to work. There's a time even to think, and a time not to think. Let them all play themselves out in your presence. [Q.] It sounds like a very nice way to live. [Mooji] Starting from when? [Q.] Right now. [Mooji] Very great. Very great. [laughter] Yes. I did not come here to find followers. I came here to release sages. [laughter] Yes. Full power. Not, 'Eeny meeny miny moe.' You don't have to go out and get this power somewhere else; it's already here. Yeah. [piano music] Be the space in which the wind blows. Don't fight the wind. [Norvig] So that was list comprehensions. Now let's look at generator expressions, which is almost the same idea. The syntax is the same in that a generator expression consists of a term, a mandatory for clause, and then optional for and ifs clauses-- as many of those as you want--0 or more. There's 2 differences. The generator expression uses parentheses instead of square brackets. Square brackets mean list; parentheses means generator. And then the other difference is that the computation doesn't get done all at once. Instead, a generator expression returns a value, which is a promise to do the computation later. So if we say g = this and then g is this promise, it hasn't done any calculation yet. It hasn't calculated any of the terms. And then I can ask, give me the next g. Then it starts doing the calculation and it keeps on looping through the for clauses or maybe multiple for clauses until it finds the first term and returns that. And then if I want, I can again ask for the next g and it will give me the second one and so on. Let's look at an example. Here I've defined the function sq for square of x. It takes in the value x, prints out that it's been called, and returns x * x. Here I've defined a generator from this generator expression that says g = (sq( x) for x in range(10) if x%2 == 0). So that's saying if x is an even number. And notice nothing has happened yet. We didn't get any printing of square was called, so square hasn't been called yet. The generator function is this promise. We can look at it. It says it's a generator object, but no computation has been done yet. We can ask for the next g and now, finally, square gets called with 0 as an argument, and we return 0 as a result. We can do that again. We get 4, 16, 36, 64. And what do you think is going to happen next? Now we're getting to the end of the loop. Range(10) means 0 through 9, so there are no more. So now when we ask for the next one, Python raises this condition called Stoplteration. So it's saying, "I've gotten to the end." "I have to stop the iteration because there's no more I can give you." "I can't give you the next one." This seems a little bit inconvenient because now I've got these errors and my program has to deal with them, but the idea is that you rarely will be calling next directly. Rather, most of the time you'll be doing this within a for loop. So I can say something like this where I say for x2 in this expression do something, and now the protocol for a for loop arranges to call the generator each time, to call the next function, and to deal with the Stoplteration exception and catch that. And so everything works fine. I can also convert the results. Here I've said I've got a generator expression and I'm converting that into a list. It does all the work and then it returns the result as a list. So I never have to deal explicitly with those Stoplterations. Why do you think I chose generator expression to implement the zebra puzzle? Do you think I wanted to confuse students; have less indentation so that the code would fit on the page; stop early as soon as I found the first result; or make the code easier to edit, to move around the various pieces of the constraints and so on? Check all that apply. Hello Hello. What's your name? My name is Aliki and and I'm 29 Tell me a little bit about yourself. I've been singing ever since I was a little baby. This has been my dream I just can't believe that I'm here today. Do you think you can win this show? I will do my best. I've of ----------- to fight through different circunstamces I have gone through Like what Aliki? A few years ago I was diagnosed with focal encephalitis What's that? It's an inflammation of the brain which meant that I couldn't speak, read, write, walk Wow! My mum would do everything for me She would feed me, bathed me and ... (Applause) Aliki's just finished her first year of university life was just starting for her and within the first two weeks of her being back from a journey her speech was starting to slow she was just getting confused about simple tasks we started to realise that something was going terribly wrong We went to seek the doctor's advise and she was diagnosed with encephalitis. It was a very frightening time. She couldn't walk. She couldn't bathe herself. It was really like everything that she'd known had been robbed away The doctors really couldn't say to us: "Don't worry, she'll be fine" 'cause we really did know how she would be It was heartbreaking. She did't want to believe that this is how things were gonna be. There's one night when Aliki in the hospital room so I just started to hum songs Aliki enjoyed since she was really young and all of a sudden we just heard this wonderful clear hummy coming from Aliki and she just could remmember all the tunes which was absolutely amazing It was just a sign. It was a very gradual recovery But she a very strong young lady. Music has been such a big part of her than the fact she could respond to music when she was so very very poorly an extra special part of her life. I'm very proud of Aliki. She deserves the world and I hope she gets I wish you the best of luck. Thank you. (lyrics) How can you see into my eyes like open doors? Leading you down into my core where I've become so numb. Without a soul my spirit's sleeping somewhere cold Until you find it there and lead it back home Wake me up inside Wake me up inside Call my name and save me from the dark Bid my blood to run Before I come undone Save me from the nothing I've become Bring me to life. Frozen inside without your touch Without your love, darling Only you are the life amongst the dead. Wake me up inside Save me from the nothing I've become. Bring me to life. They're all over there feet on them. Thank you Aliki. Amanda what do you think? Oh, my Godness me! I can't imagine what's your mum must be thinking 'cause that's practically an anthem for her. The words Bring me back to life, hear my voice. It was amazing! So, congratulations. Thank you. David? When you came on I thought I hope your voice is as beautiful as how you look, and it was. It was incredible! Thank you. Thank you. You are inspiring so many people, you will. And and I'm so glad you came here today. Oh, Thank you so much. Thank you. Simon? Well, you just have a natural talent Aliki, you know. That lyric was so poignant and there's something about your energy Aliki which is just incredible. David? Yes o no? It's yes. Amanda? Yes, absolutely yes. Thank you. I love you and say yes. Simon? Well, let me tell you.. you've got four yeses. Congratulations! Yes..Well done it! Well done it! That was amazing! Thank you. She is amazing. There's something special about her. Great for you. Well done! and you got great Thank you so much. great comments from the judges really lovely comments from the judges and then..I will be seeing you again. Yes? Yes! Well done! Go ring your mum. Congratulations. Thanks. Hello Hello And? I've gone through to the second round She made it! Oh, my God! I am so exciting! Hello to you watching on youtube. If you wanna see more incredible talent Click onto the buttom below and make sure you subscribe to the BGT channel. It's worth it. I'm on it. And you know what that means. Yes Candies, taxfree, snuff and prank . Yes, because men in our age also need to have some fun. And for us the exciting in life is to go to "Småland" and do prank. Really living. Just so we feel alive. Or as Kine Hellebust says - "It's all about living ". But she also says that "If prank for you is just prank, you have killed life" Enoug is enough. Here is "Prank in Småland" PRANK IN SMÅLAND Today It is trailer coupling horn, and this is a horn we attach to the trailer coupling on the car. If you push the break... You'll honk ... Come on! It says: Toot! What was that? It was just a little prank. Yes, it was really unnecessary. Yes, ok. I'm sorry. They are driving away. Let them drive a bit. Fuck.. We are going to do an interview . You have to leave Calle. Okay, but if I go, all the ladies go too. That is okay./THAT DOES NOT HELP Okay, let's go. We are done here. Giles Shih: My name is Giles Shih. I'm President and CEO of BioResource International. We're a agriculture/biotechnology company based in the RTP area, Research Triangle Park in North Carolina. We are basically helping to grow healthier and bigger chickens in a sustainable way. We have a natural feed supplement that we had developed in collaboration with NC State, North Carolina State University. What it does is it helps supplement the animal's natural digestive enzymes to get more nutritional value out of their feed. We started the company with the idea of commercializing these enzymes for poultry and for our pig animal feed applications. As long as there are people eating more chickens and pigs around the world, we see that a lot in the developing countries, in the emerging countries, we have huge opportunities overseas. We call them our big green chickens. Basically, they're healthy, sustainable poultry production because it's a natural supplement, it's not a antibiotic, it's not a hormone. This is something that's derived from nature. The product is produced by fermentation. It's like brewing beer or alcohol, but we're brewing an enzyme. These are done in very large scale fermentation tanks. The product comes to us as a spray dried concentrated product. Then we have a mixing facility and packaging facility in North Carolina where we mix and blend and package the final product. The core of our business is, really, research and development, production, and delivery. Our customers would be the Purdues and Tysons of the world, and the Smithfield's, the ones that are growing poultry and growing swine. What they do is they add the product as an additive about one pound per ton of feed, or half a kilo per metric ton in their feed mills where they're mixing corn and soybean and other rations, and then deliver it to the farms that way. We sell our product into Brazil, into India, eventually into China; huge populations that have a need for growing more poultry and swine. We are a part of that and that's really exciting, for us and for a lot of people. If you can help them grow a chicken or a pig at pennies less per pound, then they're interested. That's what you lead with, but then what we also say is there's an added benefit here because if your chicken or your pig digest the feed better, they're going to pollute less and therefore you're going to have less issues with the environment. We've done studies to show when you use our enzyme, you can lower the nitrogen that's excreted as a byproduct because the animals digest their food better. But it's not an easy sell. It takes time. People want to have healthy poultry that they know have been grown without the use of artificial products, and we think that we can be part of that long term solution. These things don't change overnight. In India and China, they have to be more resourceful and find ways to grow their chickens and pigs economically, sustainable and environmentally sustainable ways. We're not just helping to grow bigger chickens. We're feeding the world. This is an increasingly important issue as the population grows. Mr Haithem al-Maleh, you have heard these statements. To talk politics is to discuss benefits and advantages. What are the practical options available to you other than the proposals you have rejected so far that could, for example. bring about a referral to the International Criminal Court or a UN peace initiative? Do you think this is the best the international community has to offer you after 22 months of violence? I heard Al-Akhdar Ibrahimi's statement, and have previously met with him in Cairo. In Mr Ibrahimi's first interview within Syria, he said that the situation in Syria effects international peace. I had hoped of Mr Al-Akhdar Ibrahimi to present a report to the Security Council, briefing them in detail on the reality in Syria, and to reiterate to them his statement. The words of Al-Akhdar Ibrahimi, the UN envoy to Syria, provide the context for political action on Syria. We would welcome a report from Al-Akhdar Ibrahimi to the Security Council stating that the situation in Syria poses a dangerous threat to the stability of the region and to international peace, making clear the responsibilities of the international community. That said, I assure you, sir, that Al-Akhdar Ibrahimi is not able to land at Damascus International Airport. The airport is curently under siege from all areas, and flight activity has all but ceased. This very moment, I have live intelligence of the exact location where Bashar Al-Assad sleeps at night. The revolutionaries will arrest this criminal and his companions so that they will face justice. That aside, I would like to share with viewers the good news that Tal al-Mallouhi the young woman imprisoned for years for her writings on her blog, has been successfully smuggled from a prison belonging to the government's internal securtiy apparatus. This demonstrates that the regime no longer controls the country, and that they are in retreat. The upper hand lies with the popular revolutionary movement, and with the people on the streets. Victory is near. Indeed, the price the Syrian people have had to pay has been great, the likes of which has not been paid by another people or nation. History will bear witness to the heroics of the Syrian people, and we will strive towards establishing a new nation, a democratic nation... (inaudible)... and civil liberties. Daddy, do you know the characters in this book? Ah, they are pictographs. There used to be many pictographs in ancient times. Thirty Six Characters Look here. Sun Mountain Water Hey, it started moving! Tree Oh, Woods! Tree Tree Tree Oh, I get it! Many trees make a Forest! Right! Look here. Birds! Chirp, chirp... Elephant Right Hey. How did you recognize it? Um, it has a long trunk and four legs. Right. That's how our ancestors created pictographs. What does this look like? Grass. Let me try. OK, here. Doesn't this look like Farmland? It does. Bamboo. This character is pronounced Zhu. Means Bamboo This is Um A Horse! A Man! My child Hum? Let us use these characters to tell a story, shall we? OK! Giddy up! Oops He is fine. He wants to cross the river. Yes, but no boat. Then what shall we do? Here you are. Knife Chuan? It's Chou. Back then, Boats were called Chou. Fish He must want to catch fish. Net Yes, he caught it. A bird is coming. Bird Swallow！ That's right. Cloud Rain Oh no, it's raining Don't worry Look Umbrella Now it is fine. Oh no! The boat capsized. Help him. Rock Thank goodness, there's a rock. So cold... Then Fire Wonderful Turtle...a big turtle! The boat That's great Look! Deer! Pig! And a Sou, means Old Man. Tiger Oh no! Hurry, help the old man. Use Bow and Arrow. Yes. The tiger is dead. House! It is pronounced She. Thank you. Lamb Thank you for saving my life, take the lamb. There's no need Please, accept it. Thank you then. Oh, the baby tiger is crying. Then let's take it as well. Flower The boat is too small. It will sink. They can't go together. Then The lamb wants to eat the flower. The tiger wants to eat the lamb. What shall we do now? The tiger doesn't eat flower. Then ferry the lamb first. Alright Tiring, isn't it? If he had put the flower in his straw hat, he would only need to ferry twice. Time to go home Horse, Man, Flower, Lamb, Tiger, Elephant, Deer, Pig, Bird, Turtle! Door We're home now! That's Dog. A Child, that's his son. That Woman is mom. Dad gave mom a flower! Moon OK, here ends the story. Hey daddy. The story should called "the Adventure of the Groom" Silly child. The story is for you to learn pictographs. Do you remember them? Yes. Thirty Six Characters. By default, the working area in 3ds Max is divided into four viewports of equal size. This is where you view and modify your scene. Only one viewport is active at a time, and is highlighted by a yellow border. To switch viewports, make it a habit of right-clicking instead of left-clicking inside the viewport you wish to activate. This will prevent many problems later. To switch the active viewport between normal and full-sized, press Alt-W. If you want multiple viewports but don't like the default layout, you can resize viewports, horizontally, vertically, or both ways by clicking and dragging the viewports' intersection point. You can reset the layout with a right-click at the intersection of two or more viewports. Another way of reorganizing the viewports is to right-click the General viewport label menu, which looks like a plus sign, and access the Viewport Configuration dialog. Select the Layout tab and choose from any one of the fourteen layouts. In this case, let's leave the default setup and cancel the dialog. The default viewport shows three isometric views, Top, Left, and Front, and one 3D viewport called Perspective. Isometric views are 2D representations of the 3D scene, while the Perspective view most closely resembles human vision. You can change a view by right-clicking the Point of View Viewport label menu and selecting another view from the list. You can also change the view by pressing V to obtain a shorter menu or by interacting with the ViewCube. For more information, see the movie entitled, "Using the ViewCube and Steering Wheels". At this time, only the Perspective view is shaded. The other views are shown in wireframe. You can change this by right-clicking the Shading viewport label menu and switching the mode between Wireframe and Smooth + Highlight. To achieve this more quickly, use the F3 key on the keyboard, as a toggle for this mode. When a viewport is shaded, you can also see the underlying geometry by turning on the Edged Faces mode. This is an extremely valuable tool when modeling. The keyboard shortcut for Edged Faces mode is F4. Why do you go ... Why did you go ... At the moment I began to love you Wish you would be my lover In fact, you went away from my life ..... Alone again Alone again At the moment you let me go Nobody ever graced my day At the moment I woke from my sleep ,,,,, I ... want you Come and meet me I'll tell you that I love you ... I ... want you Come and meet me I'm telling you right now I really love you ... Alone again ... Alone again ... At the moment you let me go Nobody ever graced my day At the moment I woke up from my sleep ... I ... want you Come and meet me I'll tell you I love you ,,, I ... want you Come and meet me I'm telling you right now i really love you uuuu ... can you understand About this feeling Sorry I have been swept up With beautiful love Sorry I really can not get back to you Sorry I have been swept up With the beauty of love ... I ... want you Come and meet me I'll tell you i really love you uuu ,,,, I ... want you Come and meet me I'll tell you i really love you uuu ..... i ... want you Come and meet me I'll tell you i really love you uuu .... forever and always So, now we have Emily Dickinson's poem 556 The Brain Within It's Groove. It's a very difficult poem. We're going to spend a lot of time with it. So, I want us to do a close reading together. So, Max, you have "The brain". All right. Ann Maris, you have "groove". Okay, Molly runs "evenly and true". So you have that whole line there. Okay. All right. And, Anna, will you help her with that? -Mm-hm. -All right. Allie, you and Dave have this very difficult idea of "the splinter swerving". And Emily, you have this whole thing about the "current", the "flood", all that stuff. Very, very difficult stuff. And you can, you can, you also have the "turnpike", you have all that stuff. Excellent. Okay? Ann Maris, you have the word "trodden". And Max, we'll be back to you for "middles". Okay. Okay? All right. "The brain within it's groove". Max, tell us about the brain. -The brain is the seat of all of our thought and maybe also our consciousness, like I said it would be debatable. It's typically thought of in opposition to the heart. -Okay, so, thinking with a slight connotation of passionless that is it's intellection, intellection.. -Yes, that it's, it's rational, we think of it as, as rational. -Okay and you don't... you don't really know which connotation works here cause we haven't really been through the poem, but your guess, your guess as to what she means here. -Which connotation of the brain? -Yeah, you've only given us a couple. Can you give us a couple more connotations of "the" brain? Anna will help you. Anna, what's another context for the brain? If I ever use the word brain what do I mean? -We could talk about brain, or brains versus brawn, as kind of like a, the brain is like in opposition. -Okay, another version of the brain-heart. Completely different context, anybody? Brain? The physical thing that's residing in the head... Why, Max, "the" brain? Why "the" brain, as opposed to "brains" or "a" brain? -She's talking about the brain in general, I guess. Human brains or anyone's brain the common brain. -It's funny how the article "the" is put in front of something that could be thought of as I don't want to say abstract, but "generalizeable", it becomes more general, a brain. -Yeah, absolutely. -So, this brain, or the particular brain, the brain that is in your head, Max is specific. "A" brain is a little more general, and then "the" brain can be [specific as in]: "Folks, we are now today going to talk about the brain", says the anatomy teacher. Okay. Which [of both] do you think it is? It's probally the latter, huh? Yeah the brain. "The brain generally within its groove runs evenly and true". I believe. It's Ann Maris who has "groove". -Mm-hm. -Are you groovy? -I'm groovy. -Are you? Is that a connotation that's relevant here? -No, not at all. In fact., quite the opposite. -Ann Maris, guys, is not groovy as can be. -This has much more of a linear connotation. I have an image in my head of the brain being cradled within this normal or natural line of reasoning, following its tendencies. -So, it's not a reference to the physical brain in the cranium that's in a groove. Although my brain in the head is in the groove of my neck and collar bone, that's true. Sits there on top of the spine. She's not referring to that. What's she referring to? -Thought process? -Thought process! So, it's not the brain as a physical object. It's the brain that creates thought. And thought in a groove is like what? -Well, if we're following the image it could be referencing. -If you're following her conceit, the metaphor she's getting to. Let's not go there yet. -Mm-hm. Okay. I would say. -If I were gonna say that your thought is. -Following assumptions, prejudices, anything that the brain is sort of surrounded by, or armed with, to attack an unknown issue. -Okay. -Stuck in, if you wanted to go there. -Stuck in. If my brain is in a groove, it's either a positive connotation, I'm doing well thinking on... on a train of thought. Ah! Train of thought, right? Groove. What's the negative connotation? -Well, if you're stuck in one particular line of thinking, it could close you off to others. -So, a synonym for groove in that sense would be "rut", yeah? -Rut, yeah. -Okay, the brain within the... We don't know yet if this... ...Dickinson poem is going to create a negative connotation for the brain in it's groove. We don't know yet. But that seems to. Anything to add to that, Ann Maris? "The brain within it's groove". -Hmm. -So, it's definitely not "groove" as in Michael Jackson when he's just hit that song and who knows how he pulled that off. Or to another Michael, Michael Jordan, when he's figured out how to improvise his way around four guys who are taller than he is and he [gestures]... I don't know how he does that. They say he is playing out of his head. Is that what we say, or? -Out of his mind... -He's... that is... the thought has been supplanted by something else. That's kind of "groovy", but that's not what is meant here apparently. -Yeah. -Okay. "The brain within it's groove, runs evenly and true". Is that Molly? -It is. and I think of "true" as being very, very straight. And "evenly" as being in this very smooth regular tempo. So, it's just this very [gesture]... -Can you think of something in our lives that runs evenly? Using those, that idiom, runs evenly? -Some type of machine I guess. -A machine! -Or a wheel? -A machine, sure. When an engine... We say the engine of a car runs evenly. And when it runs not evenly, what's wrong? -You're car is breaking down? -You need to go get it repaired. And the guy at the... or gal at the fix-it station (or whatever you call it these days) is going to say, "Well, we need your car to run evenly, because you don't want it to run unevenly". And when... and "evenly" refers probably to the pistons and the mechanisms. You know... the armature of the motion... You don't want it to be shaking. Okay, the word "true" is loaded. When Emily Dickinson uses the word "true" or "truth", she's... You're supposed to underline it or highlight in yellow or something. So, it's not just true as you mentioned it, it gives us the larger sense of true. -Well, not false, I mean true in the sense of, of being factual, being real and being right. So if Ann Maris is hinting at a negative connotation for "groove", "rut", and Anna, the use of "true" is gonna to be a real challenge, because that would mean that being in a groove is false, is negative. So this is a... She's really loading up the problem here. "The brain within its groove runs evenly and true". There seems to be a 19th century metaphor about something that goes down a groove. And it's not an automobile, which wouldn't have existed when this poem was written. Something is running evenly down a groove. Any idea? -A train? -A train, a train... And "train" works very nicely, because the poem seems to be about the train of thought. So, a train has no choice but to run down the groove. So, when the brain is running like a train (that it seems to say), something is true. And does anybody have a bicycle? Dave, what is true in a bike? This is the last remnant connotation of this word in our language. -It's what you do with a wheel to make sure it runs completely evenly. It's not off to the side. -In fact when you, when you, fix a bike wheel, you actually use the verb "true". I've trued this wheel. It's also an adjective to describe the wheel. So, this is probably a wheel, it's running evenly and true. "But"... I need not assign "but", but Allie, you take the word "but". "The brain within this groove runs evenly and true... but..." What is she signaling? Works logically. -Well, she's kinda saying, "But wait, hold up". -But wait. So really, Ann Maris' intuition that we are going to organize this brain running evenl is right. When you see "but", you know something else is going to change. All right, now who has got the splinter swerve? This is really hard. I think the two of you. Okay, Alley, give us a start on this: "But let me splinter swerve". What's going on? First of all, the metaphor's now inconsistent because there's no splinter swerving a train. -Well I mean... Well, I mean there could be, because train tracks are partly wood, often... And, you know, wood is the material that splinters. -Yeah, if you put a giant splinter on a train track, the train will go off the track although I'm not sure "swerve" would ever be the word we'd use because trains can't swerve. But I respect the point. You're... ...we're also dealing with someone who likes to slightly shift the metaphor when she gets comfortable with it. Okay, go ahead... Is there anything else you wanted to say about this? It's not your... Not moving. Okay. Dave? -So, if she's splintering the metaphor, making it go off on a different term. -So, you're doing a metapoetic reading. Well, all Dickinson poems have been read metapoetically at some point. -Allie? Well also, a splinter is an accident. It's unexpected. It's kind of a nuisance like kind of unpleasant at the point of impact. -Good. So, we have something that's interrupting the train of thought. That's really what it is. Right? And Ann Maris, just, just personal, your own personal experience... When you have to do A, you've been assigned to do A, you got to get A+ in A. You've set aside 3 hours to do A. You sit down and do A. You have been thinking about A. You're getting good at thinking about A. And B shows up. -Extremely unsettling . -It's very unsettling. -And what's...? What do you think Emily is saying about... B? -It's a good thing. -It's a good thing. -Yeah, the unpredictable. -If A is sort of boring without B. -Exactly. -Yeah, she's really wanting to move around. And so far she's allowing this metaphor never to quite settle. She wants to move around in that way too. Alright, Emily. -Mm hm. -Before we take a break, you tell them, you tell us what we're going to do with this next metaphor, which seems not to be about trains anymore. What is it? What's going on? "Let a splinter swerve" to be easier for you to put a current back. Current. Like a circuit current when floods have slipped the hills. What's going on? -Well, first she abandoned the two previous conceits, which fits in with the whole idea that thought is sort of irrepressible and uncontrollable. By the way, why would anybody start a poem this short and then abandon already, two conceits, in the first four lines? What's wrong with her? -Well, some-way of content I suppose. -Say that again? -I said It complemented her content somehow. It's making a point. -So, form and content for Emily Dickinson. That can be. -Yeah. Yeah. But it's just, though... I just think that she does this because if we think about where we just were with Emily, which is, you know, she's got people closed off. She's a very... like... "impregnable heights". "I dwell in possibility". Dwelling in possibility. You know, it's almost hard to kind of reconcile these two poems because... ...the first one is about how you need to have a certain mentality or ability... ...to dwell in possibility. But then, this one's kind of all about, like, letting your mind just take you where your mind is going to go. -Well, this poem seems to be an instantiation of the "everlasting roof". The sky's the limit. So, in a way. -Some of that. -In that, in that well built house, you've got this limitless, limitlessness. And this seems to be playing that out. But you're, you're also right. Okay, we'll have to come back to that. You're, you're also right in suggesting that this is probably a higher level Dickinson poem than the other one. The other is a real intro poem where things are relatively consistent by conceit. And this one, as Emily's reminding us, is a situation where the thing must move in order for its A-ness to be complemented by its B-ness in the example we're talking about. So, it's going to get to a C and a D. All right, so what is the metaphor now that seems to be emerging. A current floods. What's happening there? Well, the metaphor is about water, that sort of uncontrollable floods. In general, water is incredibly like... irresistible force. It's hard to control once it is out of control. We have natural disasters to teach us that. But, so we're launching this current explode, and sort of, do an incredible amount of destruction. The idea is that it can't really be brought back to the same types of controlled structures as it was before. -So, we've gone from a technology that sends the brain as a metaphor down a certain path. There is no way for the train to find any other route to the station. We've gone from that to something getting in its way, a splinter which is from a whole another vocabulary. Not typically, although Allie reminded us that there's a way in which, the wooden nature of a train track can, can cause us to imagine a diversion. But really splinter comes from somewhere else. Then we've got a swerve, which is not train-like, and now we have a body of water, probably a river. We've got "current" and we've got "floods". So, how is "groovy" doing now? -Well, there is no groove that is visible any more, I mean, actually to disagree originally with Anna. -You're disagreeing? Wow. -I am. I would say we're now flooded with possibilities. So, all those windows and perspectives that Emily was talking about in "I Dwell in Possibility" are now available to both herself and us, the readers. And she isn't, I don't think, shutting anyone out. It's rather self-enclosure for protection from the eye that would judge or place us back within that group of prejudice. -And this is the situation. This is a better poem in my opinion, or at least a more complicated one, because the form must follow its own course like the water and like the brain. Whereas in the other poem you really have to get all the way to the end to the narrow hands, the little Dickensonian modest hands, gathering, paradising, which is enormous. So, you get this paradox of small, small wee housebound me gathering in enormity where as here you're, you're all over the place. You're all over the place. Peace be upon you, home defenders May our martyrs, civilians and military rest in peace I am Lt. Colonel Hussein Harmoush from the command of the 11th division I herewith announce my dissent from the Syrian army and joining the youth of Syria alongside a group of personell of the free Syrian Arab Army And our current mission is to protect the defenseless protesters demanding freedom and democracy. The reasons of our dissent can be covered as follows 1. Mass murder of defenseless civilians countrywide 2. Involvement of the free Syrian Arab army's officers & class officers in the invasion of cities and villages We have sworn an oath in the military to carry weapons against the enemy, not our defenseless people Our mission is to protect the citizens, not to murder them 3. The killing of women, children & elders, mass graves & massacres Especially the massacre of Jissr Al-Shoghour on 2011-06-04 I'd like to give the following messages: 1st Message: We address the officers, class officers & soldier of the free Syrian army, You must protect the civilians and the public and private properties and state organizations from the gangs of murder and crime led by Bashar Assad & his regime The 2nd message is to the great generous free Syrian people in all its religions & sects Rest assured, for we, the free military, have dedicated our souls to protect the seekers of freedom & democracy in our beloved Syria The 3rd Message: We call upon all those still fooled by the regime to join the free defenseless young protesters On every street in Syria, and so shall the great people of Syria forgive you If you choose not to, the people will give you a fair trial, alongside the tyrant Bashar The 4th Message: To all the free people of the world The Syrian people wants to come aboard the ship of freedom & democracy with their defenseless chests and olive branches, so help them... And last but not least: Peaceful, not Sectarian One, one, one, The Syrian people are one Bashar will leave and Syria remains Syria is free & always will be, Syria is for all, not for persons Peace & Mercy of God be upon you This week, we'll be talking about the crisis mapping that has been used extensively during the devastating 2010 Haitian Earthquake In a traditional sense, maps may be considered by some to be rather monolithic creations written by trained cartographers In today's word, however, these trained cartographers have been largely replaced by computer scientists and satellites, and all they really do is create a canvas. Today, everyday citizens can take part to create a civic map There's no doubt that crowdsourced data has been used to save lives during the aftermath of the Haitian earthquake. With the advent of SMS technology, almost anyone with a cellphone can offer locations of help, or signals of distress. even Google utilized the idea of crisis mapping in Haiti, to create one for Superstorm Sandy, as mentioned in the previous video. But there is still a lot of room for improvement. Although sms technology and crowdsourcing have a lot of potential, in practice the majority of messages sent are distress signals. Civic Crisis Mapping does not remove the issues of supply and demand during the disaster. Rather, it is a tool that people must use correctly to gain the most benefit. Crisis mapping is still in its infancy. We must continue to improve our utilization of crowdsourced disaster data, to create a true new media success story. Yeah. Because I let the Mont Blanc speak and jot it down on windows. I see the Mont Blanc peaks Through hotel windows. My flow sells info Dreams to my kinfolk. They skip rope Soweto, and can travel through my pen strokes. I am hope, not for the broke but the broken down. I'm not Hov, it ain't for dough; it's to open up an ocean of possibilities not afforded us. So I poke it little by little before they close it shut. Sober up here, put your shoulders up, roll with us. When you come from the dark it's known to us. You just better developed, it's like a photograph. I repel whatever they tell ya' that's gonna hold you back. So take the package and run with it. Make it pass your circumference. I'm in Paris, but I'm blasting that African shit. Sometimes I rap like the hungriest on behalf of my continent. Because this twang-speaking brother, is all you'll ever get. (Applause) For this problem, we're going to start off with a template for a recursively generated graph. What the template says, if we want one node, we just return a single node. For other values make a G1 and a G2 that are half the size and then we make login connections between G1 and G2 by picking a random point and connecting it with a random node, another random node and connecting it with a random node et cetera and then return. So this has the recurrence relationship that only have node with zero edges and if we have N nodes, we get two times the number of nodes we have for a graph of half the size plus big data of log in and so what we want you to do is to solve this recurrence. But we're going to do this one a little differently than some of our previous homework assignments. Instead of a multiple choice question, we want you to explain how to actually solve this. So below there is a form link and at that link you'll see this question restated. What we want you to do is write up your answer, post in response to the form, get the link for your answer and then insert it here. I'll give you an example to make this more clear. So here is the question on the form and you should write up your answer, some possible answers might be that T of N is data login, N login, any other function and then you should explain why you've answered like this. Or to submit your answer hit the link button, copy of the link, and there are few copy of the link pasted into the box here. The time I think most clearly The time I drift away Is on the bus ride that meanders Up these valleys of green and grey I get to think about what might have been And what may yet come true And I get to pass a rainy mile Thinking of you And all the while, all the while I still hear that call To the land of gold and poison That beckons to us all Nothing changes here very much You used to say it never will The pubs are all full on Friday nights And things get started still We spent hours last week with Billy boy Bleeding, yeah queueing in casualty Staring at those posters we used to laugh at Never never land, palm trees by the sea Well there was no need for those guys To hurt him so bad When all they had to do Was knock him down But no one asks too many questions like that anymore Since you left this town And tomorrow brings another train Another young brave steals away But you're the one I remember From these valleys of the green and the grey You used to talk about winners and losers All the time - as if that was all there was As if we were not of the same blood family As if we live by different laws Do you owe so much less to these Rain swept hills Than you owe to your good self Is it true that the world has always got To be something that always seems To happen - somewhere else For God's sake don't you realise That I still hear that call Do you think you're so brave Just to go running To that which beckons to us all And tomorrow brings another train Another young brave steals away But you're the one I remember From these valleys of the green and the grey No, not for one second Did you look behind you As you were walking away Never once did you wish any of us well For those who had chosen to stay And if that's what it takes to make it In the place that you live today Then I guess you'll never read these Letters that I send From the valleys of the green and the grey Valleys of green and the grey What's the most important issue to you this election season? Erm, one of the major issues for me is education issues, as well as small business issues I'm a mother of two young children and I have a two small businesses that I run. Erm, so, these are really big, er, issues, not only for me but my...for my whole family. Are you hopeful about the future? Erm, yes and no. I'm really hopeful that Mitorom...Mitt Romney will be elected, er, and once elected I do feel that we're going to be in er, great hands for the future. Erm, I think it's going to be a hard road ahead. Erm, I think, er, several years ago I saw that we won't see,erm, us getting out of the recession until 2016! Erm, but I think that it's mu...pu... pushed further back under Obama, so i'm looking forward to Mitt winning. Do you think the political system is broken? If so, how would you fix it? No, broken no. I think it's, erm, damaged a little bit. I don't think it's, erm, beyond repair though. Erm, I think that when, er, the, when the constitution was made when America was build, it was built on fantastic principles that are still alive and well in this nation. I think that we have moved a little bit towards socialism, and I think that is harmful. Erm, but I think that we, under Mitt Romney's, er, leadership will move closer to where our principles lie. Pinkie Pie: (dreamily) Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness! You've REALLY outdone yourselves, Mr. and Mrs. Cake! This is SURE to be the winning entry of this year's National Dessert Competition! Mrs. Cake: Why, thank you, Pinkie! Mr. Cake: And thanks for transporting it all the way to Canterlot for us. Pinkie Pie: Absolutely, it's my honor, and I- Applejack: Uh, beg pardon, but, could we maybe move things along? This here cake's a mite heavy. Right, Big Macintosh? Big Mac: (straining, grunts) Eeyup... Pinkie Pie: All righty then, Big Mac! To the train depot! That's it, Big Mac... Nice and slow... This is precious cargo you're carrying. Mr. Cake: (anxiously) Yes...it took months of planning and testing... Mrs. Cake: I would hate for it to- (Big Mac groans) (Mr. and Mrs. Cake gasp) (Mr. Cake faints) Pinkie Pie: (reassuringly) Don't worry, Mr. and Mrs. Cake! Rainbow Dash, Fluttershy, a little pegassistance? [pegasus + assistance] I'll get it there safely, you'll see! Mrs. Cake: (humorless laugh) Oh, of course, Pinkie... Mr. Cake: We never doubted you... (nervous chuckle) (Mr. Cake faints) Pinkie Pie: Twilight, can I see you a second? Pinkie Pie: A nice protective spell as extra insurance. Better safe than sorry! AJ, Rarity, one last thing! Pinkie Pie: All right, everypony. (Mr. Cake hyperventilating) We're in the home stretch here! See, Mr. and Mrs. Cake? I got it here without a hitch! Now all you have to do is get it- ...in? (Mr. Cake faints) (theme song begins) My Little Pony, My Little Pony, ah, ah, ah, ah, (My Little Pony) Twilight: I used to wonder what friendship could be (My Little Pony) Until you all shared its magic with me Rainbow Dash: Big adventure Pinkie Pie: Tons of fun Rarity: A beautiful heart Applejack: Faithful and strong Fluttershy: Sharing kindness Twilight: It's an easy feat All: And magic makes it all complete, yeah (My Little Pony) Do you know, you're all my very best friends (Big Mac raises side of train car) (Big Mac hammering nails) Pinkie Pie: (relieved sigh) Thank you all for helping me get the cake safely on the dessert car. Twilight: Thank YOU for inviting us all to go with you to Canterlot for the National Dessert Competition! Rarity: I'm sure the festivities will be just lovely. Applejack: Phooey on the festivities. I can't wait t'try all those tasty treats! (Pinkie Pie slaps Applejack's hoof) Pinkie Pie: Well, the tastiest treat of all is sure to be the Cake's Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness! (dreamily) All that rich, CREAMY goodness of the marzipan combined with the tart tanginess of the mascarpone blended PERFECTLY with the smooth, silky sweetness of the meringue! (Applejack panting and drooling) That's why I call the Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness the "MMMM!" Others: "MMMM!" Pinkie Pie: Exactly. It's the MOST delicious, delectable, delightful, "de-lovely" cake in Equestria! And it's SURE to win first prize. (uptempo accordion tune playing in background) Griffon: (thick French accent) Zis is not so, for I, Gustave le Grand, do challenge your CRUDE cake to a duel of delectable delicacies against my...EXCEPTlONALLY EXQUlSITE ÉCLAlRS! Zey will undoubtedly strike down ALL ze competition, winning first prize and crowning me Le Champion. Pony: (surly Brooklyn accent) Not a chance, le Grand. Twilight: Donut Joe?! What are YOU doing in Ponyville? Joe: Picking up the final all-important ingredient for MY contest entry: (extravagantly) "DONUTOPlA!" [donut + utopia] And with these super-sprinkles, my donuts are gonna dunk all the other lousy desserts, steal first prize, and make MY donut shop famous... FOREVER! (sinister chuckle) Mule: (airy Swedish accent) Oh, Joe... (laughs) Your dippy donuts could never outrival ME. (airy laugh) (mousse wobbles) Pinkie Pie: Hello. What's your name? Mule: I am Mulia Mild. [Julia Child] Behold, my Chocolate Mousse Moose! ["moose" and "mousse" are pronounced the same] It will trample all your treats, be given first prize, and make me the greatest chef in Equestria! Gustave: Madame Mild, you and your mousse moose are mistaken! Joe: Your frou-frou éclairs will never defeat my donuts. Pinkie Pie: The Cakes' Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness is going to win! Mulia Mild: Your simple cake could never take my mousse. (train whistle blows noisily) (train starts up) Twilight: Well, it sure looks like we're in for a delicious competition tomorrow. Maybe we should all settle in for a good night's sleep. (Joe, Mild, and Gustave scoff in turn) (Joe, Mild, and Gustave slam doors shut in turn) Rainbow Dash: (yawns, hastily) I gotta admit, I'm pretty beat. Applejack: Yeah, I'm gonna hit the hay myself. Pinkie Pie: WAlT! Didn't you hear those chefs?! We have to protect "MMMM!" Rarity: (quizzically) "MMMM?" Pinkie Pie: Mmm-hmm! I know for super-sure that "MMMM" is the best dessert in all of Equestria, and I know that THEY know it, too! Rainbow Dash: So...? Pinkie Pie: So...one of them is gonna sabotage the Cakes' cake tonight! You have to help me stand guard! Twilight: Pinkie, you're overreacting. Applejack: Yeah, those chefs aren't gonna do yer cake any harm. Pinkie Pie: But they ARE! I just KNOW it! Rainbow Dash: Fine. If you wanna stand guard, go for it. WE'RE goin' to bed. (Pinkie's mane poofs up) Pinkie Pie: I'll show them. I'll stay up ALL NlGHT and protect you. Nothing and nopony will stop me from keeping you safe! (silhouette zips past) Pinkie Pie: (snaps awake) Huh?! Stop, you saboteur! (door slams shut) (Pinkie opens door) I have you now! (Pinkie opens door) What?! (Pinkie opens door) A-HA! (engineer shoveling coal into furnace) (Pinkie grunts anxiously) Oh! Thank CELESTlA you're okay! But one of those bakers is mixin' up something bad, so I'm not leaving you again no matter what. (blinds slam shut) Pinkie Pie: Huh?! Who turned out the moon?! (clattering, hoofsteps) Pinkie Pie: Don't go near that cake, thief! (rumble, whoosh of air) (hoofsteps, thunk against wall) Pinkie Pie: STOP, THlEF! Pinkie Pie: Oh, are you okay, thief? (blinds open) (Pinkie Pie opens door and growls) Hmph. "Overreacting," my hoof. I knew I was gonna have to keep a close eye on you. And that's just what I'm gonna do. (Pinkie Pie snoring) (Pinkie snoring, rooster crows) Pinkie Pie: (groggily) Huh...what...? (gasps) The cake! Oh, "MMMM," you look... mmmmarvelous! Twilight: Whoa! Pinkie Pie: I know! I think some congratulations are in order for a job well-done! Twilight: Uh, you'd better hold off on giving yourself an award just yet, Pinkie... Twilight: Look. (spins cake base) Pinkie Pie: Look at what-? Pinkie Pie: Huh?! (sustained gasp) (Pinkie Pie screaming) Applejack: What is it?! Rainbow Dash: What happened?! Pinkie Pie: It's the Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness! It's been...MUTlLATED! (all gasp) Now we just need to find out who done it. Twilight: (correcting) You mean, "Who DlD it." Pinkie Pie: Exactly! Who did-done-dood it! Twilight: Well, having read many mystery novels, I know that the only way to discover the culprit is to investigate. Pinkie Pie: Exactly! (Pinkie blows bubbles, bubble pops on Twilight) And as chief detective, that's exactly what I'm gonna do. (blows bubbles) Applejack: (dully) Uh...YOU'RE investigatin'? Pinkie Pie: Yes! And Twilight shall be my lowly assistant who asks silly questions with obvious answers. (blows bubbles) Twilight: (resigned) Fine, Pinkie. Should we start looking for clues? Pinkie Pie: Perfect silly question, my dear Twilight. Because the obvious answer is... Twilight: ..."Yes?" Pinkie Pie: NO! Because I know who did it. (Pinkie blows bubbles, others gasp) Twilight: Pinkie, how could you POSSlBLY know?! Pinkie Pie: How could I possibly NOT know?! Clearly this dastardly deed was done by the bakers, who knew their desserts could not measure up to the mastery of the Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness! (accusatory) I guess you feared your éclairs lacked flair, GUSTAVE! (grainy, cartoony "villain" piano theme a la silent films) Pinkie Pie: Thus destroying the cake and the Cakes' chance of winning the National Dessert Competition! Twilight: But it makes no sense! Pinkie Pie: What do you mean, lowly assistant?! Twilight: Well, first, if you were tied to the train tracks, how are you now here? (Pinkie blows bubbles) Pinkie Pie: (pensively) Huh. Guess that isn't a totally silly question. Twilight: And second, the cake hasn't been sliced; it's been bitten. Just look at the teeth marks! Pinkie Pie: Hmm...you're right, my fine fellow. Gustave le Grand is clearly in the clear, which means the "MMMM" was destroyed by another baker. A baker whose donuts are "do-nots!" That's right, it was JOE! (spy music playing) Pinkie Pie: (voice-over) Or as he's known in the spy world, Mane. Con Mane. ["Bond. James Bond."] (donut filling splatters) (train engine running) (Joe sips drink, mares giggle) (glass separates) (gadget bounces) (gas sprays from gadget) (Pinkie Pie collapses) (tie sprays into air) (laser burns cake as it slices through) (cake collapses) Pinkie Pie: Crushing the Cakes' chances to win! Twilight: Pinkie! There is no laser beam security system! And Joe is not sleek, stealthy Con Mane! He's big, gruff, and messy! Joe: (defensively) Hey! Rarity: Although you WOULD look rather dapper in a tuxedo. Pinkie Pie: Huh...you may be right, lowly assistant. Twilight: "MAY be?!" Pinkie Pie: Now that I'm taking a closer look at these desserts, I see that ONE simply cannot look me in the eye! Twilight: Pinkie, that MOOSE is a MOUSSE! Pinkie Pie: Yes, and the mule behind the mousse [moose] panicked when she saw the mastery of the "MMMM!" Twilight: (prompting) So, you're saying that the culprit is...? Pinkie Pie: (accusatory) MULlA MlLD! (train engine running, Mild lands on car) (martial arts music playing, Mild jumping from car to car) (metallic clang, Pinkie slumps to ground) (Mild draws sword) (three quick slashes) (gong crash, cake collapses) Pinkie Pie: Putting an end to the Cakes' dreams of taking first prize! (scoffs) I hope you're proud of yourself, [emphasizing "mule"] MULlA! Twilight: Pinkie, stop! This is ridiculous! LOOK at her! (Mild quivering and muttering feebly) Pinkie Pie: (sighs) I guess you're right. Twilight: THANK you! (Pinkie blows bubbles) Pinkie Pie: But I was so sure that it was one of the other bitter bakers that destroyed the "MMMM!" (blowing bubbles while she talks) That way, THElR delicious desserts would reign supreme. I mean, just LOOK at Joe's Donutopia! It's a spectacular city of donuty delights, topped temptingly in sprinklicious sprinkles! And Gustave's éclairs look incredibly edible with glistening glaziness! But then there's Mulia Mild's mousse moose. Why, this mouth-wateringly marvelous mousse moose tempts the taste buds with its silky-smooth, yummy-nummy chocolatiness! So why did this criminal devour the Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness while leaving this trio of tasty treats untouched? (train engine echoes through tunnel) (messy eating sounds, scream) (Pinkie Pie gasps) Pinkie Pie: Now I have NO idea who do-doned it! (train engine running) Pinkie Pie: This mystery gets MORE mysterious every minute! Twilight: Well, you have to stop the wild accusations and get to the truth! Everypony go back to your cars while we do a little investigating. Okay, Pinkie. In order to REALLY solve this mystery, we're going to have to find CLUES. (wipes mouthpiece of bubble pipe) (blows bubbles) Now, you were here at the scene of the crime all night. Pinkie Pie: (gasps) You're not accusing ME, are you?! Twilight: No. (blows bubbles) But maybe you saw something that will help us. Pinkie Pie: I saw a silhouette in the moonlight! Twilight: Good. Let's retrace your steps! Pinkie Pie: ...And THEN, I chased the culprit down the train towards the caboose! But when I got there, he was gone. Twilight: Hmm... (Twilight blows bubbles) Twilight: A-ha! Our first clue. I think I know who did it, Pinkie. Pinkie Pie: Already? Twilight: Yes, but I need more evidence to confirm. Tell me what happened next. Pinkie Pie: I heard somepony else in the dessert car, and chased them up to the engine! But when I got there, all I saw was the conductor shoveling coal! Twilight: (thoughtfully) The conductor, huh? (gasps) But...that doesn't make any sense! What happened next, Pinkie? Pinkie Pie: Well...I went back to the dessert car! Twilight: (prompting) Yes...? Pinkie Pie: The curtains mysteriously closed all on their own! Twilight: Interesting... Anything else? Pinkie Pie: I heard hoofsteps, a loud thud- (Pinkie collides with door) -and then they were gone! When I opened the curtains, I saw that the portrait by the door was all crooked! Twilight: Oh, my. What is THAT?! (Pinkie Pie blows steam out her ears) Twilight: What next, Pinkie? Pinkie Pie: (blithely) That's it! I was here guarding the cake the rest of the night. I mean... (guiltily) I slept by the cake the rest of the night. Twilight: And when you woke up, half the cake was gone? Pinkie Pie: Exactly! Twilight: (a la Sherlock Holmes) By Jove, I think I've got it! Call everypony back! We have a cake culprit to catch! Mild: (stuttering mumble) Why are we all here, again? Twilight: (closes door) I bet you're wondering why you're all here again. Joe: (incredulous) She's GOOD! Twilight: We have discovered the true culprit of this cake carnage! Gustave: But HOW?! Twilight: Well, you see, when committing a crime, it's crucial that one never leaves behind clues... especially an obvious clue like THlS. (everyone except Rainbow Dash gasps) Pinkie Pie: A-HA! A BLUE FEATHER! I knew it was you... GUSTAVE LE GRAND! Twilight: (reproachfully) Pinkie! Gustave doesn't have BLUE feathers! Pinkie Pie: No, 'cause he's been DYElNG THEM! Twilight: No, Pinkie! Remember how when you chased the suspect to the caboose, they suddenly disappeared? That's because they flew away! But the thief DlD leave a little something behind. Didn't you...RAlNBOW DASH?! Rainbow Dash: (nervous stuttering) I-I don't even like cake! Pinkie Pie: So, RAlNBOW DASH did it! Case solved! Twilight: Case NOT solved, because when we went to the engine, I saw the conductor's hat. And inside the hat was... THlS! Pinkie Pie: So it WAS you! That pink hair came from your rainbow-colored mane! Rainbow Dash: (defensively) I don't HAVE pink in my mane, "PlNKlE!" Pinkie Pie: ...So you're wearing a wig? Rainbow Dash: (mane stretching) OW! Cut it out! Twilight: Pinkie! Remember? You chased a pony to the engine, where you thought you saw the conductor shoveling coal! But that WASN'T the conductor at all. It was...FLUTTERSHY! Fluttershy: (whimpers) Oh my... Pinkie Pie: You're goin' DOWN, Fluttershy! Twilight: PlNKlE! But then another clue confounded my suspicions. You were guarding the cake when the curtains mysteriously closed. But that's no mystery. That's magic. But when the thief tried to make their great escape, (silhouette smacks into portrait) they left a little addition to the portrait. Has anypony else noticed that Rarity is wearing her hair rather differently today? Rarity: (gasps) Wh-what?! Is it a CRlME to change one's STYLE now and again?! Why, I think it's a crime NOT to! Twilight: (suspiciously) Really...? Rarity: (hysterical) Fine, I'm GUlLTY! I WEAR FALSE EYELASHES! (calmly) Oh, and I took a bite of the cake. Fluttershy: So did I. Rainbow Dash: Aw, nuts. So did I. Rarity: You just made it sound so delectable. Fluttershy: So tasty. Rainbow Dash: And boy, was it! Rarity: I only meant to take a little, lady-like bite. Fluttershy: But it was so good... Rainbow Dash: Yeah! I just dove right in! Fluttershy: But I'm really, really sorry. Rarity: Terribly sorry. Rainbow Dash: Sorry, Pinkie. Pinkie Pie: That's okay. At least this mystery is finally solved. Twilight: But it isn't! We figured out who ate the Marzipan Mascarpone Meringue Madness, but we still don't know who devoured the OTHER bakers' goods. Pinkie Pie: You're RlGHT, Twilight! You know what we have to do...? Twilight: Well...yes, I do... Do YOU? Pinkie Pie: LOOK FOR CLUES! (Pinkie Pie muttering to herself) (Pinkie blows bubbles) Twilight: Well, Pinkie, did you find the devourer of the desserts? Pinkie Pie: I most certainly did. It was none other than... THE BAKERS! (others gasp) First of all... Gustave has mousse in his moustache! ["mousse-stache"] And JOE has éclair in his hair! ["éclair" rhymes with "hair"] And MULlA has sprinkles in her wrinkles! ["sprinkles" rhymes with "wrinkles"] Twilight: What do you say, bakers? Gustave: Oh, I am so sorry, Mulia, but Pinkie made your mousse moose sound... (smacks lips) très magnifique. Joe: And Pinkie's description of your éclairs really did make them sound SCRUMPTlOUS. Mild: And the way she spoke of your Donutopia (sighs hedonistically) was too delectable to resist. (train slows and stops) Twilight: Well, everypony, we finally have the mystery solved. Gustave: Yes, but now we don't have any dezzerts to enter into ze contest! Pinkie Pie: I think we can fix that. Come on! Pinkie Pie: (voice-over) "Dear Princess Celestia, today I learned that it's not good to jump to conclusions. You have to find out all the facts before saying somepony did something. If you don't, you could end up blaming somepony for something they never did. This could hurt their feelings, and it can make you look really foolish. So, from now on, I will always make sure to get all the facts." Pinkie Pie: How's THAT for a lesson, Princess Celestia? Twilight: Care for a bite? Pinkie Pie: I don't mind if I do. (Pinkie Pie scarfs down cake noisily, moans in pleasure) (ponies laugh, "bite" sound outro) (ending theme begins) My Little Pony My Little Pony (instrumental) My Little Pony, friends WHAT? You don't have your own website? Hang on! Haven't you heard of Jimdo? With Jimdo more than 3 million people have created their own websites. It's totally easy. You can even create an online store - Sell YOUR stuff on YOUR website! Or add your own blog It's a kind of building block system for websites. It's quite a deal. I'm in! Create your own website - with Jimdo. Pages to the People! Lobbying is something that is going on all the time. It depends how you define lobbying. When I first entered Parliament in 1970, I would not say lobbying was in its infancy, because lobbying goes back to the 19th century and before. But there was less organised lobbying. People would come to the central lobby of Parliament to lobby their Members of Parliament on individual issues, on matters of social concern, or on general issues of taxation and so on. To say there was no orchestrated lobbying at that stage would be to tell a damn right lie. Of course there was, but it was much less sophisticated and much less organised than it is now. There are now dozens of companies that depend upon lobbying for their very existance. There are all sorts of pressure groups and interest groups that employ professional lobbyists to work on their behalf. To seek and capture the attention first, and secondly, the support of Members of Parliament and members of the House of Lords. There is lobbying going on all the time on almost every subject. Now this is fine up to a point. We do have very strict rules about not being involved with any group where we are getting paid, or where we receive privileges and then try to push that cause in Parliament. Obviously I think that would be seen to be corrupt and quite wrong. There is a lot of lobbying in Britain, certainly much more than there used to be, but not as much as you would expect for example, in the United States. And the reason is quite simple. In the United States congress, the elected part of the system is quite separate from the President - from the Government of the United States- and therefore the members of congress are much more independent. However, their votes are required to finance any Government projects, so it is worth lobbying them, and that becomes a pretty intensive part of the American political system. In the United Kingdom there is lobbying, but the role of the Members of Parliament is different. The Government is only the Government - unlike in the United States - because it has a majority within the elected chamber; within Parliament itself. So in order for that Government to be able to govern there has to be a more disciplined system of people being expected to support the party- unless they have strong reasons of concience or other reason why they would occasionally decline. So it's against that background that lobbying has become much more significant, but I think the lobbyists themselves realise it is the political parties you have to persuade. The individual Member of Parliament makes a contribution to that collective view, but the individual Member of Parliament, I would not claim is as powerful as an individual senator of the United States, in comparison. Hi, it's Kati again and thank you for checking back. Now today I want to talk about something, that might rub a few of you the wrong way, but I'd like to address some websites that I've noticed, I'm sure many of you noticed, years ago, people on Twitter, people on Tumblr. Any kind of blog that's pro anorexia or pro bulimia, and a lot of them say thinspo, they call themselves or thinspiration things like that. I just want to address the people behind it, there are those of you out there I know that are struggling. Trust me, eating disorders are all consuming. There is nothing else you can do when you're in the grips of your eating disorder and I understand. But you have to be honest with me and recognize that those websites, even though you say "Oh it feels so good. I'm anorexic, it's amazing. I've met my goal weight." I know your sad, I know you can't get out of bed, I know you've lost touch with everyone around you, I know that you haven't heard from a girlfriend in months, you don't talk to your mom or dad because they are just going to give you pressure about what you've been eating, what you haven't been eating. The only people that you maybe communicate with, is via that site and I understand it's a cry for help. And I know where you're at, trust me, I've seen hundreds of patients at that point where you're at and I know its hard, to get better. I don't think it's easy. I don't think it's a snap your fingers. I know a lot of people, especially parents that don't understand. They'll come into my office and they'll say my daughter, you know, she's so sick. Why can't' she just eat? Just eat her food, make that decision to eat her food. If it was that simple, we would never have this problem. So I know how hard it is. But, I am going to challenge you today, to post on your site that you really do want to get better, if that's where you're at. If you have that glimmer of hope, that in a couple years you'll be healthy again, you can hangout with your girlfriends like you used to, you can go to family dinners. You don't have to isolate, you can actually reach out. If you have that hope for you, please I challenge you, post on your website that you actually do want to work towards a healthy mind and a healthy body and let me know about it, because we're here to support you. Just because you're having a really hard time, you feel like the darkness has creeped in around, you doesn't mean you're alone. But I'd also encourage other people out there who are working to get better, who fall upon these sites, and you read that information, and you let it trigger you. It throws you right back into your eating disorder, maybe you just got out of treatment, maybe you just left your therapists office, and you're searching YouTube or Tumblr, looking for something. I encourage you to not participate. That can be horribly triggering, it can set you back. Like I've said in other videos, surround yourself with positive energy. Don't dive into the depths of the darkness with somebody else who's really having a hard time. Call that friend, journal about it, listen to positive motivating music. Do something to lift yourself out of it, before we all dive into the depths together. Because what my hope is, is that together we can create a positive environment filled with tips to help, not to harm. I don't want to hear ways that you can help lose more weight or ways that you've made it so that you don't have to eat as often, you don't feel the hunger. I don't hear about that. I wanna hear about how your meeting your dates with your dietitian, how you're going through your checklist, maybe you've made a contract with yourself or with your dietitian or with your therapist saying that you want to work towards a healthy body, healthy mind. I wanna hear about that stuff. I don't hear about the other stuff. So that's my challenge to you, and hopefully it's helpful for those of you out there who I know have come across those sites or are creating them. But I'd also encourage you, comment below if you think this is a bunch of crap you don't want to hear it tell me about it, that's okay this is a safe environment. You can say good and bad here, but I can tell you, I'm not going to approve things that are pro anorexia or pro bulimia, that's not what I'm creating here. I want this to be a healthy environment. But we can talk about it, that's totally fine. And don't forget to subscribe. So when I post other videos about this, because believe me I will because it it bothers me. I don't like seeing that. I want us to work together to be healthy, not to be sick, right? So let's continue, I know it's hard, but we put one foot in front of the other as we work towards a healthy mind and a healthy body. European finance ministers have agreed to a new $172 billion bailout for Greece that will force Athens to commit to making another round of deep austerity cuts. As part of the deal, Greek workers are expected to suffer further wage cuts larger than the 15 percent already planned for the next three years. Under the agreement, Greece's private creditors have agreed to take deeper losses on their Greek debts. The bailout is being opposed by several left-wing groups in Greece. The KKE communist party called on people across Europe to join Greeks in their battle against "monopolies and profits." Voters in Yemen went to the polls today to select a new president, officially ending the 33-year rule of Ali Abdullah Saleh. Only one candidate is on the ballot — Saleh's vice president, Abed Rabbo Mansour al-Hadi. He was nominated in a deal between the ruling party and formal opposition parties. Nobel Peace Prize winner Tawakkul Karman hailed the vote as a step to building a new Yemen. Tawakkul Karman: "This is the day of holy happiness, this the day of victory. Now we are officially announcing the end of Ali Abdullah Saleh's era, thanks to God he is gone. Today we are building the new Yemen, we are building the democratic and happy Yemen that all of the youth and women have dreamed about." The new Yemeni government is expected to have close military ties to the United States. President Obama's chief counter-terrorism adviser, John Brennan, said a number of U.S. officials would visit Yemen to help restructure Yemen's military. There are reports Israel has agreed to release Palestinian prisoner Khader Adnan, who has been on a hunger strike for the past 66 days. A Palestinian minister told Agence France Press a deal has been struck for Israel to release Adnan on April 17 on the condition he ends his hunger strike. There was no immediate confirmation from Adnan's lawyer or the Israeli government. More than 2,000 Afghans protested outside the U.S. military base at the Bagram airbase earlier today after a report that foreign troops burnt a pile of Korans at the base. Protesters hurled petrol bombs and fired slingshots at the base. General John Allen, the U.S. commander in Afghanistan, offered his apology. John Allen: "We are thoroughly investigating the incident and we are taking steps to ensure this does not ever happen again. I assure you. I promise you, this was not intentional in any way. And, I offer you my sincere apologies for any offense that this may have caused." Four Air Force Special Operators died on Monday when their spy plane crashed near a U.S. military base in the East African nation of Djibouti. The military said the four service members were returning from a mission in Afghanistan, but some reports said the plane was on a spy mission over East Africa. Police in Valencia, Spain are facing criticism after beating students as they rallied against cuts to education spending Monday. Footage showed police in body armor charging students, whacking them with batons and dragging them on the ground. Twenty-six people were arrested, five of them minors, according to El País newspaper. The White House has announced President Obama will host Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on March 5. The talks are expected to focus on Iran and the possibility of an Israeli strike on Iran's alleged nuclear weapons sites. On Sunday, Netanyahu held a two-hour meeting with U.S. National Security Adviser Tom Donilon in Jerusalem. Newly released financial records provide new insight into the growing power of unlimited campaign donations and super PACs in the 2012 race. During the month of January, super PACs backing the four main Republican candidates raised $22 million — mostly in massive donations from a handful of donors Rick Santorum's super PAC has received large donations from mutual fund investor Foster Friess and Louisiana energy executive William Dore. Mitt Romney's super PAC raised $6.6 million in January. Key backers of Romney included Oklahoma mining executive Joseph W. Craft, hedge fund billionaire Bruce Kovner and David Lisonbee, the founder of a Utah vitamin supplements company. Billionaire casino mogul Sheldon Adelson's family has so far pumped $11 million into the pro-Newt Gingrich super PAC, "Winning Our Future." The Center For Public Integrity reports the Adelsons have given about 84 percent of the $13.1 million the group has raised so far and Adelson is planning on giving another $10 million. In other campaign news, a spokeswoman for Rick Santorum said in a TV interview on Monday that Santorum was referring to President Obama's "radical Islamic policies" when he said the president's agenda was driven by "phony theology." Alice Stewart made the comment in an interview on MSNBC. Alice Stewart: "He was not questioning the President's character, he wasn't questioning the President's religion. As he's said, he has clarified the statement. He was talking about radical environmentalists. There is a type of theological secularism when it comes to the global warmists in this country. He was referring to the President's policies, in terms of the radical Islamic policies the president has, particularly in terms of the energy exploration." After the interview aired on MSNBC, Stewart called the network to say she had made a mistake and said "radical Islamic policies" instead of Obama's "radical environmental policies." Former International Monetary Fund chief Dominique Strauss-Kahn is being questioned by French police for his alleged involvement in a prostitution ring. Police have questioned several prostitutes who had reporting having sex with Strauss-Kahn, who resigned from the IMF in May after he was charged with the attempted rape of a hotel maid in New York City. The case was later dropped. Strauss-Kahn said he did not know the women were prostitutes. The International Committee of the Red Cross is negotiating with Syrian authorities and opposition fighters on a ceasefire to bring humanitarian aid to civilians trapped by the violence. Syrian activists say at least 12 people have been killed by Syrian troops in the city of Homs. Meanwhile, Syrian forces opened fire earlier today on demonstrators in Damascus. Protests have intensified in the West African country of Senegal over President Abdoulaye Wade's bid for a third term. At least three people were reportedly killed in protests over the weekend, one week before the election. The government apologized after tear gas was thrown into a mosque in Dakar on Friday. The country's constitution limits the presidency to two terms, but Senegal's highest court last month cleared the 85-year-old president to run again. Canada is threatening to file a World Trade Organization complaint against the European Union if the E.U. labels oil from Alberta's tar sands as highly polluting. Canada has threatened to retaliate if the E.U. singled out oil sands crude in what it described as a "discriminatory, arbitrary or unscientific way." In entertainment news, a study by the Los Angeles Times has revealed the voters deciding Sunday's Academy Awards winners are almost all white and mostly male. There are 5,765 voting members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Of the group, 94 percent of them are white and 77 percent are men. African Americans make up about 2 percent of the academy, and Latinos are less than 2 percent. In journalism news, the winners of the 2011 George Polk Awards have been announced. The winners included a team of reporters at the Associated Press who exposed how the New York City Police Department built one of the largest domestic intelligence agencies in the country with help from the ClA. May Ying Welsh of Al Jazeera English won an award for her documentary on Bahrain's crackdown on pro-democracy protesters. And The New Yorker's Jane Mayer won for her profile of National Security Agency whistleblower Thomas Drake. New York Times reporter Anthony Shadid will be awarded posthumously for extraordinary valor for his work in the Middle East. He died last week in Syria. (window opens) (roaring engine noise) (scooter impacts cart) Scootaloo: WOO-HOO! Rainbow Dash: (nonchalantly) Nice moves, kid. Scootaloo: "Nice moves?!" Rainbow Dash thinks I've got- (crash) Nice moves! (cow moos) (theme song begins) My Little Pony, My Little Pony, ah, ah, ah, ah, (My Little Pony) Twilight: I used to wonder what friendship could be (My Little Pony) Until you all shared its magic with me Rainbow Dash: Big adventure Pinkie Pie: Tons of fun Rarity: A beautiful heart Applejack: Faithful and strong Fluttershy: Sharing kindness Twilight: It's an easy feat All: And magic makes it all complete, yeah (My Little Pony) Do you know, you're all my very best friends (checkers piece clacks on board) Scootaloo: ...Then all of a sudden, I'M AlRBORNE! And then Rainbow Dash looks over and was like, (imitating Rainbow Dash) "Nice moves, kid." Applebloom: (awed) Wow! Sweetie Belle: She really said that? Scootaloo: I mean, it's like she practically told me she wants to take me under her wing, teach me everything she knows, and become like my big sister! Applebloom: I dunno about all that. Sweetie Belle: It was a really nice compliment and all, but- Scootaloo: I know, I know...but all that stuff I said COULD happen, right? Applebloom: (uncertain) Sure! Sweetie Belle: (hesitantly) Absolutely! Scootaloo: I just need to find a way to spend some time with her. You know, so she can see more of my awesomeness. Applebloom: Well, uh...Applejack 'n'I are supposed to be campin' up at Windsome Falls this weekend. [Winsome Adante + Windsor Falls] Maybe I could get my big sis to invite Rainbow Dash, and then you could come, too! Scootaloo: REALLY?! | Applebloom: Sure! Sweetie Belle: (pouting) I wanna go... Applebloom: Well, duh. Of course you can go. Sweetie Belle: And I'll get Rarity to come, too! (conniving) Rarity LOVES camping! Rarity: (disgusted) I DESPlSE camping. All of that... (grimaces loudly) nature... Sweetie Belle: (protesting) Applejack's going with HER little sister... (dejectedly) But...y'know...if you don't wanna spend time with me... Rarity: (caving) Oh, all right! (perking up) Ooh, of course, I will need to find an outfit more appropriate for "roughing it." Sweetie Belle: (smugly) See? Told you she'd wanna go. (water flowing gently) Applejack: You packed your bug spray? Applebloom: Yep! You got the canteens? (rumbling) Applejack: Yep! Looks like we're all set, then. (cart creaking with luggage) Rarity: (genially) Hey~! Applejack: (sarcastically) Gee, Rarity. Did you remember to pack? Rarity: Oh, well, let's see who gets the last laugh when you're absolutely desperate to curl your lashes, and you realize you didn't bring your eyelash curler. Applejack: Well, looks like we're all set NOW... Scootaloo: (anxious) But...what about Rainbow Dash?! Isn't Rainbow Dash coming?! Applejack: 'Course she is, Sugarcube. She's gonna meet us up at our first campsite. Scootaloo: Oh. Applejack: All right, y'all. Let's move 'em out. Rarity: (whining) Oh, are we THERE yet? Applejack: (crossly) The last thousand times you asked that, the answer was "no." (genially) This time, it's actually "yes." (air whooshing) There's Rainbow Dash up there right now. (driving electric guitar rhythm, Rainbow Dash impacts trees) (splash) (rocks clatter on ground) Scootaloo: (to self) All right, Scootaloo. Just play it cool. Hey, Rai-WHOOOA! (whooshing through air then crash) (clears throat; weakly) Hey, Rainbow Dash. What's up? Rainbow Dash: What TOOK you guys so long? Applejack: (pointedly) Well, SOME of us didn't pack as LlGHT as the others, so we were slowed down a bit. (Applejack pounding stake in) Rainbow Dash: Looks like you'll be sharing a tent with me, huh? Scootaloo: (bashfully) I-if that's okay with you. (nervous chuckle) Rainbow Dash: Sure! As long as you don't snore. (cart creaking in background) Rainbow Dash: You don't snore, do you? Scootaloo: (deflecting) Nope, no way. Not me. Never snored a day, or (chuckles) a night, in my life. Rainbow Dash: Then you and I are gonna get along just fine. (wind blasting) Rainbow Dash: ...You have GOT to be kidding me. Rarity: Sweetie Belle, do be a dear and see if you can find some fresh flowers for my bedside vase. Rainbow Dash: (imitating Rarity) Hey, Scootaloo, do you be a sweetheart and see if you can gather some firewood? (Scootaloo and Applebloom giggle) (normal tone) Seriously, though. Can you get us some wood for the fire? Scootaloo: Of course! (wood catches fire) Rainbow Dash: Okay, everybody get comfortable. 'Cause I'm about to tell you the best story you've ever heard. Scootaloo: Is it about the time when Rarity had wings, and then it got ruined, and then you saved her from plummeting to her doom?! Rainbow Dash: ...Okay, maybe it's the SECOND-best story you've ever heard, but probably still the scariest. (BGM: eerie theremin vibrato) You like scary stories, right...? (Scootaloo gasps) Scootaloo: (nervously) Mm-hmm! Rainbow Dash: It all happened on a night just like this one, in a forest just like this. ...And then, the olden pony asked, (feigning old pony voice) "Who's got my rusty horseshoe?" Sweetie Belle: (frightened) Not me! Rainbow Dash: YOU DO! (Applebloom and Sweetie Belle scream, Rainbow Dash guffaws, Scootaloo coughs) Scootaloo: (clears throat nervously) Something in my throat... (unconvincingly) I wasn't scared at all! (nervous chuckle, voice cracking) Good story! Rainbow Dash: I knew YOU wouldn't be scared. The way you jumped that cart the other day? You're like me. Rainbow Dash: Fearless. Scootaloo: (trembling) Yeah! Fearless! (owl hoots) Rarity: (matronly) Don't worry. Rarity is here to keep you safe and sound. (squeals) Applejack: (yawns) Think it's about time for me to hit the straw. (comfortingly) Don't you worry, little sis. There's no olden pony in our tent. Scootaloo: (trembling) Haha, that sure was funny, wasn't it? (nervous chuckle) How they were all afraid of the olden pony? (stifles nervous laugh with cough) Scootaloo: But not me! Rainbow Dash: That's because you're tough. Just like when I was your age. (Rainbow Dash pours water on fire, Scootaloo screams) Rainbow Dash: I'm hitting the sack. Come in whenever you feel like it. (twig snaps) Scootaloo: (quivering) It's nothing. It's my imagination. (branches creaking) And THAT isn't the thundering stomp of the olden pony... (wind roaring, wolf howling) (Rainbow Dash snoring loudly) (distant, incoherent speech) (zipper unzips, distant speech) Scootaloo: (nervously) Is anyone out there? (slow, rhythmic stomping sound) (pony mumbling) Olden pony: Who's got my rusty horseshoe? (Scootaloo whimpering and panting) (branch creaks, Scootaloo screams) (branch snaps) (Scootaloo sighs with relief) Olden pony: Who's got my rusty horseshoe? (Scootaloo screams) (Scootaloo panting) Scootaloo: Rainbow Dash- Olden pony: YOU DO! (Scootaloo screams, Rainbow Dash snoring) (Scootaloo whimpering timidly) (Scootaloo whimpering timidly, Rainbow Dash yawns) (Scootaloo whimpering) Rainbow Dash: What's that noise? Is there a bug in here? I don't know about you, but I slept like a filly. Scootaloo: (unhinged) Best night ever! Rainbow Dash: Glad you rested up, because we've got a LONG trek ahead of us. Totally gonna be worth it when we get to Windsome Falls. Scootaloo: Yeah...totally... (Rarity yawning melodramatically, water splashes on her head) Rarity: Am I sweating?! I think I'm sweating! Oh, but it's absolutely worth it to get to spend time with my little sister. (whining) It's just that this cart feels like it's getting heavier all the time! Applejack: (voice echoing) I don't care if that cart's as heavy as a pack of mules. If we don't get a move on, it'll be dark before we get to the campsite. Scootaloo: (panicked) "DARK?!" (Scootaloo's wings buzzing) (nonchalantly) I'll just ride ahead and make sure the path is clear. We don't wanna be out here after dark, right? Rainbow Dash: But, as far as I'm concerned, the main driver was finance. Until the 1 830s, fortune smiled on the British land-owning elite - the 30 or so families with gross annual income from their lands above Ł60,000 a year - roughly Ł 1 50 million pounds today. With such vast property assets backing them and income from agriculture booming, it was hard to see how the aristocracy could fail to flourish. Yet, by ignoring a fundamental truth about property, they ensured their own decline. GUNSHOT CROWS CAW Like many of us today, the great magnates saw the value of their property as a cash cow and used it to borrow to the hilt... ..often more than the property was worth. What they'd failed to understand is that property is only a security to the person who lends you money. As a borrower, you still have to earn the money to pay back the loan. And for the great landowners of Victorian Britain, that suddenly became a very difficult thing to do. Nowhere was the pain more acute than here in the heart of rural Buckinghamshire. There's something undeniably magnificent about this huge, neoclassicaI palace - Stowe House - arguably the greatest private residence built in England in the 18th century. Just Iook at these extraordinary scagliola piIlars or the stunning eIlipticaI plaster ceiling. And yet there seems to be something missing. Or rather many things. Because once in each of these alcoves there was a Roman statue. The exquisite Georgian fireplaces have been ripped out and replaced by bog-standard ones Iike this. Why? How did this most stately of stately homes become a mere shell of its former self? The answer is that this house belonged to the principaI victim of the first modern property crash - Richard Plantagenet Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-GrenviIle, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Stowe was only part of the Duke's vast empire of real estate. ln all, he owned around 67,000 acres in England, lreland and Jamaica. These immense properties seemed more than adequate to back his extravagant lifestyle. And he spent money as if it might go out of fashion on mistresses, on illegitimate children, on anything that he felt was compatible with his standing as a Duke of the Realm. PEACOCK CRlES By 1 845, the jig was up. Grain prices had begun their long slide downwards, and so had the income from agricultural land. Rural property prices plummeted. Suddenly, the aristocracy found that their borrowings had outrun the value of their estates. The Duke was spending far more than his income and most of that was being absorbed by interest payments. But there was to be one final bout of conspicuous consumption. In preparation for a visit by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, the Duke decided to splash out and refurbish Stowe House from top to bottom. 15 saloons were stuffed fuII of the most expensive furniture that money could buy. The floorboards were groaning under the weight of Genoa velvet, embroidered satin and gold brocade. When the Queen saw the results, she commented rather waspishly, " I am sure I have no such splendid apartments in either of my palaces. " Sadly, the cost of this mega-makeover proved to be the finaI straw for the ducaI finances. ln August 1 848, to the Duke's horror, his son had the entire contents of Stowe House auctioned off. Now, his ancestral stately home was thrown open for throngs of bargain-hunters to bid for the silver, the wine, the china. Today, Stowe is a private boarding school. It's a poignant symbol of the transience of landed wealth. ln the modern world, it turned out, a regular job and a steady income mattered more than an inherited title - no matter how many acres you owned. Divorced by his Iong-suffering and much-betrayed Scottish wife, whose entire wardrobe had been seized by Sheriffs Officers in London, the Duke was finaIly forced to relinquish Stowe and move into rented accommodation. He eked out his days at his club, the Carlton, writing a succession of highly unreliable memoirs and incorrigibly chasing actresses and other men's wives. The fall of the Duke of Buckingham was a kind of harbinger for a new democratic age in which every adult would be given the vote whether they owned a stately home or paid rent for a humble flat. As aristocratic fortunes from agriculture declined, so the franchise was widened. Yet the advent of universaI suffrage didn't mean that property ownership had become universal. On the contrary, as recently as 1938, Iess than a third of the UK housing stock was in the hands of owner-occupiers. It was on the other side of the Atlantic that the first true property-owning democracy would emerge. And it would emerge from the biggest financiaI crisis ever seen. An Englishman's home is his castle and Americans know that there's no place Iike home too, even if aII the homes are rather similar. Today we take the universal right to own our own home for granted. But before the 1 930s, no more than two-fifths of American households were owner-occupiers. lf the old class system, based on elite property-ownership was distinctively British, the revolution that created a new property-owning democracy was born out of a great American financial crisis. When the Depression struck in 1 929, the US economy nose-dived. The minority of people who did own their own homes couldn't afford the mortgage payments. Tenants too struggled to pay the rent when all they had coming in was the dole. Nowhere were the effects of the Depression more painful than in Detroit. Soon the automobile industry here employed only half the number of workers it had in 1 929, and at half the wages. By 1 932, the dispossessed of Detroit had had enough. On March 7th, 5,000 workers laid off by the Ford Motor Company marched to the factory to demand unemployment relief. What followed would force Americans to completely rethink their attitude to property ownership. As the unarmed crowd reached Gate 4 of the company's River Rouge plant in Dearborn, scuffles broke out. Suddenly, the factory gates opened and a phalanx of police and security men rushed out and fired into the crowd. GUNSHOTS Five workers were killed. Days later, 60,000 people sang The lnternationale at their funeral. The Communist Party newspaper accused Edsel Ford, son of the firm's founder, Henry, of allowing a massacre. Could anything be done to defuse what was beginning to seem like a revolutionary situation, pitting the seriously propertied Fords against their property-less ex-employees? ln a remarkable gesture of conciliation, Edsel Ford turned to a Mexican artist named Diego Rivera. He invited him to paint a mural that would show Detroit's economy as a site of cooperation, not class conflict. Diego Rivera was a Iifelong Communist. His ideaI was of a society in which there would be no private property, in which the means of production would be commonly owned. In his eyes, Ford's River Rouge plant was the very opposite, a capitalist society in which the workers worked and the property owners, who reaped the rewards of their efforts, merely watched. When the murals were unveiled in 1 933, the city's dignitaries were appalled. They saw them as Communist propaganda, " a travesty on the spirit of Detroit " . The power of art is a wonderful thing. But it was clearly going to take something rather more powerful than art to heal a society so deeply split by the Depression. Other countries turned to the extremes of totalitarianism. But in the United States the answer was the New Deal. And that included a New DeaI on housing. In radicaIly increasing the number of Americans who could hope to own their own homes, the Roosevelt administration pioneered the idea of a property-owning democracy. It proved to be the perfect antidote to Red revolution. ln effect, the government would rig the housing market to incentivise Americans to become property owners. Customers at local mortgage lenders, known as savings and loans, the equivalent of British building societies, would have their deposits guaranteed by the Government even if a bank went bust. Crucially, a new Federal Housing Administration was set up to offer larger, longer and lower-interest loans. After the 1 930s, most mortgages in the United States were fixed for 20 or 30 years. A new Federal National Mortgage Association, nicknamed Fannie Mae, was set up to create a nationwide market for home loans. (TV REPORTER) This couple is going through a modeI house now. The husband, apparently, isn't very keen about it aIl, but his wife is entranced by such convenient features as the sturdy built-in ironing board. By reducing the monthly cost of a mortgage, these reforms made home-ownership possible for many more Americans than ever before. (TV REPORTER) They both would Iike to have this place for their very own. Too bad they can't afford it. Ah! But maybe they can. For according to this sign, they can buy this house with monthly payments that are Iess than they now spend for rent! It's not too much to say that the modern United States, with its seductively samey suburbs, was born out of these New Deal reforms. From the 1930s then, the US Government effectively underwrote the mortgage market, bringing borrowers and Ienders together. And that was the reason for the big explosion in property ownership and mortgage debt in the decades after World War Il. There was just one catch - not everyone in American society had an invitation to the property-owning party. When these houses were built in Detroit back in 1 941, whether you got the money or not for a mortgage depended on which side of this divide you lived. It was a reaI estate developer who built this six-foot high waII right through the middle of Detroit's 8 Mile district. He had to build it in order to qualify for Ioans from the FederaI Housing Administration. The Ioans were to be given for construction on that side of the waIl, which was a predominantly white neighbourhood. On this side, on the black side, there was to be no federaI credit, because African Americans were regarded as fundamentaIly uncreditworthy. It was part of a system that divided the whole city - in theory by credit-rating, in practice by colour. Segregation, in other words, wasn't accidental, but a direct consequence of federal policy. This map by the FederaI Home Loan Board shows the predominantly black areas of Detroit, the Iower east side and so-caIled colonies Iike the one we're in now in Birwood-Griggs, marked with a Ietter D and coloured red. You can see why the practice of giving whole neighbourhoods a negative credit rating came to be known as " red-Iining " . The result was that when people from round here needed mortgages, they had to pay significantly higher interest rates than the folks in the white part of town. Half a century later, the two categories of borrowers would come to be known euphemistically as prime and sub-prime. But in the 1 960s, this divide was the hidden financial dimension of the Civil Rights struggle. Blacks were to be excluded from the new property-owning society. There would be a heavy price to pay for this exclusion. On July 23rd 1 967, property in Detroit literally went up in flames. (TV) Four days of rioting, Iooting and arson rocked the city of Detroit in the worst outbreak of urban raciaI violence this year. Anger at economic discrimination spilled over into five days of rioting that left 43 people dead. Significantly, most of the violence was directed not against people, but against property. Nearly 3,000 buildings were looted or burned. The real lesson for policy makers was that excluding ethnic minorities from the property-owning democracy was a fast track to trouble. To make people feel like stakeholders in the social status quo, you had to make them property owners. lndeed, widening home ownership might even turn the malcontents into conservatives. This was a lesson that Margaret Thatcher was quick to learn. Here in Britain, the idea of the property-owning democracy became a keystone of 1 980s Conservatism. By selling off council housing at bargain-basement prices, Thatcher ensured that more and more British couples had a home of their own. That also meant that more people than ever had mortgages. Up untiI the 1980s, government incentives to borrow money and buy a house made pretty good sense for the average British family. Interest rates were relatively Iow in the '60s and '70s, and the inflation rate tended to creep up, so that the reaI value of mortgage debt tended to faIl. But there was a sting in the tail. The very same governments that professed their faith in the property-owning democracy were also committed to fighting inflation, and that meant raising interest rates. The British and American policy of encouraging people to take out mortgages and then cranking up interest rates led in the late '80s to one of the most spectacular booms and busts in the property market's history. It was to the '80s what the sub-prime meltdown has been in our own time - the first, but not the last time that America's mortgage market has gone stark raving mad. To many of us, it's come as a shock that a crash in the American property market could trigger a major financial crisis. ln fact, as so often in the ascent of money, it's happened before. ln March 1 984, American government regulators received a copy of a video showing mile after mile of half-built houses and condominiums along lnterstate 30, just outside Dallas in Texas. You can still see the empty slabs today. The investigation triggered by these un-built homes would expose one of the biggest financiaI scandals of aII time - a scam that would make a mockery of the idea of property as a safe form of investment. This isn't a story about reaI estate - more Iike surreal estate. Savings and loan associations - America's building societies - were not only central to Roosevelt's New Deal on housing. By the 1 97 0s, they were the foundation of America's property-owning democracy. Then, in the 1970s, the savings and Ioan industry was hit first by double-digit inflation and then by higher interest rates. It was a lethal double punch for institutions that were forbidden by law to raise the rates they paid to savers, and which were receiving interest payments from local mortgage borrowers that had been fixed decades before. The response in Washington was to remove nearly all these restrictions. When deregulation was enacted in 1 982, President Reagan was cock-a-hoop. AII in aIl, I think we hit the jackpot. Well, some people certainly did. Liberated from the old constraints, the people running savings and loans suddenly saw a chance to make some serious money from the once boring business of mortgage lending. By raising savings rates, they could attract much more money from depositors. Then they could use these deposits as the basis for as many loans as they liked. Crucially, though, one thing didn't change. Savers' deposits were still insured by the government. It was an invitation to a gigantic free lunch for financial cowboys. This is the Wise Circle Grill just outside Dallas, filled every lunchtime with local citizens of unblemished integrity. Twenty years ago, the clientele was rather different. The city of DaIlas had more than its fair share of fraudulent savings and Ioans, and this was where the DaIlas property cowboys came to hang out. The Wise Circle GriII was the place to have brunch when they weren't whooping it up on their Southfork-style ranches. It was aII very, very 1980s. To one group of DaIlas developers, the Empire Savings and Loan Association offered the perfect opportunity to make money out of thin air... or rather, out of flat, Texan Iand. The surreal saga of Empire Savings and Loans began when chairman Spencer Blain teamed up with a flamboyant high-school dropout turned property developer named Danny Faulkner, whose speciality was extravagant generosity... with other people's money. COlNS CASCADE The money in question came in the form of deposit accounts on which Empire paid alluringly high interest rates. This is Faulkner Point, one of the very first developments that Danny Faulkner ever built, and it spawned a veritable empire of Faulkner Crest, Faulkner Creek, Faulkner Crescent, Faulkner Fountains, Faulkner Oaks. Danny Faulkner's favourite trick was " the flip " . He'd buy some parceI of Iand for peanuts, and then seII it on to naive investors who got the money Ient to them by - you've guessed it - Empire Savings and Loans. Danny Faulkner may have claimed that he was iIliterate, but he certainly wasn't innumerate. Many investors never even got a chance to view their properties close up. Faulkner would simply fly them over in his helicopter without landing. By 1 984, property development in Texas was out of control, paid for by government-guaranteed deposits that were effectively going straight into the pockets of the developers. On paper at least, the assets of Empire had grown from $1 2 million to $257 million in just over two years. The trouble was that the demand for condos by Interstate 30 could never possibly have kept up with the vast supply that was being generated by Faulkner, Blain and their cronies. When the regulators finaIly blew the whistle in 1984, that reality could no Ionger be escaped, and hundreds of the buildings that they erected ended up being buIldozed or burnt to the ground. Today, 24 years on, it's stiII a Texan wasteland. ln 1 991, Faulkner and Blain were both convicted and jailed for fraud. One investigator called Empire " one of the most reckless " and fraudulent land investment schemes in American history. " ln all, nearly 500 savings and loans collapsed. According to one official estimate, nearly half had seen " criminal conduct by insiders " . The full cost of the crisis was $1 53 billion, making it one of the most expensive financial crises in American history. And the federal government which had deregulated the savings and loans in the first place had to pick up the bill, which is another way of saying that taxpayers forked out. It was the first clear sign that there might be a downside to the idea of the property-owning democracy. Yet the savings and loans crisis was a mere tremor compared with the property earthquake that would strike the US market 20 years later. Savings and loans was an all-American crisis. But the sub-prime quake would shake the entire world of finance to its very foundations. When this wall was built to divide white homeowners from black renters in the 1 940s, black families found it virtually impossible to get mortgages. Sixty years later, that had all changed. " We want everybody in America to own their own home, " President George WBush declared in October 2002, challenging lenders to create 5.5 million new minority homeowners by the end of the decade. Positively encouraged by the federal government to relax lending standards, mortgage companies swarmed into areas like this one, offering all kinds of alluring deals. Because so many of the new borrowers had patchy credit histories, these loans came to be known as " sub-prime " . That made you a perfect candidate for a NlNJ A loan. The problem was that behind low introductory payments, these new mortgage loans were very different from the old, 30-year fixed-rate repayment loans of the past. Since the 1980s, the housing game has radicaIly changed throughout the English-speaking world. Mortgages are for shorter and shorter durations and more and more borrowers are opting for interest-only mortgages. That makes households far more sensitive than they were to interest-rate hikes. So how come the lenders didn't worry that these sub-prime borrowers were almost certain to default if interest rates rose? The answer to that question and the key to the sub-prime crisis was another " S " word... Instead of putting their own money at risk, sub-prime Ienders immediately sold the Ioans on to banks here, in and around WaII Street. And the banks then securitized the Ioans, which means they bundled them together and then sliced and diced them so that at Ieast the top tier could be classified as triple-A-rated, " investment grade " securities. And the banks then sold these securities to investors 1 ,000 miles away from Detroit who were happy to pay for just a few extra hundredths of a percentage point in interest. The key to securitization was the distance between the mortgage borrowers in, say, Detroit, and the people who ended up receiving their interest payments. By the time small towns in Norway bought these securities, they had no idea what was really behind their investment. FinanciaI alchemy? WeIl, it was a business modeI that worked beautifuIly as Iong as interest rates stayed Iow, people kept their jobs, and real-estate prices continued to rise. Unfortunately, none of these things happened in Detroit. ln 2006 alone, sub-prime lenders injected more than a billion dollars into those areas of the city where home values were already falling and unemployment and mortgage rates were already rising. Where Detroit led, other cities soon followed. MEN READ OUT ADDRESSES It's Thursday at noon and I'm witnessing a twice-daily rituaI here on the steps of the Memphis Courthouse. About 30 homes are about to be auctioned off here, and the reason is that the mortgage Ienders have foreclosed on the homeowners for failing to keep up with their interest payments. 2926 South Radford Avenue... Memphis is reaIly becoming Foreclosure City these days. In the past five years, something Iike one in four households has received a notice threatening them with foreclosure. Since the sub-prime mortgage market began to turn sour in the early summer of 2007, shockwaves have been spreading through all the world's financial markets, wiping out hedge funds, obliterating venerable investment banks and costing the survivors hundreds of billions of dollars. Remember that pillar of the 1 930s New Deal mortgage market, Fannie Mae? With its younger brother, Freddie Mac, it grew to own or guarantee around half of all American home loans. ln September 2008, Fannie and Freddie were effectively nationalised to avoid a complete collapse of the mortgage market. Established Wall Street names like Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch have vanished. Unlike savings and loans, this crisis extends right around the world. The four Norwegian municipalities of Rana, Hemnes, Hattfjelldal and Narvik, which had invested their citizens' taxes in sub-prime backed securities, are now sitting on an investment worth roughly 1 5% of what they paid for it - a loss of $1 00 million. In the English-speaking world, we tend to think of property as a one-way bet. The simplest way of getting rich is to play the property market. In fact, you'd be a mug to invest your money in anything else. But the remarkable thing about this supposed " truth " is how often reality gives it the lie. For like stock markets, property can soar in value only to crash in the most spectacular way. ln Britain, between 1 989 and 1 995, the average house price fell by 1 8%. But that was nothing compared with what happened here in Japan. The view's good. Very Austin Powers decor. I'm Ioving that. Oh, that's the boiler. OK, weIl, Iet's cut to the chase. How much is this place going to cost if I put the money down now? SPEAKS JAPANESE So that would be close to $2 miIlion. OK, that's Iike a miIlion... a miIlion pounds buys me this bijou apartment in Tokyo. But this is a smart neighbourhood, right? That may sound like a lot, but in recent Japanese history, it's a real bargain. Between 1 985 and 1 990, property prices in Japan rose by a factor of roughly three. Banks fell over themselves to ride this wave. But it wasn't a wave. It was a bubble. And in 1 990 it burst. Prices here in Tokyo fell... ..by 7 5%, wiping out all the previous gains. This costs Ł1 miIlion now. How much did it cost back in 1990, at the peak of the property bubble? - So roughly three times the value. - Three times? So close to...possibly $6 miIlion. Ł3 miIlion. Wow! We think we've had a property crash in the West, but this is a reaI property crash. So no, property isn't a uniquely safe investment. House prices can go down as weII as up. And as assets go, houses are pretty iIliquid, which means you can't unload them in a hurry if you get into a financiaI jam. And that, pretty much, is the downside of the idea of a property-owning democracy. The question now is whether we English-speakers have any business trying to export our modeI to the rest of the world. The real flaw in the property-owning democracy, as recent events have proved, is that the housing market, like any asset market, is prone to booms and busts. But maybe there's another way of looking at property - as a means of unlocking new wealth by providing collateral for aspiring entrepreneurs. Could property ownership be the answer to the problems of the world's poorest countries? You've heard of sub-prime borrowers. Well, welcome to a sub-prime country... ..Argentina, where economic underachievement has been a way of life for a century. These slums on the outskirts of Buenos Aires seem a million miles from the elegant boulevards of the Argentine capital's centre. But are people here really as poor as they look? One man didn't believe so. Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto saw the shabby residences like these in developing countries all over the world as representing literally trillions of dollars of unrealised wealth. The problem is that the people who Iive here, and in countless shanty towns around the world, don't have secure IegaI title to their homes. That's bad, because without a IegaI title to property, you can't use it as coIlateraI to borrow money. And if you can't borrow money, then you can't possibly raise the capitaI you need to start a business. Part of the trouble is that in poor countries, it's a bureaucratic nightmare to establish secure legal title to property. It can take months - sometimes years - longer than in the English-speaking world. For Hernando de Soto, breathing financiaI Iife into aII this dead capitaI is the key to providing the poor with a more prosperous future. The shanty town of Quilmes, on the southern outskirts of Buenos Aires, provides a natural experiment to test De Soto's theory. On one side of the town, there are some of the most squalid slums I've ever seen. But just a few miles away, it's a very different story. It was in the early 1980s that a group of squatters here Iobbied the government for secure IegaI title to their homes. They were successful, and those wiIling to pay a nominaI rent were granted Ieases which, after 20 years, converted into fuII ownership. You can teII they're owner-occupied by the fact that there's a fence, the waIls are painted, there's even a rather excitable guard dog. After aIl, owners tend to Iook after properties better than tenants. And some of the owners here are even realising the value of their properties by putting them up for sale. Yet there seems to be a flaw in the theory, for owning their own homes hasn't made it significantly easier for people here to borrow money. Just 4% of them have managed to secure a mortgage. The reality is that owning property doesn't give you security - it just gives your creditors security. ReaI security comes from having an income, as the Duke of Buckingham discovered in the 1840s, as Detroit homeowners are discovering today, and as I suspect the people of Quilmes would probably agree. For that reason, it probably isn't necessary for every entrepreneur in the developing world to take out a mortgage on his home or, for that matter, on her home. In fact, property ownership may not be the key to wealth-generation at aIl. This is Betty Flores. She runs a small coffee shop in El Alto, a poor suburb of the Bolivian capital, La Paz. Betty is one of an increasingly large number of women around the world who have borrowed money with no security at all. She's the personification of an extraordinary new financial movement known as microfinance. Did you borrow the money to set up this coffee stand? COMPANlON TRANSLATES SHE REPLlES IN SPANlSH Yes, to make the...the stand. She borrowed money to make the stand. Has she paid it aII back? - She's paid it off a Iong time ago. - Oh, I see. Stories Iike Betty's point to one of the great revelations of the microfinance movement in a country Iike Bolivia. It turns out that women are actuaIly a better credit risk than men, with or without a home as security for the Ioan. It aII rather flies in the face of the conventionaI image of the spendthrift female. These women are hardly what you would call good financial risks. They probably have just a few dollars between them. Yet with no security, they are being lent money. Here in Bolivia, lenders have come to realise that creditworthiness may in fact be a female trait. Carmen Velasco set up Pro Mujer to provide finance to poor but enterprising women. Because the loans are unsecured by property, the challenge is to get the women to pay them back...but they do. From day one, they have to know that they have to repay on time, that they have interest rates and they have to save. So it's a process of Iearning, and at the beginning it's very difficult, because they are not used to handling a Ioan. But Iittle by Iittle, they get used to it, and they feeI so proud when they repay. I must say, I'm hugely impressed by what I'm seeing here at Pro Mujer. You can sense in this hive of activity the transformation that microfinance has brought into these women's Iives. And behind me you can see the bottom Iine... women Iining up to repay their Ioans punctuaIly. Maybe it's time to change that old catch phrase from " as safe as houses " to " as safe as housewives " . Of course, it would be a mistake to assume that microfinance is some kind of economic magic bullet. Just giving out loans won't necessarily consign poverty to the museums. But then, betting everything on the house won't do that, either. Financial illiteracy may be rampant, but somehow we were all experts on one branch of economics - the property market. We all knew that property was a one-way bet. Except that it wasn't. All over the world, it seems, property prices are falling... ..from Memphis to Santiago, from London to La Paz. Encouraging home ownership may weII create a politicaI constituency for capitalism. But it also distorts the capitaI market by persuading people to bet the house on... weIl, the house. People need to borrow money, of course, to start up businesses or to buy expensive assets. But it seems dangerous to Iure them into staking everything on the far from risk-free property market. From Buckinghamshire to Bolivia to bonny Scotland, the key is to strike the right balance between debt and income. And next week I'II be suggesting that the entire world economy is in the process of getting that balance perilously wrong. Messages for the year 2012 Welcome ... I am Sabrina DiAngelo Today I am in Bangalore in a wonderfull botanic garden now is the 02 January 2012 and I send you nice greetings from india It's wonderfull and mystical here and now I want to tell you something about the year 2012! Many people are scared that this year the Armageddon will come It always had been that the people said in the year 1000, year 100, 1999, 2000, 2006, 2012 ... 2013 comes the end of the world. And it will be always like this... People ask me what will be happen this year and what will change? So I made different Channelings for you to answer this question. I got the messages that in this year what the Mayas transmit that any energies comes to the world and will bring the Armageddon was missunderstood. After thousands of years ...you know the whisper down the lane... The truth is: The change already happend! The people devote more to nature They bother to topics about liberty, to live in present, they do what their heart want and not what is affected to them. They escape and don't want to be how other people want them. They want to be how they are. This changed - ...This Armageddon is real because now it's another time and another energy then the last 2000 years. All enslavement, rejection, women in the position where they can't be free like today and so many respones on both sides are past. Everything is changed! They realize now that they have self-responsibility. From the spiritual site you feel you have got a special urge to do something new to change your profession, relationships, friendships, properties, wishes and visions. We notice that we suppressed our self so much when we don't let it be. When you say that you can't change your life then the strain grows up till you will be uncomfortable. You become angry and give it to the person you love... This is not what you want! What you want is to be happy! And then you attract luck! You feel that you want to implement yourself AND YOU CAN DO THlS!! And now in 2012 you can change yourself into a person who doesn't do what other people espect but rather then what you want to do! Start now! Don't think that you can do it tomorrow, next year or when you become old what I explained to you in my last video-message and manifest what you think about you and your environment today! My friend Alya made an awesome video with this topic. There you can hear that now is the time for what you manifest - it will happen so fast!! When you just think to little things for example a squirrel... then you see one! When you think "I want to have rain" ... it rains When you think to someone special this person will contact you very soon! Or you think to a song, wish sunshine or whatever... What you suggest and want is perhaps not what you really attract because you get what you transmit! When you want to have the sunshine then don't think about how cold and wet it's outside! Think the whole day to the sunshine It's not easy I know It's difficult to controll your thoughts and to think right and positive. It takes time and you cann't do this overnight: Put your focus of thoughts to what you want and not to what you don't want to have in your life. But you can start now! It's for free to try it!! Many people say that it doesn't works before they try it... But this is an excuse for the fear to become disappointed. It's important that you risk something in your life. Risk to think positive!! Risk to think about the sun, wealth, health... although you feel bad right now... Think about friendships although you are alone... >>exotic birds are here<< RlSK TO THlNK POSlTIVE!!! Risk to surround your thoughts Try it in a timeframe.. Perhaps for the beginning for a half year and when it really happend that all gone bad when you thought positive it's not so bad when you will say: "Oh god, the last half year I thought always positive!" The reality is when you think positive then all is a lot easier everything flows better! Awesome things happens because you are open for it. Then you can see the wonderfull things When you think negative then you see the negative world. And the good thing is when you think positive and it goes wrong then it is really another feeling! We are not dissapointed how we thought. Your world will not caved in. You will never think: "I thought positive ... now my life is past! I was dissapointed and now I can die!" It's not like this! It is really different! When you think the whole time negative because you are afraid to become dissapointed and then something positive happen you can not delight it! Because you are in this big negative energy that you can't see the positives in life! When you think the whole time negative and something goes wrong you are although dissapointed!! But it's different to the positive energy and thinking positive! When you think positive and positives will happen then you thought the whole way positive plus the end... The way is the goal! Did you think positive and it goes wrong you had wonderfull days before with good energy and there is now only 1 day when you are sad All what I have - you can have it too!! Bangalore ... India Greetings from the land where people are smiling!! Where the nature, trees and exotic birds are saying hello You can manifest all this things too! Many people wanted to alert me what about all perhaps can happen in india but I came here with positive energy and manifestation and I had only awesome experiences! I met wonderfull people!! All positives came to me And YOU CAN HAVE IT TOO!!! You have got the human right to live a wonderfull life and start with it RlGHT NOW!!! Start today the focus with your toughts to only those things you want to have! And with this ... now in the twilight... I wish you a wonderfull start into the year 2012 All what you wish to youself I wish it for you too! Take your life in your hand and start with your project: MYSELF!!! And then finally all will happen what you wished since so many years! The only thing what you have to do for it is to take self-responsibility! I wish you all the best! When you want to have a personal reading or you have got questions go to www.sabrina-diangelo.com or send a mail to kontakt@sabrina-diangelo.com Goodbye!! So we now have an algorithm, a very elegant one, that solves the weighted independent set problem in path graphs. Moreover the algorithm runs in linear O of n time, clearly the best possible. But before we do a victory lap I want to point out that there's something this algorithm doesn't do that you might want it to do, mainly hand you the actual optimal solution, not merely the value of that optimal solution. So the point of this video is to show you how we can reconstruct an optimal solution given the table-filling algorithm from the previous video. So we just write that algorithm back down. It's so short, it won't take me too long. Now when this algorithm completes, what do we have in our hands? We have an array, and this array is filled with numbers. In particular, in the last entry in the array is a number like 184 so that's great. That tells us that the maximum weight that any independence set possesses is 184. But, in many applications, we're going to want to know not just that information but actually which vertices constitute that independence set with total weight of 184. So, perhaps the first hack that comes to mind to address this issue is to augment the array, so that each entry stores not just the value of an optimal solution to the sub-problem produced by the graph G sub I, but also an actual set of vertices achieving that value. And I will leave it for you to if you want, rework the previous pseudo codes so that when you fill in a new entry, you fill in not just the value of an optimal solution given solution to the previous sub-problems but infact also the solution itself. This hack however is not generally how things are done in dynamic programming. It unnecessarily wastes both time and space and a much smarter approach is to reconstruct from the filled in table an optimal solution as needed. So if you think about it, it's kind of cool that this is even possible, that our one line algorithm doesn't cover its tracks, that it leaves enough clues for us as detectives to go back and examine and rec onstruct what the optimal solution is. The following key point articulates exactly why this is indeed possible. So the starting point of this observation is the correctness of our algorithm, our one line algorithm. Which of course we established in the previous video. And by correctness I mean what's guaranteed that this algorithm will populate each entry of your array correctly. The number in the ith entry is indeed the maximum weight of independent set in the graph G I. So remember our thought experiment about what the optimal solution could possibly look like. We concluded it could only be one of two things, and we really wound up wishing we had a little birdie that could tell us whether or not the rightmost vertex v.sub.n was in the optimal solution or not. If we knew which case we were in we could just recursively compute the remainder of the solution from a graph that has either one or two fewer vertices. So here's the point, this filled in table, that's our little birdy. Here's what I mean. But what, what's, what's the reasoning that our algorithm goes through to fill in this last entry of this array, and don't forget, we've already proven that our algorithm's correct, we did that in the last video? Well, it does a comparison between the two possible candidates vying for the optimal one. On the one hand it commutes the case one solution that looks up the optimal value of a solution for the graph with one fewer vertex and it compares that to the case two solution including V N the last vertex and adding that to an optimal solution with two fewer vertices. And in this max operator in the line of code it's explicitly comparing which is better, case one. The solution which excludes B sub N, or case two, the solution which includes B sub N. So, whichever one of those was the winner, whichever one of those cases was used to fill in that last entry. That exactly tells us whether or not B sub N is in the optimal solution. If we use the first case, that means B sub N is not in the optimal solution, it gets exclude d. If the second case was the winner, then we know B sub N is in the optimal solution, cuz that was the winner. If we have a tie, then there's an optimal solution either way. There's one that includes BN and there's one that excludes BN, So those are the tracks in the mud left for us by the forward direction of the for-loop. We can just go back and look at which case was used to fill in each entry of the array. Again, for the ones that used case one, that corresponds to excluding the current vertex; for those that used case two to fill in the entry, that corresponds to including that vertex, in the solution. So the reconnect structure algorithm will take as input the filled in array that was generated by our one line algorithm on the previous slide. And what it's going to do, it's going to trace through this array from right to left. And at each step of the main loop, it's going to say, it's going to look at the current entry. And it's just going to compute explicitly which of the two candidates were used to fill in this array entry. If you want, you can also cache the results of these comparisions on the forward pass. That's an optimization that will be useful later for harder problems. But for now if you want, you can just think about redoing the comparision thing. Hey, you know, their were two possible. More ways that we could have filled in this entry, let's just check which of the two were used. So if in fact the preceding array entry is at least as large as the one from two back plus the weight of the current vertex, that corresponds to case one winning, to the sub-solution that excludes the current vertex being better than the one that includes it. So in that case we just skip the current vertex V sub I and we decrease the array index by one in our scan. If the other case wins, that is, if we fill in the current entry, if an optimal solution to the current graph G sub I comprises the current vertex of E sub I plus the optimal solution to the graph with two fewer vertices. In this case we know we'd better include V sub I. That's part of an optimal solution to the current sub-problem. Moreover, that's the case where we need to look up the optimal solution with two fewer vertices. So, we include the current vertex and we decrease the array and index by two. So formally we have a correctness claim which is that the final output S return by the reconstructing algorithm is, as desired, a maximum weight independent set of the original graph g. We've already talked about all the ingredients necessary for a formal proof, for those of you who are interested. Of course, it precedes by induction and, in the inductive step, you use the same case analysis we've been using over and over again. The optimal solution at any given point, it has only two possible candidates. The algorithm explicitly figures out which of the two it is and that is what. Triggers whether or not to include or exclude the current vertex. The running time, it's even easier. We have a wild loop that runs in most an iterations. We do constant work in each of the iterations. So just like the forward pass, this backwards pass is really just a single scan through the away. It's going to be lightning fast linear time. Now the question is suppose an eavesdropper can listen in on this link and can listen in on this link, so it has a way to listen on the outcoming links from me and the incoming links to Alice, can they determine that we're communicating? No. Yes, if there's no similar traffic on the network. Yes, if there is a way to correlate message 1 and message 2. And yes, if the adversary can see all the traffic on the entire network. [music] In this segment, I'm finally going to start the discussion of which is better, Static versus Dynamic Typing. And sorry to disappoint you but I'm not going to reach a firm conclusion. Instead the way we're going to do this is we're going to consider arguments, reasons why static checking may be superior. Or why dynamic checking may be superior. And we will give corresponding arguments, similar arguments for both sides on similar topics. We'll start in this segment, and then we'll continue in this one. Remember of course, that most languages do check somethings statically and other things dynamically. So, it's not a matter of should you check everything statically or everything dynamically, but for everything your going to check, there are advantages and disadvantages. About when you do the checking. So let's start. Probalby one of the most common aruguements people make in favor of dynamic type systems. That languages that check things dynamically. Is that they're more conveniant. That if you want to build a list that holds data of different types or you want to write a function that returns things of different types, you can just do that and you don't have a type system getting in your way. So you see the Racket code here at the top and I have this function f that sometimes returns a number by adding y and y and sometimes returns the string hi. And if you want to do that, you can just do that. The corresponding ML code at the bottom makes you go and create some data type of definition, introduce your own tags for inten string, rather than the language just doing that for you. And then, in the definition of F, you have to remember to put the right constructor in the right place. So, it's just clumsier code, it was more work for the program. The people in favor of racket would also point out that when some user of this function F needs to use the result It has nice built-in primitives, like number, question mark, that just can therefore know whether the function returned a number or string. And this is, is exactly the natural thing to do, knowing that f sometimes returns a number. And sometimes returns a string. Whereas over at ml we, the program has to use this data-type binding we define. And then use pattern-matching to get the pieces up. So dynamic typing seems more convenient for this sort of program. But the static type system people say wait a minute, wait a minute, if you want to talk about convenience, what could be more convenient than have a type system that enforces that the arguments and the data you receive from somebody already has the right Type, suppose I want to write some simple function that just cubes its argument. Well in ML, if I write fun cube x equals x times x times x, I know absolutely that anyone in the program that ever calls cube in any way. Will pass an integer. So I don't have to worry about any error checking. I can just do the multiplication and return the result. Whereas in racket, we know that you can call a function with any argument you want. So maybe if I want to be more careful, if this is something the outside world might use, I need to put some sort of check here that I was actually past a number. Racket actually has an entire contract system. I didn't show you here for a more uniform easy to document, more standard way of doing this sort of error checking but how can it be convenient not only that I have to do these checks but I have to wait until run time for these checks to fail if someone does actually misuse Might function. So that's the argument on that side. Let's give another argument for dynamic typing now. And that's that all that static type checking always prevents useful programs. There's always some program someone wants to write that's been rejected, even though it makes perfect sense. So I have a short example here that I kind of like. Just because you might think that ML would allow this, but it doesn't. Alright, so let me show you this in ML real quick. Not there, just at the REPL here. Suppose I want to write a function. That takes in it's called f but it takes in another function g, then it makes a pair of calling g with an int and g with a BOOL. It just doesn't type checks. Type system doesn't work that way, the type system doesn't work that way. Even though it would make perfect sense as long as g was itself some function, maybe just an anonymous function. If I could pass in something that say makes a pair up of it's arguments, this would work perfectly fine and ML just rejects it. So that's what I have down here at the bottom, you would think this code here makes perfect here, and it will not touch it. Type system is just not powerful enough for it. The Racket code just find you can define a function f takes in g. It calls, it makes a pair out of calling g with 7 and g with true. It's exactly the same as the ML code here. And then I can call it, I can call f with a function like lambda x cons x, x. And if i do that I'll get a perfectly good result. I'll get back the pair of 7 and 7, cons together with the pair of true and true. There's nothing wrong with that, and so static type checking is just getting in my way. Now, the static checking people would say, now wait a minute. The only way Racket was able to do that was by tagging all the data in your language and always checking before every CAR operation that you have a pair, before every addition that you have a number and so on. We can do this in ML. If you want to pass things of different types around, then you just have to use your own data type bindings. And you can now have the control as the programmer, in tagging exactly where you want to tag, and not tagging, where you don't need to. And in the extreme as I showed already once, earlier, you can program in an entirely Racket like way in ML. If you want to, by creating the one racket type with a constructor for every kind of data. And do all your own tagging and pattern matching every time you need to use a value. Now this may be less convenient than in racket. But racket in some sense forces all programs to always having check tags. Whereas in a statically typed language like ML The programmer is in control of where things are tagged where things can fail where things are checked dynamically. So, one more argument in this segment. Probably the best argument people usually make in terms of static checking is that it catches bugs earlier. What could be better than catching bugs before you ever write test programs. Before someone misuses your function. And soon as you try to use the file you get an error. So let me show that by actually flipping over here to SML again. You see I have here, this function pow1. We'll get to pow2 in just a minute. And if I go to try to use this, I get an error message. And the reason is that pow1 actually expects two curried arguments, the recursive call tries to pass them. In terms of a pair. And it's good that I have an automatic system to catch that sort of bug. Whereas if I'm over here in Racket, I have the corresponding here. Powl 1 takes in one argument returns a function. So really is querying. But then here in the recursive call. I guess I'm passing two arguments instead of passing them in a curried way. And that compiled just fine and it's not 'til I try to go and use pow1 with say, 3 and 4 that I get in error, or even if I get it right here, at the initial call, I'll get an error. At the recursive call site. So I have to test it to catch these errors and figure it out that way. So that is basically the argument in favor of static checking, that it catches these simple bugs for you that are actually quite hard to find just by staring at the code. But the dynamic type people say now wait a minute, wait a minute. Yes, it catches lots of those simple bugs for you. But it tends to catch the easy bugs, right? It catches the same bugs, the dynamic typing people would say, as you were going to catch later when you test your function. And don't even try to tell me that static typing is so good, you don't have to test your function, because that's just not the case. The dynamic typing people would say, okay ML, I appreciate that your pow1 didn't type check, so let's comment that out. You caught that bug nice and easily. But now, let's look at pow2. So let's go back over here oops, to SML and let's use the file now. And, oh look at that, everything compiled. I have a wonderful pow2, takes two curried arguments and if I call it with 3 and 4, I get 13. 13, which is not 3 to the fourth power, which is what I was trying to write. And the reason is, pardon me. The reason is, that right here I wrote plus, instead of times. And no type system is ever going to catch that, because plus and times take arguments of the same type. And if you're going to have to test your functions anyway, what's so bad about the Racket code, where testing the code. Caught my error for me. And I do have here, the version of pow2 that is wrong in the same way as the ML version plus N set of times and I can just test it in the same way. And if I call pow. Pow2, in curried form, with 3 and 4 I will also get 13, which I should realize, is the wrong answer. So those are the first three arguments for and against static and dynamic typing. I believe they are all valid. It's a matter of which is more important to you. And we'll continue with more reasons in the next segment. So, hello again. This is Roger Coke Barr for the Bioelectricity course. This is Week three, segment seven. This is a problem session, this segment. And I thought, for this problem session, be useful to examine the results. Let's just try to quantify some important details by looking at the graphs for the simulations. First, what are the peak values? We'd like to know the peak voltage relative to the baseline, that's what we're calling vm. We're using vm with a lowercase v as voltage gets the baseline. What is the peak vm with a passive patch? And what is the peak vm with an active patch? Let's divide that up into two time periods, during the stimulus and after the stimulus. So, what I'm asking you to do here is to go back, look at the graphs and say what was the peak vm for passive tissue during the stimulus. Well, it's something in the range of ten millivolts. Go back and look and check and see if that's right. For passive tissue, for any time following the stimulus onset, that is to say throughout the whole entire waveform. What was the peak vm? Again, maybe ten millivolts. Go back and check by looking at it. But in any event, these two answers are going to be the same because the highest voltage in passive tissue occurs just at the end of the stimulus. Now, for active tissue, go back and look. And say, during the stimulus, that is towards the end of the stimulus, what is the peak voltage there? I thought looking at our curve that it was just a little bit higher. Please go back and check but it's something like maybe eleven millivolts, maybe it's twelve, fifteen, would you look please and see if you can get that. And then, the active tissue at any time following the stimulus onset, wow, this number is now a lot bigger, so maybe it's 100 millivolts. If you'll go back and look please, carefully, and fill in those numbers, as they ought to be, try to get them within the nearest millivolt. Although on the graph, sometimes it can be hard to resolve it but try as best as you can to get them within the nearest millivolt. If we look at these results taken as a whole, of course, the striking thing, the very striking thing is what this difference is, ten as compared to a hundred. Wow, active tissue. Ten times as big, more or less. We'd like to also ask the question for the duration, the time duration of each deflection on the wave form. The individual phases in this kind of work are often referred to as deflections, so that's why I use that word. First of all, what is the time duration of the stimulus current? That's fixed and in this case, it's 400 microseconds. What is the total duration of the passive waveform? Not just the stimulus phase, but the whole entire wave form? Now, that's a questions that's a little bit trickier than it seems because the ending is not very sharply defined. Let us suppose we just define it arbitrarily by definition as about ten percent of the peak value. So, when the, the wave form falls back to within ten percent of the peak value, we will say that's it over. So, for the passive vm duration, look at the curve and see how long you would say that would be. Maybe it's around 2,000 microseconds. What could be longer than that? Look at it please and see what you think. And then, for the active way form, how long does it last? Now, that's a tricky question again because it lasts a while above the baseline and it goes down below the baseline and comes back up. Let's suppose for the purpose of this question, we take only the part that's above the baseline. How long does it last until it comes back down to within ten percent of the peak value? Please look back and see and figure that number out and put in here. So, with this peaceful view of the cemetery at Orange Church, I will say that I think we should have some satisfaction at completing this segment because we have seen some numbers that we can count on for action potentials and on the other hand, we still have not solved the mystery. Thank you for watching. We'll see you next time. Vegan Banana Cupcakes Recipe with Vegan Banana Buttercream Frosting Hey my Sweet Vs. It's The Sweetest Vegan here. Today on the show we will be doing a viewer request. Sweet V Kbj57 asked if I could make Banana Cupcakes. Now some people hate bananas, some people love them. But since I love them, we are going to go ahead and make this cupcake today. Here we go. Vegan Banana Cupcakes Recipe with Vegan Banana Buttercream Frosting As always, we are going to preheat our oven to 350 degrees F and line a cupcake tin with blue cupcake liners. Next we are going to mix together our dry ingredients: all purpose flour, baking powder, ground cinnamon, salt, and baking soda. Whisk that all together until it is well combined. Grab a second bowl so we can mix together our wet ingredients. I have one banana, cream that with an electric mixer until it is the consistency of pudding. Then add in raw sugar, almond milk, canola oil, and vanilla extract. Continue to mix that with your electric mixer until it is well mixed together, then gradually add in your dry ingredients. Once it is well combined, use a cupcake scooper to distribute it throughout your cupcake tin. Now mine only made 9 cupcakes and this usually happens the first time I make something. And it happened again, but it is okay. No big deal. We are going to bake these for 20 minutes and when they are done we should be able to stick a toothpick in the middle of one and have it come out clean. Now we are going to make our banana buttercream. We are going to cream together 1/4 banana with vegan butter. Until it is well combined and smooth. Then we are going to add in a pinch of salt, along with our powdered sugar. Blend that all together and it should come out smooth. Taste like tapioca pudding to me but whatever. I am going to use a spoon to dollop it on top of my cupcakes and give it a little swirl. Put a slice of banana right at the heap. Now we are going to taste it, cause that's the best part. The banana cupcake taste like the best banana you ever had in your life. The banana is very pronounced, yet it is sweet. It has a lot of cinnamon, everything is balanced out. And you get the flavor without the awkward moment of sticking something long and cylinder in your mouth and having to bite it off. You know what I am saying? I really don't like to eat bananas in that manner. But, it is really really good. Really really good. But that is it for today. If you have not subscribed to my channel, please subscribe. I make cupcakes everyday and you don't want to miss not one recipe. That's it. Bye. Vegan Banana Cupcakes Recipe with Vegan Banana Buttercream Frosting Hello my friends. Justin here, this is the start of my new series of lessons on how to play Blues Lead Guitar. And before getting into learning licks and scales and stuff, I want to talk a little bit about the process of learning Blues guitar. So of course there's one element of playing Blues guitar is learning scales and licks, that kind of thing. So the way I want you to think about it is that the scale is the alphabet, particularly, like, the Minor Pentatonic scale. that is kinda your Blues alphabet, and using that one alphabet you can speak lots of languages like Country, Blues, Jazz or whatever, all of those different styles all use the Minor Pentatonic scale, but what makes Blues Blues is the licks, and the lick you can think of as being a word. So, after you've learned your alphabet which'll be your, . . . your Minor Pentatonic scale, just playing up and down the scale, . . . doesn't really sound bluesy. What you need to make it sound bluesy is a word, a combination or a way of putting those letters, the notes together to make it sound like a word. Like, straight away it sounds like blues, or, any of those things or . . . They're all just little ways of using that scale. To enable you to play blues, so it's not just about learning the scale. And it's not just about learning licks, so what's the other element? The other element is listening to blues, and actually being able to kind of absorb the character of the blues. Now, if you look at any of the great blues guitar players, whether they be the whiteys like you know, your Eric Clapton, or Stevie Ray Vaughan, or BB King, Albert King, Freddie King, these three Kings, and all of that sort of stuff, If you listen to their music, you'll hear their words. Now they didn't learn by some guy on the internet, like me, teaching you licks. Right, they learned by listening to other blues artists, and by, say, if you look at someone like Clapton he just, definitely didn't use MX Tabs or anything like that. He used old blues records that he listened to, and tried to figure out how to play the licks. So, I'm gonna show you the scale to start off with, not in this lesson, but in a future one. We're gonna have a look at the scale so you understand what it is, what the alphabet is. Then we're gonna start to, I'm gonna show you some licks. But really what you wanna do is be finding the licks yourselves, off records, which involves transcribing. Now, not being one to try and flog my own products too much, however, I have this little pack for sale on my website, called Really Useful Blues Solos. And what it contains is five tracks of guitar solo where I emulate, and kind of use their licks, if you like, like Albert King, Eric Clapton, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Jimi Hendrix and Chuck Berry. Now those things are kind of condensed versions of those artists. So if you wanted to learn say, Albert King, the best way, would be to go and get an Albert King album, and learn all of his licks. Yeah, like try and transcribe them and work them out yourself. If you wanna use my pack, it's kind of a slightly easier version. You can get just as much if not more benefit from doing it off Albert King. Cause of course me emulating Albert King isn't as good as Albert King. If you wanted to use my version you'd get the track, you'd try and work it out and then I also supply you with a transcription of the way I played it so if you get stuck in your working out, you can refer to my paperwork to try and do it. A lot of people I don't think have kind of sussed that out. but there's so many people that I've had e-mails from, and a lot of my private students that have used that really useful Blues Solo Package, to get their Blues vocabulary together. I'm not flogging it to you just because it's my product. It's cause it really works, it is a good method for teaching you licks. Right,so, you've got your licks, so they're your words. But really what you want to do is, you want to speak sentences. You want to make up something, you want to express something to someone else. So, then you have to learn how to use your licks, how to combine one lick with another lick and, also how to use one lick in as many different ways as you can. Which is something else that we're gonna get onto doing, after we've talked about the scale and the blues licks and stuff like that. There's quite a lot of, I've given you already quite a lot of info on that. So let's start to talk a little bit more about the word thing. So different words would be akin to different artists. So there are certain words like . . . which is kind of an Albert King lick that Clapton uses a lot of the time as well. So it doesn't end up being a, you know, it might be, originally come from Albert King or maybe he got it from someone else. Maybe he got it from Hubert Sumlin, or Robert Johnson, or whatever, where they came from initially, I'm not exactly sure, to tell the truth. I'm guessing that someone made some stuff up somewhere. It's a which came first the chicken or the egg, but actually there must have been some thing coming from somewhere. I should know the answer to that, and I don't actually. But, anyway, so we're talking about words, different words, different people, so you can kind of, different styles, of blues have different words, so, like a Texas blues, might use a different word to a traditional kind of Albert King-y or BB King style thing, different people have different accents on the way they use the words, BB King's got his very sharp vibrato. That kind of like really n-n-n-n vibrato, and that would be kind of his style. So if you start to use his words you'll have a kind of a BB King accent. Jimi Hendrix has little specialist things, he's got, is one of his classic little licks, if you start using that word a lot, it'll start to sound like Hendrix, but, you could start to mix them all up again, and go like Hendrix, Stevie Ray (plays) and suddenly then you've got like a blues solo, and it's your blues solo. It's you, if you mix up the words, it's the same as saying that, a lot of people say, oh I can't learn licks because then I'm gonna sound like other people, well yeah, that's kinda the point, lets put it back into the word analogy. So, if you wanted to be a poet, if you just picked random letters from the English language, and stick them together, and you end up with these words that no one knows what they mean or what they are, and then you try and speak your poetry, it might be really original and no one's done it before. But no one's going to understand what the hell you're talking about. So there's no point. Whereas if you in a poet would learn normal English words. And look for cool ways of using words for probably, from other poets or other authors. And then they would stick them together in their own unique way. That's what you're trying to do when you're doing a blues solo. Especially if you're playing blues, blues is quite, using the right blues words is quite an important bit, cause that's what somebody listening hears and goes, oh yeah, he's playing blues, I recognize blues. And then they can dig on the rest of the things that you're saying, even if you chucked in like a jazz lick or your own weird variation of a lick. Once you've kind of settled into the style that you're playing blues, and people are understanding it, it makes a lot more sense to the listener. So, hopefully I've given you enough of a bowl on using the thinking, of licks as words, and the scales as the alphabet. So we're gonna learn scales first, then we're gonna learn some licks, then I'm gonna show you how to use the licks, and explain to you a little bit more about where to find your own licks. So remember the best way to get your own licks, is definitely, no question, original blues records, and try to work them out yourself, if you really struggle with that, and you need a hand, then it would be a good idea probably, for you to check out my Really Useful Blues Solos pack, which is available on the website, if you go to the product section of justinguitar.com, and that way you get the solo to work out, and you get a transcription of me playing that solo, in whatever style, so if you get stuck when you're trying to work it out yourself, you can refer to my notes and it'll kinda pull you through. So without further ado I think it's time for the next lesson. I've done enough gassing and not enough talking. 'Cause I know there's some of you gonna go, 'you talk too much', in the comments and stuff. Well I kinda feel like I had to to start this series off. So, the next thing we're gonna check out is the main scales that get used in blues. And hopefully that'll get your alphabet well sorted out. Hope all that makes sense, and there'll be support notes of course on the website. Go and check it out. And, I will see you all for lesson two very soon. Later dudes, bye bye. Let us know speak about Backward Induction. And Backward Induction can be viewed as a way of computing the subgame perfect equilibrium of a game. It's a procedure that's used, widely. Or variants of it are used widely in game playing programs. Be it, chess, or, or other ones. And, and, and how does this work? So this is a busy, a busy slide and don't be daunted, we'll explain it leisurely. also the, some of you may have not seen algorithms before but we'll explain the algorithm in very plain terms. Before we do, let's just first give the intuition. The intuition is very straight-forward. What we are trying to do is associate a value of the game not only with the leaf nodes, with leaf nodes we know what the value is. It is simply defined by the. Payoff vector associated with the leaf node is part of the game definition. But suppose we wanted to go to the root of the node, or any other internal node, and say so what really is the payoff associated here assuming that agents will play a subgame perfect equilibrium? And that's the goal of this procedure called Backward Induction. And the situation is very straight forward. We'll go to the leaf and back up slowly. If at every step of the, of the way. assuming the agent will maximize. take an action then maximize their payoff. at that node. And so that's intuition. Now let's see how it's done formally. The procedure is called Backward Induction, and it takes one argument, a node, a node in a tree, any node. It could be the root, it could be a leaf, or anything in between. And, of course, every node has some player associated with it, and just anticipate what we'll encounter shortly. Row of h, will be the player associated with that node h. And, when the procedure returns it'll give us, those pay-offs, eh. Pay-offs of, us, to have all of the agents, associated with that. Nodes. So how did that work? And again remember, remembering our intuition eh, we say the following. If h is a leaf node, Z is a set of leaf nodes. Ifs h is a leaf node, then we simply return The path v ector as defined by the game. That's where the recurrsion bar comes out. Most of the work of course happens in the recurrsive step when we're not at the leaf node. So for that we do the following. We will keep a, A variable called best_util, and best_util will be a vector, a vector of payoff associated with the agents each one, one with each agent. And we will be updating that, that vector as we, as we go along. So to start out with we'll assume the payoffs are all terrible. Let's call that minus infinity. a payoff smaller than all possible payoffs in the game. And then we do the following. We will look at all the actions. Available at that node. So of h is a set of all actions available at that node. A would be an example of such an action. So, well take each action, in turn one at time, and do the following. We will look at the child you reach by taking action a at that node h. That's called sigma h of a. So sigma of h of a is simply another node, one of the children of node h that you arrive at by taking that particular action a. And we will recursively look at that vector associated with that child and we will, keep it at that var-, at this variable called util.at.child. So we have two, two vectors, notice. Best.util and util.at.child. Best.util is the best we found so far. Best for a particular agent. And utilatchild is what we found at a particular child will be going over all the children one at a time and if ever the utilatchild is better for the agent than the best.util so far. We'll update the best_util. That's what's going on here. Here. So this is what this says. It says utilatchild is a vector. So look at the element of that vector corresponding to the agent. We care about the agent in, node h. If the utilatchild is better for that agent. Given the best.util, what you've found so far is simply updated. Update best.util to be util.at.child other wise leave it unchanged and so in this way we're cycling through all the children and finding from that agent corres- that to whom from his point of view Which of all the vectors are bests and again the intuition is you will take the action leading to that child and updating that, that vector accordingly and that's why, when we're done, we're returning the best we found so far called best.util. That is the Backward Induction procedure. And notice that we don't have to return a stradegy, just return the, the list of payoffs. And, in some sense it's you can think of it simply extending the pay off from the nodes to all the internal nodes. But even though we don't explicitly return the equilibrium strategy. The one that'll be sub game perfect. It's easy to read it off, those numbers. Because, at every node, the agent will take the action that leads it to the nodes. The child node with the best utility. From his point of view. So, that is the subgame perfect, That is a procedure for computing subgame perfect equilibria. The Backward Induction. And if we look at the special case of zero subgame, it's simplified a little bit. Because then, there are only two players. And the payoff for one is minus the payoff to the, to the other. So really, we only need to keep track of one number associated with each, with each node. And so, there's less bookkeeping to be done. And furthermore, In, such zero sum games. And all win lose games are, are, are zero sum. Game, for example chess. There is a way to speed up the Backward Induction procedure, by the way, in the zero-sum games we simply call it the minimax procedure, because we alternate between minimizing and maximizing the value. One player wants to minimize it, the other to maximize it and in fact there's a way to speed up the procedure and we won't go into it here, but the intuition is that as you're visiting a certain child, children of a given node, you may find out that at that point there's no, no need. To explore the remaining children of that node as we did in the Backward Induction procedure, because intuitively it won't matter. You've already found a value that means that this node that you've examining, the current no de will never be visited. And it's called the alphabetic al, alpha-beta pruning procedure an optimization of the Backward Induction or the minimax procedure for zero-sum games, and you are invited to explore it elsewhere. There's one more thing I want to say in connection with Backward Induction, and in fact The sub game perfetion and, and sort of two different things here and they're all keyed off. The same example, the famous example of the centipede game, so this well known example you have two players, they alternate turns. We have player one moving And then player two moving, and then player one again, then player two, and so on and so forth. But the payoffs are constructed in a contrived way, so that they're gradually increasing. And, you can imagine, its called centipede, because you can imagine rather than having only Five legs, here you have a hundred. They slowly arise so that the payoffs here are much smaller than the payoffs here. And indeed very much so if you keep going. But even though they rise, they are contrived in a way that lead to only one sub game perfect equilibrium. Players will defect in every place. Their will go down in every place here. So the only outcome, subgame perfect outcome is this one, where the first player defects immediately. It goes down immediately. Which is of course similar to the prisoner's dilemma, is a little counter-intuitive because had they only had the good sense to keep going they would get, have got to something in the ballpark of this or this, both of which are much better for both than here. But nonetheless, when you examine you see that there's only one uhs, one, one, one sub game perfect equilibrium here and fact one, only one equilibrium outcome, namely this one. And you can see it by doing again the back one deduction production procedure. If the game progressed and in fact reached this node, what would player one do? Well, they would go down getting a four rather than a three. Player two knows this. So knowing that player one would go down, he'd rather go down becau se he would get a four rather than a three. Similarly here, player one knowing that player two would go down. Elects to go down here because they will get three rather than two and so on. And this is really the Backward Induction argument. So on the one hand clearly a clear account of what will happen in this game but there are two problems. One of them is sort of simply experimental and common sense and the other is, more theoretical. On the pragmatic level, if common sense simply tells you, this is not what's, what's going to happen. The players will cooperate for a while. Until, at some point, in fact, somebody would go down in the game. They know there's so much to gain by going forward. They would, if you wish, take the chance. And this intuition is for now repeatedly in experiments. People do co, cooperate for a while until in fact eventually they, they defect. So that's a problem for theory. But there's also a, another problem that's theoretical in nature. . So we know that the only subgame perfect equilibrium is one where agents defect. Go down at any point in time. Now, imagine that the game starts, and player one goes across. Does not go down. What does player two do? Well, on the one hand, you could say, well. The only sub game perfect equivalent/g to go down, they should go down, because of those Backward Induction argument and it'll tell them that the best thing for them is to go down. But that same argument told them player two that player one would of gone down right off the bat, but they didn't. So, Maybe they won't go down again. But what will they do? And fundamentally what happens here is you an event of going across that the standard theory tells you Will happen with zero probability. How do you condition on a ca, an event that had a zero probability prior, prior? there's, there's, there's a big literature on this. It's a very interesting deep issue[UNKNOWN] in game theory. We will not delve into it any deeper, but it's interesting to know. [scratching] (Billy Graham) WHO AM I? WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF MY LlFE? [scratching] MY LlFE ON THlS PLANET? ♪ MANY GO THROUGH LlFE UNFULFlLLED, UNFOCUSED, SEARCHlNG. A BLANK CANVAS WAlTING FOR A PlCTURE OF PURPOSE TO BE PAlNTED ON US. WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN? IT WAS ONCE SAlD THERE WAS A GOD-SHAPED BLANK IN ALL OF US. WE LOOK FOR MANY THlNGS TO FlLL THlS, FRlENDS, FASHlON, FALSE FAlTH, FORNlCATlON AND THE FAÇADE OF DRUG-INDUCED FANTASlES BUT FOLLOW ME, FOLLOW ME TO THE EDGE OF AN ABYSS WHERE DEEP DOWN INSlDE WE ALL KNOW SOMETHlNG'S MlSSlNG. SEE FROM THE MOMENT GOD SPOKE TlME INTO EXlSTENCE AND SHAPED US WlTH HlS OWN HANDS IN HlS OWN IMAGE, HlS PLAN WAS FOR MAN AND HlM TO BE ONE. CREATOR AND CREATlON COMMUNlNG TOGETHER IN BEAUTlFUL HARMONY. SOUNDS PERFECT, RlGHT? SO WHAT HAPPENED? SlN. [scratching] (Billy Graham) WE'RE SlNNERS BY NATURE. SlN OPENED THlS VOlD. SlN DROVE US AWAY FROM OUR FRlENDS. SlN SEPARATED US FROM HlM. AND FOR MANY CENTURlES SlNCE, WE AS HUMAN BElNGS HAVE ATTEMPTED TO BRlDGE THlS EVER WlDENlNG GAP WlTH PHlLOSOPHlES AND RELlGION; WEALTH AND SO CALLED MORAL DEClSIONS, BUT THE DlVISlONS BECAME MORE INSTlLLED, THAT GOD-SHAPED HOLE IN OUR HEARTS STlLL UNFlLLED AND MANKlND SEEMED DOOMED UNTlL-- "FOR UNTO YOU IS BORN THlS DAY IN THE ClTY OF DAVlD, A SAVlOR, WHlCH IS CHRlST THE LORD, AND YE SHALL FlND THE BABY WRAPPED IN SWADDLlNG CLOTHES, LYlNG IN A MANGER." OH, BUT THlS WASN'T NO ORDlNARY BABY. SEE HE GREW INTO A BOY AND THEN A MAN AND THEN A PREACHER, LEADlNG A MULTlTUDE OF PEOPLE WlTH RADlCAL AND REALLY OFF THE WALL TEACHlNGS LlKE LOVE YOUR ENEMlES, BLESS THOSE THAT CURSE YOU, TURN THE OTHER CHEEK. (Billy Graham) HE'S THE GREATEST TEACHER THAT EVER WAS. BUT THlS WAS NO ORDlNARY PREACHER SEE THE WAGES OF SlN IS DEATH BUT THE GlFT OF GOD IS ETERNAL LlFE THROUGH JESUS CHRlST. SO FOR OUR SlNS HE HAD TO PAY THE PRlCE. (Billy Graham) THEY PUT NAlLS IN HlS HANDS BETRAYED AND DENlED THEY HUNG HlM HlGH AND STRETCHED HlM WlDE ON A CROSS FOR YOU AND I AND OVER 2,000 YEARS AGO (Billy Graham) SPlKE THROUGH HlS SlDE THE SON OF GOD, OUR LAMB SLAlN BEFORE THE WORLD BEGAN, DlED. [scratching] (Billy Graham) ONE OF THE MOST AGONlZING PHYSlCAL DEATHS THAT A PERSON CAN SUFFER. THEY BURlED HlM IN THE TOMB OF A FRlEND AND FOR THREE DAYS HlS MOTHER CRlED. AND FOR THREE DAYS HlS DlSClPLES RAN, BUT THANKS BE TO THE MOST HlGH, THAT'S NOT HOW THE STORY ENDS, BECAUSE THREE GLORlOUS DAYS LATER JESUS ROSE FROM THE DEAD AGAlN. OH, BUT THlS JUST WASN'T ANY ORDlNARY SACRlFICE, BECAUSE HE BECAME THE WAY, THE TRUTH AND THE LlFE. AND WE NOW HAVE A WAY TO THE FATHER THROUGH HlM. THROUGH THE CROSS WE'RE NOW ABLE TO GET ACROSS THAT GREAT DlVIDE CAUSED BY SlN SEPARATlNG US FROM HlM. AND HE'S CALLlNG US BUT WE'VE GOT TO COME. SEE THE CHOlCE IS STlLL OURS, BUT HE HAS PROVlDED ALL THE LOVE. FOR GOD SO LOVED THE WORLD THAT HE GAVE HlS ONLY SON AND IF WE ONLY BELlEVE THAT JESUS CHRlST PAlD THlS PRlCE, [scratching] (Billy Graham) JESUS SAlD, "YE SHALL KNOW THE TRUTH." NO MORE SEPARATlON. NO MORE FEAR OF DEATH. NO MORE HOLES IN OUR HEART. WE CAN NOW HAVE ETERNAL LlFE. (Billy Graham) YOU SEE GOD GAVE MAN A CHOlCE. YOU ElTHER ACCEPT IT OR REJECT IT. ♪♪ Restaurants and the food industry in general are pretty much the most wasteful industry in the world. For every calorie of food that we consume here in Britain today, 10 calories are taken to produce it. That's a lot. I want to take something rather humble to discuss. I found this in the farmers' market today, and if anybody wants to take it home and mash it later, you're very welcome to. The humble potato -- and I've spent a long time, 25 years, preparing these. And it pretty much goes through eight different forms in its lifetime. First of all, it's planted, and that takes energy. It grows and is nurtured. It's then harvested. It's then distributed, and distribution is a massive issue. It's then sold and bought, and it's then delivered to me. I basically take it, prepare it, and then people consume it -- hopefully they enjoy it. The last stage is basically waste, and this is is pretty much where everybody disregards it. There are different types of waste. There's a waste of time; there's a waste of space; there's a waste of energy; and there's a waste of waste. And every business I've been working on over the past five years, I'm trying to lower each one of these elements. Okay, so you ask what a sustainable restaurant looks like. Basically a restaurant just like any other. This is the restaurant, Acorn House. Front and back. So let me run you through a few ideas. Floor: sustainable, recyclable. Chairs: recycled and recyclable. Tables: Forestry Commission. This is Norwegian Forestry Commission wood. This bench, although it was uncomfortable for my mom -- she didn't like sitting on it, so she went and bought these cushions for me from a local jumble sale -- reusing, a job that was pretty good. I hate waste, especially walls. If they're not working, put a shelf on it, which I did, and that shows all the customers my products. The whole business is run on sustainable energy. This is powered by wind. All of the lights are daylight bulbs. Paint is all low-volume chemical, which is very important when you're working in the room all the time. I was experimenting with these -- I don't know if you can see it -- but there's a work surface there. And that's a plastic polymer. And I was thinking, well I'm trying to think nature, nature, nature. But I thought, no, no, experiment with resins, experiment with polymers. Will they outlive me? They probably might. Right, here's a reconditioned coffee machine. It actually looks better than a brand new one -- so looking good there. Now reusing is vital. And we filter our own water. We put them in bottles, refrigerate them, and then we reuse that bottle again and again and again. Here's a great little example. If you can see this orange tree, it's actually growing in a car tire, which has been turned inside out and sewn up. It's got my compost in it, which is growing an orange tree, which is great. This is the kitchen, which is in the same room. I basically created a menu that allowed people to choose the amount and volume of food that they wanted to consume. Rather than me putting a dish down, they were allowed to help themselves to as much or as little as they wanted. Okay, it's a small kitchen. It's about five square meters. It serves 220 people a day. We generate quite a lot of waste. This is the waste room. You can't get rid of waste. But this story's not about eliminating it, it's about minimizing it. In here, I have produce and boxes that are unavoidable. I put my food waste into this dehydrating, desiccating macerator -- turns food into an inner material, which I can store and then compost later. I compost it in this garden. All of the soil you can see there is basically my food, which is generated by the restaurant, and it's growing in these tubs, which I made out of storm-felled trees and wine casks and all kinds of things. Three compost bins -- go through about 70 kilos of raw vegetable waste a week -- really good, makes fantastic compost. A couple of wormeries in there too. And actually one of the wormeries was a big wormery. I had a lot of worms in it. And I tried taking the dried food waste, putting it to the worms, going, "There you go, dinner." It was like vegetable jerky, and killed all of them. I don't know how many worms [were] in there, but I've got some heavy karma coming, I tell you. (Laughter) What you're seeing here is a water filtration system. This takes the water out of the restaurant, runs it through these stone beds -- this is going to be mint in there -- and I sort of water the garden with it. And I ultimately want to recycle that, put it back into the loos, maybe wash hands with it, I don't know. So, water is a very important aspect. I started meditating on that and created a restaurant called Waterhouse. If I could get Waterhouse to be a no-carbon restaurant that is consuming no gas to start with, that would be great. I managed to do it. This restaurant looks a little bit like Acorn House -- same chairs, same tables. They're all English and a little bit more sustainable. But this is an electrical restaurant. The whole thing is electric, the restaurant and the kitchen. And it's run on hydroelectricity, so I've gone from air to water. Now it's important to understand that this room is cooled by water, heated by water, filters its own water, and it's powered by water. It literally is Waterhouse. The air handling system inside it -- I got rid of air-conditioning because I thought there was too much consumption going on there. This is basically air-handling. I'm taking the temperature of the canal outside, pumping it through the heat exchange mechanism, it's turning through these amazing sails on the roof, and that, in turn, is falling softly onto the people in the restaurant, cooling them, or heating them, as the need may be. And this is an English willow air diffuser, and that's softly moving that air current through the room. Very advanced, no air-conditioning -- I love it. In the canal, which is just outside the restaurant, there is hundreds of meters of coil piping. This takes the temperature of the canal and turns it into this four-degrees of heat exchange. I have no idea how it works, but I paid a lot of money for it. (Laughter) And what's great is one of the chefs who works in that restaurant lives on this boat -- it's off-grid; it generates all its own power. He's growing all his own fruit, and that's fantastic. There's no accident in names of these restaurants. Acorn House is the element of wood; Waterhouse is the element of water; and I'm thinking, well, I'm going to be making five restaurants based on the five Chinese medicine acupuncture specialities. I've got water and wood. I'm just about to do fire. I've got metal and earth to come. So you've got to watch your space for that. Okay. So this is my next project. Five weeks old, it's my baby, and it's hurting real bad. The People's Supermarket. So basically, the restaurants only really hit people who believed in what I was doing anyway. What I needed to do was get food out to a broader spectrum of people. So people -- i.e., perhaps, more working-class -- or perhaps people who actually believe in a cooperative. This is a social enterprise, not-for-profit cooperative supermarket. It really is about the social disconnect between food, communities in urban settings and their relationship to rural growers -- connecting communities in London to rural growers. Really important. So I'm committing to potatoes; I'm committing to milk; I'm committing to leeks and broccoli -- all very important stuff. I've kept the tiles; I've kept the floors; I've kept the trunking; I've got in some recycled fridges; I've got some recycled tills; I've got some recycled trolleys. I mean, the whole thing is is super-sustainable. In fact, I'm trying and I'm going to make this the most sustainable supermarket in the world. That's zero food waste. And no one's doing that just yet. In fact, Sainsbury's, if you're watching, let's have a go. Try it on. I'm going to get there before you. So nature doesn't create waste doesn't create waste as such. Everything in nature is used up in a closed continuous cycle with waste being the end of the beginning, and that's been something that's been nurturing me for some time, and it's an important statement to understand. If we don't stand up and make a difference and think about sustainable food, think about the sustainable nature of it, then we may fail. But, I wanted to get up and show you that we can do it if we're more responsible. Environmentally conscious businesses are doable. They're here. You can see I've done three so far; I've got a few more to go. The idea is embryonic. I think it's important. I think that if we reduce, reuse, refuse and recycle -- right at the end there -- recycling is the last point I want to make; but it's the four R's, rather than the three R's -- then I think we're going to be on our way. So these three are not perfect -- they're ideas. I think that there are many problems to come, but with help, I'm sure I'm going to find solutions. And I hope you all take part. Thank you very much. (Applause) THE NEW ECUADOR ENTlCING EUROPE April 15th, 2013 German Spring welcomes Ecuador President Rafael Correa comes to Europe with numerous goals amongst others, on behalf of Ecuador the proud bearer of the old continent. Notable from the world of politics in Germany received President Correa. The president of the Federal Republic of Germany, Berlin Mayor and President of the German Parliament received the Ecuadorian leader, German Chancellor Angela Merkel welcomed in the Bundestag. President of the Republic of Ecuador - Rafael Correa Chancellor Merkel declared her willingness to realize a multilateral or plurilateral trade agreement, no free trade agreement with the European Union, and then we committed to giving the political leadership, which often separates technical middle management initiatives. That alone justified the trip. The woman who sets the pace of the European political process President Correa was welcomes with as an honored guest. German Chancellor highlights the undeniable growth experienced under the direction of (the Ecuadorian President) Rafael Correa. German Chancellor - Angela Merkel I can tell you that the basic results for Ecuador are good. Debt has dropped dramatically. That of many European countries, including Germany. Berlin has an international reference in terms of scientific and technological park. Adlershof complex employs more than 15,000 people. And President Correa wants to use that as its model for one of his key project during his mandate. Yachay - City of Knowledge Secretary of the SENESCYT - René Ramirez Within the research park, our interest is to see how the management is implemented, how it works, who are the researchers, what are the fields/sectors that are in the forefront, to articulate cooperation, to articulate Yachay college. Adlershof Park Manager - Hardy R. Schmitz I have read that President Correa has placed great emphasis on science education. And to think of it in international key. Common sense dictates the idea by following this approach Ecuador makes itself extremely attractive to the world. I'm fond of close up photos because they reveal something more of what we are unable to see in larger perspective. When you take portrait photos, what do you focus on? I think I focus on the eyes. You'll have to excuse me, the little one's crying. Gosh! He's gorgeous but too bad he has a baby already. Hey, why are you crying? Are you hungry? Are you a furious little baby? You feel better now? Everyone has special someone in their hearts. The heart tinkles every time we think about them, but they will always remain in our hearts. Even though, I don't know... how he's doing or where he is now. At least, he has taught me about my first love. "A CRAZY LlTTLE THlNG CALLED LOVE" No wonder why you wanna come here everyday. What? He's got really weird scooter. Hey look... she's a very pretty thing! He's gorgeous, no doubt you're so into him. I'm not into him at all. "James Bean." Good afternoon. Oh, hello. Follow me. Okay. This way please. Hello... I wondering if you have a room for tonight. Yes, how long are you gonna stay here? I think 3 nights. American breakfast. Fried rice and breakfast for this table, mom. After you're done with that table, can you go to the market for me? Sure, mom. Good girl. How's school dear? It's going well. I'm hanging out with my old gang, Cheer, Kie and Nim. You've been with them since first grade. Aren't you sick of each other already? Well, you wouldn't have anyone else to hang out with, even if you wanted to. You guys are ugly ducklings. There... Let me tell you something, who we hang out with is not all about looks you know. But how you look is the first impression. Good that I took after you, if I looked like dad, I'll never have a boyfriend. There! Enough you two, you're too old to fight. Don't talk like that about your father, if he hears you he'll be upset. Now go, be on your way. He's in the states. He can't hear me. You want some mangoes? Mangoes? The new seniors are so cute. Yes, I was in all girls school since kindergarten, so sick of that. Have you got it? Yes, mine adds up to 28. 25-35, you're compatible with men who're leaders, warm and kind. Must be Tong, the Chairman of Buddhist Club. Cheer got 15. 15-25 you're compatible with athletes, just and fair. Must be Ken, the basketball player over there. Couldn't be him. Mine must be a bad boy. That's quite right. It must be... Meaw, tough guy. Kie. 30, Nam got 30 30, you're compatible with artists, unique and artistic. Who must he be? You seem a little down for English class. Could you be a little more active like during lunch? Don't smile just yet. You seem to be doing well only in English. Other subjects are so bad. You little ugly duckling! Today, we'll be studying grammar from song lyrics, please pass on the paper. His name is Shone, he's a junior. He has quite a reputation. Maybe it's just a rumor. Students, if we change A to E in the word 'inspiration', it becomes a verb 'inspire'. Two girls left the school because of him. So better stay away from him. You know? Yes... My friend's sister went to the same school as Shone. Really? Yes. Do you think the story is true? What are you guys talking about? But I'm teaching... Cheer. Stand up. What does 'You are the inspiration' means? What does it mean? Just moment. You inspire me. Yes... You're the inspiration. You're the inspiration. Everyone is inspired by someone. Even I'm inspired by someone... Sit down. Thank you teacher. All right. Let's read all together now. You are the inspiration... Again. Akarin, would you solve this equation, please? Who did this? Prof. Orn. It's in. You're good. When are you going to try out for school team. Playing just for fun is much better. You're still scared? Come on let's play. Shone... Hey, I'll be right back. Who is that girl? Who? Why is Shone talking to her? Or maybe she's his ex? That's not true! Sorry. Uncle Chang! Mom, Nam, Uncle Chang's here. Hello, we miss you so much. Uncle Chang... Hello, Chang. Hey, Pang, long time no see, you head still smells funky. Oh, Nam? You're all grown up now, I hardly recognize you. Hey Pim, oh... Hey, uncle. Are you that sleepy? I think it's jet lag. I haven't adjusted to Thailand's time yet. Here we go again. Hey, hold it! Is my dad as fat as you are? Your dad is working as a sous chef. He's doing all the heavy jobs, he's very buff right now. I have a photo from him to show you. Hey, let me see. Hey... wait. Pim, your man said he'll transfer more money this month. He told me to tell you that... I promise, I'll pay off the mortgage of this house, you and kids hang in there. He should visit us sometimes. He said that if one of you can be top of the class, he'll send to a ticket to visit him in the states. The airfare is quite expensive. Do you think he'll keep his promise, mom? He knows that being top of class is quite difficult, dear. You'll see. I will be the top of my class, so he knows I can do it. You're going to the top from the rank 30? 2 strawberry soda and 2 orange soda please. Hey, 2 Pepsi, I'm so thirsty. How can you do this? I'm just really thirsty, do you have a problem with that? Haven't you heard that men, children, and basketball players get the privileges at this school. And I'm a basketball player. Can I have 4 sodas for the soccer players please? Will Pepsi do? Yes... Darn it! Hey, don't kick at me. Sorry... don't you get it? Hey! Hey... I can handle this. Nam, Shone and Ding are having a fight behind the school. Stop... Where are you going? Let's take the scooter, it's faster, come on. Hurry! I think you can handle him. So you want to be hero like your dad? He was a loser and cost us National Championship. Did you guys know that he missed the penalty kick? It took ages to make it to National Championship. Darn it... We just missed seeing Ding getting beat up. Let's go. Do you still want this soda he gave us? If you're not going to drink it, can I throw it away? Do not drink. Why is it in the freezer if you can't drink it? All right students, I have 2 announcements today. Our school has become filthy due to littering, and the students are ignorant. So from now on, anyone who litters will be fined 1 baht per piece. I have a promotion if you think this is too expensive, this is a great deal. Pay 50 baht per day and you can litter anytime and anywhere, I'll just clean up after you. Students with the following names please proceed to Disciplinary Office, Jakawan Class 4/5 and Achawin Class 4/7. Everybody understand? Understand? Yes... Thank you. I love you. Cross your arms. If you get into fights again, I'll inform your parents, do you hear me? Shone, you have great talent, in photography. Why don't you enter the provincial photography contest? I think you should apply for it. Maybe you can do something for our school, instead of wasting your time fighting. Do you understand me? Yes, sir. You may go now. Thank you. Next. I'm sorry about what happened yesterday. I'm really sorry. It's okay. It's not your fault. Band aids for you. Get well soon. Nam. Thank you. Yes, he knows my name. He actually knows my name. He knows my name. What? They actually have books like this? Oh... 20 ways to get your guy. There goes the 'White Ribbon' girls. I'll be right back. Look at her, since when is she friends with them? Is she for real? I miss my dad, I haven't seen him for 5 years now. Earn, Kai's now in love with me, because of this book. Really? This book really works? Yeah, Pooh also bought this book before she got together with Toh. 9 love tips really works. You're not going with them anymore? No, they're saying I outshine them. Tip No. 1. Greek belief on how to win someone's heart, look at the stars in the sky, connect the stars with your fingers to make the name of someone you love in Latin. Hey, wait up! Hey, I can't do it. Nam, why don't you join us? No, I think it's nonsense. Gotta get this right. I'm going to do it at home. We're going, Nam. Later! You're practicing real hard. Do you have a soccer match somewhere? Just around here. Hey, I can't! Catch! I told you I can't, watch where you kick. I though you were Chinese? My ancestral accent comes out every time I'm upset! Come on. Look at this, Shone. How about it? A poster of the 3rd Photography Contest that you asked about. I see. Look at him. He can play soccer day and night on the streets but refuses to join his school team. He's just having fun, I don't think he's taking soccer seriously. Even if he is, he wouldn't join the team. I should've scored that penalty kick. Here you go again, don't blame yourself. Maybe he's not really feeling ashamed about what you did. Or even if he is, he has to get over it by himself. Look at you now, how far you've come. You look a bit strange. Look, I have new braces for my teeth, do you like them? They don't look anything special to me. Hey, here, look here. I still don't like them. Hey, you picked Ken? Yes, eat now, eat now. Yes, he ate. Are you crazy? He's in the middle of his lunch. This is not hypnotizing. What are you guys doing? Tip no. 2, from Mayan, the indigenous people, concentrate and look at the one you love, try to hypnotize him to do what you want. If he acts as you ordered, it means that he is your soulmate. Hey, he turned around. Who... Oh, no one. Are you hypnotizing Shone? No... I didn't do anything. I though you said this book is nonsense. Well, taking beliefs from different culture and various islands is kinda weird. Then why are you following the book? I... hey! You can tell us the truth. I don't wanna be teased. Don't you worry about that. Because we will definitely tease you. Tip No. 3. Scottish way of saying you love someone. Give a gift to someone anonymously, just for the person to know that someone has a crush on him. This jelly is mine. How can you drop it? Thank you so much, Prof. Pol. Salted eggs. Oh, I must be on your mind when you were travelling. I'll finish it all, thank you so much. Thank you. Prof. Pol's eggs. Prof. Pol's eggs and some salts. Prof. Pol's salted eggs, it's correct. Prof. Pol brought me eggs. Prof. Pol's salted eggs... Oh, don't tell me... Yes, there's from Prof. Pol. How many boxes have you got? 4 boxes. 4 boxes? Salted eggs. Hope you can finish them all. See you. Oh, no! My scooter's ruined! I forgot we live in a tropical country. Mangoes? People give flowers and handkerchiefs, what's so romantic about mangoes? Hey, look over there. Cool dude! Go... Mango cake, I made it myself. Thank you, looks delicious. Are you okay? I'm all right. Okay, we're dead. She only has to do that. She's adorable and she bakes. How can you beat that? Better find another boy. Actually I already have a date, but if you invite me over for dinner at your place, and this is would be our first date... If you're not free, that's okay. Next semester then. Oh, wait, actually I'm free, I accept your invitation. See you later this evening. This dinner is not just for the two of us? It's not actually a dinner, it's a party for the end of semester, a lot of our colleagues are coming, it'll be fun. Oh, okay. Prof. Orn. Prof. I never give up. This time it's war. That's my answer sheet. Higher... Prof. Lift me higher, Nam. I got it. We have to make Shone give Nam a lift home. Yes... It's your once in a lifetime wish isn't it? Yeah. He gives you mangoes after he drives you, how romantic is that. You have to pretend your scooter's broken. How? He'll know once he tries to fix it. That's true. You must lose your keys. How? It's here. Hey... It's gone. Hey, there he is. Mango cake girl, what's wrong? I tripped and must have sprained my ankle. Come, I'll give you a lift. That's all right! Come on, let me take you home. I'm a little clumsy. What a show! She went to acting school or what? "Bye Bye Grade 7. See you all Grade 8." Mom, come see this. Pang, you little brat. Mom, Nam has a boyfriend. Nam, I think this can wait until you grow up. You're going away to see your dad, concentrate on your school, dear. Hey, Cheer. Your little sister said you've been depressed for weeks now. Listening to sad tunes all week. I thought you must have gotten over Shone by now. Keep your voice down, mom might hear us. She's off to the market already. Don't push me. When's your mom going to expand these stairs? Hey, Nam, hear one more tip okay? Tip no. 7 is from the Gypsies, let love inspire you. The power of love shall make you smarter, prettier and better in every way, then that person will finally notice you. Hey what? Shone is gorgeous so Nam should be beautiful... Okay, do that later, my skin's coming off now. What is this? Turmeric. Let's go. Hey, hello girls. Let me know how I can help you okay? Have a look around. "Pornchai missed PK." "Failed to hand Provincial cup." I don't see him anywhere. Maybe he's not home. He's probably out. I don't see his scooter. Have you found what you're looking for? Yes, this one. What are you buying? You guys play table tennis? Why are you so yellow? Do you have jaundice? Shone. Mango cake girl. Are you here to buy something? I need a dozen of table tennis balls. Come, I'll get them for you. Come on kids, join my Drama Club. Drama Club, anyone? We have a lot of plays for you. You can be a princess or a prince. You can star in our plays. The lords of comedy were in my club. Anyone interested? Join us? Father of talk show was also in our club. Really? If you wanna make it in the business, this is your chance. Join us, dear? Don't pass over me. Take off your glasses. Your glasses. Hey, but I feel awkward without them. I think we totally don't fit with that pretty-polis-posh concept of that Dancing Arts Club. Prof. Orn always selects the smartest and prettiest for her club and when they perform, the whole school goes to see them. Unlike those weirdos in Drama Club, no one ever watches their plays. Well, it's worth giving it a try. We maybe a little dark, a little dorky but pretty in our own ways. Shone, which club are you joining? Photography. Whenever you need a model, just let me know. I like photographing landscapes, not people. Are you kidding me? If you say so. Come on, get in the frame. You're not yellow anymore, your skin seems lighter? Maybe... a little. I'll be watching your performance okay? You see, Nam, he said you look prettier, keep up head high okay? If we get to do dance performance, would be fantastic! We'll be so pretty and fabulous. If you're not sure that you're pretty enough, you're always welcome in other clubs, you know? Hey, that's not a very nice thing to say. I wasn't talk to you, I was talking to Funn, right? Liar, you said it to us. Stop it, girls. I don't want any troublemakers in my club. Wait... Faye and Funn, stay behind. Nam... I'm sorry about earlier. I have to apologize too. Yeah. I bought extra drink, you can have it. Wait, let her drink it first. Why won't you drink it. Go. If you don't want a drink spiked with fish sauce, throw it away. How can she do that? There you are, I was looking all over for you. Look at me and smile... Frown... Laugh, oh perfect! See you tomorrow at the auditorium okay? Professor. Keep your voice down, I'm only accepting a few students. Understand? Can I have some? Prof. In, oh, what's wrong? Are you okay? Are you all right? Are you okay? Prof. In. How can I help you, sir? Nothing, how are you? I'm fine. See you tomorrow. I'm fine. Water, need water. No... It's a perfect match and I mean it. Prof. In. Maybe I shouldn't let you do the play, if you're this late. Okay... Oh, wait! I was just joking! We meant to tell you that... No worries, I'll give you the best parts. We meant to tell you... Come on, help me out... We want to dance... dance... in you play, dance... because we're so happy to be in your play. This year, I proudly present the play called "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" Nam, your English is better than the rest. You play Snow white okay? Me? Yes... ready! Oh, a rabbit, what are you doing here? I'm here to paint. Then what are you doing inside the box? I bought interior paint. Go paint elsewhere. Wait a second, get me all phone numbers of those in Art Production. My students are so gifted in acting, I'm sure it's gonna be a great play. Are you all right? Are you sick? No. I feel fine. Oh, maybe you're not used to my natural beauty. Lipsticks are waste of money. And most importantly, I just wanna give someone a head start. Perhaps you went a little too far? Let's compete with our work. Because judging from our looks, we're neck and neck. I've trained the students to put make up on like my natural style. And this is how you get the natural look. Are you sure you've trained them? It this a play or a circus? Could be a circus, Prof. Orn. This is the kids' creativity. You're going home? Yes. Shone. Home safe. She was walking fine when she got here wasn't she? Professor. Yes. Would you like some water? Thank you. My football's going to be out of air. Sorry about that. This is Pin, a junior, she'll be taking care of costumes and make-up for our play. May I have a round of applause for Pin. Please take care of this for me, Pin. I think we should get started. Okay, let's get started with me. I forgot I'm not in the play. Let's start with Snow white then. Start with me? Yes, you first. What do you think? She looks the same to me. Snow white with braces. I don't want braces anymore. I wanna take them out. Nam, are you there? Okay, ready. Stand by. Where's the Prince? He has diarrhea. On a final rehearsal? Is he crazy? You... the painter. Can you fill in for the Prince please? Me? Yes, be a Prince, it'll be quick. Closer, get closer. When I say action, lean towards her to kiss okay? Action. You so beautiful, I have to kiss you. Hey, Nam... You're going to break you neck there. Hey, too long already, go back to painting. Nam standby. Koi, ready. What? Ready, action. Hello, this is Pornchai Sports Shop. May I please speak to Shone? Shone speaking. Hello... He hung up. Mirror mirror on the wall, who is the most beautiful one of all? Where are you going? Toilet? The witch is here, this is the climax of the play. There's the witch. Yes, eat. Apple? Eat. Look... She's not dead. She's gonna solve her problem, you'll see. Death snow white... death. No one informed me about our student who won the provincial photography contest. They just called to inform us now, sir. Try to keep up with the performance of our students okay? Hurry up. Yes... I'm trying. The iron's not working so well, sir. Prof. Rabue, this is why. Could you plug it for me? Will you marry me? Yes, I will. And so snow while and the prince lives happily ever after. Well done, students, great job! You can still see the footprints. I ironed, I didn't wash his shirt, sir. Do you want me to wash it? We don't have time. Don't forget your bag. Get going now. Go. Well done! Dinner's on me tonight. "For Snow White, I tasted it for you," "it's not poisoned." Hold on. One more time, eat your heart out tonight, my treat! Let's pack up now. For Snow white. Who is it from? A bitten apple. Must be from Shone. You really think so? You ugly thing! Nam, maybe it's from that guy... Prince Frog. Princess Frog and Prince Frog. What a jerk, why didn't you come see the play? I bet you were watching those dancers. What a jerk! Mac doesn't feel a thing. Hey, how's my little boy? Hey, what brings you here? Hello. Guys, this is Top, my friend since kindergarten. Hello... Hello. He's cute. Hey! Let's go. How long are you going to stay this time? Probably until my dad retires. But if I can get into university, I'll move to Bangkok with my mom. Cute! Let's go see the cafeteria. Hey, pretty girl, what's your name? Yes, you. What's your name? Don't be shy. Going already? You wanna a little fight with me, girl? I think Prof. In put it on. It's probably been showing all day. Let's go. Hey, that's Snow white on TV. She's cute. Does she have a boyfriend? I don't think so but I don't think you should ask her out. Why not? Isn't she too young? Hey, I've asked for numbers of 5th graders before. "Bye Sophomore. Hello Junior!" "2 more subjects to make up for" "Will follow you to Junior year!" Shone, this is yours. I thought so. Every time we play soccer, you'll always have give me a penalty kick. You do it. Hey, you're still not over it? Your dad must have forgotten about it by now. It's not that. That was too easy. Yeah right, Mr. Cristiano Ronaldo. Top, can I take a photo with you? Yeah, sure. Can I have one too? Then who's going to the photo for me? Will you take one for me first? I can take it for you. Thank you... A bit closer. Okay... 1... 2... 3... Hey, why are you stealing my scene? I asked him first, you know? Stop... All of you stop it! Stop it right now! Isn't this too much? I have no idea. Stop now. Stop! I was the referee, sir. How many days to district sports day? About 2 weeks, sir. The athletes and cheer squad are practicing hard. Who's going to be drum major now? I think... I have to ask Prof. Orn for some help, see if she can find someone. Don't worry about that, sir. I got it. It's nothing. Nam, in my entire being, I've never met anyone so perfect and excellent like you. You look incredible and fabulous. Please get straight to the point. What can I do for you, Prof. In? I was wondering if you could be the school's drum major for the District Sports Day? What? I'm not looking for anyone else. You're perfect for it. But that's in 2 weeks. I don't think I can do it. I can not find anyone else. I promise I'll make it up to you in a religious way. In a religious way? I can pray for you for 6 months... or forever. I can definitely do that. Hold the baton upright then throw it up, keep your eyes on the baton then catch it then continue marching. See? As easy as that. Can you show me? I have my own baton. You can do it. That's yours, this is mine. Focus on how high you want to throw it, then throw it up when you're ready, 123, up! This is difficult. Why didn't she pick someone else? Don't give up just yet, it's only been a few days. The most important tip in 9 Love Tips says that you should give it your best shot in love, wholeheartedly give it all you've got, then the person you love will find you. Hey, you've come this far, you have to keep fighting. This is not only for school, you're representing our town. You can do it. Top, pass the ball. Hey, you're distracted by girls again. I promise you that our marching band will be the best in town this year, sir. What about the drum major? You need not worry. She's pretty, tall and fabulous. She's just perfect. Watch out! Sorry. Don't tell me that's our drum major. Oh, yes. But she's been doing well, sir. It's the first time she messed up. She's throwing her baton like a boomerang. What happens if she mess up on the sports day? No incident like that will happen, sir. Get a new drum major or I'll be after you. Oh, sir. But, we only have 1 week to practice, sir. This is not looking too good. The director confiscated the baton? Who's going to be our drum major now? I don't know. Serves Prof. In right. She should've picked one of us, pretty girls. I don't know how she could pick such ugly student. Her students are always losers. I'm glad she didn't pick us, would be bad for our reputation. How can you say that? It's true. Bug face. I'm going to prove them wrong. Students of Prof. In are not always a loser. You're going use a broomstick? Where did you get that? I borrowed from the janitor. It's a bit light, but it'll do. I will not let anyone look down on us and Prof. In. Everyone, I'm asking for 100% from you today. There... Hey, that's a foul. Hey! You're going to take the penalty kick? Hey, my son's going take the penalty kick. Let's leave. Wait, hold on. Unbelievable, Shone's going kick a penalty goal. I can't believe my eyes, come on, he's going to kick now. Do you guys know why we lost the National Championship? It's because of his dad. Wait... That was just a warm up kick. Have another go. Is there such thing as a warm up penalty kick? In my book, there is. In my book too. Mine too. And I haven't blown my whistle. Yes, sir. One more time. Why? He's going have another go at it. Come here. He's gonna do it. If you kick like that, you're ready to join our school team. Yes. Yes, Shone did it... He's all smile now. I get it now. Very good, perfect, dear. My goodness, excuse me Prof. Orn, I was wondering whether your students can throw their headdress that high and catch it? So high, very good! So, your sister is as pretty as I am now? She much prettier. Fabulous, Nam. I don't wanna move anywhere. You say that every time. You're way to hot, Nam. Last Valentine's day, she was still very dark. I'm gonna take Kai's gift for her. Have you asked Nam? I don't know. Can I have this pink chocolate Nam? What's wrong with her? She looks a bit down. She's been waiting for him all day and he hasn't shown up. Hey, Nam, come here... hurry. Go ahead. Here, it's from a friend of mine. See you tomorrow at 4, on 3rd floor staircase. I have something to tell you. Do you wanna leave together, Shone? You haven't left yet? You can go ahead. Nam. I knew you'd come. This letter was from you, Top? Yes, it's from me. Did you want anything? Would you like to be my girlfriend? What were you going to tell me, Shone? I was just going to ask why you're here. But now I know. So what do you say? Silence means yes to me. What? Top? Where did he come from? And that's what all Shone said? What was your answer? I didn't say anything. What should I do? You have to think twice since he's Shone's best friend. If you make a wrong move, Shone's going to kill you. Mistake. Are you free today? Wanna go see a soccer game? No, I'm not free. It'll only take a while. Shone's playing for the team first time today. Do you wanna go? Okay, I'll go. Nam. Get on. Some water. Thank you. Do you have some water? No. Let's go to plan B. Faster... Dear button, I really wanna ride with Shone. "Summer Holiday!" "See you in Junior Year." What kind of cake would you like for your birthday this year? Go pick one. Vanilla cake, Nam loves it. Hello, where are you? We're picking a cake for Cheer's birthday right now. I'm at the Dam with Shone and his friends, I won't make it back in time. I called Cheer this morning but she didn't pick up, please tell her Happy Birthday for me. Sorry guys. Okay... we'll tell her. We'll take this one. Grilled squids. I'll be right back. What are you doing here all alone? It's a great view here. Would you like some grilled squid? Have you heard a story about squids? No. I'll tell you. Once upon the time, two squids met and fell in love with each other, they decided to be together and eventually got married. On their wedding day, the reverend squire told them to hold hands so they held hands, held hands... You're so silly. But that's sweet. The story teller or the story? The story teller. Oh, the story. I'm all confused now. No more appetite for squids? I never ate squids again after I heard that story. Have you ever held someone's hand like the squids? Once I held hand of a clumsy girl who was about to fall off the stage, so I grabbed her hand. Nam... Why don't you eat the squids? They're really delicious. Don't... Why? They're yummy. Seriously, do you like Nam? You're going out with her, why are you asking me this? Oh, it's nothing. Are you all right? I'm fine, just hurts a bit. Can you try to walk? Come on, get on my back. Dear button, Shone carried my bag today. Happy Birthday... Is that you Nam? Cheer's not here. She went with Kie and Nim. You didn't go with them? No. Give them a call okay? I miss the old times, when we would do reports together, don't you? Angels should be in heaven, not in hell like us. Take it easy, Cheer. There's always next year. I only have 3 friends. I wouldn't do that if I were her. Do you wanna come over later to do the report? Why don't you write report with your new gang? Top's not here yet? He told me to tutor a sophomore. He's not here yet, he said he was going to borrow a book for the sophomore. That day, I was in the hospital. Which day? The day my dad missed the penalty kick, I was born on that day. My dad never played soccer again after I was born. I'm such a bad luck. Our team never made it to the finals again. Are you okay? I'm used to all the teasing. My last name is Shone, the son of the guy who missed the goal. But it's okay, I'm in the team now. Are you thinking of playing professional soccer? I don't know. Right now, I just wanna have someone. Nam, I still can't find the book. Can you come help look for it? We won't take long, Shone! What's the surprise for Ake's birthday? You'll see. Time for our special show for tonight. The story happened when we were in 5th grade. We happened to like the same girl. Her name is Bo, she's in 4th grade. So we both practiced dancing hoping to be her partner in the event. And when the day comes, Shone... got chicken pox, so I got to be her dance partner. But Top backed out on that day, so we both didn't get her anyway. He threatened to not be friends with me so we promised each other since that day... That we will never like the same girl. Right? Happy birthday to you. Happy birthday... Happy birthday to you. Same time tomorrow? Let's go see Shone's soccer match. You don't have to pick me up anymore. Why not? Are you busy? No, I mean... you don't have to pick me up ever again. Are you upset because I kissed you? But you're my girlfriend, aren't you? I never said I was your girlfriend. After all these? I'm sorry, but I have someone I like. Who is it? Who... This is the worse ever in the history of my love life. Can I ask you a favor? Could you not ask her out no matter what happens? Do you think she broke up with you because of me? No, I just can't take if my best friend is seeing the girl I love. There's not much I can do, can I? Are you okay with that? Yeah. Thanks mom. I've spoken to the manager of Bangkok Glass team, son. What did he say? He said, maybe he'll accept you for training camp of Bangkok Glass League. Hope he's not kidding about this? Nobody jokes about things like that. Just be ready, maybe you'll have to move to Bangkok after high school. Dad. Thank you. You should've told me, I would've applied for the grant to go with you. Sorry, I was really preoccupied. I think the director has found a new P.E. Replacement. You're just irreplaceable, I can confirm that. May I ask for something from you before you leave? What can I do for you? This... Maybe too much to ask from you? I asked for you heart but got a whistle. There's... the new P.E. Teacher. I think you should hurry and be on your way, you might miss your flight. I feel occupied all of a sudden. Bye now. You don't waste your time at all. Hello... Aren't you the new P.E. Teacher? Yes. What's your name? I'm Boat. I'd love a boat ride. "Bye bye Junior. Hello Senior!" "It's summer break again." Why won't you stay for high school? I just love the pink uniform of the technical school I applied for. Very very pretty. So the whole school's in pink? Monday, I wait. Tuesday I still wait for you. Wednesday, you never show up. Thursday, all are empty. Friday, Saturday or Sunday, not a day goes by without missing you. We can never turn back time. To the day we met, the day we got closer, the day we held hands, the day I love you, the day I told you, the day you dream. No matter how long, how many months or years, my memories of you shall remain. Cheer, I'm sorry. Your song is so cheesy. Why did you sing along? We're laughing at your song. Friday, Saturday or Sunday not a day goes by without missing you. We can never turn back time... Nam. We heard from Prof. In while we were buying ice cream at the market that your... your exam result... What about my exam result? That you are the top of the class. I thought so... Right. I'm the top of the class. Mom, I'm top of the class this semester. You'll get to see your dad now. I'll get to see dad, get to see dad. Dad... I'll get to see dad. Can I kiss you for him? I ranked 8 in my class, can I come too? Sure. I'll bring you some toys and sweets. I'm going to the states. Bring us back some snow please. You got it? Is 50 Baht, okay? It's a 100 Bath, take it or leave it. I had to sneak in, almost got bitten by stray dogs. 70 Baht? Leave it then. No, give it to me. He's cute. Is he your boyfriend? It's Bam's girlfriend. No, I just took the photo for her. Please don't tell mom. Mom, Pang's... Nam. Yes? Pang's hungry, is the food ready? Almost done, dear. Just be a good girl, okay? What about you? What about my money? Come on have some snacks, kids. Thank you... Snack on these first, okay? Does Shone knows how you feel about him? You've like him since first year. I don't think you should tell him, so it can be a world record that a silly girl has been in love with him for 3 years without him knowing. Maybe you'll never see him again for the rest of your life. Aren't you going to anything about it? I've done everything the book says, haven't I? We're here to support you, what are you afraid of? You pretty, smart, nice and cheesy. How can he not fall for you? Is that a compliment? Tip No. 10 from Thailand is probably the best and straight to the point. This is for you, sign here. Thank you. Sign here... Take my photo... Love... Write on top right there. Thank you. "On top" Go, girl. The pool's out of order, sorry. Hey, you haven't signed my shirt. Shone... I have something to tell you. I really like you. I've liked you for 3 years. I've done everything I could for you to notice me. I... I've tried out for a dancer, been in a play, a drum major and even studied harder. But I realized that I shouldn't have been straightforward with you about my feelings a long time ago. I just want to tell you that I like you. "Pin loves Shone" Pin and you... Since when? Just last week. You two are together. What a perfect match. You guys make a great couple. I wish you both good luck. Nam! Nam. I'm okay... Nam. You guys are perfect. Nam, are you all right? Nam. Let her go. What wrong? Pin. Hi dad. Welcome to Glass Rabbit Junior Team. Thank you dad. This is Uncle Neng, Bangkok Glass Team Manager. Hello... This is Uncle Nguan, the coach. Thank you all. Yeah! He's happy! Congratulations, son. Pack your things, you're leaving tonight with them. The training camp starts tomorrow. Tonight? What are you waiting for, son? "This scrap book is funny, it shows how hard you try." Home safe. "Just want to let you know that, you had my heart since we met." She looks the same, a Snow white in braces. "I told Pin that you look the same." "You look cute as usual." "I held your hand for the first time," "but had to let go, so no one would suspect." "I tasted an apple I gave you." "You're doing much better now. Keep it up." Throw it up! "Love conquers all, especially fears." "Planting a rose is a tough job." It's from a friend of mine. "I gave you a rose today, but told you it was from a friend." "I couldn't tell you the truth." "Do you know it hurts me to see Top said he loved you?" "How come we never have our moments?" "I wish you could ride on my back." Nam. Would you be my girlfriend? Can I ask you a favor? Could you not ask her out? "9 years later" There's a window on that side. Kai, could you take the customer? I'll be right back. Hello, handsome. You're sleepy aren't you? Sorry to bother you every time. No problem, your kid is like mine. Come on, don't be a cry baby. Don't mess up my hair. Gotta go now. Bye kiddo. I wish his real dad would love him like this. Come on now. Call me. Shone. Are you going to that TV show? I don't know yet. Bye Shone, say bye! Please hurry up! Continue to Break 2, are you ready? -A min OK Clothing staffs ready? - Yes No worry, it will be perfect! I'm ready now! Please relax. Our show isn't formal. Yes - You're so beautiful -Thank you It's good that Nam is fashionable. If Nam was beautiful as mom like me.... Teacher Boat! Hello Since that time, I've rode the boat all this time. So envious! He likes to do sweet things I'm jealous He always surprises me Surprise again Uh.. That.. That is a rose I have to eat, if not he will sulk 5..4..3..2.. Now, we're here with Nam The designer of the beautiful clothes that we've just watched Hello Our fans may know her well cause she is the designer in only a few of Thais that are famous in New York and this is the evidence This is only a part of her work Nam, do you know that... In Thailand, you're also well-known I still have to develop my skill So, what work will you do as you came back to Thailand? There's a brand that would like to organize a fashion show I think it's interesting, so I agree to do and because I want to come back I miss my mom Nam used to tell reporters that.... When you were young Umm... I'm sorry You were so ugly and had bad sense of fashion That's totally different from now What make you've changed yourself this much? Because, I fell in love some one falling in love? Could you tell the story? Yes, he was my senior M.4 senior He was a football player and very cute At that time, I......... Had bug face studying M.1 Developed myself a lot If It could make me to be beautiful, to be better I tried to do it and tried to study better so he might interest in me Did he know it, in the end? He knew but it didn't have a happy ending I went to study in the US to stay with my dad It's bad but when I think about it. He is like.... my inspiration He made me use the love in good way He is like.... The power that support me to be better and better Till I am today's Nam Khun Nam, you remember this notebook? You may recall it? Yes, I remember If so, let's welcome the owner of this book Shone, the former footballer of Bangkok glass Now, he's changed his career to be a pro-photographer I want to give it to Nam Nam??? It's Nam's Please sit Shone, after you've never met Nam for 9 years..... Do you have something to tell Nam? I want to tell you that...... This button is not mine It may be Ding's How about you Nam? Do you have something to tell him? I want to ask Shone that...... Have you been married? Umm......... Um...I I have been waiting for someone to come back from the US Welcome to the presentation on level four linear equations. So, let's start doing some problems. So. Let's say I had the situation-- let me give me a couple of problems-- if I said three over x is equal to, let's just say five. So, what we want to do -- this problem's a little unusual from everything we've ever seen. Because here, instead of having x in the numerator, we actually have x in the denominator. So, I personally don't like having x's in my denominators, so we want to get it outside of the denominator into a numerator or at least not in the denominator as soon as possible. So, one way to get a number out of the denominator is, if we were to multiply both sides of this equation by x, you see that on the left-hand side of the equation these two x's will cancel out. And in the right side, you'll just get five times x. So this equals -- the two x's cancel out. And you get three is equal to fivex. Now, we could also write that as fivex is equal to three. And then we can think about this two ways. We either just multiply both sides by one / five, or you could just do that as dividing by five. If you multiply both sides by one / five. The left-hand side becomes x. And the right-hand side, three times one / five, is equal to three / five. So what did we do here? This is just like, this actually turned into a level two problem, or actually a level one problem, very quickly. All we had to do is multiply both sides of this equation by x. And we got the x's out of the denominator. Let's do another problem. Let's have -- let me say, x plus two over x plus one is equal to, let's say, seven. So, here, instead of having just an x in the denominator, we have a whole x plus one in the denominator. But we're going to do it the same way. To get that x plus one out of the denominator, we multiply both sides of this equation times x plus one over one times this side. Since we did it on the left-hand side we also have to do it on the right-hand side, and this is just seven / one, times x plus one over one. On the left-hand side, the x plus one's cancel out. And you're just left with x plus two. It's over one, but we can just ignore the one. And that equals seven times x plus one. And that's the same thing as x plus two. And, remember, it's seven times the whole thing, x plus one. So we actually have to use the distributive property. And that equals sevenx plus seven. So now it's turned into a, I think this is a level three linear equation. And now all we do is, we say well let's get all the x's on one side of the equation. And let's get all the constant terms, like the two and the seven, on the other side of the equation. So I'm going to choose to get the x's on the left. So let's bring that sevenx onto the left. And we can do that by subtracting sevenx from both sides. Minus sevenx, plus, it's a minus sevenx. The right-hand side, these two sevenx's will cancel out. And on the left-hand side we have minus sevenx plus x. Well, that's minus six plus two is equal to, and on the right all we have left is seven. Now we just have to get rid of this two. And we can just do that by subtracting two from both sides. And we're left with minus six x is equal to six. Now it's a level one problem. We just have to multiply both sides times the reciprocal of the coefficient on the left-hand side. And the coefficient's negative six. So we multiply both sides of the equation by negative one / six. Negative one / six. The left-hand side, negative one over six times negative six. Well that just equals one. So we just get x is equal to five times negative one / six. Well, that's negative five / six. And we're done. And if you wanted to check it, you could just take that x equals negative five / six and put it back in the original question to confirm that it worked. Let's do another one. I'm making these up on the fly, so I apologize. Let me think. three times x plus five is equal to eight times x plus two. Well, we do the same thing here. Although now we have two expressions we want to get out of the denominators. We want to get x plus five out and we want to get this x plus two out. So let's do the x plus five first. Well, just like we did before, we multiply both sides of this equation by x plus five. You can say x plus five over one. Times x plus five over one. On the left-hand side, they get canceled out. So we're left with three is equal to eight times x plus five. All of that over x plus two. Now, on the top, just to simplify, we once again just multiply the eight times the whole expression. So it's eightx plus forty over x plus two. Now, we want to get rid of this x plus two. So we can do it the same way. We can multiply both sides of this equation by x plus two over one. x plus two. We could just say we're multiplying both sides by x plus two. The one is little unnecessary. So the left-hand side becomes threex plus six. Remember, always distribute three times, because you're multiplying it times the whole expression. x plus two. And on the right-hand side. Well, this x plus two and this x plus two will cancel out. And we're left with eightx plus forty. And this is now a level three problem. Well, if we subtract eightx from both sides, minus eightx, plus-- I think I'm running out of space. Minus eightx. Well, on the right-hand side the eightx's cancel out. On the left-hand side we have minus fivex plus six is equal to, on the right-hand side all we have left is forty. Now we can subtract six from both sides of this equation. Let me just write out here. Minus six plus minus six. Now I'm going to, hope I don't lose you guys by trying to go up here. But if we subtract minus six from both sides, on the left-hand side we're just left with minus fivex equals, and on the right-hand side we have thirty-four. Now it's a level one problem. We just multiply both sides times negative one / five. Negative one / five. On the left-hand side we have x. And on the right-hand side we have negative thirty-four / five. Unless I made some careless mistakes, I think that's right. And I think if you understood what we just did here, you're ready to tackle some level four linear equations. Have fun. Boy, why are you crying? Because I couldn't get my shadow to stick. Besides, I wasn't crying. I shall sew it on for you, my little man. I shall sew it on for you, my little man. It may hurt a little. What's your name? Wendy Moira Angela Darling. - What's yours? - Peter Pan. Watch your daughter. She's wonderful. She's stealing the show. I think it's perfectly sweet of you. Louder! I think it's perfectly sweet of you. I shall give you a kiss if you like. Don't you know what a kiss is? I shall, once you give one to me. Now I shall give you a kiss. I don't ever wanna become a man. I always wanna be a little boy and have fun. We wanna be like Peter Pan We don't wanna grow up Brad. Yeah, I'm at my daughter's play. It's impossible. I'm on a plane to London tomorrow night with my family. A children's hospital is dedicating an entire wing to Granny Wendy. Brad... Peter, you're missing it. All right. I want a meeting, tomorrow a.m. Dad, my game! You promised. Listen, it's my son's big game. Last game of the season. Santa Series. I gotta be there. I promised. We'll make it short. I'll be there. My word is my bond. We never, never, never Never, never, never, never Never, never, ever wanna grow up Strike three! You're out. Bluejays, come on! Jack! Come on, Bluejays! Bluejays! Fire it up! Where is your father? He's missing it. Daddy'll be here. He promised. Jerry? Jack? - Jim. - I said that. Go to the game ahead of me. Film what I miss. This is the speech for your grandmother's tribute. - On cards? - Yes. - Number those. Who wrote it? - Ned Miller. I loved his annual report. Read it. "For the past 70 years, the Granny Wendy we honor tonight... ...has given hope and care and life to hundreds of orphans." Great. Mommy, where's Daddy? My briefcase. Gotta fly. Don't worry. More people crash in cars. It's a lot safer to fly than crossing the street. If it's your time to go, it's your time to go. And remember, don't let your arms get tired! What if it's the pilot's time to go? Come on, keep us alive, Banning! Keep us alive! Okay, come on! Hi, Mrs. Banning. I'm from the office. Which one's your son? - He's up to bat! - Thank you! Come on, Jack! Come on, pal! Come on, Jack! Don't look at me! Focus! Stay focused! Come on, Jack. One time, Jack. Come on, Jack! Come on, Jack! Please, not a curve ball. Mama wants a new pair of shoes. Drive me home, Jack! That's the game! Yeah, Brad, that's real good. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen, your captain again. Please do not allow this minor turbulence to disturb you. For now, please sit back, relax. Enjoy the remainder of the flight. Thank you. Look what Jack drew! That's very nice, dear. What's that? Fire. Fire! Really? Is that our plane? Who are these people? That's Jack, that's me, that's Mom... ...and that's you. Where's my parachute? - I won't make it to my birthday. - You won't die without a phone. I got the phone in the briefcase. Talk to him. Why didn't I have a parachute, Jackie? Take a wild guess. - Jackie! - Jack. Will you stop? You can break a window. They're layered. You can't break them. Give me that. You're afraid you'll get sucked out. I'm not afraid. Yes, you are. You're afraid you'll be sucked out. Just stop. Jack, next season, I'm coming to six games. I promise. Yeah, be sure to buy enough videotape. My word is my bond. Yeah, junk bond! When are you gonna stop acting like a child? I am a child. Grow up. It's been a long time. Let's have fun, Peter. London's a magical place for children. - It was for us. - And expensive. Jack, don't do that. You could put someone's eye out. Maggie. Maggie. Peter, it's number 14. Sorry. What do you say to Granny Wendy? - "How do you do?" - Jack, get down! Be careful. Is Granny Wendy the real, real Wendy from my play? No, not really. Sort of. Don't be a sloucher. Take that gum out of your mouth. It's time to look our best. First impressions are the most important. Shoes tied. Shirt tucked. You know this. Remember, you're in England, land of good manners. Uncle Tootles. It's snowing! Look at these adorable children! It's good to see you, Libby... Linda... Lisa... - Liza. - I said that. Oh, Moira, how are you? You look wonderful! Oh, my God! Look at the size... Look at you! Such a sweet thing! - Granny Wendy will be right down. - She's upstairs? Oh, good. - Big boy! You could play rugby. - No, baseball. Oh, look. - Did you do this for us? - We've been cooking all week. You've been cooking? What've you been cooking? Mince pies? Peter, look at this. Look at this. - Who's that? - It's you. Was I ever that young? - What's gotten into you? - This house has gotten to me. Some of those things I was when I was young have never left me. Oh, thank God! We were children in these rooms. Lost, lost, lost. Lost what? I've lost my marbles. Lisa? Liza. - He was supposed to be in a home. - It broke Wendy's heart. Tootles is Wendy's first orphan. Which is which? Large bag's mine, and the smaller ones are the children's. Hello, boy. Hello, Wendy. I told you, Gran, I'd get him here, by hook or by crook. I'm sorry it's been so long between visits. It's been 10 years between visits. But never mind. Come and give me a skwoodge. Oh, Moira, Moira, Moira! Who is this lovely lady? It can't be Maggie. Yes, it can. And know what? I just played you at school. And don't you just look the part. Can this giant be Jack? How much you've grown in a year! I'm supposed to tell you about... ...congratulations for opening the orphan hospital... ...and how great the dedication is. - Thank you so very much. - Welcome. Now, there is one rule I insist be obeyed while you are in my house: No growing up. Stop this very instant. And that includes you, Mr. Chairman-of-the-Board Banning. Sorry, too late, Gran. And what's so terribly important about your terribly important business? You see, when a big company's in trouble... ...Dad sails in, and if there's any resistance... He's exaggerating. I'm still into mergers and acquisitions. And I'm dabbling in some land development. Any resistance and he blows them out of the water. So! Peter, you've become a pirate! Brad's on the line. He says it's urgent! Do you like my dress? Great, Gran. Thanks. Hey, Brad. Good news? What? What Sierra Club report? I thought we had these guys. He's trying to suck my blood! He drools all over my neck. What did they find? - That's a portable phone... - A Cozy Blue Owl? Well, listen. Ask them if anybody misses the Tyrannosaurus Rex. Oh, well, I do! Boy, do I ever! Wow, you kidding? Wait a minute. You telling me a 10-inch owl has a 50-mile mating radius? Why don't they just fornicate someplace else? You're telling me a 5-billion-dollar deal is falling apart because of this? Somebody shoot me in the head! Bang! Bang! Will everybody just shut up! I'm sorry. Leave me alone for one moment! Get them out of here! I'm on the phone call of my life! Come on, Jack. Out, out, out. Come with me. I'll show you the window where your dad and I used to blow out the stars. I should've stayed till the deal was done. Granny asked you to visit every year. I've been busy. You promised the children some real time here. You haven't looked at them once. - That's not true. - How many more broken promises? It's Brad, Moira. I gotta take this call. I gotta fix this. No, you gotta fix your family first. Peter, hello? Are you there? What? - I'm sorry about your deal. - You hated the deal. I hated the deal. But I'm sorry you feel so badly about it. Your children love you. They want to play with you. How long do you think that lasts? Soon Jack may not even want you to come to his games. We have a few special years with our children... ...when they're the ones that want us around. Then you'll be running after them for a bit of attention. It's so fast, Peter. It's a few years, then it's over. And you are not being careful. And you are missing it. Peter, where are you? Peter! Peter! Peter! "All children, except one, grow up." Now, you know where faeries come from, don't you, Maggie? "When the first baby laughed for the first time... ...the laugh broke into a thousand pieces... ...and they all went skipping about. That was the beginning of faeries." And look. I'm Wendy. Or was, a long time ago. But Jack says you're not the really "real" Wendy. Do you see where Jack is? Well, that's the same window. And this is the same room... ...where we made up stories about Peter, Never Land and scary old Captain Hook. And do you know, Mr. Barrie, well, Sir James, our neighbor... ...loved our stories so much that he wrote them all down in a book. Oh, dear me, 80 years ago. You're really old! That's very true. I'm sorry to break this up. I have to steal Granny... ...or she'll be late for the most important event of her life. Oh, dear. Daddy, I made something for you. You're gonna love this. It's a hug. Next time you fly, you won't have to be scared. She's made you a parachute. That's very clever, dear. Get away from there! What have I told you about playing near open windows? Keep this window closed. Do we have open windows at home? No. They've all got bars on them. Come on. Into bed. Who took my baseball? That mean, scary man at the window stole it. There's no scary man. But he says he's a window washer. What's this? A baseball glove. You can catch things with it... ...take hot things out of the oven, hit your sister with it. Tootles made it for me. It smells nice. It's paper, honey. Hey, Jack. Faker. You're in charge now. This is my very special watch, so you can keep track of the time. Don't go out, Mom. Please. Good night. Dear night-lights, protect my sleeping babes. Burn clear and steadfast tonight. I read recently that they're now using lawyers instead of rats for experiments. They do this for two reasons: One, the scientists become less attached to the lawyers. And two, there are certain things that even rats won't do. I thank the Board of Trustees of the Ormond Street Hospital... ...for having me here this evening... ...and beg your forgiveness because normally I address shareholders. We don't know each other, and I doubt that we have very much in common... ...except this wonderful woman, Wendy Angela Darling. Granny Wendy brought me in from the cold. She taught me to read and write. She even found people to be my parents and adopt me. She's loved so many children... ...just so efforlete... efforse... effortlessly. That's her achievement. Many of you here tonight were once lost children... ...but Granny Wendy found parents and homes for each of you... ...and saved you. That's her miracle. I know that if you could stand now, you would express much better than I have... ...your feelings of gratitude... ...appreciation... ...and warm feelings... ...for this wonderful woman. I guess we do have something in common. We're orphans. Hook! Hook. Jack... You all right? Wendy? Thank you, Nigel. Norman? Neville, sir. Is that English? Merry Christmas. I was proud of you. It was a beautiful speech. Yes, it was. Liza? Tootles? My God! The children! Jack! Answer me! Maggie! The wind came up. The door closed on me... ...and the children were screaming! The children were screaming! The window. "Dear Peter: Your presence is required at the request of your children. Kindest personal regards... ...J.A.S. Hook... ...Captain." Have to fly. Have to fight. Have to crow. Have to save Maggie. Have to save Jack. Hook is back. Who? Gran! Well, the lab boys can analyze this little lot. We've wired the phones, and two of my lads will be outside at all times. It's possible that this is some kind of ridiculous prank. My children are missing. Yes, but the literary history of the family suggests... Let's hope... I've forgotten how to fly. Yeah, well, one does. Good night, ma'am. Good night, sir. No more happy thoughts. Lost! Lost! - The police will do everything they can. - The police can do nothing. Really? Maybe we should call the American police. In a crisis, we English always make a cup of tea. Moira, would you? Yes, of course. Don't forget to warm the pot. I'll go. You stay. Don't worry, Gran Wendy, I wasn't gonna leave. Hand me my book, please. It's time to tell you, at last. Tell me what? How far back can you remember, Peter? I remember the hospital on Great Ormond Street. You worked with orphans. You arranged for the adoption by my American parents. You were 12, nearly 13. I mean, before that. There's nothing before that. Try, Peter. Do try. Nothing. You know, when I was young... ...no other girl held your favor the way I did. I expected you to alight on the church and forbid my vows on my wedding day. I wore a pink satin sash. But you didn't come. Grandma? Yes, I was an old lady when I wrapped you in blankets. A grandmother. With my 13-year-old granddaughter asleep in the bed. Moira. And when you saw her... ...that was when you decided not to go back to Never Land. Where? To Never Never Land. - I'll get Moira. - I've tried to tell you... - Maybe the tea's ready. - I knew you'd forgotten! I'm not ready to deal with this now. The stories are true. I swear to you. I swear on everything I adore. And now he's come back to seek his revenge. The fight isn't over for Captain James Hook. He wants you back. He knows you'll follow Maggie and Jack to the ends of the earth. And, by heaven, you must find a way. Only you can save your children. Somehow, you must go back. You must make yourself remember. Remember what? Peter, don't you know who you are? Yes, boy. Yes. Sorry. Parachute... Firefly from hell! Big damn bug! It is you! It is! A big you! It's not bad you're big. You were always big. Maybe this means you'll be twice as much fun. What fun we'll have again! What times! What great games! You're a little... Faerie. Pixie. If less is more, there's no end to me, Peter Pan. - Peter Banning. - Pan. - Banning. - Pan. Whoever you are, it's still you. Because only one person has that smell. Smell? The smell of someone who's ridden the wind. The smell of sleeping in trees. Adventures with Indians and pirates. Remember? The world was ours! We could do everything or nothing. I had to be anything because it was always us. It's happened. I'm having a nervous breakdown. Follow me and all will be well. I'm dying. Heading towards the white light. I've left my body. There's my house down there. There are my feet. - Where are we going? - To save your children! - How do you know about my kids? - Everybody knows! Hook's got them and you've gotta fight him! Let's fly! It is true, then. You did grow up. I drank poison for you. You used to call me "Tink." - Have you forgotten everything? - Are you in there, bug? I'm not a bug. I'm a faerie. I do not believe in faeries. Anytime someone says, "I do not believe in faeries," a faerie falls down dead. I do not believe in faeries!! My God, I think I killed it. Are you alive, little bug? Look out! Clap your hands, Peter. It's the only way to save me. Clap... Louder. Louder, Peter! I'm clapping! Oh, God, you're alive! All right. Now, who am I? You're a Freudian hallucination of my mother. I don't know why you have wings, but you have lovely legs. What am I saying? I'm an orphan. I've never taken drugs. I missed the '60s. I was an accountant. Guess again! Look, stars! That's right, Peter. Second star to the right and straight on till morning. Never Land! What a nightmare! Roll out! Roll out! Lovely fish! Fresh fish! We keep the eyes in so they'll see you through the week! Excuse me. Is there a pay phone around here? That is so real. Peter, get back here! Get down! Get low! Hide! If it ain't the Mother Inferior. Gentlemen, I'm looking for someone. I fancy them shiny shoes for my booties. I think you can get them at Armani. Tink! Tink! Help! Don't get no blood on them boots! They's mine! Help me! Tinkerbell! You pixie devil! Please don't! I have a bad back! You pixie devil! Are you related to Mighty Mouse? If you insist on seeing Hook... ...do exactly what I say. Your left arm is dead and hangs lifeless at your side. Lean on the crutch! Left foot turned in. Tilt your head and glare with your good eye! Now crack your mouth and drool. Now growl! Growl! - How are you? - Not bad, and you? Not bad! Put your faces on, girls. Here comes Smee! Follow that Hook! Make way for the Hook! Me mother loves that Hook! Give us the Hook! Give us the Hook! Good morning, Never Land! Good morning, Mr. Smee! Tie down the main mast, mateys. Because here he is! The cunning kingfish! The brave barracuda! A man so deep, he's almost unfathomable. A man so quick, he's even fast asleep! Thank you! Let's give him a very big hand... ...because he's only got one. I give you the steel-handed stingray... ...Captain James Hook! Hook! Hook! Hook! Hook! See how greatly the men favor you, sir? The pealing spawn. How I despise them! Go get 'em, captain! Thank you! Well, my stupid, sorry, parasitic sacks of entrails... Revenge is mine. Long live the Hook! I baited that Hook and now I'm proud to announce... ...we have his children. My God! Jack and Maggie. Finally I'm going to kill Peter Pan... ...that cocky boy who cut off my hand and fed it to the crocodile! And who killed that cunning crocodile? Who stuffed him? Who made him into a quiet clock? Who went to the other world and stole Pan's children? And who didn't believe I could do it? Who doubted me? Who amongst us does not belong? Someone here does not belong. Stranger amongst the loyal, I'll weed you out. You! You! Where's the carpet, Smee? Sorry, sir. You! You! That's right, you! No, not you! Not you. You. You! You bet against me bringing Pan back here, didn't you? Tell your captain the truth. Say it. Say it. I did. - You made a boo-boo. - I did. - The Boo Box. - Not the Boo Box! Boo! Put me down! I want my mommy! I want my daddy! Hello, children. Comfy? Cozy? Those are my kids! Those are my kids! Everything's gonna be all right. It's all right. Daddy's here. I want those kids out of that net or you better get an attorney. Who are you? I'm Peter Banning. I want my children. Those are your? These are your children? And you're? You're Peter? You're Peter? No! - You're Peter? - Is there an echo in here? Yes! My great and worthy opponent? Who is this impostor? Peter flogging flying Pan! I'm not Peter Pan. I am just an ordinary... I've got a sworn affidavit by a T. Bell. I've got his medical history. I even got his dental records. Are you trying to do me out of my job? May I show you something? Will you let go? Release him. - May I show you this? - Will you shut him up. - Captain, put these on. - I want to see the scar. The hypertrophy. Here's where you sliced him during the Tiger Lily incident. That's my appendix! What's this? Faerie footprints. He's Peter Pan or I've got a dead man's dinghy. Is it you? My great and worthy opponent? But it can't be. Not this pitiful, spineless, pasty, bloated... ...codfish I see before me. You're not even a shadow of Peter Pan. You have an obligation to clarify this Pan problem. This disaster. - Which must be remedied. - Expediently. I want my children. The stakes can be no higher. For me, sir, they could have sunk no lower. And I want my war! Blow him out of the water! Daddy's handling this. It's okay. Pick up your weapon. How much? Hoist and raise the kiddies! I'll make you a deal, Mr. Chairman. Fly up there... ...and touch the fingers of your children, and I'll set them free. I can't fly. Explode out of there! Stop this charade! Free your children! I beg your pardon? You must be joking. Peter Pan has a real problem with heights. I'm not Peter Pan. It's okay. Hang on, son. I'm coming, sweetheart. - Somebody give me a hand. - I already have. Save us, Daddy! "Save me, Daddy!" We know who you are! What new game is this, Peter? Fly! Stop pretending! Fly! I know it's you! Be the Pan you are. Fly! Fly! Think a happy thought. Just touch our fingers and we'll be able to go home. Touch them, Peter, and it's all been just a bad dream! Just reach out and touch them! Flap your arm and fly! Reach! Come on, Daddy. Mommy could do it. I don't understand. Why doesn't he fly? He's a fop Peter Pan! He's Peter Pan, all right, captain. He's been away from Never Land so long, his mind's been gentrified. He's forgotten everything. Please don't give up. I want to go home. Gentlemen, I'm afraid I have decided to cancel the war. He can't fly, but he can swim! Kill them. Kill them all. Bring on the plank! And I never want to hear the name Peter Pan again! What about the name Hook? Do you want to be remembered as a bully? Or as the great warrior who defeated a heroic Pan? One week and I'll get him in shape, and you can have your dirty old war. It's a trick, captain! Let me blast that buzzing vixen to pixie hell! You promised people the war of the century. Your whole life has been building to this. Mortal combat, glory! Hook versus Pan! That is not Pan. Two days. Four. Bare minimum for a decent Pan. Three. Final offer. Done. And you'd better deliver, Miss Bell... ...or no amount of clapping will bring you back from where I will send you. Hear me, men. I've decided that the so-called Pan... ...will return in three days to commence the arbitrament of the sword. Smee, translate. In three days we'll have a war. A battle between good and evil, to the death. Help me! Snow! What? What? Help! Get me down! Oh, you're alive! Oh, get me down! I believe! Lost Boys! Lost Boys! Wake up! Pan's back! Lost Boys! Lost Boys! Wake up! That was my pillow! I'm up. Wake up, you sleepyheads! Pan's back! Pan's back! Pan! Pan! Who's the shrub? Bangerang! That ain't Peter Pan. He's old. He's fat! Not so fat to me. He's an old, fat grandpa man. Rufio! That is so dangerous. That's enough! Okay, mister. All right. The show's over. Put that thing away! Put it down before you poke somebody's eye out. You're not old enough to shave. What are you doing with that sword? This is an insurance nightmare! What's this? Lord of the Flies preschool? Where are your parents? Who's in charge here? No, Mr. Skunkhead-with-too-much-mousse, you're just a punk kid. I want to speak to a grownup! All grownups are pirates! Excuse me? We kill pirates. I'm not a pirate. It so happens I am a lawyer. Kill the lawyer! I'm not that kind of lawyer. I've been shot! Help! Help me, somebody! Boys, listen! He married Wendy's granddaughter! Hook's kidnapped his kids. He's just out of shape. We have to make him bangerang! No, no! Please stop! Why are you doing this to me? Rufio, you're the best with a sword. Please teach him. We gotta make him remember. Excuse me. Help me! Not you! Oh, my! A wall. Lost Boys, stop! Stop it! Play! Play. You're dead, jolly man. He can't do those things. He can't even play simple games. Hook has got his kids, and I've got three days... ...to get him ready to fight. And I need everybody's help. Peter Pan's got kids? He can't fly, fight or crow. If any of you says this here scug ain't Peter Pan... ...cross the line. What? I'll be right back. What? You are embarrassing me! Oh, there you are, Peter! But, Peter... ...you've grown up. You promised never to grow old. His nose got real big. Well, welcome back to Never Land, Pan the Man. Don't listen to that faerie and that brainless fungus! I got Pan's sword! I'm the Pan now! You think this guy's gonna take it from me? Rufio? Wait! If Tink believes, maybe he is. Are you gonna follow this drooler against Capitan Hook? What's he doing here if he's not Peter Pan, huh? He don't look happy here. And who are them kids Hook's got? Give him a chance! Those are my kids, and Hook's gonna kill them unless we do something. Help me. Please. Yeah, come on! Give him a chance! Well, I should claw myself with my own hook. Not to kill Pan when I had the chance! What have I done? What have I done, Smee? Agreed to a preposterous plan, an absurd war. Now I'm bound by my indefatigable good form to wait. - I'll fix you a nice plate. - Wait for what? Whether it be three days or three decades, he'll always be a fat, old Pan. I hate being disappointed, Smee. And I hate living in this flawed body! And I hate living in Never Land! And I hate, I hate... ...I hate Peter Pan! Smee? Smee? I've just had a sublime vision. All the jagged parts of my life... ...have come together to form a complete and mystical whole. An epiphany. A "piphy" what? My life is over. You've lost your appetite? Yes. Goodbye. Where're you going? Are you getting dramatic? Goodbye, Smee. Captain, why don't we play with your island? All the little Indians and the soldiers and all the Lost Boys? Here we go. No stopping me this time, Smee. This is it. Don't make a move, Smee. Not a step. My finger's on the trigger. Don't try to stop me, Smee. Oh, not again. This is it. Don't try to stop me this time, Smee. Don't try to stop me this time, Smee. Don't you dare try to stop me this time, Smee. Try to stop me. You better get up off your ass. Get over here! - I'm coming! - Stop me! This is not a joke! I'm committing suicide! Don't ever frighten me like that again. - Sorry. - What are you, a sadist? I'm sorry. How do you feel now? - I want to die. - Oh, now, now. - There's no adventure here. - You call this "no adventure"? Death is the only great adventure I have left. Let's get you into bed. It's all over. - I'm so tired. - Don't upset yourself, captain. My career is over. This was supposed to be the war to end all wars. - And it will be, captain. - The ultimate war. There must be a way to get at him, to get even with him... ...to get him where it really would hurt. There must be something I haven't thought of. Where is he vulnerable? No more talk about doing away with yourself. I mean, what would the world be like without Captain Hook? Indeed. Good form, Smee. - What would the world be like without me? - There you go. I'm ready for my nightcap. Abso-flogging-lutely. I think a bit of skulduggery would do you good. Take your mind off this Pan business. First thing tomorrow morning, we'll shoot some Indians out at Long Tom. I'm tired of killing Indians and Lost Boys. I always kill them. I want to kill Peter Pan. I wanna kill him! Hear me? I want to kill him. Oh, dear. I've just had an apostrophe. I think you mean an "epiphany." Lightning has just struck my brain. Well, that must hurt. - Pan's kids... - What about them? You could make them like you. Say, what? No, no, no. We could make the little buggers love you. No little children love me. - Captain, that is the point. - What do you mean? That is the ultimate revenge. - What is? - Pan's kids in love with Hook. What're you getting on about? - It's the ultimate payback. - What is? Imagine Pan... ...when he faces you, and his kids... ...standing beside you... ...ready to fight for the sleaziest sleaze of the seven seas, Captain Hook. - Captain, it's beautiful. - Yes, I see. You know, Smee... ...I like it, I like it, I like it! Oh, Smee, what a superb idea I've just had! Tomorrow, I'll make Pan's brats love me. Peter Pan will fly again. He'll remember how. And if he doesn't, those dirty Lost Boys will jog his memory. Oh, yes, you'll see. He'll crow, he'll fight, he'll fly... ...and then, he'll die. Pick 'em up Move 'em down Pick 'em on up Move 'em on down Ain't no time to celebrate You are old and overweight Gotta lose a million pounds Get your fat butt off the ground Reach on down and touch your toes How long since you looked at those? Shape up Lose weight Get thin Gotta win Jumping jacks are good for you Now your face is turning blue Swing your arms around your back Give yourself a heart attack Gotta train In the rain In the sun In the snow Ten below Gotta move Gotta do Gotta grow Go easy on me. I'm a beginner. Low! High! High! All right, gramps. Give it your best shot. Rufio's only trying to help. Listen. Learn. Okay, you ready? I don't wanna hurt you. Watch your skin! Be bangerang, old man. What are you doing? How does this help me get my kids back? What do I have to do next? Next, time to fly. Just think happy thoughts. All you need is one happy thought, Peter, and it'll make you fly. I got it! Not being in this slingshot would make me very happy! He's going up! He's coming down! Now, pay attention, class. We have a lot to go over. "Lesson one: Why parents hate their children." Anyone? Doesn't Mommy read to us every night? You, the cute little urchin in the front row... Won't you share your thoughts with the whole class? Yes. I said Mommy reads to us every night... ...because she loves us very much. Loves you? Isn't that... The "L" word, captain. No, child. Your mother reads to you every night in order to stupefy you to sleep... ...so that she and Daddy can sit down for three minutes without you... ...and your mindless, inexhaustible, unstoppable, repetitive demands: "He took my toy." "She hid my bear." "I want to potty. I want a cookie. I want to stay up." "I want, I want, I want!" "Me, me, me, me!" "Mine, mine, mine, mine!" "Now, now, now!" Can't you understand, child? - They tell you stories to shut you up. - And conk you out. That's not true, Jack. You're a liar! Lie? Me? Never! The truth is far too much fun. Before you were born, your parents would stay up all night together... ...just to see the sunrise. Don't be frightened. Maggie, before you were born, they were happier. They were free. You are a bad man. Smee, flunk the maggot. Abso-flogging-lutely. An "F"? He gave me an "F"! Your father went to your sister's school play, did he not? But did he go to your baseball game? How'd you know about that? He missed the most important game on the most important day... ...of your young life. - I wanna tear your hook off! - Easy. I hate, I hate you, Mr. Hook! What did I tell you, Smee? No little children love me. Of course they do. Come on. You're depressing the captain. Jack, listen to me! Never let him make you forget! Never forget... ...Mommy and Daddy! Think of a way to run home, Jack! Run home! Run home? You are home. Right? Oh, yeah. No, no, no. We don't use them. - Why do you have them? - So we don't have to use them. Don't crowd me! Come on, Thud Butt! Everybody say grace. Bless this, Lord... Grace! All of my favorite Never Foods! Yams, mamey apples and banana squash! Wash it down, calabash and papaw! Can you blow on this? Thank you. This is good! Are you eating that? No, please. Eat! What's the deal? Where's the real food? If you can't imagine yourself being Peter Pan, you won't be him, so eat up! Eat what? There's nothing here. Gandhi ate more than this. This used to be your favorite game. Forget the games. I want real food! Steak, eggs... You can't. Eat your heart out, you crinkled, wrinkled fat bag! - You're very ill-mannered... - You're a slug-eating worm. You can do better than that! You're encouraging them? Show me your fastball, dust brain! You paunchy, sag-bottomed puke pot! Bangerang, Rufio! You're a very poor role model for these kids, you know? You don't have a fourth-grade reading level. - Hemorrhoidal sucknavel. - Maybe a fifth-grade reading level. Oil-dripping, beef-fart sniffing bubble butt. Someone has a severe caca mouth. You know that? You are a fart factory! Slug-slime sack of rat guts and cat vomit... ...cheesy scab... ...picked pimple-squeezing finger bandage! A week-old maggot burger with everything on it and flies on the side! Substitute chemistry teacher. Come on, Rufio, hit him back. Mung tongue! - Math tutor. - Pinhead. - Prison barber. - Mother lover. Nearsighted gynecologist. - In your face, camelcake! - In your rear, cow derričre! Lying, crying, spying, prying ultra-pig! Lewd, crude bag of pre-chewed food dude. Bangerang, Peter! You man! Stupid, stupid man! If I'm a maggot burger, why don't you just eat me? You zebra-headed, slime-coated, pimple-farming, paramecium brain... ...munching on your own mucus, suffering from Peter Pan envy! What's a "paramecium brain"? I'll tell you what a paramecium is! That's a paramecium! It's a one-celled critter with no brain that can't fly! Don't mess with me, man! I'm a lawyer! Banning, Banning! Rufio! Rufio! Oh, Rufio, why don't you just go suck on a dead dog's nose? You're doing it. - Doing what? - Using your imagination, Peter. You're playing with us, Peter. You're doing it, Peter. Drink your papaw, Peter. How is it? Bangerang. Catch! Hey, Pockets... ...catch! Oh, Don't Ask! Bangerang! Hey, Pan the Man, catch this! Peter, look out! Peter, watch out! Bangerang. Peter... ...can I talk to you? Sure, Thud. - I remember Tootles. - You do? He was lost too. How could you know Tootles? He was a Lost Boy. These are his marbles. These are his happy thoughts. - He really did lose his marbles. - Yeah, he lost them good. Peter, you know what? My happy thought will help you. What's your happy thought? Mine's my mother. Do you remember your mother, Peter? Wish I could. Listen. My mom sang that song. My young Jack, tell me about the game of baseball. I can't remember. Are the mates standing or are they on horseback? The stars are all my friends Till the nighttime ends So I know I'm not alone When I'm here on my own Isn't that a wonder When you're alone You're not alone Not really alone Good night, Never Land! What is it? I hear it. I hear it again. Smee, it's that crocodile, back from the dead! Tick-tock, tick-tock, tick-tock, tick-tock, tick-tock! Is that the clock? You killed that croc years ago. We smash every clock we find. Little elf didn't know any better. To the museum, at once. Shine 'em up! Put a fresh coat of varnish on your peg, right here! Broken clocks... Each one ticked its last tock, and now all is well. Just listen. I don't hear anything. I know! Good form! Exactly! Jack, you see this? Come over here. You can take it. This is Barbecue's very own bedside clock. He was quite an infamous pirate. I smashed this clock immediately after I gutted him. His ship made a pretty bonfire! Such a pretty, pretty... What is that I hear? A ticking? Smee, stop the ticking! Stop that! Stop that "tick-tick"! There's no ticking here. There's nothing left to tick. Oh, my God! This is for the ticking that might have been. Get his father's watch! Go on. You know you want to. Give it a try. Go on. This is for... ...never letting me blow bubbles in my chocolate milk! - Good form! Bravo! - Isn't that wonderful? This is for never letting me jump on my own bed! Make time stand still, laddie. For always making promises and breaking them! For never doing anything with me. For a father who's never there, Jack? Jack, for a father who didn't save you on the ship. Who wouldn't save us... Who couldn't save you, Jack. He wouldn't. He didn't even try. He was there, we were there, and he wouldn't try. Jack... ...he will try. And the question will be: When the time comes, do you want to be saved? Now, don't you answer now. No, no, no, no. Now it's time to be whatever you want to be. Put behind you any thoughts of home... ...that place of broken promises. That what? Have I ever made a promise, Jack... ...I have not kept? Have I, son? Come on. Let's go! I don't like this game. "Steal Hook's hook As fast as you can." "It'll make you proud." "Then you crow like Pan." Confound it, Druscilla, glove me. The game is about to start. I need my bubbly. Give me my bubbly. Steal Hook's hook, then crow! Jackie, boy! Jack! This is for all the games your daddy missed. Hook would never miss your game, son. You're almost there. Take it. - What's he looking at? - Come on, you're this close! What's wrong? - Grab it, come on. - Grab it, Peter! Come on, Jack. And one! Wait for the good pitches. Wait for the good pitches! Jack! Jack! He's our man. If he can't do it, no one can! He's stealing second! No, now stop it! We're playing this game according to Master Jack's rules! Bad form! Sit down now! Let's resume the game! Very violent sport, isn't it, baseball? Come on, Jack! Run home, Jack! Run home, Jack! "Run home, Jack." Smee, no, no, no! They've got it backwards! Tell them to turn it around! Maggie? Switch! Home run, Jack! Home run, Jack! Home run, Jack! Home run, Jack. Home run, Jack. He can't hit the curve. My Jack! My Jack. You did it! Hoist him up! That's my boy! You did it, son! Gotta fly! Happy thought. Happy thought, happy thought, happy thought, happy... One great, big happy thought! Less is more. I can! "Tootles. Wendy. John. Michael. Peter." Be careful, Peter. You're a lot taller than you used to be. Well, say something. Do you like my dress? You look beautiful. What's the occasion? You are. It's a welcome-home party. What happened here? Hook. Burnt it when you didn't come back. Kiss. Wendy. This is Wendy's house. Tootles and Nibs built it for her. I remember. Wendy would sit in that chair. But it wasn't there. It was here. We used to sit here while she'd darn socks and tell us stories. She slept here. Tink, your apartment was right here. Yes. Little Michael in his basket bed, right here. John. Teddy. My Teddy. Mother used to put him in the pram to keep me company. I remember my mother. I remember her. You can be sure, very fine schools indeed. First, he will attend Whitehall, then Oxford. And of course... ...after graduation, he will prepare for a judgeship in the highest court... ...making time for marriage and family and all of that. Just like his father. Isn't that what grownups want for their children? I was afraid. I didn't wanna grow up. Everybody who grows up has to die someday. So I ran away. Tink... ... you came and you saved me. You brought me to Never Land. You taught me to fly. But I was still a little boy, and I missed my mother. So I decided to fly home to my very own window. But it was shut. They'd forgotten about me. I found other windows to visit, ones that weren't shut closed on me. That's how I met Wendy. I chased my shadow in her nursery. I expected my shadow and I would join together like drops of water. Boy! Why are you crying? What's your name? Wendy Moira Angela Darling. What's yours? I came back many times for Wendy. Always in the spring. And Wendy kept getting older... ... and older. And then I came back the last time. Peter, I can't come with you. I've forgotten how to fly. I'm old, Peter. Ever so much more than 20. - I grew up a long time ago. - No, no, no! - You promised! - I have children of my own now. They have children of their own. That's my grandchild, Moira, asleep in the bed. When I saw her lying there sleeping... ... at that moment, something changed in me forever. I shall give her a kiss. No! No, Peter! No buttons, no thimbles. I couldn't bear her heart to be broken when she finds she can't keep you. No. I mean a real kiss. I can see why you have trouble finding a happy thought. So many sad memories, Peter. Bye, Teddy. Not Teddy. Daddy! Daddy! Peter, you're a daddy. Hi, Jack. I know why I came back. I know why I grew up. I wanted to be a father. I'm a daddy. My happy thought. I got it! I got it! I found it! I lost it! Just hold that happy thought, Peter! Peter Pan! He's back! He's back! He's back! Play! Play! You are the Pan. You can fly, you can fight, and you can... Tink, you in there? Are you sad? No, I'm neither. Please go away. Oh, you're sick. You need a Band-Aid. Or a thermometer! That's how Nibs made the Wendy lady better. Oh, no, Peter! It's not about that! Yes, it is! Nibs put the thermometer in her mouth. Felt all better. Don't we have the greatest adventures? Do you remember your next great adventure to save your kids? Kids? Peter Pan's got kids? Why are you in Never Land? To always be a little boy and have fun. I like this game. Ask me another one. Oh, dear me! I did it. Tink, look what happened! You broke your house. You're humongous. This is the only wish I ever wished for myself. This is the biggest feeling I've ever, ever felt. And this is the first time I've been big enough to have it. Peter, I wanna give you a kiss. No, I mean a real kiss. I love you, Peter Pan. I love... ...her. "Her," who? Mo... Moira! I love Moira... ...and Jack and Maggie. Jack and Maggie... I have a plan. Tink? Come on. You gotta come. When it's all over, you'll leave and never come back again. What are you staring at, Peter? Save them. Go save them. You silly ass, go! Jack, it's a very special time when a pirate receives his first earring. It's like the first time you run someone through with your blade. Now, Jack... ...I'm gonna ask you to bend your head ever so slightly. A little more. That's it. And brace yourself, lad. Because this... ...is really going to hurt. Smee, what is that? Who is that, captain? It's Peter Pan. Has it been three days? 'Tis true, Peter... ...time does fly. And so do you, I see. How did you ever manage to fit into those smashing tights again, Peter? Hand over my son now and you and your men may go free. Why don't you ask the lad yourself? Jack, someone to see you, son. Jack, give me your hand. We're going home. I am home. Good form! You see, Peter, he is my son. He loves me dearly. And I'm prepared to fight dearly for him. I've waited long to shake your hand with this. Peter Pan, prepare to meet thy doom! Dark and sinister man, have at thee. Don't you love it, laddie? Once you've shed blood, it's hard to stop! It's a pirate's life, my lad! Jack, Jack! - Don't I know him? - No, you've never seen him before! You won't believe this, but I found my happy thought. It took me three days, then guess what happened? Up I went! You know what my happy thought was? It was you. That's my dad... but he hates to fly! Bangerang! Call out the militia! We'll need every last man! If there's anybody not fighting, get here quick! Form ranks! Form ranks! Show them the white light we're made of! Remember the fires from hell that forged you! Charge! Now! We'll show you who's chicken! Watch this! Smee! Do something intelligent! "Smee, Smee"! What about Smee? What about Smee? What about me? Thud ball! Fire! Hey, wait! Look out below! Somebody help! Here we go. Take it, take it, take it! Lost Boys, down! My eyes! It's time for Smee. Where do you think you're going? Get away from that window! Hook! Rufio. The old man is mine. Jack! Save me! Maggie! Get down here! Maggie! Daddy! Wait, ain't you... Peter Pan. Daddy! Daddy? Peter Pan's my dad? I'll never lose you again. Lost Boys, we got them on the run! Here comes Pan! Looky, looky, I got Hooky. Hook! No! Do you know what I wish? What? I wish I had a dad... ...like you. Oh, Dad, I'm sorry. Are you ready for me, Peter? Come on. Humor the Hook. Dad. I wanna go home. What are you talking about? You are home. Where are you going? Lost Boys! Peter! Where are you going? Come back here and fight me! I'll find you wherever you are! Bad form, Peter! Come back. You need a mother very, very badly! Smee! Follow me! - Stairs! - Just moving your personal... Wherever you go, wherever you are... ...I vow there will always be daggers bearing notes signed "James Hook." They will be flung at the doors of your children's children's children. Do you hear me? What do you want, old man? Just you. You've got me, James Hook. Pan "The Avenger" is back. And the Hook is waiting, Peter Pan. It's Hook and me this time. - Prepare to die. - To die would be a great adventure. Death is the only adventure you have left. I remember you being a lot bigger. To a 10-year-old, I'm huge. No pain, no gain, James! Good form, old man. You know you're not really Peter Pan. This is only a dream. You'll wake up, you'll be Peter Banning, a selfish man who drinks too much... ...who's obsessed with success and runs and hides from his wife and children. I believe in you. - I believe in you. - I believe in you, Peter. I believe in you. You are the Pan. You're Peter Pan. I believe in you... ...Peter Pan. - Bad form! - Jack, stop! Now we end this. You blackguard! Hello! Tick-tock, tick-tock... ...Hook's afraid of an ordinary clock! I think not! I think James Hook's afraid of time, ticking away! Tick... Good form, Peter. I am fallen. Give me my dignity. You took my hand. You owe me something. You killed Rufio. You kidnapped my children. You deserve to die. Strike, Peter Pan. Strike true. Daddy, let's go home. Please? He's just a mean old man without a mommy. Yeah, Dad, let's go. He can't hurt us anymore. Bless you, child. Good form, Jack. After all, what would the world be like... ...without Captain Hook? I want you to take your ship and go. I never want to see your face in Never Land again. - Peter, look out! - Fools, James Hook is Never Land! Whenever children read, it will say: "Thus perished Peter Pan." What's happening? I want my Mommy! Hook's gone. Hook's gone! Hook's gone! Bangerang! No more Hook! No more Hook! No more Hook! Hurray for Pan the Man! What's wrong, Peter? I can't stay. I've done what I came to do, and now I have to go back. Tink, make my kids glow. Jack, Maggie, all you have to do is think one happy thought... ...and you'll fly like me. Mommy! My dad... ...Peter Pan. Tink, you know the way. I'll be just behind you. Don't leave us, Peter, and don't say goodbye. What's "goodbye"? It's going away. That's what it is. Forgetting about us all over again. You're all my Lost Boys. I'll never forget you. Never. So who do I leave in charge? I want you to take care of everyone who's smaller than you. Then who do I look after? Never Bugs. Little ones. That was a great game. Thank you for believing. I know her. She looks like an angel. Let's not wake her yet. My dear child, have you been up all night? I see them in their beds so often in my dreams. When I wake up, they're still there. Tink? Tink? Tink? Hello. Having trouble with the misses? You will have, by the time you get home. Tink! Say it, Peter. Say it and mean it. I believe in faeries. Do you know that place between sleep and awake... ...where you still remember dreaming? That's where I'll always love you... ...Peter Pan. That's where I'll be waiting. Nana! Oh, give us a kiss! Come here, you drool machine! Tink? Brad! Hi! Have you been holding this long? I'm incredible! Yeah. Never Land! Lost Boys. Jim Hook. Duel to the death. I'll fill you in later. Listen, I'd love to chat... ...but I gotta climb a drainpipe now. Why? Because I ran out of faerie dust. If not, I would've flown up. Why!! - There were pirates..! - And monsters there! Just like you said! Granny Wendy! Let me in! Please. Excuse me, do you have an appointment? What did I tell you about this window? Always keep it open! Never, ever, ever close... I have to take this. Have you ever known what it's like to feel the exhilaration of really flying? Feel this. Where have you been? Fly me, Daddy, fly me! Anytime, Maggie. To infinity and back again. Hello, Peter. I missed the adventure again, didn't I? I think these belong to you. Look! See, look! I didn't lose my marbles after all! Wendy, look! See? I didn't lose my marbles after all! Hello, boy. Hello, Wendy lady. Give us a skwoodge. Boy, why are you crying? I don't know. A tear for every happy thought. One for me? - One for me? - One for me? And one for me! Seize the day! So your adventures are over. Oh, no. To live... To live would be an awfully big adventure. Subtitles by GELULA & CO., INC. Hi, mom. Yes, I met teacher Tai. I also got a new room, it's in the same dorm. Cause Jane has problems. Yes, many problems. But she's a good friend mom. Me? Keeping secret from you? You're so smart, I couldn't trick you. But I want you to know that I'm very glad that I can change the room. No, please don't... I can handle it myself, no problem. You don't have to worry. I love you, mom. Jub Jub Jub 1,000 times Jub Jub. I also love you, dear. Jub Jub Jub back 1,000 times. Yes. "Nice to meet you mate" Don't come in! Don't! It's you who should be back off! Hold on, I'm hurt. You're a girl? What! I'm a girl. You're not going to apologize? For what? It's because you look like this and you're suddenly jumped to me so I was frightened. Don't you see this house-size cockroach? And this is my room. Your room? Oh, I Ran away from a Dii (used to call Tomboy's girlfriend) just to meet a tom. Hey, no no no! I'm not a tom. You're not a tom even though you look like this? I'm really not a tom, I'm a girl. Umm, A girl? A girl like this? Oh, so feminine... look at your face, hair style, personality, body... Where? Which parts of you look like a girl, tell me? Kae. I can't be patient with this. Let me change the room. - Why? You just changed your room? - I can't bear this, VERY TOM DIl. Hey, I don't mean that she's disgusting or anything but you know it's very difficult to live with her. Now, I feel like I'm being with a man. I'm not comfortable living with a tom. How uncomfortable? It's tough Teacher. I just can't restraint my mind. You will be getting used to it. Tom or not, if you don't interest, then it's no big deal. But I have the right to change? Yes, you have. But you have used it already. And I don't approve. Hey As I was here before you. I'd like to take the right... Listen to me now. I'll be at this side, and you're on that side. This is the territory line, don't cross this line. I like silence because my fish can be easily frightened. You can't understand. It's difficult to treat. Oh, and it's better to be quiet, if you can. How about singing? If you think you're a good singer, go on. Silence is better than singing like this. Can I cook? Actually, it's against the rule. If the flat maids know, you'll have to move out. Well, just do it. How can I use the bathroom with this line separating us? - Climb on top of it. - OK "Nice to meet you, mate" OK The landlord isn't home. Hey, they come. - Oh - Are you OK? - My heart.. My heart is melting. - Oh. - Moron! - Oh, they just said that at the same time. - Oh, my heart hurts. - Why? - I just met a girl who's more handsome than me. - Hey, you're so handsome. You use Mr. or Miss? - I'm happy now. - Hey sis, where are you going? You can blow the nose, I don't mind. Who have you met this time? I don't know but... like I got a jackpot. Even Nerd was trembling. Nerd was trembling? She won't have any reaction even if there's a disaster. I don't know, I feel like she understand me in the way that nobody can. Who? Understand your blind side nobody can see? How about the senior you cried for? Don't speak about that, I'm in a bad mood now. You were just rampaging and everything almost fell down. Hey, Nerd. Can you sense that Jane's falling in love? I'm sorry but I need concentration. The noise didn't come out. Cause you had so much acting, like... It's noisy eventually. And it kept flashing the light. How about you change the side? Pie, do you have anything to eat? I'm hungry. Pie, come with me. Hey, who's that? Your roommate? - Don't tell me... - Yes, she is.. - The one that I told you. Do you think she's handsome? - Meh Hey, why? I think we should exchange our rooms? OK? Oh and about Nerd.. Nerd is quiet.. What size of battery she use? Very sluggish. - Btw, what's her name? - Uh, I don't know. Hey, why didn't you ask her? Hurry up, ask her. You. About yesterday... thank you. We meet again. So, did you blow the nose? Crazy! I didn't but I washed it already, I'll give it back later. - My name's Jane. - My name's Kim. My name's Pie and I'm not a bridge to connect anyone. And what plant are you're planting? - Are you a agriculture student? - Yes I'm from a farmer family. For me? It's beautiful, what plant is it? Love at first sight. You love me? No, the plant's name. Can you find your way to the right room, Jane? "It's delicious" I'm sorry, I was trying not to do.. but the noise couldn't be lower. Hey, I don't mind the matter like this. Are you hungry? Today I cooked a special recipe. You can cook inside the cooker? What's it? It's called roasted chicken. It has many things inside. Mushroom, vegetable, full of nutrition. Wanna try? It's delicious. How about it? Good, right? So so. You like to cook? It's fun whether it's delicious or not. And what about the plant outside? Sweet and holy basil. If I need them to cook, just pick it up. No need to buy. So, do you like cooking or planting? I like both... How about you, Pie? You like fish? Yeah What is it doing? - Actually? - What? Actually is the fish name, but the breed is little dolphin. - The name is cute. - Is it a dolphin? - No, it's not but they look like dolphin so we call them little dolphin. It's a short nose- trunk fish, it's imported. There's only one inside, doesn't it feel lonely? It's very cruel, nobody can live with. Don't you try bringing another fish. It'll growl at the new one. Like its owner? Hey It's just being selective who to be friend with. Is there any fish that look like tom? I don't know but there're kinds of fish that like to be with the same gender. Any fish that doesn't like a tom-look alike fish? I give you another chance. I'm just kidding. Don't be frown like a mackerel. But she can do all that herself, Wan. Yes, inside a cooker. It's delicious. Strangely delicious. Hey, Wan you know she's very tom.... so don't tell my mom. Everyone will think that she's a man. Ei Ei I don't know how long I can bear with her. My mom will have goosebumps. You can blow your nose if you want. You miss me, dear? How's the plant I gave? Kinda complicated but I can handle it. You can tell me if you have any problem. I will tell you when it needs to be fertilized. - Play game with me? - Yes. Sorry. The music is nice. Hey, it's not a song, game game. You think this is the right place? It should be. The security guard told us. Surely Uni is a great place. Omg! I can't believe. Are you a girl or an angle? Excuse me. - Is this 'A' building girl dorm? - Yes. - Is this your car? - Yes. You can't park here. You should park at that side. I'll take you there. It's OK, I think I can go myself. Thank you. Hey hey, come in let's clear this out. We have the same hairstyle maybe we're soul mate. Where are you going? You don't have to fight, Pei can handle both of you. Double pack! I like it. - Ood. - Hello, Khun Kim. - Hi I only want a few of them. - Where should we put them? - Well, you can't go inside, so please lay them down here. Here - Are you going anywhere else? - Yes, I have to deliver them to many places. - Do you need anything? - It's OK, I'll go to aunt In's cafe myself. - Good bye - Bye Hmm who's Pei huh, Boy? Do you know this place? In's cafe, it's at the back of the uni. Could you take me, Pie? I have to go with Boy, so go by yourself. Not difficult to find. Go left to the pool direction, at the end take two rights. When you see a small area to the left, turn to that street, get out of that street, 5 mins and you'll be there. Oh, and it opens in the evening. Out of the building, turn left... Turn right 2 times... when you're at a small junction, turn left. Turn to that street, out of the street.... 5 mins and you'll be there. Turn to that street... out of the street, 5 mins and... it's dark. Hey, you can't find it? I'm lost. Where is Boy? He went with the girl gang. Why you're not asking somebody else for help? No, I don't want somebody else to take me. Could you take me? OK, it's the thank for roasted chicken. Too much, Too much. Aren't you going? I won't take you anymore. One... Two... Three. You can stand up yourself. You're so smart So cruel that the fountain stops itself. You want to see the whole Uni has blackout. Is aunt In here? - Kim - Aunt In Little brat. You look so handsome. How are you? - You're also more beautiful. - Really? It's just a little bit. Dad send me a new wine for you to test. Wine? I'm thirsty now. Hello. You have a good taste. Your girlfriend? She's cute. - No No No, a friend. - Heay!! I'm kidding, don't be so alert. - Good - Kim Come up here. Seems like every time I meet you, my heart is weaken more and more. I want to speak with you, greet with you. And why do I have to be shy? I can't endure the feeling when I meet... you.. May I ask you something? Is In tom? Come on, I just want to know. - I don't know. - Nahhh I really don't know because I'm not a tom. Hey, Kim.... I want to speak frankly nobody think that you're not a tom. I'm serious. The more you say No, the more you are. OK, so please tell me... what is tom? They're like you. Act like you. They aren't feminine at all and have girl lovers. Some of them act like they're so gentlemen, as if they're real men. Oh I see, like the dorm teacher? - Yes - So, I... don't look like a girl... and I "don't" like girls... and I'm not so manly. Who am I, then? Have you had someone you love? Have you liked someone? No Both men and women? So do I. If I like someone... like to speak with... like to play with and like to be with but if she's a girl, that means I'm a tom? Will it change the meaning of being myself, Pie? I still like to play game, like to cook roasted chicken and everything is the same. What about other elements of mine? Will anyone see them? Other than "You are a tom" We have a trouble. - Let see, the mother is going to bombard. - Pie. What a mess! I bought it myself. The water wth! You can sleep on my bed. I'll sleep on the floor. No, it's alright. Hey I'm not serious, you can cross my line. Are you sure? Sure, I'm a farmer's daughter. Sleeping on the solid floor is OK, I'm good. I know it! Why do you afraid of ghost? - People are frightened because of ghost, but you're not? - No What are you afraid of, tom? Crazy, I'm not afraid. Just don't like them. I understand because I don't like darkness, silence so I have to make some noise. Because I'm afraid. You don't like me to play, right? So you won't be afraid. I'm not good. Don't be reluctant when you have the opportunity to play, huh? The mother will pound your head. A sadist. Gay queen. You... You know who... who's keeping an eye on you only. In everywhere you go. But you're the one who... are at odds with me everyday... I keep it for long. If I have a chance to be near you, I'll tell you to know my feeling make eye contact with me to see something inside... you'll understand the meaning... Do you see someone inside my eyes? Do you see yourself inside them? Can you understand me? See what I'm thinking? I've seen you for a long time, you know? Never look at any other place. Just one more time you turn to me, meet my eyes once again. One more time. If only you look at me and tell me what are you thinking. Someday that you have to walk beside me... just you understand me... I like water. Actually, I like jelly fish the most. I like when they're swimming freely they're so soft, lightly, floating like... I can't describe I like to have one, but it's difficult. We're bad mouth. But we really have fun. - My eyes hurt. - Why, friend? Cause love blow inside my eyes. - But I feel annoyed. - Why? It's like losing a city to be a tom's colony. We'll sing this song for them.... Ching Chub Ching Chub (Use to tease girl-girl lovers, very very rude) Please, don't be too much. I think you should protect the natural because our ecosystem is in very bad situation now. If I tended to protect the natural and got men like you... I'd be better at the Ching-Chub tour It's funnier. - What? Ching-Chub tour? - Let's go, darling. - Waste of time. - Hey, you. Hold on, lemme ask something Don't you have goosebumps when you two kiss? That couple won't have goosebumps.. But if it were you guys and me... So much fun for sure. Why you have to stop? Hey, that's Wan? Wan. Hello Hello. Pie, your mom told me to pick you up for dinner. This is Kim, my roommate and this is Wan. - Hello - I'm her boyfriend. Is this Kim that can cook inside a cooker? You're very good. - You want to go now? - Let's go, Pie. Let me help. Boy, do you think this couple is OK? OK, good-looking and good manner. But I don't like this kind of guy, too boring. Yes, me too. Yes, not spicy at all, you have to add a lot of sauce and chili. - Pie likes to eat this kind of thing? - But Pie doesn't like to eat something strange. How strange? My family call me and you as normal people. Do you think Pie will call us as normal people? Hello, aunt In. I'm hungry, one cup of milk please. Thank you. Delicious? Not delicious? What's going on? Your face looks like bottom now. No, I'm just bored. Bored? You came here alone, did you have a quarrel with Pie? No, she's with her family. A man picked her up. My cake isn't delicious because of that. Aunt In please don't laugh.... You like her? Who? What? You're so non-sense. Can I ask you frankly.. you act manly I know and what about inside of you? Inside? You mean me being tom? There're people who look like you but they are not. Or they don't look like this, but they are. Actually, this comes from inside not characteristic. Don't let it decides who you are. You should be what you are inside. I saw you two always giggle In what way you like her? - Friend, a friend. - Are you sure? Look carefully, both your body and your heart, look what you should do. So you don't have to be sorry later. Pie, could I pick you up for the cinema later? Wan, please don't speak like that again. Speak what? You spoke that I'm your girlfriend in front of my friends. My girlfriend? Wan, I've never told you that I'm your girlfriend. Pie I'm sorry I won't speak like that again. I'll wait for you to speak it yourself. Nah, It's no big deal, right? Don't be frown like a Mackerel. - Kim - Huh? Are you sleep? Why went to bed this early? Why not turning on the bed light? I'm sick. I have a migraine. I'll feel worse when seeing the light. Did you take pill? Yes. Only taking pill is not enough, you know? You have to get massage. Come on, I'll do it. If not feeling better, then get up to the head. Air condition is off. - Huh, what? - It's too hot I can't bear it. - So, you're... - Let me sleep here. Which bed? Actually, it doesn't matter your bed is OK, but Kim's bed is better. She's not well, has a migraine. Really? How do you feel? Too much headache? Let me massage you. Jane, Kim's head is damaging now. Let her sleep. Sleep with me OK? In's Cafe, Yes or no? Crazy Hey, where are we going today? Wanna eat pork on a hot plate? I'm hungry now that I see your face. She's right to the point. But it has bad smell, let go to In's instead? Go? Let's go? No, I'm lazy. Come one, I'll treat you cake. No, I always eat cake when I have a bad mood, today I'm in a very good mood. Hmm, right to the point again. Boy.. I also want to go to In's we could listen to her music. So, do you want to go, Pie? No, I'm lazy. Got it? Not much left? Let put it here. OK, that's enough. Uh... Who are you? And how did you get into the Bat Cave? Alfred: Oh, me? Um, well, the agency just sent me over I'm, um, I'm what's his face's replacement. My name is O'Malley, the Irish Butler. Batman: Good to meet you, O'Malley. I'm Batman. And I'm in a bad mood. And... The cave is a mess. Alfred: It's a nice cave. You know, before the war, your father used these tunnels to help build the Underground Railroad [Batman sobbing] Alfred: Oh, I'm sorry. Would you like to be alone? Batman: I am alone. This is what it means to be Batman. Darkness Solitude. This is the life that I have chosen. Nay The life that has chosen me. [sobbing] Alfred: Poor Master Bruce. He's such a dark, sad, lonely melancholy knight. [music] Alfred: ♪ Poor Master Bruce ♪ ♪ Poor Mister Wayne ♪ ♪ Lonely caboose on a one car train ♪ ♪ And it pains me to watch you amble along ♪ ♪ This track of loneliness I laid down for you ♪ ♪ I remember that horrible night ♪ ♪ The night you were split in two ♪ ♪ And I swore I'd protect you ♪ ♪ And I haven't ♪ ♪ So I built a wall all around you ♪ ♪ But the wall was too tall and it blocked out all ♪ ♪ of the birds and the sun. ♪ ♪ I tried to raise you right ♪ ♪ I tried to raise you proper ♪ ♪ I tried to be a mentor and a friend ♪ ♪ And a Mama and a Papa, too ♪ ♪ And insulate you from ♪ ♪ Any outside source of fright ♪ ♪ And make bloody certain ♪ ♪ That you'd never see another ♪ ♪ dark, sad lonely night. ♪ Batman: ♪ When I look at my life ♪ ♪ I see something's not right ♪ ♪ Like a thousand percent ♪ ♪ And I wonder what it is ♪ ♪ How it is that it's always just me here ♪ ♪ cryin' alone at the end of the night ♪ ♪ Ten thousand percent ♪ ♪ I put most of the blame on Alfred ♪ ♪ How come he couldn't take that bullet intended ♪ ♪ for Mama and Papa? ♪ ♪ I never had a pony ♪ ♪ I never had pets ♪ ♪ Just a bullshit butler ♪ ♪ Who builds bullshit jets ♪ ♪ Oh! ♪ ♪ I'm fallin' apart! ♪ ♪ I need a friend! ♪ ♪ Somebody to hold on to ♪ ♪ Somebody to confide in ♪ ♪ Think of the children ♪ ♪ Next time you gun down their Mama and Papa ♪ ♪ Their only Mama and Papa ♪ ♪ Because they probably don't have ♪ ♪ another Mama and Papa ♪ ♪ I was seein' a girl for a while ♪ ♪ A couple days, anyway ♪ ♪ And I told her I loved her ♪ ♪ She said "You're such a good friend ♪ ♪ and that rash is bad, you should ♪ ♪ probably go see a doctor." ♪ ♪ Then she just disappeared ♪ ♪ Sent me some text about bad timing ♪ ♪ and my love being selfish ♪ ♪ Then my doctor called up and my blood ♪ ♪ came back, and as it turns out ♪ ♪ I'm allergic to peanuts and shellfish ♪ ♪ I loved peanut and shellfish once. ♪ ♪ I'm fallin' apart! ♪ ♪ I'm lacking punch! ♪ ♪ I can barely eat! ♪ ♪ This morning I barely touched my brunch! ♪ ♪ Two spoons of oatmeal ♪ ♪ A couple of nuts and half a banana ♪ ♪ And like my soul ♪ ♪ the banana ♪ ♪ was bruised and black! ♪ Heh. ♪ I'm fallin' apart! ♪ ♪ I need a friend! ♪ ♪ Somebody to hold on to. ♪ ♪ Somebody to confide in. ♪ ♪ Somebody to ride in the cockpit ♪ ♪ Co-captain of the Friendship Ship ♪ ♪ Or maybe just the Friend Ship ♪ ♪ Well, if I had a buddy ♪ ♪ We would discuss just what ♪ ♪ we called the Friend Ship. ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who could be my buddy back ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Anybody but a dumb shit butler ♪ Superman: [joining] ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who can be my buddy back ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ Batman: ♪ Anybody but a dumb shit butler ♪ Green Lantern: [joining] ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who can be my buddy back ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ Batman: ♪ Anybody but a bumbling butler. ♪ Background singers: [joining] ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who can be my buddy back ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ Batman: ♪ Anybody but a dumb shit butler ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who can be my buddy back ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Anybody but a bumbling butler ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who can be my buddy back ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Anybody but a dumb shit butler ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who can be my buddy back ♪ ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Anybody but a bumbling butler ♪ Heros: ♪ I wanna be somebody's buddy ♪ ♪ Somebody who can be my buddy back ♪ Batman: ♪ I wanna be... ♪ ♪ Somebody's buddy... ♪ Alfred: Master Bruce needs companionship But where does a young, handsome man go to meet friends in the year 1997? Duh, O'Malley! Get with the times! The personal ads, of course! Let's see here. Single white female seeking old English butler for a good time. Oh! I'll just keep that one. Put it in my pocket Save it for a rainy day, I will. [clicks tongue] Let's see... Dogs for sale. No Orphans for sale, even better! By the luck of the Irish, O'Malley You've done it again. [phone rings] Katie: The Principal at the Haggerty School says it really well though, "Inclusion is an easy thing to do poorly and when we do it poorly, we generate the belief that it doesn't work." And it's not that it doesn't work, it just doesn't work if you do it 'half-ass'. Just like most things in life don't work if you do it 'half-ass' (laughs). Hannah, what are you thinking? Hannah: I just think they see the world through a different lens. I think like being in a general ed classroom, you know, I look like all the students, and it's they just get used to being normal and they don't...they have a hard time sometimes adapting to students like that, because... Like she said (points to friend), they are always so happy and they're, cause they don't worry about, you know, like what your hair looks like today. You know what I mean? They (students with special needs) don't worry about things normal kids think about or worry about or let it get to them. I mean, they're generally happier kids. I mean, they just have a different outlook on life. Katie: Okay. Um, now are you basing that on a lived experience or perception or... Hannah: I mean, kind of both. I mean, I've worked with students in my Momma's classroom before and I mean, that, I grew up with them most of, i mean, most of them, so I mean... I don't know, I've just, I've been around it a lot, but it's still, I still don't completely like, I'm still learning. Like I'm, you know, I've been around, it's one of those things I've been around, but I still, I don't know, I still have questions, different ways I look at it. (Questioner): I’'m practicing yoga, is it against my religion? (Sadhguru): (Laughs) Is it what? I’m sorry, I didn’t hear that. The last part…. (Questioner): Is it against my religion? (Sadhguru): Oh! We'’re booing at that or no? (Laughs) No, no Not a cool question, it’s a hot one. (Laughs) See, whatever your religion may be, I don’t wish to comment on that because that’s your personal thing, it’s a cultural thing. Yoga is a technology. Let’s say you are following some religion. Being here you must be either Christian or Islamic or Druze What else? One more something. No, mainly these are the three, right? You may be one of them, so I don’t want to comment about any one of them because that’s your personal choice. Because you are Christian or Islamic or Druze, suppose you buy a BMW car if you’'re Islamic it won’t work for you, right? Hum? Or maybe it works for Islamic because there is M in it; it won’t work for the Christian. (Laughter) (Applause) Is that so? I’'m asking. If you do not know how to use it, it doesn’t work for you. Yes? If you do not know how to drive the car, whatever religion you belong to,it could kill you. But if you know how to drive a car, this car as a mechanism is not making a distinction what the hell you are, what the hell is in your head; whether you can drive the car or not, that’s all that it matters, isn’t it? What you believe or disbelieve, this car doesn’t care. It only cares whether you know this mechanism, can you drive it or not? So yoga is a technology. If you learn to use it, it works for you. If you don’t learn to use it, it does not work for you. So whatever religion you are, if you learn to use, it will work for you; if you do not learn to use it, it doesn’t work for you. It’s just like your car, your cell phone, your computer – if you learn to use it, it works for you; it doesn’t stop, it doesn’t put up a password, ‘Give me the Christian password, otherwise, poooff!’ (Laughter) No such thing! Isn't it? (Applause) So this is just a technology, you just learn to use it. Because it’s subjective technology, it is of a certain kind. Because this particular It is not that there have not been mystics in other parts of the world, they have been everywhere, but generally they chose to keep their mouth shut; if they open their mouth they got killed. Generally that’s been the history of this world. Anywhere if they opened their mouth they got stoned to death, they got crucified, they got killed, so many horrible things happened to them, but in the East we preserve them, we revere them. You can come You can come and sit in a temple and question the fundamentals of the Temple, nobody will throw a stone at you. They will debate with you, they’il argue with you but nobody throws stone at you. Because we created this culture, mystics grew. It is not that they wouldn’t have grown elsewhere; they would have grown elsewhere also but because of beating down and chopping down, even if there are they didn’t open their mouth. If they opened their mouth they're dead. So mysticism does not come from the East, it comes from within. Wisdom does not come from the East, it comes from within. Knowing of this life will not come from the East, it comes from within. So what comes from the within cannot be against anything, isn’t it? (Applause) The Teal Eye Vision Hello everyone. I am going to begin today's video with an apology. A few months ago, I became involved with an organization called Heal It Forward. It's an organization which takes advantage, in a good way, of a current multi marketing company, so it can gain money for organizations that are aimed at positive world change. Many people were asking: "Why does Teal Scott need more money?" The question on everyone's mind was: "How much money does a spiritual guide actually need?" I feel like people asked this question because I was not straightforward about my goal. My goal is not to become what I already am, which is a spiritual guide. That is just a means to achieving my actual goals. So, I'm sorry for not sharing those goals and my a larger vision with you before now. But today I'm going to share that vision with you. In 2012, I founded a company called Teal Eye Teal Eye's job is to carry out my vision. But it is not just my vision, it's a vision that many on this earth share. You can fit all of these things which I see for this world under one title: Positive World Change I do not want this world because I think that this world is somehow broken and needs to be fixed by me, because it is not broken, it does not actually need to be fixed. This is my desire because I understand what is possible for humanity. What is possible for this society we are leaving in. What is possible for this Earth. I do this because I have fallen in love with three little things: health, joy and freedom. I have deliberately formed this company in a rather unusual way. Everyone who is involved with Teal Eye, including myself, will not be paid out of the company. So, Teal Eye is not going to be paying salaries of any kind, not even to it's top executives, not even to it's owner. Let me tell you how this works. Let's say someone has developed a cost-effective way to get health food into schools, but they do not have the money to start the program and no one is paying attention to them. Teal Eye will umbrella them, form their idea and help them get the attention that their endeavor needs. The people who thought the idea will be making their money through their particular idea. That is the risk they take, believing in their idea enough to really make it work. And Teal Eye will be making a small percentage like any investor does off of the income that they generate. That money will then be turned around and go towards other programs, centers or ideas... And the process will repeat itself. If you do the math, this company will soon build to the point where it is one of the wealthiest companies in the world, except it will be unbeatable. Why? Because it does not payout any wealthy executives. In fact, it has no expenses other than the normal one-time expenses which all companies must pay for such as lawyer fees or accounting fees. This is the reason that I aimed at creating fame for myself on a worldwide level. As the figure head for this company, the more fame that I have, the more attention I can draw to these positive endeavors. So, many of the people who have great ideas for positive world change will be umbrellaed under the company Teal Eye and will piggyback on the fame that I accrue. And we all know that money follows fame. So, the idea is it will only build on itself. There will also be a non-profit which is associated with Teal Eye, called Headway Headway is going to be an organization which accepts donations in which Teal Eye itself can even donate money to. And, its job will be to give money to organizations that don't have a plan to make money themselves. For example: other non-profits, humanitarian efforts or disaster relief. If you think of companies like giant ships, the more money that is being paid out, the more holes are poked at the bottom of the boat. My goal is to have as little holes as possible poked in the bottom of this boat. Money is energy, so I want as little energy as possible to drain out of this company. This will enable it to grow into a monster. But this time the monster is on the side of the people. It is on the side of joy, equanimity, peace, unity, health and freedom. Right now, the money that is going into Teal Eye comes from the things which I personally create. For example; when I hold a workshop none of that money actually goes to supporting my personal life, towards a mortgage payment, towards a car payment, towards food or bills. That money goes straight into an account and it sits there, and it builds up and it builds up and in it builds up, so that I can then turn that money around to invest in something which is in line with the vision of this company, so that I can start carrying out with this business is designed to do. Why have I created a company like this? Why do we need to generate as much capital as we possibly can? Because in today's society, money rules the world. Money even rules and directs our governments. So, if you want to have an influence over things as big as the government and the medical industry, like I do, you need to build a formidable adversary. It is true that it is unusual for a spiritual type like myself to come down to this earth in order to build a financial empire, but I chose the day that I came on, June 16th which is the day of the capitalist, because I tend to show you, by example, what it is to be a true capitalist, and true capitalism is conscious capitalism. I love money. Money is a fictional idea. A fictional idea which has the power to create massive amounts of ugliness or unparalleled beauty, depending on the mind that wields it. It is true that we could change the society by "going off the grid", as many conscious spiritual individuals choose to do, but because of where most people are in their lives today and because of how plugged into the system most of us are, this will not happen in a large enough numbers to make a difference. So, a better way of going about it is to stay connected enough to the machine to become an important part of the machine and then to change the machine from within. To give you an idea of some of the things that Teal Eye will be involved with here is a small list: End of life care Integrative medicine Alternative Health The education system Environmental endeavors Parenting programs Humanitarian endeavors Food industry reform Animal welfare Criminal Justice reform Everything is consciousness. A person is a unit of consciousness. A race is a unit of consciousness. A country is as a unit of consciousness. But what most people don't know, is that the company is also a unit of consciousness. Therefore a company, in a way, is its own entity with its own directives, its own intentions. My intention is to build a company that is so large and so unstoppable that nothing can come up against it. A company whose intentions are so pure, that not even the people who created the company, not even the executives, the CEOs, the directors can come up against it. I trust myself completely when it comes to carrying out this massive plan without becoming corrupted in the process. But just to inform you of the gravity of my dedication to this company, I have put many things in place that make it impossible for even me, the very founder of this company, to affect the positive direction of where this company is going. None of us, not even the owners, can get in its way. I'll explain this further. Every single company that has gone corrupt has gone corrupt because the people that lead that company have been swayed by greed, have been swayed by ego. The difference between their company and this company, is that if we ,our top executives, are not making money from the company itself, then our greed cannot be involved and our ego cannot be involved. The only reason that we have anything to do with this company is because of our own positive intention. I do not think of Teal Eye as my company. It belongs to everyone who is associated with it, the volunteers who lend their time, the accountants who make sure it's numbers are in order, the people who participate in the programs, the people with ideas that I will invest in. Anyone who benefits by this company is contributing to the vision and survival of this company, and so, it belongs to all of us. Teal Eye is all of Our baby so to speak. Everyone who is involved with Teal Eye shares the vision that I myself am so dedicated to. That it is possible to live healthy and free lives here on this planet, supporting one another, following our own bliss. That is an idea which I am dedicated to. My joy on this planet is carrying out that vision. And so I will. Have a good week. Becoming Familiar with our Jewish Self Episode 1: "Healthy Schizophrenia" Today, everyone already knows that life can be lived more fully by being more in touch with our true identity. The famed Chassidic classic, the Book of Tanya, written around 200 years ago, essentially provides a Soul Map. Right in the opening pages of the Tanya, author Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi cites quite a startling Jewish tradition: that inside of each and every one of us there are two souls. Two souls? Inside of me? Yes, in every Jew there are literally two souls. Not one, but two! The Alter Rebbe goes into more detail: the first soul is the Animal Soul. It provides the life force that drives all our bodily functions. So it also has an additional name: the Vitalizing Soul. But regarding the second soul, he says that it is "literally a part of G-d above". How could I, one person, have two souls? What is he talking about? Is this guy crazy? Yes, yes. Every Jew. Not just one soul, but two souls. Literally! Never have I heard of such a thing. Are you suggesting that I have some type of spiritual schizophrenia? You silly thing, you. I... You're so funny. What's going on in your mind? Do you think that I'm lacking something in life? Look at me. Where did you come up with this stuff? Father in heaven, I was with you in the desert. Two souls, Father? He's so silly. He's so silly. -- THE ANlMAL SOUL -- In the same way that an animal cares only about itself, this Animal Soul is concerned exclusively with itself. The Alter Rebbe tells us that this soul consists of four different elements: fire, water, air, and earth. -- FlRE -- The first element we'll learn about is the element of fire. Fire is of the property of constantly burning and rising ever upwards. In the human soul, fire is the source of a person's arrogance, of soaring aloft and feeling superior to others. "Spiritual Schizophrenia" Audition, Actor Gilad Shushan. Take one. Alright, should I talk about myself? Ah, Okay. Um, I was a wonder child. As a young child, I already exhibited rare levels of talent, so my parents sent me to study songwriting, as well as play-writing, as well as dance. The amount of talent that was invested in me turned out to be rather damaging, since I became not only a gifted actor, but also a gifted director, as well as a genius song-writer. At age fourteen, I started drumming. I'm a master drummer on all types of drums, including... ["drumming" on mouth] I undoubtedly am one of the best actors in the country. For literally any given character, I'm... there, perfect, doing it, living it, breathing it, dancing it, crying it, laughing it, sleeping it, any way you look at it. I know movie directing. I... The question is: what can't I do? [laughing arrogantly] I... Well... I'm trying to think. What? If you need pilots, I have a pilot's license. If you need divers, I have... I'm... simply... one of kind. Superman? The tendency of fire to rise is also the reason that arrongant people often succumb to anger. Since they feel superior to everyone else, they easily become upset when things don't go their way. Why are you shaking your head? - Thanks, that was good. Oh, wait. I'd like to continue. - That was fine. Wait... Just "fine"? - Yeah, don't you think so? I guess. But please, let me continue. You can't just send me away in the middle of the morning. Let me at least finish my thing. Let me do my thing. - I said you did well. Fine, but if I've already started and I'm here... - Don't get so upset. The red light is on, right across from me. I'm not upset. I'm just saying that if I'm already here, it'd be nice to finish. A director once told me: "Gili, you should know that a walk like yours..." Notice the level of detail he got to... "A walk like yours, I've never seen in my life." And as a theater director, he's come across dozens of... - Thanks, Gili. Thank you. My friend, you're starting to get on my nerves. You're not letting me finish... I'm standing right here; why humiliate me? I'm standing here and giving you my heart. Yet you... -- WATER -- The second element is the element of water. Water stimulates the growth of various pleasurable and tasty things. In the soul, it's the source of our attraction to the pleasures of the world. Hello? Hi there... This is Gili Shushan speaking. I'm calling to confirm my appointment today at five o'clock with Zhilber for an aromatic oil massage. Yes... That's right... Fabulous... Definitely. Oh, yes. Fish tingling pedicure and foot massage... I've heard it's amazing! Amazing! Incredible! Oh, that's ingenious. Pure genious. Now, listen. This is very important. A friend of mine that's a client of yours has told me that you offer face massages with this oil that's sprinkled on the "third eye" in the forehead. Some sort of clear, scented oil, and... Oh, my goodness... Fabulous... Yes! Oh, my... Oh, my... Well, by Divine Providence I'm holding wine in my hand, just as you're telling me about wines. Excellent, yes. Wine for afterwards. Right. Wine afterwards can be a good idea. Right. Wine for afterwards. Now, listen. My wife will arrive at night. I'd like to surprise her. I heard you have some type of a luxury restaurant. Exactly... Only desserts. That's it... Exclusively desserts. Whipped cream. Yes... I love whipped creams. -- AlR -- The third element is the element of air. In the soul, the element of air is the source of frivolity, of skepticism, of boasting, and of idle talk. Like air, they all lack real substance and depth. Never have I seen him wearing suspenders. I would never wear suspenders. I am not a suspenders type of guy. Have you lost your mind? Suspenders?! Do you know what that means? Suspenders?! Just listen to the sound of the word. "Suspenders". -- Suspenders! Me? Are you Okay? My gosh. Even if only for its name, I would never wear such a thing. "What are you wearing?" "Suspenders." [uncontrollable laughter] "Look at the guy with the suspenders." It's a certain type of people that wear suspenders. It's not you! Cabaza, it's not you! You're not a suspenders type of guy! Bow tie? You're more of the bow-tie type than the suspenders type. Right, neither are you the bow-tie type. But suspenders?! -- EARTH -- The fourth element is the element of earth. In the soul, earth is the source of laziness and gloominess. Dana... Where is my cell phone? Can you bring it to me? Dana... Can you hear me? Dana? The phone. I don't know where! Come on... Please, come on. I'm feeling like such a... Dana... When you get my phone, can you also hand me the remote control right here? My audition was so humiliating. So demeaning and embarassing. Dana... Dana... Dana... Dana... Dana... Dana... Do me a favor, Dana... Dana? Are you going to pick up the kids? Dana? No, I didn't call about the job. You knew that, so why are you asking? Alright, I'll get the remote. Oh man... [grunting] [puffing] In a way, the Animal Soul is just another name for what we call "the ego": the tendency of our concerns to revolve around ourselves and around our own needs, and to live in a constant sense of competition. "How do I measure up in comparison with others?" The Animal Soul makes it difficult to rise beyond all that. Everything revolves around me; everything is for me. Me, myself, and I! With regards to the second soul, in contrast, he says that it is "literally a part of G-d above". It is a G-dly and pure soul, from which all our transcendent, selfless, and spiritually-motivated manifestations originate. Cubeza? How are you, my dear? It's Gili Shushan. Yeah, well... I just got a phone call that informed me that you got the part. Oh, you knew that I also tried out? Yeah... Never mind, though. I want to tell you from the bottom of my heart: You're amazing! Really - I wish you... utter and complete success! Show them what you've got. I love you and I'm a huge fan of yours. And I just wanted you to know that. Again, I wish you tremendous success. The G-dly soul is not motivated by "what people say or think about me". On the contrary! It wants to connect with others, to love others, and to love G-d. The G-dly Soul's message is one of inner peace, calm, and security. It operates in purity for good purposes. Such a person wants to love and connect here and now, to play the music of life, and to dance the dance of life. "All in the world is truly naught." "There is nothing else but His Oneness." "All in the world is truly naught." "There is nothing else but His Oneness." [drumming Middle Eastern beats] [G-dly soul, G-dly soul] [G-dly soul, G-dly soul] [G-dly soul, G-dly soul] "All in the world is truly naught." "There is nothing else but His Oneness." "All in the world is truly naught." "There is nothing else but His Oneness." "All in the world is truly naught." "There is nothing else but His Oneness." "All in the world is truly naught." "There is nothing else but His Oneness...." Each one of us is in this ongoing conflict between the Animal Soul, which tries to drag us downwards towards materialistic pleasures, and between the G-dly Soul, which is constantly aiming upwards, towards connecting and returning to its root and source in G-d. So what do we do with it? Let's begin by knowing it. "There is nothing else but His Oneness..." Produced in memory of Pibi bat Masuda Series Created by: Omri Raphael Peri Gili Shushan Nadav Cohen Script: Gili Shusan * Omri Raphael Peri Starring: Gili Shushan Photography and Editing: Omri Raphael Peri Production and Narration: Nadav Cohen Drums and Smiles: Yair Mor Violin: Tomer Kuperman Director: Omri Raphael Peri Ascent of Safed STUDlO MA'AYAN for innovative cinematographic productions Creative art in film making +972-50-844-4464 English Translation and Captioning: Shachar Luz 2013 תשע"ג Hey, how're you doing? Justin here. In this lesson today we're going to be checking out suspended chords, which are very, very cool little chords that float around in the air all by themselves. No, seriously, so, suspended chords, what they really mean - the technical term, for any of you that know a bit of your music theory, 'suspended' means: take away the third and replace with. Now chords are usually made up of a root, a third and a fifth and it's the third of the chord that dictates whether a chord is considered major or minor. So, those of you that have done your exercise working out what the notes are of your different chords will know, let's say for an A chord, there's only one note different between A and Amin and that's the C# has been replaced by the note C in Amin. Just an interesting little bit of food for you theory monsters out there. So, what we're going for now is using these suspended chords and we're gonna start off with Asus4 and Asus2. Okey-dokey, here we are looking at - this is an A chord traditional style with the fingers 1, 2, 3 all in a row. Now, if we are looking at a regular A and we wanna play an Asus4 we simply add our little finger on the 3rd fret of the 2nd string. . . . Asus4, then we go back to regular A and if we lift off our second finger we get our Asus2 and back to A. A, Asus 4, regular A, Asus2. If you have been doing this playing the A with your first and second fingers swapped over, there's your regular A, Asus4, just as easy to do it that way, here, and then lifting that same finger off for Asus2. . . . Maybe, for you guys it feels the same, for me this one feels a lot more comfortable, probably 'cause that's the way I learned A but just doing that there . . . feels pretty comfortable to me. OK, the next chord we're gonna check out after our Asus chord is a Dsus4 and Dsus2. Very, very simple chords again and you wait until we're finished doing this lesson you know what the chords are, I'll show you some really wicked way to use them. So, let's go to a close-up now and look at our Dsus4 and our Dsus2. So, here's our D chord, our regular old D. Now, if we wanna play Dsus4, all we do is add our little finger to the 3rd fret of the thinnest string. So there's D, here's Dsus4, lift it off, we're back at regular D, lift off the second finger, we got Dsus2 and back to D. So, good finger practice here, we're doing D, sus4, regular D, sus2 and back to D again. Now, the next chord we're gonna look at is Esus4. Now, it's a kind of a bit of a funny situation here because there's not actually a good way of playing Esus2 as an open chord, just Esus4. So that's the one we're gonna look at. Of course it is possible but it's definitely not in the scope of doing things in a beginner's guitar course because it's quite difficult to change to. So, we're just gonna be checking out Esus4. So, here we are. There's the regular E chord and if we wanna go to an Esus4 all we're doing: adding little finger underneath there . . . There's your regular E, little finger: Esus4, back to E. . . . Now, suspended chords, as you can hear, a kind of floaty sounding. So first I go to a regular D chord . . . and now if I go to a Dsus4 . . . they hover around a bit. They're a little bit strange sounding chords. . . . and they wanna resolve, so you can hear Dsus4, they're really pulling to D . . . So, the first way that they're used is their own, you know, they can be a chord onto itself. If you wanna use it as part of your chord sequence Bands like U2 and that sort of thing, they use a lot of suspended chords in their sound. They're really quite a hip sound, you know. Crowded House, another one of my favourite bands, they use sus chords all the time as well 'cause they're really airy and open sounding because they're not considered either major or minor. Now one of the things that you can also experiment with these ones is playing just then I was doing the major chords and going to the minor chords but you can just, sorry! the major chords, then going to the sus chords but you can do it just as easily with the minor chords. So, if we look at a close up, now here of D minor. There's Dmin chord, if we add our little finger there, there's Dsus4. Same dots, different fingers. There's back to Dmin, there's Dsus2, and Dmin again. Well it's exactly the same for Amin. There's Amin, there's Asus4, back to Amin, lift off first finger, there's Asus2. We got a Emin, there's Emin, add little finger, there's Esus4, back to Emin. Now, suspended chords are very often used to embellish a regular chord sequence So, if you are stuck on the one chord for ages and you kind of get bored, you can start to add in your sus chords. So let's have a bit of a sequence that stays on D for a while And after I'm starting to get a little bit bored with my D chord and I'm looking to do something little different I can start adding a sus4 and sus2 whenever I feel like it . . . Sometimes they get used quite quickly like Sometimes you play and leave them for ages. . . . Some people kind of make little riffs out of them. . . . Loads and loads of different ways of using these little suspended chords. That was with the Dmajor that I've just experimented with the Dsus4 and the Dsus2 But I could have done it with the Dminor and go on like this : here's D minor to Aminor back to Dminor You can really experiment with these sus chords a whole lot They're a really, really useful chord. They're good ones to know unto themselves, but they're even better adding a little bit of embellishment and you can pretty much use them whenever you like. The big judge, of course, is use your ears. If it sounds good, it is good and if it sounds bad, it is bad. You thought i was gonna say something else didn't you? So that's something really, really cool to add to your repertoire. Try sticking with it to any of the songs that you've learned so far and have fun! That's what they're about. See you for another lesson sometime very soon! Bye, bye. Good evening, and let me express my deep honor and pleasure at being here. I want to thank Director General Tokayev and Ms. Wyden along with other ministers, ambassadors, excellencies, and UN partners. This weekend, we will celebrate Human Rights Day, the anniversary of one of the great accomplishments of the last century. Beginning in 1947, delegates from six continents devoted themselves to drafting a declaration that would enshrine the fundamental rights and freedoms of people everywhere. In the aftermath of World War Il, many nations pressed for a statement of this kind to help ensure that we would prevent future atrocities and protect the inherent humanity and dignity of all people. And so the delegates went to work. They discussed, they wrote, they revisited, revised, rewrote, for thousands of hours. And they incorporated suggestions and revisions from governments, organizations, and individuals around the world. At three o'clock in the morning on December 10th, 1948, after nearly two years of drafting and one last long night of debate, the president of the UN General Assembly called for a vote on the final text. Forty-eight nations voted in favor; eight abstained; none dissented. And the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted. It proclaims a simple, powerful idea: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. And with the declaration, it was made clear that rights are not conferred by government; they are the birthright of all people. It does not matter what country we live in, who our leaders are, or even who we are. Because we are human, we therefore have rights. And because we have rights, governments are bound to protect them. In the 63 years since the declaration was adopted, many nations have made great progress in making human rights a human reality. Step by step, barriers that once prevented people from enjoying the full measure of liberty, the full experience of dignity, and the full benefits of humanity have fallen away. In many places, racist laws have been repealed, legal and social practices that relegated women to second-class status have been abolished, the ability of religious minorities to practice their faith freely has been secured. In most cases, this progress was not easily won. People fought and organized and campaigned in public squares and private spaces to change not only laws, but hearts and minds. And thanks to that work of generations, for millions of individuals whose lives were once narrowed by injustice, they are now able to live more freely and to participate more fully in the political, economic, and social lives of their communities. Now, there is still, as you all know, much more to be done to secure that commitment, that reality, and progress for all people. Today, I want to talk about the work we have left to do to protect one group of people whose human rights are still denied in too many parts of the world today. In many ways, they are an invisible minority. They are arrested, beaten, terrorized, even executed. Many are treated with contempt and violence by their fellow citizens while authorities empowered to protect them look the other way or, too often, even join in the abuse. They are denied opportunities to work and learn, driven from their homes and countries, and forced to suppress or deny who they are to protect themselves from harm. I am talking about gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people, human beings born free and given bestowed equality and dignity, who have a right to claim that, which is now one of the remaining human rights challenges of our time. I speak about this subject knowing that my own country's record on human rights for gay people is far from perfect. Until 2003, it was still a crime in parts of our country. Many LGBT Americans have endured violence and harassment in their own lives, and for some, including many young people, bullying and exclusion are daily experiences. So we, like all nations, have more work to do to protect human rights at home. Now, raising this issue, I know, is sensitive for many people and that the obstacles standing in the way of protecting the human rights of LGBT people rest on deeply held personal, political, cultural, and religious beliefs. So I come here before you with respect, understanding, and humility. Even though progress on this front is not easy, we cannot delay acting. So in that spirit, I want to talk about the difficult and important issues we must address together to reach a global consensus that recognizes the human rights of LGBT citizens everywhere. The first issue goes to the heart of the matter. Some have suggested that gay rights and human rights are separate and distinct; but, in fact, they are one and the same. Now, of course, 60 years ago, the governments that drafted and passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were not thinking about how it applied to the LGBT community. They also weren't thinking about how it applied to indigenous people or children or people with disabilities or other marginalized groups. Yet in the past 60 years, we have come to recognize that members of these groups are entitled to the full measure of dignity and rights, because, like all people, they share a common humanity. This recognition did not occur all at once. It evolved over time. And as it did, we understood that we were honoring rights that people always had, rather than creating new or special rights for them. Like being a woman, like being a racial, religious, tribal, or ethnic minority, being LGBT does not make you less human. And that is why gay rights are human rights, and human rights are gay rights. It is violation of human rights when people are beaten or killed because of their sexual orientation, or because they do not conform to cultural norms about how men and women should look or behave. It is a violation of human rights when governments declare it illegal to be gay, or allow those who harm gay people to go unpunished. It is a violation of human rights when lesbian or transgendered women are subjected to so-called corrective rape, or forcibly subjected to hormone treatments, or when people are murdered after public calls for violence toward gays, or when they are forced to flee their nations and seek asylum in other lands to save their lives. And it is a violation of human rights when life-saving care is withheld from people because they are gay, or equal access to justice is denied to people because they are gay, or public spaces are out of bounds to people because they are gay. No matter what we look like, where we come from, or who we are, we are all equally entitled to our human rights and dignity. The second issue is a question of whether homosexuality arises from a particular part of the world. Some seem to believe it is a Western phenomenon, and therefore people outside the West have grounds to reject it. Well, in reality, gay people are born into and belong to every society in the world. They are all ages, all races, all faiths; they are doctors and teachers, farmers and bankers, soldiers and athletes; and whether we know it, or whether we acknowledge it, they are our family, our friends, and our neighbors. Being gay is not a Western invention; it is a human reality. And protecting the human rights of all people, gay or straight, is not something that only Western governments do. South Africa's constitution, written in the aftermath of Apartheid, protects the equality of all citizens, including gay people. In Colombia and Argentina, the rights of gays are also legally protected. In Nepal, the supreme court has ruled that equal rights apply to LGBT citizens. The Government of Mongolia has committed to pursue new legislation that will tackle anti-gay discrimination. Now, some worry that protecting the human rights of the LGBT community is a luxury that only wealthy nations can afford. But in fact, in all countries, there are costs to not protecting these rights, in both gay and straight lives lost to disease and violence, and the silencing of voices and views that would strengthen communities, in ideas never pursued by entrepreneurs who happen to be gay. Costs are incurred whenever any group is treated as lesser or the other, whether they are women, racial, or religious minorities, or the LGBT. Former President Mogae of Botswana pointed out recently that for as long as LGBT people are kept in the shadows, there cannot be an effective public health program to tackle HlV and AlDS. Well, that holds true for other challenges as well. The third, and perhaps most challenging, issue arises when people cite religious or cultural values as a reason to violate or not to protect the human rights of LGBT citizens. This is not unlike the justification offered for violent practices towards women like honor killings, widow burning, or female genital mutilation. Some people still defend those practices as part of a cultural tradition. But violence toward women isn't cultural; it's criminal. Likewise with slavery, what was once justified as sanctioned by God is now properly reviled as an unconscionable violation of human rights. In each of these cases, we came to learn that no practice or tradition trumps the human rights that belong to all of us. And this holds true for inflicting violence on LGBT people, criminalizing their status or behavior, expelling them from their families and communities, or tacitly or explicitly accepting their killing. Of course, it bears noting that rarely are cultural and religious traditions and teachings actually in conflict with the protection of human rights. Indeed, our religion and our culture are sources of compassion and inspiration toward our fellow human beings. It was not only those who've justified slavery who leaned on religion, it was also those who sought to abolish it. And let us keep in mind that our commitments to protect the freedom of religion and to defend the dignity of LGBT people emanate from a common source. For many of us, religious belief and practice is a vital source of meaning and identity, and fundamental to who we are as people. And likewise, for most of us, the bonds of love and family that we forge are also vital sources of meaning and identity. And caring for others is an expression of what it means to be fully human. It is because the human experience is universal that human rights are universal and cut across all religions and cultures. The fourth issue is what history teaches us about how we make progress towards rights for all. Progress starts with honest discussion. Now, there are some who say and believe that all gay people are pedophiles, that homosexuality is a disease that can be caught or cured, or that gays recruit others to become gay. Well, these notions are simply not true. They are also unlikely to disappear if those who promote or accept them are dismissed out of hand rather than invited to share their fears and concerns. No one has ever abandoned a belief because he was forced to do so. Universal human rights include freedom of expression and freedom of belief, even if our words or beliefs denigrate the humanity of others. Yet, while we are each free to believe whatever we choose, we cannot do whatever we choose, not in a world where we protect the human rights of all. Reaching understanding of these issues takes more than speech. It does take a conversation. In fact, it takes a constellation of conversations in places big and small. And it takes a willingness to see stark differences in belief as a reason to begin the conversation, not to avoid it. But progress comes from changes in laws. In many places, including my own country, legal protections have preceded, not followed, broader recognition of rights. Laws have a teaching effect. Laws that discriminate validate other kinds of discrimination. Laws that require equal protections reinforce the moral imperative of equality. And practically speaking, it is often the case that laws must change before fears about change dissipate. Many in my country thought that President Truman was making a grave error when he ordered the racial desegregation of our military. They argued that it would undermine unit cohesion. And it wasn't until he went ahead and did it that we saw how it strengthened our social fabric in ways even the supporters of the policy could not foresee. Likewise, some worried in my country that the repeal of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" would have a negative effect on our armed forces. Now, the Marine Corps Commandant, who was one of the strongest voices against the repeal, says that his concerns were unfounded and that the Marines have embraced the change. Finally, progress comes from being willing to walk a mile in someone else's shoes. We need to ask ourselves, "How would it feel if it were a crime to love the person I love? How would it feel to be discriminated against for something about myself that I cannot change?" This challenge applies to all of us as we reflect upon deeply held beliefs, as we work to embrace tolerance and respect for the dignity of all persons, and as we engage humbly with those with whom we disagree in the hope of creating greater understanding. A fifth and final question is how we do our part to bring the world to embrace human rights for all people including LGBT people. Yes, LGBT people must help lead this effort, as so many of you are. Their knowledge and experiences are invaluable and their courage inspirational. We know the names of brave LGBT activists who have literally given their lives for this cause, and there are many more whose names we will never know. But often those who are denied rights are least empowered to bring about the changes they seek. Acting alone, minorities can never achieve the majorities necessary for political change. So when any part of humanity is sidelined, the rest of us cannot sit on the sidelines. Every time a barrier to progress has fallen, it has taken a cooperative effort from those on both sides of the barrier. In the fight for women's rights, the support of men remains crucial. The fight for racial equality has relied on contributions from people of all races. Combating Islamaphobia or anti-Semitism is a task for people of all faiths. And the same is true with this struggle for equality. Conversely, when we see denials and abuses of human rights and fail to act, that sends the message to those deniers and abusers that they won't suffer any consequences for their actions, and so they carry on. But when we do act, we send a powerful moral message. Right here in Geneva, the international community acted this year to strengthen a global consensus around the human rights of LGBT people. At the Human Rights Council in March, 85 countries from all regions supported a statement calling for an end to criminalization and violence against people because of their sexual orientation and gender identity. At the following session of the Council in June, South Africa took the lead on a resolution about violence against LGBT people. The delegation from South Africa spoke eloquently about their own experience and struggle for human equality and its indivisibility. When the measure passed, it became the first-ever UN resolution recognizing the human rights of gay people worldwide. In the Organization of American States this year, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights created a unit on the rights of LGBT people, a step toward what we hope will be the creation of a special rapporteur. Now, we must go further and work here and in every region of the world to galvanize more support for the human rights of the LGBT community. To the leaders of those countries where people are jailed, beaten, or executed for being gay, I ask you to consider this: Leadership, by definition, means being out in front of your people when it is called for. It means standing up for the dignity of all your citizens and persuading your people to do the same. It also means ensuring that all citizens are treated as equals under your laws, because let me be clear - I am not saying that gay people can't or don't commit crimes. They can and they do, just like straight people. And when they do, they should be held accountable, but it should never be a crime to be gay. And to people of all nations, I say supporting human rights is your responsibility too. The lives of gay people are shaped not only by laws, but by the treatment they receive every day from their families, from their neighbors. Eleanor Roosevelt, who did so much to advance human rights worldwide, said that these rights begin in the small places close to home - the streets where people live, the schools they attend, the factories, farms, and offices where they work. These places are your domain. The actions you take, the ideals that you advocate, can determine whether human rights flourish where you are. And finally, to LGBT men and women worldwide, let me say this: Wherever you live and whatever the circumstances of your life, whether you are connected to a network of support or feel isolated and vulnerable, please know that you are not alone. People around the globe are working hard to support you and to bring an end to the injustices and dangers you face. That is certainly true for my country. And you have an ally in the United States of America and you have millions of friends among the American people. The Obama Administration defends the human rights of LGBT people as part of our comprehensive human rights policy and as a priority of our foreign policy. In our embassies, our diplomats are raising concerns about specific cases and laws, and working with a range of partners to strengthen human rights protections for all. In Washington, we have created a task force at the State Department to support and coordinate this work. And in the coming months, we will provide every embassy with a toolkit to help improve their efforts. And we have created a program that offers emergency support to defenders of human rights for LGBT people. This morning, back in Washington, President Obama put into place the first U.S. Government strategy dedicated to combating human rights abuses against LGBT persons abroad. Building on efforts already underway at the State Department and across the government, the President has directed all U.S. Government agencies engaged overseas to combat the criminalization of LGBT status and conduct, to enhance efforts to protect vulnerable LGBT refugees and asylum seekers, to ensure that our foreign assistance promotes the protection of LGBT rights, to enlist international organizations in the fight against discrimination, and to respond swiftly to abuses against LGBT persons. I am also pleased to announce that we are launching a new Global Equality Fund that will support the work of civil society organizations working on these issues around the world. This fund will help them record facts so they can target their advocacy, learn how to use the law as a tool, manage their budgets, train their staffs, and forge partnerships with women's organizations and other human rights groups. We have committed more than $3 million to start this fund, and we have hope that others will join us in supporting it. The women and men who advocate for human rights for the LGBT community in hostile places, some of whom are here today with us, are brave and dedicated, and deserve all the help we can give them. We know the road ahead will not be easy. A great deal of work lies before us. But many of us have seen firsthand how quickly change can come. In our lifetimes, attitudes toward gay people in many places have been transformed. Many people, including myself, have experienced a deepening of our own convictions on this topic over the years, as we have devoted more thought to it, engaged in dialogues and debates, and established personal and professional relationships with people who are gay. This evolution is evident in many places. To highlight one example, the Delhi High Court decriminalized homosexuality in India two years ago, writing, and I quote, "If there is one tenet that can be said to be an underlying theme of the Indian constitution, it is inclusiveness." There is little doubt in my mind that support for LGBT human rights will continue to climb. Because for many young people, this is simple: All people deserve to be treated with dignity and have their human rights respected, no matter who they are or whom they love. There is a phrase that people in the United States invoke when urging others to support human rights: "Be on the right side of history." The story of the United States is the story of a nation that has repeatedly grappled with intolerance and inequality. We fought a brutal civil war over slavery. People from coast to coast joined in campaigns to recognize the rights of women, indigenous peoples, racial minorities, children, people with disabilities, immigrants, workers, and on and on. And the march toward equality and justice has continued. Those who advocate for expanding the circle of human rights were and are on the right side of history, and history honors them. Those who tried to constrict human rights were wrong, and history reflects that as well. I know that the thoughts I've shared today involve questions on which opinions are still evolving. As it has happened so many times before, opinion will converge once again with the truth, the immutable truth, that all persons are created free and equal in dignity and rights. We are called once more to make real the words of the Universal Declaration. Let us answer that call. Let us be on the right side of history, for our people, our nations, and future generations, whose lives will be shaped by the work we do today. I come before you with great hope and confidence that no matter how long the road ahead, we will travel it successfully together. Thank you very much. Deleting is actually a collaboration between Amatorski and We Work We Play. I've been working for a while now on what the internet means to the music industry, on an economic level. but now we want to think about it from an artist's perspective, how you can redefine yourself in that context. I already had some ideas but we sat together for about two weeks in our studio. And then we made concrete choices about what we were going to do: the type of interaction, the web application and how we were going to elaborate on this for the live performance in De Singel. Actually it is a website where people can collaborate on Amatorski's song. When you visit the site, you see a picture from the band and you can immediately click on the screen and there will appear a dot where you click and this forms an abstract diamond figure. and it makes use of the colors of the picture beneath. When you know how this works you can also use your own Facebook photos, and when the backgrond photo changes, the colors of the diamonds also change. Actually, it's a bit like a music sequencer, a little music box, a cylinder with a couple of points, and every time when the player passes by, you can hear a sound. Deleting Borders is a digital version of such a music box. This is an interview for Writing in Digital Environments. And our first question is please tell us who you are and what you do. I am Patricia Jordan, and I am the library director at Spartanburg Community College. How does your work involve writing in digital environments? Well, I do a lot of writing because we've got 3, soon to be 4, campuses, so I'm dealing with staff that I don't always see, so I do a lot of writing by email. I'm dealing with faculty that I don't always get a chance to see face-to-face, so there's a lot of email communication. And then, as we work with the students, we have a lot of online students, or students where they're not coming in for a library orientation, so we create online tutorials. Things like that for them. So it involves quite a bit. And how does what you do involve more traditional, pre-digital forms of writing. Well, it's really mostly email. I mean, I might send a note to a staff member. Make a note when I'm sending something inter-office mail to faculty member but a lot is really email or maybe the phone. you don't really send notes anymore What tools and technical skills do you use most often in your work. Tell me a story about a situation in which those tools and skills are most useful Of course, email, but as we more and more of our students have gone taking online classes we started to use resources, for example we use Panopto, which is an open source video editing software and I have used Snagit to create tutorials where I do capture pictures and be able to manipulate the pictures add screen captures things like that and Abode Captivate and an example of that is the College 103 that is the Introduction to College Skills that a lot of students take and they have a information literacy assignment and we work with the instructors to create a series of worksheets that students would do. To introduce them to research but also introduce them to career resources and because each worksheet involve a different type of skill like the library catalog using the databases we couldn't do all those classes face to face so we created online tutorials for those and that has been very helpful so the students will come in the beginning and we will do the traditional face to face class and then for the other ones they'll watch the videos and work on the worksheets on their own And how has your job changed over the time as new digital technology have been adapted Quite a bit, I can just tell you from being a student was a student where you go online to get to the books thru the catalog but if you want a magazine or a newspaper you had to use print resources and then as I became a graduate student you had the online databases but still there was no full text so you would use those instead of the print indexes you use the online databases to search and then you still go to the print magazines and journals and then when I became started working at the library you had the online databases everything you got thru online and even now there are streaming videos we have we are starting to have more streaming videos where students will instead of coming and checking the DVD they'll actually watch and view it online from home or from the classroom so everything changed even how they do the online tutorials we do a lot more videos than when we were able to when I first started just because the software is better do a lot more for a lot less Have you adapted to those changes? Oh yeah in fact all our English 101 students now have to use do an online library tutorial because we have several sections of English 101 and we can't meet with all of them so we created an online tutorial with some of the basic skills a little more in depth than the College 103 and all of those students have to do that tutorial we have online classes where we have created online tutorials for that so yeah you just have to do do you seem more like understanding by getting face to face? I really think there's and this might be me being old school but I think there is no substitute for that hands on and that one on one that face to face you can teach and you can show but I think something is lost when you don't have that face to face and part really depends on the students. Cause You'll have students where they'll zoom thru the tutorial and not really pay attention so they'll get to the quiz and you'll have ones that take notes and everything so I think it really depends on the student the thing with it being online is a lot more responsibility placed on the student And changes to you anticipated happening in the future as new digital technologies are introduced Well from my end as a librarian I can see the what is a book I can see that becoming confusing because you have online resources and print resources I see those kind of melding into one where its harder to tell where what something is where it goes to citing or evaluating and things like that I see a lot moving online I see print not going away I think there I think something is lost I see more things go online. How is your website important to your work Oh it essentially and anything you have to go through the website to find the books you have to thru the website and the catalog we spent a lot of time a few years ago changing it and simplifying website and trying to make it so that coming in they may not know what a catalog is but they know where to find books they may not know what databases are but they might know where to find articles and so we kept it very simple and in fact if you go to our pages and it says find articles find books find citation help and I was adamant about it being that way because I want to be able to say it was the ABCs of research and over on one side its got catalog databases and has more of the library lingo so we tried to keep it as simple as possible but it is essentially to what we do now and you can't run a library without a website now Do you ever use any social media like Facebook or Twitter either in your work or just to communicate with other librarians or other libraries a cross the country? Now we did have the library did have a Facebook page but the person who ran she left and we didn't have the staff for it but what we used more often we actually have a wiki that we used and its eternal and what you happen is you get a lot of assignments where you see them over and over again thru the semesters and what would happen is that someone would come and mention something oh yeah I remember when someone sent out an email about that so I search in my email trying to find to see what do they do to find what were the good sources on that it was only helpful to me so when Katherine came who is our new Public Services Librarian a few years ago she did some searching she created a wiki for us so lets say Dr. Evans has an assignment that's and we thought it was really hard to find sources we could type some notes and then someone else later on someone else comes in and oh we have an assignment for Dr. Evans its this and they can go to the wiki and type it up and then they can see where someone put their notes and then add to it and so it has been really nice. Especially since that the Library staff at the Cherokee campus and the Tyger River Campus its a nice a way of keeping a track of that. Do you measure the impact of the choices you make using social media or website or traditional print publications? Oh yeah a library lives and dies by its stats so we try to measure everything we used we recently switch to Google Analytic on our website so we can see where people where getting to the links in fact we actually change we realized we were looking at our stats on our literature databases that one of the database which wasn't the best one at the time was getting used a lot we realized because it was first and because it was alphabetically so we changed the listing of the those databases so instead of listing them alphabetical we listed by what is usually the most useful database for your typical literature database research and we found that effective thing and so yeah we use statistics a lot a librarian lives and dies by statistics What would you say are the most significant advantages of working with digital technology and media? I think the first one is being able to reach more students and cause again they are not always going to come to a face to face orientation be able to do something good and then have it capture and you could use it again or look at it and revised it and then be able to put it up on a lot of places at once What would you say the most significant disadvantages of the digital tools and networks are I would just say like I said something is lost when you don't have that face to face when you don't get to sit down with someone to make sure their needs are meet is not, the thing that you do with the tutorial is that you can only it is basically done one way I mean someone can go thru it faster than someone else but when you are doing face to face you can kind of get a feel for where your audience is and whether you need to slow it down or focus on one aspect so I think a little of that human touch is lost it becomes a little more impersonal than I like What adive would you have for someone who is still completing thier college education and wants eventually do the kind of work you do. I would definitely tell them get as much of experience as you can get as much lirbary experience as you can also work if you can visit as much libraries as you can what I do as an academic librarian is very different what someone what someone would do as public librain. A public librarian in fact a as two year college librarian is very different than what someone working at a four year institution would do I am a library director but still work the reference desk I still interact with students whereas if I was at a bigger institution I may never see a student so just find out what kind of library you want to work in and get as much experience possible teaching dealing with the patrons cause that is what is important that is what they are going to look when looking at your application Do you enjoy the atmosphere of the smaller libraries more? I do, cause I think in a bigger institution you get compartmentalized and here I get to do a little bit of everything so everyday is a little different and I am always working with the students which is the fun of it is being able to help somebody and know by the end of the day you done something important cause you been helping people. Now, i think it come to an end. I hope you like it sjdjksdj sjdndjnskndsk They came from abroad from Afghanistan, from Iraq and from Algeria even from Tunisia and Egypt come and see, go to Derna an emirate belonging to Al Qaeda The places that they are hidding in Come, the whole world can come and see NATO can come and see come to the places that when you arrive they hide them so that you don't see them We will tell you where they are come and see them and come and agree with them regarding a cease fire and we accept this (inaudible) We Libyans do not fight eachother for one very clear reason, we fight (inaudible) for example, those who come from Benghazi to attack Ajdabiya where are they going? for the sake of who? for the sake of NATO? For the sake of the crusaders or the christians? That is blasphemy, no Libyan would agree to it at all. That is shameful and treason especially after Italy came in today All the Libyans are going to fight Italy just as they did in 1911 they will fight her today like they did before and there is no dispute between the Libyan people regarding fighting Italy after Italy denied and disregarded and sacrified its interests so if she sacrified her interests are we going to protect her interests? I mean, those Libyans coming from Benghazi or Ajdabiya and going to Ajdabiya where are they going? So I show you, that we will never fight eachother because half way between Benghazi and Ajdabiya he will remember and say "where am I going"? to fight who? my uncle is before of me. One man found his uncle before him he had come to kill him and another found his sister before him a wife of someone is before him and two brothers. One was coming and found his brother before him that is Naser and Omar and Saleh and Haj Mohammad and Mousa Abubaker, all those faced eachother Do we Libyans carry weapons to face our brothers and to kill your cousin and your father and your brother? and your in law in this area? We are all one family in this area I just want to show you that we Libyans will never fight eachother and we will stop, impossible kill eachother for the sake of the christian flags? so that the christian flags are put up on Libyan soil? Impossible -[Orange fluttering lips] [fluttering continues] I'm bored. -Whoa! Whoa, where am I? -[gasps] Hey, Apple! You're back! -What? -Hey Apple, where you been? -Are you talking to me? -Hey, Apple! -I'm not an apple. -Hey, hey Apple! -Hey, I'm not an apple. -Yeah, ya are. You're red, so you're an apple. -No-no-no, you see, I'm a tomato. -A tomato? You look like an apple. -No-no-no, I'm a fruit like an apple, but I'm not an apple. -What? No, you're not. You're a vegetable. -Well, that's a common misconception, but a tomato like myself, I'm a-- -Hey, hey Apple! Can you spit seeds? -What? -Like this! [hacks, spits] [smack!] -Ow! [Orange laughs] What the heck is wrong with you? -I'm an orange. -Don't ever do that to a tomato. Don't you know how easily I bruise? -You're a toe-may-toe? -It's "tomato." -Toe-may-toe? -Taw-may-toe. Tomato. It's not hard. -Yeah, you're a vegetable. -Fruit! I'm a fruit! -Uh-uh. You can't be a fruit and a vegetable. -I know! I'm not! I'm a fruit! Tomatoes are fruits! -No, you're not. You're a vegetable, like a pumpkin. -Pumpkins are fruits too, you moron. -Yeah, and elephants are microwaves. [laughing] -[groans] I hate oranges. -You're an apple. -I'm a tomato. -Apple. -Tomato. -Apple. - Tomato. - Apple. -Tomato. -Blender. -Huh? Whoa! Hey-- ow! -Whoa! -Hey, hey buddy, don't--no, don't press the button... -What's that button do? -Please don't press the button! [yells] -Ah... -[yelling inside blender] -Tomato, are you okay? -[yelling continues] -Wow, you're juicy. If you were a fruit, you'd be in a real jam. [laughs] Ugh, ow. [laughs] Hey, Tomato, good to see ya. I was hoping we could "catch up." [laughing] -[groans] Get it? "Ketchup." [laughs] Why aren't you laughing? Captioned by SpongeSebastian Thank you for the introduction. My name is Kazuo Inamori. My speech today is titled "India-Japan Relationship Based on the Altruistic Mind" I would like to present my thoughts on promoting a stronger friendship between India and Japan based on my own experiences and philosophy that I have gained by managing my business over the past half a century. I understand that the purpose of this summit is to further strengthen the relationship between India and Japan as important partners. Historically, ties between India and Japan have always been close. The relationship began in the 6th century AD, when Buddhism was introduced to Japan. Buddhism was born in India and spread though China to Japan where it has had a tremendous influence on Japanese politics, society, arts, and culture, shaping the everyday lives of the Japanese people. So, now we have poem 1129. The numbers were given by editors um, based on the number of poems, some 1700 poems. Ah, but we refer to this one by it's first line, Tell all the truth but tell it slant. And the first, I'm going to read it in a kind of exaggerated way and you tell me what you're hearing, okay? Tell all the truth but tell it slant, Success in circuit lies, Too bright for our infirm delight, The truth's superb surprise. As lightning to the children eased, With exclamation kind, sorry, With explanation kind, The truth must dazzle gradually, Or every man be blind. Anna, what do you hear? >> It's a ballad. >> It's a ballad. >> It's a ballad. And how, what kind of ballad? I mean, tell me about the meter? >> Um, well there's four beats, four stress beats in the first line. >> First line. >> Three in the second, and then four. >> Four, three, four, three. Four, three, and then tell, the truth must dazzle gradually has four but you have to really torque it. >> Well. >> The truth must dazzle gradually. Right. >> It's kind of, I mean, it wouldn't really be a Dickenson poem. >> Or every man be blind. Is it rhymed? >> Um, the, well the, in the first stanza, lies and surprise rhyme. >> Okay, that's B rhyme. So, it's A, B, C, B. >> Yup. And then the second is in the same time. >> East, kind, gradually, blind. So, the B rhymes go and that's typical of, that's typical of ballads. Rarely, do you get A, B, A, B, but you can do that. slant and delight don't rhyme. Um, slant and delight don't rhyme? Slant and delight don't rhyme. >> It's sort of slant. >> It's sort of a slant rhyme. >> [laugh] >> Slant rhyme and the word is slant. So, slant not only is going to have a connotation with truth, it's going to have a connotation with form, with poetic form. Right. Where do we get ballads? Really quickly there, three places in life where we get, where we hear ballads. Not so much anymore, but in the old days. Max what's one? >> Ah, in the pub. >> A pub. Why? By the way, why do pubs, especially, especially British, Welsh, Irish, Scottish. >> Cuz they're. >> Do we sing in American clubs? >> No. >> Not really. What kind of people sing in, in British Pubs? >> I don't mean kind, but you know, what have they done? Where have they come from? >> Football. >> Football. >> Football games, soccer. >> Soccer. >> Right. And they, and why are ballads good in bars? >> They're easy to sing. >> Easy to sing, and. >> Easy to remember. >> Easy to remember. Now, if you've been drinking a lot. This is not Bourbon but let's pretend. >> [laugh] >> If you've been drinking a lot, you grab your mug. Right? Tell all the truth but tell it slant, Success in circuit lies, Too bright for our infirm. Okay. So, ballads are memorable, and the ballad is easy in that sense. Orally easy. Okay. Where else, do we have ballads? >> Nursery rhymes. >> Nursery rhymes, right? Nursery rhymes, anyone want to do a nursery rhyme that's an A, B, A, B, 4, 3, 4, 3? Put you on the spot, all right, we'll have to come back to that. And there's a third place where we get ballads. >> Church. >> In church, hymns are often ballads. Okay. I'm not sure that any of that has to do with this, but we're going to find out in the second stanza that it does. But that's the way teaching is. You sort of say something and then it comes back. Alright. This poem makes a contention. And it's in the first two lines, and I'm going to ask you if you agree with it personally, to the extent that Emily Dickinson's poem is saying that we should tell truth in a slanted way rather then in a, Allie? >> Roundabout way. >> Yes, in a roundabout way rather than in a. >> Direct? >> Direct way. The opposite of slant is direct, right? Again, anyone? >> Mm-hm. Okay. Tell all the truth but tell it slant. Success in circuit lies. I'm going to ask you to try to understand what that line means. Success in circuit lies. Circuit, Ann Maris? >> Um, coming at it in a roundabout way, an oblique way. Um. >> Circuit. >> It's strange because. >> Circumlocutiously. >> Mm-hm. >> Circumlocutiously. >> Like a circuit. >> Mm-hm. >> What else? Allie? Circuit? >> Well, kind of systematically. >> System, there's a, it has a connotation of system, good. Exactly. Molly, circuit? I don't really have anything else to add. >> Okay. Anna? Circuit? Not in Emily's time, but in ours. >> I mean, circuit could also be like, this is a little bit anachronistic about electricity, electric circuit. >> I don't know if that's anachronistic. We still need circuits. You can't actually complete an electric ah, conduit without a circuit. Once you break the circuit, you don't have it. It's anachronistic cuz it's been since middle school or grade school that you've built a circuit. >> Yeah, probably, that's it. >> Okay, but teaching children is important . But tell all the truth, but tell it slant. She insists that success lies in roundaboutness, in going around. Success. Let's quickly understand what success means. Dave. >> Well, I think, the circuit also implies something that takes more effort. And ah, success you're saying is actually learning the truth, understating that success comes from ah, you know, putting more work into it. >> Um, Emily um, when you're, you know family says, success. Emily, we hope you be a success. What do they mean? >> Achievement, accomplishment. >> Can you be a little bit more press? Ah, I'm, I could. I'm just trying to think of how. >> [laugh] >> Okay. Allie, when your parent, when the Cassleman's say, Allie, we want you to be a success. This Liberal Arts stuff is making us nervous. >> Find some way to make money. >> Money, success. Does Emily mean that, do you think? >> No. >> Except, maybe ironically she does, but I don't think she's being ironic here. Okay, so now we are ready. We're going to go around and each one of you is going to tell each other, us, whether you agree with Emily Dickinson on this, you personally. As valuable as that will be, okay? Ann Maris, tell all the truth, but tell it slant, success and circuit wise. She's making a contention here. Do you agree with the contention? >> Um, yes. I agree because I mean, it seems paradoxical cuz it's like she presupposes that there exists a total and absolute truth and I disagree with that. >> Oh, you're being fancy. Oh, you're disagreeing because theoretically it's not sophisticated enough. Wow. >> Well, I'm saying that she's probably. >> I should have done you last. >> [laugh] >> Okay, Emily. Emily, do you agree with the contention, we should tell the truth gradually, carefully? I do. This, I mean it's. >> You really do, don't you? >> I've done all types of literary art, telling them directly. >> So, really. It's the artful, aesthetic thing to do, not to tell the truth directly. Now, um, I believe that Walt Whitman and a number of other people who are Whitmanian in this course are going to disagree, at least, nominally. They want the director, they want to tell the blab of the page, they want everything. They want everything. At the very end of our course, Kenny Goldsmith is going to include everything. So, there's no essential selection and there's no slanted truth, it's just whatever is, is. So, I don't know where this is going to take us. Dave? >> I agree. >> You agree? Wow, I thought, I would think you'd be a direct kind of guy. So we should tell kids ah, as lightning to the children, eased with explanation, kind. We shouldn't tell kids about lightning, what about the third rail? Should we tell them about the third rail? >> I think there are thing that. >> [laugh] >> Don't you think it would be cool not to tell them about the third rail? >> [laugh] >> The third rail, that was when Zeus was having a bad day and he made this nice, like extra rail that the train doesn't ride on it. But, I wish you leave, leave Zeus alone. >> [laugh] >> Like. >> Everybody would say. >> And your kid touches, and snaps then. >> Let's talk about this. >> Oh, yeah. Where do the gifts come from? You're advocating this kind of bullshit mythology? >> [laugh] Not to that extent. I think there are things that you can tell people just by giving them the facts that won't resonate. But, it will resonate if they can think it through and come upon that fact, on their own. >> Allie, was your thought? >> Well, I agree. >> You agree to, everybody agrees. >> I also think that it's important that. >> Except for Ann Maris whose got a theoretical problem. >> [laugh] >> I think she's kind of toying with the notion of being able to tell someone the truth and have that be the way that they. >> Oh. >> Um. Interesting. >> Kind of [inaudible]. >> So, you're thinking of the word tell and that's, you know, I've been teaching this poem for so many years, I've never actually focused on, tell. Can you do a little bit more with that?>> Well, [cough] I think you know, on one hand we've been focusing on the best way to understand the truth. But I also think it's easier for like, say a parent to kind of ah, embellish something that might be hard um, to understand. So that kind of, you know, is ah, in a way a cop-out for them so that makes it easier. But I also think that um, she's kind of saying, no matter what we tell, that might be a futile um, act because truth um, might not be able to be understood through a second hand experience. >> Wow. You said so much there. Ah, I can only respond to one of those points which is that, I think, I, on my best days I disagree with this as much as I respect the aesthetic that Emily is reminding us that it's associated with, and respect on racist theoretical problem with the notion of all the truth. But, I think that there's an implicitly a parental ah, condescension in, in this, the speaker of this poem telling us that some people, and she's not only talking about children. I mean, I don't think Emily Dickinson is thinking about actual children, she might be. But she's, you know, her parental has to be ah, metaphorical here. And it turns out that we, the readers of the poem, are children if in fact, the poem is not delivering us the truth. It slanted it for us. And I feel a little left out like the guy standing outside the house of possibility and not able to get in. I feel a little left out and kinda sad, actually. So, all you guys agreed. Anna? >> I disagree. >> Oh my goodness, we have a disagreement. >> Well, my problem with this is that, like, and there's kind of two ways to go about this. There's the way of, if we're getting, if me and my roommates are getting ready to go out and I say, hey, does this shirt look good on me? And they say, oh, yeah. It looks great. When it actually looks awful. >> But it actually looks awful. >> Yeah, I don't really, I would rather know. So, that's problem A. Problem B. >> The problem with your analogy of course, is that she's talking about. >> Oh. >> Superb surprise, dazzling. I mean, I don't think the shirt situation >> Oh, my goodness. >> Alright. >> Well, let's think about I mean, you know, I've taken class with you that's on the Holocaust. >> Yeah. >> And. >> Oh, the trump card is coming. >> Well. >> The Holocaust. >> [laugh] >> But I, it's, it's not just that. I mean, you can think of any, any disaster you know, if you, if you. >> Disaster, yeah. >> If you don't talk about it and if you don't tell children about it, they don't know about it. >> Well, but the problem with that, since we're onto disaster and genocide, the problem with that is that if the truth dazzles not gradually, if it just comes on you like a thunderclap, you are so alienated and so unable to cope, that there's a kindness in delivering it gradually. I don't mean Steven Spielberg, gradually, or circumloquaciously. But, I mean, thoughtfully delivering all the truth. Wow, I've seem to be coming to the other side by you're coming to the other side. >> Well, thoughtfulness doesn't necessarily need to be circumnavigation. I think there's a little more to us. >> Nice. Okay. Thank you. Molly, your thought. >> I think that it's sleazy but effective. It reminds us. >> Sleazy? >> Yes, I said, sleazy. This mode, not the poem, but this mode of telling the truth. It reminds me of a politician, ah, sort of. >> [laugh] >> Circumnavigating the, the question and sort of slipping in bits of truth without the whole picture. >> Wow. >> [inaudible]. >> Yeah. >> [laugh] >> It can be very. >> Emily, how's this, how's this thing with ah, lightning? >> [laugh] >> Well, let me say this about that. >> [laugh] >> I've been thinking a lot about that, and we will have a position on that very soon. And ah, I'll have to think a little more about my position on that, really? >> I think it works but I hate it. >> Wow. Max? Wrap this up somehow. >> [laugh] >> Well I, I don't think that, I, I agree with Emily Dickinson. I don' think she's advocating dishonesty the way that Molly and Anna seem to suggest because she does after all say to, to tell all the truth in the end. Um, and I don't think that, that the slantedness or the circuit necessarily means to, to, to dance around it in, in a dishonest way or a disingenuous way. But rather, it seems to me the difference between to, to go with the, the metaphor of, of circuits and lights and lightning. And the difference a harsh light on something which ah, would be blinding and ah, a softer light which allows you to actually see. Um, and so. >> Interesting. >> Hm. >> I, I, I agree with. >> Interesting. Ann Maris, your theoretical qualm. >> Mm-hm. I think it's interesting because you brought up Whitman before, but I think the main difference that I have to point out is that Dickenson was a woman of the period. And. >> And after her work >> Exactly. >> [laugh] >> Um, [laugh] and her personal experience wouldn't have had any authority at the time so she gives her, she wants herself a soft of authority by speaking in these vague abstractions um, or as Whitman would have been able to express those at the time. >> So, it's sort of easier, this is really interesting. So, it's in a gender way, it's easier, and in a, who can be official poet, although Whitman was never really an official poet until the very end. It's easier for the, for the male Whitman to assert a theory of direct communication. And Emily is saying that, given the circumstances of truth telling that I have, the telling, I think that's so important here, this is what I must do and this is success for me. And success would be deeply ironized because it's success of essentially self-publication. Success of reticence, the success of indoorsness. Right? The success of agoraphobia ah, is circuit. I, I just want to conclude by thinking about what success in circuit could possibly mean. So, again, if this is the x, this is the thing that one wants to refer to, the world, and world is kinda moving along to find its circuit. You know, think cup, mug, I think is the word I'll use, right? >> [laugh] >> Mug, M, U, G, mug. [sound] It did it, success. Linguistic success is mug identifying this thing, here. But actually, what Dickinson is saying is that, you know, let's try moog, moog. >> [laugh] >> Let's try something other than cut. Let's try, let's try thirst, let's try appetite, or let's try the thing. Or, let's try something else entirely. Let's take this problem of reference and refer to it as telling children about lightning. Not at night, dear sweet heart, that's just thunder and lightning and it's running 120,000 volts through it and if it strikes the house and the lightning rod isn't working, we'll all burned to a crisp. Good night. But rather, once upon a time the gods were bowling and thunder was the sound of the bowling alley and the light was the signal that they had scored 300 or something like that. So, a story gets told, a mythology gets created and that's the way truth gets communicated, and that the kind of bluntness of directness is not only cruel but boring. Finally, she's opting for something much more complicated. [sound] Yo yo yo! Yo yo yo! What's up my ninja? >> What up my ninja!? This is one crazy ninja right here, son! >>You're a crazy ass ninja! [Laughing] You so crazy ninja! I ain't sayin' she's a gold digger, but...she ain't messing with no broke ninja. Yeah, that's what your mama said, ninja. Yo, did you see that ninja Timmy Song? >>Ninja who? Ninja who? That one ninja. My ninja treats me good, so >>Uh-uh, girl, your ninja need to get a J-O-B. Oh hell no, ninja. Jump, ninja! Jump! Jump! >>Shut up! You talkin' like some ignorant-ass ninja. Yeah! Yeah, yeah! >>My ninja! My ninja's so lazy. Oh God, my ninja drive me crazy. Ninja, pay your bills! Yo, what a ninja gotta do to get some orange chicken around here? Ninja, please! Damn. Ninja, please! >>Ninja what? Ninja say what? Fuck you, ninja! [Laughing] That was some funny shit! [Black guy] Yo, what's the deal, my ninjas? >>That ain't cool, man. [Black guy laughs awkwardly] Look, man, there's a difference between ninjA and ninjER. [Indian guy] What's up, my ninjas? Heeey! >> He counts. Alright. So, it's such a beautiful spring day here on campus. I'm going to record outside here on Stanford campus. It's just kind of sunny, park-like, filled with college students, just kind of like you would have thought. So, the topic for this section is what is software? What is, what is code? How is it that something runs on the computer? So, when we talked about a hardware in the computer, we talked about the CPU. That's the brains of the thing. So, the CPU is what actually does running. And the CPU implements what is called machine code instructions. And machine code instructions are extremely simple. So, one machine code instruction might add two numbers. Another instruction might compare two numbers, to see which one is bigger. So, when, for code that we've seen, so something like pixel.setred10, that's much more complicated than an individual machine code instruction. So, the way it's going to work, is that pixel.setred10 will ultimately expand to a series of maybe five or ten of these very simple machine code instructions such that when those ten instructions are run one after the other, it sort of has the effect of setting the red value of the pixel.setred10, alright? And I'll get into more detail later on about how that, how that expansion happens. So, I, I think a good, a good first question for running a program is like, all right, well, what is a program? So, look at the, the right-hand side of this diagram. So, a program, and I'll, I'll sort of use this as my running example Firefox. So, a program is made actually of just an enormous sequence of these very simple machine code instructions. And so, when Firefox is, is running on your computer, that means somewhere in RAM, there's a block of these instructions such that running them has, you know, does the things that Firefox does. So, blinks the cursor, takes URL, draws, gets webpages, all that sort of stuff. So, the individual instructions are really trivial, right? Just add two numbers so, how does it get from that to like blinking with cursor and the best I can say is its may be sort of like relationship between sand and sculpture, that each instruction is like a grain of sand, like by itself its, its meaningless and counts like of the others but if you put them together, in just the right way, you can build this complicated overall structure. So, that is the way that Firefox is built out of these, these, these simple instructions. So, the way it works is the CPU over here on the left, runs what is called a fetch execute cycle. And all that means is that the CPU will start off, let's say, here with instruction one, and it'll load that instruction and run it. Or sometimes we'll say, it executes that instruction so it, it adds the two numbers or does whatever the instruction says. And when, when it's done with instruction one, then it just goes down the list. It goes to instruction two and it does that one, it goes to instruction three and it does that one, and so on. It just runs, it just runs through the sequence. So, when we say that a CPU operates at two gigahertz, two billion operations per second, its these little instructions that, that refers to. So, there are, there's obviously, a variety of instructions, but I'm just going to point out a couple of special types. So, one type of instruction has the effect of changing the order, of the instructions, the normally the CPU just runs down the list, does them in order. But let's say, instruction four, may be says, oh, jump back and start executing again at instruction one. And so, think about what the CPU is going to do. So, it's going to do instructions one, two, three, four and then when it gets to four, it will sort of jump back and do instructions one, two, three again and then one, two, three again and again. You can sort of see, that's how loops are implemented. Just arranging the instructions so that there is some piece of code we want to do 500,000 times. Well, you can set up an instruction to just loop back and do those instructions again and again. Another sort of instruction, a related idea, is an instruction, well the same instruction two here, which tests some condition and if the condition is true maybe it, it skips ahead. So, where, where instruction five would be here. So, that's how if statements are implemented. You have an instruction that's going to look at some condition. And if it's, if the condition is true, it's going to sort of tell the CPU to go over here. And if it's false, it'll go over to some other place. So, by arranging the instructions just so you can get the effect of, something that we, that, in our code, looks like an if statement. Alrighty. So well, so how does a, how does a program get running and how do we get to, how do we get to this state? So, I want to imagine you've got a Firefox on your flash drive you know, the file, on your flash drive or your hard drive. So here, I've, I've stored a long term, you know, persistent storage down here, and here's RAM and here's the CPU. So, when you have got Firefox on your hard drive, its, its a file basically and here I, its called Firefox.exe, that's just a Windows convention for how to name a file which is a program but it helps to keep things clear of all that. So, Firefox.exe, that file, it has a lot of bytes in it and for the most part, those bytes are just instructions that make up that program, plus some icons, pictures and other stuff. So, what I want to think about is, well, what happens. When you double click Firefox.exe? How does it start running? And basically what happens is there's two steps. The first thing that happens is, the bytes for these instructions, at least enough of these instructions to get started, get copied up to RAM. So, it just copies, puts the instructions in RAM where the CPU can get at them. And then step two. Just tell the CPU, okay, well, here's instruction one. Start executing here. And so, then the CPU just starts ripping down the series of instructions and now, now it's running Firefox. So, I think this leads to the question of, like, well, wait. Well, who did this? [laugh] Alright? How did, how did, who handles the double click? Who gets Firefox running? And that's what an operating system is. So, the operating system is a set of kind of supervisory and administrative programs that sort of, you know, organize, organize the whole system. So in particular, the operating system manages multiple programs and starting and ending programs. So, a modern computer can run multiple programs at the same time and so, the operating, operating system sort of keeps things organized. So, it, it does the initial start up of a program, giving it some RAM to use, and maybe giving it a Window to draw in. Also operating systems try to keep programs isolated from each other so each program has its RAM that it uses, but it can't necessarily just go mess with the RAM of some other program. So, that helps if some other program has bugs, hopefully it'll just mess up that program, but not mess up some other program that you're running. Or maliciously, if a program is trying to do something bad to some other program, the operating system tries to keep them separate. So, the operating system is really the first thing that runs when your computer starts up. So, that's what's going to put up the first windows, and maybe show you what's on the hard drive. And then, from thereafter, you can double click or do other things and the operating system will start those programs for you. So, that's really the things you're seeing when you, when you start up your laptop. The digital camera. You know, don't think of it as a computer necessarily, but it's really the same. When the computer, when the digital camera first starts up, there's probably a couple programs. There's maybe the program that takes pictures and the program that let's you look through the pictures you've already taken. And so, when the camera first starts up, there's a little bit of administrative sort of get, get the, the programs running to sort of show you the interface. And then, it just lets you go from there. So, just as a, a last thing, the sort of the, the, these terminology, boot and reboot. I always thought was kind of funny, like where does that come from? And it refers to the sort of chicken and egg problem of like, well, when the computer first turns on, when it first starts up, how does it, how does it get itself organized? How does it start running a program? And this terminology actually comes from sort of an old joke about, if you wanted to get over a fence, what you could do is just reach down to your bootstraps and pull up, and just like lift yourself over the fence that way. And it's obviously kind of absurd. But it, it has the same quality of like wait, what program does the computer run to enable the computer to run programs? So it's a sort of a chicken and egg problem. So, the way it works is that the hardware, the, the CPU has when it, it recognizes that it, it has, it was turned off and that has, has just started up. And so, there's a special tiny program that is hard-wired into the computer to run at that moment. And that program can maybe check, check what's hardware is, you know do some like, basic, early start up stuff. And then, pretty much, it looks around for a hard disk or a flash drive or something that contains an operating system on it and then it can start that operating system. And then, then the computer can start up in that way. So, that's why it's called boot up, it refers to this old bootstrap idea, and then that's what rebooting is. So, reboot means just to, sort of we want to get a, a clean slate so it's going to shut down and then start up fresh, alright? So now, you know. Welcome back to Photoshop Basix The Issue Post pages tell you about the most important topics and questions raised by a newly proposed federal regulation. Here you can also see what other people think, and add your own reactions and ideas. 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You can also look at comments recommended by the Regulation Room moderators. Recommended comments can be on all sides of the issue; what makes them "recommended" is that they are on point, give reasons, offer facts and data, or are otherwise the kinds of comments that federal agencies pay attention to in making their final decision. To learn more about how to make effective comments, click here. At the top of the page, you can see an Index of all the issues raised by the agency's proposal; click on any issue to go to its Issue Post to read about it and join the discussion there. Use the tabs as well to look at those official documents like the notice of proposed rulemaking. After the discussion is finished, you will also be able to find the draft and final summaries of discussion using these tabs. Martin: How are you? Eric: I'm fine, and you? Martin: It's perfect. Now I'm going to ask you a question that I have been thinking about for a long time. What is written on your arm, your tattoo? Eric: It says "My art is my freedom". Can you see it? Martin: Do you have any more tattoos coming? Are you going to continue with more discrete tattoos? Eric: It feels like it's thousands of them coming, but I haven't done anymore tattoos yet. I like tattoos, like you obviously do. Martin: Yeah I like them like a hell. Is it important for you that there is a meaning behind the tattoo, or could you do a tattoo on something that you just think looks good - like a flower? Eric: It's important that the tattoo means something, cause it's going to be there all my life and I want to look at it and feel like "yeah that is so right". Martin: Do you have more tattoos that we don't see? Eric: No, I only have that one. Jakob: Can you check that Izabella? Izabella: Yes I can do that. No problem. Martin: The tour pop explosion ended this spring, but what have happened since Eurovision? Have you been working like crazy or have you been able to relax sometimes. Eric: Since then a lot have happened. How long time ago was that? Almost two years? Shit, time flies. I have released two albums, a DVD today, and I have done two tours. The last one this spring. Since this spring I have been laying low for a while because I wanted to create more music so I can have a strong comeback. Izabella: Recently you have released two singles and a DVD today. It's like a Saade-explosion. Why? Eric: Like I said I have been laying low for a while and I don't like to lay low, but you have to so you can have the time to write music. So now I'm like psyched to come back. I also had two songs that I loved and they were really different from each other. One was more urban and one was more commercial. So I felt like I have to release both of them cause it would be such width and amplitude. I also want people to hear what we are creating in the studio. Jakob: I heard that you have been a lot in Norway? Eric: Yes. Jakob: Why Norway? Eric: Because I love Norway. I really do. Martin: What is it with Norway and the Norwegians. It's so expensive there. Our friend Mårten Andersson was there and bought two very expensive bottles of water. Is it supposed to be that way? Eric: No, I guess not. Jakob: There are good producers in Sweden. Eric: Yes there is, and in Norway too, so I work with both. I got a breakthrough in Norway this summer. I had not expected that. First with "Imagine" that I wrote for Tone, and then with "Hotter than fire". "Marching" is also released in Norway. Norwegian radio actually play my songs more than Swedish radio. Martin: Is there a difference between Norwegian and Swedish fans? Eric: Yes and it's pretty easy to understand why. I got my breakthrough in Norway when I was twenty-one with "Hotter than fire", and in Sweden when I was eighteen with "Manboy". So my audience in Norway are like sixteen and older. Jakob: So the audience is more mature? Eric: Yes. Jakob: Basically, you were a more complete artist when you got your breakthrough in Norway. Eric. Yes, the ones that wave their arms most in the audience are like twenty. Here they are more like fifteen. Of course it doesn't matter to me who and what age my audience is. I want all my fans to grow with me. Eric: When I'm in the toilet queue it's not so funny when people want to take pictures and so, but otherwise I'm glad when fans want to say hello and take pictures. When people are nice to me I'm nice to them. If they want to take pictures with me they probably like what I'm doing, and that is so important to me. Martin: Are you avoiding going to McDonalds in the lunch hour? Eric: No, I try to stay away from McDonalds for other reasons. Jakob: The abs cannot disappear. Martin: There have been fanquestions on Facebook, and Izabella you are ready. Izabella: I am ready. Cecilia Ewerlöf want to know: What is the funniest gift you received from a fan? Eric: I have received so much, I can't choose. But a funny gift I got for my birthday was a cake that looked like an.... ass....... with hotpants. Actually really sexy. It was so funny, because the cake was so well done, and I like that. I mean that it was so well done. Of course I get other gifts as well, like books where fans have written, they has a deeper meaning but the cake was funny. (Martin and Jakob can't stop talking about the cake and what piece they shall eat first) Izabella: Drop it guys, let's continue. Relax guys Izabella: Tilda wants to know how your beard will look like if you don't shave for a month? Eric: It will be like beard. It will grow out, like that (points at Martin) . Martin: Do you have a full beard? Eric: No not yet, I'm a bit sad about that. The day I have a full beard I will always have stubble. I think it is so cool. But I have to little here (points at his cheek). But it will come when I grow older I hope. Martin: Yeah, It will come, don't worry. You have the time. Izabella: I can say that we girls don't think it's important with beardshape and so on. Eric: But you like stubble? Izabella: I love that. Eric: High-five. Izabella: Let's take a last one. Amanda Lundqvist wants to know - what is the most embarrassing thing you've done? Eric: Oh shit, that's a tough one, I don't know? Is there another question? Jakob: Have you fall of the stage or something like that? Eric: Of course, I've stumbled on stage. Martin to Izabella: Say the question that I wanted you to ask. You know which one I mean. Izabella: Oh this is tough. Ok. Eric: I maybe not want to hear it. zabella: Ok I want to know, how is your lovelife going? Eric: Ok. That is an completely irrelevant question for me to answer. Dear Mom, I'm sorry... To Mom The Waiter Directed By SUTAT PAVlLAlRUT Hey! Nan! Hey! Pass it this way, Yoi Yoi! Hey! Haha, Yoi. You got game yo Oh, You're the man Hey, Nan Isn't it one of those two? You stole her panties from the laundry? But was it from the thin one or the chubby one? The thin one of course! What the hell am I going to do with the chubby's? Keep your voice down. They're going to hear us. Oh come on, you scared? Yeah, the blue lace panty I told you to give it to me. It's my turn now Man, I gave it to Yoi long ago Hasn't he given it to you yet? What? Why the hell you look at me like that? I don't have it Then who has it? Dammit, my blue lace panties She's so pretty Jerk off! She's much older than you So what if she's older? Whatever. Let's get back to the game Here's your order How much is it? 30 baht Keep the change Wait. The amount is not right Come on, how can you be so mean to me? Hmm? Yoi! I need to take a number two! Yoi! What the hell are you doing? Come on, Auntie I was taking a dump as well. It is a sin to interrupt me! I've waited for one hour already I'd rather be a sinner than shitting my pants! Just go! Say no more! Oh, your highness has arrived. Weren't you going to play a soccer all day? I admire your ambition, my nephew Or you'd rather have me taking drugs? Wait 'till I get into the nation football team In your dreams! Just take this to Jae Toi's room I'm so busy here Okay, okay Here, here! Pass it this way! Hey, how's it going? Are you OK? Are you missing your girlfriend? Watch your mouth It's lucky that I never got those panties Or I'd be so scared So, Nan has that panties? He's in deep shit now Gonna be haunted by a panty spirit Hey? Where are you going? Ah! Shit! Why the hell do you have to howl now? I'll be leaving it here Let me go! Let me go! Ahhh! THE NEW TENANT Directed By PlTAK RUANGROJSlN Institute of Cancer Apartment for rent Excuse me Yes? Any vacancy? Inside, please 4,000 per month. No deposit. If you like it then just move in You don't have to look anywhere else. Trust me Hey, bro I need to ask for advance money. 50% of it Hey, we talked about it But... Okay, I'll stop beating about the bush I really need this money I'll be polite I seriously wanna see your work first. But seriously, seriously, I think you better crawl back to your parents and ask for this money Hello? Your uncle is here to see you Excuse me. Where's my uncle? Probably went out to buy something? Should be back soon Would you like to wait over there a bit? Did he say anything about who he is? Let me know if he's back No matter how I attempt to kill myself. I failed This world is filthy The Friend Directed By ADlREK PHOTHONG SlRIPON PRASATTHONG Oh, wait. Almost forgot. I appreciate you drove me to that place. Here it is. You're the first to know! Well, I'm happy for you. At last, you win. Oh, come on. Let's go. Hey, Nong. Come in. Perfect timing. I wanna show you something. Sit first. What do you think? Beautiful? Yeah. But I'm thinking of adding some sequins here, so it will be a bit shinier. Or... Wi, have you heard news about Kong? Hmm, what about? He took a vacation and I haven't talked to him since. I called him but he didn't pick it up. My boss called. He just talked to Kong's family. Wi, he was in a car accident. Wi, his mom wants to talk to you. Hello. This is Kong's mother. You have to accept it. He's in a good place now. You must stay strong. Take this medicine first. Damn it. Hello. Kong. Kong. Wi, she... I told you not to call me again. Hello? Kong? Damn it! Lovers Directed By OLlVER WOLFSON I used to think that talk of sin was just stories to scare children. But now I realize that it's real. Tonight, I ask for your forgiveness. I don't want to feel like this anymore. I am not a guy you thought I was. Before all this happened, I just wanted to have fun with my life. On the rocks, please. The first time I met you. You changed my life. Here you are. I was trying to find you. Weren't we having fun? Let's get back to dance floor. Hey? Kong! Kong! Huh? Nong? You told me this place is awesome, right? So, I brought a friend. This is Wipavee. My friend from university. Oh, I need another drink. You two keep each other company for now. Just a sec. That's a beautiful ring. Oh, it's my grandma's. A wedding ring? She prepared it for my wedding day. So... you're... Oh, I'm not married yet. What's going on? Come here. I want you too. But I wanna get married first. I've never thought you can be this old-fashioned. Wi? Antipsychotic drugs Medical psychology information for patient Psychology-Neurological I want you. You know. I never thought of getting married. Hey, have you seen the new intern? She got here yesterday. So damn pretty. Kong. Yes? Your fiance called a minute ago. What? She's been trying to call you. Hey, Kong. I didn't know you have a fiance. This has gone too far. Wi! Wi! Kong. I'm glad you came. Come in. Beautiful? I knew you would love it. Have you been taking medicine? I don't need it. I need to go. Wait. It's too late now! I want you to promise. I promise. I want you to promise! I promise! I want you to promise! You'll marry me! You're really different from any other girls. I want you. Mental disorder You promised to put that wedding ring on my finger. That's when I made a decision. I asked Nong to lie to you. I didn't know you would kill yourself like that. The bride jumped from the building. I'm sorry. Can you forgive me? I have something for you. I want you to promise. I want you to promise. The Maid Directed By SEREE LACHONNABOT Oh, Deuan. I didn't know you were here. I got here a while ago. She's our maid. Whatever you're gonna do, just hurry up. Okay. (Ancient chanting) Oh! You scared me! Why the hell are you scared of me? I thought you were the ghost. Here. What now? I got you this. The favorite meal of... ...her's. (Ancient chanting) The jackpot number is... How's the rich life treating you. I told you, the ash from the casket never miss. Here's a little money for the offering. Tomorrow, the winning lottery numbers will be announced. Um... Well... You got hooked, right? Something like that. Okay. I'll spare some of the casket ashes for you. But you need to be more careful this time. It is newly mixed. The power will be multiplied. Even more? Yes. What? Somebody moved in? How could you let that happen? How much did you get last time? Have you ever thought about it? I was hoping to get the jackpot again. If I do I'll install air-cons all around. It's so friggin' hot nowadays. Whatever! No way we're giving up. Tonight, we'll go in, no matter what! Hello? Your uncle is here to see you. Hey, you! Huh? Aren't you coming? Are you crazy? I need to be on a lookout for you here. Here's your favorite meal. This time, give me the big jackpot number, please. (Ancient Chanting) Where's my uncle? Probably went out to buy something? Should be back soon. Would you like to wait? Please help me just this once. I'll never bother you again. I swear. Hello? That guy is going back to his room right now! Shit! How could you just let him go up like that? Where's Deuan? Here it comes again. This is a powerful spirit. Please don't scare me. Please let me go. Thank you so much. Thank you. Mother Directed By NUTTORN KUNGWANKLAI THANYAWAN HEMPANOM Mom, I'm sorry for my decision. But I just can't go on without Kong. I love him so much. So much that I can give him everything. Now he's gone forever. I can't see any other choices but this. I hope you and dad can understand me and forgive me eventually. Love you mom and dad, always. Wi "Joined together in the wedding ceremony" "Wipavee Sombutpragan and Nattapol Worrachoteingkasuk" Love you always, Mom and Dad Hello. May I help you with anything? I'd like to ask for Mr. Nattapol's address, please. This. Oh, you want Kong. Please wait for a second. Kong! Why didn't you tell me you're going to get married? Somebody is here to see you. That way. Oh, you didn't want all of us to be broken hearted, right? Well... I had no idea that Wi would react that way. Is that all you have to say? Tonight will be the last night of her funeral. I hope you'll pay her a visit. Thank you You should go home earlier tonight. I can keep you company. Let me stay with her alone tonight. Please don't hurt me. What's next, 'Mam? Let them be together. THE GROOM DlRECTED BY PlRUN ANUSURlYA Before this woman died, she wanted to be married. She's still here cause she want to do it. So, we have to hold the wedding ceremony for her. Then, she will rest in peace. It will make her feel that someone will stay with her. When the ceremony ends, we will pray for her. Hey bros, don't take it too seriously. I think this is weird. Have you ever heard about the bride? The one that jumped from the building. When her boyfriend got into a car accident. I know something different. This story came from the police. That the man faked his own death. Because he wants to run away from her. The woman couldn't handle it. So, she committed the suicide. Now, she's dead for nothing. Really? I guess you didn't read the newspaper. I'm here and you must come. Why are you scared right now? Everything is ready. Hello. Hey! You must be Toy, came to help in this event? Yes. This model. It's from my shop. Is it heavy? No, It's just plastic. You can lift it. The groom-to-be didn't come? Yeah, damn. Can I help you with that? What? You're not scared? Now, it's done. The groom must take the bride to the room. Hey! It's over. Do I have to go inside? No, This is enough. Tell everyone to go home. Yes. I don't have to go inside? No, you don't Now, I am designing the bridal gown. When I finish it, I will let you know. I am happy for you. However, you have to help me for the ceremony. Promise me. Thanks. OLD SOLDlER DlRECTED BY RAPEEPlMOL CHAlYASENA Honey. You forgot your meds today. About the funeral today... You don't need to prepare a meal for her anymore. What are you doing? These are our daughter's things! Don't be scared, my child. I'll will protect you. Excuse me, Mr. Udom. Hi. Is Gim here as well? I'd like to have a talk with both of you. I'll go get her. Hey. It's our fault. Hey. It's our fault that we didn't protect her. It's our fault. Wi, my baby. Don't leave me. Sweet heart OLD DOG DlRECTED BY DlSSPONG SAMPATTAVANlCH Hello What the fuck is wrong with you? Why didn't you pick up the phone last night? Getting drunk as always? It's because of your behavior you're getting nowhere. That case of the car accident. That fat chick. Have you checked the surveillance camera? They said that there's something strange in the video. Get your ass over here now. Yes, sir. Hello Fuck! Kong. Kong. Hi. May I help you? Is Kong here? Oh, he went out. What business do you have with him? Never mind. No one is picking up the phone in room 3010. Would you like to hold? Mmm. When would he be back, normally? He's usually home around this time. He usually parks right in front. Okay. Thank you. Hello? Is this Gim, Wipavee's mother? ? Yes. Well, I think that This case. How so? It is taking a strange turn now. Kong, her boyfriend who died in the car accident. He's still alive, actually. Thank you for telling me. Can you set it up? I'd like to meet him. Hello? Is this Gim, Wipavee's mother? Where the hell are you? How's the case going? I'm on it. On it my ass! Do you know that the fat chick is the friend of that suicidal bride. They died less than one hour apart. Don't you think that's strange? Yes. Go and talk to the parents again. And do you know for sure, which temple you have to go to? Yes. Yes. Yes. Fucking yes as always. Have you ever done anything? Yes Everybody is fed up with... "Sorry, the number you are trying to reach is unavailable." Thank you. This case is taking a strange turn now. Thank you for telling me. Can you set it up? I want to meet him. Sorry. Can I take a look inside the casket? We've been through so much already. What else do you want from us? Please don't create more pain for us. What's up, Sir? Hey! About the suicide bride case, I just found out that her boyfriend is still alive. This case is getting complicated. Drop everything and just find this Kong guy. Find him. I'd like to see if a loser like you... So in the last unit, we talked about the simple algorithms for our three problems that have to go through an exponential number of solutions to try all possible assignments of 0 and 1 to the vertices. And now I haven't told you yet what this super powerful computer down here in the left corner is actually capable of and the ability that this computer here has is that it can help us figure out the best possible 0 and 1 assignment to the vertices without actually going through them. And the way this computer can help us is that it has a special instruction that a normal computer or even the RAM model does not have and that instruction is called if-better. And I'm going to explain to you in a second what that means. So the if-better function basically works like a normal if-else instruction on the RAM. So the normal if-else instruction is if this part here which I haven't specified yet is true then this part of the code not yet written is executed and otherwise this part down here is executed. The second property is that calling the if-better function will cost us polynomial time. So a normal if-else on the RAM just costs one time step or constant time and calling this function here will cost polynomial time. And now here comes the special property of this function. Normally when you have an if, you would have to specify some condition here so that if the condition is satisfied this part of the code is executed. And if it's not satisfied, then this part here is executed. Now the if-better is a function that will figure out by itself if it's better for us, and I'm going to show you in a minute what I mean by that, if it's better for us to execute this part up here or this part down here. It will always, if you will, guess correctly which part of the code to execute. Now, the first time you hear this, it takes a bit getting used to. So let me give you one example for our vertex cover how we could use this powerful function to solve vertex cover almost trivially. If you're not good enough at Ultrasound, that's not an excuse to punish your patients with radiation. Get out there, ultrasound some hearts, lungs, IVCS and let us know how you feel about it. He got his wrist pain from over-aggressive high-fives. Hey everyone Mike and Matt here with a special guest today. Jorge Ortero. Matt: We're calling this episode our "Stories" episode Mike: We occasionally get emails for some US heroes out there, who are doing the random stuff we talk about, and making a difference for real patients, so we thought we'd highlight a couple of those. Jorge Ortero is an EM US director at a Charlotte hospital, he's also the development chair or Academic EM - in the Global EM academy, he's a lecturer in the division of health policy at Yale, and I think he's the new president for the Connecticut ACEP chapter. Mike: So, Jorge let's get right to it. We've been emailing you because you've had a couple of awesome cases, where you've actually used the US-guided cric technique, that we talked about on the podcast about a year ago, and was published a few months ago in AEM. Matt: The AEM article was a cadaver study, and we had the lead author on the study Keith Curtis, demonstrate the procedure on a cadaver, but you've actually done this on two patients now, two real live people, can you tell us about these cases? Jorge: Hey guys, first of all I want to thank you Matt and Mike Matt: Sorry to interrupt 3 seconds in, but if you're listening to this, we appreciate all the nice things you said about us, we cut it out because we're pretty sure no-one else wants to hear that stuff, except maybe our moms, but we'll be sure to forward it on to them. It doesn't mean we don't appreciate it.... Jorge: SO, I'm a part of the global EM academy and we're trying to spread EM care, and how to provide quality EM care around the world, so I strongly feel that POC US is a safe and cost-effective technology to assess and diagnose time sensitive emergency conditions and it can really be a great tool in middle and low income countries where we really don't have those other technological advances like MRI and CT and plus it's safe. Before talking about the case, I really would like to give praises to Keith Curtis the lead article that you reference in AEM who described the really helpful technique of US-guided bougie assisted cric I've been following your podcast (i'm a really big fan) and view the episode where Keith described this technique and how he used this technique to secure a difficult airway, especially in patients with large BMl, And through this I applied it, and utilized it in two live patients. Ok, so the first case was a 41year old male he came to the ED (single coverage community hospital), and I'm the ED guy. It was a very cold April morning at 4:50am, when things are kinda slow the paramedics patched... and this patient used to come to the ED frequently with a long-standing psych history he was found by a neighbor in the street, in flames. This was gruesome, apparently had poured gasoline on himself and lit himself on fire. Not only me, but all the nurses were in a state of shock it was really scary. The patient was about 6'6" and weighed 470lbs when he came in, no vital signs could be obtained, we knew he was alive because he was waving his arms and making these guttural sound. I always keep the US machine in the trauma room, so i used it first to show that he had carotid blood flow and to show his heart was beating, just to make sure that he was alive The face and the shoulders and up to his ???? were totally charred, carbonized. I placed two IOs into both tibias infused fluids, gave him propofol and sedated and he was very restricted and he stopped breathing, and I hadn't paralyzed him. The patient's face and neck as I described were so badly burned and charred that it was almost impossible to open his mouth at this time, and now that he was not breathing, I paralyzed him, but it was still almost impossible to open his mouth. I used the glidescope and manage to look into his oropharynx which was also burnt. There was soot all over the place, and it was edematous and hemorrhagic and I couldn't visualize anything. At this point I needed to provide a surgical airway, and used this US-guided technique to perform a cric. , and then visualize and secure an airway. What I did was use the high frequency linear transducer (I have a Zonari machine) and I oriented it longitudinally, with the marker to the patient's head to identify the cricothyroid membrane the patient was already sedated and paralyzed, I incised the skin with a scalpel, approximately 2-3cm vertical incision along the axis of the probe, I did it longitudinally (held the probe), along the axis of the probe, and displaced the ultrasound laterally, to visualize the airway. After that, I dissected the tissue with Kelly forceps and also my right index finger I still had the US in my left hand, and holding the scalpel/forceps with my right hand I had a nurse with me helping, sometimes with the US probe. I was able to visualize the cricothyroid membrane, and then after that I could visualize the forceps for the metal is a strong reflector, that shadows as I approached the cricothyroid membrane. After dissecting the friable tissue, I then incised the airway with a scalpel some air bubbles came out. I inserted the bougie. As I inserted the bougie, I went through and I felt that hold up Keith describes. I then proceeded to insert a 6.0 french pediatric ET tube over the bougie, at this point I got stuck at the airway orifice I looked with the probe, I knew the bougie was in it's shadowing I could see it going through the cricothyroid membrane but I couldn't put it through, so what I did was I stuck the Kelly forceps around the bougie and widened the airway orifice without pulling the whole tube out and successfully inserted the ET tube through the cric membrane. After that, I confirmed the placement by visualizing the airway, and the shadow artifact caused by the tube as it enters the airway. I looked in the axial and sagittal planes to visualize the airway. I also obtained confirmatory end-tidal C02 capnography and chest xray. As you know - very difficult, almost impossible to obtain oxygen saturation, blood pressure using the ordinary method so I had to use US again to show that there was perfusion The patient survived and transferred successfully to the specialized burn center in Connecticut. Unfortunately the patient survived for 3 weeks, and eventually the family decided to withdraw the life-support. Matt: Ok, so I know what you're thinking, thanks to US-guided cricothyrotomy, this family got a huge ICU bill, and that's about it. Well-fair enough. but it's still nice to hear how this was used in a real patient. This guy definitely had more of a chance to survive than the cadavers this was originally performed on. And the next person this is performed on, may survive. So, there's my answer to your smart-alleck thoughts and that smart-alleck mind of yours. And don't call me paranoid for assuming your thinking smart-alleck thoughts - I can read your mind. And I don't appreciate what your thinking right now either. Jorge: but again, it would have been extremely difficult to secure an airway if I didn't have US. There were no landmarks, he was a high BMl, and his neck was very very large. I was able to visualize, and you can see the images the thyroid cartilage and as you move inferiorly the cricothyroid cartilage as well. both structures in this patient were about 3cm deep, and between these two structures lies the cricothyroid membrane. - which produces this slightly hyper echogenic signal different from the adjacent structures. It was hard for us, seeing this poor guy, but luckily we secured an airway and he left alive. The second case and it's not that I'm looking for cases a 56 year old man, been bedridden, about 500lbs. Bedridden for a long period of time who had liver failure and came in in anasarca with a massive recurrent GI bleed due to esophageal varices. Again, the airway was extremely edematous, the uvula was huge. The tongue was huge. It was impossible to visualize this guy's airway. And after about 4 unsuccessful attempts with the glidescope, a mac blade I had to return again to the US-guided bougie assisted cricothyroidotomy. The tissues in this patient were also very friable, as the previous case, but there wasn't as much bleeding and probably was due to profound anemia but you could see that the subcutaneous fat in the anterior neck was essentially weaping. It was edematous and every time I incised it, there was fluid and plasma coming out. Again, I utilized the high-frequency linear probe to visualize the cricothyroid membrane and made the same incision (actually a wider incision) with the scalpel above the cric membrane I made about a 4cm incision this time which permitted me, not only to dissect the tissue better but also to visualize the scalpel and the bougie as it slid above and through the airway. I successfully secured the airway. Unfortunately this patient only survived 3 more hours, and expired because of continued blood loss. But the airway was secure and we could ventilate this patient. But we were inserting something, into a deep tubular structure that we could not see otherwise. And in this case was the airway and I feel that the US-guided bougie-assisted cricothyrotomy is a great technique. Again, one of the things I want to comment on is the length of time that I experienced - that I spent with cadavers. And I think its due to the fact that live patients have less rigid tissue, and it's more friable, and they slide and of course, there is very significant bleeding. especially from that subcutaneous fatty tissue in the neck that is anterior to the airway. It took me approximately 80-90 seconds to complete the whole procedure in both patients according to the nursing notes. I did identify the cricothyroid membrane in about 3 seconds and was similar to what Keith describes in his cadaveric models. I encourage you guys to do US try to look at live patients, look at the airway and the cricothyroid membrane in patients with high BMl. I did spend most of my time dissecting the tissues and was due to tissue friability and significant bleeding. I also spent more time than expected, because I had to pull back on the ET tube and had to widen the cric orifice in the first case. I could have prevented that if was a little more generous in making a wider incision with the scalpel when I was going through the cric membrane. So I think you guys are really making Doctors great. So keep that podcast going and hope to hear of more novel techniques soon. Matt: Thanks Jorge, that was great. It's been inspiring hearing these cases of actual patients getting airways because of the US technique. Hopefully hearing your story will give someone else in a desperate situation the courage to try this one when nothing else is working So, now its time for a couple of stories from Dr.Mallin. And you guessed it, they involve the heart. This is a continuation of some cases from a while back so ignore the case numbers when you hear them. Mike: So welcome back to our cardiac case series, we're going to start off with case # 3 and before we start off, we're going to start with a little "name that stache" so Matt-any chance you can name that stache? Salvidor Dali Mike: Genius. Smart guy...really really, he's a smart guy. So, this is Dali. Case 3: the case of a 33yo semi-pro nordic skier who presented w syncope. Was out doing some hills today and had some sudden onset of shortness of breath palpitations and passing out. In review of systems, he does inform you his last V02 max was calculated at 72 done in underwater testing. And otherwise has no real past medical history or ,family history of sudden cardiac death - none of that. So - physical exam is notable for a heart rate of 43 a respiratory rate of 12, BP 114/62, 02 sat of 102%. He's actually a little disappointed his heart rate is in the 40s, since it's normally in the 30s. So, his physical exam is otherwise normal You get an EKG (because that's what you do in people act like this). And you see this sort of EKG (and we'll leave this of Amal again), and you'll notice that it's maybe a little abnormal. There's some weird stuff going on in lead 3. And otherwise, I don't see much too concerning. What are we going to do next, clearly we're going to get a troponin which is negative, a CBC which is normal with the exception of a crit that is 53. And his BMP is otherwise normal. So, what next? Obviously we're going to US him.... So you put the US on the patient's chest. And first go for a parasternal short axis view, and this is what you see Matt. Matt: Looks like there is an anomaly there. Mike: yeah, there's something weird going on for sure. But what are you looking at? Any idea what is this massive largeness? Matt: Well, it's kind of shaped as an Ebstein appearance yeah - i think that's probably the best way to describe it. Mike: So what you're telling me is that this is the left ventricle this little tiny thing down at the bottom? Matt: yup Mike: If this is the left ventricle then I guess that makes this right ventricle and that he right atrium So, we're looking at the short axis, and normally the right ventricle is a tiny thing that sits on top of the left ventricle sort of a crescentic structure interestingly this one is huge and dilated let's look at some more images of this. So, this is an apical 4 chamber view, and now we're noticing the right ventricle if freakin' ginormous. So it's sort of huge here and takes us the majority of the screen, while the left ventricle is small and fairly normal looking. the right atrium is also pretty big and dilated. There's also this really weird thing where the mitral or the tricuspid valve is sort of pushed down a little bit on the septum, and almost in the ventricle a little bit. Matt: So it's higher on the picture, but down because the probe is looking from inferior Mike: so, Matt hit on this already - this is Ebstein's anomaly. Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital heart disease and it comes from apical displacement of the tricuspid valve. The tricuspid valve inserts to the septum closer towards the apex of the heart and that causes this thing called atrializaiton of the ventrciular wall. Often associated with an ASD or PFO and about 50% of these people have WPW so it's the most common cardiac anomaly associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White Which is probably what the patient had given their history of syncope. So the treatment is associated with surgical resection of the atrialized RV, and they move the valve, and often ablate the WPW tract usually doing a MAZE procedure for refractory afib. So, that's sort of an interesting case, a nice little concept that if someone has syncope, you should probably do an US of their heart because you never know what you're doing to find. Case 4: This is a 42 year old male with nausea and vomiting and syncope. He describes 2 days of diarrhea and vomiting after eating at the UK cafeteria. He hasn't been able to took any fluids down over the last 24 hours and every time he stands up he faints. He's fainted more than 10 times. Physical exam, he is awake/alert, otherwise pretty much normal. His cardiovascular exam is maybe a little tachycardic, but not too remarkable and neurologically he's non-focal. So, what next? So, he's been fainting a lot, so what I do when people faint, I often put a probe on their heart and take a look This is an example of an apical 4 chamber view And do you see anything exciting here Matt? Matt: the LV walls look like they are touching, so cardiac output of like 100% Mike: so hyperdynamic, nice pick-up. Matt: I am somewhat surprised at the heart right there I'm going to assume he's dehydrated Mike: ok, so in this particular example, the heart rate isn't quite as fast as you'd expect but nice pick-up on the ventricular walls touching. Here's another little picture, put some color-flow on the mitral valve, see anything unusual? Matt: Blue away, Red towards. Maybe there's a little regurgitation Mike: Yeah, you can't really use that blue away/red towards thing when you're looking at regurgitant lesions because the velocities are going so fast that they do what's called Aliasing - where it just gets really bright. And then changes colors and goes back and forth. And if you look at that jet - it just goes blue-red-blue-red-blue-red So, that's because the colors change because it's going so much faster than the blue or the red colors on the graph on the right side of the screen. So, but you're right, there's definitely mitral regurg on this image. Here's a parasternal long-axis. Want to comment on this at all Matt? Matt: looks like hypertrophic Those walls are really thick in that little ventricle. Mike: good pick-up, these walls are ginormous. the interventricular septum is 2.33cm the posterior wall is 1.46cm so that's sort of unsual, that's basically telling me that the septum is almost twice the thickness of the posterior wall. The diagnosis in this case is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This is a genetic abnormality of the cardiac myocardium. Occurs in about 0.5% of the population. Causes a thickened septum and typically assymmetric. But there are many many cases of patients with symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although - we talk about only the septal only kind. What is causes is a dynamic outflow obstruction and that dynamic outflow obstruction makes you to syncopize. So as the patient's preload decreases, their heart doesn't fill as much, their obstruction gets worse and a basically, significantly decreases their cardiac output It's sort of like they're riding on this/teeter-tottering on this edge until their preload drops-off a certain point and then at that point - they're pretty much screwed and they can't increase their cardiac output at all and in fact it decreases Matt: That's a nice case, and you kinda threw me off with the whole history, I thought this was just going to be syncope from severe dehydration. Mike: Let's talk a little about it, because I wanted to talk about the physics of the stuff because it's pretty interesting. Matt: Before you talk about the physics, I do want to confirm what some of you may be wondering right now, we're talking about the disease hypertrophic cardiomyopathy that you occasionally hear about killing the young otherwise healthy athlete It's a really tragic - there's been some talk of screening athletes maybe at the collegiate level All of these athletes pictured here died of this. And those deaths may have been prevented if it had been detected early. It's a really interesting discussion - if you start looking at the possible benefit versus costs of screening. And we're not going to get into that today but I just wanted to make sure we're all clear on what we're actually talking about. Mike: So a dynamic outflow obstruction occurs by having the MV push up against the septum during systole. So instead of the MV staying closed during systole because the orifice is so small it creates a negative pressure - that's called the venturi effect where basically flow has to converge through a smaller orifice and decreases the pressure when it's going through that orifice and that negative pressure/smaller pressure basically pulls the mitral valve anterior leaflet up against the septum so the leaflet itself acts as the dynamic obstruction to the LV outflow tract and instead, what you get is mitral regurg all the flow is going out of the LV outflow tract because that orifice is so small the MV pushes up towards the LV outflow tract and you get regurg instead. Here's an example of how that happens... so here we've got flow going out through the LV outflow tract you see in a patient with a thicker septum, you basically get that negative pressure it pulls the mitral valve towards the septum and you get regurgitation instead. Here we're looking at a close up view of the dynamic outflow tract obstruction and you can see how in systole you get movement of the MV (mostly in systole) up to the septum One way to identify that is to put continuous wave doppler through the LV outflow tract and you get this classic dagger shape appearance because normally we get a very nice smoothed off curve in the outflow tract, but instead we get a sharp dagger shape appearance of the continuous wave and that's because of the increased velocities in systole as MV is coming up and pushing up towards the septum. You get a smaller orifice and therefore higher velocities towards the end of systole not equal velocities through the entire part of systole like in a normal heart. One of the ways we check for it is by putting M-Mode on the MV, so just as if you were measuring somebody's EPSS you would put the M-mode right through the MV and what you end up getting is a systolic hump. So - let's talk about that, so here you're looking at the MV and we're seeing the E wave and the A wave, but the unusual part is there's this hump portion after the E & A wave. A normal one in the top right part of the screen you see that the MV stays down during systole, but in the dynamic outflow obstruction you have the a large hump that pushes the MV back up to the septum during systole. Matt: or pulls it back up Mike: there's some other causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy there's the septal cause (most use to), also mid-cavitary lesion (someone with an aneurysm - bottom-right) this is somewhat common in our elderly patients, where you actually see that instead of the MV acting at the dynamic outflow obstruction, it's the center of the cavity for one reason or another (secondary to hypertension usually) causes the obstruction. Or you can get it apically, also get it with instead of assymmetric - but symmetric hypertrophic cardiomyophathy. So there's lots of reasons for hypertrophic cardiomyophathy. The one we talk about most is obviously the congenital kind. We've been having a lot of fun on Twitter - if you want to be a part of that, follow us @ultrasoundpod.. also...checkout castlefest2013 and register. Hi. Welcome back. As you can see from this spread, this lesson is going to be about tools. Now, we homo sapiens fancy ourselves as tool makers. We think that's what distinguishes us from the other animals. In the physical world, we've invented lots of tools. These general ones like screw drivers and plyers, you're probably very familiar with, and some very specific tools--look at this one. You may not know what this does, but look how nicely it fits into my hand. Or look at this one. What do you think this one does? If somebody can tell me on the forum what this one does, I'll send them a swell prize. or look at this one--surgeons forceps. Now, these have been refined over the years and now we can refine them where they serve as a third hand. It's got this trick where I can attach it on, and now I don't have to put my hand on it anymore, because it's got a little locking mechanism. Our tools get better and better over time. Now, there's a saying that a poor craftsman blames his tools. I always thought that all that meant was you shouldn't complain, you shouldn't whine, but I realized it means more than that. It means that the tools become a part of you, and if you're a good craftsman then the tools are a part of you. You know what to do with them, and so you're not going to end up blaming your tools. That's what we're going to learn in this lesson about software tools. We're going to learn about some general software tools, about some very specific software tools, and specifically, we're going to talk about two. We're going to talk about, first, language. Now, language is perhaps homo sapien's greatest invention--our greatest tool. In computer programming, well, a computer program is written in a language, but a computer program can also employ language as a tool to do its job. The other tool we're going to talk about is functions. Of course, you've been using functions all along, but we're going to talk about new techniques for using functions and learn why they're more general and malleable than other tools. So see you in the lesson. Subtitled By Arsalan AL-AGHBARI I see you looking at me Looking at me, so I ask Am I a psycho? Yeah I'm a psycho I guess I'm a psycho You're crazy, I like you but you're crazy, my tours paid me So I used that dough to allure ladies to manure bathe me Never that; my minds for sure shady Pure Hades, Rev X Steady couldn't endure to save me Why did I let this stripper burn me on my arm with a cigarette In the same spot 10 times in a row when I feel that burn I palm the clitoris I'm get her wet, sorry to get carried away, I feel stupid cause I ain't did her yet Maybe she never let a fine nigga stare at her breasts, and get vexed, so N9NE bit her neck Open! I try to contain it but that bang thang's soakin" Alter ego say why you let them gang bang folk in Strange Lane hopin" I can maintain coping But ain't nobody talkin when the insane mane spoken I like fire on my skin, blood on my draws From up on her walls, I'm suffering, I'm stuck in her claws Stuffed in her jaws, huffing and puffin hollering I'm a dog afterwards I like really hot scalding water on my balls Am I a psycho? Yeah I'm a psych I guess I'm a psycho Mom? Dad? I'm no longer the boy you're used to seeing I've changed a lot, plus I've grown to hate every human being My mood swings have now turned my dreams into gruesome scenes Now I'm doing things I don't normally do When illusions seem to be the only pleasures I can gain Heck, if I was sane I would have put down the mic and said fuck it I'll never rise to fame But with the wicked wreckage I contain I could probably jeopardize your name No love-dove let's ignite the flame if you're lucky you survive the pain Sorry that ain't very merry to say why is this game so scary to play? Well let me think, cause every day my balls are getting too hairy to shave Pause a minute, I'm stressing the game if I go to hell, then heaven's to blame I don't mean to come off crazy but you mothafuckas seem to think that I'm hella deranged When I was seven years old , I fell on my head and I severed my brain If you think I'm lying then ask my mama nigga she'll go tell you the same Should I be ashamed? No, I'm living my life so ghetto fabulous Before you get bent outta shape, my nigga let me ask you this Am I a psycho? Yeah I'm a psycho I guess I'm a psycho I stab you with this Mic and rap this verse I'm rapping to you Matter fact I'm rapping through you, never say my motherfucking name Unless you absolutely have to I am not no fucking jacket With no matching shoes and you are not no fashion guru Can't even see you niggas, y'all wish I was rapping to you Matter of fact act like I'm rapping to you if that gives you passion To use as an excuse to jump out of conclusion That I'm attacking you dudes, it's just like old fashion voodoo Y'all ain't even the shit, no y'all ain't even the doodoo I got more flavor on the tissue paper under my two boots So I'm slapping you fools with wooden paddles you stupid Baby sitting' lil bastards like little afternoon children You can call me psychotic but it's more like schizophrenic And I can speak can anyone tell me just where my medicine is Guess I gotta show these minors just where my avenue is Man I swear I'm all about my brain like graduate students I'm sorry, I didn't mean to hurt your feelings I see your tears, come here, give me your face, let me clear it But I wonder how it would look if I were to peel it back with a skillet Then I'm ma fill it crack when I hit it, then I'm ma spill it back when you heal it Dammit Bobby boy, what in the hell, what in the heaven, what in the earth Where is your mom? Why do you curse? Where are you from? Where was your birth? Where was you first? Why weren't you in church? Why is there dirt, all on your shirt? Man I think that you're going berserk Am I A Psycho? Am I A Psycho? Yea I'm a psycho; I guess I'm a psycho Am I A Psycho? Am I A Psycho? Yea I'm a psycho; I guess I'm a psycho MaKaRoV Every mornin' I grab my doughnut and coffee and I sit down at my screen [plasma screen!] Nothin' gets me goin' like the possibility of knowin' there might be an intelligent extraterrestrial message for me! [empty inbox] Every day is the same we don't hear anythin' but we like to play sudoku lately we've been into live action role playin' games. We know it's only a matter of time before we finally find intelligent life. Sayin' hi--- Hl! Hello-Hello-Hello This is the moment we've been waiting for! Hello-Hello-Hello I bid you greetings from my distant world [Seti! Seti!] We may not have long so while the signal's strong tell us: What is your planet like? Well, alright. Have you cured all disease? No. Have you achieved world peace? No. Is your skin pale green? NO! Do your spacecraft come with tractor beams? No. Do you wear shiny clothes? Rarely. What about long flowing robes? Well actually, right now I'm in my boxers. Oh. Well, how many intergalactic languages do you know? Well, I did take French in high school. French?! Hold on. OK. Can you specify your exact location? In Canada-Canada-Canada--- broadcasting from my little short-wave radio. In Canada-Canada-Canada--- broadcasting from my little short-wave radio. Whoops-a-daisy. Seti-seti! How do you guys know how to speak English, anyway? We've looked at the building blocks of life and we've looked at some of the environments in which life might have evolved. But one thing we've assumed throughout this. Is that life is based on carbon, and it uses liquid water as a solvent. Let's revisit that assumption and think about whether there are other, plausible alternatives that have been considered by astrobiologists. First of all, we said that life is based on carbon, and what that means is that the molecules of life have carbon as their backbones. Here are two examples of molecules. Methane, which has a single carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, a simple Compound produced by life, but still based on carbon. And on the right hand side there, the much more complex molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. which is also carbon based. The molecule is constructed around carbon atoms, with other atoms attached to it. Such as hydrogen and nitrogen and phosphorus and oxygen. These are carbon based molecules. And all of our molecules are built up in the same way, using carbon. As the basic, building block of these molecules. What are the reasons why carbon is such a good atom performing molecules? Well one reason is it tends to form bonds with other atoms that are similar in energy. For example it can form bonds with hydrogen nitrogen oxygen and phosphorus. And the reason why it's important that those bond energies between carbon and those other atoms are relatively similar. It means that carbon can move around those different atoms essentially exchanging them and forming different chemical compounds. It can break a bond with one atom, and form a bond with another type of atom without needing much energy or without giving up much energy. And that creates a great versatility in the sort of chemical compounds that you can form. Another reason why carbon is so favored is because once it does form a bond with these other atoms, those chemical compounds are quite stable. So results of this versatility of carbon being able to bond with other types of atoms and the stability of the resulting bonds and molecules is that we can produce quite complex organic compounds such as this DNA molecule here. One alternative that has been discussed by astrobiologists is silcon, silicon based lifeforms have been a, a favorable alternative for science fiction writers and also in films as well. Here's a rather interesting speculation from H.G. Wells. In 1894. And he says, one is startled towards fantastic imaginings. Visions of silicon-aluminium organisms why not silicon-aluminium men at once? Wandering through an atmosphere of gaseous sulphur, let us say, by the shores of a sea of liquid iron some thousand degrees or so above the temperature of a blast furnace. But, silicon has some major disadvantages. For example, it forms very stable Chemical compounds with oxygen. In fact, you can see these compounds by looking out your window and looking at rocks. Rocks are silicate, where essentially these are compounds where silicons bound with oxygen to produce very stable silicate minerals. One of the best known examples is caught. So, on any planet where there's oxygen lying around, it will tend to react with silicon, and form these silicate rocks. These very stable compounds that really prevent silicon from engaging in other chemical compounds that might be of interest. Astrobiologists as plausible building blocks for life. Of course we could imagine planets with very, very low concentrations of oxygen would free up silicon to get involved with other types of reactions, but it seems that silicon has too great a propensity to form reactions with tiny amounts of oxygen to form these stable silicate compounds for it to be useful. In the origin of life. Another problem with some silican compounds is they're very reactive. For example, here are two simple molecules, one of which is a carbon-based molecule, methane. We know that we can ignite methane, we use it in our gas ovens. And on the right is the corresponding silican compound silane, which spontaneously ignites at room temperature. It's a ve ry reactive compound. Now that doesn't mean to say that life could not use these compounds on a planet where temperatures are much cooler. Chemical reactions might occur much more slowly and deal with some of the problems with these highly reactive silicon compounds. Nevertheless, this might be one disadvantage of silicon, some silicon compounds on a planet like earth. What about elements other than silicon? Well if we look through the periodic table at other possible elements that we might use as building blocks for life, unfortunately they don't fair much better than silicon. For example, gases like helium and neon are too inactive to be the basis of chemical building blocks for life. Oxygen, nitrogen, boron and other types of atoms have a limited number of bonds to other atoms and therefore are not going to form complexity of compound that we associate with carbon. And elements like magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium tend to form ironic bonds is difficult to form bonds with many elements in the same way that we. We can do with carbon compounds. And so, as we look across the periodic table and we look at the advantages and disadvantages of different elements, what we find is that carbon really comes out on top as the best element to form stable, complex, and highly diverse molecules. Life also needs a solvent in which to carry out its chemical reactions So for life on earth that's liquid water. Water has many advantages as a solvent for life for eg, it readily dissolves many chemicals making it possible to carry out chemical reactions. Another intriguing advantage of water, some people has said it's necessary for life. Cause when it freezes and becomes ice, it floats rather than sinks. And, as a result, life, like these fish, can live under a lake that has a frozen surface. It's speculated that if life is the solvent that salt when it became solid, then lakes and ponds would simply freeze through completely and prevent life from inhabiting the surface of a planet. Well, of course, we can argue about whether that's true or not, but it is an intriguing property of water that is very beneficial for life living in cold environments. Water also has a very wide temperature range. You find liquid water in the polar regions and we find liquid water in boiling hot volcanic springs and this wide temperature range allows life to carry out chemical reactions in many diverse environments on the Earth. What about other alternatives? Well, one alternative that's being favored by science fiction writers and even scientists is ammonia. Ammonia is interesting because at low temperatures it also readily dissolves many chemicals and it could potentially allow for ammonia based bonds between chemicals similar for example, for amino acids and some people have proposed Primitive protein chains made from ammonia-based chemical reactions. Problems with ammonia are that it has a very narrow temperature range. It's only liquid from -78 to -34. But perhaps that's not a problem on a planet where there are large surfaces in which these temperature ranges are met. And also, it sinks when it freezes. Meaning that in bodies of liquid ammonia when they become very cold and the become solid, they would freeze through completely. And how do we know that there aren't life forms that adapt to surviving for long periods of time in frozen ammonia, and thawing out when the ammonia is melted again. Of course, these are speculations that we can't Address. There are other types of solvents that are being proposed for life as well, such as hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride when it's a liquid has a very wide temperature range, from -83 To +twenty C and it also dissolves a wide range of substances. The problem with Hydrogen flouride is that fluorine is quite rare in the universe. It's a 100,000 times less abundant than oxygen, necessary to form water. And, it's rather aggressive at destroying organic compounds. So on the face of it, liquid Hydrogen flouride also doesn't look like a particularly good solvent for life. It's interesting to observe that our apparen tly narrow view of life is consistent with what we see in the Universe. Some people have said that our idea of Carbon based life forms, using liquid water, is just a very narrow. Earth centered view of life and that on other planets we would expect to find life with entirely novel biochemistries, almost unimaginable to us but, in fact when we go to other planets in our solar system, we don't observe unusual life forms. For example, on the surface of Venus, there's 464 degrees centigrade. We don't observe strange silicon based life forms. Using some unknown solvents, we observe what appears to be a lifeless surface. And so it seems that our predjudices about carbon-based life using liquid water may not be so far from the truth, as a plausible view, of how life might be constructed. Through the rest of the universe. But a question that does face astrobiologists, nevertheless, is are there other biospaces? Our biospace, based on life using carbon as a building block for its molecules and liquid water as a solvent Might just be one by space. Are there by spaces using, for example, silicon based lifeforms in liquid ammonia? Are there by spaces that use carbon based molecules in liquid ammonia? A future challenge in astrobiology is to really determine whether these speculations about other types of chemical compounds, silicon based compounds, other types of solvents, like ammonia and hydrogen fluoride are really plausible and whether they really do occur on other planets or whether they are just fanciful ideas of science fiction. So what have we learned in this lecture? Well, we've learned that carbon Is the most versatile element for building molecules. At least as far as we can understand based on our current knowledge of chemistry. We've also learned water is the most versatile and useful substance for doing chemical reactions. We've learned that there are other alternatives such as silicon as a basis for molecules and ammonia instead of water. We also learnt the fact that silicon ammonia and other compounds seem I ess favorable than carbon-water as a basis for life. This doesn't rule them out. The carbon-water biospace seems to be the most plausible or likely to be the most common architecture for other life but as astrobiologists we should keep an open mind. There may well be other planets out there. Perhaps rare in the, in which these alternative chemistries are being experimented with, as the basis of life. In the previous two lectures we talked about multicriterion decision making and then spatial decision making. Where we want to go next is decision making under uncertainty where there are some probabilities involved. So to do that first I want to take a little time out and talk for a moment about probability. Now if you've already taken a class in probability or if you know a lot of probability, you can skip this little unit. If you haven't, this'll give you enough understanding that you can, you know, need what you, you'll know what you need to know, to do what we're gonna do with respects to decision making under uncertainty. So probability. Our probabilities are just the odds that something happens. And so when you break down probabilities they have to satisfy three axioms. First axiom is that any probability is between zero and one. So if something can happen, it's probably zero. If something's definitely going to happen, it's probably one. Now even if you're 100, you're totally sure something's gonna happen, the probability can't be bigger than one. So you can't say, I think there's a 110 percent chance this is gonna [laugh] happen. No, it's [laugh] gotta be between zero percent and 100%. Second actions are more complicated. You have to make a distinction between outcomes and events. So an outcome is just any individual thing that can happen. An event is a subset of outcomes. So if I wrote down all possible outcomes, then the sum. Of those probabilities, has to equal one. So if I think about flipping a coin, right, there's two outcomes, heads or tails. The probability of heads is a half, the probability of tails is a half. And when I sum those two things together, I get one, that's the second axiom, easy. Third axion. If I have an event, known event would be a set of outcomes. And the event a is contained in the event b, then the probability of a is less than the probability of b. So, one event might be. That I get [inaudible] little sets. Another event might be that I get a head or a tails. But the probability of getting a head is a half. The probability of getting a head or a tails is one. And since getting a head is subset, right? Of getting a head or a tails. The probability of a head, one-half, is less than the probability of getting a head or a tails, which is one, that's the third axiom. So that's it, those are the three things. Probability of any outcome or event is between zero and one, could be zero, could be one, but it's somewhere in that range. That, if I add up the probabilities of all the different outcomes, those [inaudible] sum up to one. And then if I have one event that's a subset of another event, this is this axion, then that first event has a smaller probability than the second event. So that's the axioms. So there's actually three different types of probabilities. The first type of probability are classical probabilities. So these are the sort of things that mathematicians play with when you think about things like dice and roulette wheels and things like that. So for example, if I roll a die, I can sort of logically or classically assume that the probability of, you know, getting a four would be just one-sixth, and the probability of getting an even number would be one-half, and the probability of getting an odd number would be one-half. So this is classical probability where you can sort of write down mathematically in some pure sense what each probability would be. And there's a second type of probability, which is frequency. So here like with a, with a die we know that it's gonna be a six because the die is sort of equally shaped. There's gonna be other things where we don't know but what we can do is we can count. We can sort of do a frequency count. So we've got lots of data and we can look at all that data and from that data we can, you know, make an estimate of what we think the probability is. So for example suppose I ask you the following question. Do more words being with R? >> Or the more words have R as their third level, le, letter, right? So distinctive question. Now, what you could do is you can just guess. Right? Give that, well I'm guessing that two percent of words have Rs their third le, letter and eight percent of words begin with R. Another thing you could do is you could open up the dictionary and you could count, right? So you could just, first of all, you could just sort of look at how many pages are there that seem to begin with R and you could maybe get that, you know, six percent or something begin with R. And then you could randomly look through the dictionary looking at words and see what percentage of words have R their third letter and you might find that, that may be like eleven percent or something. And you might find out, oh my goodness, that this is actually bigger. Well, what' you're doing is you're sort of estimating through frequency what a probability of having R as it's third letter is and estimating through frequency what the probability of having R as it's first letter is. So, frequency just means you count things, right, and then you figure out the probability from there. So it's not a pure probability like rolling a die that it's one-sixth but it's just how often it seems to happen. So if you look at something like, is it gonna rain next July seventh, or June seventh, I'm sorry. What you can do is you can go back and look over the last hundred years. And you could take 100 years of data, and on 26 of those days. It's rained, and on 74 of those days, it hasn't rained, and so then you can say I think the probability of rain is 26%. Now again this isn't like rolling a die. This is just counting it up, right, and this is a frequency estimate of what the probability is. When you make these frequency estimates, you're making some strong assumptions, one of which is that what we call stationarity, that nothing has changed over the last hundred years, that the probability of rain has been stationary and hasn't changed and so this is a good predictor. So, ideally, right, we know classically, the probability of something. And if we don't know classically, then the next best thing would be to use all that data we've got out there in the world, and do a frequent list account. Sometimes, we can't do either one of those things, and we're stuck with subjective probabilities. So these are cases where we kinda have to guess, or have to, and, we'll talk about this, actually. What we wanna do is use a model, right? We wanna have some sort of model we could use to figure out how, what a subjective probability is. So, for example, here's, A case that is sometimes given by psychologists. So Shelly majored in political science and was very involved in college Republicans. Write down probabilities for the following events. So I've got, let's think. Now [inaudible] think Shelley's a political scientist, right? That's sort of interesting. She's a republican. So that means [inaudible] conservative political scientist. You know, maybe she's, you know munched in money. What are the probabilities she'd do these things? Well, flights attendant, I might think, well boy, that's not very likely, right? Five%. Blogger, I could think, you know, maybe blogging, maybe there's a ten percent chance she blogs. Because, you know, she was a political science major and she was a republican. So maybe she likes to blog. Flight attending while finishing your MBA. Well that seems actually pretty reasonable. Let's give that a ten percent chance. And then medical field, let's say, you know, medical, lot of people in the medical field, so let's just put a fifteen percent chance she's working in the medical field because that's about what, you know, the base rate for what people work in the medical field. So these would be my probability estimates [inaudible] subjectively writing those things down. Well, let's look at these a little more carefully. I did something wrong. What did I do wrong? Remember our three axioms. What were our three axioms? Axiom one was, right, that the probabilities had to be between zero and one. Right? Axiom two was that all probabilities summed up to one, so the sum was one. And the third one had to do with event A, was contained in event B. So let's go back and look at. What I did. What did I do? I assumed event A, that she was a flight attendant, that this was only true five percent of the time. And event C, [inaudible] she was a flight attendant while finishing her MBA was ten%. Well this can't be, right? Because if she's a flight attendant. Right? That's this event, event A, right, contains event C. So if she's a flight attendant while finishing her MBA then she's also a flight attendant. So this number, right, this ten percent has to be smaller than the five%. So we made a mistake. And in fact, this example, the one I gave, remember I said psychologists like to use this, this is an example where we see a bias, where people make mistakes. And in a way we'll actually talk about these sort of biases. So subjective probabilities are dangerous, because when you start writing down numbers, right? We may not satisfy those axioms. And so then our probabilities don't make any sense. So, suppose someone asks you a question like, will housing prices will go up next year. How do you do it? Well. One thing you could do is just guess. Maybe we model think of the direction the housing is moving and ten from there make some sort of assessment whether housing prices will go up. So when we think about cases where we don't have a classical probability, right, when you pick up a probability, probability textbook they'll say really there's only, there's two things you can do. One is you can do a frequency method and the other is you can use subjective, subjective method. We're actually going to argue for a third way which is even though these probabilities are subjective, you want to think of these as sort of model-based probabilities. What we're going to do is try to construct a model and based on that model figure out what we think the probability of an event will be. Here we have probability in a nut shell, right. There's three actions. Probability's there between zero and one. Probability of E, if you add up all the possible outcomes, that it's the sum to one. And if one event contains another event, it's gotta be more likely. That's all, that's it, those three Xes. And again, there's three types of probability. One is classical, where we know, sort of mathematically, why a probability is what it is. Second is frequency based where we've got all sorts of data and based on that data then we know, we have some good estimate of what we think the probability is. Third case is what's often called subjectives, what we don't have data and we don't have a class co reason, so we sorta gotta, we gotta guess, and rather than guess what we can use is try and gather certain model and use the model to get a sum, you know estimate of what we think the probability is going to be. And so these probabilities then are gonna come into play. In the next lecture we think about. How do we make choices when we don't know something for sure? We know that there is some probability of it raining or some probability of prices going up. So, that's we're moving next. Decision making where we've got uncertainty in these probabilities. Thank you. My country, my country I love you, my country. My Country, my country I love you, my country. My country, my country I love you, my country. My country, my country. I love you, my country. Tell my mother, don't be sad. By the value of my life to you, don't cry. Tell my mother don't be sad. By the value of my life to you, don't cry. Tell my mother it's okay. I'll die, I'll die and our country lives. Promise me, you'll kiss her hands. And send my greetings to my country. My country, My country. I love you my country. My country, my country. I love you, my country. There's fire, bullets and iron in my body. Your flag is in my hands, and my name is Martyr. There's fire, bullets and iron in my body. Your flag is in my hands, and my name is Martyr. I bid the world goodbye and I can see you. Oh Egypt you are beautiful, and is dressed anew. With the last breath in me I call, I'm dying while loving my country. My Country, My country. I love you my country. My country, My country. I love you, my country. Angels are flying around me. The moment of your parting, my love, is very emotional. Angels are flying around me. The moment of your parting, my love, is very emotional. I'm going to leave with them, and I'll leave you. And I hope to see you well, Egypt. They told me, let's go to Paradise. And I told them paradise is my country. (I told them, Paradise is my country) My country, My country. (Credits) I love you my country. Vocals: Ramy Gamal & Aziz El-Shafi'i Lyrics & Composition: Aziz el-Shafi'i Distribution: Wissam Abdel Moneim Passage I love you oh my country: The Musician Baleegh Hamdy Director: Hazem Mohy Eldeen My Country, My Country. I love you my Country. Yes, so it's 8 episodes about me and my friends. It's like an animated cartoon I'm not sure that's going to work. Here, for exampe, there's talk about sex and drugs, and I don't know what else. Do you think children will understand this? aaa...it's not actually meant for children. It's for grown-ups, like Family Guy and Southpark. But not as cool of course, because this is Icelandic. Family Park? I've never heard of that. Actually I know nothing about television. That doesn't change the fact that the langueage in your script is unacceptable. Here, in episode two, for example, some one says "pee inside me." Yes, I was just kidding, you know. People will call and complain and it's an unwritten rule here at RÚV that when people call and complain, we immediately cancel production. We can't take that risk I understand I could rephrase this aaand annd, change it to "urninate inside me" you didn't take long to back down I want people to stand by their ideas and fight for them don't just back down straight away are you a yes-man? yes, or no, I mean yes, no, what..what do you want me to say? tell me something I don't want to hear stand up for yourself like the poet said convince me ok so you want me to say something you really don't want to hear? yes ok how about this? two minutes later from now on, you're blaclisted, Hugleikur. You will never work for government run media. never RVK studios and ÓKElBÆ present Hulli Welcome to Lille 1 University, on the Cité Scientifique campus. Lille 1 is a university that counts 20 000 students. It covers the disciplinary fields of experimental sciences, engineering sciences, mathematics, and human and social sciences like the economics, management and geography. We work with different academic partners and especially with engineering schools. This is a nice campus of 110 hectares, with a lot of associations and students activities and notably sporting activities. My name is Solène Ficheux, I am 19. I am currently preparing a Bachelor of Science in Physics at Lille 1 and I also play tennis. I started when I was 8. In the junior division, I was the ranked number 200 in the world and in the adult one I was around the 900 th place. So, thanks to the high-level sportsperson status that I got here, I can benefit from a adjusted schedule, from exam reports when I have tournaments, I can practice on the sport facilities. This was all very helpful to combine tennis and studies. Anyway, schedules are organized so that we have one afternoon to practice sport and, for some studies, sport is even compulsory and corresponds to two ECTS, out of thirty, which is not negligible. So, I think that at least once a week, because in Lille 1 there is everything : a rugby pitch, a football pitch, tennis and judo halls... we can practice every sport, so I think that it's very important for every student to do sport at least once a week. It's really good for everyone. The Sport Service in Lille 1 has a characteristic : it is organized in three category. The first one consists in supervised courses for students, during which they can be marked or evaluated (ECTS, bonus, or any other type of recognition). In this category, around 30 activities are offered. The second category is the sporting activity practiced in associations and / or independently. The student comes freely and train alone or with other students. And the associations which represent a very developed line for us. We try to encourage the sporting activities with the campus associations. So the aim is to establish a cultural and sporting exchange atmosphere. Because sport is not only playing tournaments. Not only winner or loser. Sport is exchange. It is an integration factor between associations and students who have different nationality, who have different objectives and have different origins. And I think that this is the aim: sport is exchange and integration. And the third category, the tournament line. We encourage and enable the efficient student to compete, perform and represent Lille 1 in all the tournaments that are organized by the French Federation of University Sport. This translates into tournaments that take place occasionally and regularly and that are organized by both the Sport Service and the associations of Lille 1. I entered the IUT A in Lille 1 to obtain a diploma in physical measurements. I graduated in three years because of the adjustments for my dual university and sport project. Then I entered Polytech Lille in the scientific instrumentation department and I made my three-years engineer cycle in five years. My first objective was the London Olympic Games in 2012. What did the high-level sport bring me? A lot ! Without sport, I think I wouldn't be at this level now, either on a university or social scale. We have a capacity to integrate a team and an above-average learning capacity. We also have a capacity to respect other people. This is all important in sport and that is what we've experienced thanks to sport: through hard times and funnier moments. We also largely develop sport as an element which brings life into the campus, and numerous manifestations are organized every week, which revolve around sport and there is really a lot of activity. So sport is a crucial point of the Lille 1 politics. . Tracy: Listen, the scaring on this show is done by proffessionals, don't copy us. This episode! Is your skin starting to itch a little bit? Oh my God! What is going on?! And you flipped the switch the contents are now not in the case anymore. What the (beep)? I'm so bloated right? How did that happen? I don't know. Ahh! (scream) Oh my God! Oh my God! Do it again! Are you scared? You shouldn't be! Ladies and gentlemen Tracy has entered the building. It's time for Scare Tactics the show that's so good at helping friends scare friends, I got rid of all my friends. Hey I'm not taking no chances. Let's get this party started with my girl Amina. Amina's pal Yasmin got her a job cleaning an old chemical factory. What a pal. I wanna put my friend Amina on Scare Tactics because she doesn't think I can get her so I kind of wanna trick her really really good. I want her to scream, yell, shout, everything. Now Amina, be careful not to get too close to any of these chemicals they can cause all sorts of health problems. Like making a mutant baby grow inside you. This used to be a chemical refinery-- Okay-- And it's being repurposed and refurbished into loft style condos. You wanna just grab those tape guns and we'll get going along? So what do you normally do? I go to school. Yeah I was thinking about going back to school and then I had this little surprise happen. Next box. It's so funny though like everybody likes to give you their advice know what I mean, it's like "you gotta eat this, you gotta eat that"- "You have to do this, have to do that" People even worry about me working here, the labels are kind of creepy know what I mean? Those are biohazard. What happens to you? I have no idea. It's starting to get dark out, you mind just turning that light switch? This? I think so-- (alarm sounding) Turn it off! Okay hold on, I'm just gonna turn this breaker thing this should do it. What was that? I don't know-- (coughing) Are you okay? What was that? Are you okay though? I don't feel so hot. I'm just gonna run to the washroom-- Okay, call me if you need anything. I will thank you. Oh God! Oh God! Are you okay? I'm coming. (heavy breathing) What's happening to me? Like I'm so bloated. I'm so bloated right? How did that happen? I don't know. Oh God. How did that happen? (screaming in pain) Oh God my water broke! Can you go get help, just find somebody I don't know, just get some help! Oh God! What the (beep)? What the (beep)? What the (beep)? What's going on here? Hey hey! Some lady's water just broke, she had a small stomach and now it's huge. Show me what you're talking about. She's here, her water just broke. Her stomach wasn't even that big now it just became big because something blew up in her face-- Like a chemical type thing? (screaming in pain) She's having a baby. It's coming! (screaming) Ah it's coming! That's so nasty! (screaming) (sobbing) My baby, my baby. (sobbing) Are you scared? (screaming) Oh my God! You shouldn't be-- Cause you're on Scare Tactics! What the (beep)? What the (beep)? Your friend Yasmin set you up. What a bitch. (laughing) I got you, how do you feel! No you don't you deserve a slap. Tracy Morgan that was so rude. Inconsiderate. I'm rude and inconsiderate, at leas my mom taught me to cover my mouth when I scream. Coming up, a brand new way weight loss system. What's our slogan? Uh-- Fell the burn. Go us, high five! It's called Scare-size. What the? What is going on? Now it's time to say hi to Ashley. Ashley's mom Cheryl signed her up to test out a new fitness system. I haven't had the opportunity to get her in a while. Call me sick, call me weird I don't know it's just something that gets me laughing, to see her scared. Now Ashley this new fitness system is amazing in no time, you will definitely feel the burn. The problem is, that's not a good thing. This is Vanessa. I'm Vanessa nice to meet you. Sorry I can't really get up. I don't like working out, I want to find a way to lose the weight. This is the Pyretic Power Spa System. Okay. How you feeling Vanessa? I'm feeling good yeah. You feel it working? Feeling it working, warming up a bit. What we do is try to get the cells to a point where they're actually doing the workout for you. Okay. There's a change room in there-- Yeah. Okay? Great thanks. How long do you typically spend in this? About half an hour-- I'm feeling something for sure. Okay! Wohoo, high five! I like the energy. Let's get you in the sauna, okay? Get me in here. Had a lot of problems last year. Had some fights with partners, partners can be a problem. Good. There's tons of opportunity girls-- Oh my gosh it's hot in here. What's our slogan? Uh-- Feel the burn. Go us, high five! High five. Thanks doctor. How do you pronounce the word? I've stumbled over it too. P-p-p-- Pyretic. Pyretic, okay I have to remember to say pyretic because I always end up saying pathetic by accident. Okay let's try together-- Pyr-et-ic. Pyretic power-- Hi how are you? Hello my name's Ashley. You're with Doctor Grey? Yeah. Okay I'm assisting Doctor Grey today. Hi! Hi. I'm gonna keep you hydrated okay here you go. Water time already? Doctor Grey just asked me to keep an eye on you, I'm Andy. There's a slight additive in there. And that just helps to speed up the process. Do you need help there? Go ahead finish up, finish up that's it. Drink it all down. I just wanna make sure that you guys feel the burn. (laughing) I'm so scared now. Is he a little weird? I was like, "I didn't drink all my drink." He's like, "drink up, drink drink" Did he say that? Your skin starting to itch a little? No why, oh my God are you okay? I don't wanna be on the news. How my girls doing? My skin's just starting to itch a little bit. You shouldn't be itchy. Your assisntant came in and said we would be feeling the burn-- Steph shouldn't be doing that, she mans the phones. No there was a guy. There's a guy in here? Oh my god he said that he-- Oh my God, please don't-- What did he do, what did-- Oh my God he gave us a drink. He said that it was gonna help us. This? Oh my God please don't tell me it was something bad. Oh my gosh please don't tell me it's bad, I need to get out right now what is that? Scandium. What's that? No he knew what he was doing, you gotta stay in your thing. I'll take you out one at a time. You're freaking me out right now. What the hell that guy needs to be caught and sent to jail. What? Oh my God! What the? Oh my God are you okay? Get me out! Stay where you are, please stay where you are. (screaming) Get the (beep) out of here! You-- I'm gonna (beep) kill you! (screaming) Get him! You can't touch me, you can't touch me! Get it out jump. What is going on? You gotta help her! Help her what? Help her move! Blow on me! (screaming) You need to help me, you're my sacrificial lambs okay? You are gonna burn just like her. Can you just let me outside? No you can't leave, you can't leave! You know why, I'll tell you why you can't leave-- Why?! Because you're on Scare Tactics. What? Your mom set you up. My mom, oh my God. Mom! Watch out for the glass. Holy-- What's going through your head right now? Oh my gosh like shaking scared, I thought I was gonna be cut into pieces. What did-- Mom oh my God! I'm gonna get you! I'm gonna mess you up so bad. Ah Ashley don't mess up your mom, thanks to her you lost 3 pounds in panic sweat. Up next. Is the money being arranged? Is the money being arranged, um-- A very important person gets taken hostage, and his name is Tracy Morgan? Why are you doing this? (gun shot) Alright let's give it up for Husnain. Thanks to his sister Maria he got himself a position at an elite bodyguard firm. How elite? Turns out I'm there #1 client. I wanna put my brother on Scare Tactics because he thinks that he's always the one pulling the pranks. I want him to be so scared that he cries for like our mom. I want him to cry like he's never cried before. Okay Husnain the pressure's on. A lot of important people are depending on you for their lives namely me, don't (beep) this up. Here at WMTI it's kind of like a mobile security office. Okay. Basically what we handle is high end clients. Oh-- Celebrities, CEOs, big wigs they're our responsibility. Everything we're gonna be doing here is very confidential okay? Grab a seat. Boss you gotta see this, I found this a top of the stairs when I got back from my car. 3 million? Check that out. A DVD-- Did you guys see anyone come in or out? Did you see anyone come in or out? No. Where'd you find this? Top of the stairs I just got back in now. t's see, that might explain what this is. Oh (beep)! That's Tracy Morgan. Why are you doing this? Frankie's looking after him isn't he? This is not a joke, I have not been harmed-- Frankie! But I've been held and kidnapped for ransom. If you do not pay $3,000,000 they'll kill me. Please contact my business manager and do not involve the police. Why are you doing this?! Calm down for a sec okay. Yeah well he's reading a note. Get the finger prints, it should pick it up. I told you not to put him on that. Tracy requested to have Frank. Ah great. Okay, keep folding for a sec, keep folding. He's at the docks-- At the docks yeah-- The last time I heard, they were in the VlP room-- (phone rings) Thank might be Frankie. Can you grab that? Hello? Who is this? Give me your name. Husnain. Have you received my video? Video, yeah. So you know who I am? Keep talking stretch it ask him another question. Who exactly is this? I'll ask the questions, you just answer. Is the money being arranged? Is the money being arranged, um-- Yeah the 3 million's being um-- It's being processed. Oaky Husnain you are now my point man. Point man? That means I only deal with you, if anything happens to Tracy Morgan it'll be on your head. I will remember your voice Husnain. (click) He hung up. What? Yeah he hung up. Did we get it, we get the number? No we didn't get it. Tracy's okay, he wants his 3 million and I'm a point man. Okay you know what, let's get up-- Let's go to the conference room. Okay this place is secure. I'm gonna call Tracy's manager give me 2 seconds. Write everything that you can remember from the phone call while I'm gone alright? You're doing well. Hey. I'm detective Santos are you Husnain? Yeah. Can you take us through this conversation you had on the phone please? Well he first asked where the money was-- Is that the money? Who are these guys? I don't-- Get back here-- (gun shot) Get the money. What the hell is this? I don't know, I was not-- (gun shot) You know what I do to cheats? Please don't shoot me. This is my first time here. I honestly-- Listen, they have one more demand. I need you to be on Scare Tactics. Your sister Maria set you up. (laughing) Oh my God! That was so real, you shot him! Hold your hands out. I thought I was gonna die. Hey! Maria! Why? Are you serious? Are you okay? Yeah I'm good. Were you thinking of mom? Yes. Did you want to say goodbye to her? Yes. I did. Got you Husnain, and the next time I get kidnapped I sure hope someone else is doing the negotiating, you suck! Coming up, what's the worst thing that can happen when you push a button? Is that a switch? Oh wow. Ah (beep)! (screaming) Time to make contact with the lovely Melissa. Melissa's brother Brent hooked her up with a job organizing an estate sale. In other words, selling dead people's stuff. Fun! I wanna set Melissa up because I wanna see how she'll react in the most scariest situation possible because she talks a lot right, she has ideas of what she would do but actually being in the situation let's see how she reacts. It's gonna be absolutely hilarious. Oh it will be hilarious Brent because Melissa's about to set an angry alien free and that is guaranteed comedy. So it's up here right? Yup just follow me up here. So-- Wow. My husband and I own this house and Mr. Lennox was and older gentlemen who was renting this room from us. Last week he did pass on he took his own life. So he left all of his belongings to us and I don't really have much use for them. We will just look at the items and I can appraise most of them. You call down if you need anything. Okay, well this area's perfect for us. Why don't you have a seat. This is a good find yeah. I guess that would be his uniform. Military uniform, U.S. military uniform, um size 46R-- What the? Oh my God. What? There's a false wall back there and this was hiding behind it. Open her up go ahead. What's this? Is that a switch? Yes it is. See if it works. Oh wow. (hydrolic sounds) (beeping) Look at this. Is that a key? Yeah. It's a USB. I'll just pop it in and see what's on it. This is Colonel Douglas R. Lennox. Once I say what I'm about to say, I'm as good as dead anyway. This device controls the electromagnetic shield around the case. Now please, guard this with-- What? I think all his videos are telling a lot of secrets. I just brought you guys some water. That's so nice of you. Do you want it? Yeah. He's got some of that stuff in here too huh? What do you mean? He kept a bunch of stuff in my barn. If you don't mind I'd love to go out there-- Sure, certainly please follow me. And it's just to the left over here, anyway enjoy yourselves. Oh my God. What is it? It's a blanket. What was in here, that's the question. Who's that light? Step away, just back up, back in the corner please. Yeah yeah. Who are you-- Who are you guys? Who are you guys? Don't worry about us. You what are you doing here? I'm just with him. And what were you doing inside the house? Did you find a control box? Yeah. Did you flip that switch? Yeah. That's not good. Just tell us what's going on. Go to the house and find that box and bring it to me. Something was inside this case. And you flipped the switch, the contents are now not in the case anymore. Oh my God! My head! Ahhh! Oh my God! Why is my head hurting? What the (beep)? (raoring) Oh my (beep) God! What the (beep)! (screaming) (raoring) (sreaming) Oh my God! Are you scared? Yes! (screaming) Well you shouldn't be-- Why?! You're on Scare Tactics. What? It's a TV show. Oh my (beep)! Your brother set you up. Oh my God, oh my God-- It's okay-- Oh my God. I can't take this my (beep) heart. Hello. Oh my God hi. (laughing) Oh my God. You're gonna be on Scare Tactics man, come on. Oh my God! On a scale of 1-10 how scared were you? I was like a 20. Did you see me holding onto him? I can't believe this. Believe it Melissa! And I hope you learned your lesson, never touch a dead man's junk! That's it for now so until next time, watch your back people or this could happen to you. (gun shot) (screaming) Oh my God! (screaming) What is going on! Oh my (beep) God! (raoring) What the (beep)? (screaming) See ya, don't wanna be ya. This is Tom Kiefer from Cinderella and I wanted to talk about Ron Anderson a little bit. I came to Ron about a year and a half ago and my voice was just shut. I hadn't toured in three years and I really felt like my career was finished. I have been to many different voice teachers and the experience with Ron was quite different There were so many more things that he taught me, and he was so much more detailed in his teaching about how to breath and where to breathe from what the vowel should feel like and where they should be and it's...it's... was just night and day to some of the other experiences that I have had. And here I am a year and a half later and I just completed my first tour in four years, did 4 months and I had a really great time out on the road and I ........... Ron saved my career basically, He is just a great teacher, he really is, he is there with every note when he is going through the scales with you and stuff. He is awesome! We need an input function that will return the command to be executed. If these were an interactive program, that is if we would run this in a console on our own machine, this is the command to be used until we could interact with it. This is what you can use on your own machine in order to get your debugger to work. In this web IDE, however, such an interactive program does not work, so we need to simulate this. So what we have here is, I have set up a list of predefined commands to execute. In here, this would be step, step, and quit, and we're using the method pop(0) to return the first element of the command list and at the same time also to remove the first element from the commands list. So the command is now missing its quit, so we have to add this. If we have a command that starts with quit, we call sys.exit of 0--meaning that our debugger exits. All is set now--initially, we do not step through the program, but we have a breakpoint in line 9 and in line 14. We want to execute three commands--step, step, and quit. What should happen is that execution is normal until it reaches line 9, then we step through two more lines and then we quit the program. Let's see whether this actually works and indeed--it has worked exactly as we wanted. First, we reached line 9, then we step--we reached line 11, then we step--we reached line 13, and then we quit and this is precisely the output we would have expected. Ryeowoook (RW) : While they are preparing... Sungmin (SM) : I have a question, for maknae(the youngest), Sehun. Sehun : Yes. SM : (to Sehun) If you have to pick the best looking member in EXO-K... SM : In your own opinion, the appearance ranking? RW : Kai, what are you doing? --- Kai : Yeah? Kai : (to Sehun) You should anwer it welil. Chanyeol : (to Sehun) You should answer it well. SM : Kai keeps staring at Sehun... Kai : Sehun-ah, I'm your older brother. Chanyeol : I love you, Sehun-ah. SM : Let's pick top 3, then. Kai : Okay, You already have 2 members here with you. Sehun : ... No.1 is... Me. RW : Okay, let's wrap it up at this point... RW : ...and now listen to D.O, Suho & Baekhyun's... SM : Into Your World (Angel) ... with applause~ All : Wow~~~~ Suho : Thank you. SM : That was "Into Your World (angel)" SM : Together with EXO-K... Oh... gosh... SM : You shouldn't hang it there... below... Suho : Sorry~ RW : From a fan "Listening to EXO's song, it's like a heaven here." SM : Another message "Love their live so much that I feel like I'm dying.." SM : "I didn't expect I could listen to Into Your World here~. Love you, Sukira!" RW : Okay, let's get back to our talk... RW : Just before, when they were singing, RW : Kai looked at them like "Oh, my kids are doing so well".. .. as if he were their father. RW : So, how was that, Kai? Kai : Yes, they were singing well.. so cool.. --- Suho : Thank you. RW : At first glance, Kai looks like the oldest, doesn't he? Suho : Probably because he has charisma. Suho : Even though he's got the oldest aura, I am the leader. RW : Ah... and just now, EXO-M's leader, Chris sent a message. EXO-K : Wow~~~~ RW : Suho, can you see that on your screen? ---- Suho : Yes. RW : Would you read that for us? ---- Chanyeol : Wow... Suho : (Chris' message) Hey, yo~ I'm EXO-M's leader, Chris. Suho : Our memebers, are you doing all well? Suho : We EXO-M are also monitoring the broadcast. Do your best till the end of the show! Suho : We'll listen to it till the end. WE ARE ONE~!!! Baekhyun : It really gave us a strength.. Their supportive message.. Baekhyun : We were really nervous before.. but as the leader of EXO-M, Chris gave us so much encouragement... SM : Even though EXO-M stays in China for promotion, they can also speak Korean very well, right? EXO-K : Yeah, they really can. SM : Yeah, that's good~! SM : Let's start with 'related search word talk'. SM : Here is the list of 'related search word'. RW : First... okay... it's 'pointing-at talk'. EXO-K : Yes. RW : It's a speed talk through which we can find out each member's actual thought and character. RW : Yeah, let's start it. SM : Yes, you just say the name of member at counting 3. EXO-K : Ah, yes. SM : It's been only 1 month, but is there a member who's been changed a lot after debut? One, two, three!! EXO-K : Suho! RW : Ah, Suho? Why? Was he changed like a full make-over? EXO-K : No... no... D.O : No, it was not like a full make-over, but before debut, he practiced real hard and lost weight a lot... D.O : ...and his face slimmed down too much. He used to be very handsome.. but RW : So you mean he looks ugly now? D.O : No, no, no, no, no~~~ D.O : Only that he got too slim on cheek and looked too bony... D.O : ..but now... RW : He gained some back... D.O : Yes, he eats a lot... RW : For a month... D.O : Yes, so, he looks really handsome now. SM : You mean he looks much better... Suho : Thank you. RW : People said that now you look somewhat like Siwon (SuJu). Suho : It's an honor... Baekhyun : I envy you~ ---- Chanyeol : Yeah~ SM : From now on then, your way of talking will be also..(like Siwon?) (Siwon is well known for his prince-like talking.) RW : The 2nd question - the member who is very different in the dorm from in front of fans or on TV... RW & SM : 1, 2, 3!!! EXO-K : Baekhyun!! SM : Ah~ Baekhyun. Why Baekhyun? Chanyeol : Yes, our Baekhyun often puts on some eyeliner on stage.. Chanyeol : ..to look very charismatic and cool, but once he got out of the stage.. Chanyeol : ..back in the dorm or esp. in the van, he's very talanted and always makes us laugh... Chanyeol : ... to brings us lots of strength. SM : What does he usually do to make you laugh? Okay, shall we move onto each of your talent? RW : Can you imitate any of celebrities? Baekhyun : Imitating... yes... probably I can.. Baekhyun : Oh Kwang-Rok.. (actor) SM : Ah, yeah~ yeah~ ---- RW : Oh, that's good... very new... SM : Can you really do that? ---- Beakhyun : Yes. SM : You specially developed it for broadcast, right? Baekhyun : (without thinking) Yes!! (after understanding) ...ah... yeah.. yeah... Baekhyun : Only for a short time... Baekhyun : Ah.. it's cold. (imitating famous line in the movie) All : Wow, it was good~~ Baekhyun : Thank you. RW : Wow... it's good. SM : Oh, he's changed the atmosphere~. Kai : In the car, he often talks with D.O using that imitating voice. Chanyeol : Yes, right. RW : Oh, D.O also can do? D.O : In fact, as for imitating Oh Kwang Rok, I am the original. D.O : Okay, I will imitate some lines of "Vampire Detective Nadoyeol". D.O : Hey, Doyeol-ah, if you keep doing that, you'll be dead~. RW & SM : Wow~ you do it well~ Baekhyun : I've lost~ SM : No, you both are so good that we can't tell which's better. RW : What about you, Chanyeol? Chanyeol : Yes, I can imitate Supreme Team's Simon D. (famous rapper) All : Oh~~ ----- DO : He really sounds like him. Chanyeol : Ssam-D, I was so tired... really... All : Wow~~~~ Chanyeol : Thank you. RW : You really do it well~ Chanyeol : Thank you. RW : Sehun, can you also do something? Sehun : I... Sehun : ...don't have special things yet... SM : Ah~ still developing~ --- Sehun : Yes.. MR. MARKS: When I see something of quality, I like to share with my favorite customers. Everybody want the same thing, but you want different. MELlSSA MAXWELL: The basic foundation of ragtime is the syncopated rhythm. It speaks to me on some level of the syncopated relationships of these characters. That they are not in sync with one other. TlTLE: Syncopated Relationships: Lynn Nottage's "Intimate Apparel" "Intimate Apparel" is about a woman who finds herself at a certain age in her life where she feels that life has suddenly passed her by. MYKAL MONROE: A young woman, Esther, who has just turned 35. She's a seamstress in New York in 1905 and she is looking for someone to get married to. MELlSSA: She realizes that she has not up until now truly experienced love. And it's something that she wants to experience before it's too late. MYKAL: Just after her birthday she receives a letter from a man by the name of George who says that he wants to get to know her. GEORGE: Don't think me too forward, but i thought it would be nice to have someone to think about? MELlSSA: We're all yearning for that... that one deep, meaningful, soulful connection. To truly feel understood by another human being. ESTHER: What would I do- MR. MARKS: Ah! ESTHER: The color won't rub off on you. MR MARKS: No! No no no no no I'm sorry! It is not that. Please. My religious belief doesn't permit me to touch a woman who isn't my wife or my relative. ESTHER: Oh! MELlSSA: You put forth this face of who you are, and then the reality of who these two people are is very different MAYME: My dear friend Miss Esther Mills, who is known in circles for... for what? I forget. MYKAL: I was a little surprised that I was cast as Esther. I am the diametrical opposite of her. I have a bubbly disposition. At times. MELlSSA: Lynn Nottage has given us a character who deals in the realm of this intimate apparel. And yet has, certainly on a physical plane, no understanding of that becuase she's never been married. MRS. VAN BUREN: I feel like a tart from the Tenderloin. Granted I've never been. But I'm told. MELlSSA: The idea of rejection. Of taking the risk and saying, "I'm going to put my whole self out here. Will I be accepted? Or will I be rejected?" ESTHER: What it say? MAYME: Your man got himself a new pair of socks! "Intimate Apparel." March 1-9 2013. >> This is a very simple but cool illusion. There's a water bottle sitting on top of a Rubik's Cube, right? Look again. It's just a piece of paper. Here's how to do it. Place a Rubik's Cube on a desk and then put another object behind it to give it some feeling of depth. Position your camera and take a picture. Bring your picture to the computer, then print it out. Now, just position the printout where the Rubik's Cube was. Then take another picture. Try this with other objects and angles. Be creative. Have fun. I'm going to go to a website. W W W Ah, f*ck it. Carol, the computer's not working. Oh, that's a microwave. That's why my floppy disc melted. Nyan Cat makes me want to kill myself. Carol, is this entertaining? [slurred words] Isthisentertaining? L O L Carol, I just LOLed. [laughs] Too many buttons on this damn thing. Not enough buttons on this damn thing. I'm never satisfied. I miss Rodney Dangerfield. I think we're in a war. Everyone keeps taking arrows to the knee. Now back in my day, we used to say, "Back in my day." Martha Stewart has a fine rack. Black people can vote. Isn't that splendid? Oooh. I just diddled! I'm going to take a workout break. [stretches] Huhhhhh-owwwww. Oh, darn. What's this? HUHHH?! LADY GAGA. Carol! I saw Lady Gaga again. I'm sleepy. What's porn? I'm awake! Carol, I've discovered MySpace. The dislike bar's the size of Justin Beiber's TallyWacker. Why does everyone know how big Justin Beiber's wind wacker is? Penis enlargement?! Carol! Get the check book! I can't turn the damn thing on. It's like my wife. My head just shifted. Carol! This is a wig! I'm not as old as I though I was. Let's get a divorce. [Guitar Solo] Duh-duh-do-do-do-do-do Subscribe. Those two cars belong to the embassy The American Embassy The license plate is diplomatic From a long time ago. From the days of the revolution. On the tape, if you watch the film from the beginning you'll see it - It's the same one - It's on Facebook You'll see it. Coming and going The Interior Ministry uses it as a garage They used to... [73 is the diplomatic license plate code for US vehicles in Egypt] Mom! Why? This isn't the first time we're spending the night together Let's go to bed before we freeze to death But... You're not planning to sleep alone on that cold floor, aren't you? I heard it's going to be very cold starting from tonight Why? Are you scared I might jump you? No, it's just... I'm not an animal! Why would I want someone like you? The first night is supposed to be spent between people who love each other What? So? That's not us As you wish You can freeze to death if you want Hurry up and come inside! Aren't you cold? I'm fine You're not fine Hey Your hands are freezing cold Stop being so stubborn and come inside I don't want to wake up next to a wife who's frozen to death Well, the thing is... What is it now? The hair I don't know how to undo my hair I can't sleep with this thing on! Goodness Come over here No Come over here No Stay still I've waited so long for this moment Come Stop it, we're not supposed to! I can't hold it any longer No! No! I'm not a little boy anymore No! No! No! Yes! Yes! Yes! Yes! Yes! Hey What are you doing with your eyes closed? Oh, I was just bored Are you done yet? Stay still Ouch! Ouch! Ouch! That hurts! Go easy on me, will ya? What the... This isn't it Oh, I got it Stay still One, two Hey, don't we really look like a couple on their first night? You know, like the people on historical dramas You look uncomfortable Do you want me to untie that coat string for you? What? That's what people do on TV, you know Undo the hair, undo the coat string, take off your clothes, and turn off the light Shut up! Take off your clothes and come in here Take my clothes off? No way! Look I don't want your ruffling gilded dress touching me Rolling rolling rolling Stop it! Stop rolling! Take it off! If you don't take it off right now, I'll do it myself! Why do you want to take my clothes off? Hurry up and just take it off! Heck no! I didn't know His Highness was so aggressive I heard that he even took medicine to increase stamina He took a medicine when he's so young and energetic already? I guess they won't be sleeping tonight He's so picky So dirty So dirty So dirty They're so dirty! Can I ask you a question? What is it now? I already asked you during the day Why do you like Hyo-Rin? It's personal I still want to know Hyo-Rin and I are very alike We're both lonely and suffocated You must hate me because I'm not like you What's wrong? Mind your business! Since we're here already anyways Why don't we just do what the adults want? They even got us a room What do you think? Stop kidding around What if I'm serious? When you find someone you really like after we break up You can just do it with her Maybe you don't know this yet, But men are different from women We don't have any problem sleeping with girls we don't even like Are you gonna keep on saying that? Do you want me to kill you? This is all your fault for not playing your role right This wouldn't have happened if you at least pretended to get along with me This is all your fault! Why is this all my fault? How can I get along with a jerk like you? You're always yelling at me and making me miserable How can we get along? You jerk! Why you... Hey What are you doing? Can't you tell? I'm exercising This is so much better than arguing with you Maybe I can fall asleep after warming up You think so? I'll join you then What's wrong with you? That hurts! I barely touched you Hold still No, it hurts Just hold still But it hurts when I hold still! Go easy on me I told you to go easy on me Judging from the size of your arm, you can even join professional wrestling Don't be a crybaby You still have one more left Go easy I told you to go easy You're gonna get it One more time Ready That's cheating! I lost control I got hit in the eye! Where? What are you doing? Are you okay? You shouldn't have provoked my temper like that It was a joke You didn't have to go overboard What? I was just curious how you'd react Why would I jump on someone like you? You're right I didn't think you were an animal who would jump on a girl he doesn't even like But I was still surprised! If you do that to me one more time, I'll just... I don't hate you Why do you think that? I don't hate you I'm just being careful If we happen to see each other on the streets after we break up, I hope we can be cool enough to just smile at each other and pass each other by If I want that to happen, I need to control myself and take caution Don't you think so? I guess you don't have any trouble with taking caution and controlling yourself Even thinking about seeing you on the streets makes me depressed Let's just go to bed We're locked in here for tonight anyways Today we'll have an agreement of love Deal means..? heart heart.. O dear, it means transaction.. Oooho We shall seal this deal T Agreement would be through eyes We shall stick to that forever In the court of wishes,The judge of heart should say.. O Don't stop me for no reason If I come behind you, don't ask me not to. Don't stop me for no reason If I come behind you, don't ask me not to. O I have a right on you, You are my delight If I block your way, don't be surprised.. W Your dog should not bark on me, If I come behind you, don't stop me. A I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. K I will love you like paupers, I will fill my stomach with your words only If I give you a missed call, call me back Else I will die in love. (I'm) Mahiwaal's maternal uncle,(and) Farhad's paternal uncle.. I'm no less than Majnu I'm a true lover, don't get me beaten up.. Your dog should not bark on me, Don't stop me for no reason If I come behind you, don't ask me not to. I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. I'm next to you,You are close to me (too).. (Jontron music in Haloween theme) (Evil laugh) Jon: You're currently watching part 2 of a 2 part Jontron Haloween special. If you haven't seen the first part, you won't understand this one, so click here and watch that first. But if you have, well we'll drop you right in! Let's go! (If it's good for the kids, then it's good for the adults!) Jon: alright, next up. My hairiest adventure- what kinda name is this? Jon: Just make sure you don't get any hair in the slot. It- it'll affect the RAM disc. (Rock music) Jon: this one starts out with our main character, Larry Boy running from a bunch of dogs and having some life-changing inner monologue. Larry: Go away, leave me alone you dumb dogs! Jon: I can't put my finger on it, but there's something really unsettling about this whole thing. Larry: (Gasp) Hear me wheezing? It's because I have these stupid allergies. The doctor said "No running." I hope no one saw me. I must look like a real jerk. Jon: Aw, come on. you're being too hard on yourself! I mean me. Larry: Haha, try and get me now! So much for the bright side! (Screams weakly) (End music plays) Jon: look, I really do wish it ended there. Larry: Nice doggies, go home doggies. Young voice: Go on, get outta here! Larry: That's Lilly, my best friend. She's pretty cool for a girl. Jon: Woah, woah, hold on! What is that supposed to mean? That's not in the book! The mention of Lilly in the introduction is that she's small and cute, not about how she's cool for a girl! The best part about this, is that you know that an adult wrote this script. That kid had nothing to do With this and when the camera's cutting he's probably like: Are you sure we should say that? Hey Larry, you're pretty cool for a girl too! (Wait, what's that supposed to mean, Jon?) Larry: I wish I knew what's up with those dogs! Lilly: I don't know Larry, maybe they smell your fear. Jon: (Imitating Lilly) I would know, since I got mauled by them! Larry: Gee, thanks. Like I needed to hear that. Jon: Oh Larry, you're a fucking asshole. So Larry goes off to roll his eyes some more with a shitty garage band, and this kid is the Best thing ever. He finds some tanning lotion and Larry is just Ugh He's just really goddamn happy about that. Jon: (Imitating Larry) Hehe, it's mine Larry: Cool, we'll all be bronze gods for the audition! Lilly: We can say we played a concert in Hawaii! Larry: Agh! My skin! Look my skin! Jon: My god, the actors in this episode have an uncanny ability to make their voice and face look as disconnected as possible. So next, Larry goes home and expositions the shit outta his cat. Larry: Oh, Jasper, I think it was that instant tan that made me feel sick. But I can't tell Mom and Dad, Hi there, my name is Chris Lee from Mozilla I'm on the Firefox OS product team. Today, I will show you the latest phones we have for Firefox OS. These are the world's first HTML5-based phones. They're built on web technologies and Mozilla's enhanced the overall smartphone experience by enabling developers and users to have great applications and content so that these experiences can be used across various different platforms. Today we're going to demonstrate Firefox OS on the ZTE Open Device as well as the Alcatel Onetouch Fire device. The first thing you'll see is that the lock screen is very easy to access. You have the ability to directly select the camera and be able to take a photo right away. Or it can unlock the phone and directly go to the home screen. The first app I will show you is the Firefox browser. By opening the browser, you will see that there are top sites, sites you've visited previously where it shows you very easy access. You also have the ability to bookmark your favorite sites by clicking on the star icon. On the top right you'll notice there's an icon you can click on that allows you to access different tabs and create new tabs so you can easily navigate between different content. Dialier and contacts Just like any smart phone, there is a dialer you can easily contact and call your favorite people, friends and family. Then, by clicking on the contacts, you'll see you have contacts you can import directly from Facebook. By clicking on the settings icon you can enable Facebook, log in with your credentials and select all your friends or a few friends and have it easily imported into the device to the device. If you look at what I have here, I already selected a few friends but I can go in and easily update them, remove one of my friends here, and add two more and then I've updated my contacts very easily. From here, I can view their profile photos, their birthday, email them or post a message to them Camera People love taking photos, so we spent a lot of time to share a camera application that is easy to use. If I tap the application here it launches the camera You can see a preview and I can easily take a photo I tap the camera icon and it allows me to take a photo easily and also shows a preview of it. On the bottom left you'll see that you have the option to select the gallery. The gallery brings up the photos you've taken and then I can go back to the photo I just took, tap on it, and now I have the ability to make different edits. I can change the exposure for photos that are too dark or too light. I can crop the photo as well, so I can focus on a given area. I'm also able share the photo via email, via Bluetooth, as well as I can tweet this photo to all my friends. Maps Everyone loves being able to find their location as well as search for different locations, and we think that's really important We've worked with HERE Maps to enable the location experience For example, here you can type in San Francisco and it pops up and you have the ability to click on it and it gives you photos of the city, gives you reviews of different places, restaurants and sights, and you also have the ability to get directions from San Francisco to Mountain View. You can find the directions between these two locations and you can click on different views such as a satellite view or a traffic update view, as well as, if you needed to, you can look for public transportation as well. Firefox Marketplace The Firefox Marketplace is a great place to get content for your device. You can go into the Marketplace and search for games, different types of apps and interests that you have. One of the examples is you can search for Poppit. You type in Poppit, which is a popular game. By searching for it, you can get a description of the app, as well as reviews. Here I can actually install the app and it will show directly in my home screen, and I can go to the home screen, launch it and play the game right away. In addition to the Marketplace, the web is filled with great content and web apps. We've made these available to users really easily using the Adaptive App Search. If you swipe right, you can see a search box in which you can type in any query and it will offer a selection of apps that you can launch instantly or install on your home screen for easy access. Say I want to go out with my friends to a restaurant and grab dinner. By typing in sushi, for example, it returns many different apps What's great about this, is I don't have to install the application or download it. I can instantly get my app and it adapts to my phone experience as well. I can learn everything about sushi I want. It doesn't necessarily have to be about the restaurants. There are many other apps I can choose from. So those are some of the many great features from Firefox OS. This is a new operating system from Mozilla based on web technologies, which give you a personal experience with great performance that you'd want in a smartphone. For media inquiries: blog.mozilla.org/press >It's a mystery what goes on in a car byuing process. >>Using TrueCar we were able to see what would allow other people pay for the same car. >The TrueCar dealer was wonderful to go to, because they didn't pressure us. We got in and we got out with the car that we both loved. >Yeah, the whole process was just really straight forward. >>We ended up saving three grand off the sticker price. 'Narrator: At TrueCar.com you can just figure out the car you want, print your saving certificate and take it to a certified dealer. Guaranteed savings and hassle-free experience. Visit TrueCar.com' The Case by JL Burgos Go ahead tell to attorney what happened. They forced me. The case is strong. The case is strong. The case is strong. The case is strong. The case is so strong. The case is strong. The case is strong. American soldier. The case is dead. Justice will remain elusive in a country repeatedly raped by abusive nations. Scrap the One Sided RP-US Visiting Forces Agreement! (jazz music) Dr. Zucker: We're at the Louvre and we're looking at a painting by the Le Nain brothers. We're not actually sure who the artist was. The museum thinks it might be Louis, but it may also be Antoine. It's called Family of Peasants in an Interior and that's precisely what it is. It couldn't be a simpler painting in certain ways. Dr. Harris: That's what the Le Nain brothers were known for, these somber and serious images of peasants, which we would call genre paintings or scenes from everyday life and it's something that we see a lot of, especially in Holland in the 17th century. Dr. Zucker: This was a new type of painting and it's interesting to think that it really took a middle class to develop a taste for the lower class. Dr. Harris: Right, so there's a sense of the virtuousness and morality of this peasant family. Dr. Zucker: Of simplicity. Dr. Harris: But even in their poverty there's something intrinsically good about them and we see several generations of the family, we have a very simple interior, we have a cat and a dog, and a figure playing an instrument, and the figures arranged in a relief across the foreground. Dr. Zucker: Right, and it does feel like a relief because of the light that rakes through. You had mentioned the colors are very simple. They are, they're mostly browns and beiges with some gray. Some off-whites and a little bit of green and almost nothing else, this very reduced palette, but the artist is able to really use that and use tone to show the beautiful modulation of light as it passes across the folds of the cloth. Dr. Harris: Yeah, it's hard not to think about Caravaggio here, right? Because the figures are very close to the foreground, we have that raking light coming from the right and very strong contrasts of light and dark. If you just take the female figures, who are close to the foreground, the right side of their faces illuminated, the left side as we look at it, in shadow. Dr. Zucker: Almost completely obliterated in the darkness, actually. Dr. Harris: But that has a kind of psychological feeling to it that almost reminds me at the same time of what Rembrandt is doing with light, using light and shadow on the face to indicate a kind of psychological depth. Dr. Zucker: There's an interest in all kinds of optical effects that result from light. You have that raking light that we were talking about just a moment ago, but then the boy is really silhouette against the light of the fire, so you have the exterior light coming in from a presumed window on the right side and then you have the interior light of the hearth. Dr. Harris: And you have this repeated lines from folds of drapery that help bring your eye across the canvas. Dr. Zucker: Yeah, and really enliven that surface, that's absolutely right. This issue of simplicity is shown not only, of course, in their economic class, it's shown not only in their dress and the simplicity of the interior, but even in the food that's out, the bowl of salt, there's wine, and there's one loaf of bread. This is elemental, it is literally the salt of the earth. I think it's really telling of a culture in the 17th century that prizes, to an enormous degree, pomp and ceremony, that there's also real interest in the most simple life. (jazz music) Welcome back, everybody. We'll continue with our discussion of some examples of programs that have tackled this enormous challenge of improving the health of mothers and children in high mortality settings. I'd like to take a few minutes now to talk about a more specific and targeted approach to health improvement at the community level, and this is an approach called Care Groups. I'll first be talking about several projects that were implemented by World Relief, an NGO that has its US based here in Baltimore. They were the first organization to implement this. and one of their own staff who works in Mozambique, Dr. Peter Ernst, who you see in the photograph in the bottom left. This was his idea and it proved to be so successful that is, it has continued to grow and expand in many different ways as I'll mention. A care group is a group of ten volunteers or so, sometimes there are 12, but somewhere in that range. It's a group of ten or 12 women who meet on a periodic basis, sometimes it's every two weeks, sometimes it's every month. But, they meet with a paid supervisor for a couple of hours to learn an important health message. Then, the care group volunteer visits 10 of the households there are, that are around her and she shares that message with her neighbors. And so, the system is set up at the beginning so that every house is included in this process, and every care group volunteer is responsible for roughly 10 or 12 households. In this case, you see, in this diagram, the care group volunteers are called WHE's which in Cambodia means Women Health Educators. So, the actual names of the volunteers may vary from place to place. So, the care group is the, group of volunteers that each take responsibility for visiting their neighbors. So, over time as these care groups continue to meet among themselves and learn more, they become quite the powerful groups. They become very capable of conveying messages and educating their neighbors with basic health education. This is just one small example of many, of some of the rapid uptake of these behaviors that are being promoted by care group volunteers. this is from Cambodia, and this is in two different parts of the same project area. And this is the uptake of hand-washing practices and you can see how quickly this behavior changes as a result of promotion of this by care group volunteers. In Cambodia, also you can see that there were very low levels of immunization. But with promotion of immunization and teaching mothers about why these are important and helping to link mothers and their children with immunization services when the government provided programs came to the village, the project had a very dramatic improvement in immunization coverage. These are just two of many child survival interventions that were promoted by this project and many other care group projects in other locations. But, they uniformly have been able to achieve very similar rapid uptake of coverage and achieving very high levels of coverage that have sustained themselves over time as long as these projects functioned. And you see, in this next graph here, the estimate of the decline in mortality in the Cambodia Care Group program. This data was collected by the care group volunteers themselves. and so, one of the interesting things about care groups is that when they meet each month, they report on the births and deaths among their 10 households that took place the previous month. and that information can be tabulated very easily by the project and mortality rates can be generated from that. And, in this case, an analysis of these data showed the mortality rates that were being measured by the volunteers in the blue compared with the overall national mortality rates as determined by the UNlCEF surveys that were done there and the projected decline into the future. But this data is still not published yet. But, I think it's a good example of the power of this approach. There is one published article on the effectiveness of care groups in terms of lowering under fiv e mortality. And this is from another world relief project in southern Mozambique that was carried out in the 1990s. And, in this case, you see on the graph, the decline in under five mortality that was recorded by the care group volunteers. This is the line that says vital registration. These are the vital events that the care group volunteers themselves recorded. But, what made this study important is that it was possible to independently measure decline in under five mortality through a pregnancy history survey that was done by the independent interviewers. And this also showed a fairly dramatic decline in under five mortalities, as well in the project area. If I had the opportunity to go back to this same area, and do an assessment of an expanded impact of this care group program in a larger set of districts compared to the original project. And you see some of the findings from this based on the vital events data that were collected by the care group volunteers. You see here in the large black line the national decline under 5 mortality as recorded by UNlCEF statistics. And you also see the red dotted line the DHS, the Demographic and Health Survey data for declining under 5 mortality in the Gaza Province where the project was working. For the Vurhonga II project, which is the project that was reported in the article I just mentioned you see their decline compared to the national rates and the projected provincial rates But the expanded impact project you see in the far right in the red line there, again these are data that were collected by the care group volunteers themselves. And so they weren't independently collected but I think they do give a sense that the care group process can be very effective in reducing mortality. And we know it's very effective in expanding the coverage of key child survival interventions. I had the privilege recently of leading an evaluation of another care group project in the Sofala province of Mozambique in the central portion of the country. And, in this case, the program reached a larger population, 1.2 million people. Whereas the world relief project, the expanded program reached I think about 250,000 people. So, this a larger scale operation here. And, the food for the hungry divided their program area into 2 parts just as they did in Cambodia, if you recall. But, in this case, the first several years were devoted to implementing the care group project in area A and then in the last year and a half or so of the project they implemented the same program in area B. And the project was focused primarily on nutrition. But to a lesser degree, on control of diarrheal diseases by using the care group model. And you see here, based on household surveys, the project was able to demonstrate a fairly dramatic improvement in nutrition. The percentage of undernourished children declined substantially in both area A and area B. Comparing the baseline levels to the end of project levels five years later. And there was extensive evidence to demonstrate how this might have occurred. There were many activities that the project had that were geared towards improving nutrition from promotion of exclusive breastfeeding, improving complementary feeding. Practices increasing the intake of specific nutritious foods in the area and so forth as you see on this slide. So there was a lot of confirming evidence that this change in nutrition that was observed to really had a basis for it as a result of the project activities. It is also interesting that there were dramatic improvements in coverage in both area A and B And that these changes were able to be achieved within 12-18 months. In area A, the program went on for 3 and 1/2 years before beginning in area B. And in area B, the activities only lasted about 18 months, but some are dramatic improvements in coverage achieved through this approach. And again, in this case, the care group volunteers were reporting births and deaths at the time of their meetings, and this information was reported back into the projec t information system. And it was possible to compute the mortality rates based on this information. And in the graph on the next slide here, you see what this information showed. It's a little bit complicated, and I will try to explain it. But, the solid green line is the under 5 mortality rate that was taking place for the whole province, the Sofala Provence, based on DHS data. And calculating and estimating the decline on a yearly basis from that data. And that is our best estimate of what would actually be occurring for most of the Sofala province. The solid blue line that you see were the vital events that were reported in area A. But unfortunately, the project did not begin reporting these vital events until more than a year after project activities began functioning. So presumably, there was some significant mortality decline that took place during that initial period when vital events weren't being registered. The solid red line are the vital events that were reported in area B. And in this case, they were able to start registering vital events at the very beginning of activities in area B. So, I think it's reasonable to assume that the levels of mortality in areas A and B were more or less similar before the project began. And so, we've drawn these dotted lines in there to estimate what we think might have been the case, although we certainly don't have the numbers to confirm this. But, I think you can make the case with the limited data we have here and comparing this with the effectiveness of other care group projects as well that there has been a fairly dramatic decline in mortalities result of this methodology. Using just the change in coverage data and using a tool called LiST, LiST, that's Lives Saved Tool. It's a new procedure that's being developed here at the Department of International Health with other colleagues around the world. It's a way to estimate the numbers of lives saved as a result of changes in coverage in key child survival interventions. And so, using this inte rnet-based tool, we have an indirect estimate of the number of lives saved by this program of somewhere between 4,500 and almost 7,000 child deaths. You see here the term corrected and uncorrected. So, for the corrected version, we have subtracted out what we think the underlying secular decline would have been without the project. And with the uncorrected deaths, this change has not been subtracted out. But the cost of this care group project in Mozambique as implemented by Food for the Hungry is very small. It's only $2.87 per beneficiary per year, and by beneficiary, I mean mother and child. we've estimated a cost per life saved of $441 dollars, and a cost per DALY averted of $14.72. Which when compared with other approaches, make it very highly cost effective and effective intervention. There have been a number of other care group projects that have been reported by other organizations, and they are shown on this next slide And they're all very effective terms of reducing under five mortality as estimated by the LiST, too. And very low cost is based on the calculated cost per beneficiary per year. When one looks at the cost per DALY averted of this particular care group project, you see in the next figure here that it is a particularly cost effective program compared to the other USAlD child survival projects that have been put through this analysis. And in comparison with other more comprehensive programs. But even taking this into account, we see that all of these approaches are highly cost effective based on criteria established by the World Bank and the World Health Organization Commission on Macroeconomics and Health. Let us take another break here before we move on to our final example. And, we'll see you in a minute. The answer to the question is that we look at the parents. We find that the Sprinkler variable is negative, so we're looking at this part of the table. And the Rain variable is positive, so we're looking at this part. So, it would be these 2 rows that we would consider, and thus, we'd find there's a 0.9 probability for w, the grass being wet, and only 0.1 for it being negative, so the positive is more likely. And once we've done that, then we generated a complete sample, and we can write down the sample here. We had +c, -s, +r. And assuming we got a probability of 0.9 came out in favor of the +w, that would be the end of the sample. Then we could throw all this information out and start over again by having another 50/50 choice for cloudy and then working our way through the network. [music throughout] "What's Unique About Ann Arbor?" ALEX: I think what's unique about Ann Arbor is just how much diversity there is. It's a small city, but there is so much to do. KYLA: I feel like Ann Arbor is unique because it's concentrated into this one city and there is so much - you can get into anything here and if there is anything that interests you, there's probably 20 other people who want to do it, too, and you can make a group about it and you don't have to feel like "I'm the only one in town who wants to go and watch squirrels" - there's a squirrel-watching club. [laughs] DASHlNI: I think something that people don't really realize is the number of great performances or cultural activities that somehow magically turn up in Ann Arbor and it's actually through the University of Michigan. KERRl: One thing great and unique to Ann Arbor is the amount of green space around this town, so if you are somebody who likes to get out and do anything outside, go sit in the park, ride your bicycle, go for a jog, take your pets outside. It's great. The number of parks here is unbelievable. PHlL: I think for me personally one of the things that I enjoy the most about being at Michigan is that it is one of the oldest schools. One of the things that I'm really interested in is the history of different things and my own specific area is disability and rehabilitation research. For me, just being inside the Rackham Graduate building where they announced the polio vaccine, carries a lot of weight with me personally. "Getting Around Ann Arbor" DASHlNI: One of the other things that I really like about Ann Arbor is despite its relative size compared to big cities, it has a great public transportation system, which is how I get around because I don't drive. I've always been able to take the buses to campus and the great thing is that the University of Michigan when you show your student ID on the bus, you ride the bus for free, so it's free public transportation. Much of Ann Arbor is in fact really walkable. TlZOC: I really like Ann Arbor because it is small, it's very easy to get around. For me, I personally get around mostly by walking everywhere. I walk to campus, I walk to the grocery store. Bikes are a great way to get around, too. I've also used a bike. And everything by bike is 5 minutes away, so it's very quick to get anywhere. "Living Options in Ann Arbor" KERRl: You have all sorts of housing options in Ann Arbor if you decide to be a graduate student here. The first thing I would do is start on the University's webpages and look at options both on campus and off campus. KAlTLlN: I live in a house that has been converted to apartments with three other people. One of which is a Pharmacy student, and two of which are graduates from Eastern Michigan University. We live together and it's really nice. I ended finding them on Craiglist. PHlLIP: If you are looking for quiet places, I would suggest looking on North Campus. They have lots of cheaper housing that is in a quieter area and the standard tends to be a little bit better than Central Campus. If you are looking for houses, I would look at the Old West Side. A lot of times, people like to live near Kerrytown. ALEX: The best place to live in my opinion is Kerrytown. That's maybe just because I live there. It's close to campus and close to the market and there is a lot going on around there. It's a good escape from campus life. KAlTLlN: The closer you get to campus the pricier it's going to be. KERRl: Ask current students where they live because a lot of times, they might have a house or a neighborhood they would recommend and they can pass it along to you. ASHLEY: I think it really depends on what makes you happy, what makes you content. It's not just about getting an apartment for school, it's really about investing time for the next stage of your life, so you really have to factor in what's the best place for you when you think about where to live. "Must-sees and Must-dos" KERRl: There are so many must-sees and must-dos in Ann Arbor. ASHLEY: My must-do is to go to Washtenaw Dairy. I love Washtenaw Dairy. You can get a 3 scoop kids waffle cone for $2.75. KYLA: You have to go to a football game. You have to walk into that stadium that seats however many hundreds of thousands of people. PHlL: The whole community feels it. Just walking down State Street, everyone's wearing yellow shirts. It's just a different environment. It's almost like a holiday. TAEYJUANA: A must-do in Ann Arbor is eat. Try just everything and anything. DASHlNI: I would definitely check out the Zingerman's Roadhouse or the Zingerman's Deli. Zingerman's is a famous name in the country for great food. TlZOC: They have great sandwiches, great desserts, and you can go in there and you can just sample everything. They have great cheeses. ELAN: Check out Detroit. When a friend of mine came to Ann Arbor for the first time, we went down to the first two original Coney Islands, these are restaurants that are very native to Detroit and Michigan. We tried both of their hot dogs and fries to see who had the best. Kind of Man vs. Food style. KYLA: Go to Canada. I've never been in a state that was so close to Canada. You can go to another country and be back home for dinner. ASHLEY: In the spring, I have to go to the Arboretum. I'm not a huge nature person, but for me, it signals, okay, winter's over. EBONY: There are so many things for parents to do with their kids in Ann Arbor. My son, for instance, loves the Hands-On Museum, and if we ever have a rainy day, and my son just wants to get out of the house, I know I can just go to the Hands-On Museum for free with my membership and let him play around. DYLAN: Ann Arbor is a very family-friendly town. You have the Hands-On Museum, which is wonderful, especially for older kids, and then you have lots of other things that you're allowed to do for free with your MCard. One of those that I love to do is go to the Botanical Gardens. You can do that throughout the winter. They have a Conservatory where it's heated and it's lovely and it's great because we've gone there and allowed our son to crawl around and hang out and it's just a wonderful thing to do. KERRl: Walk through the Student Union. You really get a feel for the history of the University. Then just wander downtown and check out all the cool shops and restaurants and you'll get a feel for this neat town. "Favorite Thing(s) About Ann Arbor" YUAN: My favorite thing about Ann Arbor - actually, I like everything about Ann Arbor. KAlTLlN: My favorite thing about Ann Arbor is how easy it is to be healthy here. Not only do we have a great, fresh Farmer's Market that happens on Saturdays and Wednesdays, every Saturday and Wednesday during the summer, but also everyone here is really active and it's really easy to be active. There are bike lanes in all of the roads, there are runners, joggers, skateboarders, walkers. There is always something going on and it's really easy and affordable to do so. TAEYJUANA: My favorite thing about Ann Arbor is the summer weather and how everyone comes out and enjoys it. You have all the summer festivals. PHlLIP: Summertime is when the culture of Ann Arbor really comes out and there's several things that you can do. There's Art Fair, which happens every year. ELAN: My favorite thing about Ann Arbor is the lack of traffic. I am from a major metropolitan area and so coming to Ann Arbor, I can get to campus from almost anywhere in 15 minutes. TlZOC: I love the fact that Ann Arbor is walkable. Everything is within a walking distance. I walk to my lab, I walk to the grocery store, I walk to the Farmer's Market, I walk to downtown. I really enjoy the fact that everywhere I can get, I can walk. KERRl: It's easily the coolest town I've ever lived in and I've lived in other college towns before but Ann Arbor is bigger, it has more to offer, it's got more interesting people. It's got a whole separate downtown that's next to the campus, but it's got its own life and its own energy and I love that. You can escape campus and there's tons of restaurants and movie theaters, bars, art, art galleries, all kinds of fun things. I was really looking for a grad program that had its own town, a vibrant town with it and Ann Arbor fits that bill. Ma Kali, what is she doing? Indiscriminately killing everyone! [Kali, Ganesh and Shiva] We know women can get very angry ... [Laughing] She's not only killing the demons, she's killing her own people. That's intense. So Mahādev, he lies before her on the ground and when she steps on his chest, she looks down and she goes like, "Oops!" And then she stops. But it's mentioned in Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛtam, interestingly, in that section— Nārada and Śiva: Nārada's praising Śiva, Śiva's deflecting all the praise and saying what a bad person he is. Devotees are extraordinary. Vaiṣṇavam amṛtam Śambu He's saying, "So many times I fight with Kṛṣṇa and His ..." Sometimes Guru Mahārāj would say, "Gaṇesh. Gaṇa Īśa. Gaṇapati." He said, "He's the leader of the people." He said it's like democracy. [Laughing] Leader of the opposition. So Śiva's saying, "We are the leaders of the opposition to Kṛṣṇa in so many instances," and he said, "and not only that; I'm ashamed to say that I even wanted to be greater than Kṛṣṇa. Such a shameless person I am." But Sanātan Goswāmī says, "What he means to say is, "Who is greater than Kṛṣṇa? Who can be considered greater than Kṛṣṇa but the devotees of Kṛṣṇa?" So it's his way of saying "I wanted to be a devotee of Kṛṣṇa. That's my aspiration." So very beautiful. But he's made that into something that's self-deprecating. Anyway, they're going back and forth— Nārada insisting, Śiva deflecting, deferring. But Pārvatī, she's listening to all of this, their conversation, and she's thinking, "I don't hear anything out there about the female section!" [Laughing] And then she begins to speak, and it's very beautiful. And there Sanātan Goswāmī says, "Actually, she can give bhakti. She can give devotion, she can liberate, she can do everything." Chāyeva yasya bhuvanāni bibharti Durgā [Bs: 5.44] The shadow of Hlādinī-śakti. The shadow representation of Rādhārāṇī and Vraja-gopīs. Saraswatī Ṭhākur says, "Durga-devī is a Vraja-gopī in Goloka." So of course it's rare, but they can. It's by the grace of the devotees that Kṛṣṇa conception is extended. Sand is something that we all feel is exotic and attractive. But actually, we went to the real desert ourselves. We did research on how people actually walk in the sand. It's tough! It's not exciting. So what we did is, through artistic exaggeration, we made the sand climbing and sand surfing slightly easier, and slightly more beautiful. We wanted to capture the feeling of being in sand, without necessarily simulating a 100% of how real sand reacts. When we worked on the feeling of the sand, it's more like waterboard surfing, skiing, snowboarding, and that kind of experience. The reason we founded Thatgamecompany is to push the envelope of what videogames can communicate as a medium, in terms of the emotional experience. If I would be making a sequel, I'd have to be faithful to what it was, and that'd mean I'd have to try to make the same feeling, and that is very limiting. I really think to create something new is more valuable for the industry than making sequels of the same game. Of course, if you make a sequel, you will probably make more money, because it's easier to make and it's free marketing. But that's just not my interest. It's like, we had flying in the sky, swimming in the water, flowing through the grass fields of the land. Is there anything else we haven't touched in this world? There is volcanic lava. There is the desert. So we decided to do the desert. It is still floating. You surf through the sand. Any power you get, you get to fly into the sky and glide. There are quite a few levels that give you a floating feeling. So I'm not betraying myself. For people who really want to get the full experience of Journey, they should try to play the game alone, but also with someone else. Journey is a game where our goal is to create a feeling that nobody has experienced in the gaming industry. Particularly it's a feeling between two people over the internet. It's not about two people sitting on a couch. It's about complete strangers over the internet. Because I feel there's a strong negative association about what people playing games over the internet are. And people don't like to play with real strangers in general. But I just felt there's nothing wrong about the people who are playing. They are human beings. Why have people... Players have so much negative associations and assumptions about another human being over the internet. And I want to change that. So the only way we can change that is by creating a game where strangers over the internet actually come together. Really have an emotional bond with each other. So the project is all about creating an environment to inspire players to work collaboratively. And to really be together and go through an emotional journey, so that in the end, they actually like them and they will miss them. Flow was more about a dynamic difficulty adjustment applied for a flow game. So that both people who had hardcore experience and people who had never played a game, could play the game at a different pace. So they don't get ahead of themselves, are really challenged by a game and give up. In Flower, because of the way we designed the game... The flow problem has already been solved, based on how we give the player choices to approach the game. Nothing forces you to play the game superfast or super hardcore. So it's no longer a problem. In Flower we applied the three-act structure from Hollywood screenwriting, creating a compelling emotional arc in a story. In Flower that's what the theory is about. It's whether we can create an emotional rollercoaster to drive the player to feel a strong sense of emotion at the climax. In order to create a story that's compelling... Imagine if this is the intensity of the story from beginning to end. If it's flat, people will fall asleep because it's boring, right? If it just becomes more exciting, at the beginning it will work. But after a while, the accelleration becomes constant, so people will fall asleep again. So the only way you can grab people's attention is by creating rollercoaster-ish rise-and-falls. The three-act structure is about creating a first act, establishing the problem, going up and becoming more exciting. Then the second act goes down. And then the third act it goes up, so that the up is so strong, that it will actually create a cathartic reaction in the audience. So Flower is very much about following that three-act structure and evoking a strong climax. And Journey carries the flow theory, it carries the three-act structure, but we are applying additional theories on sociology and mythology. Journey is based on a mythological story structure called the Hero's Journey. The Hero's Journey is really about the transformation happening in our life. It could be about a transformation of a person over a couple of days. But it could also be about a person transforming through his entire life. It is surprising that the three-act structure, the Hero's Journey and people's stages of life have such an overlap. I feel like it would be awesome if you can bring two players together over the internet. Not just having them play together for a little bit. But having them go through life's beginning, to maturity... To the moment where you are lost, to regaining your focus, to struggle and to eventually reach transcendence. And having the players go through this life transformation together and really creating a shared emotional rollercoaster ride together. I hope that way, when the two players finish the game, it's not just like, wow, that was some difficult time. But, we've been through a whole lifetime. It's a strong emotional bond. I think my style is about elegant beauty. It's a very romantic style. It's not about the intimacy of a romance, but romantic in the sense of... Trying to show the beautiful part of the world through what we do. I was quite inspired by Hayao Miyazaki's films from Studio Ghibli. One of the many reasons is that I didn't grow up in the States and I didn't grow up in Japan. But I have to make games that both Americans and Japanese want to play. I have to really look around to see what kind of entertainment content is popular among both western and eastern society. And Studio Ghibli's work has been always one of my favorites. I read a book about the studio's founding and a book about Mr. Miyazaki, with analysis on him. They're saying that the subjects Miyazaki's films are about, are always peace, children, innocence, nature, love, the sense of flight. The dream of flight, in almost all his movies. And I thought, yeah, the reason they're popular is because these are the fundamental, universal things that appeal to us. The emotions, desires and dreams. That, no matter what culture you grow up in, you all share. To me, the games we've worked on, are about beauty, the sense of freedom, flight, nature and humanity. So flight has been pretty nice. And it's easy to do. The way you move a character in the water. All you need to do is change its position. But if you were to be doing, let's say, Assassin's Creed, it would be very complex. So it's also technologically easier for us to do, as a small independent studio. It's a co-production of the Peer-to-Peer Foundation, which is my organization. So with a small team of researchers and funding from Orange Global, who supported us with this research. And in fact, I think this the first time that we've tried to create a complete mapping of collaborative economy. There are books on crowd-sourcing. There are books on crowd-funding. There are books on open innovation. There are books on Wikinomics, but I don't think there is any sort of research that puts it all together. So this shows how all these phenomenon are linked to one another other. The principle theme of my book is that there is a certain horizontal of production factors. The internet is not only a communications tool, it's a tool for the creation of collaborative value. Today civil society is capable of self-organizing and creating products and quite complex systems like Wikipedia, Linux, etc. So the first chapter, is, let's say, an introductory chapter, so it: horizontalisation. There is a shock with vertical structures in society, so a diagonalism, a sort of appearance of a hybrid economy. So in two stages, firstly, chapter two and three are how do the existing institutions adapt to this new reality. We can see there are phenomenons like crowd-sourcing, like collaborative consumption, open innovation, co-creation and co-design that are why businesses are asking themselves how they'll be able to mobilize horizontal creativity, but within their chain of values. For example, in crowd-sourcing we can have phenomenons where the business will say, or even a person will say: " i need a logo." They'll mobilize 300 teams all across the world to partake in a competition to make the logo and they'll pay them 300$. Well that's not that interesting, but it's not just that. What i want to say is that when it fits into a classic capitalist chain of values there is still an element of exploitation that can be very very present. So the fourth and fifth chapters, in the fourth chapter I describe the bottom-up economy that is to say that it's not the businesses trying to integrate these dynamics, it's the communities of value creators that institutionalize, and so will create their own economic institutions of governance. But evidently they will also have to adapt to certain measures within the existing economy. So typically how does this economy work? The value today is created in the commons. We use shared property licenses, like the General Public License, like Creative Commons and so innovation will be added to the commons, and that is very different than the old system where innovation was added to the private, with private property licenses. It's a community of volunteers or payed employees who contribute knowledge, software codes or designs to the commons. So generally, there is a second actor that I call the For Benefit Associations. These are generally NGOs, foundations that make collaboration possible, like Wikipedia for example. A decent amount of money is needed to finance the servers because there are a lot of visitors, a lot of users. o the Wikipedia foundation will generate funds to maintain the servers, will create a governance tool to manage any conflicts that may emerge in the production of Wikipedia, will protect the contents against attacks from let's say people who want to privatize the knowledge that has been written in the commons. o all this is done by this foundation and we find different models in practically all open source projects in the software economy, but there is also software for open hardware that is emerging. Even in currency for example, today there is Bitcoin which is a peer-to-peer currency that is even created by computers. There is a group called the Bitcoin Foundation that tries to maintain this process the fifth chapter is a chapter that describes the distributed infrastructures For example, in finance there is crowd-funding, the capacity to self-finance amongst peers. So we're looking for money not at the banks or investors but... horizontally. Social lending, or peer-to-peer lending, is looking for loans from your peers. And peer-to-peer currency, or peer-to-peer money, is currency that is created by the community. So Bitcoin for example is really interesting, it's a currency that has its limits, that has certain problems, but what is interesting about it is that it is a post-Westphalian currency. So it is not created by the state, it is not created out of debt owed to banks, but is created by the community and sustained by the trust of a community in an algorithm, within a particular protocol. And the sixth chapter is about currency(ism) and let's say what I call open business models. So can we create economies when there is no intellectual property? Yes. and I describe in the sixth chapter the different models that have emerged and so sustain this new economy. We can consider the change part of the emergence of distinctive patterns that do not appear in dominant logic. So for example, we are in feudalism. In the eleventh century there was the renaissance of italian cities. They need money. They need bankers. But in Christianity, you can't ask for interest. And so purgatory is invented, which allows bankers to acquire benevolence and redeem them of their sins and therefore not go to Hell. And in the thirteenth century, the templars who protected the pilgrims going to Jerusalem. they reinvented or invented accounting, with a input and output and the balance between the two. And then there was the invention of the printer and Calvin who says that being rich means that we are chosen by God. So all these patterns do not have a direct sense but in the 18th century we know that all these patterns found each other and founded the capitalist logic, which has cultural, moral and financial aspects. So Wikispeed, this is how I describe Wikispeed. First of all, Wikispeed is a project for a car that is open source, so with an open and shared design. First pattern. which was created by a global community, without capital, but with a social benefit, or effort. Second pattern. that was conceived as a modular manufacturing, so that has a modular design where anyone around the world can contribute to the parts of the car. Which is another pattern. The production is in Microfactory, so small localized factories with a series of 3D printers, that are connected, that are like Lego, so we find a new pattern. So it is not mass production that requires marketing and publicity to sell any surplus, it's manufacturing on demand, so we only build when there is a demand, and so there is no surplus. So we see an interest right away of this type of practice at the ecological level. Plus, the design communities do not have the logic of planned obsolescence. So how do we create a design that is not for the market, where you need a tension between supply and demand Ö but where the goal is to make the best possible design made by the community? We are in a design that is sustainable, durable, etc. I can buy spare parts of a car on Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer currency pattern which allows me to buy a peer-to-peer car. So we see clearly these patterns that have emerged here and in Wikispeed. We see that they fit together. So what is also very interesting about Wikispeed is their production model. It's called Extreme Manufacturing. They applied quick software design models for the design, the physical. So, just like Henry Ford had a methodology to produce his cars, Wikispeed has developed its own methodology to produce its car. Voice off screen : chain production. There you go. So the problem with industrial production is that it's linear. We do one thing after another, every time we need permission, there is hierarchal control. On the other hand, at Wikispeed, it is a parallel development that is distributed, where all the contributors can change a part of the car in real time, continuously. And so that is why with 80 people in 12 countries were able to make a car that, at the ecological level, is 5 times more efficient than the cars that are made today in factories in Detroit. This is why the example of Wikispeed is so interesting, because for me it shows, in a very concrete way, the logic of this new economy. Voice off screen : As well as this result, it is a result which is very reliable at the ecological level etc., but it's the cost of the car as well. Yes, I believe that it is sold at 24 000$, so it is actually quite competitive. It's a sports car that is quite competitive. What we need to see also is when we are in open hardware or open source software, we are in the cost of production plus a margin of profit. We are not in intellectual income. So we make a huge surplus of 2, 3 000% on a monopoly of intellectual property. So the business coalitions that work around open source software and hardware have very competitive prices because they don't require a surplus that is due to an artificial monopoly imposed by the State. So this is why it is also a very productive and competitive model, even in the capitalist world because it can function at a price level significantly lower than the price used in the capitalist industry. There are two aspects, so there is an aspect of control. So there is a loss of control. These firms no longer control the chain of value if there is a transformation switch towards this new model. And they loose their income of intellectual property. Therefore faced with these two loses, the industries that have grown thanks to this monopoly are not very interested in investing in this new model. Of course there are exceptions. For example, we can see that in the open source world for firms like IBM, it's very interesting to pool the development of their software, which is not key in competitiveness. For example, everything internal at IBM can very well be done with Linux. In fact, I think that without exaggerating too much, we can say that Linux, that IBM has become a Linux consulting firm. Essentially, it's the business model. So there is also an interest on behalf of certain firms to reorient themselves towards this production mode. So the problem today, evidently, in this production between peers, is that it lives in a co-dependance with the capitalist system. The commons believes, at a collective level, but the individuals contributing to the commons need to be payed employees in capitalist firms that take their added value in the capital accumulation system. So one of my concerns is to make this production mode much more autonomous. So my proposition is to combine a new form of licensing that I call the Peer Production License. It was developed by someone named Dimitri Kleiner. So the difference with this license in relation to the General Public License that is used by open source software, is, instead of saying 'Everyone can use our commons'. We say: If you are a private firm, that uses our commons without contributing to the commons, you must contribute financially to the commons. But, if you are a cooperative or a non-profit and you contribute to our commons, you can use the cards.' So the idea is to create a network of ethical and solidarity firms around a particular common. Either the commons contributors create their own cooperative enterprise, or convince the actors in the social economy to switch, to transform themselves and to adopt open source techniques. So both bottom up and top down and to try to create a network that is more and more autonomous and supports itself within the dominant capitalist system. So I believe that the change is happening, and when we look back in history, the change in feudalism or from feudalism to capitalism, was because there was another system being born within a larger dominant system. And when the dominant system fell apart, there were seeds of the new system already planted. So I believe that this is the strategy for change that we should follow. It's to support this economy amongst peers. It's to make it stronger and more autonomous, Such that when there is an ecological and financial crisis that will occur within the capitalist system, we'll be ready to draw in a larger public to adopt to these new practices. So I have a sort of plan. In my opinion the peer-to-peer is inevitable. That is to say that the growth and use of distributed production facts is inevitable. It's too efficient, it's hyper productive, etc. But the property and control of these technologies is not given in advance. It depends on the balance of power, social struggles, etc. So imagine that there are two poles, two axes. where one axe is centralized control and one axe is distributed control. One axe for profit, one for the commons. So digital capitalism (capitalisme nÈtarchique) combines a centralized control of peer-to-peer technology with a combination for profit. A key example is Facebook. Yes Facebook has social peer-to-peer dynamics where we share in a community, share links, create projects, but we do not own our own data. We don't control the design of the platform and the monetization is done exclusively by Facebook. So there is a hierarchy of the network that controls the network. So it's what I call digital capital, a hierarchy of a network. So the other possibility is distributed capitalism. For example, Bitcoin, so peer-to-peer currency, is still a rare design. So the Bitcoin example is gold. It is produced by a computer, but you have to buy it. So either you have to invest in a computer and electricity, or you have the buy Bitcoins. So, if you're poor, you can't buy Bitcoins. Bitcoin's design was inspired by the libertarian political ideology, which is against the State, against monopolies, but is for a world where everyone has the freedom to be a little capitalist if they want. So there is a design in Bitcoin. At the beginning we made a lot and now we're making less and less. So the demand will grow bigger than the supply and the value of Bitcoin will rise. This means that we can be selfish and use Bitcoin. So it's not like the... There are lots of complementary currencies that require an ethical investment. The Bitcoin user does not make this investment. So you can very well be completely greedy and like Bitcoin. If we combine a local orientation for the commons, we're in what I call the local resilience movement. So transition town, local organic agriculture, local currencies. So there, there is really an orientation for the commons, but there is still that local aspect I would say. So there is not necessarily a global vision, a political vision. And often it's determined by a philosophy of survival. So it is often ecologists who have a negative vision for the future, which can of course be correct, that the contemporary world will not survive in the form it has today, and so it's what we call in english a life strategy, a survival strategy at the local level. So I am a supporter of the fourth quadrant, global orientation for the commons. That is to say there is a true political orientation. That we are here today to change the world, that we'll have to reorient the deep structure of the world as it is. Essentially to sum up my proposition, today we live in a world that combines a false abundance and a false scarcity. So we believe that the physical world is infinite, but we're going to destroy it, impoverish it, and at the same time, we're going to create intellectual properties that make cooperation, culture, science and sharing difficult. So the peer-to-peer world is a world where we recognize the physical limits and where we recognize the natural abundance of immaterial sharing. What is very important to understand in my opinion is that scarcity and abundance are not only objective. So they are not only material characteristics, but are also a way of seeing the world. For example, when you are in abundance... For example in the Third World... I live in Thailand. There are still commons. I live in Chiang Mai, there are mounting tributes. They have commons. When we are in the common, we are in abundance because we also have the means to use the common resources to feed ourselves, etc. When we start to privatize the commons, we are right away in scarcity. Because I can't go to my neighbor for my needs. So if I don't have my own land, I'm in scarcity. So scarcity is not in the land, it is in the way we organize our land. This is why I believe the Internet has played an important role because it has socialized the youth to share. You can see that what we have been told is that it's impossible in the physical world, that is to say sharing, cooperating, but we've seen that it is in fact very possible in the virtual world and so we've rediscovered abundance in the virtual world, and this is why I believe that there is a sharing renaissance in the physical world. So I think that this is why digital culture is very important, because the physical commons were under assault from capitalism. They were defensive, whereas digital cultures are offensive. We are in the process of recreating the commons with our own efforts and we see that they are hyper-competitive and hyper-productive in relation to the dominant alternatives that already exist. So I think that there are three main kinds of commons. There are the commons that we inherit, like oceans, rivers, nature, forests. And so now we're asking ourselves, is it right that a human being can be the owner of something he didn't create himself? So I agree that, when we add value to a work, we can profit from it, but the base itself, air, water, we do not own this. It is owned by all of humanity and even all living things on earth. So the second commons, are the commons that we create, language, culture, the Internet, open source software. And we created these in common so there is a shared ownership. But I think there is a third common that is very important and is the material we create. For example in the Wikispeed model, the design is collaborative but the machines are also collaborative, they use open source 3D printers that were conceived collaboratively. They use open source 3D printers that were conceived collaboratively. And so I think that we should also work on this third common. And so in my model I propose that there is a pooling of immaterial knowledge, but also a pooling of the physical. So why is this important? When we see the Roman Empire crisis for example... There is always a moment in empires, when the maintaining of the empire, the cost of maintaining the existent, makes the conquests become too expensive. It's more expensive to integrate new territories than to conquer them. So at that moment, there is a crisis in material expansion of the empire, the Roman Empire in particular. and we saw that the Roman Empire, when it collapsed, resulted in a relocation of production.I know it's a bit weird to call them that... But the Christian monks were a global open design community. It was them that maintained, through their work and their cultural exchange, the european cultural sphere. So very quickly there was agricultural innovation in the techniques which recreated prosperity for Europe in the 10th century. So today we have exactly the same problem. We have impoverished the earth so much that we are going to have problems with energy resources, raw materials, water, food. However, capitalist competition is related to an economy of scale, which means that we must produce more to be competitive. Therefore using more energy and more materials to be competitive. However, Wikispeed is an economy of scope, that is to say doing more with the knowledge we have... So pooling our knowledge and doing more with the materials we have. So skinning up from one. In the whole world, all the Wikispeed communities will contribute to the development, not only of product, but of the productive tool. So we're doing more with what we have. So we create competition by the scope and not the ladder. I don't know if that's clear. So when the world's resources become rare, we are going to need this civilizational shift, which really is the same shift that occurred at the end of the Roman Empire. MUSlC DARBY: Nebraska is my second family. Being from California, I have a lot of questions as to why I chose Nebraska. The main one is the education program. We have so much hands-on experience. DANlELLE: The merchandising program at the university is extremely unique. We don't just focus on the business aspect of fashion. We get a really well-rounded view. DARBY: We are in the classroom with real-life students. We're formulating our own lesson plans, interacting with our cooperating teachers. DANlELLE: We have to take the product development and design courses as well so it's great to know we have a better overall understanding of how the industry works as a whole. DARBY: And then you also have a sense of community that I know at some other schools, large or small, you don't get. At the end of my career here at UNL I know that I'll be able to look back and say 'I belonged' and that is where I'm from. I think the American Elms mean everything to our alumni. They are really one of the defining aspects of the University Park campus of the Pennsylvania State University. And the Elms mean so much because they are unique, they are stunningly beautiful, they soften our campus in a way that nothing else can, and from my perspective, they are a living, albeit mute, witness to our very roots as a university. Many of these elms were planted in the 1890s, when George Atherton was the president of Penn State, and our so called 'Second Founder'. And it is during that period that the Penn State that we recognize today came into being. Atherton basically took a struggling and dying institution and built it into a sustainable university of great promise, in his 24 years from 1880 to 1906. So, from my perspective, and I think from the perspective of some of our alumni, these American Elms go way back to our very roots as an educational institution. Many of the trees were planted a little bit later, in the first decade of the 20th century. But the point is, you have now close to over 200 beautiful American Elms that are, some of them are 110 years old, some of them are even approaching 120 years of age. So they have been here for generations upon generations of Penn Staters. They're as iconic to this campus as Mount Nittany, as the Nittany Lion Shrine, as Old Main. You name it. They are part of our institutional DNA, and they really do define this campus. Having a fever with your baby can be a very scary experience especially for the first time. The way you can ascertain if they have fever or not is to take the temperature several times. You can take it by doing a temporal scan through their ear, under their arm, rectally or by scanning their head. Once you realize that they do have a temperature it's always better to err on the side of caution and call your doctor. As an expert and a mom of three I cannot stress enough how important it is to call your doctor if your child has a fever. A fever is a sign that something is going on within the baby's body, either a viral infection or a bacterial infection and we need to figure out wha'ts going on. Unfortunately fevers can also lead to febrile seizures in young children. So you wanna talk to your doctor to see what you should do for that particular temperature. Anything above normal for a baby, which is typically around 98.6, you would want to call your doctor and see, maybe you'll take some baby Tylenol, maybe just a cool bath, maybe added fluids, maybe keeping the baby cool. Whatever it is, keeping in constant contact with your doctor and taking a record of what the baby's fever is over the next couple of days will be really important and helpful during that time. Hello, my name is Zogg, and I wanna welcome you to Earthlings 101, the crash course for alien visitors of earth. So, what is this course anyway? During the course, we will discuss everything an alien visitor needs to know about earthlings and their planet. No matter whether you are a space tourist, an alien scientist, or a galactic conqueror: If you are interested in the human species, this course is for you. The first episode is a general introduction into the human race, or, as they call themselves: Mankind. The earthlings live in a rather boring region of the galaxy and are not particularly beautiful, intelligent or tasty. So, why are they so interesting? Well, the earthling planet happens to be inside a natural reservation inside a non-transit area inside the neutral zone between the Andromeda Empire and the Union of Galactic Communist Republics. Due to this position, their planet is actually out of reach of the allmighty and omnipresent Galactic Bureaucracy. A planetary census alone would require more paperwork than the last galaxy-wide reform of the taxation of planetary rings. In consequence, life on earth has developed without any administrative supervision, wars and migrations don't need to be approved by the administration, whole species can emerge and perish without any paperwork, and all economical benefits stay on the planet. Earthlings don't even pay a tax on their moon! The earthlings' home is a small rock called earth, orbiting an uninteresting yellow star called sun. Being a tax paradise, they can afford an enormous moon as well. The planet is mostly covered with hydric acid, also known as dihydrogen-monoxyde, a slimy and disgusting chemical which is toxic to most galactic lifeforms. Life on earth is roughly divided into four kinds of creatures: First, there are plants, greenish fiber bundles which clamp to the ground and feed on sunlight. Secondly, there are animals, mobile bags filled with red slime, which feed on plants and sometimes on other animals. Thirdly, the earthlings, pink slime bags which feed on animals and plants and do a lot of weird stuff in the rest of their time. This weird stuff is what this course is all about. And fourthly, there are gazillions of tiny little creatures which feed on pretty much anything else. However, microbes are so tiny that earthlings can't see them with their primitive eyes. So the earthlings think that they are at the end of the food chain and consider themselves the dominant species of the planet. When you visit earth, you may hear accounts on other kinds of creatures, which feed on earthlings, seek moonlight, and avoid sunlight and hydric acid. However, these creatures are not real - the earthlings made them up. Making things up belongs to the weird stuff earthlings are used to do. We will explain this in forthcoming episodes. Strategic advice: As mentioned before, hydric acid is abundant on earth. So, if you are planning an invasion, make sure your vessels, battle suits and equipment are not soluble in hydic acid. There is nothing more embarrassing than your mighty invasion force melting away in a summer rain. Life on earth is all about three things: Feeding, reproducing and not dying - which is kind of redundant, as feeding is all about not dying, and reproducing and not dying are all about not letting the genetic code die. The genetic code is a quaternary code written on tiny molecules and stored inside the elementary building blocks of their bodies. It defines the creature's appearance, ability and behaviour, and the most successful codes are those who make their creatures protect and spread the code. In other words: Feeding, reproducing and not dying. With time, animals developed a whole lot of tricks in order to get better and better at feeding, reproducing and not dying: Natural weapons, size, useless but attractive antlers or feathers, speed, protective shells, camouflage, the ability to climb or even to fly. But when it came to creating the earthlings, nature got lazy and gave them none of this. Instead, she just gave them a brain and told them to figure everything out for themselves. Which they did. Remarkably well, by the way. The trick was to replace the missing natural attributes by self-made ones, which they called "tools". With these tools, earthlings could adapt better to any given circumstances than any other species on the planet. Except for the microbes. Tips for tourists: A vacation on earth may be exciting, but it can also be very expensive. If you are low on budget and only want to spend the weekend, why not take a trip to the moon? It's not overcrowded, you'll have a great view on earth, and you might even stumble upon some human artefacts. One of the best ways to keep eating, reproducing and not dying is actually killing. Earthlings are real experts on killing. Mankind is the only galactic civilization that invented the hydrogen bomb before the teleportation device. Earthlings kill plants for food, animals for more food, rival earthlings to get their food and reproduction partners, and microbes not to be killed by them. Earthlings have even found a use for the inedible parts of plants and animals they killed: They wrap them around their bodies. This is called "clothing". Having sophisticated clothing is something that attracts more potential reproduction partners, which may then lead to more killing. To prevent earthlings from killing each other up to the last earthling standing, they have developed something called society. Earthlings usually think that society is a big group of humans, but actually it's more of an abstract entity. Society isn't something that actually exists, but that doesn't hinder it from having a strong opinion on pretty much anything. It tells earthlings what to do, what not to do, what to eat, what tools to use, whom to reproduce with and what cloth to wear. Society basically imposes on earthlings the interest of the group, pretty much like the genetic code imposes its own interest. The earthlings didn't actually invent society - it developed with mankind. Society is kind of hardwired into their brain. See, in the center of the human mind is the Ego, the part that observes the world and decides what to do. But the Ego isn't alone. It's based upon a dark and strange part we might call the Beast, which defends the interest of the genetic code: Feeding, reproducing and not dying. On the other hand we have what we might call the Niggler, which is kind of an advocate of society. Whereas the Beast tells the Ego what he would like to do, the Niggler keeps telling him what he should do. The Ego is, so to say, slave of two masters. Whereas the Beast tries to control him with things like pleasure, fear, desire and pain, the Niggler manipulates him with things like remorse and the feeling of success. As the former one represents the needs of the code, and the latter one the interests of the group, both often disagree. The Ego passes most of his time navigating between the demands and interdictions of both parties - a process called, rather incorrectly, "free will". Scientific advice: When you experiment on earthlings, don't try to separate the three parts of the brain by surgery. That's not possible, as they are all tangled together. Instead, try stimulating different parts of the brain with electric shocks and see what happens. This is an interesting and entertaining way of learning about the functions of the brain. It's also a great science fair project for young scientists. The funny thing is that neither the Beast nor the Niggler seem to live in the present. The Beast still lives in a distant past where life was tough, rules were simple, killing was a necessity, reproducing didn't follow any rules, eating involved a lot of running after animals, and not dying involved a lot of running from predators. The Niggler, on the other hand, lives sometimes in an idealized future where life is easy, nobody kills anybody anymore, everybody is kind and perfect and everything will be better. Sometimes, however, the Niggler lives in an equally idealized, not-so-distant past, where rules were strict, manners were different, clothing covered more skin, reproducing was nearly prohibited and everything was better. So, the Ego, having to deal with the present, has sometimes a hard time reuniting the wishes of his two masters. This was the first episode of Earthlings 101. In forthcoming episodes, I will tell you more about evolution and society, but also about weird things like nations, myths, dreams, sex, magic, rituals, beauty, money, games and much more. Next time you will learn about evolution, genetics, and why the genetic code of earthlings contains the sentence "Squids are stupid" an an ancient Sagittarian dialect. Thank you for watching! So, let me read you one other excerpt. And just to set it up, we're talking again about this guy, C-Note, this squatter who had been living in the building and who JT had charged him a fee to operate in the building and C-Note was in charge of all the other squatters in the area. On a hot Sunday morning, I was hanging out with C-Note and some other squatters in the parking lot of JT's building, across the street from a basketball court. The men had set up shop, the men had set up an outdoor auto repair shop - changing tires, pounding dents, performing minor engine repairs. Their prices were low and they had lined up enough business to keep them going all day. Cars were parked at every angle in the lot and the men moved to-and-fro, hauling equipment, swapping tools, and chattering happily at the prospect of so much work. Another squatter had set up a nearby stand to sell soda and juice out of a cooler and I bought a drink and sat down to watch the underground economy in full bloom. Just then, JT drove up accompanied by four of his senior officers. Three more cars pulled up behind them and I recognized several other gang leaders from around the city - JT's counterparts who ran the other local Black Kings fashions. JT walked over to C-Note, the squatter who was peering into a car engine at the time. JT didn't notice me, I was sitting by a white van partially hidden from view but I could see and hear him just fine. 'Hey C-Note, what the hell are you doing?' JT asked. 'Well, what the hell does it look like I'm doing, young man?' C-Note barked right back without looking up from his work. C-Note wasn't usually quarrelsome but the squatter could be a hardliner when it came to making his money. 'We have games running today', JT said. He meant the gang's monthly basketball tournament. 'You need to get this stuff out of here! Move the cars! Get all this stuff off the court!' 'Aw, you should have told me', C-Note said as he threw an oily cloth to the ground. 'What the hell can I do? You see this work ain't finished'. JT laughed, he seemed surprised that someone would challenge him. 'Are you kidding me? I don't give a damn about your work! Get these cars out of here!' JT looked underneath the cars. "Oh and you got oil all over the place, you better clean that up, too.' C-Note started waiving his hands about and shouting at JT. 'Oh you're the only one who can make money around here, is that it? You own all this? You own all this land?' C-Note pulled out a cigarette and kept muttering under his breath. The other squatters stopped working to see what would happen next. C-Note was drenched in sweat and angry as if he might lose control. JT looked down at his feet and then he waived over his senior officers to him - they had been waiting by the car. A few of the other gang members also got out of their cars. Once his henchmen were near, JT spoke again to C-Note. 'I'm askin' you one more time. You either move this car or -' 'Oh that's crazy, boy!' C-Note yelled. 'I ain't goin' anywhere. I've been here for two hours and I told you I ain't finished. The hell with you.' He turned to the other squatters, 'he does this every time.' he said referring to JT. C-Note was still chattering when JT grabbed him by the neck. In an instant, two of JT's officers also grabbed C-Note. The three of them dragged C-Note toward a concrete wall that separated Robert Taylor from the tracks where a commuter train ran. C-Note kept shouting but he didn't physically resist. The other squatters turned to watch. The gang leaders nonchalantly took some sodas from the cooler without paying. 'Oh you can't do this to us!' C-Note shouted. 'It's not fair!' JT pushed C-Note against a concrete wall. The two officers, their muscular arms plastered with tattoos, helped by pinning C-Note in. 'I told you.' JT said, his face barely an inch away from C-Note's. 'You just don't listen, do you?' JT sounded exasperated but there was also a sinister tone to his voice that I'd never heard before. 'Why are you making this harder?' he said to C-Note and he started slapping the squatter on the side of the head, grunting with each slap. C-Notes head flopped back and forth like a little toy. 'The hell with you!' C-Note shouted. He tried to turn to look JT in the eye But JT was so close that C-Note butted the side of JT's head with his own. This only irked JT more. JT cocked his arm and pounded C-Note in the ribs. C-Note held his gut, coughing violently and then JT's henchmen pushed him to the ground. They took turns kicking him - one in the back and the other in the stomach. And when C-Note curled up, they kicked him in the legs. 'You should have listened to that, old man fool!' one of them shouted. C-Note lay in the fetal position struggling to catch his breath. JT rolled him over and punched him in the face one last time. 'You dumb fool!' JT shouted and then walked back toward us, his head down. He flexed his hand as if he had hurt it on C-Note's skull. JT reached into the squatter's cooler for a soda at that moment and that's when he finally noticed me standing there and he frowned when our eyes met. He quickly moved away, going toward the high rise but his look gave me a chill. He was clearly surprised to see me and he seemed a little peeved. I had been hanging around JT and his gang for several months by now and I'd never seen JT engage in violence. I felt like his scribe tailing a powerful leader who liked to joke with the tenants and when he needed to be assertive he did so quietly. I was naive, I suppose, but I had somehow persuaded myself that just because I hadn't seen any violence, it didn't exist. Now I had seen a different side of JT's power, a far less polished presentation and in the weeks afterward I began to contemplate the possibility that I would see more beatings, perhaps even fatal incidents. I still felt exhilarated by my access to JT's gang but I was also starting to feel shame. My conviction that I was merely a sociological observer - detached and objective - was starting to feel false. Was I really supposed to just stand by while someone was getting beat up? I was ashamed of my desire to get so close to the violence, so close to a culture, that I knew other scholars had not managed to see. In reality, I probably had little power to stop anyone from getting abused by the gang and for the first time in my life I was doing work that I truly loved. I was excited by my success. Back at the University, my research was starting to attract attention and to my advisers, I kept things pretty abstract. I didn't tell Professor Wilson every detail about what I saw. We all will wear the wedding gown and the children will wear like gentlemen Also we have to make our own program and then we also have to be flighty Eunjung mom kept on imagining all different styles Completely satisfied Then lets make one interview now using the broadcast Let Qri unnie talk. Thats right! We should have that kind of tune Hello everyone, We are the Moon 3 brothers... We, T-ara would like to do for the magazine's front cover's models Most of the children are specially cute Our 3 Moon brothers are very cute and very beautiful If made it into the magazine front cover's model, there wont be any loss for that kind of standard Because they are also movie star Thats true. Moon Mason....is movie star Mavin is also an advertising model We are no taking any money for the service Please help us to arrange Mostly we can accept any offers because we did tried a lot of different style Beucause we did a lot of different styles and so any style we also can accept Please call us~ Many kinds of different stuffs I think I'm the number one The last? -Jang Yi Jeong The popularity ranking no.1? Jang Yi Jeong! Your own popularity ranking? -No.2! To. Ranking no.1 Jang Yi Cheong You just wait! I'll become the no.1! Show your attractions to become no.1! Hi, I'm the main vocal of History, Na Do Kyun. Make a poem with your name please! Na Do Kyun is a virus you don't know Charming point? -Eyes! Since I have big eyes! Complex? -My chubby cheeks. I use that tool to make my chin thinner And I use my hands real hard when I'm washing my face Role model? -Lee Seung Ki! If you meet him? I met him once, and I was really nervous Favorite song? -Lee Seung Ki,Unfinished Story April 26th, 2013 Debut day? It felt really good,but I was really nervous all day Resolutions for future? -I'll work hard to get better Please love HlSTORY,and we will show you improving sides This was I'M HlSTORY! Thank you! now let's consider a very deep question in development economics mainly how persistent or the forces which a prosperity in other words if your country is prosperous today does the supplier country was probably prosperous also hundreds of years ago you can think of this investigation is looking more closely at the role of geography in economic development and also updating some of the results found in jared diamond's guns germs and steel of course look at alex is video on that book i'll be drawn a good deal on this excellent paper available online i recommend you go to the source and read the whole thing one thing those offers do is they take one measure of current prosperity namely the lobby of two thousand five per capita income and they're going to ask what predicts that measure of prosperity as explanatory variables they use some important geographic features mainly absolute latitude or distance from the equator percentage of the land area in the tropics other country whether that country is landlocked and also whether that country is an audit and if you take those together in a well specified model of economic growth the geographic factors what appeared to explain about forty four percent of the contemporary variation in the lobby of per-capita income another words geography really does matter and uh... both variables absolute latitude matters the most there's another interesting paper by all sending kids cited here they make some changes in the analysis they exclude countries settled by recent migrants for instance that would include say in new zealand and they find that geography then explains about fifty five percent of current prosperity even more if we look only at the old world geography then would appear to explain about sixty four percent of the variation in current prosperity direct these papers and general we're finding that geography explains more than biology so for instance if you consider jared diamond's argument that the importance of domestic ball animals for subsequent economic growth that seems to matter less than where our country or region is located econometrica success in earlier times is population density and we're going to look at population density in the year fifteen hundred as a measure of success white population density well for one thing it may be easier to measure than real wages but also consider in earlier times the world may have been in some kind of now losing an ecuadorian that is if a country or region was doing well that would mean that more people would exist but it wouldn't necessarily mean higher real wages so for looking at population density in the year fifteen hundred is very important predictor of that is a variable called years since agricultural transition namely how long ago did that region make the transition to regular settled agriculture another way of putting this is that having had a head start many years earlier still seems to be making a difference another predictor of early economic development mainly population density in the year fifteen hundred is a variable called state history for how long has the region had a history of a well-developed centralized state what's pictured here by the way if the salisbury cathedral in england which is home to one of the original copies of the magna carta another important paper in this literature is by common easterly and gone and they asked the question in their title was the wealth of nations determined in one thousand bc they find some fairly startling results one is that technology adoption in the year fifteen hundred predicts prosperity today and the level of technology today fairly well they find even that technology adoption in the year one thousand bc has some explanatory power for technology and technology adoption and prosperity today this is again suggesting that the idea of a head start really matters the papers in this literature also find that what matters most is not the current geography of a country but rather the geography of the country where the settlers came from for instance pictured here is new zealand a lot of the settlers of new zealand came from england but predicts the economic prosperity of new zealand is not necessarily the current geography of new zealand but rather the older geography of the settlers of new zealand mainly the english this is again reflecting the theme of the distant past really matter these results are all intriguing but it's much harder to know what to make of them in particular which forces channel these early effects does it have to do fundamentally with culture for instance wants a nation or region has a successful culture the success may have some matter perpetuate itself over time that tends to be my preferred explanation other writers have considered the possible role of genetics in creating persistence and prosperity over time we may end up considering that an entirely separate video could it be some other factor for instance if your region was doing well early on that gave you a source of political advantage which then perhaps was used to take resources from others which would both help you and to some extent keep them down maybe so but in any case this all the way too much further investigation just to repeat archaea reading here it's an article called how deep are the roots of economic development in addition to the other pieces mentioned i'd also recommend chandan other men early starts reversals and catch up in the process uh... economic development A court in DC will have to decide what to do with 22 000 legal immigrants to whom was said that they have won the Lottery of Visa after being told that they had not won because of computer error a group of 22 000 from more than 36 countries who applies to the program that US organizes since 1990 started a class law suit We are going to interview one of the victims and also the DOS But before we will explain what is DV Lottery -Program started in 1990 16,5 people applied this year Those countries who gives more then 50 000 immigrants during a 5 year period are excluded Here is Mr.Ramesky he will help us solve the doubts of what happened So first what do u think about the law suit being filed by 22 000 people ? Who want to solve the problem and continue with the process Mr, Ramesky: first we regret about all the problems caused to the public for the technical error that happened and is the reason why we had to cancel the 1st selection What do u think about the law suit ?How is the DoS going to defend themselves ? First I can not comment on the legal matters it is the role of Justice Department But what I can say is that we are always telling applicants that being selected doesn't guarantee getting a green card More than 90 000 people for more than 50 000 petitions each year U r saying that the pool was not random ? And that the US law approved by the Congress says it should be random ? But the immigrant lawyer says it was a random selection, so then why ? for many reasons: first those who were selected errouneously , the machine chose those for them, their lawyer is saying , the selected individuals didn't make any distinction didn't make any of color, those who applied had no idea that,by applying during the first period of registration they would have an advantage, so it was RANDOM, but u r saying it was NOT, so why? We always tell participants not to make decisions that r definite :sell the car,quit job, buy tickets also we r obliged to operate the US system of visa in the manner that is fair, secure and in addition we have to select participants completely at random that is total impartiality so since we had technical error we had to cancel the selection But this error was due to a person or to a machine and what guarantee that it won't happen again? Because u do another draw on 15th July may be the same error wil happen again? It was a problem in a computer code and that means that participants are not responsible for the mistake This error was detected and corrected and we are currently doing the new selection It will be completely impartial so people who were selected and those who didn't would be able to participate yes, of course and they'll have all the chances to be selected in this draw Will be there any kind of compensation to those who were selected ? smth that will compensate the shock those people experienced ? return them money spent on the paperwork and other things ? We really regret this problem but we can not offer compensation bcs we r always telling participant not to do those kind of things why did u realize the error after sending notification letters and not before? Unfortunately the results were not detected before publishing them on the web site this is why we have started a new revision of the process to ensure that a new selection will be completely random and impartial. - How much is this new selection process - the cost is not high, but I don't have numbers for u Now to finish, how much have increased the number of participants during the years ? you give 50 000 visas but 16 million apply, have u thought of increasing the numbers ? This is the decision that belongs to the Federal Congress of US The State Department only runs the program But the quantity of visas are determined by the Congress Briefly what are the requirements to apply for a visa? highs scool diploma and place of birth bcs as u said before some countries are excluded ...... All the details you can find on our official web site Welcome back to COUN 882, and welcome Ali Nelson; thank you very much for being here with us. Thanks for inviting me back! Ali is the veteran's service officer for Racine County, and Ali could you just talk a little bit about your services and how you became the veteran's service officer? Well, Jeff, I spent 28.5 years in the navy, and during that time frame, in the military, I made quite a few deployments. Deployments are normally a 6 month period, so I spent a numerous amount of time up in the Gulf between Iraq and Iran, and so I'm very familiar with that region. After doing my 28.5 years I decided to retire from the Navy and went to work for the SSA for a little over a year, and then a friend of mine told me about the vacant position at Racine County Veteran's Service Office. I applied for the job and fortunately I got selected, and that's why I'm here as a county veteran's service officer now. And how do you reach out to the veterans and some other organizations? I try to actively engage in the community, community outreach, sometimes I get on the radio station and I talk a little bit about our program services and benefits that we offer our veterans. Just to kind of keep people engaged in what we're doing as a county veteran's service office. What are some of the most frequently asked questions that people come to you with? Well, I see a lot of people, especially in the elderly veterans, and their dependence... They come in and ask, "What benefits are we eligible for?" Sometimes they don't know and so they ask the question and by me sitting down and talking to them and getting some information on their background I can determine if they are eligible for benefits or not. You get quite a few of those individuals. The younger veterans that come out of the military and normally try to seek out educational benefits. They're more engaged in going back to school and getting a degree. You do still work with veterans from WWIl? Absolutely. We have quite a few WWII veterans within the state of Wisconsin. I see quite a few of them; they're in their late 80s or early 90s, and it ranges throughout that time frame. Most of those veterans we deal with are those veterans that are up in age and their income expenses exceed their income, and so they're looking for some help from the VA or the gov't, so sometimes we can get them signed up and applied for a non-service connected pension, and that pension will sometimes help sustain them throughout their life. What about the families of veterans; how do you work with the families of veterans? Well, families are a little different. Most of the ones we do work with out of our office are the surviving spouse; if a veteran passes away and leaves a spouse behind, that spouse is also eligible for benefits. We help those individuals obtain their benefits as well. And what happens if the veteran or the family need further assistance or further counseling? We have resources, and the VA has medical health benefits and counseling available for them. You probably spoke to John before about the vet center, they seek counseling that way as well. Dependents, as I look at it, are also eligible for the benefits as well the military veteran. And can the dependents go to non-VA related services? Some of them have insurance and if we talk a little bit about WWII veterans, most of those individuals are on Medicare, and they can use their Medicare Insurance to obtain counseling as well. If an individual passed away, and they were receiving 100% disability, then the surviving spouse would be eligible for a champ VA, which is military as well. A lot of the veterans' surviving spouses are not eligible for health care benefits. Just a small number, and they have to be in the category where the individual is a 100% disabled veteran, so the spouse is eligible for a champ VA. Where do you see most of your returning veterans coming from? Well, we have a large amount of WWII veterans; we're losing those veterans >1,000/day. Then you have the Korean War veterans, and then the Vietnam veterans, and then the Gulf War veterans. So I see more of the WWII veterans who are seeking non-service connected pensions, and then we see some of the Korean War veterans, and we see a large about of Vietnam veterans, where they are more prone to illness, disease, and things like that from the Vietnam crisis. So serving in Vietnam, some of them were sprayed with herbicides, so there's a possibility they are going through some illness or disease, and they might be ... so they come in and file for those benefits and we can get them compensation for that. What about post traumatic stress? PTSD, we see quite a few of that from the Vietnam era, I don't see that many with the WWII or the Korean War. But we see it quite a bit with the Vietnam and Gulf War veterans. Traumatic brain injuries, PTSD, and so on. Some of the abnormal sleep habits, anxiety, depression, things of that sort, I see from those two conflicts; Vietnam, and the Gulf War. How can a veteran get help with a traumatic brain injury? Initially, a veteran has to come into my office or contact me and we'll file for compensation, I'll give you a good example. Before I came in today, I had a veteran that came in and I was just sitting there talking to him, he'd came in for educational benefits, but I was talking to him and I said, "How did you serve? You served in the military?" and he said, "Well, I served for two years." I said, "So, what happened? Why didn't you finish your complete tour?" He said, "Well I hit my head and I had about 18 stitches and somehow I started sleepwalking, and sleeptalking, and after that they told me they were going to discharge me from the military. I got a good conduct discharge and an honorable condition." But, he didn't have any clue that he was entitled to any kind of compensation. So me, talking to him and saying, "Look, when you injure your head, it's a traumatic brain injury. So, you need to come back in and we'll file a disability claim for that, along with your abnormal sleep habits, and anything that deals with that injury that took place while you were in service." They found out that their service is connected then they'll pay the member compensation for that. But a lot of these individuals, sometime in the military, get out... And because they don't see anything that is physically wrong with them, they don't really pursue filing for any kind of disability compensation or seek out the VA for any kind of counseling, or assistance in those areas. And you mentioned that they don't see anything wrong with themselves? Well, yes, sometimes you look at a person and visually, you don't see anything wrong with that person, but inside there might be some things going on mentally that they might not be aware of and I have spoke to you earlier about dismisses that sometimes an individual in the military, specifically a man, because they have a tendency to go fight war and come back, they don't want to say, "Hey, there's something going on with me and I am having these serious headaches..." or, "I can't sleep at night," or, "People irritate me and I am very jumpy," things of that sort. So they're not going to seek any help, because sometimes they see themselves, they want to seek counseling, or check their self into a hospital, that it's a sign of weakness. So as a result, they'll deal with it the best way they can. And how do you see them dealing with that? Well, I mean it's, sometimes it's detrimental because, you know, the family member sometimes picks up on this, especially if the individual is married, they might have kids... so it's not a good situation where the person is having some issues that's going on and the spouse can recognize it, the kids can recognize it, and not sleeping in the bedroom, sleeping down in the basement, or you know... taking back roads to go home and things of that sort. Something is going on right there. So sometimes, the individual family member is much easier to convince them... they can say, "You know, you might want to check yourself out, check yourself into the VA and find out if you can get some counseling." So I've seen the numerous occasions where the spouse brings the veteran in and say, "You know what? There's some issues going on. I need some help." And does the spouse get help as well? The spouse, like I mentioned before earlier, the spouse is not really eligible to go to the VA, but you know, they can seek help through their insurance. If there's a, you know, let's kind of shift gear a little bit now and a member might have been stationed in capital june and Cabin June was known in the 70s to have contaminated water, so if a family member was there, then they would be exposed to that, so now the spouse can seek help through the VA because they were physically stationed on that base and they probably drunk the contaminated water as well as the veteran, but outside of that, you don't really see a lot of help for the veterans. They can get some counseling, but the VA, they really don't pay a lot for that, for the individual, unless they actually come up and say, "Hey you know, I have some serious issues and I don't have any kind of insurance to cover that or financial stability to get counseling." So the VA might step in help out a bit. And how would the spouse obtain benefits that way? Well, the spouse would have to come into my office, and we'll recommend, we'll actually point them in the right direction to VA, veteran affairs, and they'll work with that individual where both of them can seek counseling at the same time. What about the draw down? Do you see that as being a huge factor with the returning soldiers; the numbers of returning soldiers? You know, just my stand point, looking at it, sometimes individuals join the military to make military a career, so now if we draw down the force, we're reducing reduction in force and those numbers are dwindling down so they have to get people out and those individuals are probably not prepared for outside the military. Maybe not equipped, sometimes the job that they have is not transferable to civilian jobs, so there's a lot of anxiety involved in that, and those individuals might start having some anxiety attack or dealing with civilian life and things like that. So I think when you deal with those individuals that are not really prepared for the outside then you really have to make sure those individuals seek counseling and get them acclimated into a civilian society. They might not have a job when they get back. And sometimes that's the case. Unfortunately, that's the case where the individual doesn't have a job, and what happened? I mean, i use an example of that, that maybe the member might be having some post-traumatic stress disorder, don't have a job, they're trying to survive, and then they do something stupid. Then they're not falling into the justice system and now that's a different story, that's a bigger story because now that person might be in the justice system, then you find out that this member might have had a traumatic brain injury, PTSD, and various other things going on with that member. I've since been working in the program called the Veteran Treatment Court, and I've seen a lot of those individuals within the last year that are in that program in the justice system that got involved in DUl. That's one of the most common one, because most of the time you find out that DUI is secondary to something, it can be secondary to post traumatic stress, so a person go out and try to drink to deal with their problem, but they drink heavily and then get behind the wheel and drive and the cop pull the person over. You might have 2-3 DUls and the next thing you know you're going to be spending some time in jail, behind bars. So sometimes we can get those individuals. We identify they have a problem, they admit that they, "You know what, I committed a crime, drinking and driving." They enroll into the program, into the Veteran Treatment Program and then we kind of mentor them along. The program is not designed to get the military off, it's designed to find help for that veteran. That veteran might need some counseling, to get that person back into a healthy lifestyle, whether it a supportive husband, or supportive person in the community, whatever the case may be. And what does it usually take to get them to be a productive member? Well, one thing about the Veteran Treatment Court they have, part of that program is called a mentoring program that's involved and that's a critical part of this program. That mentor is an individual military that has the military background and military culture. We try to team up a mentor who is similar to that individual who can really relate to that individual and that person can relate to that mentor and they kind of help that person to get through the program. If you just pull that person out and just throw them out there, then the success rate is not going to be that good. Our success rate has been really good; we tie that person to the right mentor. And what does that mentor help them do? Well, they help them see that they have problem. That's the first thing. They first identify they have a problem. They first identify that, "Hey, we got some issues and here are the resources," Like: seek counseling. Give that person maybe, if drinking was a problem, they stop drinking, if using drugs, substance abuse was a problem, stop using drugs, things of that sort, and now that person becomes a new member in society. You know, this is where the person was a good member before they joined the military and something went wrong, they came out, they tried to deal with society, they went astray, then you bring them back, and that mentor kind of helps that person to get back to to where they can become productive. It sounds very, very forceful. Very, practical. Well, I mean, I invest my time into it because I know it works. I know it's much easier for me to help the individual to become a productive citizen in society than to be institutionalized where it becomes a revolving door; they're going to jail, they come back out for 6 months, they're back in, and you know, I have to be concerned about tax-payer dollars. Me and you pay taxes and we're the one that normally is going to be paying to keep that person behind bars, where if can get that person to be a productive citizen in society, that person is able to make money and become a tax-payer themselves. How closely do you work with the therapists in the Veterans Court? Well, we do. Because normally when a person enrolls in the Veteran Treatment Court, they do an assessment and through that assessment is going to determine if that person is going to be accepted or not. They normally accept people who are high risk and high needs, a person who goes out there and drinks maybe one time —they might not be high risk, high needs, so throwing a person into a situation like that might make them worse, so the therapists are really those subject matter experts. They ask me for information as far as, "Can you tell me a little about the military backgrounds of these veterans?" "Did the member serve in combat? How long did he serve? What kind of discharge did the person receive?" — things of that sort. So that's the collaboration of the communication between me and the counselors as far as the Veteran Treatment Court is concerned. Very good, well, thank you very much for sharing some more information and I look forward to hearing more about how you work with veterans and their families. Absolutely. I am here to help. Pleasure for you to invite me back, thanks! Hello, this is David Duke. It has gotten so bad in the sick world we live in that now some leaders of nations are now openly promoting genocide of the European people. French president, Nicholas Sarkozy, made a speech last year at l"École Polytechnique outside Paris in which Sarkozy clearly laid out his plans for the genocide of the European French people and nation. Sarkozy openly seeks to destroy the European race in France. He demands that the French people massively intermarry with non-Europeans. This combined with massive non-European immigration and high non-birthrates would completely wipe away the true French people. Here's a quote from The Brussels Journal, in an article called "The Engineer of Diversity." "In his message Sarkozy insisted that the French people must change. That there will be dire consequences if they don't. And to not intermarry racially is bad for the survival of the country. Thus he amalgamated the concept of preference for minorities in job hiring with that of the necessity of the French people to intermarry racially." Sarkozy went on to say that if the French don't interbreed of their own free will that "it will be necessary for the Republic (government) to resort to even more forcible measures." To oversee his measures he announced the appointment of Yazid Sabeg to head up his government program of discrimination and genocide of the European Frenchmen. Sabeg himself made this statement in 2008: "I speak Arabic and I am a Muslim. I repeat I'm a Frenchman and in no case will I renounce one single element of my identity." So here we have Sarkozy's man trying to destroy the heritage of the historical French people, destroy their identity while he himself proclaims quote in no case will he renounce one single element of his identity. As head of the French state, Sarkozy has now ordered wholesale racist discrimination against French men and women in all walks of French life - in Education, in Business, in Employment - White people in France now face mandatory racial discrimination much like the United States of America. Millions of our people in America face Affirmative Action which is nothing more than blatant discrimination against better qualified White people in college admissions, scholarships, and hiring, and promotions and the awarding of contracts. Funny, isn't it, I'm called a racist because I believe in equal rights, that the best qualified should get the scholarship, college admission, or the job or the promotion. But the truth is, the government is the one which is racist. It's the courts which are racist. It's the politicians who are racist. France is already slated to become one of the first European nations in which the indigenous people will become a rapidly disappearing minority in their own homeland. We're going in that same direction in America. These acts of Sarkozy are a violation of the International Genocide Convention of which France is a signatory. It defines genocide as acts committed with the intent to "destroy in whole or part a national, racial, ethnic, religious group, killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part." Trying to destroy an ethnic group constitutes genocide as defined by international law. Sarkozy is guilty of this crime, and we demand that he be punished in the World Court for attempting to destroy the European French people. Who is this man trying to ethnically cleanse European people from France? Well he is very similar to people in other nations who are like him. He is not French. Actually he is a Jewish extremist who supports the supremacist State of Israel. He does everything he can for Jewish heritage and its preservation in Israel and in Europe. He has a close relationship with Jewish extremists in France and with Israeli terrorist, Benjamin Netanyahu. Sarkozy blatantly says that he supports Israel as a "Jewish State." He supports Israel although Israel has segregated schools for Jews and Palestinians. Segregated apartments. Even wholly segregated towns and villages. Israel has strict immigration laws for Jews only. And Israel forbids intermarriage between a Jew and a non-Jew by law. Imagine if any place in France or in Europe would enact a law which would prevent an European from marrying a Jewish person or an African. That law would be branded by Sarkozy and the media as the epitome of evil. Sarkozy demands that Europeans intermarry outside their race. But who did Sarkozy marry? When he became the French president, his wife was the very Jewish Cécilia, who announced publically that she was "proud" that she didn't have a single drop of French blood in her veins. Sarkozy divorced her late to marry Carla Bruni, who the Jewish press proudly hailed as being of Jewish descent. Recently the Jewish newspaper Hareetz in Israel headlined that Sarkozy's ex-wife Cécilia has now re-married a Jew. And Sarkozy's son has just had a huge wedding. He also married a Jew. So what gives? While Sarkozy threatens Europeans to intermarry, he and his family sure don't. Why does Sarkozy and so many others support and meet with Jewish extremist organizations such as Chabad and light menorahs at Hannukah? Here's a clip of Sarkozy at a menorah lighting in Paris. Why is there no criticism of this in the press and no mention that Hannukah is a celebration of Jewish resistance to assimilation, in other words, Jewish opposition to mixing and intermarriage with Gentiles? So why does Sarkozy and much of the mass media advocate race mixing for Europeans and demonize any European who opposes intermarriage for our people. Sarkozy and the media don't criticize the largest Jewish organizations of the world - every one of them has programs to prevent intermarriage of Jews and non-Jews. They say, among themselves, that intermarriage will destroy their heritage. If Sarkozy and the heavily Jewish mass media thinks it's so wonderful for Jews to preserve their heritage, then why do they support the genocide of the European people? Every Jewish organization in the world acts to prevent intermarriage of their own people. So it's obvious that they know that such policies are destructive and harmful to the European people. What is a reasonable person to think? Jewish extremists like Sarkozy and the most powerful bosses of the media the Jewish bosses intentionally seek the harm and the genocide of the European people. These hypocrisies can no longer be kept from our people. Millions of our people are learning the truth. Millions of our people all over the world are waking up, and they are beginning to stand up for our basic human rights. And the most important human right of all is the right to live. It's a human right that must be accorded to our people. And we demand that Sarkozy along with political collaborators in the United States and in other nations as well as the media bosses in America and Europe be prosecuted, convicted, and imprisoned for the racial genocide of our people. Our people may be down now but they are not out. They are awakening, someday we will regain control of our nations, our economies and our media. Justice will be done! Our people will live on! [Reporter] Hello and welcome to Stones & Stories a web only documentary for Tri-Sates radio.com courtesy of Tri-States public radio. It's were we go to varies cemeteries around McDonough County and explore the historical significance and really what it means for history in this region. I'm joined by noted local, author and historian John Hallwas our first stop in this series is the old Macomb cemetery. It sits along Wigwam Hollow Road here in Macomb. Near the corner of Adams Street and uh John. What can you tell us about the cemetery? before we get started what's historically significant about this? [John Hallwas] Well it is our oldest Macomb cemetery and one of the oldest in all of McDonough County. It's in a lovely location here along Wigwam Hollow Road and as you look to the North you can look down the hill toward the LaMoine River or Crooked Creek as the pioneers called it. Which was the location of the early Indian encampment that gave Wigwam Hollow it's name. [Reporter] Now was there any particular reason that the uh, the uh settlers of this cemetery decided to chose this location? Is there anything special about it? [John Hallwas] No, it really wasn't it had to do with uh the early death of a youngster that started things here and started the development of a private cemetery for several years before the public took it over. And that death occurred in the family of Peter Hale. Peter Hale and his wife had a quarter section of land in this area they built a log cabin on it in 1830. And later in that very year their little daughter whose name we do not know fail into a fire and was burned to death. And so she was buried near the log cabin here in what later became the cemetery. Unfortunately we don't have a record of her death more specifically then that and we don't know the exact site of her grave. But, that was the very first burial here in what later became the old Macomb cemetery. Reporter] Well John what's our first stop on this tour? [John Hallwas] I can take you to the second burial here in the old Macomb cemetery which occurred early in 1831. And for that we've got to go to the middle of the cemetery. [Reporter] Okay so we've arrived at our first stop the grave stone of it looks like T.L. Bowen what can uh what can you tell us about this? [John Hallwas] This is a Bowen family headstone of course it's a 20th century stone but, and it mentions the names of a number of people in the family. But, also that of Truman Bowen who was the second burial in this area. Truman Bowen a pioneer who died in March of 1831. Just a short time before Macomb was going to be laid out later that year. Truman Bowen who died of disease in his 40's was born in 1786. And there's a story that survives about his burial. Because it was so early and Macomb hadn't even been established yet. There wasn't really any cut wood in the area that is there was a lot of logs but not cut lumber. And so a problem was what to build his coffin out of. James Clark a very famous pioneer from our county offered his wagon that he had used to bring his family from Kentucky. So they took that wooden wagon apart reused the lumber to make a makeshift at least coffin for Truman Bowen. And Clark quipped that it was a rough box looking affair that didn't give much endusement for people to die in McDonough County. But that's the second burial in the area and of course it still was not a public cemetery and wouldn't be for a period of time. And for that we've got to go to the next stop. [Reporter] Okay the next stop on our tour is the headstone of one Robert Garrett. And uh John I hear that Robert Garrett played a really important role in the 1800's here in Macomb. [John Hallwas] He did not that he was an important public figure but he sold the land to the community to make this a public cemetery and that was in 1835. He himself was not buried here until 20 years later 1855. But he was born in 1770 and so he's 1 of 28 people in this old cemetery who were born before 1800. And uh interesting thing about his particular stone which is laying down flat here as you see on the ground. Is that it also has a poem on it and in fact if we look closely at the poem here and we can just still make it out and in fact it's a rather common poetic epitaph very widely used in New England since puritan days and beyond that in Europe. And it goes this way: [Behold you strangers passing by as you are now so once was I As I am now so you shall be prepare for death and follow me.] So a very grim reminder that everybody's got to die. And you can...you can sense the puritan cultural background in that kind of poem. But it was used again widely and we don't know who orginally composed it. But the point is that they liked poetry on tombstones at least certain cultural groups did. Especially those from the East Coast and so you find a number of headstones here in the old Macomb cemetery that have poetry on them. [Reporter] Now it seems as though as you mentioned it...it's a rather grim poem. What..what...what..what caused the I guess we have a different perception of death these days it's not so much grim as some religions you know celebrate it it's not something to be feared what caused that change? [John Hallwas] A lot of things contributed to it it would take an hour and a half to talk about the causes I think I...I have taught classes in changing attitudes towards death over the years. But in the 19th century the earlier view of death as a grim horrific thing that everybody have to face and of course the judgement coming in Christian terms after death was replaced by the notion of death as a sleep or a rest so if you go for example in Macomb's Oakwood cemetery which reflect later in the 1800's you'll see more common references to [At Rest], [A Sleep] things like that on the..on the stones. So they..they softened the notion of death from what it had been traditionally going all the way back to the puritans. [Reporter] Well uh John what's next on the trip? [John Hallwas] Were going to take a look at another early figure from the uh who was here in the 1830's uh who was a very important early minister. He was the prominent early minister who came to Macomb in 1837. James M. Chase he was from New Hampshire were he'd been born in 1800. But a very successful Presbyterian minister and he not only was a minister here in town and also a teacher incidentally at our very first college founded by the Presbyterian church McDonough College he taught there from time to time. And also he helped found a number of other Presbyterian churches in the region. So a well known minister in fact he was also from a famous family because his uncle was Bishop Philander Chase. Who was the Chief Bishop in the Episcopal church in the United States. And was the Chief Founder of Jubilee College for example now a state historic site over by Peoria. So he was from a family of ministers very prominent figure and it shows I think in the size and nature of his stone. He didn't die until 1865 he was actually on a mision a Christian mission to help Civil War soldiers. But shortly before the war ended that he past away. I mentioned his prominent family his father also a minister from New Hampshire. Who had been in Indiana for a long time serving the Presbyterian church there is also buried right over here. [Continues in part 2] LONDRES Episódio 2 Hi, we're at Dover Street Market in London, and I'm here with Natalie Wansbrough-Jones, the Senior Fashion Editor of British ELLE. Tell me why you love coming to Dover Street Market ? I love Dover Street Market because I discover fashion here. They just have this brilliant fusion of fashion and art and exploration, and it's like a treasure trove, you just discover things here, which really excites me. Can you tell me about fashion in London ? I think that there is a huge creative attitude towards fashion in London. There is a real sense of exploration and freedom and that allows people to really be themselves. And there's no kind of fast or hard rules for fashion here. I think it's really up to the individual just to be who they want to be, which makes it really exciting. Thank you so much Natalie. Here we are at Mildred's a wonderful little restaurant in Soho in London. I'm here with Kathy, the manager. Tell me about Mildred's. I think people love to come to Mildred's vegetarians and non-vegetarians alike because we simply serve food without meat, and we feel vegetarians can bring their meat-eating friends along and they'll feel perfectly comfortable here. It's a very lively, bright atmosphere, it's very casual, we're very friendly, and there's really nowhere else in central London like Mildred's. So I know the office of ELLE is just around the corner, what do the girls from the team eat when they come here ? They love our fresh salad bar, we have a lovely big variety of different salads, very interesting ingredients, and it changes daily, so they're able to come every day and have something different. So if you want to know where the ELLE girls eat, come to Mildred's. What would a proper London girl be without her Nicholas Kirkwood heels ? They're beautiful aren't they ? I love them, and I need 10 minutes to test them out.. Okay ? Thanks ! Welcome to another Mendeley minute. In this episode, we'll show you how to organize your library. The Desktop client has various intuitive components. The center pane displays all your references and documents, which are easily sorted by Author, Title, Publication Year and other key information, simply by clicking on the relevant header. Icons indicate whether a file is attached, and what type of file it is. Here we have PDFs, Word documents and stand-alone references without attachments, which are all easily sortable by clicking here. Double-clicking on a reference with a PDF attachment opens the document in Mendeley's PDF viewer. Here, you can read the document highlight text and annotate You can also remove highlights and annotations by right-clicking on the selections and choosing the appropriate fields. Let's leave the PDF viewer open and return to the main interface. Still on the center pane, we can star our favorite references, and the green icons indicate which ones haven't yet been opened. We can sort by these categories as well, again by clicking the relevant headers. The upper left hand pane displays My Library and Groups, and the various folders contained in each. To switch between folders, simply click on the relevant folders. To create a new folder, click "Create Folder". Name it. and then drag and drop references into it, to help keep your references organized even more. We'll tackle groups in another Mendeley Minute. Immediately below is the filter pane, which lets you filter your library by Author's Keywords, Authors, My Tags and Publication. Just click on the drop-down menu, and select the filter you want to apply. Let's filter by Author's Keywords. Now we can select the keywords we're interested in, and the center pane displays the associated references from My Library. The right hand pane displays details of the references in your library, including all of the meta data that Mendeley extracts. Just click on a reference, and you can see title, journal, year, abstract, author keywords and lots of other information. Add your own tags by clicking the relevant field and typing. You can also modify any other entry in the same way. Finally, you can add notes to your references by switching tabs and typing. Brought to you by WlTH S2 Written In The Heavens Subbing Squad This is a FREE fansub. NOT for SALE! Get it for FREE @ withs2.com <i>Baek Ho still hasn't shown up yet?</i> <i>Even now, he's causing problems for Yi Seul.</i> <i>The person I love most in the world...</i> <i>is marrying another man today.</i> <i>I, Ham Yi Seul, like Kang Baek Ho.</i> I'm here to give you what you're desperately longing for. <i>So what if I'm talking rubbish?</i> <i>Be crazy and try it once,</i> <i>what do you have to lose?</i> Yi Seul! No! <i>The many signs Yi Seul had sent me, those gazes and those hints...</i> <i>Do I look that easy to bully?</i> <i>The many hints she had dropped,</i> <i>hints which only I could understand.</i> <i>How many of them had gone unnoticed all these years?</i> But then, Baek Ho not becoming a professional baseballer must be the most unexpected turn of events. And to Yi Seul's happy marriage. - Cheers! - Let's drink to that! Well, go home safely. Be careful going in too. - Yi Seul... - Baek Ho... You talk first. No, you talk first. Don't take what Chae Ri said earlier to heart. Everyone knows what happened was out of your control. Even so, Chae Ri... In her memory, she felt pity and regret for you, that's why she said it. What about you? Huh? What about you? Did you feel pity and regret too? I mean... Do you feel pity and regret now too? That... It's getting late. Hurry home. I'm going in. Ham Yi Seul. Would things have been different? If I... hadn't given up baseball back then... would things have been different? What? Us... No. Whether or not you gave up baseball, nothing would have changed between us. Back then as well as now, Kang Baek Ho has always been my cherished friend. Bye. [Let's go, march towards first place! Best pitcher Kang Baek Ho... ] [Let's go, march towards first place! Best pitcher Kang Baek Ho... ] [Kang Baek Ho, fighting!!] Hey, even if you don't do that stuff, I'll still win. Don't worry. That stuff?! Sheesh! Seriously! What's so funny? As your manager, is my enthusiasm that funny? Is baseball that funny? Even if you have talent, you never know what might happen. That's what baseball is. Be serious, the match is coming up. Don't act cool. What if you get injured? <i>Amazingly, that girl is always right.</i> <i>That was also the case for that day's game.</i> Kang Baek Ho! Kang Baek Ho! <i>- That was my last game.</i> Kang Baek Ho! <i>That was my last game.</i> Do you think this kind of stuff will get me to start playing baseball again? The words you said to me before, I'll throw them back at you untouched. Is baseball that funny? What are you doing? I'm asking what you're doing? You can't tell by looking? I can't play baseball anymore. No, I won't play from now on! <i>To me, you'll always be the best pitcher.</i> <i>Kang Baek Ho, brighten up! Aja aja!</i> <i>Everything's going to be okay.</i> <i>It will be okay. I know it.</i> <i>Why did I do that back then?</i> <i>Why did I give up so easily?</i> <i>She believed in me so much.</i> <i>She waited so anxiously for me.</i> <i>Kang Baek Ho,</i> why did you give up so easily? <i>Why the heck?</i> <i>I know now.</i> <i>I shouldn't have given up so easily back then.</i> <i>I really wish I could go back.</i> <i>I really wish I could go back.</i> Should I send you back again? N... No. How long have you been standing there? No, wh... what are you doing here? Sending a repentant person back in time is nothing for someone with the ability. Ex... excuse me. Excuse me. Can I really go back again? You can send me back in time again? Do you know? No one imagined that a pitcher who needed elbow ligament surgery in his first year of college would return ten years later to become an MVP with 200 saves. It was Oh Seung Hwan. This item fits right into your story. Good. This will serve as the ticket fee for today. I hope this will be a meaningful journey. <i>I'm not dreaming.</i> <i>I get to go back again.</i> <i>One more time, please let me go back.</i> <i>Please, please, I beg you.</i> Renovatio. Renovatio. Renovatio. Yi Seul! My ball, my ball! Kang Baek Ho, there's only one out left. Aja! [58th Golden Lion Inter-High School Baseball Competition] <i>It's...</i> <i>2002, at my last baseball game.</i> [Let's go, march towards first place!] <i>2002, at my last baseball game.</i> [Best pitcher Kang Baek Ho, fighting!!] <i>2002, at my last baseball game.</i> [Moon Hwa High] [Haneul High] <i>Bottom of the 9th inning,</i> <i>Bottom of the 9th inning...</i> <i>This is when I got injured.</i> <i>I'm back. I'm back.</i> <i>I'm back in the past again.</i> <i>I can do it. I can do it now.</i> Hey, Pitcher! The game's not over yet! You need to throw a strike in order for us to win. Why are you dancing already? <i>Don't worry, Yi Seul.</i> <i>I absolutely won't get injured this time. Absolutely not.</i> Hey, Haneul High! Let's go! Aja! <i>At that time,</i> <i>it was an outer curveball that hit my arm.</i> <i>No, Tae Nam.</i> <i>It can't be an outer curveball.</i> <i>I'll use my body to determine who wins.</i> <i>A man's battle is determined by a fastball.</i> Kang Baek Ho! Kang Baek Ho! Hey, Kang Baek Ho! Hey, are you okay? Kang Baek Ho! <i>Orthopedics Patient Kang Baek Ho.</i> <i>Patient Kang Baek Ho, please report to exam room 1.</i> Crazy, I'm going crazy. How could I lose the baseball glove? All because of the paper cranes... It's my fault. It's all my fault. If anything happens to Baek Ho, it's all because I lost the glove. Is this what you're looking for? Yes, that's it! Thank you. Thank you. Thank goodness. It must be a great glove, for you to cry over losing it. Is he a good pitcher? What? The owner of that glove. If he's not a good pitcher, then it's a pity for the glove. He's the best! He's the best pitcher... this glove's owner. Good thing. Hey, was that exchange about me? What was about you? Oh, right... What did the doctor say? He said once the bone heals, I'll be even more amazing. Really? The technical term for it is... "dinosaur bone" or something like that. Hey, Kang Baek Ho! You startled me. This is what you get for making me worry. For the next month, this is mine. What's that smell? Oh, my God! Fire, there's a fire! Honey, there's a fire! Fire! What's going on? This is bad. Where's Yi Seul? Where? Upstairs. Go and see if she's upstairs. Call 114, 114. I'll call 911. Yi Seul. Honey. You're telling me that you almost burnt down our house just to make oxtail soup for Baek Ho? People say it's good for bone injuries. I just wanted to bring some for Baek Ho tomorrow, that's why... Then you should have just told me, or paid attention while cooking the soup. Well... I haven't slept properly the last few nights because of cheerleading. That's why I suddenly relaxed and... Oh, my blood pressure... People say no good comes from raising a daughter. Where did she learn this from? If you don't clean everything up, don't even dream of sleeping. Oh, honestly. Mom. Um... Where did you put the oxtail? What? I already started... so I might as well cook it again. You brat! Honestly... Just this once, just once. Aigoo. Honestly... You want to start another fire? Baek Ho, which arm is it? Which arm? <i>The first time it was my arm.</i> <i>This time it's my leg.</i> <i>Ultimately, the one destined to get hit still got hit, huh?</i> <i>I went back to the past</i> <i>but still couldn't change anything.</i> <i>Then how do I change Yi Seul's heart and my future?</i> <i>I absolutely can't give up.</i> <i>Even if I lose my leg, I still can't give up.</i> [Let's go, march towards first place! Best pitcher Kang Baek Ho, fighting!!] Hey, what are you all doing? Why aren't you practicing? Kang Baek Ho. - Hey, Baek Ho! - Kang Baek Ho! - Baek Ho. - Sunbae. Aren't you competing next year? Huh? We have the Golden Lion Cup and President's Cup. We'll challenge for the Phoenix Cup too. Sunbae, are you okay? Of course I'm fine. Hey, Freshman. Run ten laps around the field. Quick, quick. Go. Hey, is your leg okay? Don't worry about me and just research some new hand signals. I think the 2nd batter figured out our signals. What? Really? Those brainless idiots... They don't even know the first letter P in fair play. How did they figure it out? That's an F, you ignorant fool. Tae Nam, go and grab my glove and baseball. Why? What do you mean why? I'm going to practice. Hey, after one month, a spectator will know. In one week, a coach will know. In one day, you'll know yourself. Got it? What? Why? Are you Kang Baek Ho? I'm sure you got hit on the leg, not your head. But why...? Hey. Then, we'll... I don't think you'll be needing this now. Baseball team, gather around. <i>That's right.</i> <i>I met Coach for the first time during sophomore year.</i> <i>At that time, I had no idea how impressive he was.</i> <i>It was a very strained first meeting.</i> <i>I never once imagined he'd become Yi Seul's man.</i> Okay, listen up. Starting today, he will be your temporary coach. He's an excellent and venerable sunbae. You must obey him at all times. I'm off then. Teacher. Teacher. You kid, open your eyes and listen. Open your eyes. So embarrassing. My name is Kwon Jin Won. Those are the only three words you need to know from here on out. Starting now, as your coach, I have one small announcement to make. When I call your name, step forward. Kim Seon Woo. No Jin Soo. Do Yoo Min. Ma Bong Tae. Joo Tae Nam. Song Chan Wook. And also Kang Baek Ho. The seven I just named are cut from the baseball team. Go pack up your belongings. Starting tomorrow, don't come to practice. Huh? What did you say? - No way. - Oh, my God. Are you joking with us right now? What's the reason? Because the baseball team doesn't need players like you. Does there need to be another reason? What's this bolt from out of the blue...? Kim Seon Woo, 1.12 ERA with 11 errors. No Jin Soo, 2.12 ERA with 13 errors. Do Yoo Min, 0.52 ERA with 17 errors. Joo Tae Nam, 5.3 ERA with 14 errors. Song Chan Wook, 1.0 ERA with 17 errors. Should I continue? You should know what these statistics signify. Or... should I describe in detail... how bad you guys are for the team? We may be dismal players, but we're all on the same team. We've sweated together and made history together. Even if you're a temporary coach, you can't cut players at will. Y... yeah. That's right. You don't have the authority. But here, I do have that authority. Wielding that authority was my condition for accepting this position. But... what if the baseball team opposes you? Then what would you do? Would you quit the position? No, you guys will be cut. What? If such a thing were to happen, I'd just go ahead and cut the whole team. I've already received the school's permission. N... no. This is outrageous. No. Who do you think you are? You can't abruptly appear and make this kind of decision. I also have something else to say to the other players. No practices will be held until the semester ends in 3 weeks. But, any player who is in the bottom 5 percent of the class will also be cut. I don't need baseball robots who only know baseball. I also don't need dumb jocks who only know baseball. If you want to play high school baseball, then become high school students first. I believe it's possible. That's all. I have a question. Even if you're right, but Baek Ho... I mean Pitcher Kang Baek Ho, why is he being cut? He's good enough to be ranked on the top ten high school pitchers list. The rest of the team wasn't able to help him. He's an exceptional pitcher who can lead the whole team to victory. So why is Baek Ho being cut? Our baseball team is useless if you let a guy like that go. Because baseball... isn't a sport that's played alone. Also, I think Kang Baek Ho knows the reason he's being cut. What a pity for the glove. Teachers, I have an introduction to make. I have with me here a former graduate from our school. He's an impressive man who recently returned after completing his MBA at Harvard. Our principal specially assigned him to be the full-time coach for Haneul High's baseball team. - Okay, Coach, please say hello. - Yes. My name is Kwon Jin Won. First, I have a favor to ask from all of you. I'm not here to train national athletes, I'm here to guide baseball players, students who are 17 to 18 years old. These children aren't yet professional athletes and it's unknown whether they ever will be. But what's certain is... they're currently still high schoolers. That's true. I don't want the baseball team's players to become athletes who don't even know the word "baseball. " Department teachers, please stop giving them preferential treatment just because they play on the baseball team. Please don't forget that the baseball players are also your students who are here to learn. We understand. Please do this. Great, Coach. Come this way. Where is that empty seat? Hey! Hey, Yi Seul. Hold on. What? I overhead everything at the main office. If the baseball team does poorly in school, we'll be kicked off the team. What? What do we do? What do you think high school baseball is?! Ahjussi... The hospital... What are you doing here? Ham Yi Seul, sophomore, baseball team manager since freshman year. I think it's more fitting to call you the baseball team's mom. There are many short-tempered moms who enter rooms without knocking. Ahjussi, are you the coach? I'm not old enough to be addressed as ahjusshi, so just call me coach. Have you played high school baseball before, Coach? No comment. Aish, seriously. I just knew it would be like this. I don't know what's so great about you, but, Ahjussi... I mean, Coach. It's obvious you don't even know the basics about high school baseball! What would that be? The basics of high school baseball? Friendship, passion, and fervor. That's a little different from mine. What? Victory, hope, future, and a fighting spirit... I think it's those things. In the end, a team that loses doesn't even deserve to exist. Is that what you mean? A player who doesn't win can be judged that way at the moment. You're completely rotten. As a coach and as a mentor, you're completely rotten. All this clamor is because of the blue glove? Kang Baek Ho isn't a player who should meet his end like this! What do you know about Baek Ho?! I know it's best to avoid the path you're not qualified to take. What? There are 56 high school baseball teams in the country with 1666 players right now. Currently in 2002, the eight professional baseball teams registered 87 new players. That included 16 players battling for a starting position. How many of those 16 do you think will become starter players in the future? Let me ask you one question. Which do you think is more important, baseball or life? Could you leave now? I still have to deliberate whether I should allow this rubbish baseball team to continue. [The appearance of a tough manager!! Must be blacklisted!] <i>As a doctor, I recommend you end your athletic career here.</i> <i>Even if you recover,</i> <i>there's no guarantee you'll be what you were before.</i> Don't you have anything to say to me? Nope. Your leg really is fine, right? Of course. Aigoo. Don't worry, Manager. See, these paper cranes really do work. How did you know? What? How did you know there are paper cranes in that box? Hey... Ham Yi Seul, how well do I know you? The whole neighborhood knows you've been crying and folding cranes every night. Oh, you didn't know. Hey, you three baseball players. Joo Tae Nam, Song Chan Wook, Kang Baek Ho, quickly. Get up here quickly, punks. Song Chan Wook, number 1. Kang Baek Ho, number 2. Joo Tae Nam, number 3. Solve them. Teacher, how would I know this? Hey, I've taught you this before. You've all learned it, why can't you solve the problems? Hey, Teacher, why would the baseball team know how to do these problems? So, what? You're proud you don't know?! No, you usually don't make us do it. Why are you suddenly doing shady stuff you've never done before? What? Shady stuff?! Lean over. All of you lean against the blackboard! Teacher. Teacher. Please calm down. There's nothing to calm down about. All of you punks, up against the blackboard! Quickly, lean over! Why are you dawdling, Punk?! You don't even know what those are, do you? Five strokes. One, two, three, four... My leg, my leg... Punk, you're going to complain? I'll add two more. Aigoo, you punks. You don't even know how to spell? You're worse than middle schoolers. You're worse than middle schoolers. The... Hey, Chan Wook, you read it. What? Okay. Aigoo. Don't scribble. Baek Ho. Punk. Is this place your bedroom? My leg is injured, that's why... Is your leg injury an excuse? You better not lean over again. I'm in a lousy mood. Ahjussi, ice water please... I'm hungry now after being angry. Please bring us some tempura... Thanks for everything. Victory, Korea! Victory, Korea! Hey, come on. Let's forget about baseball for now and focus on watching football. Let's fulfill our duties as citizens of the World Cup host country. I never dreamt I'd be able to watch Beckham, Ronaldo, and Zidane in my homeland. This is a miracle. It's a miracle. I am a Red Devil*. (*supporters of national team) You are Red Devils, okay? Got it? Starting tomorrow, let's forget everything and happily cheer! Okay? Okay. <i>The 2002 World Cup</i> <i>got everyone's blood surging that hot summer.</i> <i>I had never once watched a game with Yi Seul before.</i> How come I never realized how fun football is? Hey. Why? If you had known, would you be playing football instead of baseball? Hey, can I change my major now? It's too late, Punk. You were seriously thinking about quitting baseball, huh? - Goal! - Hey, look! Goal! Goal! Oh, my God! Goal! <i>Republic of Korea!</i> <i>Republic of Korea!</i> <i>Republic of Korea!</i> Tomorrow, will you come to the street cheer? Don't wait for me. I'm not going. Don't be like that. Come with us. No, my leg is injured. I just want to stay home and rest. Then I'll go to your house with everybody. No. I'm sure they want to go out and watch. There's no need. You guys go on your own. I understand. Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! <i>He shoots!</i> <i>A little wide.</i> <i>On target and we'd have won.</i> <i>Hwang Sun Hong has collapsed to the ground.</i> <i>He's bleeding. He's bleeding.</i> <i>They head-butted each other.</i> <i>I hope he's not seriously injured.</i> <i>Looks like the injury is near his eye.</i> <i>I think he injured his eye while heading the ball.</i> <i>Oh, my goodness.</i> <i>Everyone, Hwang Sun Hong is on the ground.</i> <i>Seriously!</i> <i>I hope he's okay.</i> <i>Let's see a replay.</i> <i>He was hit on the head.</i> <i>Seriously!</i> <i>I'm concerned it's a serious injury.</i> - What do we do? <i>- If Hwang Sun Hong stays out of the game,</i> - Kang Baek Ho, are you watching the match? <i>- Korea will be at a disadvantage.</i> Oh, my goodness! Hwang Sun Hong is on the ground. Now what are we going to do? Yi Seul, don't worry. Hwang Sun Hong will get back up. In a second, after he gets his head bandaged he'll be running on the pitch again. No, it looks like he's seriously injured and he's bleeding a lot. Ham Yi Seul, do you want to make a bet? If Hwang Sun Hong gets back up within five minutes, then my leg will definitely get better too. <i>If I lose,</i> <i>then I'll give you the MP3 player you've been eyeing.</i> <i>All right?</i> What? I'm telling you to open your eyes and watch closely. Hey! <i>Oh, he got hit while heading the ball.</i> <i>It was a header that totally would have scored a goal.</i> <i>Aigoo. So deadly.</i> <i>I really hope it's not serious.</i> <i>He's bleeding profusely now.</i> <i>- He needs emergency treatment for his injury. - If Hwang Sun Hong gets back up</i> <i>within five minutes,</i> <i>then my leg will definitely get better too.</i> Please. Please. Get up. Get up. Please. Get up. <i>Wow!</i> <i>- He's getting back up. - He's getting back up.</i> <i>Hey, Hwang Sun Hong is getting back up now.</i> <i>He's standing up.</i> <i>Wow! That's incredible determination.</i> Hwang Sun Hong! Hwang Sun Hong! [Hwang Bird's left-footed strike... A Delightful Strike. ] [South Korea Into Round of 16] [Youngil News] [117 Minute Bloody Battle "Huge Comeback"] Hey, dried squid, dried squid... Did you buy dried squid? When I'm not here, you guys don't study. Seriously! Dried squid, dried squid. You guys have to do well on the exams this time. Regardless of whether it's that coach or a glance or whatever. (sounds like coach) You have to do well so he can't scold you. You got it? Hey, Ham Yi Seul, what has gotten into you all of a sudden? Kang Baek Ho, did you memorize all the Korean history facts? No, I'm... I'm doing it now. Hurry and open your book! Open it! [Kang Baek Ho, fighting!!] What's happening? Ham Yi Seul... What are you doing out here? Kang Baek Ho. You scared me to death! What happened? What's wrong? Hey, the door is locked. What? Move aside. Chae Ri! Song Chan Wook! Joo Tae Nam! Hey, they already left. What? - When? - I'm not sure. I woke up and they were packing up to go home and sleep. Now what do we do? Wait until morning and I'll try climbing out the window. Then we have to stay locked up in here all night? So who told you to wander in here? Hey. Why are you looking through someone's things? Someone's? How is that yours? Technically, it's mine. You made it for me so that makes it mine. Who boastfully said he'd win even without this stuff? I'm sorry. About what? Just because... But, when did you find this? You got injured so I just tossed it aside and left. I told you, didn't I? I hold onto what's mine. But what should we do until tomorrow? Aigoo. We should sleep. Smells bad... Kang Baek Ho, you can't sleep now. The exam is tomorrow. You have to score at least 80 percent. Did you finish studying? The newspaper that published Jang Ji Yeon's Day of Lamentation... - 3, 2... - One sec. One sec... Hwang... Hwang Seong Newspaper. Correct. Joseon and Japan's first modern treaty, which was also an unequal treaty was...? That's a totally easy one. The Treaty of Ganghwa. In which year? What? Which year? I have to memorize that too? Of course! It was 1876! I don't know. I don't know... I quit. Anyway, I won't pass even if I memorize facts now. Hey, this is a waste of time. I might as well go to sleep. Who says you can go to sleep? Get up quickly! Hey, you're still not getting up? Get up! Get up! - I get it. I get it. - Hurry and get up! <i>Let's go, march towards first place!</i> <i>Best pitcher Kang Baek Ho, fighting!</i> <i>81 percent.</i> <i>Wow! 81 percent! 81 percent!</i> Are you okay? <i>Now if your leg gets better you're all set, Kang Baek Ho.</i> <i>No one can snatch baseball away from me.</i> <i>Absolutely not. No one can.</i> Give that to me. No. What? Stop here. All right, Baek Ho? Kang Baek Ho, stop playing baseball now, all right? What are you talking about? Cut the nonsense. Give that to me. Go home and sleep. What's baseball? Is it more important than your health? Is it more important than your life? You can still live even if you don't play, Baek Ho. So just stop here, all right? No. I can't keep living. You ask me what baseball is? I've realized it's my arm, my leg, and my heart. If I don't play baseball, I'm no longer Kang Baek Ho. If you remove baseball from Kang Baek Ho's life, there's nothing left! How do you know? How do you know that? I know! I just know. I know it clearly. I know it painfully. - Baek Ho... - Therefore, don't say any more and just watch out for me. If I lose baseball, I'll lose something even more important. Something even more important? What is that? <i>It's you!</i> What in the world is it? You're such a noisy brat. Hey. When did it become your duty to prevent players from training? I'm leaving. Let go. Geez. Great timing, Kang Baek Ho. Hey. Get on. Get on. I'll push you home. - Go. Let's go! - Hey. Let's go, let's go! Push harder! You're so heavy. - Is it fun? - Hey, hey. What? What? - Hey. Hey. - What? Let's watch the game and then go. I thought you said you don't watch football? If you don't watch now, you'll regret it all your life. How do you know? I just do. Let's go. Turn. Okay. Let's go. Let's go. Push, push, push. You're heavy. Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! - Tie this on. - Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! Republic of Korea! - Yi Seul. - Huh? Actually, I... you... <i>The ball's out of play.</i> <i>Park has the ball.</i> <i>He passes to Lee Young Pyo.</i> <i>Lee Young Pyo is fast.</i> - Lee Young Pyo is passing it... - What did you say? <i>- Lee Young Pyo is passing it...</i> - I... I like you. <i>- He shoots! Goal! Goal!</i> <i>Wow!</i> <i>Our team finally got a goal!</i> Brought to you by WlTH S2 Written In The Heavens Subbing Squad This is a FREE fansub. NOT for SALE! Get it for FREE @ withs2.com Main Translator: lizzyd Spot Translator: purpletiger86 Timer: dizzybugs Editor/QC: aaachec Coordinators: mily2, ay_link Kang Baek Ho is coming! [I'll take you to the major leagues] <i>I'll take you to the major leagues, Kang Baek Ho.</i> If you go back on your word later, you're dead. One, two, three. I'm sorry. Don't follow me! Where are you going? I have to settle something with him, man to man. Do you believe in miracles, Coach? <i>Happy Valentine's Day.</i> <i>Hello, Everyone.</i> <i>This year's Valentine's Day is here.</i> <i>Could the person standing next to Yi Seul</i> <i>be me instead of Coach?</i> Watch dramas legally at dramafever.com| crunchyroll.com Why is my life the way it is? (Sounds of birds singing and a bell) This world it is the way it is because we are the way we are. (Bell sound) And we are the way we are because there is Karma Karma Bond to the Past and Future (Sound of birds chirping, bells ringing, and a dog barking) Every morning we wake up to a new day. but every morning we also wake up to our old life. To the life that we have created. (forest sounds as the monk walks through it) Last week. Last year Last life This is our Karma. We cannot escape it. Karma Our Life (Chanting) Karma is a sanscrit word. It means "action". We can easily see some of our Karma. Let's just think what we did. Yesterday. Last year. In our childhood. Or in our last life. If we can remember that. What ever we did, this is our Karma. This has become our life. Now. Karma Whatever we did. The Buddhist says "Life is about suffering". Very often we create suffering. For ourselves or for others. We know that. We say bad things. We're impatient. We hurt. Karma We create suffering. We do create suffering around us. This means we fill our own world with suffering. How can we expect to find anything else in this world other than suffering? We will find exactly what we had previously provided. We can create our own hell, but we can just as well create heaven. Karma Heaven or hell. (People talking, market and traffic sounds) Wherever we look in this universe, there is cause and effect. Nothing ever happens out of thin air. This law of cause and effect also applies to our destiny. To the way our life evolves. Whatever we do, whatever we even think will have some effect on our life. Even if just a tiny little bit. Our thoughts and feelings form the world within us. Our words and actions form the world around us. We are constantly shaping our world. And we are shaping our life, little by little. Because for every cause, there must be an effect. Karma Cause and effect (Birds chirping) Whatever we do or think shapes our world, a tiny little bit. Be towards greed and anger or be it towards love and kindness. We can increase suffering in our world or we can prevent suffering. It is up to us. Karma We shape our world. So our actions directly affect our world. Our own as well as other people's world. Because from a Buddhist perspective all is one. Nothing is separate. All is connected. We are all connected. Our own future and the future of others. They interact like cogwheels in a clock. They are one. Karma All is one (Birds continue chirping. Piano sound) Let's see our life as a garden. If we take good care of it, it can be beautiful. Obviously, this will take time and effort. (water sound) And obviously there are a lot of things in our garden beyond our control. The weather, the seasons or maybe some other people whose intentions are different from ours. But, after all, we are the gardener. We will determine what our garden will finely look like. Karma Time and effort (Birds chirping and men chanting) Our present life is created by our Karma We cannot escape it. Since we have created suffering in the past, there will be future suffering too. The future is just the echo of our past actions. For a long time, we have been filling the world around us with our anger and greed. And now it is still there. For example, in the reactions and the feelings of the people around us, in various situations. The suffering we have previously created will now create new suffering. Karma Suffering creates suffering. So, is there a way of actually prevent future suffering? Yes, there is. Our past unwholesome Karma is like a drop of dirty water on the bottom of a big jar. It is there. We cannot change it. We cannot remove it. But we can add clean water. Drop by drop. Little by little. After some time, the jar will contain almost perfectly clear water again. Karma Drop by drop. Since we cannot get rid of our unwholesome Karma, we need to dilute and thereby neutralize it. Rather than creating new suffering again and again, we need to prevent suffering. Therefore, we need to replace our anger and greed with love and kindness. We need to be in control. By meditating we learn to be mindful. We learn to be in control of our actions, our thoughts and feelings. So, finally, we will be able to create less suffering for us and for others. Karma Control instead of suffering. Our Karma is the bond that ties us to past suffering and that will create future suffering too. If we want to be free, we need to cut this bond. We need to prevent the creation of new suffering. So our life can be better next week, next year, next life. Karma It is up to us Everything wholesome. Nothing unwholesome. A Pure mind. This is the past, present and future Buddhas' teaching. A film by Jorg Dittmar Spiritual Guidance Pra Acham Tippakorn Sukhito Production Manager Mae Chee Brigitte Schrottenbacher Narration Morgan Deare Special Thanks All Monks at Ban Sawang Jai, Kate Kamolmas Sringam, Jeffrey Wahl Music Kosinus Start February 2012 in Thailand at Ban Sawang Jai, Pak Chong 1 00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:12,520 There is a strange and mysterious world surrounding us. 2 00:00:12,520 --> 00:00:16,200 For most of the time it's hidden from our senses. 3 00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:22,120 I've always loved detective mysteries, and this is really the greatest mystery ever. 4 00:00:22,120 --> 00:00:27,080 It's one of the simplest and yet most profound questions in science. 5 00:00:27,080 --> 00:00:32,120 The search to understand the nature of reality. 6 00:00:32,120 --> 00:00:36,600 But on this quest, common sense is no guide. 7 00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:44,680 Quantum mechanics says that I can pass through that wall. 8 00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:48,040 How often will it happen? Very rarely. 9 00:00:48,040 --> 00:00:50,640 But wait long enough and it will happen. 10 00:00:52,280 --> 00:00:58,720 Looking for clues has taken scientists to the frontiers of what is possible to know. 11 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:03,760 From black holes... 12 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:09,000 to the deepest structures of space and time. 13 00:01:10,600 --> 00:01:16,920 And what they're discovering may change our understanding of reality forever. 14 00:01:21,680 --> 00:01:24,800 Don't you find this confusing? I find this very confusing. 15 00:01:24,800 --> 00:01:28,240 It's almost impossible to talk about using ordinary human language. 16 00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:34,720 This search has attracted some of the finest minds in physics today. 17 00:01:34,720 --> 00:01:36,760 But be warned. 18 00:01:36,760 --> 00:01:43,240 Once you've entered their reality, yours may never look the same again. 19 00:02:02,360 --> 00:02:08,160 Reality, for most us, is familiar, comforting and reliable. 20 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:11,400 It all sort of makes sense. 21 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:16,960 Trees grow vertically, footballs follow well-known laws of motion 22 00:02:16,960 --> 00:02:22,600 and all our actions take place reassuringly in just three dimensions of space. 23 00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:26,840 But physicists see it a little differently. 24 00:02:26,840 --> 00:02:30,160 Reality is much weirder than it seems. 25 00:02:30,160 --> 00:02:32,440 I feel like I'm standing still 26 00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:37,160 but I'm actually zooming at 67,000 miles an hour around the sun. 27 00:02:37,160 --> 00:02:41,200 I feel kind of solid, but I'm mostly empty space. 28 00:02:41,200 --> 00:02:47,400 And all this stuff going on here with the game, maybe the flow of time is just an illusion. 29 00:02:50,920 --> 00:02:56,640 The search to understand reality has led physicists far beyond surface appearances 30 00:02:56,640 --> 00:03:00,960 to try and uncover its most fundamental laws and structures. 31 00:03:00,960 --> 00:03:03,080 But when it comes to defining it, 32 00:03:03,080 --> 00:03:08,800 reality turns out to be very, very elusive. 33 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:14,080 Is that it? You're going to ask me, what is reality? Oh, boy. 34 00:03:14,080 --> 00:03:17,000 What is reality? What...? 35 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:19,840 HE STAMMERS 36 00:03:19,840 --> 00:03:22,840 You want something even shorter than what I said? What? 37 00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:27,440 Reality is the philosophical concept which we attach to something which is real. 38 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:29,240 That doesn't help, right? 39 00:03:30,880 --> 00:03:36,800 I might say reality is the set of things that we know to be the case. 40 00:03:36,800 --> 00:03:38,400 Like what? 41 00:03:38,400 --> 00:03:40,960 Like the fact that we're sitting here, talking, 42 00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:43,920 like the fact that the world is quantum mechanical, 43 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:47,760 the fact that the universe has been around for 13.8 billion years, 44 00:03:47,760 --> 00:03:50,400 the fact it's hard to get a date on Saturday night. 45 00:03:50,400 --> 00:03:51,600 That's reality. 46 00:03:57,720 --> 00:04:03,280 There's no escaping the fact that understanding reality is a truly daunting challenge. 47 00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:06,920 But that hasn't stopped physicists from attempting the impossible, 48 00:04:06,920 --> 00:04:10,040 trying to find out what it's all made of. 49 00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:15,080 And for centuries, they've approached this question with a surprisingly simple technique. 50 00:04:15,080 --> 00:04:18,040 They smash reality to smithereens. 51 00:04:22,720 --> 00:04:28,200 Welcome to reality HQ, otherwise known as Fermilab, 52 00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:32,440 a high energy physics laboratory near Chicago. 53 00:04:34,720 --> 00:04:40,000 This is Professor Jacobo Konigsberg, particle hunter, 54 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:44,640 and one of the few people on the planet who can personally claim 55 00:04:44,640 --> 00:04:48,440 to have helped discover a bit of reality. 56 00:04:53,040 --> 00:05:00,080 The machine Konigsberg gets to play with every day is the most powerful particle accelerator in America. 57 00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:02,120 The Tevatron. 58 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:06,760 But like everything to do with reality, it's hidden from sight. 59 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:13,200 We're looking at the Tevatron, 60 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:18,320 the Fermilab proton-antiproton collider. 61 00:05:18,320 --> 00:05:21,440 It's ten metres underground. 62 00:05:21,440 --> 00:05:26,080 These are the fields outside Batavia, illinois. 63 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:28,120 Gorgeous day to look at it. 64 00:05:28,120 --> 00:05:30,400 And as we speak, 65 00:05:30,400 --> 00:05:37,040 underground you're having about ten million proton-antiproton collisions occurring every second. 66 00:05:40,280 --> 00:05:42,760 It's been working for 20 years 67 00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:47,800 and every day we basically push the boundaries of what's known. 68 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:52,680 It's the chocolate factory. We love it. 69 00:05:54,760 --> 00:05:57,960 What goes on beneath these fields in the Tevatron 70 00:05:57,960 --> 00:06:01,720 are some of the most violent collisions in the universe. 71 00:06:01,720 --> 00:06:05,680 Deep underground in a four-mile vacuum pipe, 72 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:08,160 encased by superconducting magnets, 73 00:06:08,160 --> 00:06:12,000 they smash together two subatomic particles 74 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:15,440 at close to the speed of light. 75 00:06:15,440 --> 00:06:21,920 Their aim is to find, among the debris of these collisions, the elementary particles of reality. 76 00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:24,400 Tiny and indestructible. 77 00:06:24,400 --> 00:06:28,840 But there's just one hitch with this dramatic method. 78 00:06:28,840 --> 00:06:36,000 When you collide a single proton with a single antiproton and you create this point of energy, 79 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:40,440 out of a single collision you can actually generate hundreds of particles, 80 00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:45,680 hundreds of different particles that one, as a physicist, needs to try to identify. 81 00:06:47,360 --> 00:06:49,920 Working out which of these are elementary, 82 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:54,120 is a problem that's defined particle physics for over 60 years 83 00:06:54,120 --> 00:06:59,480 and has required an extraordinary coming together of theory and experiment. 84 00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:02,560 The problem started with atoms, 85 00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:06,120 once thought to be the only elementary particles. 86 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:11,680 When experimenters first broke into them, they discovered even smaller bits inside. 87 00:07:11,680 --> 00:07:14,000 Electrons and neutrons and protons. 88 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:16,240 But when they tried to smash protons up... 89 00:07:16,240 --> 00:07:20,960 they encountered a different kind of problem. 90 00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:25,320 Small particles need high energies to wrench them apart, 91 00:07:25,320 --> 00:07:28,560 which meant building bigger and bigger machines. 92 00:07:30,400 --> 00:07:37,880 But what came out of these fabulous feats of engineering was a big surprise. 93 00:07:37,880 --> 00:07:41,680 To the experimenters' delight, the first proton collisions 94 00:07:41,680 --> 00:07:46,920 produced not just a handful of new particles but hundreds. 95 00:07:46,920 --> 00:07:49,160 And when it came to identifying them, 96 00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,280 they realised they needed help. 97 00:07:59,240 --> 00:08:04,160 To work out what was going on, the experimenters turned to theoreticians, 98 00:08:04,160 --> 00:08:08,960 the maths geniuses who solve physics problems with the pure power of thought. 99 00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:16,520 This is Professor Frank Wilczek, a Nobel prize-winning theoretical physicist. 100 00:08:16,520 --> 00:08:21,440 How are you? Just fine! I got a collection of whoopie pies... 101 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:25,000 He lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 102 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:31,520 But he comes out to the beautiful countryside of New Hampshire to do his thinking. 103 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:44,800 Wilczek is one of the key architects of our current best description of reality, 104 00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:48,680 the standard model of elementary particles. 105 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:55,080 This model is a detailed description of the basic building blocks of matter 106 00:08:55,080 --> 00:08:57,520 and the forces that bind them. 107 00:09:05,560 --> 00:09:10,160 We got you a good selection of fundamental bits of reality. Yeah, you certainly have! 108 00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,320 When the experiments were actually done, there was a big shock 109 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:26,400 because what happened was people found that when they collided two protons really hard together, 110 00:09:26,400 --> 00:09:32,680 out came totally new and unexpected particles, 111 00:09:32,680 --> 00:09:37,800 like K mesons, omega baryons pi mesons, electrons, 112 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,800 neutrinos, other mesons. 113 00:09:41,800 --> 00:09:46,520 They ran out of names because the Greek alphabet is only so big. 114 00:09:46,520 --> 00:09:50,800 There were such a bewildering variety of these baryons and mesons 115 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:54,360 that together, they became known as the particle zoo. 116 00:09:54,360 --> 00:09:57,080 A whole new layer of reality had being discovered, 117 00:09:57,080 --> 00:09:59,560 but the question no-one could answer was, 118 00:09:59,560 --> 00:10:02,080 which ones were elementary? 119 00:10:02,080 --> 00:10:04,360 They were discovered experimentally 120 00:10:04,360 --> 00:10:08,640 with no underlying theoretical understanding of what was happening. 121 00:10:08,640 --> 00:10:14,320 So the theorists, who wanted to get down to a simple description of nature, 122 00:10:14,320 --> 00:10:21,760 thought they were ready to almost close the book on the laws of nature, were totally stymied 123 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:23,840 and had to go back to the drawing board. 124 00:10:25,480 --> 00:10:29,600 Faced with having to explain these unexpected particles, 125 00:10:29,600 --> 00:10:33,720 the theorists tried to come up with a simple and beautiful solution. 126 00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:36,000 They wondered if the zoo would make sense 127 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:40,720 if it were actually combinations of fewer more basic units. 128 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:45,640 They called this new set of particles the quarks. 129 00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:48,840 Altogether, six quarks were described by the theory. 130 00:10:48,840 --> 00:10:54,800 Up and down quarks, strange and charm, and bottom and top. 131 00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,320 At first, no-one believed they were real. 132 00:10:57,320 --> 00:10:59,600 Then hints of them began to show up 133 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:04,320 and before long, these imaginary particles were actually discovered, 134 00:11:04,320 --> 00:11:08,920 one by one, until the theory hit a roadblock. 135 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:11,240 The top quark was still missing. 136 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:18,920 Either they hadn't found it yet or it didn't exist, 137 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:20,960 an unthinkable proposition. 138 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:26,760 So together, the theorists and the experimenters decided to take a gamble. 139 00:11:26,760 --> 00:11:30,280 They invested billions of dollars in a new class of accelerator, 140 00:11:30,280 --> 00:11:34,280 massively more powerful than anything that had gone before. 141 00:11:39,640 --> 00:11:45,320 By 1990, Jacobo Konigsberg had joined the hunt for the top quark. 142 00:11:45,320 --> 00:11:49,600 He had at his disposal the biggest toy in particle physics, 143 00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:54,440 the shiny new Tevatron, and a beautiful theory to guide him. 144 00:11:54,440 --> 00:11:57,240 All eyes were on Fermilab. 145 00:11:59,520 --> 00:12:05,000 Jacobo's team were looking for something so small, it had no discernible size. 146 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:07,480 They didn't know its mass. 147 00:12:07,480 --> 00:12:11,680 And if it existed at all, it was extremely rare. 148 00:12:17,960 --> 00:12:21,240 It was predicted to be the heaviest of the quarks. 149 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:27,520 But even if it did turn up, it would only last a trillionth of a trillionth of a second. 150 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:33,280 Finding the top quark was really, really very difficult. 151 00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:39,600 We had to create thousands of billions of those collisions 152 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:46,680 in order to finally detect a few dozen of them that produced top quarks. 153 00:12:46,680 --> 00:12:49,560 As if creating the collisions wasn't hard enough, 154 00:12:49,560 --> 00:12:52,960 analysing the fleeting fragments of reality they produced 155 00:12:52,960 --> 00:12:58,080 depended on the perfect performance of the most intricate scientific instruments ever built, 156 00:12:58,080 --> 00:12:59,760 the collision detectors. 157 00:12:59,760 --> 00:13:03,480 This is one of the pieces of the detector. 158 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:07,400 It's a big chamber 159 00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:10,440 that has very, very tiny wires running across it, 160 00:13:10,440 --> 00:13:12,720 it's full of gas, 161 00:13:12,720 --> 00:13:16,320 and as particles come out of the collision point, 162 00:13:16,320 --> 00:13:22,280 they leave tiny traces of ions that are picked up by these wires, 163 00:13:22,280 --> 00:13:26,600 and then you can reconstruct the actual trajectory of each of the particles 164 00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:29,160 as they emerge from the collision point. 165 00:13:29,160 --> 00:13:31,760 This helped us tremendously. 166 00:13:31,760 --> 00:13:33,680 So this is a piece of history 167 00:13:33,680 --> 00:13:40,520 and we have it here shown as one of the most magnificent pieces of apparatus 168 00:13:40,520 --> 00:13:43,720 that have helped us to decode reality. 169 00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:50,240 Jacobo's team searched for the top quark for four years. 170 00:13:50,240 --> 00:13:54,120 His handwritten diaries record their frustrated ambitions. 171 00:13:54,120 --> 00:13:59,240 Over six million collisions, but still no top quark. 172 00:13:59,240 --> 00:14:05,520 Then one day, everyone came together for a meeting. 173 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:10,160 This is the room where, after years and years of taking data, 174 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:13,600 we finally realised we had discovered a new particle, 175 00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:15,360 we had discovered the top quark. 176 00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:19,680 January 21st, 1995. 177 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:30,080 The first reaction from the whole room was silence, and then we broke into an applause. 178 00:14:30,080 --> 00:14:33,160 Everybody was in disbelief 179 00:14:33,160 --> 00:14:38,400 because it all had come together after so many years of hard work, 180 00:14:38,400 --> 00:14:41,840 so many years of searches through many accelerators, 181 00:14:41,840 --> 00:14:46,880 we finally had it here, and we were convinced beyond any doubt 182 00:14:46,880 --> 00:14:50,680 that this was going to become part of reality. 183 00:14:50,680 --> 00:14:57,600 The top quark was here to exist, to stay and here to be part of the history of scientific discoveries 184 00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:04,800 So the feeling was ecstasy - pure ecstasy. 185 00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:09,640 We all feel, I think, that this is our baby. 186 00:15:09,640 --> 00:15:16,480 It's the particle that we unveiled and now we're studying and taking care of. 187 00:15:16,480 --> 00:15:21,280 With the discovery of the top quark Physicists are close to understanding 188 00:15:21,280 --> 00:15:26,240 one of the greatest mysteries of reality - what it's all made of. 189 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:32,160 They've finally tamed the particle zoo into an elegant set of unbreakable bits called 190 00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:34,840 the Standard Model of Elementary Particles. 191 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:38,600 Six quarks, their six electron cousins - the leptons, 192 00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:41,560 and four particles that carry force. 193 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:46,600 Together, these 16 pieces make up the world we see around us. 194 00:15:51,080 --> 00:15:53,200 It's an amazing achievement 195 00:15:53,200 --> 00:15:55,800 to have drilled down through the visible world 196 00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,040 to the bottom layer of reality itself. 197 00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:02,280 But there's a puzzle at the heart of this picture. 198 00:16:06,120 --> 00:16:11,840 You like the fact that you're seeing it, you like the fact that you can explain how these characters 199 00:16:11,840 --> 00:16:16,440 interact with each other, and who they are and what their basic properties are. 200 00:16:16,440 --> 00:16:24,320 But then you don't know why there are so many, you want to think, what drives those numbers? 201 00:16:24,320 --> 00:16:30,240 What's so magical about six quarks? What's so magical about six leptons? Why six? 202 00:16:30,240 --> 00:16:34,760 Every time in history where we've had a really complicated description of reality, 203 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:39,040 someone has come along and unified this into something beautifully elegant. 204 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:43,560 And right now I think our best understanding of physics, again, 205 00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:48,080 is just a bit too complicated to be the real deal. 206 00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:56,040 While particle physicists dream of simplicity, 207 00:16:56,040 --> 00:16:58,960 there's a whole other branch of physics that questions 208 00:16:58,960 --> 00:17:03,800 whether reality as we know it can even be said to exist at all. 209 00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:14,360 Welcome to the weird world of quantum reality... 210 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:22,120 ..where nothing is quite as it seems. 211 00:17:22,120 --> 00:17:27,040 Here, in Vienna, experimental physicist Anton Zeilinger 212 00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:32,160 is about to unlock the mysteries of the quantum world. 213 00:17:32,160 --> 00:17:39,280 He's going to perform a remarkable experiment that puts the very existence of reality into question. 214 00:17:51,760 --> 00:17:56,280 Known to physicists as the double-slit experiment, 215 00:17:56,280 --> 00:18:02,200 it's remarkable because it reveals two astonishing paradoxes about the nature of reality 216 00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:05,960 That no-one can fully explain. 217 00:18:05,960 --> 00:18:09,040 I'm now showing you the two-slit experiment 218 00:18:09,040 --> 00:18:13,480 which contains one of the basic mysteries of quantum mechanics. 219 00:18:13,480 --> 00:18:14,720 It is very simple. 220 00:18:14,720 --> 00:18:18,800 We have a laser, we have a two-slit assembly 221 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:24,640 where the light can only go through two slit openings and we have an observation screen. 222 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:31,040 The experiment has one crucial feature - Zeilinger can control his laser beam so that it fires 223 00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:36,240 single particles of light, called photons, through the slits. 224 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,480 Just single particles. 225 00:18:38,480 --> 00:18:44,320 Lets do the experiment with a camera that's able to detect individual photons. 226 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:47,120 We have to cover it now because of the background light. 227 00:18:47,120 --> 00:18:48,200 Sven, can you help me? 228 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:57,560 As the laser fires single photons, some will pass through the slits, some will bounce off. 229 00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:00,040 Gradually, a pattern will emerge. 230 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:04,640 Now you see the photons arrive one by one at the camera. 231 00:19:04,640 --> 00:19:07,360 Here's one, here's one, here's one. 232 00:19:07,360 --> 00:19:10,360 So they really behave as mini bullets. 233 00:19:10,360 --> 00:19:14,640 What would you expect them to do at the double-slit setup? 234 00:19:14,640 --> 00:19:17,280 You would expect some of them going through this slit, 235 00:19:17,280 --> 00:19:20,720 some going through this slit, so we would expect two stripes, 236 00:19:22,760 --> 00:19:26,600 But what you get is something completely different. 237 00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:40,960 Even though only single photons of light are being fired through the slits, 238 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:47,080 they don't create two lines. They mysteriously create three. 239 00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:54,440 According to physics, this pattern of multiple stripes is what you get 240 00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:57,000 when you shine a beam of light at the two slits. 241 00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,560 Because when it's a beam, light behaves like a wave, 242 00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:05,280 creating a classic pattern of light and dark stripes 243 00:20:05,280 --> 00:20:12,520 But it's totally incomprehensible how SlNGLE particles of light can create this wave pattern. 244 00:20:12,520 --> 00:20:15,160 There's a contradiction here. 245 00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:23,080 On the one hand, we have individual particles which can go through one slit only at a time. 246 00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:30,400 On the other hand, we have the stripes which indicate they are waves which go through both slits. 247 00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:34,640 How can something go through one slit and both slits at the same time? 248 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:41,600 The idea that a single particle of light can somehow split in two 249 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:44,200 and go through both slits at once 250 00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:47,560 goes against all the laws of nature that we know. 251 00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:58,760 From a basic intuitive point of view, this is not possible to understand 252 00:20:58,760 --> 00:21:03,480 if you stick to a picture of reality as we are used to in everyday life. 253 00:21:06,440 --> 00:21:13,240 Over the last two decades, Zeilinger and his colleagues have tested quantum theory to its limits. 254 00:21:13,240 --> 00:21:20,760 They've even proved that it's not just photons that behave strangely, but atoms and molecules, too. 255 00:21:25,840 --> 00:21:30,120 You might ask, why can't we observe quantum reality? 256 00:21:30,120 --> 00:21:32,920 But this is where things gets even more weird. 257 00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:40,080 If you put detectors by the slits, the mysterious behaviour stops. 258 00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:43,200 The photons behave just like bullets. 259 00:21:43,200 --> 00:21:45,360 Take the detectors away... 260 00:21:45,360 --> 00:21:48,960 the multiple stripes mysteriously reappear. 261 00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:50,640 What's going on? 262 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:54,880 Rather astonishingly, it seems that we can change the way reality behaves... 263 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:56,920 just by looking at it. 264 00:21:56,920 --> 00:22:01,800 But this also means that reality has a secret life of its own. 265 00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:07,880 We know what the particle is doing at the source when it is created. 266 00:22:07,880 --> 00:22:11,360 We know what it is doing at the detector, when it's registered, 267 00:22:11,360 --> 00:22:14,800 but we do not know what it is doing in between. 268 00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:20,680 We cannot describe that with our everyday language. 269 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:28,840 If you're finding this hard to get your head round, don't worry - you're in good company. 270 00:22:28,840 --> 00:22:34,680 The paradoxes of quantum theory drove even Albert Einstein to despair. 271 00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:38,840 There's a famous story from the history of physics. 272 00:22:38,840 --> 00:22:42,080 One day, Albert Einstein 273 00:22:42,080 --> 00:22:45,880 asked his friend, Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, 274 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:50,720 "Do you really believe the moon is not there, when nobody looks?" 275 00:22:53,280 --> 00:22:59,320 Bohr's answer was, "Can you prove to me the opposite? 276 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:04,720 "Can you prove to me that the moon is there when nobody looks?" This is not possible. 277 00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:19,800 For more than 70 years, physicists have debated what quantum theory means for reality. 278 00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:24,720 Zeilinger's detective work may yet lead us to an answer. 279 00:23:27,120 --> 00:23:33,160 Quantum physics is an exciting theory because it is extremely precise, 280 00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,640 it is mathematically beautiful and it describes everything. 281 00:23:36,640 --> 00:23:38,680 It just doesn't make sense. 282 00:23:42,960 --> 00:23:47,240 So reality turns out to be stranger than we ever imagined. 283 00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:53,320 Everything has the power to be in two places at once. 284 00:23:53,320 --> 00:23:55,320 But we'll never see it. 285 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:57,400 It's all very peculiar. 286 00:23:57,400 --> 00:24:01,640 You'd be wrong to think you can ignore it, because quantum reality 287 00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:05,200 might be about to change our lives in a big way. 288 00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:23,760 Here at MlT is a physicist who sees, in reality's strange behaviour, 289 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:27,040 enormous power and opportunity. 290 00:24:27,040 --> 00:24:29,560 Seth Lloyd is aiming to revolutionise our lives, 291 00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:35,280 with a new class of computers, like nothing the world has ever seen. 292 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:45,200 This is a quantum computer. It actually happens to be 293 00:24:45,200 --> 00:24:49,280 the best and most powerful quantum computer of its kind in the world. 294 00:24:49,280 --> 00:24:53,440 It runs on superconducting circuits that are cooled to within 295 00:24:53,440 --> 00:24:56,440 a few thousands of a degree of absolute zero. 296 00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:01,160 And it contains in its guts a little tiny bit 297 00:25:01,160 --> 00:25:05,360 where a current going round like this represents a zero, 298 00:25:05,360 --> 00:25:08,320 and a current going like that represents a one 299 00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:12,240 and a current going both directions at once is zero and one. 300 00:25:12,240 --> 00:25:15,200 And that's what's going on in here at the moment. 301 00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:23,960 Whereas a normal computer bit can only represent a zero or a one, a quantum computer bit can be zero 302 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:26,480 AND one at the same time. 303 00:25:26,480 --> 00:25:28,800 Link these multi-tasking bits together 304 00:25:28,800 --> 00:25:35,920 and they can do vast numbers of calculations simultaneously, opening up new worlds of possibility. 305 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:40,960 Quantum mechanics is weird and quantum computers use quantum weirdness 306 00:25:40,960 --> 00:25:46,600 to process information in ways that ordinary classical computers could never even comprehend of doing. 307 00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:52,640 As a result, even a tiny quantum computer with a few hundred quantum bits in it could be more powerful 308 00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:55,680 than a classical computer the size of the whole universe. 309 00:25:59,080 --> 00:26:04,720 What's unique and impressive about Seth's engineering of the quantum world 310 00:26:04,720 --> 00:26:07,400 is that, for the first time ever, 311 00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:14,560 he's opening up a line of communication between our reality and quantum reality. 312 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:19,280 Quantum bits are very small, really teeny, cannot see it with the naked eye, 313 00:26:19,280 --> 00:26:21,400 cannot see it through a microscope. 314 00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:28,720 But you need this whole roomful of equipment to tickle this quantum bit and get information 315 00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:35,720 from our human scale down to this extremely microscopic scale where quantum bits actually live. 316 00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:39,320 If you talk to them just right, and massage them 317 00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:44,160 till they're happy enough, then you can get them to do what you want. 318 00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:47,840 Sounds easy 319 00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:51,800 but Seth has to overcome the most mysterious rule of reality - 320 00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:56,480 the fact that his quantum bits stop being able to do two things at once 321 00:26:56,480 --> 00:26:58,760 as soon as he tries to observe them. 322 00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:03,440 The quantumness of reality is apparently very sensitive. 323 00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:07,800 This is actually one of the main problems with building large-scale quantum computers 324 00:27:07,800 --> 00:27:12,000 because it doesn't take just me or you to look at something and make the computer fail, 325 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:15,360 it can just be some passing electron wandering around, 326 00:27:15,360 --> 00:27:19,400 bounces off this little superconducting loop and says WHOA! 327 00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:24,720 The electrons in there are going around like that, that's enough to mess up your quantum computation. 328 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:32,640 Seth clearly faces some of the most difficult technical challenges science has ever known. 329 00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:34,120 That's going up again. 330 00:27:34,120 --> 00:27:39,360 But if he overcomes them, quantum computing has a huge potential to change our world. 331 00:27:39,360 --> 00:27:40,560 It's very real. 332 00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:44,280 My favourite use for quantum computers 333 00:27:44,280 --> 00:27:47,920 is to use them to understand the weird features of the universe. 334 00:27:47,920 --> 00:27:50,720 Classical computers - lets face it - they kind of think the way we do, 335 00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:52,920 they're not so good for understanding quantum mechanics. 336 00:27:54,680 --> 00:28:01,480 If we're ever really to understand how this quantum universe works at bottom, we need quantum computers 337 00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:06,560 to serve as our intuition, for understanding the fundamental workings of the universe. 338 00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:17,800 Seth's computer depends on things being in two places at once for its power... 339 00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:23,360 ..but there's a growing number of physicists who don't believe that 340 00:28:23,360 --> 00:28:26,240 this is what reality is really like at all. 341 00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:32,800 They think the answer to this puzzle lies beyond our universe. 342 00:28:34,240 --> 00:28:38,760 Just checking to see whether reality is still there. 343 00:28:38,760 --> 00:28:43,160 Max Tegmark is a cosmologist. He's studied the greatest mysteries 344 00:28:43,160 --> 00:28:46,640 of the universe, from the big bang to black holes. 345 00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:49,800 When it comes to explaining how reality works, 346 00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:55,120 he draws his inspiration from one of the most bewildering ideas in cosmology... 347 00:28:55,120 --> 00:28:56,600 parallel worlds. 348 00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:02,400 This theory says that beyond the edges of our universe 349 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:06,720 there are an infinite number of other universes. 350 00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:09,160 It sounds like the stuff of science fiction... 351 00:29:09,160 --> 00:29:13,480 that there's another you living more than a trillion trillion light years away. 352 00:29:13,480 --> 00:29:16,240 But it's not the only version of this theory. 353 00:29:17,880 --> 00:29:23,400 Max thinks that parallel worlds don't just exist beyond our universe. 354 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:28,240 They're here, millimetres away. And they're being created all the time. 355 00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:30,080 I'm here right now 356 00:29:30,080 --> 00:29:31,720 but there are many, many different 357 00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:35,920 Maxes in parallel universes doing completely different things. 358 00:29:35,920 --> 00:29:39,440 Some branched off from this universe very recently 359 00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:42,480 and might look exactly the same except they've put on a different shirt. 360 00:29:42,480 --> 00:29:48,880 Other Maxes may have never moved to the US in the first place or never been born. 361 00:29:48,880 --> 00:29:53,640 This vision of reality says that any time we go to work, 362 00:29:53,640 --> 00:29:58,240 there'll be another universe where we stay at home. 363 00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:01,960 There are universes where we all have different careers. 364 00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:09,680 There are also universes where we don't even exist. 365 00:30:09,680 --> 00:30:13,840 It's a disturbing idea, developed in the 1950s, 366 00:30:13,840 --> 00:30:20,600 but for Max, it's the best and only solution to the paradox at the heart of quantum reality. 367 00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:23,680 The big problem with quantum mechanics is that the little 368 00:30:23,680 --> 00:30:28,520 particles that we're all made of can be in multiple places at once, 369 00:30:28,520 --> 00:30:34,720 yet I'm made of little particles and you never see me in two places at once, so what's going on here? 370 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:43,400 Max thinks that the maths of quantum theory is telling us something remarkable. 371 00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,680 So whenever the equations say that this tennis ball is in 372 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:49,440 many different places at once, what that really means is that 373 00:30:49,440 --> 00:30:56,600 our reality is branched out into multiple universes and in each one, the ball's in a definite place. 374 00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:03,400 According to this theory, when the photon of light faces two slits... 375 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:05,280 it doesn't split in two. 376 00:31:05,280 --> 00:31:07,080 It splits the world in two. 377 00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:14,920 Every photon in the double slit experiment creates a new parallel world... 378 00:31:14,920 --> 00:31:18,480 ..which means what we think of as reality is just one 379 00:31:18,480 --> 00:31:24,800 of an infinite number of realities, each one slightly different from the next. 380 00:31:31,720 --> 00:31:34,600 However strange this theory sounds, 381 00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:39,040 Max believes you have to accept reality as you find it. 382 00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:46,000 Like if I get a parking ticket, there's always a parallel universe where I didn't. 383 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:50,240 On the other hand, there's yet another universe where my car was stolen, 384 00:31:50,240 --> 00:31:52,680 so you win some, you lose some. But seriously... 385 00:31:52,680 --> 00:31:59,680 my job as a scientist isn't to tell the universe how to conform to my preconceptions of how it should be, 386 00:31:59,680 --> 00:32:02,960 but to look at the universe and find out how it really works. 387 00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:09,240 It seems that whatever our senses are telling us about reality, 388 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:13,240 we only get to experience a fraction of what's really going on. 389 00:32:17,640 --> 00:32:22,000 Take it as it comes, you know - we've been humiliated before by the vast universe, 390 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:27,000 since Copernicus, since the discovery of the distant galaxies, 391 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:31,080 the Big Bang, and, er, this is a dis... this is another 392 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:38,840 sort of humiliation where... er, we're finding that our thought... our ordinary, er, sensing 393 00:32:38,840 --> 00:32:46,280 of the world is so very, very partial, we only see tiny averages of this very rich structure. 394 00:32:50,680 --> 00:32:56,120 Quantum reality is about the strangest discovery that physics has ever made. 395 00:32:56,120 --> 00:32:59,560 But it's also fantastically powerful. 396 00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:06,640 Not only has it helped to create our modern computer age but it's helped us understand all kinds of phenomena 397 00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:11,680 from the shining of stars, to the colour of gold. 398 00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:17,400 It's changed our relationship to reality forever, philosophically and practically. 399 00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:21,400 But that relationship might be about to change again. 400 00:33:24,240 --> 00:33:29,440 In the last few decades, an astonishing new idea has been taking shape. 401 00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:32,440 An extraordinary vision of what reality might be 402 00:33:32,440 --> 00:33:37,600 that combines every field of physics from quantum to the Big Bang. 403 00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:44,640 If it's true, it will trigger a bigger change in thinking about reality than anything we've seen. 404 00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:48,240 And it all began one day in San Francisco. 405 00:34:06,560 --> 00:34:12,440 Professor Lenny Susskind is one of America's most eminent theoretical physicists. 406 00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:21,160 Back in 1981, he was developing a theory about how matter was made out of strings, 407 00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:26,720 when a local entrepreneur asked him to host a small, private science conference. 408 00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:30,320 Susskind invited a British cosmologist to give a talk. 409 00:34:32,120 --> 00:34:36,320 It was Stephen Hawking, and the lecture he gave about black holes 410 00:34:36,320 --> 00:34:39,040 was to change the course of Lenny's life. 411 00:34:55,520 --> 00:35:01,920 That's where Stephen dropped the bombshell that left us so confused for 20 years. 412 00:35:05,680 --> 00:35:12,080 At the time, Stephen Hawking was the pre-eminent scholar working on black holes. 413 00:35:12,080 --> 00:35:17,640 He'd achieved amazing insights into the inner workings of these mysterious objects. 414 00:35:19,680 --> 00:35:23,920 Black holes are the most terrifying places in the universe. 415 00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:31,600 Created when a giant star dies, at their dark hearts is a point of infinite gravity, 416 00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:36,120 so powerful, nothing can escape it - not even light. 417 00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:45,480 Lenny was expecting to learn something interesting about black holes. 418 00:35:45,480 --> 00:35:53,160 What he didn't expect was for Hawking's new theory to challenge everything he knew about reality. 419 00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:57,880 I had absolutely no idea at the time 420 00:35:57,880 --> 00:36:01,920 that this was going to change my life for the next 20 years. 421 00:36:03,840 --> 00:36:13,080 Stephen began to talk about black holes and told us a story which seemed so crazy and so strange. 422 00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:17,160 It seemed absolutely wildly impossible - that black holes 423 00:36:17,160 --> 00:36:20,800 would violate all the principles of physics that we knew. 424 00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:28,040 Hawking's revelation was that black holes, instead of lasting forever, as everyone thought, 425 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:30,040 eventually disappear, 426 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,000 leaving no trace of anything, 427 00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:40,520 including something physicists consider a fundamental part of reality - information. 428 00:36:40,520 --> 00:36:44,760 If information was lost in ordinary circumstances in this room, that would be bad, 429 00:36:44,760 --> 00:36:46,600 because then all kinds 430 00:36:46,600 --> 00:36:50,800 of weird stuff would start happening, like, 431 00:36:50,800 --> 00:36:54,320 the hour of time could start going backwards, 432 00:36:54,320 --> 00:36:59,600 you know, clocks might not work, we all might disappear like that. 433 00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:05,000 The fact that information is conserved in ordinary physics, is at the very basics of physical law. 434 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:12,000 Today information is as important a part of reality as matter and energy. 435 00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:15,800 Everything physical contains information. 436 00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:21,960 It's the description of what something is - its colour, its mass, its location. 437 00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:27,200 And crucially, like energy, information can never be destroyed. 438 00:37:31,920 --> 00:37:37,080 I just knew, or felt, deep in my gut, that Stephen had to be wrong. 439 00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:48,320 That lecture set me on a mission, you bet, and that mission was to reconcile the two 440 00:37:48,320 --> 00:37:52,040 competing and conflicting points of view about black holes - 441 00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:59,240 that they eat information and evaporate but information is not allowed to be lost. 442 00:38:02,840 --> 00:38:08,080 As Lenny drove home that night, he knew his first task was to learn as much about his subject 443 00:38:08,080 --> 00:38:15,000 as possible - mysterious and terrifying black holes. 444 00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:23,520 Every black hole has a boundary known as the event horizon. 445 00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:25,680 It's the point of no return. 446 00:38:25,680 --> 00:38:30,800 If you pass it, you'll never escape the black hole's gravitational pull. 447 00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:33,120 If you get too close to a black hole, 448 00:38:33,120 --> 00:38:36,760 you're done. If you get sucked into it, 449 00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:42,600 nothing can come out, not even your screams, not even your... 450 00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:45,200 radio transmission for help, nothing. 451 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:50,400 If anything passes the event horizon, 452 00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:52,640 it takes its information with it. 453 00:38:52,640 --> 00:38:56,200 Lenny had to find some way for black holes to evaporate 454 00:38:56,200 --> 00:38:59,600 without destroying the information inside them. 455 00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:06,560 But the physics of black holes is so complicated that he wrestled with the problem for the next 12 years. 456 00:39:15,720 --> 00:39:21,400 Then in 1993, one fine day in Stanford, Lenny wandered into the physics department 457 00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:28,680 and saw something that gave him an amazing insight into what the true nature of reality might be. 458 00:39:34,080 --> 00:39:36,000 The insight... 459 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:41,080 to what became known as the Holographic Principle simply happened one day 460 00:39:41,080 --> 00:39:45,760 when I was walking in the physics department and came upon a hologram. 461 00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:52,080 Well, when I saw the hologram it occurred to me that there's 462 00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:55,080 a very big difference between a hologram and an ordinary picture. 463 00:39:55,080 --> 00:40:00,960 When you see a hologram you can look around it and you can see what's behind the lady's head there. 464 00:40:00,960 --> 00:40:05,280 Not just the surface, but you can see what's behind her, 465 00:40:05,280 --> 00:40:08,680 there's a sense in which it's really capturing three-dimensionality. 466 00:40:08,680 --> 00:40:12,120 It was capturing the full three-dimensional 467 00:40:12,120 --> 00:40:17,920 structure of the room and everything behind her, so when I passed it by, 468 00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:24,320 almost jokingly I said to myself, maybe the horizon of a black hole is something like a hologram. 469 00:40:24,320 --> 00:40:27,400 The stuff that falls into the black hole is three-dimensional. 470 00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:30,240 The stuff of the horizon is two-dimensional. 471 00:40:30,240 --> 00:40:34,560 But maybe in some way, the stuff of the horizon is like a hologram, 472 00:40:34,560 --> 00:40:39,000 capturing the full three- dimensionality of the things that fell into the black hole. 473 00:40:41,120 --> 00:40:46,680 Holograms are created from information encoded on a flat surface. 474 00:40:46,680 --> 00:40:50,800 Lenny realised that if black holes were like holograms, 475 00:40:50,800 --> 00:40:55,840 then there's only one place where their information could be stored - the event horizon, 476 00:40:55,840 --> 00:41:01,120 which would mean it would never fall in and it would never be destroyed. 477 00:41:03,360 --> 00:41:07,440 Not only did Lenny's insight help save information from black holes, 478 00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:12,920 but it lead to a new mathematical tool, called the holographic principle, 479 00:41:12,920 --> 00:41:19,600 that says all three-dimensional objects can be encoded in only two dimensions. 480 00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:25,920 The holographic principle has morphed from a wild speculative almost crackpot idea. 481 00:41:25,920 --> 00:41:31,120 Complete consensus has formed around it. 482 00:41:31,120 --> 00:41:36,080 It is almost completely accepted across theoretical physics. 483 00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:42,520 It has gone from being a wild idea to being an everyday tool of theoretical physics. 484 00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:48,880 But Lenny didn't stop there. 485 00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:52,720 He and other physicists made a truly shocking leap of the imagination. 486 00:41:52,720 --> 00:41:57,800 They asked - what if the whole of reality is a hologram? 487 00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:00,480 Projected from our own event horizon - 488 00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:03,880 the far edges of the universe. 489 00:42:03,880 --> 00:42:09,320 Maybe the real information in the world is not where it seems to be. 490 00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:14,240 Maybe it's way out far away at the boundaries of the universe 491 00:42:14,240 --> 00:42:19,120 and that it's completely wrong to think that things fall into black holes, 492 00:42:19,120 --> 00:42:24,640 rather the black hole and things that fell into them are really holograms, 493 00:42:24,640 --> 00:42:28,920 or really images of things taking place very, very far away. 494 00:42:37,400 --> 00:42:42,880 If Lenny is right and the ultimate nature of reality is holographic, 495 00:42:42,880 --> 00:42:48,200 it would mean our three dimensions are an illusion, 496 00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:54,240 that we're being projected from information that's stored at the outer reaches of our universe. 497 00:42:54,240 --> 00:42:56,200 It's an incredible vision... 498 00:42:56,200 --> 00:43:01,160 but if you think you understand it, you probably don't. 499 00:43:06,680 --> 00:43:08,680 OK, I think I'm getting it, so that... 500 00:43:08,680 --> 00:43:10,720 Don't think you're getting it, cos you're not getting it 501 00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:13,520 and the reason you're not getting it is because nobody get it. 502 00:43:14,560 --> 00:43:17,160 There are some times when we... 503 00:43:17,160 --> 00:43:21,920 It's like quantum mechanics - nobody understands quantum mechanics. 504 00:43:21,920 --> 00:43:28,080 We know how to use it and we know how to make predictions of it, but nobody has their heads around it. 505 00:43:29,600 --> 00:43:36,120 It seems utterly bizarre that the ultimate nature of reality might be holographic. 506 00:43:36,120 --> 00:43:39,840 That at the edge of our universe, there might be a shimmering sheet 507 00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:44,840 of information that describes the entire universe within, 508 00:43:44,840 --> 00:43:48,360 including you and me and everyone we know. 509 00:43:52,960 --> 00:43:58,160 But incredibly, this theory is about to be put to the test. 510 00:43:58,160 --> 00:44:04,920 We maybe on the brink of finding out that the world is a hologram. 511 00:44:07,840 --> 00:44:09,920 Back at Fermilab, 512 00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:13,920 a unique million dollar experiment is just beginning. 513 00:44:13,920 --> 00:44:20,160 Expert technicians are building an extraordinary machine they call the holometer. 514 00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:27,360 Designed to be so sensitive, it can measure the smallest units of space and time. 515 00:44:27,360 --> 00:44:31,880 It's the brain-child of Professor Craig Hogan, 516 00:44:31,880 --> 00:44:36,000 the Director of the Centre for Particle Astrophysics at Fermilab, 517 00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:42,160 who became intrigued by an unexplained sound, recorded by scientists in Germany. 518 00:44:42,160 --> 00:44:44,960 WHlTE NOlSE 519 00:44:50,880 --> 00:44:57,120 This recording is noise picked up by a gravitational wave detector. 520 00:44:57,120 --> 00:44:59,560 But it's not gravitational waves. 521 00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:07,520 Hogan thinks that buried within it might be the sound of holographic reality. 522 00:45:07,520 --> 00:45:11,600 So he's designed an experiment to test his theory. 523 00:45:19,240 --> 00:45:23,000 Hogan's holometer will bounce beams of light between mirrors, 524 00:45:23,000 --> 00:45:25,520 timing how long the beams take to return. 525 00:45:25,520 --> 00:45:31,640 It will be able to detect infinitesimally small delays, or as he calls it - 526 00:45:31,640 --> 00:45:34,760 fuzziness in space and time. 527 00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:37,960 So this is one of the beam tubes of our holometer. 528 00:45:37,960 --> 00:45:42,680 It's a six inch steel pipe and we're going to bolt them together 529 00:45:42,680 --> 00:45:45,040 in one big tube, 40 metres long 530 00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:46,680 and do that five different times 531 00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:49,760 and the laser light's going to go down the centre of the tube. 532 00:45:49,760 --> 00:45:52,400 So before we do that, we have to clean them out 533 00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:57,040 cos the optics are super precise, need to be kept super clean. 534 00:45:57,040 --> 00:46:00,520 Right now, they're cleaning out the end station, 535 00:46:00,520 --> 00:46:02,760 this is this sardine-can like object, 536 00:46:02,760 --> 00:46:08,080 it's where the business guts of the holometer are going to be. 537 00:46:08,080 --> 00:46:14,160 It's where the mirrors and so on that are doing the precise measurement are going to be. 538 00:46:14,160 --> 00:46:19,640 Ultimately, this machine might tells us that space time is sitting still. 539 00:46:19,640 --> 00:46:26,000 If the light goes out the two arms and comes back at exactly the same time and there's no extra jitter 540 00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:28,160 then that's a classical space time, 541 00:46:28,160 --> 00:46:31,840 but it could be that we'll find a little bit of air or fuzziness 542 00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:36,400 in there and that would be the clue that we live inside a hologram. 543 00:46:38,520 --> 00:46:41,840 Craig thinks that if reality really is holographic 544 00:46:41,840 --> 00:46:46,040 then the closer you look at it, the more insubstantial it will be, 545 00:46:46,040 --> 00:46:48,840 like a photograph 546 00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:53,960 enlarged over and over again. 547 00:46:53,960 --> 00:46:58,400 This fuzziness will disturb his laser beam and that's the evidence he's looking for. 548 00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:02,560 Well, it's very exciting to actually be building a machine with this kind of 549 00:47:02,560 --> 00:47:06,560 precision to be able to do this, you know, we're measuring 550 00:47:06,560 --> 00:47:12,840 the arrival time of wave fronts of light to a very small fraction the size of an atomic nucleus. 551 00:47:12,840 --> 00:47:16,240 And timing those pulses to microsecond accuracy. 552 00:47:16,240 --> 00:47:19,160 Nobody's ever done that before, nobody's ever tested to see 553 00:47:19,160 --> 00:47:22,040 whether space time actually stands still at that level. 554 00:47:24,720 --> 00:47:28,920 If Craig Hogan proves that reality is holographic, 555 00:47:28,920 --> 00:47:32,720 it will be one of the most important discoveries in physics. 556 00:47:32,720 --> 00:47:38,240 It may cause as big a change in thinking as the revelations of quantum theory. 557 00:47:38,240 --> 00:47:43,200 But if there's one thing that stands out about all the theories used, 558 00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:45,200 to probe and explore reality today, 559 00:47:45,200 --> 00:47:53,560 it's this - their best and most perfect expression is not in words, it's in maths. 560 00:47:53,560 --> 00:47:59,760 The connection between mathematics and reality is a miracle, but it works. 561 00:47:59,760 --> 00:48:03,600 It's actually unreasonable how well mathematics works, 562 00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,880 why should the world behave according to mathematical laws? 563 00:48:06,880 --> 00:48:11,320 It is not only that it becomes easier to describe with mathematics 564 00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:14,320 as you go deeper and deeper into reality, 565 00:48:14,320 --> 00:48:19,040 mathematics becomes the only way to describe reality. 566 00:48:21,520 --> 00:48:28,600 If our most detailed knowledge of reality, from fundamental particles to ripples in space time, 567 00:48:28,600 --> 00:48:31,080 is really best described in maths, 568 00:48:31,080 --> 00:48:36,280 could it be that the ultimate definition of reality is staring us in the face? 569 00:48:47,920 --> 00:48:53,800 Cosmologist Max Tegmark seems to be fond of radical explanations of reality 570 00:48:53,800 --> 00:48:56,760 and it's no different when it comes to maths. 571 00:48:56,760 --> 00:49:00,640 Instead of just accepting mathematical order in the world, 572 00:49:00,640 --> 00:49:06,760 he's been trying to figure out why it exists and where it comes from. 573 00:49:06,760 --> 00:49:08,600 He thinks he has a solution. 574 00:49:22,640 --> 00:49:25,080 To me, maths is the window on the universe. 575 00:49:25,080 --> 00:49:30,120 It's the master key to understanding what's out there. 576 00:49:31,680 --> 00:49:35,200 I wouldn't say I'm completely monogamous with equations, 577 00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:37,640 but there are just a very few I love the most. 578 00:49:41,120 --> 00:49:45,520 I love them because they describe exactly what's going on 579 00:49:45,520 --> 00:49:47,320 outside the window in our universe. 580 00:49:50,240 --> 00:49:52,680 These equations describe how light behaves. 581 00:49:54,760 --> 00:49:57,760 This equation describes how gravity behaves. 582 00:50:00,040 --> 00:50:04,680 This equations describes how atoms behave. 583 00:50:04,680 --> 00:50:08,720 These equations describe what happens when you go really fast near the speed of light 584 00:50:10,280 --> 00:50:14,320 And it's just amazing to me that a little bit of scribbles like this 585 00:50:14,320 --> 00:50:20,320 can capture the essence of what's going on in this very complicated looking universe out there. 586 00:50:20,320 --> 00:50:25,000 Galileo way back in the renaissance already remarked that nature seems 587 00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:27,280 to be a book written in the language of mathematics. 588 00:50:27,280 --> 00:50:29,040 This all came after Galileo, 589 00:50:29,040 --> 00:50:31,480 so why are we discovering even more and more 590 00:50:31,480 --> 00:50:35,920 mathematical regularities out there, what is it telling us? 591 00:50:40,040 --> 00:50:43,560 I think the universe isn't just described by math... 592 00:50:43,560 --> 00:50:45,480 I think it is math. 593 00:50:45,480 --> 00:50:51,400 I think our entire universe is a giant mathematical structure that we are a part of. 594 00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:55,360 And that, that's the reason why the more we study physics 595 00:50:55,360 --> 00:50:58,560 the more mathematical regularities we keep discovering. 596 00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:05,600 Max's theory pushes at the edges of physics and into the realm of philosophy, 597 00:51:05,600 --> 00:51:08,840 conjuring up the oldest question of all - 598 00:51:08,840 --> 00:51:12,240 what is real? 599 00:51:12,240 --> 00:51:16,640 I think the universe is a mathematical object, it's just out there, 600 00:51:16,640 --> 00:51:18,960 existing, 601 00:51:18,960 --> 00:51:22,680 in a sort of platonic sense, it's not that it's existing inside 602 00:51:22,680 --> 00:51:28,120 of space, and time, but space and time exists inside of it. 603 00:51:28,120 --> 00:51:31,840 And that really changes our perspective of it and that 604 00:51:31,840 --> 00:51:35,400 really means that reality is very different from how it seems. 605 00:51:36,920 --> 00:51:40,960 If Max is right, maths isn't a language we've invented, 606 00:51:40,960 --> 00:51:45,400 but a deep structure we're gradually uncovering like archaeologists. 607 00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:50,480 An abstract, unchanging entity that has no beginning and no end. 608 00:51:50,480 --> 00:51:54,960 As we peel back the layers, we're discovering the code. 609 00:51:54,960 --> 00:51:58,600 Strange as it seems, it's a comforting theory 610 00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:01,560 because if reality is a mathematical object, 611 00:52:01,560 --> 00:52:04,360 understanding it might be within our reach. 612 00:52:05,960 --> 00:52:10,040 If I'm wrong, it means fundamental physics is going to eventually hit a roadblock 613 00:52:10,040 --> 00:52:13,880 beyond which we can't understand reality any better. 614 00:52:13,880 --> 00:52:18,680 If I'm right, then there is no roadblock 615 00:52:18,680 --> 00:52:22,280 and everything is, in principle, understandable to us. 616 00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:28,480 And I think that will be wonderful because we'll only be limited by our own imagination. 617 00:52:29,680 --> 00:52:35,800 These two grand visions of reality - the mathematical structure and the cosmic hologram, 618 00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:40,720 represent theoretical thinking at its most imaginative and beautiful. 619 00:52:40,720 --> 00:52:45,160 They may lead us towards a bright future or they may end up being discarded 620 00:52:45,160 --> 00:52:51,600 because as all physicists know, nothing becomes real without being put to the test. 621 00:52:58,120 --> 00:53:03,320 Few know this more acutely than the scientists at Fermilab. 622 00:53:05,040 --> 00:53:09,120 Right now they're engaged in the greatest race of modern physics - 623 00:53:09,120 --> 00:53:13,280 trying to find a bit of reality that's been missing for 40 years. 624 00:53:13,280 --> 00:53:20,720 It's the most important particle of all - the Higgs Boson. 625 00:53:20,720 --> 00:53:25,560 Nobody really understands the origin of mass and the Higgs particle 626 00:53:25,560 --> 00:53:29,200 was introduced to explain why different particles 627 00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:31,080 have different masses. 628 00:53:31,080 --> 00:53:36,760 So, it is important because it answers one of the most fundamental unknowns 629 00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:43,360 in reality, in particle physics, mass makes reality and we don't know where it comes from. 630 00:53:45,600 --> 00:53:50,240 It's round-the-clock work, and people running computer codes, 631 00:53:50,240 --> 00:53:53,560 sifting through the data, finding new ways of looking for 632 00:53:53,560 --> 00:53:58,600 the Higgs because you can get incredibly creative. 633 00:53:58,600 --> 00:54:04,440 In fact, this is one of the things that happens here, that you start doing the easy analysis, 634 00:54:04,440 --> 00:54:08,600 the easy way to look for things and as it gets harder, you get more and more creative... 635 00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:13,520 The Higgs is now Fermilab's number one priority, 636 00:54:13,520 --> 00:54:16,520 but they aren't the only ones looking for it. 637 00:54:16,520 --> 00:54:17,960 They have competition... 638 00:54:21,040 --> 00:54:25,080 ..from the biggest particle accelerator of them all - 639 00:54:25,080 --> 00:54:27,960 the Large Hadron Collider in Geneva. 640 00:54:27,960 --> 00:54:31,280 It's more than three times as powerful. 641 00:54:31,280 --> 00:54:36,760 So it may yet be the one that discovers the Higgs first. 642 00:54:38,120 --> 00:54:42,480 Meanwhile, the Tevatron continues its ten million collisions a day. 643 00:54:45,400 --> 00:54:48,080 I feel really proud of this machine. 644 00:54:48,080 --> 00:54:52,080 It's been a beauty of an instrument for many years 645 00:54:52,080 --> 00:54:58,160 and hopefully it will help us find unveil one more secret of reality in the very near future. 646 00:54:59,960 --> 00:55:03,280 Billions of dollars have been poured into this quest 647 00:55:03,280 --> 00:55:07,880 and thousands of physicists around the world are looking for the Higgs Boson, 648 00:55:07,880 --> 00:55:09,560 but it's still theoretical. 649 00:55:09,560 --> 00:55:11,920 What if we don't find it? 650 00:55:13,480 --> 00:55:16,880 OK, so if we don't find anything that has the properties 651 00:55:16,880 --> 00:55:19,320 that are expected of this Higgs Boson 652 00:55:19,320 --> 00:55:23,280 or some combination of things that can do the job, 653 00:55:23,280 --> 00:55:28,480 we'll really, really, really have to rethink a lot of what we thought we knew... 654 00:55:33,120 --> 00:55:37,360 That won't happen, we'll find something! 655 00:55:44,080 --> 00:55:49,760 It may be that we are standing on the verge of a new version of reality. 656 00:55:53,240 --> 00:55:56,920 We have these clues, quantum mechanics, relativity, 657 00:55:56,920 --> 00:55:59,560 the holographic principle, a few others, 658 00:55:59,560 --> 00:56:02,400 and it's just waiting around for somebody to really 659 00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:06,840 put it together into, what does it really say about reality? 660 00:56:11,920 --> 00:56:18,880 Physicists have redefined reality by close measurement and observation of the material world. 661 00:56:18,880 --> 00:56:23,400 They've drilled down to the bottom layer, 662 00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:27,800 discovered that we can change reality just by looking at it... 663 00:56:31,040 --> 00:56:36,280 ..and begun to sense that information encoded at the edge of our universe, 664 00:56:36,280 --> 00:56:38,840 could be more important than matter. 665 00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:46,480 But in the end, reality is perhaps best defined 666 00:56:46,480 --> 00:56:51,080 as an intelligent conversation with the universe, 667 00:56:51,280 --> 00:56:56,160 that will continue as long as we're around to ask questions. 668 00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:03,320 It's human nature to keep asking questions, 669 00:57:03,320 --> 00:57:08,000 it's fun and it's challenging and it's what makes us human. 670 00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:15,760 If there is an ultimate version of reality, I think it's a long way before we get there... 671 00:57:15,760 --> 00:57:18,920 so I don't want to be part of that. 672 00:57:18,920 --> 00:57:23,040 I would guess that there are limits to what we can understand, 673 00:57:23,040 --> 00:57:26,880 but old people always think there are limits to what we can understand, 674 00:57:26,880 --> 00:57:30,960 it's the young people who push past those limits. 675 00:57:30,960 --> 00:57:35,600 MUSlC: "Is That All There Is" by Peggy Lee 676 00:57:58,520 --> 00:58:02,400 Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd 677 00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:06,240 E-mail subtitling@bbc.co.uk Girl's Day comes back with chic bold sexy 'Female President' Repackaged 1st Album Showcase MelOn unveils the showcase exclusively at Banyan Tree Hoel outside pool [ Girl's Day succefully changed their image with sexy suspenders dance of the song ] [ It describes girls' delicate heart that wants bad guys ] Let's say hello Everyday Girl's Day! Hello, we are Girl's Day Should we say hello one by one? Hello, I'm Girl's Day Min-ah! Hello, I'm Yura! Hello, I'm the youngest I'm Hyeri! Hello, I'm leader Sojin! The first song was the title song of our first full , 'Expectation' What's the next song you prepared? I think we prepared together The next song is 'Don' Forget Me' [ Dreamlike digital sound combines with analogue melody and lyrics to portray memories of first love ] [ Reinterpretation of Nami's 'Bingle Bingle'. Cheerful melody and witty words are impressive ] Thank you So twinkle twinkle~ I was surprised We just heard 'Twinkle Twinkle' We've been listening to hit songs of Girl's Day so far And finally, the title song of their repackaged first album! 'Female President' I think a lot of you here are waiting for 'Female Presiden' stage On June 20, the music viedeo teaser was revealed The giddy sexy wave behind the blind Interested so many people watching it online They come back with so called 'blind dance'.. For the new song 'Female President' Aren't you all so curious? These days, we see lots of straightforward song titles And contents about confident women in K-pop But I'm sure they're gonna lead the trend Coming back with 'Female President' The repacakaged album has a 80-page photobook and pocket-sized cards Dream of becoming president of girl groups! Girl's Day! Female President! Let's give them a big hand [ The lyrics about being a bold initiative woman to win love that she wants are impressive ] [ It is the title song of the repackaged first album ] Please love our 'Female President' a lot! We're gonna jump in here, hoping for ranking no.1! Hwaiting! The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MlT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high-quality educational resources for free. To make a donation or view additional materials from hundreds of MlT courses, visit mitopencourseware@ocw.mit.edu. PROFESSOR: OK, so what we're going to do today is the last in what I'd say are the core set of lectures. Our core set of lectures, we started with talking about the market. We then moved on and talked about consumer theory and did a series of lectures on that. Now we're doing producer theory. This is the last in our series of lectures on producer theory and then basically we move on to topics. So the remainder of the section we'll talk about things like international trade, uncertainty, equity and efficiency, asymmetric information in insurance markets. We'll move on to in the last part of the course showing you how you can apply what we've learned in the basics to answer a bunch of interesting, real world questions. So this is the last of our core basics lectures. What we're going to do here is fit in something that's fallen through the cracks, which is we've talked about firms and their decisions about how much to produce. And we've talked about the output side. But we haven't talked about the input side at all. How do firms decide what kind of the inputs to use and in what ratio to use et cetera. We talked a bit about it. We talked about isoquants and isocosts and doing that tradeoff between inputs. We haven't really talked about the input markets themselves. So firms go and they say, look I've done my isoquants and isocosts and I want 63 workers. Well they've then got to go to a market for labor and hire those workers and how does that actually work. So today what we want to focus on is the demand side of input markets. That is, what's the actual market analysis by which a firm having maximized its profits and deciding how many workers it wants goes and actually finds those workers. So we're going to do is talk about demand for factors. In particular today we'll focus on the demand for labor. Although the demand for capital, the analysis will be very similar. But today we're going to focus on the demand for labor. And what we're going to do is begin by focusing on the demand for labor in a competitive factor market. So we're going to begin by talking about competitive factor markets. What I mean by that is that a perfectly competitive factor market is one where, just as perfect competition and output markets means there's lots of sellers selling the same good, a perfectly competitive factor market means there's lots of sellers, in this case workers, selling an identical good. That is their labor. So the notion is we're in a market where there's many, many workers firms could hire, all of whom are equally qualified for a job. So this is not, obviously, a high-tech market. This is some low-tech, construction, other sort of blue collar market, where there's lots of workers out there who could equally well be qualified for a job. In fact what we're going to assume is that there's a perfectly flat labor supply curve. Let's assume a perfectly flat labor supply curve. Perfectly elastic labor supply just to make life easy. Obviously it's not true in reality. Let's assume we're looking at some market with perfectly elastic labor supply. Now how do we think about what happens in factor markets in that world? Well once again let's start with the short run. So in the short run capital's fixed. So a firm has said, look, I've done my short run profit maximization, my isoquants and isocosts. I've decided how many workers I want given a fixed level of capital. And that gives me some demand for labor. I can derive a demand for labor curve by essentially saying, at different wage rates, given a fixed capital price, that will shift my isocost curve, going back to the producer theory, at different wage rates that will shift my isocost curve, that will cause me to demand different amounts of labor. So that traces out a demand curve for labor. And we can see that graphically in figure 18-1. So you've got a perfectly elastic labor supply curve and then you've got a downward sloping labor demand curve. And that labor demand curve comes from the profit maximization. The other way to think about how we get there though is interesting. You say, how do we think about the marginal benefit versus the marginal cost of hiring another worker. We know the marginal cost is the wage, that's easy. What's the marginal benefit of hiring another worker? Well recall that another unit of labor raises output by the marginal product of labor. Remember the marginal product of labor. We talked about this a while ago. This is delta q delta l. So the next worker raises your output by an amount marginal product of labor. That's what you get from the next worker. But that's a quantity. The firm cares about profit not quantity. So what it cares about is revenues. So the revenues from the next worker would be the marginal revenues that are made on that next unit times the marginal product of labor. That's the marginal benefit to the firm of the next unit of labor is the marginal product that that worker produces times the marginal revenue the firm raises from selling that next unit. So they have to consider two things, two margins. How much is it worth them to sell that next unit and how much will be produced by that next unit of worker? So if we have a perfectly competitive labor market, the marginal cost is going to be the wage. So we're going to set this equal to the wage. So in a perfectly competitive labor market the marginal cost of another worker is the wage and this is the marginal benefit of another worker. So this is going to be the condition the firm's going to use to decide how many workers to hire. We're going to call this the marginal revenue product of labor. So you're going to set the marginal revenue product of labor equal to the wage. That's going to be your profit maximizing condition-- the marginal revenue product. The marginal product is about quantities. Marginal revenue product is about dollars. What's the dollars that the next unit of labor produces for you is your marginal revenue product. Now if the output market is also perfectly competitive. That is, imagine for a minute now, take one further step. Not a perfectly competitive labor supply but also a perfectly competitive output market. So it's not a monopolist. It's selling in a perfectly competitive output market. Then we know what the marginal revenue is. We know the marginal revenue is the price. So for a perfectly competitive output market we could rewrite this as price times marginal product of labor equals the wage. Because we know the marginal revenue is the price in a perfectly competitive output market. And basically this makes it even easier to see which is to say, look, how many workers do you hire? You hire until the wage you pay that worker is equal to the price you sell your good for times how many goods that worker produces. If one worker produces 100 goods and each good sells for 100, then you'll only pay the worker $10,000. Basically that is going to determine your labor demand curve. And so the labor demand curve is also labeled the marginal revenue product of labor curve, I'm sorry. Why is this diminishing? Why is it downward sloping? Because remember the marginal product of labor's diminishing. The marginal product of labor's diminishing. As a result this curve is downward sloping. Now here price is fixed, so it doesn't matter. Marginal revenue also is diminishing so that's going to make it even more downward sloping than the more general case. But in this specific case of perfectly competitive output markets where this is just a constant price you get this downward sloping marginal revenue product of labor curve because the marginal product of labor is diminishing, as we talked about. So that's the analysis of what we see for a perfectly competitive factor market. So the equilibrium is where the labor supply curve, which is perfectly elastic, intersects this marginal revenue product curve, which is determined by how productive the workers are and how much money they're making for you with each unit they produce. And that gets you the short run equilibrium. Questions about that? Questions about what we're doing here? So that just says the underlying analysis of where demand for labor comes from or where the equilibrium level of labor is going to come. It's going to come from intersection of this demand with the supply, which is flat. Now how is this going to differ in the long run? Well let me ask the question this way, forget the math, forget the graphs, I'm just going to ask you intuitively. In the long run, do we think the long run demand for workers will be more elastic or less elastic than the short run demand, in general. Will the long run demand curve, this is short run demand curve, will the long run demand curve typically be more elastic or less elastic than the short run demand curve for workers? Somebody take a guess. Yeah. AUDlENCE: More elastic. PROFESSOR: More elastic. Why? It's more elastic. But intuitively, don't worry about the graph, I'm just looking for intuition. Yeah. AUDlENCE: Because in the long run you can substitute capital. PROFESSOR: Exactly. More substitutability equals more elasticity. General intuition you want to remember for this course. In the long run if I can substitute towards capital, then that long run demand curve for labor will be even more elastic than the short run demand curve. I'm not going to work through the math or anything. I just want you to remember that intuition that when you have more margins you can use, that's more substitutability, that means more elasticity. So the idea is in the short run, if the wage increases for workers all you can do is if you hire fewer workers you just produce less, so you're sort of stuck. But in the long run if the wage decreases you just say, fine, I'll just use machines instead. So in the long run you can substitute away from workers towards machines. So in the long run your demand curve is going to be more elastic. Questions about that? Now this is all relatively straightforward, just follows from producer theory. The sort of stuff you had to do in the exam last night. Let's now talk about a little more interesting case which is one of my other favorite words in economics which is the case of monopsony. Not monopoly, but monopsony. We've been talking in lectures about monopoly which is the case where one firm is the only seller in the output market. One firm is the only seller in the output market. A parallel case in input markets is the case of monopsony which is when one firm is the only demander in the input market. So monopoly is when one firm is the only seller in the output market. The parallel in input markets is monopsony which is where one firm is the only buyer in the input market. And the key thing that's going to drive monopsony is that when there are barriers to exit from a factor market it's going to create a monopsony. And any time there are barriers to exit, any time workers are stuck and cannot leave a market, workers are stuck working one place, that will give the employer market power over those workers. The classic example is the company town. In the 1800s when there were mining operations and they'd come in and they'd hire people. And basically there was nowhere else to work in the area. These were areas which were dying agricultural areas there was nowhere else to work. You'd go work for the mining company. That mining company had tremendous monopsony power over you because basically there was nowhere else to work within a decent area. There weren't cars yet. You couldn't just commute to somewhere else. A modern example is MlT's monopsony power over me. MlT has monopsony power over me. Why is that? Well that's because my life's pretty comfortable now. I'm in a house I've lived in a long time. My kids are in schools I like. I've got a lot of friends. It'd be a real pain in the ass for me to move. And as a result MlT has some, not unlimited, don't tell them, but they have some monopsony power over me because they know that that's a barrier to my exit. To my exiting MlT a barrier is that I'm very comfortable and satisfied. And given the nature tenets of psychology, it is harder to move someone with a pull than with the push. So someone could come and try to pull me away, but they're going to have to blow me away with an offer-- once again, don't tell MlT this-- they'll have to blow me away an offer because I'm pretty satisfied. And that satisfaction inherently gives MlT some monopsony power over me. Now the question is what implications does this have. And the implications are quite interesting. And what they are is a complicated flip of the monopoly case. Let's look at figure 18-2. Here's an example of a company town. Now let's imagine a labor market where you've got some labor demand curve, the marginal revenue product of labor, MRPL, and some labor supply curve. And now labor supply is upward sloping. This is a not a perfectly competitive labor market now. This labor supply is now upward sloping. So the demand curve for labor we're going to say is 60 minus l. So in our example the marginal revenue product of labor is going to be 60 minus l. The notion is you have some downward sloping demand curve for labor because of diminishing marginal product. The wage you're willing to pay is diminishing in the number of workers. To get that first worker you'll pay a high wage, because you got to produce something. But as you hire more workers the wage you're willing to pay falls. So the demand curve is downward sloping. And let's say that our labor supply curve is that the amount of labor workers are willing to supply is the wage over 2. I'm just making this up. These are just made up numbers just to make the math work. So this is it just an upward sloping labor supply curve. A higher wage calls forth more labor. So let's ask what happens in the competitive case. Well in the competitive case you set the supply equal to the demand. Well supply is that firms are going to set the wage equals 60 minus l. Labor supply is l equals w over 2. So we could just have two equations and two unknowns we can solve and get that the amount of labor supplied in the competitive case is 20 units. 20 hours, 20 days, weeks, whatever. 20 units. That's the competitive outcome. And the wage we can read off the labor supply curve. If they're going to supply 20 units, they're going to need a wage of 40. So once again we can read that off the labor supply or the labor demand curve if there's going to be 20 workers the wage is going to be 40. So the wage, labor competitive and the wage competitive is 40. So in a competitive market with this demand and supply curve you should know by now you just set them equal, you solve, you get an outcome of 20 workers working a wage of 40. Now let's imagine this isn't the competitive case. Let's imagine it's the monopsony case. Let's imagine this firm has monopsony power. Workers can't exit. And let's further assume that the firm cannot wage discriminate. Just as we talked about monopolists that couldn't price discriminate, we're going to talk about a firm they can't wage discriminate. It has to pay one wage to all of its workers. And we'll come back once again with this assumption. Just as we talked about price discrimination we'll come back and talk about wage discrimination. But for now assume a non-wage discriminating monopsonist. They have to pay one wage to all their workers. Well what that means is just as when a monopolist wanted to sell more goods it had to lower the price, if a monopsonist wants to hire more workers it has to raise the wage. Parallel thing. Just as the monopolist had to lower the price to sell more units because it had to respect the demand curve, a monopsonist if it wants to hire more workers has to raise the wage because it has to respect the supply curve-- parallel. And what this will do is that will lead them to under hire workers ct too low a wage. Just as monopoly led firms to under produce at too high a price, monopsony will lead to under hiring at too high a wage. So once again, to think about this, let's think about the firm's decision to hire an extra worker. What is the firm's total expenditure on labor? Its expenditure on labor is the wage, which is a function of the amount of labor, times the amount of labor. That's the expenditure on labor. So its marginal expenditure, if you take the derivative, is going to be w plus dw/dl times l. That's its marginal expenditure. If you want to hire an additional worker what's the marginal cost. Well I want to hire an additional worker, what's the cost? I've got a pay him w and to hire him I have to raise the wage, so I have to pay all my previous workers more as well. So to hire one more worker I've got to pay that worker a wage and in order to entice him I've got to raise the wage, which means I've got to pay a higher wage to all my previous workers too. Once again, remember, I have to pay one wage. So if I'm going to hire that worker there is the same poisoning effect that we saw with monopolists. With monopolists the poisoning effect was if I want to sell one more unit I'm going to have to undercut my price on all previous units. For a monopsonist, if I want to hire one more worker I have to pay all my previous workers more. And that's going to mean that there's a poisoning effective in reverse. That's going to cost me a lot of money to hire that extra worker. So we can actually derive now a marginal expenditure curve just as we derived a marginal revenue curve for the monopolist. The marginal expenditure curve. So we know expenditure is w of I times l. And we know from the supply curve, we can rewrite this as w equals 2l. So that says that the expenditure on labor is 2l times l. So plugging in from the supply curve the expenditure on labor is 2l times l. Its wage is a function of labor times labor. So 2l times l. So that means that marginal expenditure is 4l. The marginal expenditure is 4l. So we can now draw a marginal expenditure curve that's steeper than the labor supply curve. Once again it's confusing but it's all parallel. It's just we're flipping everything around from monopolist. Instead of drawing that marginal revenue curve that was steeper than the product demand curve, now we're drawing a marginal expenditure curve which is steeper than the labor supply curve. And once again to find the outcome we'll find the intersection of that marginal expenditure curve with marginal cost. Well here we'll find the intersection of marginal expenditure curve, I'm sorry, with labor demand. I'm sorry, so the parallel was we found the intersection of marginal revenue with marginal cost. Now find the intersection of marginal expenditure with labor demand. That intersection is going to happen at 12 workers. So the firm is going to hire 12 workers. But what ways you're going to pay-- once again our first temptation is to look at that high intersection and say, well at that intersection what's the wage. We didn't put that on the diagram for a reason. Maybe we should have to throw you off. Remember, to figure out the wage you've got to respect the labor supply curve. Just like you have to respect the product demand curve to figure out the price. So what's the wage when I hire 12 workers they pay 24. So the monopsonist is going to hire 12 workers and pay 24. It's going to hire the number of workers where marginal expenditure equals the labor demand. That's going to determine the quantity. And the wage they're going to read off the labor supply curve. And as a result this firm is going to under hire at too low a wage relative to the perfect competition. Relative to the competition they're going to hire fewer workers at a lower wage. So if you think about this, let's come back to the example of MlT. MlT, say, would like to expand the economics department. But to do so it's got to poach an economics professor away from another university. Well, it poaches another professor away from another university. And let's say that at MlT pays all its professors the same. If they're going to poach a professor from another university they're going to have to pay the rest of us more. And that's going to cost them a ton of money. So they think think we'd rather have a little bit more crowded undergrad class, we don't really see it here today, but maybe in general, more crowded undergrad class and not get that extra professor to avoid having to pay a higher wage to all our existing professors. So as a result MlT will under hire professors and they'll under hire professors at too low a wage. And once you can determine how big monopsony power is, what determined how big monopoly power was? What was the key thing I don't want to say what it is because it will give it away, what's the key thing that determined the size of monopoly power. Yeah. AUDlENCE: Elasticity demand. PROFESSOR: Elasticity of demand. So just like that, the key factors going to determine the market power of monopsonist is going to be the elasticity of supply of labor. The elasticity of demand for a good is what determined the market power of monopolist because as goods were more elasticity demanded, they had less ability to jack up the price. The elasticity of supply of labor is what's going to determine the market power of monopsonists. Because if I have more options. they can't underpay me. So if I'm very willing to move to another university. That is as my labor supply curve gets flatter, then there's less market power that they have. In particular, in a perfectly competitive labor market there's no monopsony power at all. So monopsony power is a function of the options facing their workers. Questions about that? Now the key question this all raises, at least when I first learned about it and think about it, is it maybe was plausible to think that monopolists can only charge one price for their good. That the iPod is what the iPod costs. And you couldn't start charging different amounts for iPods to different people. That would get bad press and stuff. But it's seems a little bit stranger to think that employers have to pay one wage to all their workers. As a matter of fact we know that MlT doesn't pay the same to all its professors. There is some wage discrimination. In particular, it's a well known fact that the way to get a raise as a professor is to get an offer from another university. Because MlT, the pay structure professors at competitive departments like economics is typically they will underpay you until the university comes and says you're worth more, and then they'll ratchet up to try to match them. So there is wage discrimination in practice at universities as there is in most workplaces. There's very few workplaces where all workers make the same. There's wage discrimination. So does that mean this model is irrelevant? And the answer is, no, it doesn't. Because there are still major barriers to perfect wage discrimination. There's some wage discrimination, but there's a lot of barriers to perfect wage discrimination. The most important one is workplace norms or fairness. So what MlT should do, here's the MlT optimal strategy. The older the professor, the less they should pay them. Not because they're less productive. Marginal productivity is constant, it's not, we get less productive as we get older, but put that aside. It's because the older you are, the less likely you are to get up and move. And the less likely, quite frankly, other universities are going to want to hire you and take you away. Because no one gets that excited about hiring a 60 year old. So what you should do is take all the 60 over professors and say we're cutting your wage in half or by a third. Because the truth, we've written our lectures already, the wage is already well above our marginal product. We're all doing pretty well anyway. And the truth is people wouldn't leave. So why doesn't MlT do that? MlT doesn't do that because I'm going to someday be one of those old guys. I'm getting there rapidly. I say, wait a second, if they're going to do to me when I'm 60, I'm going to get out of here while I'm 45 because I don't want to be in that situation. Because that's unfair. Workplace norms matter. Employers really do not like to discriminate within the workplace because it breeds bad blood and ultimately can lower productivity. And this is something that we miss in our basic models. We don't have fairness and workplace norms in our models. So wage is just about setting the wage that maximizes the profit, which means screwing the 60 year olds. But in fact, in reality, that's not the way workplaces work. And that's what the point of labor economics is. If you're interested in this we have an excellent course in labor economics that follows up on these issues. But a key issue is how much wage discrimination can be done given workplace norms, given the notions of fairness we have. And the answer is it might be kind of tough. Because basically MlT doesn't want to worry about upsetting all its younger faculty by mistreating its older faculty. And part of that could be solidarity. Some of those guys are my friends and I feel bad for them. But partly it could be just more selfish which is, I don't want to be at a place that's going to discriminate in that way against me when I get older. And that's just something that's missed by the basic 14.01 models. Questions about that? Yeah. AUDlENCE: Couldn't you model the person's life wage or something? PROFESSOR: So yeah. So what you can do is you could say to people, look, when we're hiring you we're going to overpay you relative to other universities when you're young and we'll underpay you when you're older. And so on a lifetime basis you'll be fine. What would the problem with that be? So let's say the say-- yeah. AUDlENCE: You'd leave. PROFESSOR: I'd leave as soon as I reached that point where I was being paid more elsewhere that didn't pay this downward slope. And, in fact, there's a lot of interesting labor economics theory which says the optimal formal labor contract is actually the opposite. It's to overpay when you're old and underpay when you're young. And the notion is to get people to want to stick around. And so in some sense, common labor theory says exactly the opposite of what you suggested. You want to overpay older people to get them to stick around. And for many years in America that's often the way labor markets worked. We had very generous pensions and health benefits and high wages for older workers. That equilibrium is now breaking down because in this more competitive labor market you can't afford to overpay those older workers because then you can't attract the younger workers in the first place. And we're moving towards a flatter profile by age. But that's exactly the set of interesting issues we have to deal with in labor economics in setting pay that we don't really get into here. Other questions or comments on that? Of course there's another every reason why MlT couldn't do this, which is it's against the law. We have age discrimination laws in our country which say you cannot discriminate against people based purely on their age. MlT could say, well look, I could demonstrate a productivity difference. This guy is publishing fewer articles than he did 20 years ago et cetera, but they do have a legal hurdle to overcome as well as an administrative hurdle. It would be a pain in the ass for MlT to have to figure out exactly how to shift their wage schedule to do all this. And that causes administrative costs and extra Deans and extra things and they just don't want to deal with it. So there are other barriers as well which is administrative costs and legal costs. But I think probably the main barrier is just the difficult issue of workplace norms and how it affects the productivity of the workers who are behind while you get rid of these older workers or underpay these older workers who aren't as productive. Questions or thoughts on that? So now with this monopsony model in mind I want to go back and revisit a major topic that we talked about early in the course. And a couple times in this course we talked about as an example of how governments can screw up markets we talked about the minimum wage. We talked about if you take a competitive labor market and impose a minimum wage above the competitive level, that could lead to deadweight loss. Because what will happen is at that higher wage firms will want fewer workers. Workers who would be happy to work at the competitive wage will not be able to work. Trades which would make social welfare higher won't be made. And there will be deadweight loss. The monopsony model says that may not be the case. Because in the monopsony model, a minimum wage can play the same role that optimal price regulation paid with monopolists. Remember with monopolists we said if you regulated a monopolist and forced them to charge a competitive price, that you could actually force them into the competitive outcome. Well if a minimum wage is set above the prevailing wage but that's because a monopsony prevailing wage is too low, and the minimum wage is set at the competitive level, then you could actually increase employment and improve outcomes with a minimum wage. Sort of counter intuitive. So let's look at it, pretty confusing. Let's look at figure 18-3. Figure 18-3 once again parallels a figure you saw on the entire flip side for price regulation of a monopolist, this is the parallel which is wage regulation of a monopsonist. Let's walk through this. It's pretty confusing so let's walk through this slowly. Initially you have a monopsonist who is hiring at the point where their marginal expenditure curve, which is the dashed line and then the solid line. So the line me1 is original marginal expenditure curve. It's the me1 plus the me2, it's that segment. That line which is, once again, more elastic than the supply curve. That intersects the demand curve at a labor supply l1. So they hire l1 workers and they pay a wage w1. That's the initial monopsony equilibrium. The competitive equilibrium is where supply equals demand. That would be hiring l2 workers and paying a higher wage w2. So the monopsonist is under hiring relative to the competitive firm. Now let's say the government rolls in and says we're going to set a minimum wage and we're going to happen to get it right and set it at the competitive wage level, w2. Well now let's think about the monopsonist calculus. The monopsonist new marginal expenditure curve is the old one for the solid segment. So where it says me2, that solid segment is still the marginal expenditure curve. So as they think about hiring additional workers, they're working down that curve. But once they get to l2 workers they can't lower the wage anymore. So that marginal expenditure curve, they can no longer lower the wage below w2. So their new marginal expenditure curve hops down and becomes the minimum wage. So the new marginal expenditure curve is the two segments labeled me2. It's the horizontal segment from the y-axis to e2. And then it jumps up to that upward sloping segment to the right of l2. So the new marginal expenditure curve is basically at a wage that's above minimum wage they continue to behave like a monopsonist. But once you hit the minimum wage and they can't lower the wage anymore, what happens? The poisoning effect goes away, just like we talked about with the monopolist. Essentially what this has done has killed the poisoning effect. Because it said as you're thinking about hiring that next worker to the right of l1, typically say I want to hire them because I'm going to have to raise my wage to everybody else. But you're already paying everybody else a higher wage. You're already paying everybody else the minimum wage. So there's no poisoning effect. You're not going to have to pay them a higher wage to hire that next worker because you're already paying them that higher wage. So just as optimal price regulation undoes the poisoning effect on the demand side, optimal wage regulation undoes that poisoning effect on the supply side and can lead you to the optimal outcome. So minimum wage can actually increase employment. Pretty bizarre. Minimum wage is our whipping boy for this course about how it causes dead weight loss and leads to lower employment. Here we're saying, actually, if we start a monopsony equilibrium, a minimum wage could increase employment. Of course, as you should know, the minimum wage could reduce employment even in a monopsony setting if it gets set too high. So if the minimum wage got set very high-- Jessica maybe this is something we should actually add for next year-- so if you can imagine a minimum wage that's set very high, that could lead to a level of labor supply that's actually below the monopsony level. So just as with optimal price regulation, we talked about how setting a price too high can make things worse, setting a minimum wage too high can make things worse. So it's ultimately an empirical question of does the minimum wage raise employment, which would require two conditions, a monopsony market and a well-set minimum wage. Or does it lower employment? Which can happen either with a competitive labor market or it could happen with a poorly-set minimum wage. This pretty confusing so you'll probably have to go home and think more about this. But are there questions now about anything that's not apparent from the diagram? So now this is why we have empirical economics. We have empirical economics, well really we have two reasons. One, is sometimes we know the direction of what we're looking for, we want measure its magnitude. Sometimes we don't even know the direction, not to mention the magnitude. Here's a case we don't even know the direction. Will increasing the minimum wage raise or lower employment and by how much? Well how do we test this? Well the traditional way to look at it to say, OK, the minimum wage changes over time, let's look at what happens to employment when the minimum wage goes up. And what people found was an increase in minimum wage tended to be associated with lower employment. When the minimum wage went up, employment fell. So people took that to mean that there was a situation where we're either in a competitive market or we're screwing up the monopsony market by setting too high a minimum wage. Because we raised the minimum wage, employment fell. And what is wrong with drawing that conclusion from that evidence? Or could someone tell me a story about why that might not be a convincing piece of evidence? Why the fact that when we raise the minimum wage employment falls, why that may not be by itself be compelling. What problem you might have with that piece of evidence. If you read that in the New York Times tomorrow, look at this graph, we raised the wage and employment falls. Clearly minimum wage is bad. What should your first thought be upon reading that article? Well what do we care about? We care about causation not correlation. So what could be causing this to be correlation but not a causation effect? Someone want to try? AUDlENCE: It would depend on when you raise the minimum wage. PROFESSOR: Right, in particular what story might cause this effect? AUDlENCE: If they're in a depression and they decide to raise the minimum wage. PROFESSOR: Right, what if governments, worried about workers in bad economies, that's exactly when they raise the minimum wage. What if the government raised the minimum wage in bad economy, because that's exactly when they're worried about workers suffering. Then you would see that a higher minimum wage is associated with lower employment. But it's got nothing to do with the higher minimum wage. It's got to do with the fact that you raised the minimum wage when unemployment is falling anyway. It's causation versus correlation. You have to be critical reader of evidence like this. The minimum wage is not handed down by God. It's determined by legislators who are subject to political pressures which may depend the state of the economy. If the minimum wage increases when employment happens to be falling, then it will look like the minimum wage has harmed employment when it really hasn't. So what we do about this? What we do about this is to try to think about a way we can find a causal relationship between the minimum wage and employment. And one way to do that is to try to find cases where a minimum wage increased and yet we know there was no independent change in economic activity. And the way economists have done that is by looking at state minimum wages. Turns out a lot of states actually set minimum wages higher than the national minimum wage. Not really much anymore because the national minimum wage has gone up a lot the last decade. But about a decade ago the national minimum wage, or about 15 years ago, the national minimum wage was at a real historical minimum in real terms. And a lot of states exceeded that in setting their minimum wage. So take two states, for example New Jersey and Pennsylvania. New Jersey raised its minimum wage, Pennsylvania doesn't. But any economic shock is going to hit New Jersey and Pennsylvania pretty similarly. They're both right next to each other on the East coast. Any recession's going to hit them pretty similarly. So what you could do is you could ask what happens to employment in New Jersey when they raise their minimum wage relative to Pennsylvania, which suffers the same economic shocks but doesn't raise its minimum wage. We try to achieve the gold standard. What's the gold standard? The gold standard is a randomized trial. What we'd like is literally a trial where we change the minimum wage randomly at different places and different times. That's ever going to happen. So we try to approximate in what we call a natural experiment or quasi experiment which say, are there experimental interventions that nature gives us, even if they're not perfectly randomized trials. And this is one. Here's a situation where we have two states, very similar, one raises the minimum wage and one doesn't. And they're set by economic shocks. You can look at that. Another way people have taken this approach is say, well when the minimum wage increases it's going to have different effects in different places. And why is that? That's because the minimum wage is going to be higher relative to the market wage in some areas than in others. So, for example, when they raised the minimum wage a dollar nationally, most people in Massachusetts already make more than they raised it to. So it's not going to affect Massachusetts much. Whereas in Mississippi that's a big hit. So given a national raise we can compare states that were hit harder by that raise to states that were hit less hard, another way to try to do this. A number of studies have done this and they've come up with the striking conclusion that the minimum wage, if anything, raises employment, at least at the levels that we've seen over the last 15,20 years. Changes in the minimum wage are actually associated with modest, but increases in employment. And certainly no decreases. They've been associated with modest increases in employment and not decreases. And this is really, really striking because this is something that economists just never even really took seriously. We always taught that minimum wage was the bad boy of economics, and this is saying, no, in fact, if you take it seriously and look at the evidence carefully you can actually see that a minimum wage can actually increase employment as this model shows. Now, this is still the subject of some controversy, there's still a lot of work on it. But it then raises the question of, well how can this really be? Don't we have a pretty competitive labor market? How do we really have a monopsony labor market? And the answer is that if you look at who's getting the minimum wage it's largely younger and low-skilled workers who don't have a lot of employment options. So basically McDonald's in a given area in a city could have some monopsony power. Because people don't have cars. These low-income urban youths don't have cars. They can't go somewhere else to work. They don't have skills so they can even work retail because they don't have good enough skills to work retail. So McDonald's has them. McDonald's has some monopsony power over them because McDonald's is a job they can get. Or McDonald's and Burger King together maybe are the jobs they can get. That gives them some monopsony power. So given that's where the minimum wage is going to bite the most it's maybe not implausible that the minimum wage could actually increase employment which is what we see in the studies. Questions about that? Yeah. AUDlENCE: [INAUDlBLE] anti-trust would it be possible [INAUDlBLE] PROFESSOR: Yeah exactly. So let's take my inner city example. McDonald's isn't the only employer. There's Burger King and Wendy's and lots of other low-skilled employers. The notion is if there's a few of them that should be enough to break any monopsony power unless they collude. So likewise just as there's not supposed to be collusion on the output side, there are laws against collusion on the input side in the same way. But once again, just as those laws are hard to enforce on the output side they're hard to enforce. Because what you can do is you can get together in the back room, or they can just say, Wendy's and Burger King can wait and see what McDonald's does and just follow in lock step. So there's lots of ways to get around those rules. But yes, just as there's antitrust laws on the output side, there are the labor market laws on the input side which get in the way of collusion. The difference is those are more on a sector by sector basis. So, for example, the unionization of the workers affects the collusion ability of the employers. So if the workers are unionized it's more lax in terms of allowing employers to collude as well because the workers are colluding. If workers aren't unionized it's less lax. And there's a complicated body of labor law about that. Other questions? Yeah. AUDlENCE: So it would be bad for unions to try and get an industry-wide standard wage or-- PROFESSOR: Well that's about efficiency versus equity. If a union got an industry-wide standardized wage then that's going to penalize the talented workers who would want to go work elsewhere and help the less talented workers. And basically a lot of the complaints employers have about unions is that they lose their talented workers because the union doesn't allow them to pay those differentials. Teachers is a great example that's very controversial right now which is, should there be merit pay for teachers. A lot of teachers say, no, there shouldn't be merit pay because that's going to violate workplace norms and it's unfair. But we might not be getting the most talented people into teaching as a result. So we'll come back next time and we'll start our topics part of the course by talking about international trade and whether it's good or bad. Answer, it's good. But we'll talk about why. How do you solve an inequality? In this lesson you will learn to solve inequalities by using inverse operations. Let's review a few ideas before getting started. A variable is a letter or a symbol that represents an unknown number or set of numbers. An inequality has more than one solution. We also need to remember that if the value is not part of the solution set, the two options for symbols are greater than or less than. If the value is part of the solution set, your two options are: greater than or equal to or less than or equal to. We also need to review a common mistake. A common mistake is using the incorrect inverse operations. Remember that addition and subtraction are inverse operations and multiplication and division are inverse operations. Let's dive into the core lesson. Debbie has, at most, sixty dollars to spend on clothes. She wants to buy a pair of jeans for twenty two dollars and spend the rest on t-shirts. Each t-shirt cost eight dollars. Determine how many t-shirts Debbie can purchase. Since we don't know how many t-shirts she can buy, let X equal that number. The inequality, twenty two plus eight X is less than or equal to sixty makes sense because twenty two dollars is our constant, because she's going to buy a pair of jeans and that has nothing to do with the shirts that cost eight dollars each. We're going to add eight X because each shirt cost eight dollars and X shirts were purchased. So instead of repeatedly adding eight X times, we're just going to multiply eight X. The less than or equal to symbol makes sense because Debbie can spend at most sixty dollars, which means she can spend sixty dollars or less. How do we solve this? Well, we just need to remember that we solve them just like we solve equations, with inverse operations. To solve this inequality, we need to isolate the eight X. So, the twenty two needs to be moved. It's positive twenty two, so instead of adding twenty two to both sides, we're going to subtract 22 from both sides. Now we get eight X is less than or equal to thirty eight. Now we need to isolate the X. X is being multiplied by eight. The inverse of multiplication is division, so we're going to divide each side by eight. X equals less than or equal to four and seventy-five hundredths. Well, can you buy part of a shirt? That doesn't make sense. So, now we need to take into account that we're talking about shirts that we're buying. So really, X is less than or equal to four shirts. That means that Debbie can purchase four or less shirts, no more than four shirts. In this lesson you have learned to solve inequalities by using inverse operations. Mooji - 30th March 2013 - London What makes my soul smile.. Well... I don't know if anything outside of itself necessarily is required to make it smile It smiles from inside its own Self, you know? So it's not like... something outside is required to... to say..trigger it so it's smiling...i think you can say it it smiling all the time, you know it is smiling all the time it doesn't necessarily have to show itself on the face that it's smiling but it is smiling all the time meaning that it is the natural state of joy within one's own being and I feel that this is the natural state of all beings inwardly if they are not troubled by their mind if they don't give the mind their daily life, or personal sense of identity so much attention they will find they will be happy inside themselves, they are If you want to use the word smiling I think...it's a beautiful word Smiling inside yourself just happens like that And I wouldn't want to force it because it doesn't happen like that that you just have this one kind of constant remark to be making but I would encourage also the people to look towards that because it's not really that it is so far away from themselves in fact this is just immagination in fact...like that but if it was not appropriate to say that you know? I don't know everything depends upon a kind of openness some people are at a crossroads in their life and it's a defining moment for them like this I would want to say also don't take things too personally if you can hear that, you see? because always where there is a kind of person too much thinking of yourself like a person then right there always some trouble come because I don't feel we need to take life so personally I think that's the mistake we make and due to an ill conceived idea of who we are we do take the life too... almost like a threat it comes about because the people then feel that life is so unfair it can feel like that to them or it is so demanding and we don't know how we can respond from a place of Truth and really be happy It's almost like, some circumstances situations come and we are not able to be happy in them I say that's not necessarily true and anyway about happiness i don't mean the happiness which is the superficial happiness not pretending to be happy so there's a happiness that is so broad that on the surface it can look like you are deep in thought or something like that but underlying that there can be a beautiful space which I call joy or peace a loving state, at the same time we sometimes feel that we cannot have these two states: either you are unhappy or you are happy I say it's not like that the natural state is to be joyful not necessarily joyful about any particular thing but just the joy of Being that is our natural state so... I feel that again coming back to the point that I made very often I think people put too much energy perceiving life personally and then also problematically that something is a problem and why this happend to me and get caught up too much into that type of traffic so if I could and there was oppenness I may find myself saying "Listen, don't take it so seriously" It's also passing Everything is passing That would be probably one of the things I would say don't identify so strongly with anything because it's just life, it's just moving on you know? That again is not easy though because again when we take things personally we become very very serious and then if someone says to you "Listen, relax a little bit" you know.. "Pull back and learn to observe" "a bit more what's going on" "Rather than being so quick to identify" - Then some people will hear that and make use of it and see actually the beauty in that to take some space meaning to become a bit more detached and that sometimes things are not really as bad as they initially appear to be so if you are able to observe you may come to see that... some reactions may happen but you don't identify with those deeply as well and then a clearer space comes, like that I feel that there's a place for grief if someone is grieving I feel that there is totally a space for grief also I may not want to go to intrude and even somehow to say something to try and get people out of grief I think grief is a very credible experience and feeling also so that if somebody is grieving I think there's a room I mean I don't feel that there's a.. that we have to be happy all the time in that sense - that you know, if somebody is looking sad there's no space for that - I think there's tremendous space for that because sometimes out of this experiencing sadness can be someone's opportunity to face some things in themselves that they have not so far been looking at so there has to be space for that so I would only really want to - I don't know if the word is to "console" someone - If I felt that somehow they were slipping away from a place which I would have to intuit in my own Heart that they are slipping off and they really do need you know, some contact that can actually help to bring them back to a stable..to some balance because it doesn't do good to anybody to just be drifting off to deep sorrow and get lost in that and so on that's not good I would like to feel that there are some beings who fully understand in the Heart what is being pointed and come alive in that understanding and continue to share from their place of seeing and from that beautiful discovery with other beings because I feel that that is an authentic sharing in the human kingdom, you know? Being free from the hypnosis of conditioning is the biggest smile you're going to feel in your life because as long as we are holding on to ideas about who we are which are not true then you cannot really smile with your Heart I mean you may have a laugh you may have a joke or something like this but I don't think that you are asking that question just like a momentary smile Because even the most miserable person in the world must have a smile every now and again but I think you are asking - and I'm responding to your question - like something very profound that really brings a smile that comes that begins in the Heart and shines you know just as, you know unquestionable joy, from your Heart I would have to say that it is someone who has found themselves someone who realises the Truth of what we are rather than what we have been conditioned to believe we are and this is totally totally possible in my line of expression, you may say it's only for that because we see the outcome of not recognising that that we do so many crazy things in this world and hurt ourselves and other beings so someone to realise, to recognise again, their true nature that is...uffff! you are smiling... you are smiling in every being! It's very infectious to find somebody who's happy like that Who's happy but it's not about a joke You understand? Who's just happy! Because, why? "Why are you happy?" I don't know! I cannot even say why I'm happy! That is the best kind of happy! When you cannot even say why you are happy! If you can say why you are happy then your happiness is going to finish soon but when you don't know why you are happy You just can't help being happy you even try to be sad you can't succeed! Because your light is so...on! That is happiness for me And that happiness I'd love to see in human beings not just human beings I'd like to see a dog happy! I want to see a happy dog! Dogs smile also if he's happy, you know? I even see birds happy! I see them happy I see how they behave I don't know what they are happy about but they are happy somehow because for me I cannot explain any other thing than to say: because they are life! I am life! I'm not even living life I am life! We are life! And in that joy...you just... - I don't want to tell the people: "Be happy" I don't want to trouble you! To tell you "be happy" I just want to tell you you are love you are ok! you know, I say I don't want to remind the world that it is suffering and that it is unhappy I want to remind the world that it is beautiful and free because people forget this That life...we are not here just to struggle, you know? Or to party, I'm not here to party I'm not interested in partying, I've done enough partying It's not partying I don't even want to say I'm here to celebrate life even I'm just here, and it's enough my here is enough! But I'm happy inside my Heart and everything that it's inside every cell in my body is dancing to see that joy in other beings you see? so I don't know where to go I don't know where to go with that joy I don't know where I can be without that joy And so something inside I don't know what compels me or compels this body to to try and somehow remind because I cannot create you see I can only remind you that that joy is inside you and sometimes we have to work a bit at it sometimes you have to remind someone listen "let go of this!" Sometimes I'll even push you even! You see? I say "What you're doing! You are crazy?" "Leave this alone!" "You know you're just messing yourself up!" Just to allow your light to shine again so... I don't see any other thing because pleasure you can find but happiness seems rare and yet I say that our Being is happy, by nature, I know it! I'm not even...it's not my belief I don't believe these things I know it, I am it! If I am it, I'm no more special than any other human being Than you must be it And that is not a supposition that is... that is an affirmation that you are That! But I know that it's not enough just to say these things you know Your life has to be the evidence of what you say it's true I'm not going about trying to be happy I don't have to try to be happy I failed miserable at being unhappy I can't be unhappy you understand? that's the one thing i can say i fail I don't even fail because I don't even try Why would I try to be unhappy? But it's just there you know? And...it's like that It is like that So in summarising it, I would just say to be to discover one's Self, you know? Because if you don't then whatever happens as we find in this world, it's momentary but when you are again I would say that when your mind and your heart connect then the lights go on I think this is the light you are talking about and... If you see.. sometimes we see it in the face of children or something but it's only a spark even they cannot keep it it comes really with coming home I would put it like that and I don't want to feel that that it's too much to put in front of a human being because then I would be insulting human beings Does it take a bit of work? Yes, in the beginning it takes a bit of work not because It itself is work It itself is not work but because we have put too much attention on the wrong things you see then it takes a bit of work just to turn your attention back a little bit but as soon as we begin to discover again our original joy we don't need any encouragement that's enough encouragement already you know you're onto a winner somehow and you just want to be there life pulls you it embraces you and pulls you inside but if you don't know of it before like one time i was not aware of that so my life was momentary joys momentary pleasures momentary sadnesses and whatever but this I received, what I call like a kiss from within myself and that just completely devastated me in the most beautiful way, you understand? I mean I... I couldn't carry on my life how I was before it just started to change and it's the best change and it's still changing even on the surface it's still changing but something inside is not changing and there is that duality in life something is changing, and something is not changing and I've found that which is not changing and then what is changeful, I can enjoy now before I was a bit more afraid of what is changing now i'm not afraid of what is changing 'cause you find what is not changing, you see? and that's a smile that is not made just with your lips or with your mouth it's made with your whole being and joy is that smile and.. satsang is one of the very few and authentic environments for me I know in one way you are sitting in front of a lot of people what is so authentic about it... well...yes, it looks a bit formal if we could have it another way it would be another way but the fact is that that is what we do we are looking into the subject of who we are on a firm recognition that the discovery is worth it, you see? and so there's a joy in that when we are looking because we mostly seem to have forgotten that sometimes fears come up because people feel "Oh my God!" Because we have invested so much to become something we are not that when is time to return to what we are we are afraid of giving up the something we are not but that's life also a bit of pain has to be there but only so much that is necessary to return you to your painless truth so... that would be my take on that one I want to say, if I have to say something that whatever happens everything is ok whatever happens the final word is Everything is ok, inside the Heart Something takes care of you whatever it is that happens I know that... even if it comes to losing people close to you I've lost my son, I've lost my sister, my brother and so on and friends you grow up with you reach my age you start to find a lot more people around you are passing away and so on people you have shared very closely with them you feel the pain of that and also sometimes with things going on inside this body you go to the doctor and you know any moment they could be telling you, like you got this prostate cancer or something you are like...something is ready for that and then... and then you begin to see it's all momentary all of this you put so much energy but you cannot keep it because even the body that you need to enjoy you cannot keep and it's a time when you reach a certain level of seeing inside yourself that everything is passing by and you grow up very quickly, you know you grow up very very quickly to the point where you know like I said in satsang that I'm... I don't have a future therefore I'm supremely happy I'm not concerned at all like my happiness is next week or something is happening I'm just here now and there's a fullness a richness about that because I know the reality that tomorrow may not come in terms of...you know... we live on a lot of... projections that you know people say "oh you know next year, i'm going to do this" and for me that's a "wow, really?" I don't know what that is I only know next year doesn't exist for me last year doesn't exist for me yesterday also... I have to try to catch my memory about what yesterday was it doesn't have any real...life in itself I found something which has no yesterdays and no tomorrows about it It doesn't even have a today about it that has been the most beautiful discovery but I can't discuss that I can but...it's not really worth it But it comes a time when there are people who just understand that I don't know, they have a way of just understanding these things and they say "hey, i'm on board with that" "i'm here with you" But it will be like that: whatever happens, whatever happens - if you...especially if you can just pay attention that everything comes and goes everything comes and goes everything comes and goes even this body is going to come and go but something will witness also this body coming and going and I say that you are ok yes Q: Namaste' thank you so much On the more philosophical level, when delta debugging returns, is not only to simply itself but is also to cause for the failure. What is the cause anyway? Assume i have a window and here comes a ball flying to the window and the window breaks. You would think later that the ball is the cause for the window to break. But why is it the cause? This is so called counterfactual definition of causality which is the most used in our context. It works as follows: We have two events, and A comes before B. Say A, is the ball flying towards the window? and B, is the window shattering? We now say that A causes B, if B had not occurred if A had not occurred. Applied to our example, we can say that the ball causes the window to shatter if the window had not shatter if the ball has not arrived which actually is true. With the ball, the window shatters. Without the ball, the window does not shatter. And since the ball precede the shattering, everything is in place to say that the ball caused the window to shatter. If this sounds complicated, we haven't seen much. Causality is one of the most disputed subject in Philosophy. Some philosophers are even saying that causality does not really exist. It's just an illusion. For our purposes; however, that is within debugging, this counterfactual definition does a good job. First, we have the ball then we have the window crashing forward. First, we have the defect and then we have the failure. So why does delta debugging returned cause? Simply because there might be a large set of events that all could or could not contribute to the failure. The sun is shining. The clouds are in the sky. There's a nice tree along. And what areas that none of this is relevant for shattering the window. Only the ball by simplifying the scenery towards a single element that is responsible for the test to fail, delta debugging returns the cause. There are many gifts of the Earth we receive daily. Air. Water. Food. Life. And what about health? There is a gift from the Earth for our health. And that gift is found here in Essential oils. Essential Oils are the plant's natural medicine against bacteria, viruses and diseases that attack the cells. Lavender puts up thistley hairs to protect the dynamic chemistry found in the oil sack. One drop of Essential Oil contains hundreds of unique compounds offering powerful chemistry for fighting many different diseases. It's important to remember: our bodies and plants have very similar building blocks. So, when we take these essential oils into our bodies they are in a familiar environment and they go to work on our behalf, just as they would for the plant. Killing bacteria, inhibiting virus reproduction, cleansing toxins, destroying parasites, oxygenating our cells and boosting our immune systems. These Essential Oils don't just treat symptoms, they work at the root of the problem, at the cellular level. One of the greatest gifts for our health comes in this tiny potent package. Major civilisations throughout the centuries recognized the capabilities of essential oils. Egyptian grave robbers would often steal the Essential Oils instead of the Gold. Some of the first medical records from China show the use of Essential oils. Hypocrates, the father of Modern Medicine, used Oregano in his practice. Frankincense and Myrrh were brought to the Christ child. Essential oils were used throughout the Dark Ages for their anti-bacterial benefits. And even in World War Il, they were used successfully to treat injured soldiers. Today, we see essential oils are being studied extensively and are being used in some medical settings. Many studies have documented that 100% pure Essential Oils have the capacity to stop super bugs, like MRSA, relieve chronic pain, elevate moods, restore cells and aid in treating life threatening diseases. Is this surprising? Well, most of the items found in your medicine cabinets and major pharmaceutical drugs originated from the study of the active medicinal properties of plants. Drug companies study these complex plant compounds and can synthetically re-create some of their attributes. Then, proprietary fillers, additives and modifications are made. Unfortunately, these modifications are foreign to our bodies and as we know, can result in negative side effects and dependency. Fortunately, there is another way. Millions around the globe have experienced how powerful the potent compounds in essential oils can be without synthetics, fillers or additives. And what's surprising, is that the essential oils are often faster, safer, more effective and less expensive than the synthetic products. doTERRA essential oils are the only Certified Pure Therapeutic Grade or CPTG Essential oils available. What that represents is a standard by which doTERRA grows, harvests and tests their oils. DoTERRA sources their Lavender from France, their Lemon from Italy, Frankincense from Oman. All of doTERRA's oils come from specific regions where altitude, climate, seasons and soil create the perfect conditions to produce the most effective essential oils. Then artisans of these regions, in partnership with doTERRA extract the Essential Oils from the plants with integrity and patience. doTERRA then tests well beyond industry standards to ensure every drop is Certified Pure Therapeutic Grade. They are safe for Topical, Aromatic and even Internal use. The intricacy and detail that nature gives in producing a pure essential oil is a miracle. doTERRA Essential Oils truly are a gift of the earth from all over the earth. What might these gifts have in store for you? ♫ ♫ Days go by on their own In circles Delay, procrastinate Only to miss out Time has come to open up To see In my library Books lay dormant If only I could Fill in the empty pages With words that truly mean something more Persevere quietly Be careful Not to disturb our destiny Waiting for me to face All that is In my library Books lay dormant If only I could Fill in the empty pages With words that truly mean something more ♫ ♫ In exhaustion I fall apart No excuses for my lack of will ♫ ♫ In my library Books lay dormant ♫ ♫ If only I could Fill in the empty pages [Narrator] Here's our first programming exercise. I'd like you to make a robot that starts at coordinates 30 and 50, and it heads north, which means its heading direction is pi/2. It then turns clockwise by pi/2, which means you subtract pi/2 from the heading direction, and it moves 15 meters. It then senses, and I want you to print out the sensor measurements. It then turns clockwise by pi/2 again, and moves 10 meters this time and I just want you to print out the sensor measurements after this entire procedure. So, there are 2 print statements for the sensor over here and the sensor measurements over here. So, here's the output I would like your program to generate. After the first motion, the first measurements will be 39 plus something, 46, 39, and 46. And then after the second motion I expect to see 32, 53, 47, 40. Of course, there's lots of decimal-point numbers over here, but these are the numbers I would expect you to output. So, have fun coding it! This isn't too hard--we just make a note that--degree centrality just means that degree which node has the highest degree. Well, node 2 has 3, node 4 has 3, node 6 has 4--that's the highest, node 6. Hello my friends. Hope this finds you well and happy. Welcome to Master Your Barre Chords Part 3, where we're going to be talking about A shaped barre chords. I'm a little gutted because I just filmed four lessons with my new little lapel microphone to increase the sound quality, and I forgot to turn it on, so now I have to do them all again, don't you just love that? Anyway, so, before we get into doing these A shaped barre chords, it's really important that you mastered properly your E shaped barre chords. The most important reason is the fact that this muscle here, in between your first finger and your thumb, needs to get nice and strong. So, make sure you do a little bit of work with some songs using those E shaped and A shaped barre chords. The other songs that I will have to do again now, are Times Like These by Jack Johnson, which uses E shape barre chords, as well as a really funky rhythm guitar pattern with this click thing. And also Day Tripper by The Beatles. I'll redo those lessons as soon as I can, but I'm not sure if I'll have time to do them in this session now. So, but I figured the A-shaped barre chord is kind of more important. So, let's get straight into checking out our A shaped barre chords. But you've either learnt to play your A chord like this, with all three fingers in a line like that, or the other method that I talk about on my website, where you'd swap 1st and 2nd finger over, and get this little grouping here. Either one of those is fine for playing the A chord. But neither of them work for a barre chord. Now in order to show you this, I'm going to make sure that, I'm going to use first this three in a line shape here. Now if we were to play a barre chord, of course we can't use our first finger, so we take first finger off. Second finger moves to where first finger was before, third finger moves over again, Little finger comes in to where the 3rd finger used to be. And there you can see, you have them in a line. This is quite a common way for me to play A chord anyway, because my fingers are a little bit too fat to fit in the frets there properly. So you might want to check this out as another alternative way of playing your regular A chord as well. Now when we go for a barre chord for that, of course the chord shape would then move up, I'll just move it up one fret. And then the 1st finger would go down in a barre, remembering that it's kind of slightly on the side, which is ok. . . . In fact it's good. Now the most important thing that you can learn just from this so far, now this isn't the way that we're going to finish playing the barre chord, so don't rush to learn this way just yet. But make sure that the tip of your 1st finger here, is muting that 6th string. It's really like, it's literally the strings sitting on the tip of the finger. So this finger's not pressing down on the string, it's just touching, it's almost like pushing the string up just a little bit. Just enough to make sure it's muted. It's really important, because the Root note is the note here on the 5th string. So it's really important that we can hear this note, that note has got to be one of the clearest in the chord, and also remember that wherever we put that note will become the name of our chord. So, now, to get this chord shape down properly, with these three fingers in a line like that and have the barre going, is quite difficult. Also, the barre has to remember, would have to touch, would play that note there on the thinnest string as well. So little finger would have to be nice and round to keep the thinnest string clear. Now, what's actually a lot more common when we play this barre chord shape, is to play it like this. This 2nd finger here, I'm going to tuck it under there, just to make it nice and clear for you to see what I'm doing. But of course normally when you're playing it you would leave it out. You wouldn't tuck it behind like this. So, the 1st finger is not going to change from that other variation that we had, which was, it's muting the 6th string, it's playing firmly this note. But what's different is now we're using a 3rd finger barre, and 1st finger doesn't even actually have to barre. Because with our 3rd finger we're playing the note on the 4th string, the note on the 3rd string, the note on the 2nd string, and then we're kind of lifting our finger away from the fingerboard, so that this top string, the thinnest E string, is actually muted again, so that both the outside E strings are muted for this type of barre chord shape. Very, very important. So, what's important, what's important? There's lots of things that are important. The way that you perform this barre, is making sure that the, first of all that the tip of the 3rd finger is not touching the 5th string. So it's, if the 3rd finger is even just slightly too high like that, it'll end up muting the 5th string. And you want that note, that's the most important one. That's the Root note, so make sure that the tip of that finger is not touching the 5th string. Now, try and, when you're pressing the barre, just as I mentioned for the first finger before, try and imagine that your energy is pushing, energy, I'm sounding like a hippy again, but watch how, the middle of, the energy that you're using to press this finger down, is the centre of your finger, don't let it be just the tip or the underneath. But try and kind of press it down from the middle, almost like you're trying to press the G string, or the 3rd string down harder than the others, it's a really good way to think of getting your, that barre chord shape really solid. Now the other important part I need to show you is the position of the 3rd finger. OK here we are for our new angle for the 3rd finger. Now what I want you to make sure that you're aware of, is that, oh, if I can do this, it is kind of weird. This knuckle here, is further forward, than this part of my finger. So, it's kind of, it's moving away, like that, so when I'm pressing down, I'm able to press from here, down with that whole section of my finger there. If it's too flat, like this, like a lot of people try and do it like this, with their, you know I talked about how bad it is before, to have your wrist like this, but if you try and play it like this, with the 3rd finger here straight, you can't really press down properly in the middle. You'll end up either pressing all of them, and getting a 6th chord, which isn't what you want really. And, or, you'll just really damage your wrist, if I just, I might even be able to pan out here. If I, yay, look at this, don't you love remote controls? See, you can see how badly positioned my wrist is there, to have this huge big bend there, is really gonna be uncomfortable, and that's caused by having my third finger straight, whereas if I'd, if I do that, I'll do that as a close-up if I can. Yes, sneaking in, look at this, I love technology. If I bend my 3rd finger in like this, now you can see that's correct, and the angle, well it's still got an angle, but it's nowhere near as bad as when it was like that. So there is still a bit of an angle there, but it's not terrible. OK, so, oh, a little bit too close there. So, just really make sure then that this part of it, this knuckle is further forward than that part of your hand. So, and your pressing down that, and also it's laying down, and it's lifting up, so I'm actually able to get this note here, the 2nd string and mute the 1st string. So this note here is ringing, and the thinnest string is not ringing. It's really important. Make sure again you do your strum, pick-out, and strum again. Make sure that you got all those notes. And also check that the two outside strings are muted as well. To the Master Your Barre Chords Part 4, where we're going to look at the variations of that barre chord shape. Make sure you spend a little bit of time with it again. Try and get one chord shape down at a time, and be really happy with the way you play it. There's no point in knowing lots and lots of chords that you can't play and that you can't remember. So, it's definitely, definitely worth writing these things down, you know, print off some chord paper from my website, write down all the chords that you know so you've created your own chord book. So you've got a kind of a collection of the things that you know. The chords that you know in your head. You'll also find writing it down on a page will help you remember each shape. So, of course there's chords on my website that you could choose to print out. But I think writing them down yourself is also a good way of making sure that you remember them. So, before you move on to the next one you want to make sure that you've got all your E shape, your Major, min, min7 and 7 chords so they're all sounding cool. And, excuse me, also the A shaped barre chords. Remember, of course, that this is now a 5th string Root. So, whereby we had a regular A chord, the chord I was just demonstrating in that close-up was a Bb chord, . . . cause I always had my 1st finger in the 1st fret, if I put my 1st finger in the 3rd fret, we've now got a C chord. You hear it's quite similar, there's open chord C, barre chord C, pretty straight forward. C at the 3rd fret, D at the 5th fret, E at the 7th fret. That's the basic gist. You should hopefully have checked out your Root notes for 5th and 6th string Root in the Power Chords lesson. If you didn't, you're very naughty and you should go and revise your Power Chords right now. OK, I shall see you later on for Part 4, when we check out the minors, and the 7th shapes for this 5th string Root barre chord. Remember this is A shape, because it's built around an A chord. Take care and see you soon, bye bye. Here we will explore true facts about the frog Frogs are not merely proof that French people will put anything into their mouths, they are also amphibians. which means that they're a bit wishy washy on the whole evolution thing. Oh.. that was pretty cool... Did you see that? It has a transparent eyelid! Good for sexy winking. The Frog begins its life as water larvae that resemble gigantic sperms. Which should make you appreciate how tiny our sperm is. If our sperm was that big it would be uncomfortable, for everyone. Think about it. Now stop thinking about it you Perve. After a time is a Spanish water breathing vegetarian the larvae undergo a rapid 24-hour metamorphosis we absorbing their tails growing limbs and lungs and emerging as graceful adult strollers. Although now on air breather the frogs still relies on its permeable skin for oxygen and keeps its skin moist by producing mucus Imagines sneezing but through your entire body. That is how a frog do. Every couple of days the frog sheds its skin, and as the French may or may not do, it eats its own full-body booger in public. perhaps the taste of booger awakens a taste for flash for the adult frog preys upon the living. Whoo! Settle down there spazzy! luckly for this mouse the frog eats worms, and inse.... Holy Crap! Strike that! Not lucky, not looking for the mouse. Yes, and just like the French the frog even has a taste for frog. when Kermit first met Miss Piggy He said, "Be careful I might eat you." And that became one of the biggest miscommunications of all time Right now you're probably, wondering am I a frog? how could I tell? Here's a simple test. Listen to this. (Frog Noises) If that turned you on, you might be a frog because all of those frogs where basically saying F*ck Me. Except that last one he was just saying... (Frog Squealing) After a female was chosen a male based on how loud he yells F*ck Me he climbs on her back and holds her very tightly and what is known as amplexus. Ohh! that's sad. The little eyeball picking out at the bottom. that's not where you wanna be. amplexus sometimes lasts for days and doesn't really look all that sexy. The squeezing however triggers the female to release earnings achieving fertilizes externally... messy messy a froggy style. the fertilized egg lack a shell, and are fragile, and must be kept moist, and protected. Some frogs take this very seriously. the unusual sir nom toad. Yes toads are frogs, moves the eggs to her back. the eggs then sinking to her flair perform safe pockets in which the larvae develop... mmmmmmm That is very disturbing to me. I have nightmares when that happens to my legs. Owww! You can see the moving, Uhh! Alright they're coming out! Look away, look away! I'm not looking that is traumatic. Always remember, practice safe sex. Or your back Mike just get pregnant. Alright now if i can please have two people come up to the front of the room amanda and amy please just come up here and face the class alright raise your hand if you see any similarities between the two of them Julia and if you can please come up because you are going to yours as well as write down everybody elses as well so on the board write similar S-I-M-I-L-A-R underlined S-I-M-I-L-A-R underline it perferct alright what was your similar picture alright who else can think of another similarity raise your hand for me they are both at school alright another one sara they both have t-shirts on alright any more can anyone think of anything else both wearing jeans alright a couple others of you had your hands up they are both wearing _ alright great good alright any others can you think of please both girls how about one has curly and the other o not me o um anything else about these two ladies or jill you can have a seat ok how about differences somebody raise their hand and tell me any differences you see between the two of them one has jeans and the other has shorts on ok please come up to the board write diffences and underline it along with your difference D-I-F-F-E-R-E-N-C-E yep perfect then write one has short and the other long perfect how about another differnce canany body raise their hand for me hight, hight karra hair alright anybody else yes color of shirt color of shirt right they have different parents they have different parents of course alright can anybody think of anything else that is differnt on them different color shoes differnt color shoes alright Anna if you could have a seat thank you Anna alright for this one can anybody think of any environmental factors that could have influenced one of these differnces it was supposed to be warm outside so I wore shorts alright so climate or the tempurature outside alright what about any other factors could be from when thay are born until now anyother jacob grew up grew up alright william age ok age alright could it be another part of the state location and then you would go on with your lesson If most people had my opportunities, they'd jump. Everybody's out for what they can get. You're sure about that? Well, take you for instance. Now, I come to you for lessons so that Mr. Slade will come through, but I'll bet you something. All the time you've been talking grammar, you've been thinking just what every other man thinks about. Now, don't you deny it, because I can tell. All you needed was the opportunity too. ( dramatic theme playing ) NARRATOR: ( dramatic theme playing ) Starring David Janssen as Dr. Richard Kimble. An innocent victim of blind justice, falsely convicted for the murder of his wife, reprieved by fate when a trainwreck freed him en route to the death house. Freed him to hide in lonely desperation. To change his identity. To toil at many jobs. Freed him to search for a one-armed man he saw leave the scene of the crime. Freed him to run before the relentless pursuit of the police lieutenant obsessed with his capture. The guest star in tonight's story: Laura Devon. And special guest star Paul Richards. ANNOUNCER: ( relaxed theme playing ) NARRATOR: The Chinese Sunset Motel, situated on a tarnished hyphen called the Sunset Strip that separates Los Angeles from Beverly Hills. For Richard Kimble, working as man-of-all-jobs under the alias of Jack Fickett, it is a welcome bit of limbo. ( all chattering ) Well, hello, there. This is one of our loveliest suites. Just moving in? You'll like it here. Get the point? ( dramatic theme playing ) How'd you do? Zero. ( laughs ) ( all chattering ) He's cheatin' again. WOMAN: Oh, Sam... Me? I'll hit you right in the mouth. Will you shut up and play? I'm out. Frankie, looks like you're gonna have a little competition around here from now on, huh? Who? Oh, her? Oh, come on, Uncle Sam, you got to be kidding. ( laughs ) Oh, Alice. Oh, hi, Sam. You know that guy looks real familiar. Oh, his name is Slade. Edward Slade. Slade, eh. And the girl, it says in the registry, is his secretary. Edward Slade. Looks like we fell into a nest of penny-ante hustlers. Of what? Scroungers. They looked okay to me. No, they're penny-ante hustlers. I can tell. It's just that some are better than others. Oh, shoot. I should have bought another pair of flats. Now, listen, I'm gonna, uh-- I'm gonna go see Gordie Schiller right away. Now, he'll come through for us, I know he will. And then I'm gonna take my little jelly apple and we're gonna move back up into the winner's circle again. Now, I'm not complaining. If a place is clean, it's got closets. I know. Now, there's a-- There's a coffee shop outside. If I'm not back in time I want you to eat there, understand? Don't worry about me, sweetheart. Just go about your business as though I wasn't here. All right. And you watch out for the wolves, huh? See you. Kiss-kiss. Oh, you're a bird. You want to see Sophia Loren? Nah. I'm not in the mood for subtitles. Besides, I don't think she wants to see me. ( chuckles ) WOMAN: Don't move. Just a teeny bit longer. I got your nose, but your chin keeps getting away from me. Take your time. I don't have to be back to the switchboard for 15 minutes. I thought you was the porter. Well, yeah, I'm the porter, the relief switchboard operator, the, uh, pool maintenance engineer. Sort of a general factotum. What's that? What, "factotum"? Well, that's sort of an all-around helper. It's a very nice way of putting it. You a professional artist? Oh. Oh, no. It's just a hobby I took up. I better warn you before you look at this. I'm just a beginner. You know what they say, uh, "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." You know, that's true. Did you just make that up? No, I, uh, had an English professor that never left a clich・unturned. Professor? That means college, I guess. Yeah. Hey, can I see it? Down where my home is we got a saying, "A girl with looks don't need books." Good saying. Personally, I-- I never went past the fourth grade, but I bet you I'm doing better than most of them college kids. Take these here earrings. They're three carats apiece. Perfect blue-white, cut by hand. 'Course everybody hasn't had my opportunities. Oh, I guess it's, uh, just a matter of what you want. What do you mean? Well, I meant it's a question of values. Is something wrong with my values? No, no, I didn't mean there was anything wrong with your values. I just meant-- I don't think that you should go around thinking remarks about people just because they can't turn over a clich・ or whatever it is that you said. Well, uh, no, you see, I-I'm sorry-- Waitress. Would you charge that to Mr. Edward Slade's room, please? You want to sign this and write your room number down? There. Congratulations. ( dramatic theme playing ) Is he awake? He was. He goes in and out. Gordie. Hey, Gordie, it's me, Eddie Slade. What happened? MAN: Freeway. He went on an off ramp. Truck stopped him. When did you get out of jail? Oh, you're up. ( chuckles ) Yeah, I'm up. I got out about a month ago. I tried calling you. But Maxie took over for you in New Orleans, and won't give back, right? You heard, huh? So you come down here for a little financing, huh? Well, I figured since I cut you in on a slice of New Orleans that you might like to return the favor. Listen, Eddie, the cops know we were partners in New Orleans. These L.A. police are murder. Now, Gordie, I got a big deal cooking in St. Louis. I'll pay you back in a year. That had you on the scan 20 minutes after you crossed the city line. A hundred thousand is all. ( chuckles ) You kidding? A hundred grand. I can't afford a lousy manicure. I'm up to my insurance policies on this big deal I'm financing. It's big international stuff. Okay. All right, I got a couple of other friends in the area. Y-- You're not going to stay in the area, Eddie. The cops tie us in together. And right now I can't afford the attention. I got too much invested. A couple of weeks, Gordie. Now, I'm desperate. The West Coast is my last chance. Now, you owe me a favor. Hey, Gordie. All right, you got two weeks, Eddie. Two weeks, but stay away from me. You won't even know I'm around. Two weeks, Eddie. Strictly enforced and no extensions. ( dramatic theme playing ) ( suspenseful theme playing ) ( bell rings ) Say, what kind of people they got staying here, huh? Nice bunch. Well, that's good. See, making friends is my business. I'm a salesman by profession. Well, right this way, sir. I might be gone a week, maybe more. I got this guy up in Portland and another one in Seattle. Did she go to college? Who? Who we talking about? Your ex-wife. Oh, not again. Forget her. I bet she at least went to high school. You wouldn't have married no dunce, would you? Penelope, will you stop it? "Boo," said the bogeyman. Look, you-you just draw your pictures and get lots of sun and-- ( tender theme playing ) And you better go fix me a drink. What do you think I am, a factotum? ( chuckles ) Where'd you pick that up? Don't look so surprised. There happens to be a lot more where that came from. I don't believe it. Yes, sir. Yes, I'll have a cab right here Mr. Slade. Get one for me too, will ya? KlMBLE: Will you send a couple of cabs up to the Chinese Sunset Motel, please? Frankie, you look gorgeous. Oh, just my old working clothes. Wow. Well, I've got to run. I'm gonna be late. What's your hurry? You got a date? Uh-huh. With a double feature. ( chuckles ) You know, I haven't been to the movies in months. No one ever asks me. Maybe you're not the movie type, Frankie. Well, you never know till you ask. My cab here yet? KlMBLE: Be here in just a minute. You watch out for the wise guys, huh? And you have good luck, you hear? Don't miss me too much. I will. Come on. Hey, don't take my cab. ( mysterious theme playing ) Hi. Hi. I'm awfully sorry about what happened earlier. Well, so am I. I was wondering if I could talk to you for a little bit. What time do you get off from work? Two o'clock. Could you meet me in the coffee shop around 2? Yeah, sure. Okay. MAN ( on phone ): Yeah? Yes, Sergeant Bragin. Anything on Slade? Yeah, he just left in a cab. License number U92271. Had a suitcase with him. He'll probably be back, though, because the girl's still here. Right. Yeah. Well, stick with the girl. Maybe you can learn something from her. ( ominous theme swells ) ( suspenseful theme playing ) Sam... Please stop it. ( all chattering ) Hi. Hi. Sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, that's okay. It's just a funny idea I had. I don't know if you're gonna cotton to it, anyway. Try me. Well, see his first wife was very educ-- Uh, whose? Mr. Slade's. My boss. Oh. His first wife was very educated. All around, kinda. Not like me. It isn't that I didn't have the opportunities. My daddy was all for education, always. My mama was too. I think that's about the only thing they saw eye-to-eye on. That and kids. ( chuckles ) There's 11 of us. Eleven? I guess that's a houseful then. I was always the best-looking. Especially after I started developing, you know. Yeah. There was this beauty contest back home and I won it just as easy as jam. That's when I first discovered that men like to do things for good-looking girls. That was an education in itself, I can tell you. Maybe I can't read or write so good, but I can sure tell a lox from a sport a mile away. A "lox"? You know, that's the bird that goes to Vegas and plays the nickel machines all night. Oh. PENELOPE: 'Course I stopped noticing other men when I met Mr. Slade. It's been almost three years now. I-I seem to have lost you someplace. Uh, what does this have to do with that funny idea of yours? Oh, well, I'm getting to that. See, I've got to get me some kind of quick education and I was thinking you're so smart, and you talk so nice and what with your college and all, I was wondering if you couldn't teach me some things. Me? Well, you know, how to read better and when to turn on the manners, and when to say the right thing. Uh, well, just a minute. I, uh-- I'll pay you for your time. Well, I'm very flattered, but I-- All you have to do is give me some pointers. I'm very quick. I really am. I think it's nice that you want to improve yourself, but I'm not a qualified teacher. Besides, I've got my hands full here with this job. Look. I'm gonna be 24 next month and for Mr. Slade that's old, and I've got to get him married quick. I mean, to me. I don't want him turning around and looking at me someday and saying, "What am I doing with this dummy?" Well, I'm sorry, miss-- You think I got too much to learn, is that it? I admit that I got some to go, but you got to remember, "A journey of a thousand miles starts with a single step." I did say that. "'Well,' said the cunning fox, "'if you don't come with me "I will certainly devour-- Devour you on the spot.'" Pretty good. Now try reading it just for the sense of it. Doesn't matter if you miss a word. I know what you mean. Let me try it. "'Well,' said the cunning fox, "'if you don't come with me "I will certainly devour you on the spot.' "A mule that had grown fat and wanton, "on too good an allowance of corn "was one day jumping and kicking about--" What about the, uh, cunning fox? Oh, well, he never kept his word like he said he was gonna. Like, to help farmer Jones get his old chickens back. How could he? He was eatin' 'em and he darn near ate the ducks too, except when farmer Jones come at him with his rifle. If you ask me, this Jones guy ain't much of a brain. "Isn't." Isn't. Isn't much of a brain. And it-- It isn't no use. "Any." Any. Any use. What I mean is remembering not to use double negatives and not to say "ain't" isn't really going to make any difference. I mean, I'm still gonna look like a dunce, aren't I? Whatever you learn, you'll be that much further ahead. But is Eddie going to know? He will. Thing is, I don't want to change, but I want to look like I've changed, you know. You want to quit? Do you? No. Well, I guess if-- If you could stand it so could I. ( tender theme playing ) ( rings ) Yeah? Thank you. Thank me for what? Well, you were telling me today when you should say thank you, like if somebody does you a favor or something and I was just sitting here thinking about who does me favors and I thought of you. So thank you. Uh, you don't suppose it could have waited till morning, do you? Oh, I would have forgot by tomorrow. Yeah. Uh, uh, you're welcome. Something bothering you, honey? Yes. I don't like the position you're putting Uncle Jack in, cousin. Well, I'll just notify you when it becomes your business. Your old man's liable to get rough with him. I wouldn't like that. You know, it seems to me I've heard them chimes before. It couldn't be that you just might be jealous of me and Mr. Fickett, could it? Oh, no, not me, cousin. I know when I'm beat. It's very obvious. I'm not ignorant enough for him these days. Oh, I wouldn't say that. I'd say that you were just about as ignorant as anybody. It's just that you don't have nothing to back it up with. That's all. ( playful theme playing ) Nice day for a swim, huh? Why don't you go for a swim then? Bragin's my name. Fred for short. What's yours? That's my business, thanks. Why don't you just please move out? I live here. Don't you think you were a little rude to him? I said please and thank you. Yes, I know. Oh, he's a lox anyway. I think there's a more gracious way to turn a guy down. You mean a lady would have been more polite, anyway. Now that you mention it. Well, what'd I do wrong? It's a matter of other people's feelings. Oh, well, shoot. I'm getting sick and tired of always being told I'm wrong. You know I was doing pretty good before I met you and I'll probably go on doing pretty good after I leave this dump. Probably. But what? I didn't say anything. It was there, just the way you said "probably." Penelope, there's more to growing than just learning how to read books and say thank you. Well, aren't you the fine one to talk. Look where all your growing has got you. At least I've got something to show for my way. I happen to have 27 pairs of shoes, two mink coats, and three and a half carats on each ear which I will probably be turning them in for double the size one of these days. Now, that's what I call growing. ( dramatic theme playing ) ( mysterious theme playing ) We received a report this morning that Slade left Portland. He met with the Cooley brothers up there this afternoon. Nice circles he moves in. Well, if he returns to the Chinese Sunset, I'll be there to greet him and in the meantime I'm gonna concentrate on this guy Fickett. He stays pretty close to that girl. Who knows, maybe she cries on his shoulder. Listen, why don't we, uh--? Why don't we run a routine name check on Jack Fickett. Okay? Yes, sir. I don't know what it is, something about the guy. He's-- He's got too much class for the kind of job he does. ( suspicious theme playing ) ( knock at door ) Hi. I come to apologize for the way I talked today. Well, there's no need to apologize. Could I come in? Yes, sure. Sit down. I, uh-- I'm no one to be giving advice on how to succeed. Well, at least you're not a hustler like the rest of them around here. Is that what they are? That's what Mr. Slade says. And he's almost never wrong. He says they're penny-ante hustlers. I guess some are. He says everybody. Everybody dreams of making a quick buck, but not everybody's willing to take a shortcut. You say shortcut like it was a dirty word. Let me tell you something. If most people had my opportunities, they'd jump. Everybody's out for what they can get. You're sure about that? Well, take you for instance. Now, I come to you for lessons so that Mr. Slade would come through, but I'll bet you something. All the time you've been talking grammar, you been thinking just what every other man thinks about. Don't you deny it, because I can tell. All you needed was the opportunity too. ( tender theme playing ) What's the thing? Aren't you turned on even a little teeny bit? Yes. Sure I am. Well, then what is it? You don't take money for learning me. What do you want out of this? Maybe I just get a kick out of watching you learn. Would you tell me again about shortcuts and all that? Congratulations! You've made it to the end of the applied cryptography course. The world is now safe for Alice and Bob to share their secrets or not share them as the case maybe. I hope you've enjoyed learning about cryptography and will join us again for a future class. hello this is what we are seeing now and then he said this and that and everything it follows with The Zeitgeist Movement: Project 2.0 The Zeitgeist Movement is known for its decentralised nature. We have many different types of people who join a chapter, a team or a project and some who are just curious. Many different types of users. It has come to our attention that a lot chapters and teams have a problem with their current website. sometimes they lack the programmers and designers sometimes the hosting company sucks, sometimes the back end platform doesn't really work as it should, and others would just like to see a more unified place for people to work in. These are the reasons that brought us to start the TZM 2.0 also known as 'The Phoenix Project'. We've gathered a team of designers, project coordinators, programmers and others to figure out how to build a distribution that will satisfy all of those needs. It will be an Open Source project, based on the Drupal platform, which utilises a bunch of very reliable and tested modules to provide such functionalities. Open Atrium is a packaged installation of several such modules So, this is what we are going to do: over the past few months we've asked chapter members and coordinators what features they would like to see implemented, and we wrote those on a list. We will continue to do so with your help and support, ensuring that what we build is what activists actually need and will use. We will rent a dedicated managed server, which has already been tested and confirmed to be reliable, fast, and allows us to create individual accounts, each one with their own login on the back end, if necessary. For example, if a chapter joins and moves to this server, we can give access to their programmers just to a sub directory dedicated to their chapter, with remote login and all that is needed. This costs about 90 euros per month. We know, there are many 5 euros per month services out there, but they don't come even close to providing what this does. We will split the costs among members who join in. If there's 10 chapters, 9 euros per chapter per month. If there's 90 of them, it's 1 euro per chapter per month. We'll set up a working space in there, where we can experiment and do all that is required to develop the platform. Depending on how many people join the project, it might take only a few months or several. at the end of this process, we will have a TZM Drupal distribution that any chapter or team can use for their purposes. This will be a specialised platform, which will connect all chapters using it, they will be able to share login, send messages among members (even from other chapters), join projects and so on. It will be supported and updated by the TZM 2.0 team, and all the source code will be open and free for all to use. In simple terms, this means that once the platform is ready, setting up a chapter or a team's website, with your custom logo, URL, look and feel, will only take a short amount of time and will not require any technical knowledge or programming skills. I know many of you might be thinking about possible transitions from your old chapter website to the new platform. While this is technically possible, it would need to be evaluated on a per case basis, so we can't answer that right now. What we want to do is empower all activists to work on cool projects, without having to worry about websites, programming, integration with other services and lots of other cumbersome things. Lastly, we'll be making instructional videos on how to use the new platform, how to join the network and how to set up a website. If you wish to join our team, please see the link in the description You don't have to be a developer to join, just somebody interested in making this happen. Live long and prosper thezeitgeistmovement.com Did you think of me when you planned how it would be when you grow up? Mama, please tell me the story... ...the story of my life began, was it just an accident, or did you think of me, on that sweet night? You know all too well, I didn't ask you, I didn't ask you for this life And before my time comes to die, I need to know why I exist. Mama, please tell me the story... ...the story of what your first love was like! And did you get that feeling when he left you for good that it's something good that I don't yet exist? If university lecturers, instead of looking for a university chair (when we are elderly; people who are coming in now are trying to assure their work and not to be fired in the current context of growing instability), or if instead of seeking how can we achieve more six-yearly increments we worked in a process of democratization of knowledge as a public institution and tried to make people around us get some notions to understand what is happening now with the current economic crisis -very interesting, by the way, because it has served to make us learn a little bit more about economy... If we could give some basic guidelines about current changes these same citizens would have a better decision-making capacity and the ability of transforming the world in which they live. This dimension is completely far away nowadays from current social sciences practices, not only in public institutions (I don't want to even mention the private ones) but also in universities. Regarding this question of "excellence" we could think about excellent universities, universities that would make an excellent transfer of their knowledge not only to enterprises but also to citizens. Let's solve another 2nd order linear homogeneous differential equation. And this one-- well, I won't give you the details before I actually write it down. So the differential equation is 4 times the 2nd derivative of y with respect to x, minus 8 times the 1st derivative, plus 3 times the function times y, is equal to 0. And we have our initial conditions y of 0 is equal to 2. And we have y prime of 0 is equal to 1/2. Now I could go into the whole thing y is equal to e to the rx is a solution, substitute it in, then factor out e to the rx, and have the characteristic equation. And if you want to see all of that over again, you might want to watch the previous video, just to see where that characteristic equation comes from. But in this video, I'm just going to show you, literally, how quickly you can do these type of problems mechanically. So if this is our original differential equation, the characteristic equation is going to be-- and I'll do this in a different color-- 4r squared minus 8r plus 3r is equal to 0. And watch the previous video if you don't know where this characteristic equation comes from. But if you want to do these problems really quick, you just substitute the 2nd derivatives with an r squared, the first derivatives with an r, and then the function with-- oh sorry, no. This is supposed to be a constant-- And then the coefficient on the original function is just a constant, right? I think you see what I did. 2nd derivative r squared. 1st derivative r. No derivative-- you could say that's r to the 0, or just 1. But this is our characteristic equation. And now we can just figure out its roots. This is not a trivial one for me to factor so, if it's not trivial, you can just use the quadratic equation. So we could say the solution of this is r is equal to negative b-- b is negative 8, so it's positive 8-- 8 plus or minus the square root of b squared. So that's 64, minus 4 times a which is 4, times c which is 3. All of that over 2a. 2 times 4 is 8. That equals 8 plus or minus square root of 64 minus-- what's 16 times 3-- minus 48. All of that over 8. What's 64 minus 48? Let's see, it's 16, right? Right. 10 plus 48 is 58, then another-- so it's 16. So we have r is equal to 8 plus or minus the square root of 16, over 8, is equal to 8 plus or minus 4 over 8. That equals 1 plus or minus 1/2. So the two solutions of this characteristic equation-- ignore that, let me scratch that out in black so you know that's not like a 30 or something-- the two solutions of this characteristic equation are r is equal to-- well 1 plus 1/2 is equal to 3/2-- and r is equal to 1 minus 1/2, is equal to 1/2. So we know our two r's, and we know that, from previous experience in the last video, that y is equal to c times e to the rx is a solution. So the general solution of this differential equation is y is equal to c1 times e-- let's use our first r-- e to the 3/2 x, plus c2 times e to the 1/2 x. This differential equations problem was literally just a problem in using the quadratic equation. And once you figure out the r's you have your general solution. And now we just have to use our initial conditions. So to know the initial conditions, we need to know y of x, and we need to know y prime of x. Let's just do that right now. So what's y prime? y prime of our general solution is equal to 3/2 times c1 e to the 3/2 x, plus-- derivative of the inside-- 1/2 times c2 e to the 1/2 x. And now let's use our actual initial conditions. I don't want to lose them-- let me rewrite them down here so I can scroll down. So we know that y of 0 is equal to 2, and y prime of 0 is equal to 1/2. Those are our initial conditions. So let's use that information. So y of 0-- what happens when you substitute x is equal to 0 here.? You get c1 times e to the 0, essentially, so that's just 1, plus c2-- well that's just e to the 0 again, because x is 0-- is equal to-- so this is, when x is equal to 0, what is y? y is equal to 2. Y of 0 is equal to 2. And then let's use the second equation. So when we substitute x is equal to 0 in the derivative-- so when x is 0 we get 3/2 c1-- this goes to 1 again-- plus 1/2 c2-- this is 1 again, e to the 1/2 half times 0 is e to the 0, which is 1-- is equal to-- so when x is 0 for the derivative, y is equal to 1/2, or the derivative is 1/2 at that point, or the slope is 1/2 at that point. And now we have two equations and two unknowns, and we could solve it a ton of ways. I think you know how to solve them. Let's multiply the top equation-- I don't know-- let's multiply it by 3/2, and what do we get? We get-- I'll do it in a different color-- we get 3/2 c1 plus 3/2 c2 is equal to-- what's 3/2 times 2? It's equal to 3. And now, let's subtract-- well, I don't want to confuse you, so let's just subtract the bottom from the top, so this cancels out. What's 1/2 minus 3/2? 1/2 minus 1 and 1/2. Well, that's just minus 1, right? So minus c2 is equal to-- what's 1/2 minus 3? It's minus 2 and 1/2, or minus 5/2. And so we get c2 is equal to 5/2. And we can substitute back in this top equation. c1 plus 5/2 is equal to 2, or c1 is equal to 2, which is the same thing as 4/2, minus 5/2, which is equal to minus 1/2. And now we can just substitute c1 and c2 back into our general solution and we have found the particular solution of this differential equation, which is y is equal to c1-- c1 is minus 1/2-- minus 1/2 e to the 3/2 x plus c2-- c2 is 5/2-- plus c2, which is 5/2, e to the 1/2 x, and we are done. And it might seem really fancy. We're solving a differential equation. Our solution has e in it. We're taking derivatives and we're doing all sorts of things. But really the meat of this problem was solving a quadratic, which was our characteristic equation. And watch the previous video just to see why this characteristic equation works. But it's very easy to come up with the characteristic equation, right? I think you obviously see that y prime turns into r squared, y prime turns into r, and then y just turns into 1, essentially. So you solve a quadratic. And then after doing that, you just have to take one derivative-- because after solving the quadratic, you immediately have the general solution-- then you take its derivative, use your initial conditions. You have a system of linear equations which is Algebra I. And then you solve them for the two constants, c1 and c2, and you end up with your particular solution. And that's all there is to it. I will see you in the next video. This is ouor first contender. Good eveningm your nqòe please Good evening you've chosen the question before last >> Brothers and sisters, friends, ladies and gentlemen, our next speaker is someone who changed the face and the landscape of news reporting forever. Our next speaker struggled to get here today because for 306 days he's been placed under house arrest with no charge. Someone we all know, someone we respect, someone we admire for what he has done for the truth and for news around the world. Please welcome Julian Assange. >> Thank you. Thank you. Well, what a wonderful crowd. It's not a crowd that I often get to see, but it's very heartening to see that so many people care about the values that I hold dear. And there's something I want to talk about. What can we do with our values? What can we do at all in relation to this war? Because the reality is Margret Thatcher had it right: there is no society anymore. What there is, is a transnational security elite that is busy carving up the world using your tax money. To combat that elite we must not petition. We must take it over. We must form our own networks of strength and mutual value, which can challenge those strengths and self-interested values of the warmongers in this country and in others that have formed hand-in-hand an alliance to take money from the United States, from every NATO country, from Australia, and launder it through Afghanistan, launder it through Iraq, launder it through Somalia, launder it through Yemen, launder it through Pakistan, and wash that money in people's blood. I don't need to tell you the depravity of war. You are all too familiar with its images, with the refugees of war, with information that we have revealed showing the everyday squalor and barbarity of war. Information such as the individual deaths of over 130,000 people in Iraq - individual deaths - that were kept secret by the US military who denied that they ever counted the deaths of civilians. Instead I want to tell you what I think is the way that wars come to be and that wars can be undone. In democracies (or the pseudo-democracies that we are evolving into) wars are a result of lies. The Vietnam war and the push for US involvement was a result of the Gulf of Tonkin incident (a lie). The Iraq war famously is a result of lies. Wars in Somalia are a result of lies. The Second World War and the invasion of Poland was the result of carefully-constructed lies. That is war by media. Let us ask ourselves of the complicit media, which is the majority of the mainstream press, what is the average death count attributed to each journalist? When we understand that wars come about as a result of lies peddled to the British public and the American public and the publics all over Europe and other countries, then who are the war criminals? It is not just leaders, it is not just soldiers, it is journalists. Journalists are war criminals. And while one might think that that should lead us to a state of despair, that the reality that is constructed around us is constructed by liars, is constructed by people who are close to those who they are meant to be policing, it should lead us also to an optimistic understanding because if wars can be started by lies, peace can be started by truth. So that is our task, and it is your task. Go and get the truth. Get into the ballpark and get the ball and give it to us and we'll spread it all over the world. >> Julian Assange! Hallyu International Airport Calming inside the plane... or appears so It's a set! Andy aboards! Andy Airport Fashion Calming Fall Fashion Junjin came aboard too Women Handbag? Third Passenger, Dongwan Dongwan Airport Fashion Cosplay of Normal Person Why am I 6th? MinWoo on board! Makeup Box for airplane rides? The two passenger bearly makes it on Eric & Hyesung Why doesn't mine have a rank #? tied with me this is a plane? who's bag is that? My sister... she took mine so.. he likes things like this uh? my sister smokes? (gag) look at her? what did your sister do wrong? I heard that Dongwan has a good news ah, the drama? We are very happy that Dongwan hyung's work is going well I think it'd be weird if he wasn't receive it~ it's only the start! do other members have any schedules? I think we'll just keep doing ShinHwa activities I'm preparing a solo album releasing in october-november Very anticipated In cold weather... anticipate for it! I.... for the first time after starting ShinHwa Broadcast... slept the night before recording HS: Tell us your schedules not your condition JJ: Your condition looks worse I think I shouldn't sleep I gotta come half-dazed so I don't know what I'm doing I hope all of your business go well so it can help ShinHwa Broadcast... and very amazing guests are waiting today you see the rank behind you, right? yes guess what question they answered to ai~ really answer! The guests appearing today chose... the member with the best variety skills you think you are 3rd in that? Are you crazy? no, I... E: are you drunk? today's genre is fantasy We'll give a hint "ungae ungae" (Sound of baby crying) answer! the guests appearing today chose the member who will have most children after getting married that's fantasy? yes! having a child is a dream! our future! answer! the member who is most like a child? Does that make sense? Dongwan being 1st? That's why it's fantasy out of our member... the member who is most closest to Kim HungGook answer! the member they want to become if they were to be borned again correct! I don't understand they want to become Dongwan if they were to be born again and the least favored is MinWoo it's correct! Middle is the best "Who do you want to become if you were to be born as a ShinHwa member?" I don't understand Would you want to be born as yourself again? no then how? who? I will give up on everything and just choose tall height ah, want to be born tall who do you want to be born as? Junjin why~? Eric is tall too Eric is tall too but I want to be born as JunJin so I can have infinite strength and use that to become an athlete Seeing that Dongwan is #1, we know what gender the guests are Male 100%! Why would a woman want to become Dongwan? During "friend" special, Dongwan was chosen as #1 by men who would have been #1 if it was done by girls? hahaha~ no comment ai~ really! so annoying I didn't say it myself! Then what do I say, Junjin!? you'll look really annoying on TV. watch it then edit this out this'll air 100%! Can I go rest? I thought wrong If I were born again, I want to be born as Eric hyung and give all of them a hit on their head you still hit us anyways when did I? who do you want to hit the most? Shin Hyesung What about Hyesung-ssi? I... will choose Dongwan when I see Dongwan... he lives a different life than me opposite Dongwan-ssi has "good life" image if you say opposite, then what are you? i'm not just talking about that... go sleep! This side is "good image" and this side is "GRR!" "all are gonna die!" I will choose Hyesung-ssi I... am known for "good image" I want to try a different life GO SLEEP I will choose Hyesung too why? why? Hyesung-ssi must be happy not really... because we have guests today, one member has to be an MC 1st place... One Day MC Mr. KlM Do the Mc, Mr Kim He will show off that he's an MC though Hello! I am ShinHwa Broadcast's popular MC.... "Fight on, Mr Kim"'s Kim DongWan MC like this is great Very unnatural! Me, unnatural? I am more natural, right? sure Let's call the guests... who love me and follow me... in Minwoo-ssi is last place so call them in with feelings I don't know who put me in 6th but I will call them in Hul, Daebak Incident (Note: this is a catch phrase he's trying to push lol) These kids! Come out! Center of Hallyu! Global Super Idol! Super Junior in ShinHwa Broadcast Global Channel Hallyu Fight Super Junior is here! SPY that I love~ ShinHwa & Super Junior Finally on ShinHwa Broadcast~ Best Idol of this generation, We introduce Super Junior! Hello. We are Super Junior. We are Super Juni-OR! Let's do it too. St-art! Hello. We are ShinHwa! nice to see you... We heard you guys are passionate viewers of ShinHwa Broadcast? huh? You really wanted to come on here? wrong information... not passionate viewers but just viewers They do MCing the members who do MC are busy today the members who rest are on here What about Siwon-ssi that looks exactly like me? huh? Siwon-ssi didn't want to come on here The terms didn't match him SJ is very popular in variety and in music industry do an introduction make it funny! funny!? Trend of Variety Industry! Rising Poisonous Idol! Super Junior's Kyuhyun. Nice to meet you very cool Hello. Voice of an artist, I am Yesung cool! make it funny? your face is funny so you can just do it his face is funny wha.... hello. I am Eunhyu~k~? it's opening so... wow~ good! Shindong is busy thinking I love ShinHwa hyungs... I am Ryeowook cute! Hello. I am Super Junior's... Sungminnie~ too cute very anticipated hello everyone I am Super Junior's Shindong... nggg~~! trying to save this small segment Super Junior vs ShinHwa going all over the world. They will battle in many countries and the winner gets to plant their flag in the country Love Variety just with men~ I feel like throwing up will this air? Super Junior is called the 2nd ShinHwa do you guys think that too? yeah so it was hard in what way? because shinhwa sunbae-nims have... achieved many... did what? We watch Super Junior on TV and think, 'we didn't achieve that much though...' the more we get compared, the more we realize how much lacking we are compared to you sunbae-nims Shindong told us everything... the managers tell you "Ai, you ShinHwa like kids!" Viewers might misunderstand We show cool sides on variety and on stages so we think you compare the two groups because of that... (?) are you the main MC? just today I am worrying We will ask... starting with the 1st place, me no.. it's written there ah reasons! Sorry you've done radio and mc for long time! what's wrong with you today? seeing this makes you realize that Hyesung and I are great in variety mc Reason 1... Looks like he has great personality and seems to have lots of patience who wrote this? Me! Sungmin, do you want to be with him for 3 days? I don't know him well yet... I met him in the practice room once... I introduced myself to him as he was passing by and he replied very kindly... I thought you were someone I knew reason 2... If I had that kind of handsome face, I would have used it wisely who wrote this? me so he didn't use it wisely? he is very handsome Did I use it stupidly? not to a good use... Third Reason... his personality is cool and I am jealous of his variety skills.. who wrote this? I watched you on variety shows as a child... and thought that you were great... do you remember what it was about? one with Sung Sikyung hyung-nim Aejung Mansae My variety skills... is targetted for kids... kids love it kids love it and as they grow, they hate it you are #1 in vocal imitations in SJ? water-drop sound! our member can do it too! JunJin is great at it EH: very pure DW: try it wait wait first time competing in this one chance wait i won~ HS: it's becoming red here what about ShinHwa member that appears to have the least variety skills? Hyesung hyung is tensing up Hyesung...hyung... what about two people? then it's me or you Eric hyung is funny Eric!? and I'm not? he'll be down like this for the entire day I think it's half/half for ShinHwa With variety skill and no variety skill how does it divide? ones without... Andy hyung Hyesung hyung and Minwoo hyung you never know... the viewers might like me I wish you'll sing more did you hear what Kyuhyun said quietly? I wish Hyesung hyung would just sing I'm waiting for your songs Let's move on to 2nd place... Junjin 1st reason I want to live a free life like JunJin hyung the script writers reworded it in a kind way who wrote this? you edited it? Thanks I don't think we wrote it this kindly what was it originally? It was very straight forward and almost "Can we write it like this...?" I chose him for #1 and the reason.. I want to live thoughtless like Jin hyung really.. I these friends... i don't mean that but... your looks, your talents.. If I had them, I would have lived like him I want to be able to show off myself like Jin hyung "showing off" sounds cute~ you show yourself off everywhere when did I walk around like this? whenever Jin hyung does something, he appears and do.. *snap snap*! appear and quickly *snap snap* good he's very confident second reason for choosing JunJin-ssi as #2 I think this is wrong... If I had a handsome face like that, I wouldn't have gotten a plastic surgery Eunhyuk-ssi! you wrote this right? how did you know? you have much interest in looks for people who don't know, It wasn't a double eyelid surgery but ptosis surgery Ptosis: illness from muscles that raise the upper eyelid weakening That's me too people don't know about it when you say it so I just say I got a plastic surgery That's why I get cursed at! Dancers make their "look" when they dance If the eyes go down, you have to frown to get the "look". But when you frown, you get wrinkles so that's why I got the surgery why didn't you just have a surgery that un-wrinkles the skin...? that's a bigger surgery KH: there's one that pulls back..? you did that? KH: no .. just remembered about it... I'll pull it for you. Come over here another similarity between ShinHwa and SJ is that both teams have a fashion terrorist who is it in Super Junior? sungmin-ssi Junjin is the terrorist in our team I have no interest in fashion! Yes! No interest! wearing whatever they give me is fine! what? I went to a designer fashion show before Designers give it to you. So I wore it and felt very happy. It's been a while since I found such fitting clothes YS: I saw that picture it was a fashion i've been dreaming of the articles.. "Kim DongWan... Smelly Ajusshi fashion!" "Kim DongWan, going on a hiking." "Kim DongWan, going fishing." moving along... tied 3rd place Eric and Hyesung First reason for Eric is because he's handsome it was me if I just say it, he's handsome what about the other members? am I ugly? other hyungs aren't bad but... not bad? we have to get judged? HS: other hyungs are 'not bad' KH: or 'so so' I think Eric hyung knows that It's like Siwon I think our Siwon is like that too always looking in the mirror with that "look" Even if we tell him "hyung, you are handsome.", he goes "I'm ugly~" he doesn't take his clothes off normally... he goes... Eric-ssi is handsome but he doesn't put on poses that's more cool~ Pose is JunJin You told me to live like that Second reason... He cooly does the English rap parts I wrote that Yesung hyung can do Eric hyung's English rap He just might be better at it we gotta hear the original first yes yes.. just the feel? what you gonna do what I gotta do that feeling I... innocently... memorized it the way I heard it as a middle schooler Whachu gohnu do~ Wanna gae-di-gae Do you wanna su pass pass two pa! what chu goona do what I su pa pa pass pass! very funny because he's being serious! I heard that Yesung prepares a dance for every variety he attends? Heart Dance upgraded version! Break? starting with a break? he really takes it out! I thought you made it with your hand but you take it out! from what I saw, he dances with his expressions woah~ cool! Tied 3rd, Hyesung-ssi.. the first reason for choosing him was because I like his name yesung Hyesung Yesung 5th place... Andy-ssi 1 vote for 1st place Cute and is great in English RW: that's me I wrote it Let's move on to 6th place are you going to read it? what did you write? 6th place MinWoo got 1 vote for 2nd place Reason: I want to know what lower atmosphere taste like we will not tell you who wrote that ya! say it! this is wrong! it's you? huh!? go hug him no thanks Viewers might misunderstand. our hoobaes talk comfortably on here but when we are meeting privately... they are much worse! I will tell you what we're doing today as you see, we are inside a plane aigo~ why is it soo shaky? aigo~ you are good in acting sudden wind!! Wind doesnt blow inside a plane...? SM: yes Original Hallyu star ShinHwa and Best Hallyu Star Super Junior will take over the world with Hallyu power called "Hallyu Battle"! Hallyu to Daejun. (Battle in Korean is DaeJun // DaeJun is also a location in Korea) You don't have to receive all the gags Battling while going all around the world After every round, the winner gets to plant a "winner" flag and has a chance to do a mini concert the team with most flags at the end is the winner loser team has scary punishment waiting for them we're going to many places in the world right now? yes in one day? you will get many milages ~ who will become the winner... Let's go to the first country the plane has to rise so everyone put on your seatbelts so that's why we all wore airport fashion! Hello passengers Thank you to all those aboard on ShinHwa Broadcast The airplane will go soon. Please check to see that your seatbelt is on SM: why does he talk so scary... Hello. Guide Mr.Kim I am ShinHwa travel guide, Kim Dongwan we are in the first country, China! China! Isn't that Gamsu Castle? (From gag concert) how did you know!? ai~ isn't this Shin Hye-castle? (Sung = Castle in Korean// play on words with Hyesung's name) whoa~ Ye-castle (sung) hyung is right next to you.. yeah yeah you guys go to China often. what do they call you? Cao Guixian Yesung? Yi Sheng Have what? ( "to have" sounds like [Itsuh] // play on words with Itsuh and Itsung) like that? what do they call you? ChenJin I am Jin DongWae okay Hyesung's is HyeSam (sounds like Sea Cucumber [HyaeSam], hence the joke coming up) really? you do have that feeling yes yes he does I am ShunTong~ fitting! Andy-ssi? AngDi you were going to do a gag but couldn't think of one, right? our show is broadcasted in chinese regions say hi in chinese start hello. we are ShinHwa really, can you be any more off-beat? if we are too perfect, it'll be weird hello~. We are Super Junior! you don't have the "-OR!" we have one for Japanese greetings following us? Sungmin-ssi is #1 in Chinese martial arts? that's why he has that stick? show us not #1 but.. Your armpit hair is very noticeable If you let go, we die! where did you learn that? From someone I know I learned this from the dorm My heart was beating hard you do this in the dorm? this is martial arts? he wants to kill us I want to learn the martial arts I think he'll be good grab like this basic front spinning is... twist your wrist as much as you can grab grab... twist as much as you can good? fast scary Regardless of how good you are in spinning the stick, I think that skill can beat it all ah.. I was really scared I am good at things like this I am good too one foot loser has to do an imitation start do it like this Hyesung's Psy imitation loser has to do it! LOVELY it's okay? yes! you~! SHALL WE GO TO THE END~~~~ it's similar but it gives that "sad" feeling It's similar but I wish you won't do it anymore Everyone, the mood is very heated right now what is the first battle in China? China... so eating Jajangmyun quickly? yes! nope 1st battle in China is The Forbidden City battle We will now select the king of each team I will be it nope in dramas, Kings have loud and deep voices. yes! the person with loudest voice will be the king mission phrase is.. you are hungry right? with that feeling... "Did you eat?" If you pronounce it wrong...; we'll do it now Starting with Andy-ssi I don't think you can air this what are you going to do? no cursing I'll use "Andy!" strong! Start Does that only give you 93? this is weird you are main vocal he probably is on a different level TOP highlight part... like the past go back to 1999 stronger now~!! imitation! no re-do right? I didn't know Hyesung hyung could make such a voice 91 is high using my hidden power... the power you showed us at the karaoke in the past you remember? you're using that here? start He really hates things like this you know me well I heard this voice somewhere just choose out of the three rock paper scissors ShinHwa nation's king Eric Let's just do rock paper scissor to choose the king let us hear your voice~ something I've been wanting to say YA JUNJlN!!!!!!!!!!!!! just 81? We will call hyungs names you can use informal speech JlN-AH!!! who is Jin-ah? Kim Jin-ah? calling my name... You have to use high pitch right? you'd be in advantage if you do should I pinch you? 1 2 3 ChoongJae-ahh!!! I will say "I love you" to Chinese fans his voice is loud I LOVE YOU! very loud world record! moving closer! he's hungry hungry with all my energy his voice doesn't get louder, it stays in the body are you a baby? Super Junior's king is Sungmin Global Idol Shinhwa vs Super Junior Opening the curtain to Hallyu Battle! ShinHwa nation's King Eric SuJu nation's King Sungmin Their battle for control over China starts now! You win by popping the balloons of the opposite team's king! King and Generals get 2 balloons each If it all pops, you have to get out Who will plant the victory flag in China? -ShinHwa Nation- -SuJu Nation- Sungmin king~ sungmin king~ sungmin king~ who is calling my name like a servant's? Sungmin king~ stop calling him that, king! keep your form! Even though my voice is like this, I am the general! Those...!! Your destiny is death! I just called your name once for the sake of it We can destroy SJ nation with just JunJin general! isn't that true, Junjin general? yes, king! Yesung general, how about battling me first? if you are a man, come out I will back away too~ we will back out~ I will not use a shield We will not use a sword! Yesung's expression is weird!! grab the sword like a man go~ JunJin general, hit him! position- I wont lose! King, give me power~ E: Fighting~ Change your weapon~ GO~~ whoa wait Regional defense! uh uh scary! who will protect me!? did we win? Protect me! why why why? I killed him! Give the king a balloon I killed him ... why why why? yours popped first He died before both of mine popped I popped one! Andy, Kill yesung general~ protect me! Minwoo run run! traitor! go~~ I don't know! you stupid, how can you kill me!? I was the king. Muhahaha I have a proposition. How about changing the king? good! sounds like fun no no we'll remain the same who will come out first now? our king will go first! go! the king first really? king vs king! if you will do that, we will go king vs choongjae! go! SM: really? I go really!? others just protect me! Choongjae, you can die popped his own while attacking mine popped... he's not the king! you thought I was right~~!!! king! Yesung saw the king Hyesung saw Yesung Don't go that way!! Yesung changes direction to Eric Clueless Eric King I will protect you! I am the king! With fast movements, and endless attacks, he threatened ShinHwa nation! Must get rid of EunHyuk general quickly! Eric king calls for SOS! King is in danger!! Tries to come from the distance But got hit by Dark horse Eunhyuk! Jin jin! send eunhyuk out! Hyesung general died while trying to protect the king kill him!! Game is not over yet! Funny Ace battle Jin! ride this!! Cold Eunhyuk kills him to the end hey king king!! only myself left to trust! he has a sword!! King has the sword!! EH: King vs King fight.. We sound like crazy adults EH: I will watch it.. EH: King vs king~ honorable death brat like you! I don't need a sword! catch me if you can!!!!!!!!11 you think you can catch me!? you think you can follow my spee- how did he catch my speed? EH: why is this so hard... with 2:0 score, Super Junior wins! ah angry we got China stolen! Celebration for taking over China Can't close mouth Chinese Supporters Hallyu Battle Winner team gets to dance with beautiful supporters! SJ jjang! SJ jjang! Milky Skin SJ! On to next country Hallyu stars are on the plane again how was the trip to china? was it good? YES Beautiful ladies~ there are many left so please do your best till the end we will move out of Asia and go further where? WHERE!? you've gone overseas many times right? yes! what do you do in the plane to spend time? sleep!! talking with the stewerdess! the members who have talked with stewerdess before raise your hand~~ you you! his hand is raised! just me? how about dating? none ai~ teacher, tell us about your first love~ what? first love! most recent kiss? the hottest kiss? Hot kisses are banned on ShinHwa broadcast SD: what about cold kisses? how about members who kissed on plane? you! you keep raising hand~ I have not... To get rid of your boredom on this plane, we will play games that have food and items for prize! World Quiz! okay! are you really giving name-brand watch? daebak no way you choose the prize you want and answer the question that comes with it if you know the answer, you have to ride the chair to the front and answer we prepared many questions I will choose the first prize you all are tired right? JaYang GangJangJae? no. to relieve your stress, fruit juice!! red ginseng! Austrailia! sydney~ opera house! In Korea, if there is an emergency, you call 119 then what number do you call if you are in Austrailia? Andy 1st it's! answer is time over! it does not start with a 1 no!? I know! It's an emergency! emergency number *beep beep beep beep* is it 3 digits? yes 3 same front and back number! yes it does not have 9 and 1 it's easy really? why 000? just 000... nonsense...? it has a reason Reason.. you have to get the reason? correct! Red ginseng jelly set I have lots of those at home jealous! Hyesung can choose the next problem okay chicken chicken~ what does Kyuhyun want? hot dog okay then perfume! old gag old gag!? who said that? you!? no~ perfume! China! Nihao~ Dazao~ Super Junior has advantage it is manner to know greetings in other countries when you meet, you say "nihao" (hello) when you say goodbye, it's "zai jian" going to sleep!? wan an~ it's wan an it is wan an~ then the phrase to someone you've met after a long time~ is hao jiu bu jian I was first! go back how many more times? hyungs keep using old variety things stop saying old~ we have our style trend comes back what about the chinese for "excuse me"? is Ttiboochi~ how many times!? what is Ttibochi? it's Dui Bu Qi! then... the phrase used when purchasing goods and it means "it's too expensive!" tài guì le correct! i knew this!!! it's correct but it's multiple choice 6!!! correct what is this? I was gonna choose that! really! I got it! nonsense! perfume sample! it's just a sample choose the next one Soft Chicken! Egypt I don't know this I am advantaged! Egypt has many beautiful women (play on words here: Miinah [sj song] -> Miin [beautiful women]) there is a well known beauty from Egypt yes there is Cleopatra yes it is but in ancient Egypt, there were 3 beautiful women Cleopatra, Nefertiti and who is the other? you don't know if it's multiple choice or not! who? 8! #8, Yang GuiFei #5, AnckSunamun are you sure? yes! it's not multiple choice Olivia Hussey you are insane we hear it often. We heard it few minutes ago one of you said it few minutes ago ai what are you doing? come out Kim Taehee? hey! come back! oh you're doing something here? i'm gonna do old variety, get out ahna-fsdjfkalsdjf ahna-plant? precisely ahnasdfjasdfl ryeowook~~ AnkSunamun AnkSuaHmun ah nak s nwa pronounce it correct Lee YungJa-ssi version Ahnwa Soohwamool ai~ too much greed a nk su na mun sure of it! correct! I said it like that! we dont give you alcohol shouldn't it have been said with precise pronounciation? In Egypt, it's pronounced Aenaekshunaemoon it's Ank AeNaekShuNaeMoon next problem hot dog! RW: chicken smell Austrailia I don't know if you'll get this what is the name of the president of Austrailia? how do we know that? I can't remember It's surprising answer right? yes Hot Dog uh wait! how many letters? 2 letters Gandi it can be 4 letters too how does that make sense? Like Jackskiss and Jakki Hint! Austrailia has a constitutional monarchy that's a hint? I've never heard of this! give me something i'll understand it's probably wrong Austrailia does not have one! then who is it? the king answer answer! I am here! ME! Austrailia's king is the citizen E: I am out? It's citizen! The president of Austrailia is the people Eric-ssi was correct Austrailia does not have a president yahoo~ then why was the hint "2 or 4 letters"? "no one" / "does not have one" it can be three letters "There is none!" something you want.. there are food here so.. fruit fruit juice! I'm thirsty Juice Egypt Egypt has Sphinx Sphinx has human head and lion body and called the son of the sun god and has this meaning 6. Father of Fear correct! this looks old choose the next one then let's see what the staffs can do name brand watch you wont draw it right? the question is India India is one of the biggest place for movie production this word refers to the center of the India movie production- answer it Bollywood are you sure? do you want to hear the problem? no no thanks correct Mixture of Bombay and Hollywood is Bollywood Eric is an actor so he knows choose one and we'll give you it really? for real? really? I'll think this through why now... I want this you gave me a leftover juice they are real why are you like this to us, PD? choose one aren't the ones in the front the expensive ones? i saw this and that this Hey you -------- so mean! wow cool what time is it? what time~ this will always be 10:05! if you look for name brands so much, it'll become poop next one Hand Made Chocolate~ USA! my hometown! what? high level in 5 seconds, say 5 names of US presidents Lincoln, Bush father, Bush Obama, Bush, Lincoln, Clinton, George Bush Obama, Bush, Clinton, George Clinton, Washington! George Clinton Bush Obama Washington Chris! Obama, Lincoln, Clinton, Bush, Washington correct give him another watch double! put it on both side those are delicious! those are sold in special stores next problem fruit India India! this song is part of Norazo's song for Indian Curry please fill in the lyrics I know this song Yellow Spicy, not scenty but Taj Mahal Onion, Potato Don't put in beef, _ shanty shanty (singing) Don't put in beef, spicy spicy? Don't put in beef, pork! then what? I know! Don't put in beef, Wont die! wasn't that good? Don't put in beef, vegetarian don't put in beef, Namasté (hello) correct next problem JaYang GangJangJae China this movie is about two actors lives Farewell My Concubine yes it's Farewell My Concubine the title of this movie is Farewell My Concubine then the producer of this movie is!? SuhQi! she's an actor John Woo Jjang Quai Two(?) Starts with Chen Chen Kaige how did you know? So it's correct? answer? Chen Kaige yes! you did something with Eric hyung today right!? KH: scripted... last problem the plane is shaking from bad weather! old gag.. you keep doing old gag he's from Humor 1st Stop generation USA is the last problem this dance is Moon walker EH: Park NamJing Michael Jackson's dance nonsense. Show us again from Billy Jean Is that Beyonce? starting now, come to here doing moon walk and pick up the icecream to get the prize this is all? if you do a ceremony dance, you get the prize JJ: sexy~~ Shindong~ how do you win against that like an ajusshi the plane will now the plane has arrived to the next destination please get off in orderly fashion My hidden feelings what is this!? I'm going to go crazy! First time! Pairing with just men! I have someone in my heart you wanna eat together~? Love that is beyond the broadcast rules! Results of Crossed love? your opponent is the couple wearing Bikini for the first time since debut! ShinHwa Broadcast Legend Episode Beauty from India Journalist: We have heard since the eruption of the crisis of 2008 that financial transaction taxes (FTT) should be implemented with regard to a context of justice and burden sharing, When should we be prepared for this to happen? Will there be a decision made about the strengthened collaboration for the financial transaction tax by this year, in the December summit? Federal Chancellor Werner Faymann: At this point the Minister of Finance has set themselves the task of formulating a motion for this case which will define the parameters. We have set up our budget in such a manner that a resolution should be reached by the end of next year and therefore in the "forecast" for the year 2014 amounts have already been designated as revenue. I mean, I would of course prefer this to happen earlier. However, with regard to the time scale we have designated it as revenue only from 2014. Federal Chancellor Angela Merkel: Well, I can additionally only say: We are emphasizing this in our work. And naturally, we first attempted to perhaps extend beyond Europe and also convince other countries. That was not successful. We could not even convince all those in Europe. Now we have taken to the method of strengthend collaboration and we will do our utmost in order to set it into motion as quickly as possible. In this session we're going to talk about debt debt has become a big part of our culture do you know, here in the UK we hold about two thirds of total the credit card debt owed in the whole of the European Union? so we're going to need some help working our way through this. whether you've got a small amount of debt maybe just a credit card or a small loan or whether you've got multiple debts and it's causing you a lot of anxiety, stress and heartache we're gunna give some practical tools on how you can handle your situation now before me I've got a little visual aid to hopefully help us work our way through this the first thing you can see is that I've got one debt that looks very different to all the others this is because this is what we would call a priority debt now these are things like store cards, bank loans, credit cards, those sorts of things now the truth is, if you don't pay these then sure the creditors can come after you but the consequences are very limited this is a priority debt this might be Council Tax arrears, it might be mortgage arrears something that is really quiet important, maybe a hire purchase for a car if you don't pay this, something of significant consequence is going to happen and so the first thing to say before we get on to how you reduce debt and how you handle debt is make sure you treat this as priority make sure that you take your time and effort and allocate money to getting this particluar debt cleared not necessarily completely cleared before you do this but make sure you give this the importance it deserves I'm going to put it over there now as we move on to talk about how you might deal with all your other debts now there's a number different ways you might go about doing this now the first way and I know people who haver done this is what they want to do is take the smallest debt and get rid of that they see all their different debts and all they need to do in terms of actually getting them cleared and they just think if I just got one of these debts of my back and so they literally decide this is the one that I am going to get cleared if only clearing debt was that easy however there is another approach you can do and actually makes a little more financial sense and that is to consider which of your debts is the most expensive you might be saying what do you mean by the most expensive? well the reality is and if you don't mind, I'll just top this one back up to help us as we go along the reality is with a lot of debts, there's a little bit being added each month by the banks but not for all debts particularly, say this is a credit card with your credit card you are going to be having a little bit of interest added every single month a bit, maybe a lot depending on the interest rate you are paying however maybe you've got a chunky bank loan or something like that and you took it out for a kitchen and you're paying it back, the chances are all the interest was added previously so as long as you maintain your contractual repayments, which is what you are supposed to be paying. the bank is not going to come along and add any more to that so actually you could say from now on that's quite a cheap debt paying that off quicker is going to be no real financial advantage to you whereas this one, every month the bank comes along and adds a little more in and actually the debt doesn't go down as quickly as possible we've already said that is important to maintain contractual repayments but you know what with some credit cards, the contractual repayments are so low that if all you did was pay your contractual repayment you literally could be paying it for years and years and years paying thousands of pounds worth of interest because the repayment is so low so it makes sense to identify which one is costing you the most each month and then once you have done that you then take whatever extra income you might have to get your debts cleared and you use it to start clearing that debt off quicker over time that will take you less time overall to get your debts cleared and your debts down please maintain all of your payments you're supposed to make on all of your debts but when you've got a bit left over, go for the most expensive one first if you want to go for the smallest one first, that's fine, sometimes the sense of achievement is just worth it but our overall advice would be, go for the one that is costing you the most money each month reduce that down as quickly as you possibly can whilst continuing to pay all your other debts off the important thing is that you are doing everything you can to reduce your debts as quickly as possible now there's obviously one way that I haven't mentioned yet around getting debts sorted and getting debts reduced that has become popular in the last decade or so and that is consolidation loans the whole idea of consolidation loans is instead of having lots of small separarte debts you find some way of bringing them all together and consolidating them all in one place and there's a few warnings that need to go with that and that is that is you consolidated all your debts in one place sometimes the interest rates that you end up paying as a result of consolidating is a lot more than if you had left them as individual debts and also and perhaps even bigger warning is that sometimes you might actually have to secure this debt against your property if you own a house we would always caution very strongly before you take anything that is currently an unsecured debt like a credit card and turn it into a much bigger debt that is secured against your property and so consolidation loans, we're not saying they're a complete no no but you've really got be very careful before going down that particular route one of my main motivations for going on the CAP Money Course was to be able to put some kind of plan together to pay down the debt that I had built up as a law student it's quite a hefty amount and actually over the period of time the bank were asking me to repay it was about 8 years or so and actually, working with CAP Money we've actually managed to reduce that, through living by cash and budgeting we've managed ot reduce that to around about 15 months and it has just been really fantastic CAP Money was amazing when I first came to CAP Money I'd been in debt, in debt recovery for 2 years and at the time they said it was going to take about 12.5 years I think it was to pay back all of our debt but we were doing it and it was a plan but we came to CAP Money and it just completely revolutionised our income and our finances from having the cash account and knowing what I was going to spend each week and knowing I had to go to the cash point every Friday and take out my money and then my regular payments so I knew what was going out monthly from my account and then my savings where I could put everything I had to save for monthly we managed to reduce my debt repayment plan down to 4 years which is really exciting, I'll be debt free next year so that's really exciting! so if having done your budget you've discovered the debts that you've got and contractual payments you owe are greater than what you can currently handle with a reasonable budget then we need to get you so extra help because you don't maintain those contractual repayments then some of the pressure and stress that can make debt a really worrying situation may start to creep into your life, maybe it already has thankfully we have CAP Money Plus now CAP Money Plus is a fantastic free debt counselling and debt management service that is available only CAP Money delegates by having built your budget online you are able to send that information through to one of our head office teams our CAP Money Plus team and they will be able to have a look at that with you they'll be able to advise you whether the income and expenditure that you've got set out on your budget worksheet will be acceptable to them and also how you might be able to get those debts repaid we'll also be able to offer you a system where you can repay those debts through the work we do here at CAP be able to give advice on how you handle your priority creditors maybe you've got mortgage arrears, Council Tax arrears, that sort of thing we can advise you how best to handle that situation can negoitate wth your creditors and get a reasonable and fair repayment plan set up with them we can also advise you, if having looked that the situation it's gunna be a really long debt repayment period for you we can advise you on all the different options available to you through UK law we just also need to point out if you are self-employed, maybe you run your own business or you are a self-employed trades person it may well be that we're not the best people to help you it may be that we can but it may be that you need to go to Business Debtline who are a reputatable organisation who can help you with your debt problems in the light and context of you being self-employed or a business owner it is really important that you now take the steps to actually refer yourself through to CAP Money Plus this is in your hands if you are a bit worried about it, nerverous or anxious about it, please speak to your CAP Money Coach they understand the CAP Money Plus system, how it works and they can walk you through the process to refer yourself, it is as simple as clicking a button on the internet you simply find the place to refer, click the button all your information will be sent through and we will then be in contact with you to start helping you get yourself back on your feet financially get your debt cleared and hopefully start to live the life you want to live CAP Money Plus was brilliant we just had to post all my letters off and what I currently pay out I got my budget back and was quite astounded really things I had never even thought of putting money aside for like glasses or school clothes, holidays and things like that and I could budget for all of that and still pay off my debts I thought it was really good that they gave me a complete time frame of when I would be debt free CAP Money has completely changed my life and if anyone ever mentions about debt it's like ring CAP, go to CAP they're just amazing! [Music plays] Trusting the Universe Two Minutes from Satsang with Mooji [Questioner:] I want to say one little thing. Everybody's been talking about trusting the universe to take care of you. And if you trust the universe, it'll take care of you. Well, I never trusted the universe and it took care of me, anyway. [Laughter] So I just ... you know ... [Mooji laughs; audience still laughing] [Clapping from the audience] [Mooji:] If you say, so beautifully, 'Even if I don't trust it, it's taking care of me,' there must have been some insight to appreciate this. This is the difference. Because you are right. It says, 'This power, like the sun, shines on everything.' It doesn't just shine on daffodils and sunflowers, it shines on poo, equally, huh? [Soft laughter] In the same way, it says, 'The rain falls on the righteous and the unrighteous, even.' Everything is there. It doesn't select. Because everything is its expression. You have the eyes to see it. Many don't see that. They keep complaining. When you don't have the eyes to appreciate, like what you have just said, then people complain. They're always whinging, whinging; always, something is wrong; always, 'This person, this thing, and this.' They're never happy. But you say, 'Even if I don't trust the life, I still think, I still see that it takes care of what I am.' [Music plays] [M:] Huh? Who reminds you to breathe? To beat your heart? Hmm? Something is there, taking care. Very great. www.mooji.org Now before we go into too much detail about how you can do things in the database using the Mongo shell, we have to talk a little bit about how MongoDB actually represents data, and how you can understand how the Mongo shell interprets that data when it gets it back from the database. As you already know, MongoDB is a document-oriented database. What this actually means is that MongoDB's fundamental record type is a kind of nested dictionary of key value associations. As a matter of programming language convenience, we map the documents that come out of MongoDB to objects in the programming language that can represent these kinds of key value associations. In JavaScript, the type of object that represents these kinds of key value associations is called a JavaScript object. So, for example, if I define the variable "obj," O-B-J, to be equal to a "1," b "hello," c "apples, tomatoes," then the value of the variable "obj" is suitable for use as a MongoDB document. What I mean by that is that we can take this JavaScript object and put it into the database for safekeeping. As it happens, though JavaScript uses a syntax that's very similar to the JSON Syntax-- in fact, JSON Syntax was inspired by the syntax of JavaScript-- MongoDB internally, doesn't use this stringy syntax for storing or retrieving data. Instead, MongoDB uses a binary representation for the data inside of documents. The specification for the binary representation that MongoDB uses is given at BSONspec.org. We call our binary format BSON, which stands for Binary JSON, and in effect, this is a serialization format that's designed to represent a superset of what can be transcribed in JSON Syntax. The exact specification is given here. The basic data types that BSON supports are, of course, a superset of those that JSON supports-- double precision floating point numbers, string values, where string means a sequence of validly encoded UTF-8 code units, embedded documents, that is to say, nested objects, embedded arrays, that is to say, nested objects whose keys are the integers 0, 1, 2, 3, et cetera, the Boolean Values false and true, and the null value. These are the basic data types of JSON. But BSON goes a little bit further by adding a binary data type, a data type called Object ID, which is used for unique identification of things, a date-time type, which represents time since January 1, 1970, a 32-bit integer type and a 64-bit integer type, and a few other types, which are mostly only used for internal purposes, such as regular expressions in the query protocol and time stamps for replication purposes. These data types, which go beyond the JSON specification, correspond to types available in various programming languages or else have some sort of special handling in those programming languages. Let me show you what I mean by that. In the shell, we use the JavaScript language. The JavaScript language has support for numbers, which are interpreted as double floats, strings, which are interpreted as UTF-8 strings, arrays, objects, true, false, null, and so on. To represent an exact integer value in the Mongo shell, we provide a constructor. "Number/Int" gives you a 32-bit value and prints out using the constructor syntax so that you can cut and paste easily without losing any numeric precision. "Number/Long" gets you 64-bit integer values. And we support at least some arithmetic on these things, as well, though we might not exactly round trip without some loss of precision. For instance, adding two Number/Longs appears to give us a regular old JavaScript number, which will be a double precision floating point value when it gets back into the database. So be careful when you use programs in a language like JavaScript or Perl which might not have the expressiveness or the type expressiveness to faithfully represent all of the types that MongoDB can store. Similarly, JavaScript's date-time types are represented with a JavaScript date object, which, for reasons having to do with esoteric details of JavaScript, we print out with the constructor we call ISO date. This constructor always gets you a new date object with a particular timestamp inside it, which is somewhat different from what the apparent date constructor does in the JavaScript language. So to construct an object in JavaScript that contains numbers that are fixed precision integers or that contain dates such as the one that's currently on the screen, you can use these constructor syntax's. In this way, the JavaScript shell can, more or less, faithfully handle all of the data that comes out of the database, and allow you to input, more or less, all of the data types that you're likely to want to store the database. I say more or less only in that it appears that the arithmetic operations that are available might not preserve numeric type information. In any case, the main idea is that MongoDB actually traffics internally in a binary representation which we call BSON. The BSON representation supports the basic data types that MongoDB contains. The BSON specification incorporates all of the types that JSON can contain, plus a few more, and the Mongo shell, as well as all of the drivers that can talk to MongoDB, support the various data types that BSON supports in some way or another. OK. Let's have a quiz. Which of the following types are available in BSON? Strings, floating point numbers, complex numbers, arrays, objects, time stamps. Professor Donald Kagan: I have a title for today's talk. I call it, "Philip, Demosthenes and the Fall of the Polis," and I read that to you because it's always useful to remember that while we look back on these events and know their outcome and can assign to them a special significance, let's never forget they didn't know that they were on the brink of the end of the independent polis. In fact, I'm sure if you came along in 362 after that battle it would never have occurred to you that that whole fundamental arrangement of the world that had been sort of in place, to some degree, perhaps as far back as the eighth century was going to change its character very sharply, and that although there would still be poleis that would be going on, it might seem in the same old way, even after the Macedonian conquest, the fact was that none of them ever again really was autonomous in the sense of to be fully in control of its own fate both in terms of the internal constitution and also, more importantly or at least the one that was most in danger, the capacity to engage in international relations freely and to be free to make their own foreign policy. So, as I say, it's going to be a very major change but it's something that they don't know they're in the middle of watching. Well, in 359 a man called Philip became King of Macedon. We know the Macedonians were fundamentally Greeks. That is to say, they were Greek speakers and ethnically, if there is such a thing, they were Greek. But they were so far out of the mainstream of the development of the Greek poleis that we have been examining this semester that many, many Greeks, perhaps most of them, didn't think of them as being Greek. When Greeks thought about what it was to be a Greek they thought about more than the fact that they spoke the Greek language, they thought fundamentally--if you get to Aristotle you see how thoroughly true this is, it had to do with a culture, a way of life and that way of life was based upon the independent polis. Well, Macedon did not have such a structure. The Greeks called the Macedonians an ethnos, a tribal group is what that sort of means. We use the word "nation" somehow to translate ethnos and that's okay. The word "nation" itself, you remember, comes from the Latin word which means to be born; people who are born of the same stock. But for the Greeks it had a different meaning; it was people who participated in the culture that they designated as Hellenic and they thought the Macedonians fell outside of that. There were no poleis in the Macedonian kingdom. It was something that we might call feudal. That is to say, yes there was a monarch, but there were powerful noblemen who were practically independent and who owed only a limited allegiance to the king and who were really the dominant figures in the state for most of the history prior to the appearance of Philip. On the other hand, the king was an important and powerful character so that you have--this was true of European feudal states at certain periods in their development. On the one hand, the fundamental society was based upon great lords, great noblemen, barons, but there was a king and he was not inconsequential. That's the situation that pertained in Macedon. In a certain sense, if a Greek had looked at Macedonian society prior to Philip, he might have described it as Homeric, and you'll be familiar with that. Sure, there were guys called basileus, but they were not really the rulers over the barons, these great noblemen in their kingdom. They thought of it as uncivilized in the technical sense. If you don't live in a polis, a city, as they understood it, then you are not civilized; you are part of an ethnos and that's the term they used of the tribal societies all around them, Illyrians, Scythians, they were all from an ethnos. The Macedonians, on the other hand, claimed very proudly and powerfully, and insistently that they were Greeks; they were Hellenes, and they probably invented a myth of their descent. Indeed, not merely from Greeks but from the real Greeks, that is to say the Argives, who were the leading people in the time of Homer's poetry and they claimed direct descent from Agamemnon and the other Argive kings. We hear about various Macedonian monarchs of some importance prior to Philip, back at the time of the Persian War, Alexander the first played an interesting and shady role between the Greeks and the Persians. During the Peloponnesian War we hear of a King Perdiccas, who also played a role shifting between the Spartans and the Athenians. This business of shifting between sides is not just because they're shifty people. It's that their status is such that they're always vulnerable and not powerful enough to defend themselves and so they have to make the best deal they can with whoever has the power at any moment. One other Macedonian king has left a name that we know something about, Archelaus, who followed Perdiccas, one of the things about him was that he kept a kind of a cultural court at his capital, and for instance Euripides, for reasons that we do not know, left Athens at some point in the Peloponnesian War and came to Macedon where he joined a collection of artists and scholars, and whatever that Archelaus was gathering in his kingdom. Well, Philip becomes king in 359 and the Macedonian kings were very much like Homeric kings as we have described them here. That is, yes you had to have a dynastic claim, you had to be a member of the royal family to be king, but that wasn't good enough. You had to also have--remember, to rule as I said about the Homeric kings, iphi, by force, by power, you had to have the actual capacity to command and sometimes you had to demonstrate that by fighting it out among various potential successors with having the winner coming out as the king. Something like that is what Philip did. He was not the most direct descendant of the previous king. He was left as a kind of a regent over the under-aged young king of just a boy and he was actually Philip's nephew and Philip's ward, and Philip took care of him in more senses than one, finally killing him and replacing him on the throne. That was not a unique event in Macedonian history. So, Philip is now on the throne and, of course, with this disputed descent, this disputed right to the throne, you can imagine that he is not in the most secure position when he takes over this job, and so I think some part of his actions, certainly at the early part of his career, and perhaps all the way through, was meant to demonstrate his own greatness, his own capacity to be king so as to put down all resistance internally and for that purpose what could be better than spreading the boundaries, increasing the power, and in making the greatness of Macedon more than it had been before and that's what he undertook. It looks as though, I think we have enough evidence to believe, that he certainly, of course, meant to rule Macedon and to do whatever was necessary, however harsh to make that secure. But it is pretty clear that he had it in mind to conquer Greece, to make himself the master of Greece. That was certainly one of his objectives. As a matter of fact, an interesting part of his biography was that as a young man--probably I should say as a boy, probably in his teens, he was sent to Thebes as a hostage as a result of a war between the Thebans and the Macedonians, but he was treated as a member of the royal family. He was treated very decently and with respect, and he spent his time in the house of Epaminondas. Can you imagine a better place for a young king with his military ambitions to be brought up than in the house of the man who is surely the foremost general in the Greece of his time and perhaps of any time, and I think we should imagine that he must have learned a great deal about military affairs there. There remains the question, did Philip already have in his mind the plan of conquering the Persian Empire, which was, of course, the job that was completed by his son, because whatever Philip's intentions may have been he died before he could carry them out. I don't think we can be certain about that, but it was an idea that he didn't have to do a lot to dream up. I've mentioned to you how many an orator, Isocrates, most famously, had been calling on various Greek states and individuals to conquer the Persian Empire, to solve Greece's problems, and he wrote such a letter to Philip once Philip became the most powerful figure in that world. So, he certainly could have had the idea; I mean, he certainly did have the idea--whether he was planning to do that or not we don't know. Now, his first--sort of the instrument that permitted him and Macedon to become as great as they did was the army that he created. I mean, it is very he who is the revolutionary, the military genius who creates the weapon which will allow him to conquer Greece, and it's the same military force that enables Alexander the Great, who had brought to it brilliant military talents, but he had an instrument shaped for him that was already far and away the best army in the Greek world, the best army of the Greek world had ever seen, perhaps as good an army as there ever existed in the ancient world. This is the great achievement of Philip, or at least that was a basis of it. He was not merely a hoplite battle leader in the old style. One thing about Philip that was very important was his temperament, his mind, his approach to warfare. He simply didn't accept the notion of defeat. He didn't accept the notion of making some kind of a deal except on his terms when he found it necessary to do so. He's famous for having said after a temporary setback against one of his opponents, Philip has said, "I have not fled, but I have retired as rams do in order that I might make a stronger attack the next time." He really lived that principle. Nobody ever defeated him permanently. If he had to accept a temporary setback he immediately went to work to repair it through a variety of means, military, diplomatic and whatever else he had available. But as I'm saying at the moment, he crafted this great grand new army, supplied, led, and organized quite differently from what I have described to you in the past as the standard Greek practice, which was essentially the hoplite phalanx, and as you know, in the course of the Peloponnesian War in the fourth century new gimmicks were added to that and different devices were contributed to it but still that was true. Now, Philip absorbed all the things that had been going on before his time, but he also made fundamental changes in the way that things worked. To his phalanx, and I was going to say, of grim professional soldiers--now, that I think is in itself an enormously important thing. We have something new on the Greek scene, an army which is a national army. That is to say, it is made up of Macedonians serving Macedon, under a Macedonian king, but they are not the citizen soldiers that we have examined in the case of the polis and its phalanx. They are hoplites in that phalanx. They were professional soldiers so that their full time job was being an army; they did not spend their spare time back on farms. That means Philip had to pay them a salary for them to perform. At the same time, they were not a mercenary army in the traditional sense. They were not people gathered anywhere who fought for whoever hired them; they were very much Macedonian soldiers. Something we can understand in the United States today--an unusual thing in American history beginning only a couple of decades ago. We have that sort of an army. We have a professional national army, and I think this is an objective statement, it has become the best army in the world. There are many reasons for that, but I would argue one reason is that if you can have the sociological background to permit that kind of an army, you are in very good shape indeed. That's what Philip was able to create. The kind of loyalty, the kind of commitment, the kind of association with the cause that only a citizen or a subject of a king can have, along with the skill, and the practice, and the conditioning that is part of being a professional soldier. So, he has this phalanx made up of these professionals that I'm talking about, but he added to that a group of people called the foot companions, pezetairoi is the Greek word, who were the biggest and the strongest of all the Macedonians and to that group he added the companion cavalry, the hetairoi themselves, the companions of the king, and of course these were the noblemen and they became personally attached to Philip in a special way and were the most effective, the most reliable forces that he had, an elite core, and here again is something different. The cavalry will play a much more important role in fighting than it ever has in the Greek fighting of the past. One of the great geniuses of Philip would be to create a combined force that could use cavalry and infantry and some other subordinate forces I'll tell you about in a minute, jointly together, to carry out a rather complex military plan. These, of course, are these hetairoi, our aristocratic horsemen, heavily armored on strong horses. That's very important as well, because if you're going to use them as shock troops, which he did on many an occasion, all of that has to be in place. Then there was another contingent of infantry with probably less body armor than his phalanx had, who were called the shield bearers, hypaspists, and they occupied the center of the Macedonian line next to the phalanx. These fellows were usually the first infantry forces to follow behind a cavalry charge if that's the way Philip fought the battle, charging a cavalry at the enemy, and as the enemy provided opportunities, these shield bearers, these lighter armed infantrymen would find their way and expand the holes, opening the way for the major blow to be struck by the phalanx. I'm describing one kind of battle that could be fought. The thing about having this kind of varied military force is that you could have different tactics for different battles and Philip does things differently on different occasions. This group of hypaspists, lighter infantry, provide a crucial link between the first mounted attack and the follow up by the phalanx proper. On top of all of this, you have a professional core; again, they're all Macedonians remember, made up of really light infantry. That is to say, slingers, archers, javelin men in the traditional mode that the old Greek armies had, but didn't make too much use of typically and so that rounds out the composite army group made up of these different kinds of forces, and these missile men I guess you could call them, supplied both preliminary bombardment with the things they did to help harass the enemy phalanx, but also they provide a kind of crucial reserve support. If you need to throw some forces into a suddenly important piece of the battle these guys were very mobile and you could order them into that place to support whatever was going on there. You can see how infinitely more complex this was than the kind of fighting we've talked about before. Now, these Macedonian contingents I've been describing do not represent a fragmentation of forces as might possibly be thought, but rather a diversification and a sophistication of arms, as one historian puts it, a symphony not a cacophony of professionally equipped men. Philip's contribution to the history of western warfare, therefore, is not so much tactical as it is organizational, creating this complex organization that could have a variety of tactical uses. Now at first, the equipment and the tactics of this Macedonian phalanx for itself did not differ considerably from the traditional hoplite columns of the Greeks, but he then subsequently made a very important change. Now, he does keep the spear, the pike that was the fundamental weapon of the old phalanx. But it was lengthened from being let's say roughly eight feet long to fourteen feet or so. Now, you cannot hold a fourteen-foot pike with one hand. This is a two-handed weapon; if you're going to control and use it effectively that's what you have to do. Well, if you're going to have two hands on this thing you can't have that hoplite shield that was the characteristic of the old hoplite phalanx. So, the shield shrank and became unimportant. You realize that once you do this to your hoplite phalanx, it can only function successfully as an aggressive force, if you see what I mean. You can't just take blows; you have to be delivering blows all the time. The greaves and the breastplates, and the heavy head gear were replaced either with leather which was lighter, or various composite materials, or else abandoned altogether. So, you can see these hoplites don't look anything like the hoplites we're accustomed to. The central idea, however, of a fighting mass of infantrymen remained predominant. In fact, integrated with and protected by such diverse forces, Philip's phalanx of true pikemen, their lances now allowed the first five, not merely the first three ranks to strike at the enemy, was both more lethal and more versatile than the traditional hoplite columns. The historian Polybius, who wrote in the second century B.C., but you have to realize he was a contemporary of Macedonian soldiers, who were still fighting fundamentally in the same way that Philip had created, so he knew what he was saying. He, for instance, he describes the great battles between the Romans and the Macedonians that occurred late in the third and into the second century. So, he even saw or certainly knew about the new phalanx, the Macedonian phalanx, tackling the Roman Legion and fighting it practically to a standstill. Polybius says that infantry, who faced such a storm of spears, as he puts it, might have as many as ten iron points concentrated on each man. Nothing Polybius concluded can stand up to the phalanx. The Roman, by himself with his sword, can neither slash down nor break through the ten spears that all at once press against him. Well, he has to face the fact that the Roman Legion did defeat one of these phalanxes in the course of the third century, but I think if you look at the details you realize that there was nothing inevitable about that defeat. Circumstances in battle allowed the Romans to win, because it put a premium on the great advantage that the legion had over the phalanx; namely, that it was divided up into smaller fighting units that could adjust and move about the field much more freely than the fighters in the phalanx of the Macedonians. That was certainly an edge that the legion had, but there never was a time when a legion fighting a good Macedonian phalanx could predict that it would win, much less that it would be any kind of a walk over. Of course, against the kind of forces that Philip faced, it was all the more likely to produce a Macedonian victory, because those were not Roman legions that they had to face. Now, if you're going to have a national mercenary army, a national army made up of professionals, that means it costs money in a way that the old phalanx system did not require the expenditure of funds very much. So, Philip, early in his career, had to gain control of sources of money and he did so. Early as king he immediately had to put down his opponents from within Macedonia, but he also did what I suppose Macedonian kings always had to do on their accession, they were surrounded by what the Greeks called barbarian peoples and these barbarian peoples were always fighting against the Macedonians and trying to push back their frontiers and so on. So Philip turned against these, the illyrians and various other peoples, and did an excellent job of defeating them, driving them back, establishing the boundaries where he wanted them. In the process, accomplishing two very important things. One was to establish his credentials as a great general and leader for internal purposes and for military purposes is in a sense of winning the confidence of his soldiers, but also it meant that his own stature in general and the reputation that he gained both among enemies and friends grew, and finally the last point, this kind of fighting allowed him to train his army and to create this army, and to make it as excellent as it became before he had to face more formidable forces than these. So, now he has won the loyalty of his nobility to a degree that no predecessor ever had. He now has these barons who are so independent, happily, gladly serving him and being rather in awe of him, and the army in general was devoted to him in a way that was unprecedented for the Macedonians. Now, with this weapon largely forged he was able to begin serious expansion in the Greek world. A critical step rather early in his monarchy was his attack on Amphipolis, and you will remember Amphipolis was this Athenian colony that was such a big deal for the Athenians that they were prepared to do almost anything to get it back, but they never had thoroughly been able to get it back until recently. So, now he took Amphipolis--what was more important than anything for him was that who held Amphipolis was likely to hold Mt. Pangaean which is right near Amphipolis, which contained gold and silver mines that were producing wealth as they had been for centuries now, and now that wealth was going into Philip's pocket and he used it for the purpose that was most important, chiefly for paying for that army that I have been talking about. We are told that this produced about 1,000 talents a year for Philip's use, and that's about the same amount that the Athenians got out of their empire. So, you are talking about lots and lots of money and this explains the economic capacity that gave Philip the chance to use the kind of army he had. But he was extraordinarily skillful at the game of diplomacy. I say game, because he treated it in that way. Diplomacy, I think, for him was an extension of military forces by peaceful means. It's kind of a standing Clausewitz's definition of war on its head. Who was it? Sir John Fortescue, I think, it was in the fifteenth century defined a diplomat as a man sent to lie abroad for his country. I think the spirit behind that pun was certainly right for Philip, that for him diplomacy was a way for advancing his country's interests by whatever means that he possibly could; he was very good. One of his very great skills was precisely to lie in a very convincing manner and, of course, it's much easier to get people to believe what you say if you have got the strongest army anywhere in sight in case you should be so impolite as to say "you're a liar." I think that must have assisted him. But what I mean is Philip would come into conflict with some polis or some poleis over some territory that was in dispute or whatever, and they would say Philip what are you trying to do, you seem to be trying to conquer this territory. Oh no, no Philip said, I have absolutely no interest in this territory, I've got other things to do that are much more important. Those Paeonians in my background require my attention and when the other guys would calm down he would calmly take the place that he had left alone. I'm reminded, and I guess after the Second World War, in fact even before, there were some scholars who made the analogy between Hitler and Philip, and Demosthenes and Churchill, it's not the worst one. It's very imperfect, but it's not the worst analogy possible, but I remember Hitler kept saying before his strength was great enough simply to launch a major war he would say, if you give me this that's all I'm interested in, that is absolutely my last territorial demand in Europe, and then in a few months he would then seize Austria or something like that. So, Philip reminds me of that, because he did such things from time to time. It's just too much to tell in terms of the detail of his career, but let me just hit a few highlights and give you the direction in which it was going. The first business that he had to do after he gained Amphipolis and the wealth of the mines was to gain control of the shoreline of the northern Aegean Sea, and that meant of course his own Macedonia, which he had, but also eastward into the region of Thrace. He began precisely to gain control of those places. It was in 357 that he took Amphipolis and that meant that he had to clash with Athens, because as I say, Athens had never given up its claim to Amphipolis and kept trying to get it back, because of its value to the Athenians. What we will see is war between Philip and Athens on and off until the final victory of Macedonia. It's a period of quite a stretch of time in here in which that's going on. On the other hand, it's never a full scale war with Philip trying to conquer Athens. How could he? He's still outside from a territorial point of view, outside the entire old Greek world. But he can cause all the havoc he wants to in the northern Aegean and the Athenians will be unhappy about it; they will send forces up into that part of the world to contest Philip's expansion and that's where the fighting goes on. But the Athenians are not ready to take him on and really try to stop him from going where he seems to be going. What they do is they respond when he does something that annoys them or that they're worried about. Sometimes they go out and fight him, but usually they don't, or sometimes they do and they do so too little and too late. That's the story of the relationship between these two powers throughout this whole stretch of time. With the expansion of Philip in a variety of directions, he increases his revenues wherever he conquers. He gets down into Thessaly, now we're talking about territory that the Greeks consider to be Greece and Philip is now gaining more and more control of that area. The revenues grow and he even builds a navy and begins to challenge Athens and others at sea. He attacks Athenian commerce when he is quarreling with the Athenians. The Athenian position in general is badly weakened in the years between 357 and 355 in what the traditional historians call the Social War. That doesn't mean that they fought over teacups or anything like that, "social" derives from the Latin word socii, which means allies. It was a rebellion against the allies of Athens in the Athenian Confederation, which really frightened the Athenians, and kept them busy putting it down for a couple of years. There is some debate among scholars today as to how oppressive or not was the Athenian rule of its empire. The more recent scholarship has suggested that the Athenians were not really very oppressive, which leaves for, I think, for them an uncomfortable question, if that's true why was there this rebellion in the years 357 to 355? We just don't know enough to talk details about this, but I think there can be no mistake; the Athenians abused their position of power and leadership in the empire. They didn't do so as thoroughly and completely as they did in the great Athenian Empire of the fifth century but that was largely because they couldn't. They never had the power, they never had the financial strength to be able to impose their will as the earlier empire had, but they did what they could and they did enough to annoy their allies into such a rebellion. Athens recovers, they win, they put down the allied rebellion, but they are weakened in the process. In 356, there breaks out on the mainland of Greece, what they would call the Sacred War. It's the old business of who controls the Delphic Oracle. The neighbors, Phocis, Locris, frequently take advantage of opportunities to gain control of the oracle and to deprive the priests of their control of the region. The priests then call on other Greeks traditionally led by Sparta but not always to beat up the people who have taken over the oracle's place and drive them out and restore it to the priest. Well, this is another in that theory, in that series of events. Thebes and Phocis are involved in a war over Delphi. The Phocian general is the only time he crops us in this story, Onomarchus apparently was an outstanding military leader and defeated the Thebans and even pushed into Thessaly, and that brings Philip into the picture, because Philip has been expanding Macedonian power into Thessaly from the north coming south. So, Philip takes his forces and he pushes the Phocians back, defeats Onomarchus, sends them off. Now, here's the question. Is this good or bad for the Greeks? On the one hand the one thought would be well, sure he's just put down this fellow who has arrogantly seized the Delphic Oracle, but now who is there, who is sitting in Thessaly, this great big new army. Is he going to be a menace to the Greeks in general? Well, we who have had a chance to know how it came out and know that it did. But at the time people were divided, some say oh my heavens this is a thoroughly aggressive man at the head of an army that looks incredibly strong and he has terrific ambitions, what are we going to do, against those who said, no it's okay, he's okay now, he's happy, he doesn't want to do anymore than that. Let's take a look at Athens, which will necessarily be the leading figure in the opposition to Philip such as it is. Thebes, last time we looked at Thebes, Thebes had reached a position of power perhaps greater than that of Athens, but you remember the deaths of Pelopidas and Epaminondas simply did not allow Thebes to continue to have that vitality and power that it had before. It's still a very strong state. Its hoplite phalanx is still formidable; they still have great ambitions and so on, but it turns out they don't really have the capacity to take the lead in such a business. The Athenians do and they are very much concerned about what's happening. But it's not the same Athens that we saw in the height of its power in the fifth century. Relatively speaking, it is a very poor place indeed. It is, however, still the number one naval power in the Greek world and therefore very important. Let's take a look at the internal life of Athens a little bit and notice some changes they will have some significance in terms of what decisions the Athenians make. There is something that was introduced -- we don't know just when -- it might have been late in the Peloponnesian War it, might have been afterwards. It is called the theoric fund, and it gets its name apparently because there was a payment to the Athenian citizens of the price necessary to pay for the ticket to see the great theatrical festivals that went on twice a year in Athens, which had apparently degenerated pretty much into a dole, into a kind of a welfare fund for the very poor. It did not amount to a stunning amount of money, but given the poverty of Athens in general, any fund of money could be very significant at critical moments, especially on issues of national defense. But there was a lot of argument, a sort of a democratic party, the party of the underprivileged or whatever, always insistent that everybody's supposed to keep hands off the theoric fund which should only be used for its welfare state--I'm embarrassed to use such a term because of course there was nothing like that in the ancient world. Just for that portion of the national income that was used to alleviate the worst poverty they wanted that untouched, but when the state was under siege, it was under threat, it was--had to go to war, so it seemed to some politicians, they needed money to do it and say let's take the theoric fund for now while we have this necessity and there would be a fight about that. You remember the Athenian Empire in the fifth century? Never had a money--not never, but could generally handle its money problem because it had this great income from the empire, say roughly 1,000 talents a year coming in. That was not true. So, that if Athens wanted to send an expedition anywhere, they had to levy a direct war tax; it was called the eisphora. They had done so two or three times during the Peloponnesian War. As far as we know they had never done it before that time. We have stressed how unnatural direct taxation was in the Greek world, but here that's what they really had. They had to pay this eisphora, if they were going to conduct a military and naval campaigns that they felt were necessary. In fact, it used to be true that individual Greeks back in the fifth century could pay their share, what was assigned to them for the eisphora, individually, but now they were so few people who could do that they organized groups of taxpayers whom they called symmories who would share the burden. It makes me think that it probably sank further down the--sort of the wealth class of Athens. More people I guess were now paying taxes than before. In the fifth century the only people who paid taxes were the very wealthy and now that I think was attenuated as people who were not so wealthy had to pay something as well. Another thing is that we find the Athenians using, as a regular thing in these campaigns that they will have to fight, mercenary soldiers. I don't mean mercenaries of the Macedonian kind, the kind that Philip was using. I mean hiring a band of mercenaries who might come from anyplace in Greece. That was because the Athenians were reluctant themselves to go out on expeditions. Nothing could be more different I think from the way the Athenians behaved in the fifth century when they were all over the joint, as you remember, in 457 that inscription that talked about those died from one tribe all over the battle. They were proud of it and they never ran short of soldiers willing to do this kind of thing. The assembly voted it and the people win. Not now. The Athenians are reluctant to engage in these activities. Our main source for complaint about this is Demosthenes, who much of the time is pleading with the Athenians to recognize the danger presented by Philip and for them to take the necessary steps to check Philip before it was too late. What he asked them to do repeatedly was to first of all vote the money that was necessary to support the expedition and then not to hire mercenaries but to serve themselves in the fighting, and he did not win those arguments very often. There were in Athens throughout this period people that we would call in our own jargon hawks and doves; people who were ready to fight for these purposes and people who were very reluctant to do so. The people who seemed to be the most reluctant to do this were the upper classes, of course, because war meant taxation and they were going to do the bulk of the paying of the taxes. It may well be--I don't want to make too much of this, Philip, wherever he could would install oligarchic governments in places that he ruled. He was not interested in democracy; he was not a friend of democracy. There were some Athenians who had never given up their hope that an oligarchy could be placed into Athens, instead of a democracy. They would have been doves and more. I mean, there is a pretty clear indication that Philip did in Athens what he did in other states as well. He bribed important Athenians to be champions of his cause and the people it's easiest to get this to work with are people who agree with your approach, who on your side of the argument. So, there was some of that. I mean, there was a real difference of opinion as there always is. We should be very aware of it and in recent years this is the kind of thing you see. Some people in society seeing a great danger out there that must be prepared for and confronted, others thinking that that is overblown, that that is too pessimistic, that there is no such great danger or that it can best be dealt with by negotiation and conversation, and anything but fighting, and that was the situation in Athens. If you were hostile, if you were a member of the hawk faction, you would say your opponents were deluding themselves about the degree of the danger and that Philip was a very special kind of a menace. If you were a dove you would accuse your opponents of being alarmists, excessively afraid and worse. Of course, both sides accused each other of much worse things having to do with their characters and so on, as people always do. The first statement we have of Demosthenes, who will emerge as the dominant hawk for most of the time that he is doing business in Athens is in 351, when he delivers the speech that we call the First Philippic. He delivered a series of speeches attacking Philip and warning the Athenians of the danger presented by Philip. To this day, philippic is a word in English which means a strong attacking piece of rhetoric against some individual or some nation. He charged the Athenians with having created the great danger that they faced by making Philip into a great man through neglect by their refusal to stop him when it was relatively easy to do so. They should send, he thought, a fleet, a good-sized fleet to serve in the northern Aegean Sea and to stop Philip's expansion and to stop Philip period. He urged them, and he will do this over and over again. Don't hire mercenaries, enlist for service yourself, vote for war tax, and those of you who should pay it should do so. He lost the argument. The Athenians did not take that action that he recommended. Philip, pretty soon after that, attacked the Olynthians; you remember Olynthus is an important state on the Chalcidic Peninsula; it has been a very significant state back in this century you remember when the Spartans went up there to defeat the Olynthians who had constructed a league of their. Well, they weren't out of business yet. So, Philip went after them and, again, Demosthenes urges the Athenians to get involved and to prevent Philip from taking Olynthus an the Chalcidic states and gaining control of the northern Aegean Sea and all the danger that that presented to Athenian interests. Again, he loses the argument. He delivers three Olynthiac speeches which have the same character as the one I've described, but the Athenians do not do it. In the year 348 Olynthus falls. That city and the other cities of the region were destroyed. You remember this is not a typical way in which the Greeks dealt with defeated states, although heaven knows the Peloponnesian War had seen examples of it, but it was a very, very harsh kind of warfare that Philip carried forward. He destroyed the cities physically, he enslaved what was left of the population and so this was a message. I think it wasn't just that he had a cruel temperament, though I suppose he must have had that too, but it was meant to be exemplary. It was meant to say when Philip says do this, do it, because if you don't, he will crush you and this is what will happen to your city and to you. That's an old technique. We know that the Assyrians used to do that way back in biblical times in which they would deliberately be as brutal and cruel as they could be, and having done so would broadcast how brutal and cruel they had been, in order to encourage other states to behave appropriately in the future. Hitler had used those same tactics early in the Second World War when he destroyed the city of Rotterdam from the air, completely not military whatsoever. It was obviously intended to terrify everybody who might want to resist him. So, that's what Philip did up there. Finally after further fighting of one kind or another, the Athenians and a number of other Greeks make a treaty with Philip. It is called the Peace of Philocrates; he was one of the negotiators on the Athenian team. There really didn't seem to be much disagreement among the Athenians as to the desirability of this peace, even Demosthenes who is normally opposed to anything like it, felt that it probably had to be done, and I think that just reflected the realities of the distribution of power and also of the willingness of the Athenians to do anything more than that, and so there is this period of the Peace of Philocrates in which the Athenians make a defensive alliance with Philip. There things sit when another development raises the panic button, I think, for Demosthenes and some others. The Sacred War, there's another Sacred War going on. This time the people who want to restore power to the priests invite Philip to lead the Greek forces in the Sacred War. That is a very big deal. First of all, it recognizes the Macedonians as Greeks in the truest sense of the word. It should have been, probably was, a major source of satisfaction for Philip and extraordinary glory in the eyes of his fellow Macedonians that the Greeks should have done this. Not only accepted them as Hellenes, but asked them to save the Oracle of Apollo, the center of Greek worship there. So, he takes his army, he runs into the Phocians, blasts the Phocian army and does what he was asked to do. In the process, when it's all over, he decides that from now on Macedon and King Philip will take not just one vote on the council that governs the Delphic Oracle. I may have mentioned it to you earlier in the semester, the Amphictyonic Council, the council of those who dwell around Delphi. He took two votes on that council, and he made himself president of the Pythian Games-- you remember these panhellenic festivals. There were four great panhellenic festivals, Olympia, Nemea, the isthmus of Corinth, and the one at Delphi which was called the Pythian Games and here is this barbarian from Macedonia not only sitting on the council but being the chairman, holding the position of honor as all the Greeks gather for the Pythian Games. Well, this must have had an enormously intimidating effect on many in the Greek world, and it becomes more and more Athens that has to take the lead, if anybody is going to resist. The Athenians were concerned; at least those who were not determined to accept the course of events. Phillip was very careful with Athens, for this there was a very good reason. They had a special strategic set of advantages that nobody else in the Greek world had, and that Philip didn't have an easy answer for. Athens was a walled city which had proven itself capable of defending those walls. You should realize that up to this point in Greek history, nobody has demonstrated any kind of ability of taking a walled city by force, the only way you can take a walled city is by surrounding it and starving it out, but you remember now that the Athenians have a navy and walls, they can't be starved out in the same way. So, taking on Athens, if you really want to take the city, is a job that's very difficult indeed. Of course, the Athenians have their navy which makes that true, but also allows the Athenians to do you harm in a way that other states cannot do. So, all of that means that Philip is not about to make a headlong assault on Athens, but to try to have his way by going around Athens somehow. He tried to win Athenian support through his usual technique of soft words, explaining how he had no aggressive intentions in areas that the Athenians were interested in, even though he had already demonstrated that that wasn't right. Also by working Athenian politics, by bribing Athenian politicians to be on his side and using every device he could to make it harder for the hawkish people to have their way. Demosthenes from here on in is determined, and determinedly against Philip, spending all his energy and time trying to get up Athenian support and then, indeed, to put together a coalition of states besides Athens to resist and fight and defeat Philip. Indeed, he is more successful than he was before, because the danger from Philip is obviously greater, so that more Athenians can see it that way. The league he puts together includes Euboea, Megara, Achaea, Acarnania, Lucas, Phocis, and finally Thebes. Now, that's a pretty good trick. Phocis and Thebes are traditional opponents, but they're both in the league and what that tells you is that those states, and especially those states which are in central Greece, closest to where Philip is located with his forces into Thessaly and so they now see that there is a great danger from him and they join in an anti-Philip coalition. He doesn't go at them immediately directly; he goes to war but he does so up in the north on the shores of the Aegean Sea. He moves eastward--this is an enormously clever thing to do, towards what the Greeks call the Chersonese, the peninsula which we call the Gallipoli Peninsula, the Hellespont. Philip wants to gain control of that, because if he can control the Hellespont, it's the old story, he can cut off trade, he can starve Athens out and it would hurt others too but Athens would be the main attack. So, he moves forces to the Thracian coast, taking various cities there, and gaining more and more territory towards that end, and then he goes all the way across to the Bosporus to Byzantium, modern Istanbul, and he takes that city as well, and, of course, you can cut off trade, if you can control the Bosporus. So this is very, very serious for Athens and it's on this occasion that Demosthenes delivers his third Philippic making the same case as he has been making all along, and only doing so but I think with even greater intensity and this time with more persuasiveness, because more and more Athenians understand how serious this menace has become. Small point but not so trivial that the Athenians were able even to enlist the support in language at least by Persia. If the Greeks are going to fight this guy, it would be awfully handy if you could get the Persian support. As it turns out, the Persians don't do anything of importance in resisting Philip, but it shows you how Demosthenes and those Greeks who agreed with him were attempting to put together as strong a coalition as they could to try to stop him. Forgive me. Don't pay too much attention to what I'm saying but I'm constantly being reminded of the behavior of the European states just prior to the Second World War, and in place of Persia I think we would have to put the United States of America, which was out of the game and sort of constantly trying to stay out of the game, powerful isolation of sentiment in this country, and people in Europe, some people urging that everything be done to get the United States into the game and others reluctant to do that. It wouldn't have made any difference, nothing would have gotten the Americans to take an active part against Hitler at that time, and I suspect there was no chance that anybody could have convinced the Persians to do anything at this point either. But the Athenians do send a force and it's a good size force and it does a very good job, and they drive Philip back out of some of the places that he has conquered, which I think is interesting to think about. It's not obvious that if the Athenians had gotten their collation together earlier, and if they had done the best they could, it's not obvious that they couldn't have defeated Philip. There's this terrible danger that we will all become victims of a fait accompli, what happened obviously had to happen, it couldn't happen any other way. No, I don't think that's right. We certainly don't live our lives as though that's true, and we shouldn't allow ourselves to imagine it's true in retrospect. The fact that the Athenians could have such success against Philip as they did at this moment is evidence that that was by no means a hopeless cause. Once again, a Sacred War breaks out over Delphi. Again, the Amphictyonic League, this time of course having as its president Philip invite Philip to lead the forces of the Sacred War. The Sacred War has been declared against the town near Delphi called Amphisa and that's the force that he's going to use against it. Philip moves down from Thessaly, arrives at a place not very far from Delphi called Elatea on one side, and the other side at Thermopylae. These are the roots to get down into central Greece. Once you go through those places you are right next to Boeotia, you are a couple of days from Athens, you're right in the middle of a position where you could do terrific harm. When the Athenians received the news, there really is panic. Demosthenes tells the story. Now, Demosthenes is a witness who is excellent because he's a participant, contemporary, that's great, but you've got to look at him with a certain amount of skepticism because he's a participant. He's a guy who held a certain point of view, he was very active in politics, he has strong views on everything, his reputation depends upon how you look upon what he did. So, you must understand that when he tells us these things he's telling it form his perspective. It's very much like Winston Churchill's histories of the two world wars in which he played a very large part, even in the first but certainly in the second, and it's not that he lies, it's not that he deceives, but when you read those stories you read them as Winston Churchill sees them and you have to be alert to them. There's a wonderful--about Churchill is a wonderful story, apparently true, that when Churchill's book on the First World War came out--I forget the title; let's say it was called "The Great War," which it wasn't. The former prime minister, Arthur Balfour, who didn't like Churchill at all is supposed to have said, "I see that Winston has published another book about himself and called it The Great War." The enemies of Demosthenes might say the same things about what he says in some of his speeches. But later on in his career when there was a big battle between him and his chief opponent, Demosthenes' friends were asking the assembly to vote him a crown. It meant a crown of leaves, not of gold, but the honor for things he had done for Athens and his opponents thought that what should be done for Demosthenes for what he had done to Athens is to throw him off the Acropolis. So, there's a great debate that we have both halves of. It's in that debate that he recounts the things he has done for Athens, why they should be grateful to him, and this moment is one he points to. He tells about the news came to Athens that Philip was in Elatea, and he says, we all gathered there first thing in the morning and the place was full. If you remember that passage I read to you from Aristophanes about how things usually were in the Athenian assembly, where everybody came ambling in late, no problem, nobody was in a hurry, no he says, everybody was there. When the prytany for the day, the president of the meeting said, who wishes to speak, no one, no one raised their hand. Then I got up and gave you guys the good advice that followed and all that stuff. But I think we can't doubt the essential truth of the situation, that there was just a terrible fear and no idea how to cope. Demosthenes then suggested what steps should be taken to resist. One of them, and he was able to do it now, was to use the theoric fund to supply the forces that were necessary. Secondly, to do something that was quite an achievement from a diplomatic point of view, to make an alliance with Thebes. Ever since the late 370s Athens had not been allied to Thebes, it had become alarmed that Theban power had joined even with Sparta against the Thebans, but here as we're into the very late 340s, early 330s, he makes an alliance with Thebes so that what is surely the strongest ground force on the side of the Greeks against Philip will be there, namely the Thebans, and the Boeotians in general. Finally, in 338 the Battle of Chaeronea takes place in western Boeotia and the result is a victory for Philip. The battle itself was by no means a walkover; it was very close. Our accounts of it make it clear that there was every possibility, even then, even though the Spartans weren't there, even though Philip's forces were at their peak. The Greeks might have won that battle, that's a very important thing to remember, but they didn't. Philip won and that was the end of Greek freedom. Thereafter, the states all had to bow down to Philip in terms of foreign policy. In many cases, he actually interfered in their internal autonomy. He established garrisons at key places in the Greek world, including Chalcis and Euboea, Corinth and Mount Ambracia in the west and they were called the fetters of Greece. It was like he put a great chain across Greece to show and demonstrate, and make real his control. Athens was forced to abandon the confederacy, its own confederacy; they were forced to make an alliance with Philip. He constituted in 336 the League of Corinth with himself as president. It was an offensive and defensive alliance. Philip was commander in chief and he could tell everybody what to do, and they would have to do it. This truly was the end of Greek freedom. As it turned out, Philip was assassinated in the same year so that he never was able to demonstrate how he would carry on once he had that power. The business of the conquest of Persia, if that was in the mind of Philip, had to be left to his very young son Alexander, who I think was eighteen at this point. So, that gets us to the interesting question of history's judgment on these events, and especially I think the interesting person is Demosthenes, and as you read in your problems collection, the nineteenth-century German historian Droysen and the German historians of that time in general had no doubt about the judgment. It was very negative about Demosthenes. After all, what was Athens anyway? According to Droysen it was ein advokaten republic, it's the lowest blow anybody could deliver, a republic of lawyers. What Demosthenes was trying to preserve was kliene Städte, the world of small independent states, a contemptible term in the eyes of Droysen and his fellow nationalists. German, you remember had just--I forget the date of his writing, either it had already been unified by Bismarck or nationalists were demanding that these little states all be brought together into a great German empire and that's where Droysen was. The future, Droysen said, was with Philip. Demosthenes was a reactionary trying to retain things that were--whose time had come and gone. What was needed was the unification of the ancient Mediterranean and this was a step in that direction. Why was it necessary to have a unification of the ancient Mediterranean? As would finally be accomplished, not by Philip and Macedon, but by the Romans, because it was all part of the great plan without which there could not have been Christianity. Christianity could come to the world and dominate Europe, because it had been made into a single word by virtue of the Macedonian and Roman conquest, and Demosthenes in his small minded petty way was standing in the way of that. Yes, there were admirable things about Demosthenes, but his behavior and his policy was quixotic, because it was hopeless. I think this is my reading of what Droysen really is saying; he lost so he must have been wrong. Winners are always right or else they wouldn't win. Now, I think we can evaluate that in a different way. If we think about a different situation, I've been thinking about it all along and telling you about it, which is let's take a look at Winston Churchill who had been called by historians the Demosthenes of that time. The man who had been calling attention to the danger from Hitler and trying to rally support and really treated like an idiot until finally the knife, the dagger was at the throat of the British and only then, and with great reluctance did the British put him in control. Now, if we look at his experience and what he did I think it's illuminating. The difference between heroic victory and disaster can be terribly thin. Taking office at a low point in the fortunes of his country and its allies, Churchill made a famous speech, which just breathed defiance when there was no physical justification for such a position. He said this, "I have myself full confidence that if all do their duty, if nothing is neglected, and if the best arrangements are made as they are being made, we shall prove ourselves once again able to defend our island home. To ride out the storm of war and to outlive the menace of tyranny, if necessary for years, if necessary alone, we shall go onto the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and the oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, and we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields, and in the streets, and we shall fight in the hills, we shall never surrender." Yet England came within a hair's breath of losing that war and suffering the horrors of invasion and occupation by Nazi Germany. In fact, had Hitler and Guering continued bombing the RAF's landing fields and ground facilities as they began to do with the Battle of Britain, instead of turning away from that and using their planes to bomb cities and scaring civilians, it's very clear to me that Germany would have won the Battle of Britain and control of the air, which would have made their success inevitable. Now imagine that it had gone that way; in that case, Churchill's bulldog determination, his refusal to accept what was a relatively generous peace offer after the fall of France, would seem in retrospect the wrong-headed defiance of a man, who brought his people low by his own intransigence. He would have been treated, I think by history, as some kind of a gallant fool, some kind of a brave imbecile. But men like Churchill and Demosthenes know that those who love liberty must fight for it, even against odds, even when there is little support, even when victory seems impossible. In spite of the outcome, it seems to me that the stand of Athens and its Greek allies at Chaeronea may have been in words that Churchill used in another context, "their finest hour." Thank you very much. (classical music plays) (applause) Prof: How many of you saw The New York Times yesterday morning? What did you see? Student: The girls who had been splashed with acid by the Taliban on the way to school. Prof: Yes, so the front and center story in The Times is--let me get my pointer. So this girl--so in Afghanistan one of the ways of suppressing women is to keep them from getting any education. When these girls go to school--because, you'll learn a lot about that in the course of why they want to go to school and why their parents want them to go to school. They go to school and three guys came up on a motorcycle-- a motor scooter and they just ask the girls, "Are you going to school?" They're walking to school in the morning, and the girls said, "Yes." Threw acid in their faces, and this story is about that kind of thing happening right now in Afghanistan. When this happened, the girl--everybody was of course very scared but the parents-- one set of parents that were quoted here said, "You must go to school even if you're killed." That going to school is more important than their lives in these communities and you'll understand a lot later why. Now one other notable thing happened--so that's quite amazing. I talked about it on Tuesday and Wednesday morning up comes The New York Times story. This happens every year. I think there's a spy in the class. The next thing is a student said she loved the lecture, but what did she love about it? She loved the dung beetles, and so she sent me her own personal picture of dung beetles, here, and she waxed a little bit poetic about them. "I have to let you know that dung beetles are among my favorite animals. The best part is watching the males agonize over rolling the ball over to the hole while the female rides relaxed, just planting her eggs inside it. The ultimate feminism, if you ask me." Now the student wants to remain anonymous, so that you all don't think that she's a little kinky maybe; nothing wrong with that. This is--we're very liberal minded here in this class. Now how many of you were not here last time? A few of you, so I should give a very short summary of what went on last time. I was describing the basic biology of how the social organization of the species is organized around their sex and reproductive function. For virtually all species of higher then single cell organisms, the female puts a lot of--makes big eggs, a lot of investment; she doesn't make that many eggs. They're rare and expensive. The male sperm is very tiny; he can make a huge amount of them, and so they are plentiful and very cheap. Males then, given the excess of sperm, that males can inseminate many females. The males then must compete for the females, and they have two mechanisms, either sperm competition where the sexual system is polygamous, promiscuous, and many males will mate with the same female; the same female will mate with many males, and then the sperms themselves will compete by a whole variety of mechanisms to see which sperm will fertilize the egg. The other male strategy is to physically fight with other males to gain control of the female or to compete in some other way like displaying your-- the peacock with this enormous tail displaying, 'I've got a more beautiful tail than you do,' or we talked about birds dancing. The males dance for a long time and display their mental ability to dance coordinatedly and their beauty and stamina to the females. Then the females choose. The females also have two strategies. Obviously this is a great simplification. The females also have two strategies, one is to get resources from the male, as in the dung beetle. The dung balls are full of nitrogen which is very rare, and so they feed this to the female, and the female then can produce more eggs in it, which is evolutionarily very good for both the male and the female. Or the female wants to choose the male with the best genes; in some ways the males have to display what are the best genes, and best just means those that are successful reproductively. Sometimes bigger is better; sometimes smaller is better; sometimes fast is better; sometimes slow is better; better does not mean anything and fitness--the word fitness, which you've heard, does not mean anything other than 'leaves more offspring.' It can be any kind of phenotype you can imagine, any kind of body type, any kind of ability or the opposite. In some ecological situations being fat is good, and other times being skinny is good. The females either watch the male's display, watch the peacock's tail, or observe the end of fighting between the males; that one male becomes dominant then the female is happy to copulate with that male. When males fight, the males tend to get large because that helps them in the fight. Evolution makes them larger, and they get larger than the females, and once they're larger than the females, they can start coercing the females. And that's really the origin of--the biological origin of--a lot of male/female violence. Males can either--to gain access to female-- they can either fight with other males which can be very difficult and you're liable to get damaged or killed, or just coerce a female who's smaller and less strong, and so you get male coercion of females. In primates, it's the last sort of-- in primates and the great apes--we are all great apes-- in particular, this tendency toward male violence onto females is carried to-- is most prominent. The reason is, we invest enormously in our young. We spend a very long time with the young, taking care of them, and therefore, the females who do most of the investment can't have very many young; they can't have them very rapidly. In the great apes, aside from humans, which we'll talk about next time as an exception, it takes five to ten years. The females don't have a second--they have a child-- a baby, then they wait five to ten years before having a baby again, so eggs are very difficult to come by. In a group of chimps, maybe one egg a year is available for fertilization, and the males compete like crazy by every possible mechanism, including a lot of violence, to get access to that single egg. One anecdote about the relationship of sociology and sexuality has to do with orangutans, who are the most distantly related of the great apes from us. They are just--they are very clever, like all the great apes, and they use all kinds of ways of being attractive to a male and vice versa. One of the ways they use, like we do, is intellectual brilliance. I think Yale students are evolved especially to use intellectual brilliance to be attractive. My college girlfriend, I fell, I guess, in love with her, because she could do the Latin and I couldn't. I was hopeless. She was--I was just stunned at how well--how good--how well she did it. Anyway, in 1978 a graduate student from Stanford went to the orangutan research station in Borneo and his job was language. They--a lot of people want to show how close or how different great apes are from humans, so language is a special human ability. But the great apes have a certain degree of it and he wanted to find out how much. He taught an adult female named Rinnie sign language and the guy's name was Gary Shapiro, Rinnie was his mate. It turns out she was a brilliant student, she really should have been at Yale, but she was stuck in Borneo and didn't have the money to come here. Gary just could not believe how fast Rinnie learned the language, and so he was just glowing and he loved Rinnie, and his research project. He was going to get famous, probably being to teach more language than anyone else has ever taught to an ape. Rinnie took all this attention quite personally. She thought there was something going on between the two of them; it wasn't all intellectual. She waited for Gary and nothing happened, so one day she took the dominant role, as I've heard Yale girls sometimes do, and she took Gary by the hand and did the obvious things to try to seduce him. There's Gary, what is he going to do? Well he wasn't very up for this, like many Yale guys that I've heard of, and so Gary just pushed her away not thinking an awful lot about it, but being a scientist, he hadn't read his literature. He does not know that there is no wrath like the wrath of woman scorned. Thereafter, she lost all interest in signing, would not cooperate in the lessons, ruined his PhD thesis project. So let that be a warning guys. We've talked about--we talked last time about orangutans-- of the great apes, those five species, including us--we talked about the rape that orangutans do; we talked about the infanticide that gorillas do, and now we come to chimpanzees who have yet another system. Again, always coping with this idea of the rarity of female eggs. Unlike the orangutan and the gorilla, the males are not solitary. The standard--the most common, there is no standard; there are millions of species and they do millions of different things. The most standard mammal thing is for the males in some way to fight with each other and they push other males away and one male gets one or several females. There are exceptions to this but that's the most common sort of way. Chimpanzees don't do this. They live in a group of males, and in fact the males that are born into a group stay with the group, so this a male group that genetically has been staying together for as far back as one can tell. Males basically never transfer groups; they never leave a group, so these are basically a long line, one family set of males. Within that community--let's see, I think I have some slides of this. Ah, that's a picture of the orangutan that fell in love with the grad student. We'll come to Jane Goodall in a minute. Given that there are males together, what they do then is compete for dominance and a lot of that is physical fighting. Their dominance position gives them access to food and to females. When a chimp wants to move up in the dominance hierarchy, he may go through a long period where they're sort of jockeying in various ways, and I'll describe some of the jockeying going on. Largely big displays, beating the chest, if there's anything around, shaking branches, stomping on the ground, hollering, but they don't fight. But eventually, if in fact a reversal of dominance position is going to take place, a real fight almost always does occur, not always successfully. Jane Goodall describes one of these, Sherry--and they give names to each of the chimps-- Sherry, a younger male, was moving up in the hierarchy, an aggressive young male. You know some of those. He had beat out some of the lower ranking young males, but the next one on his list was named Satan. You can tell from the name this was not a wise move. Satan was not the Alpha male, but was higher than Sherry. They had a huge fight. When it was over, Sherry was bleeding from bad wounds on his shoulder, both hands, his back, his head, and one leg. Sherry escaped and ran away screaming loudly. This was apparently such a bad experience that Sherry never again attempted to dominate any other male. He had been whipped, and he learned whatever his instincts may or may not have been about aggression, he learned that's not his game; he never tried this again. They do a lot of threats and displays as-- prior to these fights--but if there's going to be a real reversal, there's usually a fight and the fight's can get very severe. In the wild, the loser just runs away and they don't carry the fight to the death, and by the end of the lecture you should understand why they don't want to kill each other. In a zoo, when the chimps are in captivity, the males can't escape and then that proximity leads to a prolongation of the violence and sometimes to death. Frans de Waal, who you'll do some reading from him; he describes one fight where the loser had an ear gone, the other ear torn, his hands and feet badly mauled with several bones exposed, and some fingers and toes missing. A gash stretched from one shoulder to the opposite hip, and toes were missing, and this guy was really beat up. They took him to a human type hospital and tried to fix him up. It didn't work; he died. Within a group the fights basically never end in death. In captivity they do end in death; that's within-group fighting. This finding your place in the dominance hierarchy is a very serious business. You can either win and go up or you can lose and stay and either die or get badly physically damaged or be relegated to a low place. Humans call dominance hierarchy 'status,' and when I use dominance, think status. We don't always use the word here but think-- one of the other things if you want to compare chimps and humans, think of the various things that humans do for status. Chimps live in groups of about 40 individuals, with a dozen or so adult males, approximately the same number of females, and, as with orangutans that I've described to you, the female they have a big range, 15 square kilometers, 40 square kilometers, something like that and they wander about this. The females, when they have a young, are usually fairly isolated, not necessarily, not all the time, but mostly they're by themselves with their young. It's a very stable group that always stays together. As I told you last time, the mother is never out of either touch, or sight, or hearing of their young for five or more--five to ten years. The males, on the other hand, wander around also but they bond together. They travel together and they are very often in parties, and they go around searching for food and patrolling the borders of the territory. They also of course visit the females, go around see which females--what the sexual status of females is and I showed you a slide last time of a male smelling a female's sexual secretions to figure out what status she's in. This looks like something that I've already talked about here. Is this repeating? All right, so I don't remember whether I did this. The females are usually quite promiscuous with their sex partners. In the community followed by Jane Goodall, in each estrus cycle, each female had at least one bout of intercourse with every male in the group. Did I--I did do this yesterday. Forget this; I don't know how this happens. How do the males do their--operate in their dominance hierarchy? It's not all violence. One aspect is violence but they also make friends with other males. Single males cannot be successful; it's a very, very social situation. These animals are very clever; they know each other individually; they know each other's propensities, which ones are dominant, which ones are not, which ones are smart, which ones are not, which ones they can fool, which ones they can't fool, and so on. So they do a lot of social manipulation to try to get allies in their dominance fights. In these friend relations you mostly see it as a grooming thing. Males and females spend a lot of time with each other grooming, and what is grooming? Chimps, like all kinds of other animals are infested with parasites, which can carry diseases and be very dangerous, so they have to get rid of them. So one chimp will sit there and the other chimp will come by and spread the fur very carefully and then if there's an insect-- it's good for the person from whom they take the insect because that insect is no longer-going to parasitize them-- and it's good for them, they get a little bit of protein. They spend hours and hours doing this. Males to males, males and females with each other, and females to females; everybody does it with everyone else, and one of the things that the observers do is count how much time each individual spends grooming the other. The person--the chimp who's being groomed has this wonderful expression on their face, they're clearly enjoying this; it's like a nice massage. The purpose of this friendliness or one of the purposes is to help the males when they engage in dominance fights. Jane Goodall describes one of these: Goliath, one of the males that we'll talk about later. Late one evening he arrives in camp all by himself, and he seems a little on edge. Every so often he stands upright and stares back at the direction from which he had come. He seems nervous and startles at every sound. Six minutes later, three adult males appear on one of the trails, and one is the high-ranking Hugh. They pause, they seem him; they pause, their hair on end, then abruptly they charge down toward Goliath but he-- in the time that they were sort of waiting, he then has disappeared quietly into the forest. For the next five minutes these three big guys thrash around the underbrush, they're looking for him, but he has successfully escaped. He is afraid, obviously one against three, he's afraid. The next morning Hugh returns to camp with two companions. A few minutes later Goliath--Goliath the one that had run away before-- charges down, dragging a huge branch, that's one of their display kinds of things, and then he runs straight at Hugh and attacks him. The guy that ran away last time, one against three is still one against three, but now he's the attacker; very strange. It's not until the battle is already in progress where they're grappling and hitting each other, that it becomes obvious why he has done that. There's a--the dominant male, one of the very-- not the Alpha but one of the strong dominant males is a very big one called David Graybeard, and while this fight has just begun, David Graybeard appears from the undergrowth and he gives a display, and whoa and gives some pant hoots and he's clearly on Hugh's side, and had obviously been with Hugh just before Hugh came in, so now he had an ally and then the outcome of the fight was very different. Suddenly Goliath leaps right onto Hugh, grabbing his hair and shoulder, pounding on his back with both feet, and Hugh gives up and he manages to pull away and runs off screaming and defeated. The guy that was--I think I got the names right, the guy who was scared last night, when he has an ally, is now the winner. The females are almost as good as males in the dominance coalitions against each other. Their behavior to arrange these coalitions is extremely complex and manipulative as I've said. They spend huge amounts of their time trying to organize these coalitions, and then as soon as there is--so several males will be in a coalition, one of them will get to be Alpha, almost immediately after they become Alpha, the other two go out and form other coalitions to try to displace him. We have some of our faculty members like that. Last night I was reading a book about renaissance intrigue, and it was amazing how some of the big dukes, like the Medicis and the Sforza, and then you have some of these smaller guys, and then you have the Pope who's got his own army, and there's this constantly floating crap game of who's going to be allies with who and as soon as someone gets-- one of these principalities gets to be dominant, the coalition rearranges and everyone else goes against him. You can read the history of Europe in the nineteenth century where there's all this balance of power stuff or you can read the newspaper today, and it's all balance of power where they're shifting alliances and we-- Japan and Germany were our great enemies, now they're their our great allies, and et cetera. Russia was an ally in World War I and Il, and then they were an enemy, and then they were an ally again, now maybe be an enemy again. It's--it really doesn't read terribly differently. The purpose of all this fighting for status is of course to gain access to females. There's some degree of food, and we'll talk about whether food is a real scarce item for them or not, it's usually not a scarce item, but access to females-- I think I mentioned this last time is dependent on the status of males. It's not simply size and aggressiveness at all that determines dominance but how good a social manipulator the individuals are, especially females. If a male has not been nice to the female, which means sharing food with them. They go and hunt Colubus monkeys, and if they catch a monkey how much of the meat gets shared, how much grooming they do, and if the male is boorish, the other chimps will simply shun him. They just--when he comes up and tries to start some kind of friendly interaction, they just turn their back on him and walk away. He's shunned and isolated. The point is, no matter how strong, physically strong and violent a single male is, he can never be Alpha without the support of the community. It really is, not quite democratic, but has aspects of a democratic choice, and that the male must have the consent of the community before he can become dominant. This social acceptance, the value of your peers, and your social status is really the deciding factor in who will be dominant and therefore who will pass on their genes into the next generation. Now going back to the females, when the sex behavior of chimpanzees was first being observed, the observers were quite struck with the obvious promiscuity of the females. The females just didn't seem to care who mated them. We discussed that last time, in each mating cycle a female will be mated by every single male in the troop, in Jane Goodall's troop, sometimes not quite so extremely. That was kind of surprising given the theory that I've described to you, that females should want something from the males. They should want to choose either the male with the best genes, or the male who's giving them the biggest gift, or something and this just sort of compliance under any circumstance, it was obvious that that's what they were observing but it didn't make any sense. Finally, they observed more--the chimps were obviously not terribly easy to observe and over a lifetime so you know what's going on, and the story is this, that when chimps are young, either males or female, the juveniles are under the domination of their mothers and the females meet with each other every so often, so any female can dominate any young independent of sex. You really, if you just looked at the social behavior, you wouldn't be able to distinguish a boy infant and a girl infant. I'll give you some reading, about human societies, many what we call 'primitive human societies' have the same thing, that even the words for a young boy is the same as for a girl, that they're not distinguished, only at some sort of puberty right do the boy-- do the biological boys become socially constructed boys, in a sense. In chimpanzees--so when they're little the females dominate them, but of course the males start growing big and in adolescence they start to get up to the same size of the female, and then what happens is that these young males come and start attacking the females for no obvious external reason. When this first happens the female is still bigger and she swats him away and he runs off screaming, but as he gets bigger, he comes back and seems to sort of choose one female at a time starting up on-- there's some mild dominance hierarchy among females, not very strong but a little bit there. He goes and just gratuitously attacks one female after another and keeps doing it: pushes her, punches her, bites her, pulls the hair, and she fights back, but eventually he's big enough to cow her and he becomes dominant to that female. Then he goes to the next, and the next, and the next and eventually as they go through adolescence, the young males become dominant to each female. Then, that's not the end of it, that every so often thereafter, they again gratuitously attack the females for no particularly obvious reason. Let me describe to you one--read to you one of the descriptions of these kind of dominance attacks. This is one of the people in--studying in Jane Goodall's group in Gombe in Tanzania and this is-- she is recollecting: "Nearly 20 years ago I spent a morning dashing up and down the hills of Gombe trying to keep up with an energetic young female. On her rear end she sported this small bright pink swelling, characteristic of the early stages of estrus." She was just coming into her fertile period and really wasn't particularly fertile at that time. "For some hours our run through the park was conducted in quiet-- quietly, but then suddenly a chorus of male chimpanzee pant hoots shattered the tranquility of the forest. My female rushed forward to join the males. She greeted each of them, bowing and then turning to present her swelling rear end for inspection." You know, 'hey guys get interested in me.' She's young and a little inexperienced, she thought they would be real hot-to-trot, but didn't turn out, and the males examined her kind of perfunctorily and they saw she wasn't really ready yet, and so they resumed grooming one another and showing no interest in this young female. The scientist here, the anthropologist was rather surprised by this indifference to a potential mate. Then she under--she sorted of recalled and there's--well, her swelling is really pretty small so far so she' not ready, so she realized it. It would be a week or two before she was really going to be fertile. Then they'll be really interested. She was sort of watching this, the males basically grooming each other, ignoring this female, and then boom all of a sudden they attacked. "The attack came without warning. One of the males charged toward us," the anthropologist was with the female, "One of the males charged toward us hair on end, looking twice as large as my small female and enraged. As he rushed by he picked her up, hurled her to ground, and pummeled her. She cringed and screamed. He ran off, rejoining the other male's seconds later as if nothing had happened." He attacks this one and then nothing happened. It was not so easy for the female to return to normal. She whimpered and darted about, darted nervous glances at her attacker and he--she was worried he was going to just charge at her again. The primatologist continues that in the years that followed she saw many such assaults like this. What's the purpose of this? These attacks do not end in sex, so they're not rape. What happens is the male establishes a dominance over the female. She's afraid of him--as I told you they of course know each other individually and remember over many, many years and so these attacks during adolescence when they establish their dominance, and then the continual reminders that they're dominant and they can coerce them at any minute is what the purpose of this is. So when she does come into estrus and all the males are around and there's only a very short window of opportunity when he may-- she may be alone, the other males are fighting or not paying attention for a moment-- remember he only needs 15 seconds, remember I described that last time for a bout of intercourse-- he has 15 seconds before the other males are going to come and interrupt him. The last thing he wants is for her to resist. She has to be compliant in that very short time, sort of a like a private in an army, don't ask questions do whatever you're told immediately, and this prior violence the purpose of this prior violence is to cow the females into submission at that moment when they need this submission. That is the chimp system. It's--to our eyes it's not a very pretty kind of system and you can think how much of that we still do something similar and that's up to you to decide. We've described now three other great apes, aside from us, and there's the fourth great ape species which you probably have heard of, called Bonobos, and for a long time-- they're very similar to the chimps. I showed you last time the evolutionary tree. They split off from chimps and Bonobos have split off very recently, so they're still very much the same. The Bonobos are a little bit smaller; the difference in size between males and females is not so great. Their behavior is enormously different. There's almost no violence in a Bonobo troop. The various Bonobo troops don't get into violent attacks with each other. What they do is have sex a lot, that anything that comes-- anything that in a chimpanzee would elicit violence-- competition for food, competition for females, whatever--they have sex, and somehow that diffuses it. They do everything you can dream of--somehow there's something wrong. Anyway, what happens is, males or females may initiate the sex bout. They often do it face to face which is not a usual animal sort of thing, and the picture that I had, and I don't know where they-- why they're not being pulled up--is first a male and a female copulating, sort of face to face and what you'd recognize immediately what was going on, and they seem happy about that. Then I have another slide of two females going at it, and what they do is they stand face to face and rub their genital regions together. Of course what do the primatologists call that? Genital-genital rubbing, perfectly neutral. Now the locals where these Bonobos live they are much--they understand better, and so what do the locals call it? Hoka, hoka. So there's a long picture of hoka, hoka. In previous years I had--I won't tell you this story, very interesting story--afterwards. The question is--there's essentially no dominance of the males over the females, or very little dominance of the males over the females. You don't see this violent theme happening. You read about this, there's several readings on Bonobos because I don't have time in the lecture to talk so much about them, but it seems that what's going on is -- Bonobos live one side of the Congo River and chimpanzees the other side, and on the side where Bonobos are, there are also gorillas and so they compete for the same food source. I'm sorry, on the side where the chimps are they're also--have I got this right? Gorillas--and so they compete for the food source, there's not that much food so the chimps have to forage pretty much alone, the females get isolated, and therefore they're subject to male dominance. In the Bonobos territory there's more--a greater food density so the females can stay together and forage as a party. As you will read, there's female power; the females stay together, and if a male comes and tries to dominant one of the females, her sisters support her and beat the male off. So in evolution they've sort of given up trying that trick, and now everybody copulates with everybody else. What do we call that when there's this great promiscuity? What's the form of competition going on? Sperm competition, and so one of the ways that the Bonobos evolve is that they're-- in evolution the testes get bigger and bigger, and so you measure the ratio of testes size in a Bonobo which has a lot of sperm competition to chimpanzees which have a lot less, very little because they fight--the males fight each other, and what you find is that as a fraction of total body size, the Bonobo testes are much larger than the chimpanzee testes. We've seen four different models of male/female relationships: the rape in orangutans, infanticide in gorillas, battering in chimps, and total promiscuity in Bonobos. One of the questions that you can ask is which one most resembles the human condition? Well it turns out that if you do the statistics, in human's, rape is relatively rare. Of course we all know that it happens, but it's not a frequent event. Infanticide, which you'll see happens very frequently, but not against the will of the mother. The males, unrelated males, killing the infants of other females is a very, very rare event in humans, again it happens, but it's quite rare. The common form of male/female human violence, what do we call it? Battering, right. Battering is extremely common almost all over the earth and for as far back in history as we know. Various studies have been done in different places. In Punjab in North India, 75% of scheduled cast women, that's lower caste women, reported being beaten frequently by their husbands. There's an agreement there, 75% of the men report beating their wives. In Bangladesh 47% of the women report having been beaten. A study of ten countries ranging from Japan to Ethiopia showed that in most sites between 30% and 56% of ever partnered women, had experienced both physical and sexual violence. Of course these are almost certainly, whenever you collect statistics on something that is not exactly appreciated in the society, you're getting a very low report. These are certainly under reports because people don't want to report it, but also when you ask about not just casual, a little bit of violence, but, 'Have you been severely beaten,' in a society where 75% of the women are beaten frequently, the standard for what they're going to call severe is going to be very high. If you used our understanding of male/female battering the numbers would clearly be much, much higher. What's interesting is there's a fair amount of collusion between the males and the females in this beating, this battering. Both--in the culture--both the men and the women feel that it is the husband's right to beat the woman, and it's justified. It's the woman's due. She should be beaten, and they talk about this quite openly; 40% to 80% again in different surveys, 40% to 80% of wives agree that a beating is justified if a wife neglects household chores or is disobedient. Again, disobedient probably has a much more minor meaning-- disobedience worth a beating would not be even considered disobedience by us maybe, probably very minor. Severe beating is almost uniformly justified and condoned for many reasons, including for example, a husband--a woman disobeying her husband's orders. If a husband gives a woman a direct order and she does not follow it, she gets beaten. It's her duty to obey her husband and they describe it-- the women talking to each other and talking to investigators describe it as selfish when she follows what she wants to do, which of course there is always conflict between what Person A wants to do and Person B, then they said, 'I was selfish, I deserved a beating. Or they say that of another woman, 'She was selfish and she deserves a beating.' In the U.S. of course we haven't escaped this, this has now become-- it was hush hush for a very long time, but now it's fairly open because of the feminist movement, and the numbers are something like 50% of U.S. women will be physically abused by the men with whom they live, so again this is partner violence. Six million will be really battered and that's way more than rape, and auto accidents, and muggings, and every other kind of mishap put together. Battering seems to be both the chimpanzee mode of violence, it's not the orangutan, it's not the ape, and it's certainly not--not the orangutan, not the gorilla, and certainly not the Bonobo, but humans seems to engage in the same kind of violence as chimpanzees. The most wonderful quote that I have describing this is from a Palestinian woman and she says, "Men have small brains. If you feed them, cook for them, and clean for them, maybe then they will not beat you." That's a great tag. Okay, so now I've spun a nice story for you, the way chimpanzee's social organization around sex and reproduction. I don't know if any of you have noticed there's something really wrong with the story. Wrong, incomplete, incorrect, anybody think of anything? What have I described to you? I've described to you on the first hand that these males fight with each other their whole lives. A male, he has not much else to do, than feed and think about his part in the dominance. In the whole year there's going to be one or two females ready to be inseminated, and what do they do the whole rest of the year? They're fighting for dominance, and finally you get to have an Alpha male, and most of the time he's in strong control and really can control all the other males. That's the naked ape kind of story which you've heard. Wait a minute, what else have I also told you? Every time the female comes into estrus she does it with everybody. Those two stories don't jibe with each other. There's some contradictory thing going on there, and that's the next part of the whole story that we have to figure out. Why, since the Alpha male could easily win when there's a really strong Alpha male-- could easily keep all the other males away from the females, it's only a couple of weeks that she's at all fertile, and he's spent the whole year being boss. Why doesn't he keep the other males away and get all the sexual activity for himself? It's an interesting--it's a surprising thing and it tells you that something is missing from the story. This is where Jane Goodall comes in; she's responsible for almost everything about chimpanzees and the whole field of primatology. She's a real hero of mine. I'm angry that Yale has never given her an honorary degree even though she lives right here in Connecticut. It's really--that's shameful. What's her story?--Just a little bit of personal interest: she was 23 years old in 1960 and she--in her biography, she always loved watching animals. She would go into the hen house and just sit there and her mother couldn't find her, and then look where the hens are, well that's where Jane is. She's not from a family that was sort of education bound. She had not been to a university; she had no particular career, but she was invited to visit a friend in Africa and-- in a lot of England, at that time, Africa is sort of a very romantic kind of place, because every young person wants to go and see Africa. She took a job as a waitress because she wasn't trained to do anything else, and saved up enough money so she could get this steamboat passage to Kenya. She took a boat to Kenya in 1960. She met up fairly soon with Louis Leakey in the expatriate community, the English community there. Louis Leakey you may have heard of. His family has done all the paleontology, all the digging up of Lucy--I think Lucy's one of theirs, and all of the other skeletons, and sort of rewritten the history of human evolution. The idea being basically there were lots of branches that-- our species just didn't grow out of chimpanzees but there were lots and lots of species floating around and all the others went extinct and what survived is us. Here comes this young woman and she doesn't really have a job and she needs some support, and she loves Africa and she loves animals, and Leakey gets an idea that well, no one has been able to go out and see what chimpanzees do. They knew by that time they were our closest relative. They didn't really understand about Bonobos at that time, and Bonobos didn't live where he was anyway, and so he says to her, "Are you interested at all in going out and trying to observe chimpanzees?" She says, "Yes, yes, yes!" He says, "you know, they don't like humans. They run away, and if they don't run away they'll probably try to attack you. These are big, violent beasties, and you may be in physical danger." She says "Yeah, yeah, yeah I want to do it." He says, "You're an attractive young woman and...what did I say 23 or something? "There aren't going to be any men around. You're going to be living in the jungle basically by yourself. Are you sure you want to do it?" "Yeah, yeah, yeah I want to do it." He says "You know, it's going to take you ten years before you're going to be able to see anything, you have to get them accustomed to you so that you can even observe them, then you'll have to be able to watch them over long periods of time to understand their social behavior, do you really want to do it?" Yes, she decides to do it. She later on recounts this discussion where he said it would take ten years, and she said if I had done it for only ten years I would not have seen the violence that I did eventually see. In fact, in took 25 years before she saw the events that I'm going to describe to you. The violent events that I'm going to describe are in chimpanzee communities about once a generation. More or less like humans, if you take the time say in the West between-- the Napoleonic War, the 1870 War, a little bit long from the French Franco-Prussian War, to World War I, World War II -- seem to do it more or less every generation or so, ballpark 25 years, and that's very variable and chimpanzee violence has that same sort of a character to it. In 1962 she started observing a group of-- it was a large group, much larger than is usual, there were 19 adult and adolescent males, and then along with females and the young. The main thing that they were watching was the social behavior. They weren't really interested in the physiology or that kind of stuff at the time; it was really the social behavior. They watched who was doing what with whom, and one of the things they noticed were two individuals that they considered best friends, Goliath and Jomio, and they spent a very long time grooming each other and all friendly interactions. They saw these two individual interacting over six years and it was nothing but friendly. Gradually this large group--she had started banana feeding the group. in order to be able to see them she would put out bananas and they would come and get it and they would get used to her that way. For a long time other scientists thought she may have distorted the behavior, but it turns out everything she saw has been seen again when there was no banana feeding, so that was not a real issue. She watched this group for many years, six years or so, and then things started to change. Gradually the two groups started separating, there was sort of a northern mountain hill with a ravine and a southern mountain and hill, and one group started spending--one subset of this one big group started spending more time on the northern hill and another group on the southern hill. And the northern group was somewhat larger but not a huge difference. There were eight fully mature males in the northern group and only six in the southern group, along with three females, for instance in the southern group. First she just--they just watched how much time they spent. They recorded everything and they started seeing the group split a little bit. In at least one case. Which thinking about this from the other perspective if there's no ability for an observation to change my decision there's really no point in making it. Let's see how this intuition manifests in an actual decision making scenario. So, let's imagine that our entrepreneur has decided against founding a widget company, a nd is now starting to trying to pick between two companies that he can choose to join. For each company, there is the state that the company is in. So, S1 is that the company is not, doesn't have that great of a management. Things are not necessarily going so well. So that's S1. S two is medium and s three is the company is doing great. And the same thing holds for both companies. We are assuming that the company funders have access to some of the info, to this information about the company's state because they can do some very in depth due diligence. And so the chances of a company to get funding. Depends on the state of the company, so you can see if the company state is poor, S1, then the chances of getting funding are zero point one. Where as if the company is doing great the chances of getting funding are zero point nine. And we're seeing that the agent's utility is one if the company that he chose, that he joins. It's funded, and zero otherwise. So now let's think about the two strategies that the agent can take without any information, and so if the agent chooses to join company one, one can see that company one is that the expected utility now is 0.72, and the expected utility of company two which is not doing as great is only 0.33. That's, you know, if you look at the state of the company that makes perfect sense. Now what happens if the agent now gets to make an observation? And specifically, we're going to let the agent make the observation. Of s2, regarding s2. Which is, in this case the weaker of the two companies. The agent has a little mole inside the company, and can get access to that information before making decision. What happens then? Well the if you look at the utility values you can see that if company one is in state, sorry if company two is in state one. Then, which is a not unlikely scenario, it happens with probability 40%. But chances of getting funding are 0.1. And so the agents expected utility in this case, so the expected utility if. The agent chooses c2, and s and the state of th e second company is s1, is 0.1. The accepted utility if C equals C, if the company, if the agent chooses the second company and it's doing. Moderatly well in 0.4, both of these are lower then 0.72 that the agent can guarentee on expectation if he choses company one, even without any additional information on company one. And so in both of these cases the agent is going to prefer. Stick with his original. Choice of going with company one. It is only in the one scenario that, that we have where. S, where the second company is doing really great. Then is expected utility from going without company 0.9, because that's the chances of getting funding in this case. And in that case he would prefer. The changes in opinion and go with c2. But that happens with very little probability, it only happens with probability with 0.1 and so that means that the value of information here is going to be very low, because although there is a situation in which the agent changes his mind, it is an unlikely scenario. And, sure enough if you look at the expected utility in the influence diagram with that edge that I just added. It only goes up from 0.7 to 0.743 which means that the agent shouldn't be willing to pay his company too much money in order to get information about the detail. 'Kay, now let's look at a slightly different situation. Where now, neither company's doing so great. So, you can see that now company one is also kind of this sort of rocky start-up without a very good management structure and a, and an unclear business model. In this case, what happens? So once again we can compute the expected utility of the two actions and now we can see that the expected utility of choosing company one is 0.35 as compared to the expected utility of company two which is 0.33. So now decisions are much more finely balanced, relative to each other and so you would think that there would be a much higher value of information to be gained because the chances that the agent would change his mind are considerably larger so let's work our way through that. And see that once again if we consider adding this edge from the mole in company two, we can now see that the agent is going to want to change his mind either when he observes s2 or when he observes s3, because both of these, both 0.4 and 0.9 are larger than, than the expected utility he expects from sticking with company one. And now indeed the expected utility goes up, in the case where we have this influent diagram. And it goes up to 0.43, which is a much more significant increase in their expected utility relative to what we had before. Because now there is more value to the information. We change the agent changes their opinion in two out of three scenarios. And that's zero. What happens with probability 0.6. Now let's look at. Yet a third scenario where now we've changed the probability that the company gets funded. Now we're back in the bubble days of the Internet boom, and basically, pretty much every company gets funded with a, pretty high probability, even if their business model is totally dubious. And in this case, what happens. So now we can once again compute the expected utility of C1 which is 0.788 the expected utility of C2 which is 0.779 and we can see that again these expected utilities are really close to each other. And intuitively what that's going to mean is that even if the agent changes their mind. It doesn't make much of a difference in terms of their expected utility. So, here we see that because of. In this case, we can see that 0.8, which is their expected utility in the case of the observed s two. This value S2 is zero is bigger than 0.788, and so they're going to pick. They're going to decide to change their mind. And go from C1 to C2 and similarly for S3 but the actual utility gains in this case are fairly small and so now the utility, the expected utility that we have in this scenario where, where the edge didn't get observe this variable without before making a decision is zero point. 8412, which is only a fairly small increase over the 0.788 that they could ha ve guaranteed themselves without making that observation, so once again this is a case where the poor mole in company two doesn't get that much money. So, to summarize, influence diagrams provide a very clear and elegant interpretation for what it means to make an observation. As simply the val-, the difference in the expected utility values, or the NEU values, rather. Between two influence diagrams. And this allows us to provide a concrete intuition about when information is valuable. And that is only and exactly when it induces a change in the action in at least one context. And now quantitatively it means that, the extent in which information is valuable, depends on both how much my utility improves based on that change, and on how likely the context are in which I changed the decision. B0 > Hi everyone, here's B0GH & Czinczar. Cz > Ya man ! B0 > And I'm discovering his new skin right now. It looks like... Ahem... Nothing. I don't know, maybe a polish cop from the Gestapo, a marmot wearing a costume Cz > First of all, it's a mole, but... forget it. B0 > It doesn't matter Cz > Have you ever played... Cz > ...Banjo-Tooie ? So, we're on the map "Temple of the Gods" B0 > Exactly Cz > We're gonna run this map, I already ran a long time ago But I remember it like nothingness B0 > Same for me Cz > And it seems like it has been updated since Let's read the rules We're not allowed to craft We're not alilowed to build, unless otherwise stated We're not allowed to dig / destroy, unless otherwise stated B0 > Can I punch this torch ? [Ridiculous laughs] Cz > We're not allowed to use third-party tools which means no other software than Minecraft We're not allowed to use rewards earned in chests And we have to play in "Peaceful", we're in peaceful... it's perfect B0 > Yeah, it's so great. I'm so excited that I will rub myself on a cactus Ouch, ouch, ouch. It hurts Cz > Just leaving my awesome "pause screen" which must have botch the screen while I was reading the rules ~After years of traveling through the desert~ ~You arrived at the Temple of the Gods~ B0 > Wow Cz > ~Inside the temple, the gold of Horus is hidden~ ~Collect as many as you can, as they are hidden very well~ B0 > Right, but I can't destroy this torch Cz > Let's go B0 > It bothers me Cz > Don't destroy it, we don't need it It is written that we have to find gold ! B0 > Ok, let's go Cz > Oh, and that's great, we're able to run now. 1000 years later B0 > Yup. Damn, this bridge is so long Cz > I can see a D.K. painting right ahead. So cool. At the entrance of a "Temple of the God"... it's so cool B0 > For my part, I can see the Castlevania castle Cz > With your Texture Pack ? B0 > With the painterly pack, you're right. Cz > Awesome... ~As you get closer to the temple~ ~You begin to feel a presence~ B0 > Hmmm Cz > ~The guardian god, Horus...~ ~challenges you to beat...~ Yes, I'm translating at the speed of light [laughs] B0 > I see that [laughs] [mixed voices] Cz > ~The temples propose many challenges to earn gold~ The temple is really nice. Spread the word. B0 > Yes... I'm gonna explore that Cz > And get some torches B0 > Imagine that all this sand... Oh, there's a nice pool of lava right here A nice fountain Cz > Oops, I broke a torch B0 > Hop... It's... high... it's... oh. Yes it's high. Oh, there's a head up ahead Cz > Oh, have you seen that it has frozen ? B0 > On the borders ? Cz > Yes, right here... Water has frozen B0 > That's amazing B0 > But... ahem... why ? We're in the middle of the desert Cz > I think the guy made this sandy map on an ice biome B0 > Very clever. But at least, the work is magnificent. Cz > Let's enter B0 > Forward to the adventure of Indiana Jones Cz > ~All the gods participated by adding tasks to the temple~ B0 > Ok... I guess it means there are multiple tasks and each one has been made by a different god ? Cz > I think so. B0 > Go on, polish marmot Cz > ~The switch of Ma'hat~ Hmm. Iron doors... B0 > yes.... We need to find a switch ? Cz > I think so [laughs] Taking a look at the room, I really think so. B0 > Searching, searching... oh, maybe... No . . . Cz > I can only see torches B0 > So am I Come on switch. where are you ? Cz > Hello ! I just found a wild B0 walking around B0 > Searching a switch to sate his switch needs Cz > I got it... Here it is. B0 > Push it It opens Go on marmot [reading litterally] ~This piece of gold was easy to find~ ~but you'll never find the 19 others~ And boom !, it's mine ~The Grave of Atum~ Cz > I guess we have to dig. I see clay B0 > And the we could make.... Oh no, we can't make bricks We're not allowed to craft. Cz > Have you taken the gold ? B0 > Yes, I took it. Cz > Hey, wait for me, I'm gonna die if I jump B0 > Ouch, that's me... jackass Cz > I was saying, if I come after you, I would die jumping in this hole B0 > And you almost killed me. We finally arrived Cz > I'll dig it all, 'cause I'm a true one B0 > By the way, is there..... no Digging under you feets.... Nothing Nothing at all... ok Cz > ~The pillars of Sobek~ I'm just gonna give all my clay away in the stream I find this funny B0 > Beuuargh !!!! Cz > Vomiting clay B0 > It's nearby.... disgusting We only began a few minutes ago, and that's already whatsoever So, I'm gonna see what's on these pillars Cz > Yes, you're right, we need to jumps on the pillars Welcome on this parkour episode Hey, you're running fast, bad boy. B0 > Nanana, I'm good, am I not ? I have made Minecraft's Edge so many times Oh, there's a chest in the water Cz > A chest in the water ? It's for me, I just fell off Hey... this man is just stealing my gold in front of me B0 > You know, it's just like in Indiana Jones There is the good and the bad one So, I'm the bad one, taking all the gold Cz > Yeah... and our name is Jack Spades B0 > Yes, that's right The adventurers of "Temple of the Gods" It'sso harmonious to see you jump all around, like that Cz > I think so, with my polish mole like you say The last one is hard B0 > I fell off Cz > Me too... B0 > We'll get there, friends Cz > ...on the last pillar B0 > Hop... hop... hop Cz > I don't care, I'll push you B0 > Bastard, you must to catch me first Cz > Hmm. Well B0 > Didn't got it Cz > What's the name of.... Oh, f**k. I keep falling It's very hard because I took the reflex to run and it seems like I'm taking acceleration while in the air B0 > I guess Cz > What's the name of the girl in Mirror's Edge ? B0 > Hmm. Faith Cz > Yes, that's it. Faith, if you're watching us... special dedication B0 > Just for you, baby It's you we love Cz > I think she'd have beaten us with her finger in her nose B0 > And.. and... I got it ! I wonder if he considered sprint since 1.8 I sprinted for the last block Cz > I don't think so B0 > I still sprinted And... [whistle]... Tada Cz > Well, wait... I'll take some time to catch you up [taunting] B0 > One more One more And yes... Sublime Let's applause, kids Cz > And now, I want to hit you B0 > Hey, bastard... Take this Cz > You just pushed me backwards I thought I was falling down again B0 > It would have been so funny ~Remember that there can be more~ ~than just one piece of gold in each room~ Cz > Oh crap... Wait, I'll go back No... I'm not as crazy as this [mixed voices] B0 > Except the one in the water, there's nothing in fact Cz > I don't think so B0 > I have two pieces Cz > Have you seen a pillar with a chest ? B0 > Nope Oh, a labyrinth Cz > Let's make the Labyrinth of Khepri Do we share the work ? I'll go left B0 > Oh, a chest... and gold Cz > Naughty boy, I went left You find the gold and I got a dead end B0 > I've completely lost sight of you Cz > I have an incredible sign. "Are you lost ?" B0 > And I found the next room Cz > Shut up man. You seriously found the exit ? B0 > Yes, I just arrived to the mystery of Tefnut And I'm having a brick, I'll wait Cz > Allright, wait for me 'cause I'm completely lost Hmm. I guess it's this way Right, dead end B0 > Here I am, youhouu Cz > Left Yes, but wait.... dead end. No other chests ? I want chests B0 > Yes, here it says that there are more than two I'll scan the room Cz > Wait for me Here's a dead end I'll do the right-hand rule B0 > Ok, it's a good idea Cz > Hop... hop... hop B0 > I'm at the "lost ?" sign, now Cz > You're at the "lost ?" sign ? For my part, I'm at the entrance B0 > It's kind of little for a labyrinth Cz > Oh, up there...A chest ! B0 > really ? Cz > It was up there B0 > Well done, well done So, the count is... I have three Cz > I have one, we have four Let's go to the exit I look up, you look down B0 > That was the chest where I found my last piece Cz > I'll continue to look up B0 > Move over Cz > Yeah, yeah... It's ok... , chief, chief B0 > ... then I choosed my path randomly Cz > I knew that you were miser, but this argument is not valid B0 > Listen, I'm wearing a suit. I need to pay the dyeing Cz > You just passed through me, I was seeing from inside your skin It's awesome to see with ender's eyes B0 > Yup, you're seeing the life in pink Cz > ~The mystery of Tefnut~ And I'll take the chest before you And I'm getting owned because it's a brick and not a piece of gold [tauting] B0 > Iron door ~Every item in a box is here for a reason~ Cz > Ok, so I'll throw the brick through this hole because there's a hole and I don't see what else I can do with this brick B0 > There's a switch right here Cz > What ? B0 > I just pushed the button and... Oh, there's water... See ? I opened a water stream Cz > Ok, so I'll throw this thing right in F**k B0 > You got owned Cz > I'll throw it higher Tada B0 > Remember like you played "Angry Birds" Cz > Oh yes ! A door... A chest !!! Sh*t, just a... You bother me... You get all the cool stuff And I'm getting the brick, the fishing rod... B0 > Ahem, there's a hole in front of the door, is this normal ? Cz > I don't know B0 > Oh, you got a fishing rod Cz > I don't think this hole is something normal I guess there's something right here I'll shoot the... Oh. Is the door open ? Run B0 > I'm getting through Cz > So am I B0 > You were right, this hole was not normal Cz > Is it "/tp" ? B0 > Ahem.. I'll try Cz > I already... Try yourself if you want B0 > You'll join me down there and we'll be f**ked [mixed voices] B0 > There's a nice redstone track Cz > I think you're not op Wait, I'll pause my game and make you op B0 > Ok Cz > So... "/op B0".... B0.... B0 > craft Cz > craft Here you are now op, you can tp B0 > Meantime, I comment the redstone down here It's a great job There's a lot of stuff everywhere All kind of functions Things that just blows my mind because I really hate that Cz > And I'm still shooting with my fishing rod it wrapped itself and I can't activate the plate anymore I got lucky the first time and now I just keep shooting B0 > Your nickname is very hard to write Cz > Czinczar B0 > Yes, that's what I'm doing But the server answers : Syntax error, please provide a source and a target Cz > I fell off, so we need to... We're gonna change the game mode We're gonna fly because... Yes it's cheated but I'm sorry B0 > Yes, otherwise we'll stay stucked. Not a good option I don't remember, is it "/gamemode 0" ? I don't remember how to change B0 > You think I know ? I never administrated a server B0 > Ha friends, a superb failure like we love them B0 > Don't you have something to.... Cz > I'll give us dirt and... B0 > And we get out of here. Cz > so.. T, "/give Czinczar" what's is the dirt ID ? 2? B0 > Try it I don't know the IDs Cz > Nothing B0 > How long have we played ? It took us like 15 minutes before going for noobs ? Cz > Wait, are you going to tell me that I'm not op on my own machine ? [keyboard typing] B0 > Oh, I got some chests... Hm, no.. Doors Cz > Hmm. well.... B0 > I have 64 what ? Cz > I should gave us doors, but I have two doors I'll throw them away We're gonna give us some stone The ID is 1 T, "/give Czinczar 1" Oh, you have dirt ? B0 > I have some dirt, it's ok Cz > Give me some Oh no, get up and I'll follow you B0 > I gave you some It will put some greenery in this temple It's cool Cz > And an awesome fail by the way I don't know who made "Temple of the Gods" I'm gonna look on the web Take a look at his nickname So, Trumavarium If you hear us Know that a block on your map ran away B0 > Yup Cz > And I'm taking back my fishing rod And I'll try to re-re-activate this plate B0 > Come on It's open ~Find the correct order~ Cz > All right. Aren't there any other instructions ? There are torches up there B0 > well... randomly Cz > Yup, bruteforce that B0 > And it's done, we found the order Cz > That was epic B0 > It's full of pressure plates in this room Cz > Is it a joke ? What ? B0 > Wait I.... Don't move I think it's this one It these plates... Hmm, this one Cz > Just, try to run to the door B0 > Damn I try it again Arf, damn Cz > There's no instruction ? Nothing up there ? Nothing... there's nothing at all B0 > Can you thow your fishing rod on the plate ? Does it active stone plates ? Cz > Oh, really good idea But I don't think so I guess he already thought of that. It's for wooden plates normally Let's look at word problems that use the Law of Cosines. Two airplanes leave the airport at the same time. An hour later, they are 189 kilometers apart. If one plane traveled 168 km and the other plane traveled 244 km during that hour, find the angle theta between their flight paths. Now the figure over here shows the situation. Let's label the angles and sides with the stand law of cosine notation. In other words, let's let this angle theta that we're looking for be capital A, let this angle of this plane over here be capital B, and we'll let this angle of this plane here be capital C. Now remember, we label the sides opposite the angle with the corresponding letter, but just lowercase. So this is little c. This is little a and this is little b. So we are looking for angle theta, which is angle a. So the following Law of Cosine formula can help us. a^2 = b^2 + c squared - two * b * c - the cosine of A. And plugging in our information gives us 189 squared is equal to 168 squared plus 244 squared. - two * 168 * 244 * the cos of a. And now let's bring this entire product here to the left hand side, and bring this to the right hand side. Which gives us two * 168 * 244 * cosine of A = 168 ^ two + 244 ^ two - 189 ^ two. And now dividing both sides by this product here gives us that cosine of A = 168 ^ two + 244 ^ two - 189 ^ / two * 168 * 244, which means that a is the angle whose cosine is this ratio here. But moreover since a is an angle in a triangle it has to be between zero and 180. Degrees. That is, A is equal to inverse cosine of this whole ratio, one(68^2)+(244^2) - 189^2 / by two * 168 * 244. And plugging this in our calculator we get that this is approximately 50.6 degrees. And looking back up here in our figure then, remember A is theta, which is what we were looking for. So theta then, our answer is approximately 50.6 degrees. And this is how we can use the law of cosines to help us solve a word problem. Thank you and we'll see you next time. [Thrun] The answer is approximately 0.0142, and it is an exercise in expanding this term using Bayes' rule, using total probability, which I'll just do for you. Using Bayes' rule, you can transform this into P of H given R comma S times P of R given S over P of H given S. We observe the conditional independence of R and S to simplify this to just P of R, and the denominator is expanded by folding in R and not R, P of H given R comma S times P of R plus P of H given not R and S times P of not R, which is total probability. We can now read off the numbers from the tables over here, which gives us 1 times 0.01 divided by this expression that is the same as the expression over here, so 0.01 plus this thing over here, which you can find over here to be 0.7, times this guy over here, which is 1 minus the value over here, 0.99, which gives us approximately 0.0142. here we are guys, samsung the next big thing you two Ideas we know that its got to be big because its for the sup.. shh! We can't say ( you can't say the name of the game) we can't say su ( ahh) we actually can't say super ( ahh, it's trademarked, we can get sued.) by who? somebody, everybody, who knows wait so can I say super? yeah Im I allowed to say yatee! can I say san francisco? sure but I can't say the f... yee! can I say the baltimore hhhhcks! can I say the san francisco fifty minus one (thumbs up) love it can we say the baltimore black birds? absolutely! all you want so what do we say instead of super... The big game! The big plate? so we need a commercial for the big plate featuring the san francisco fifty minus oneners and the baltimore black birds You go it Paul! Come here, ride my back and we'll play. Come here, ride my back and we'll play. Love, love, love, my love. What a love, my beloved. Yes... my love. Oh... my love. What would you like to eat? What would you like to eat? A poked round watermelon poured with sweet white honey? Take the seeds out and taste a juicy red piece. Savor it all in one big bite. No don't want any. Then what would you like to eat? What would you like to eat? A short, thick, and oval sweet cucumber, eggplant, or melon? No don't want any. Then what would you like to eat? What do you like to eat? Would you like cherries or grapes? A taffy or tangerine candy my dear? Then my love... What would you like to eat? What do you want to eat? Sour apricots after you're pregnant with Young Lee's baby? No don't want that either. Oh... my love. Go away, let me see your backside. Come here, let me see your front. Crawl like a baby. Would like to see you crawl. Smile, for would like to see your inside. Then my love... Traditional music is good and all but how are we going to stand it for 5 hours? I think there is a reason why we were told to watch it. What reason? It's the same old tale of Chunhyang Hey, over here! - Why are you so late? - I'm sorry. Don't laugh! Stop laughing You can't hide anything, can you? Hey, isn't anyone going to buy the pamphlet? We're going to need it for the report. Do you know what the story is all about? This isn't a joke! I might fall asleep. Hey, you have to be awake when I'm asleep and will stay awake when you are a sleep. There are six of us here. Why don't we take turn watching, 50 minutes each? I'm tired and have a back pain. I can't take it for too long. I'm going to get some information on the net for my report. You guys go ahead and watch it. Traditional art has never disappointed me. You should watch it. Just hang in there. It will take 5 hours to complete the performance. Performing for 5 hours is going to be exausting for me and you. We'll have two intermissions. You can use the bathroom for peeing or crapping during those intermissions. To be more polite, urination and defecation. The show... I'll do my best till the very last minute of it. I ask you to encourage me so can do my job well. From the beginning to the very end. Thank you. Namwon town of Honam Province was known as Dae- bang region long ago. On the east is Chiri Mountain. On the west is Chuksung River. Water flowed southwards with high mountains above. Full of spiritual energy, Namwon bred many pretty people. With endless graves of loyal officials, can unswerving loyalty not exist? In King Sukjong's early reign, there lived the only son of a local governor. He was 15 years old. Since he was handsome and righteous, he was a great man. On one fine day, he called his servant Pangja... - Hey Pangja! - Yes master. I've been here several months, but I've yet to go sightseeing. Do you know of any good places? Why does a diligent student like you need to know? You're foolish. All the greatest scholars have visited famous sights. So tell me now. As you wish Master Lee. I will tell you outline Out the north gate, Kyoryong Fortress is a good place. Out the west is Sonwon Temple and to the east is Kwan Mausoleum. To the south is Ojak Bridge, and Yongju Pavilion. They say they're the best places to visit in the south provinces. From what you said Kwangharu seems the best. Go get the horse ready. But your father forbids this and we'll get into trouble. I'll just get permission. Go mount the saddle! He mounted the horse, and Pangja leads the way. As he leaves the South Gate, a fan shaped like a crane's yellow wing, he flips it open and blocks the sun. As he travels down the South Road, the breezy dust from each trot, flutters in the air with the scent of peach flowers... The governor's son is out. Juksung Mountain in the morning is still covered by late fog. The river water reflects green willows and flowering trees. The spring wind blows gently. The beautiful columns soar high into the sky. The purplish- red tower embraces the sunligh and shines radiantly. Must be Kwangharu. Kwangharu is beautiful, but Ojak bridge is better. If it is really Ojak bridge, then the legend of Gyunwoo and his love Jiknya must be true. I'll be the Gyunwoo star on Ojak bridge, but who shall be my Jiknya? - Pangja. - Yes, master. Today, we'll drink as friends not as master and servant. Who is the oldest of you two? Master, he's a few years older. Then you have a drink first. Take this drink. Today's your day. It's really great "I didn't recognize spring's arrival." "But everywhere, peach flowers blossomed already." "A pair of butterflies left the peach flower, but they returned missing it." White and red flowers. White and red flowers from the flowery forest an angelic girl appears. Like the sun or moon, this beautiful girl appears. She arrives in a forest for have a swing with a girl about her age. The long twisted ropes, she grabs them with her delicate hands. She leans once, and swings up. She leans again, and swings back. If she flies higher, she'll meet the Sowangmo angel. If she flies lower, she'll meet the ancient Yoji empress. She is a girl, but also an angel. One moment she's far away, the next she's very close. Her swings in and out are like a swallow's springs Her lovely motions put Mongryong in a spell. - Hey, Pangja. - Yes... Yes, master. - Look over there. - Where? Where my fan is pointed idiot. Oh, the wrestling match we passed by. Look carefully. Can't you see that girl swinging in the forest? Looks like a fair maiden on a swing. Let's go inside... You think a fair maiden would be out here on a swing? You fool. You should even recognize a passing dog in your hometown. Oh, her name's Chunhyang. She's an old courtesan's daughter. Looks like her maid Hyangdan is with her too. A courtesan's daughter... This is good. Pangja. Go and bring her here. - Please can't... - Pangja! She won't come. Even though her mother's a courtesan Chunhyang is arrogant, So refuse become a courtesan do weaving and sewing well- read, and writes poems. She's like a noble's daughter. She's a courtesan's daughter. So can't ask to see her face? Bring her to me now. Oh master... Many officials, penniless rakes, and even nobles of Namwon tried endlessly to seduce her, but they all failed. That's nonsense. The world's precious beauties are destined to have an owner. So go and get her. Pangja obeys and runs for Chunhyang. A fast, chic, and charming Pangja. Yet a flippant, fluttery, and sly Pangja. Like a blue bird delivering a letter to Sowangmo, a clever and quite cunning Pangja. He wears an ox felt hat with silk straps, a fake jacket and linen pants. With a stick for a pipe, and the front end of his garment tied to his back, he takes one step, and takes another. Step, step, step, step away. He breaks a branch, and plays around with his staff. Cross here and there He picks up a stone, and throws it at a willow tree to scare the birds away. After his childish play, In front of proposing Chunhyang he runs to the forest swing and yells as loud as he can... ...Chunhyang! Oh gosh! You fool! My lady almost had a baby on the swing! What? A baby? Can you believe it? A virgin gave birth! I meant she almost fell, you idiot. Chunhyang, there's a big problem. What is it? The governor's son came to visit Kwangharu. He saw you on the swing, and wants to meet you. So let's go. How come the governor's son is interested to meet me? Chunhyang is this... Chunhyang is that... Pangja, you must've squealed everything about me. Chunhyang. If you're a fair lady then you should've swung in your front or backyard. Tie a rope to your tree and make your own swing. But in this open field you flaunt your bare ankles, ease us with your raised dress pretty smile, and giddy laugh, So no wonder he fell for you. Let's go! I may be a lowly person but I'm not a courtesan. So as a fair lady, you can't just drag me to any man. So go alone. Chunhyang, wait! Do you want to get into serious trouble? The governor will torture you for being rude to his son. Is that what you want? Well, Pangja, How can a flower call a butterfly Then tell him this. "The wild geese desire the sea the crabs desire their holes, and a butterfly desires a flower." You idiot! I didn't tell you to chase her away. I didn't do such a thing. She cursed me in words I didn't understand. And told me to repeat them to you. What words? She said, "the wild geese desires flowers..." ...or was it the other way. Really? They're not insults but a proverb with deep meaning. Like the wild geese desire the sea the crabs their holes, and a butterfly's flower, "The wild geese desire the sea the crabs desire their holes, and a butterfly desires a flower." She wants me to go to her place. Let's go. Now? My father granted half a day so we've got to go back. Studying in nature is one of the scholar's ways, but you're forgetting to balance your body and mind. Don't forget to follow the 'six exercises of a scholar,' such as archery and horseback riding. Don't forget to do these things. If you get sleepy reading old classics read this book to stay awake. Young Lee sits at his desk under Chunhyang's spell. He sees the six officials and Pangja, and it's Chunhyang. His mother, and it's Chunhyang. And his father, it's Chunhyang. Shapes of the 'Gwon'... the shape of a sphere, a cube Chunhyang's shape, my shape, the shape of lovers... they sleep together, and make a baby's shape. Master Lee, what kind of book is that? - 'The Book of Changes'. - No, it's the 'Book of Lovers'. Is there anything about my shape too? No. There's nothing about lowly servants. Bring me the 'Book of 1000 Characters.' Why read a beginner's book to study for your test? The Book of 1000 Characters is the base of Korean classics Because each character has profound meaning. The sky was created on the first hour. Before four seasons existed, in the empty space lies the 'sky' The earth was created on the second hour. Since it's composed of minerals, wood, water, and fire, everything is born and raised by the 'earth'. The profound and delicate color of the North God is 'black'. The color symbolizing the first of the five musical scales, and the center of four sides is 'yellow'. We can see thousands of miles away on the large and high 'pavilion'. Through the past and the present is the infinite and endless 'space'. The nine rules, spread by Kija, that govern the heaven and earth is "broad." Children are bound to take after their parents. You will pass the civil service exam just like your father. Yes, dragon bears dragon and phonix bears phonix. Go see how far the sun has fallen. It hasn't set yet, master. Why does it move so slow today? It seemed to run so fast yesterday, but today it must have a boil in its foot. The guard shouts... <Close the gates! > Young Lee is ecstatic and says... Let's go to Chunhyang's house. Pangja leads the way. On the way to Chunhyang's home, a wide, dusty road leads into a trail, while the moonlight seeps through the clouds. And with the green willows between the flowering trees, the night is so lovely. When they arrive at Chunhyang's home, on the left is green pine trees, on the right is green bamboo trees. The wavy pine trees stand calm. What shall we do now, master? Call her. Sir think it would be better if you call her yourself. Just do as said. Call her now. Chunhyang! Are you awake? My master is here so come out this instant! - Come out this instant! - Is this some prank? It's me Pangja. What are you doing here? I've brought the governor's son. What? The governor's son? You fool! You should've told me earlier he was coming. Look at you. You're better off worrying about your underpants instead. Oh gosh! Hyangdan! Go open the gate for them. Master Lee, it's an honor to have you at our humble home. Please do come in. Lotus Pavilion... ' The writing is refined and graceful. Who wrote this? It's a girl's clumsy writing. Although a lotus blossoms from clay, it's clean and enchanting and its scent travels for miles. Secnt more farther and purer The farther a lotus scent travels the fresher and purer. Your secnt is full of the Namwon Your scent fills my room and intoxicates me. Instead of the lotus you're the best flower, Chunhyang. A painting of the famous Minister Kang. Did you draw this too? You're making me blush, Master Lee. While fishing with no bait, he waits forever to meet King Moon and later fulfills his dream. Upt world and becoming a hermit, it's an ambitious life that understands patience. Your wish to meet a good husband is shown in the painting. Did you come here thinking I was an easy courtesan? You're a talented writer and so am I. Don't you think it's fate that brought us here together? Hyangdan... He's fallen for Chunhyang so you have to serve him well. If things go well, all of Namwon might be Chunhyang's. And you'll be blessed with good fortune. Wolmae... Part of the reason why I brought him here is for me. So put in a good word for me. Come on Wolmae. It's time for me move up too. So can brag about myself. You're out of your mind. Don't steal my part of the gold. Wolmae... Wolmae? Just shut up and pull out the chicken hairs. Master Lee, this is my mother. - It's my honor to meet you. - Good evening. If knew you were coming I would've greeted you formally. What brings a noble young man to our house this evening? - Please come in and sit comfortably. - Thank you. A few days ago I saw Chunhyang at Kwangharu, and instantly adored her like a butterfly desiring a flower. How would you feel if took Chunhyang's hand as my wife? You're the son of a noble, but Chunhyang is of a low class. If the butterfly just came to pick the flower and leave, our world will be miserable. So please stay and just have a drink with us. I know this is informal but think this is fate also. I'll be a good husband so give me your permission. When her father was the governor of Namwon, he picked me as his courtesan for one night and so she was conceived. He promised to take us to Seoul, but he passed away suddenly. So raised her all by myself. And did it with the utmost care. Since you're so insistent I could give you my approval, but it's not my decision. Chunhyang, what do you think? Since Master Lee is so intent does a lowly girl have a choice? But... Since the future is unforeseeable please vow... your eternal love for me. My love for you will never change like the sun and the moon. His name means "dream" and "dragon." This is amazing! I had a dream of a blue dragon submerged in a pond full of flowers. I was startled and woke up to find out it was the Dano day. I sent you to swing even though you wanted to stay in. That has brought this wonderful turn of event. Chunhyang, my baby. Every woman does it. Don't be scared and do what he says. Also... Lay this on the floor. He has to know you are a virgin. So don't forget to show this to him, okay? Chunhyang, come here. The night is late. Let's sleep. I don't want to. Listen to me and come here. They say for a married couple ever-lasting happiness depends on the first night. But if you grab the wife's hand they say it's bad luck. The moon is bright. Oh yes, it is bright. The moon is brighter than ever. My wretched moon is bright. The reflection from Chunhyang's room is bright. When was young I was known as "Bright Moon" of Namwon, Wolmae Wolmae but am bright no more as my face grew old. As one day, two days and several days pass, the young lovers' shyness disappears, and they grow fondly intimate. One day, as they hug and roll around, they enjoy the 'Love Song.' Come here, ride my back and we'll play. Come here, ride my back and we'll play. Love, love, love, my love. What a love, my beloved. Yes... my love. Oh... my love. What would you like to eat? What would you like to eat? A poked round watermelon poured with sweet white honey. Take the seeds out and taste a juicy red piece. Savor it all in one big bite. No don't want any. Then what would you like to eat? What would you like to eat? A short, thick, and oval sweet cucumber, eggplant, or melon? No don't want any. Then what would you like to eat? What do you like to eat? Would you like cherries or grapes? A taffy or tangerine candy my dear? Then my love... What would you like to eat? What do you want to eat? Should Master Lee eat a sour apricot? No don't want any. Oh, my love. How did they find out? Who's the bastard that told them? When the morning cock cried the governor suddenly came and demanded your whereabouts Forgive me had no choice. Since your father knows already don't try to lie to him. Tell him you won't leave anymore and you'll concentrate on the exam. My love, my treasure, my joy. Oh yes... you're my beloved. When you die, become a flower. A peach flower that blossoms in the spring. When I die, I'll become a tiger butterfly. On a beautiful spring day, if I dance around you, then recognize it is me. If the flower withers the butterflies don't visit anymore Seek for Butterfly, Bird, and Flower So don't want to be a flower. Then there's another after you die. You become the Bell of Chongno, and I'll be the hammer that hits it. In the night, I'll hit it 28 times, In the day, I'll hit it 33 times. When hit you, recognize it is me. Don't want to be a bell. Then there's another after you die. You'll be the Yin, such as the 'earth', 'shade,' 'wife', and 'woman'. I'll be the Yang, such as the 'sky', 'sun', 'light', husband', and 'man'. 'Son' become a word 'woman' and 'like' We will live happily forever when we become 'one'. - Hey Hyangdan. - Oh my gosh! You're bad. Master Lee. Master Lee! What are you doing here? The governor is looking for you. You have to go. What for? Everybody is saying something good has happened. Where have you been lately? Were you too busy to study and hear the good news? What sort of news father? I've been appointed to the King's cabinet. I'll finish up here so take your mother to Seoul ahead of me. Master Lee is here. My son-in-law is home! But why are you here so early? Well, I'm glad. I just sowed an autumn jacket for you. Come up and try it on. Why did you walk here without Pangja? Why do you look so worried? Did your father scold you? Please say something. I don't smell any alcohol. ...no fever. What's wrong? My father has been appointed as a minister in Seoul. What great news. That's a high rank in the government. But why aren't you happy? I have to leave for Seoul tomorrow. Are you worried won't follow you? A woman follows her husband wherever he goes. There's nothing in Namwon if you're away. My mother said if people discover our marriage, I'll be disowned and forbidden to take the state exam. So she insists don't mention our marriage to my father. Are you saying we must separate? Only for a little while. All can do is come back for you later. Oh my husband! Is what you said a quirk, a joke, a mistake, or nonsense? Watching me kill myself... Is that what you want? When we met the first time, what did you say? We swore to the mountains and the ocean with the sun and the moon as our witnesses... Until the mulberry field becomes the sea or the sea becomes the mulberry field, we will never part. Not even a year has past, and you're saying farewell? There is the cloud you swore on. Speak to me. Speak to me. You begged me to be your wife, but now you ruined my life! It's just a small quarrel. Go back to your work. Master Lee is going to Seoul. What? Oh, my god! This isn't happening! This is going to kill us all. All of us is going to have to kill ourselves! Go kill yourself! He might take your body with him. What did always tell you? I always told you to meet some one in your own league I told you that would make us both happy. You were so arrogant and different. This is what you get. Mater Lee! Look at me and talk. Was my daughter ugly or bad-mouthed, or vulgar? What is the reason for your departure? You can't do that to us. You can't betray us like this. If you still want to go then you're going to have kill us all. You're going to have to bury us first or we won't let you go. Mother, I'm taking Chunhyang. I have an idea. There will be a palanquin for the spirit tablet. I'll hide the tablet in my sleeve. And Chunhyang can hide in the palanquin. No one will suspect that Chunhyang is in there. What the hell are you talking about? How can Chunhyang fit into that small palanquin? Mother, he's frustrated, too. Please, leave me and him. Since Master Lee has to leave tomorrow I want to talk to him and cry on his shoulder all night long. How can your heart be so benign? My husband, take this drink. While you travel to Seoul, think of my love for you when you see the blue river. Our enemy is not a person the enemy is the class that divides us. Chunhyang, take this mirror. My love is as pure as the mirror's reflection. Cherish it and think of me when you use it. Take this, my husband. My unchangeable love is the same as the color of a jade. Think of me when you see it. After Namwon there's Osu and Imsil, and then Chunju which is famous for its fans. After Yusan, which is known for its fur and leather, there's fine honey and ginseng in Kongju. Then there's Chunan, which is famous for its carps. Then Suwon and Kwachon which is 32 km from Seoul. Bandits in Seoul are so territorial, country people start to shiver when they pass Kwachon. Chunhyang... When pass the exam, I'll send a royal palanquin for you. So wait until that day. A royal palanquin is only ridden by high- ranking officials. Do you think this day will come before I become an old hag? When you get there, write to me and let me know how you are. Don't worry. No matter how far I am from you, I'll keep in touch. In a legend, Seo Hwangmo in Yoji pond sent a blue bird thousands of miles to deliver her letters. I don't have the blue bird, but there will be someone to take my letters to you. Meanwhile his mother prepares to leave. Double palanquins... Single palanquins... Horses and soldiers are busy. Nervous Pangja dashes with Mongryong's horse. Ring... ring... ring... ring... He arrives at Chunhyang's home. Master Lee there's big trouble! Master Lee! Master Lee! There's big trouble! Your mother asked about you, and gave her an excuse. We must hurry. Mongryong has no choice, but to mount the horse's back. Farewell Chunhyang. Farewell mother-in-law. Farewell Hyangdan. Chunhyang is speechless. On barefoot, runs, runs, runs... she grabs the bridle with one hand, and with the other, she grabs Mongryong's leg. Oh my husband! Oh my husband, please take me! Pangja pulls the bridle, and whips the horse. It bolts like a flying tiger. Green mountains and blue rivers he passes it one by one. Like the mandarin duck that lost her lover, Chunhyang is heart- broken. As she sees her husband leave, she sees this much of him and that much of him, like a distant moon, like a distant star, and then like a butterfly... I long to go. Long to go. I long to follow my lover, for one thousand miles, for even ten thousand miles. Where the wind rests, where the clouds rest, where all animals rest, even a wild falcon, where they all rest at Dongsul's high ridge. But will cross it over to follow my love. The Jiknya star in the heavens, even when the Milky Way blocks it, the Gyunwoo star can always see it once a year. The place where my beloved stays, what milky way is blocking him, that makes me see him no more? I want to die, and become a spring swallow, so can fly above my beloved's roof and build my nest under the eaves. I'll meet him in the middle of the night, and make love to him till dawn. While she sobbed every night, the next governor moved on to Naju city after three years. So Governor Byun from Seoul takes his place. The new governor is on his way. The new governor is on his way. He rides in a luxurious palanquin, with screens raised like a bird's wings. Lugged horses follow the palanquin. Two tall officials with a daunting mien guard the palanquin. Out of the South Gate of Seoul he looked around the scenery. Beds of blooming flowers, birds singing the willows are green. He crossed Han River and passed through Sungbang Field, Climbed over Mamtae Ridge and had lunch in Kwachon Town. After Chungchung Province he arrived at Cholla Province, and paid his bids to his lord. The next day when he departed, he slept in Imshil Town. At Ohri Gate, all the Six Chief Officials wait to greet him. The Chief Administrator, f of the Census, the Chief Librarian, who's good at fortune- te the Military Chief, Astrology Chief and the Servants Chief. They announce his arrival and he enters with an arrogant air. Scores of soldiers and officers stand in a row. Fifty servants bow to the governor. Sixty soldiers bow in two rows, shouting like wild geese. And thirty courtesans bow in pairs. Stand in a row by twos Governor have an appeal! I'm distressed! I'm still being taxed for my dead son! Crazy fool. You idiot! You failed your duties! As chief of your convoy, please forgive me governor for that sudden disruption. - Chief Penal Official! - Yes, governor. Flog this fool ten times! A new governor usually decrees the penalty and not overdo it. But he goes wild on his first day. He's trying to show us he's the boss. We'll see about that, right? When he leaves he'll realize he's just a flee. Listen to this. He demanded to see the courtesans first before us. That's unheard of... Yes am present. Like the brightest lunar night in August... Miss Autumn Moon! Yes am present. Governor. This girl has an exquisite style when she does the drum dance. Like the sweet sounds of a paulownia harp... Miss Sweet Harp! Yes am present. She's the best harp player in Namwon. Like her favorite Moonlight on Namwon temple... Miss Love Moon! She is a great poet and great performer Like a Milky Way in a legend of crow and magpie bridge... Miss Blooming Light Yes am present. Be it song or dance she's good at everything. Look here! You're calling them too slowly. Call them all at once. - Miss String Sound! - Yes - Miss Pine Fidelity! Miss Deep Cloud! - Yes Miss Happy Moon! Miss Precious Orchid! Miss Sweet Lotus! Miss Heartful Ballad Hurry up! Hurry up! - Miss Traveling Scent! - Yes am present. Miss Spring Morning! That's all the courtesans on the register, governor. - Look here Census Chief. - Yes, sir. I've heard a pretty courtesan named Chunhyang lives here. Why isn't she here? Well, she is... sort of... Since ordered all the courtesans to appear how dare she not present herself today! I'm humble to say it but about Chunhyang She's actually the daughter of a courtesan and noble official. And heard she's married to the ex- governor's son. So then... Did he take her to Seoul? That is... she's keeping her chastity for her husband. Chastity? A courtesan's daughter... The nobles would die of laughter if they heard this. - Hey, Chief Penal Official! - Yes, sir. Bring her to me now! The soldiers are on their way. Away the soldiers go. Wearing animal fur hats threaded with dark blue silk, it displays "fast" and they take fast strides. She's caught! Who is caught? Who is caught? Chunhyang is caught! Oh yes! The bitch will pay! So proud for marrying a noble, she hissed at us, and turned away. For she's too arrogant, this is good, yes so good. They follow their order and... their hats are pulled up and... they take faster strides and... they arrive in the forest and... Chunhyang! Come out Madam, two soldiers are looking for Chunhyang. Oh no forgot about the courtesan roll call... Welcome. Please, come in. It's been a long time. The new governor demands to see Chunhyang. Since haven't kept my promise to buy you a drink, were you disappointed? It would be a lie if wasn't. I'm sorry was so busy... Chunhyang, come out! We're good friends so don't let it get to you, okay? Please have a drink later. Stop it. Hey Kim! We scored. Chunhyang. When the new governor headed west Pyongyang for two years, he awarded his courtesans a lot of money. Also, as the Governor of Unsan he gave his courtesans much more. So be nice to him, okay? Chunhyang. We'll take care of you so don't worry and come with us. Look after her, okay? Chunhyang has arrived! Chunhyang is here, my lord. You're very pretty. Yes, indeed. I chose Namwon among many other places to see you for myself. But... Are you really married to the old governor's son? Yes, sir. But how can a young woman like you be alone? You must have another man who cares for you? Please tell me. Because I'm married to the old governor's son, I'm devoted to no other man except for my husband. You're well-intended. But he'll probably marry a noble girl when he passes the exam. And he'll forget all about you. You will serve me from now on. So go clean yourself up and wait for me. I'm not listed as a courtesan and lived my life as a fair lady. That gives you no reason to do as you please. By law and custom it's natural to serve your new governor. Stop your nonsense and get ready for him. If my husband never returns, I'll be chaste until die. So please reconsider. A chaste courtesan's daughter is ridiculous. My mother would faint if she heard this. Be it your mother or I, fidelity is the same. But does class make us different? What? A governor is loyal to one king. A wife is loyal to one husband. But would you fall on your knees and serve two kings, governor? How dare you! You will die for that! Drag her outside! We've got her outside my lord! If your mother is a courtesan then you're a courtesan by law. As a lowly courtesan you disobeyed my orders. So you deserve to die! Did steal food? Did disobey my mother or cheat my fellow brethren? If not, then why are you punishing me? You must be ignorant of our laws. Then tell me what law I've broken. - Chief Penal Official! - Yes, sir. Tell her every sin she's committed. Yes, sir. Listen carefully. One who commits high treason, or disobeys the governor is punishable by death. So now it's time for us to put all of our building blocks together and we're just this close to showing that SAT is indeed NP complete. So we started out with a problem in NP and input fallout problem; of course, this here can be any problem in NP and this here can be any input fallout problem and what do we then do? We said if the problem is in NP, then there must be some algorithm for that problem which runs in polynomial time on a non deterministic RAM, so an algorithm or a program you can call it any way you want, so that will run in polynomial time, and the algorithm at some lines of the code either says yes or says no, but it's running in polynomial time in any case, and of course the input for the problem, well that is basically just the number of variables in the memory of the machine as it starts out. Then we took all this and of course it's a huge Boolean formula and you would probably never really want to write it out explicitly, but it exists and it contains a number of components that we have discussed. So one part of the Boolean formula encodes snapshots of the algorithm as it runs on the machine. Then we said we have to have 1 part that ensures that the first snapshot properly represents the starting conditions so that it properly the algorithm starting at line one and also the memory representing the input for the problem. Then what we just discussed is that through a number of rules that look like if-then, you can ensure that the snapshot is at a certain point in time t and at the following time point fit together, and then finally, since this here is a decision problem, we want to ensure that the Boolean formula can only be satisfied if at certain point in time the algorithm returns yes, so this is the last part we have to add to the Boolean formula, and this is actually quite easy to ensure, because once the algorithm reaches this line of the code, wherever it may be, and you can even have multiple lines where the algorithm returns yes, but once such line has been reached, the algorithm returns yes and stops, so this her is very easy to ensure. You just have to make sure that there's one snapshot where the algorithm is in a line that returns a yes. So once we have constructed this Boolean formula, what happens if we solve SAT for this formula? Then there's 2 cases that can happen, because SAT is also a decision problem, so either SAT returns yes or it returns no. What if it returns yes? If it returns yes, that means that there is a satisfying assignment for this Boolean formula, and a satisfying assignment will have the following property. First of all, it will encode valid snapshots of where the algorithm is and whats in the memory. Secondly, it will also ensure that the machine starts out in the right place, meaning it starts out at line 1 of the code and representing the input for the problem, it will ensure that all the snapshots that it has figured out will fit together and it can only return yes if the algorithm returns yes at some point in time. So if we have a yes here, we also know that this problem or the decision problem here is one where a non deterministic RAM would also answer yes. If it says no, on the other hand, what does that mean? Well, we know that we always can encode the snapshots, so it's not going to say no, because it can not encode a snapshot, because that's possible always. It also won't say no due to this property here, because well, we have ensured that the snapshot can properly encoded, so there's no mistake in the formula here, so it can not say no because of this here. It also can not say no because of this here, because the machine will always run and you can make the snapshots fit together. The only reason why there can be no satisfying assignment is if the algorithm does not return yes at a certain point in time and since this algorithm solve this problem here, if it can not reach yes, then this means that this decision problem here is also a no. So satisfiability only if this problem given this input here is a yes. So now that we have put it together, here's our final quiz for proving that SAT is NP complete, and what I would like you to do is to recap the properties of this Boolean formula here. First of all, what is the size of this Boolean formula for an input of size n and remember this algorithm here runs in polynomial time. So is this Boolean formula up here constant in size, polynomial in size, or exponential in size with respect to n? and then can this Boolean formula encode any algorithm at least for a problem that is an NP? Can it encode any input of size n that were given to that problem? Finally is this Boolean formula satisfiable if the input here is a yes to not decision problem here or are there any other cases where we could also have satisfiabilty. So please check all of these that are true. Vampires! Vampires! Vampires! They're everywhere and they want equal rights too dammit. Yes I'm talking about True Blood. The problem I have with True Blood is I feel like it's structurally flawed. The writers are equating vampire rights with the struggle of civil rights and queer rights. Let's be clear, vampires are evil, manipulative, blood-sucking, monsterous, undead beings. Now to equate these evil beings with Black folks and Queer folks is not a far cry from the actual accusations against Black folks and Queer folks both historically and currently. To make this show that's this sort of serious drama but fun commentary is offensive, at best. Good old Sookie Stackhouse who the story is actually based on. She's so boring, really... okay I take that back, there are some things that are interesting about her like the psychic ability is kind of interesting, but ultimately she is the white, female, blonde, cute, virginal protaganist. Which is very typical, there's not anything super special about that representation. I do appreciate that she stands up to Bill occasionally, even though she always go back to him and even though he's this 'I have to save you' creepy guy just having those little lines, you know, makes me happier in general and I think it's also a good representation for women to see that resistance, it just falls short, constantly, because she still goes back to his ridiculous patriarchal behaviour. In season two there is a really great example of the backlash against women if they want to defend themselves against their patriarchal boyfriends. "That does not give you license to behave like an irresponsible child!" "She is a loaded gun Sookie, not a doll for you to dress up and play with." "What are you doing?" "Walking!" "Don't be ridiculous, Bon Temps is nearly twenty miles away." "I'd rather walk all night then spend another second in that car with you!" "What the--" So now look what happens, Sookie's getting punished by a near death experience because she decided to stick up for herself. Now that's not cool, the writers are writing this, they could have written it in any other way, but instead they are going with the very archaic storyline of women as fragile and need to be protected, 'and don't you dare stick up for yourself or be strong willed.' Now Bill the other main characters is also incredibly boring and annoying and you would think that if you've been alive for a hundred and some odd years you would adjust to the way of life now just like every other vampire on the show has, but no, you don't. Bill is positioned as this sort of romantic old school, 'I'm gonna take care of you and respect you' but it's just so contrived and really messed up. I mean do we really want to celebrate these old sort of victorian ways of engaging in relationships? I mean, almost every other word out of his mouth is something about having to protect Sookie. "The more people know what you do the harder it is for me to protect you." "Sookie must be protected." "And I need you to watch over Sookie, protect her while I'm gone." "My only desire is to keep you safe." And now Sookie will demonstrate the appropriate response to these comments. "Shut the fuck up" Tara is Sookie's best friend and I really like Tara. I think that she is really kind of dynamic and interesting. I really believe her character. I believe that she has had a really messed up childhood and her mom's an alcoholic and she's lashed out and been promiscuous and hasn't had the emotional support and doesn't really know how to, you know, love herself because nobody's really ever loved her. So that when this evil god like creature masked as a beautiful woman, who eats a lot of organic food, comes in and gives her that emotional love and support she's going to fall for that, I buy that. What I don't buy is that unfortunately, even though I think Tara is really interesting she's still the Black sidekick, she's still the loud, pompous, aggressive, hypersexualized Black woman. Lafayette, oh, you know we all love him. He's really dynamic and really interesting and funny as some definitely some choice lines. But he is every stereotype about Black queer men all rolled into one little pretty package and it constantly infuriates me because we don't want to reinforce these stereotypes we want to dispel them and break them down and make very interesting complicated, textured characters that are beyond stereotypes but NO, True Blood can't do that. We see Layfayette working in the kitchen of Merlotte's but on the side he's also a prostitute, and he runs his own porn website and he's a drug dealer. I mean, really? Could there be any other stereotypes thrown in here? Putting Lafayette's character into the greater context of the True Blood universe there's no other Black men and no other Queer men on the main cast so he's really all we get in terms of alternative sexuality and as far as Black male masculinity. Eric's character has developed a lot more in season two and I'm kind of disturbed by the direction it's going. So in season one we establish that he's this pompous arrogant sort of quiet but very powerful asshole. He doesn't really care about humans very much they are just kind of toys to him and he can get whatever he wants because he is the most powerful vampire in the area. So in season two we start to see a bit of his emotion as far as being concerned about his maker and he even cries, which I think it's totally acceptable and great that men are crying on television but I don't think this gives us license to feel sympathy or attraction towards Eric. I think that he is still continuing to be a perpetrator really. The scene in which he tricks Sookie into drinking his blood is really reminiscent of sexual assault and unfortunately that sexual assault hasn't been dealt with in a respectful way. So he thinks that it's totally okay and funny that he did that, Sookie's pissed but what is she gonna do? And he gets to emotionally stalk her. I think it's characters like Eric in the scene that I described that really reminds me that there are people behind the scenes who are purposely writing things and get to choose which directions these stories and characters go and more often then not, they are not in the direction in which fans want to see them. Especially female fans because we live with the constant fear of violence towards us on a daily basis we don't need that to be dealt with on TV in a very negative, dismissive sort of way. I could probably go on for hours about the specifics of how messed up True Blood is but I will leave you just with those gems and I'm also going to provide some links to some really awesome articles that talk more in depthly about race and gender in True Blood. "I don't know who you think you are but before the night is through I wanna do bad things with you." How to create a twitter account If you want to quickly create a twitter account, it's very simple, just follow these instructions. First of all, go to Twitter.com and since you're new put in a Name and then you're going to put in an Email and you're going to put in the Password, and then click Sign Up for Twitter. And they gve you verification and a few suggestions if your password is not secure enough this is an automatic username they give you. Then you have the option here to stay signed in on this computer and tailor tweets so that's up to you if you choose to click those or not. And once you're all set, you're just going to click on Create My Account. Your account is now created. Twitter will also send you an email verification, so make sure to check that. And that's it, once you're in here you just follow the steps and you'll be able to use Twitter. So thanks for watching, If this helped you please give it a LlKE or let me know by commenting below and don't forget to subscribe for more how to instructional videos. Uploaded by www.facebook.com/recthaimovies Friends, you don't need lots of friends but you need to keep the good ones Some one once said that some where on the web It's obvious only true friend is your friend. But who would refuse to have lots of friends Uh! these are not my friends! I'm a total loner, I have too many flaws I have no friend, lover nor admirer It's like having an L on my forehead so i ran from reality and ended up here. Atlas! My most important friend returns There's never a stranger only new friend that you haven't met yet Which one is it...7 o' clock in Thai or US? Jack! let's go! Where to? Common let's go! Hold it! why are we running! Hold it...Ah....ahhh.. Running from that guy? Not running from, I was messing with him... Huh! Who are you? She was so..Hot...like wow...ahhh. Who the hell are you? I'm Bob....Hey stop...hold it! I don't know...they're calling me man I have weed, marijuarna You mean real weeds?.....Yes! Weed yeah! You guys want some? i'll share Storm it man..go go! hold it! Stop! Good! just in time! we'll take two hot Som Tam I told you man...there is no weed! Just Joking Don't have any weed just a joke man. What are you doing? He's a terrorist he has weapons. Arrest him! Who are you really? international terrorist? Who..Are...You! I'm here with my friend Jack and Josh! Hey! Freeze! We're just kidding Oh..we're going down to PhuKet.. Really? You're coming with him? Yes...yes..What is he saying? He said he's with them. Got anything? Nothing! may be they're telling the truth Do not pull this again! You're making us look bad! oh! sorry..sorry Welcome to ThaiLand! Thankyou! Thankyou! Ay! oh.. Ay..yah...Welcome...welcome! Hey i have a gift for you man! Here you go.. Cigarette...i don't smoke but it will do OK... I don't think it's cigarette, take a look! Sniff it! Yeah, it's cigar weed. Are you taking him along for a ride! You told me, there is never a stranger. Just new friend that we haven't met. We'll get to know him on the way to PhuKet. I don't know man. I rather refer Girls at least he will help paying for gas Hey! you promise no more problem ok? Khob Khun Krub! (Thankyou) He's Crazy.... Faster faster man! Hey, he's after us! Awsome he wants some race! Go go go.....Shut up! Jack step on it! He coming up fast.... hey watch your mouth next time! Remember! next time watch your mouth! Help! i need air It is flat, please pump it! Flat like yours...it will take all of my air I'm on my lunch break Always come in at a wrong time Pump it yourself, then pay over there What, self serve? That's right, my shop's new policy It's self serve from now on, You come you pump, understand? ok. Where's Kang? Who? Kang. open your eye and look for yourself, he ain't here. Insane! Hey, stop poison me! I think you should trade your child Kang Why? The child is always at Muay Thai gym when Kang is there when Kang's not there, he...she's coming here. It does not concern you! We're not talking about you...why you're so mean! Why don't you take Muay Thai, it suits you I would of if i could. Really? nah... don't take Muay Thai, take a look at this, my friend in PhuKet sent me I thought you may not be interested because the stage is small and little pay hey...now what?... how much i owe you? you come here everyday and you don't know...5 baht. no discount? no, electric bill keep going up. Yike...5 baht, don't you give me big bill like 1000 That all i have. You're crazy! I don't have time to go get change It's my policy.... What policy? if you want to get pay... You have to go get change Are you crazy? I'm no fool, are you serious? oh really just you wait here! I'll go get change for you. Uncle! it's done! oh thanks. Why, are you're going home early? I'm getting food for dad.... Ok go... If i see Kang i'll send him to your house Okay thanks. Still looking for Kang... hey where's Jino? Jino bring your jar of change...wait! Here you go. Good job Jino, let see.. Oh Man...I can't take coins Oh no... If it's inconvenient then don't ride anymore, get a car Look a lot full of nice cars They all drive cars now a day How much i owe you? 995 baht.. 995 baht! Jino pay her. 1 baht, 2 baht... damn this gonna take all night What the matter with your hand? It's sucks to let him come along... Look at your monkey face your is no better Ah...Muay Thai I love Muay Thai Hey, quick! stop him before he cause more trouble Bob! kick! kick harder! harder....ahhhh.. what is the matter with you? running out of strenght. You have to kick hard, kick me...kick! kick hard, kick me...kick! Oh nice, wonderful I need you to kick like that. Who are you? how dare you kick me! Nervermind him, he knows nothing. Huh..him...nothing! Yeah!....you want me?.....come on! You dare to step in my ring, get him down. Yeah you... Bob! you want to die? Get down now! wait! who told you to get down? You have beat or be beaten to get out of the ring Choose your opponent Unbelievable! Me? No, the one behind you. What have you done? Nothing.... you guys are so childish. Pa! Ah..i'm cleaning I've been cleaning the floor...huh.. You're a lil champ right? yeah I love you man What were you thinking? No it wasn't like that I was passing through We was driving to PhuKet Ouch! Farewell! Goodluck! No matter what happen do not come back here! Khob Khun Krub! I know! keep saying it. Chok dee Mak Mak(good luck) OK, good luck What a relief! Get out and stay out. I want you and him to train together... What 's the matter, you sound like a dog! And your ugly face! 781..782... Jino what was it, what did you have! oh, oh man, yike! Why did i ask him for! 3..4..5 I don't know what i got myself into? You should try for exchange student program. Hey, hey, Hey I'm coming with you guys... Let's go! What are you waiting for? Let's go! Hi! I'm Bob It's my girlfriend, Sarah. Jack, let roll, what are you waiting for? Let's go! let's roll. We need gas? No, we stop to drop you off. It's awkward, there are three of us boys and you're a girl. what's a different doese it make? if i drive with you or by myself. It's different indeed! this is my car.. If i take you... and what if your dad finds out OK, i got it If you don't want to take me I'll hitch hike Hey, hey Where you going? Are you sure that you let her ride with them? You don't want trouble to yourself But you don't realize this will get you much more worst. You know man, you don't need alot of friends, but you need to keep the good ones KhaiMuk....KhaiMuk! come on back! I came to take my friend back Not that easy.. What do you want? Get set! let race! Hey! you're not afraid? you can't just play dead like you did back then Nah... would you care to get on? Fine! Wahoot!!! Hey you did all you could! Yes!!! Not bad, you did the right thing Concerning for the one sitting behind this race meant nothing if some one got hurt. You did good! Thanks Kang! don't tell dad that i'm leaving with my friends Ouch! Hey! they knows each others I was just testing you, let go! What is this? where are we? Are we lost? Don't know but it looks like it. Are you sure? If you're not sure, that's call lost. eh..eh! a planking gorilla. Are you ok Bob? Jack, any idea where we are? All my life...I've only been to Huahin, oh boy! that guy on the motorcycle... Run guys...Run! Come on Let's go! Look! You see him? There! he's gonna kill us.. Tell your friend to drive safely! I can't take this no more Jack, take it easy i'm gonna puke! Puke? Bob beats you to it! Oh man...ah..ua... Ui Ya Bob... nasty...You guys need to change gag... Let get clean up! Yuck!!!! My Angel...Oh My God... Oh...my Budha! Hey...are you here alone? Uh..where are you going to go? I'm going to phuket. Me too...Ahhh.. my friends and me are going to phuket too. Itata, Itata...(you want to go with us?) what that suppose to mean? Okay...oh yeah... let's go! alright let's go I'm Josh Hi! I'm Jack..Nice to meet you Khai Muk, this is Yui! Konichiwa! (hello!) She's coming with us! Did you ask? ...No it was Bob I know... Ui Ya...sorry... hello, hello... welcome all audience to 98 FM ...it is hot today... What is that? it's good...haha.. Ay ya...what the.. Alo! hi dad! hey Kang, whe're you at What? going to phuket! Huh! You saw Khai Muk. what's she doing there? No wander! her dad and the guys kept looking for her. Ok i'll tell Sor when i see him Hey look after her alright! Okay. Don't forget! Damn i need some water in my noodle. Jack, light burn out, got a new one to change out? No i don't. Hey, you know this place was hit by Tsunami It killed lots of people no. You don't understand! Tsunami, death, haunted...ah. Ghost? Yes. Ghost! It's safe to check in for tonight, too dangerous to drive without light. I'll drive, you help me keep watch of the road Eh...what is wrong with you Bob? It's not funny... Jack, it's spooky! We'll be fine, just for tonight Oh it's scary! I see dead people.. See you in the morning! OK. Ok, See you in the morning! Uh ah..This way! You don't waste no time do you. I look good...nope... i'm better what's that you eating? Give me it...no...no what's this? That's pollen pill... what! that's weird! For stress. Hey it's working...really? hahaha... wait, hey put your clothes back on! nothing at all.. Why aren't you dressed? I'm scared, need a friend to talk to. Which one is yours? Huh..say what? Jack or Josh? uh..it's not like that They just give me a ride I'm planning... anyway, neither one is mine. I admire you, pretty, free to roam anywhere you want Let's be friend, OK? Ah Yiu let go of me! ah...ah...oh The gils need our help!!!! Hey, Bob! You crashed our room. Sorry, that's why we let you stay here Ok, Boys on the floor Don't be funny or I swear... OK! Man, you're more mean than neighbor's dog what? Call me dog! you want to die? Come here! What? Man you got to watch what you're saying. Old hotel, no power, and..ghost.. what are we gonna do? Ghost...it's ghost! Video recording! will it work? We'll see it when it appears. Good Night Wait for them to fall asleep..then.. Then what, tell me! It's making me nervous be quiet! Hey, stop shaking are you alright? I feel strange. Me too...ha..ha..ha Hey, like fly on honey, watch it buddy! huh... Ouch..damn..ah..ah what's going on? Hold it! What are you two nuckle head doing? It's over there! Is it just four of you? Ghost? More like demon! What now? Let's make a run for it. Bob stand up! Oh shoot! I feel like taking a crap! Ok, you go ahead! Oh my god! it's rotten. That feels good! That's disgusting! Hey i'm just being curious, what were you guys doing in the bathroom? You know..last night we saw a ghost.. Its eyes were crossed wearing red red dress so scary huh...really? let's see. i've made a video last night Oh really? Yeah! Let's me play the video Crazy bob...are you on drug? there is nothing wait, long hair like in Thai movie white dress, pop out eye, all weird stuff hey..i think it's broke Hey, look ahead The Ocean WoooH....Yeah...Ahhhh!!! Jack....stop the car....Jack....Stop What now? Stop...stop What 's the crap man! Yeah, yeah That's it.. Wait Bob! Bob what's going on? What's wrong cutie? Nothing, my bike just broken down Don't worry, I know how to fix bikes It's amazed how a pretty girl like... it's Khai Muk..Khai Muk oh yes Khai Muk, you're amazing! ah..ha... You guy going on a trip? I have a small resort near here I like to thankyou by inviting all of you to stay there If that's be ok! Of course it's ok! Ok then, I'll lead. Jack...huh? Call police!...Why? He stole our passengers. Shaaah.... Look! Khai Muk, for your great help and kindness I'm presenting this tiny gift. We have pool and spa, use them as you wish We will go boating in the afternoon, you shall see Phuket ocean and its most magnificent. Make yourself at home Successful and good look... What do we have... Hey..we have one thing he doesn't have... What? ..is poor and proud...hehehe.. Rich and handsome...you struck gold Calling me greed, watch it! I need no money, as long as I'm not alone and in-love I'll get by just fine. Huh? what was that? I said that money is not important to me. Just bring me a star to exchange for my heart Non sense.. What is non sense? a star for a heart, it is fair. Why can't we share a room? I don't think so...watch it! huh... Watch it!..i think so...watch it...watch it. Wow...see that? Next is to open up air passage, if in need dont hesitate to let it all out, ok! He must hold it in quite a while, so disgusting...run...quick... what's.... what happen??? Look, he's dark, don't need no tan...yea...ah He's dark he can take it. Dark, your mutha f--% #ss, you have problem with dark people You never got cuss by one til now let me give it to you, you freaks... Run, come on... Don't you run, come back here Don't be hater, come back here! I kick your @#$ You can do it, keep going Miss Bikini pageant? g... Ok let go boating, shih..let's go... Hey! where you going, don't run from us? Bob, what the? what?...what? She could have fall.. porno? Jack, give Yiu some snack sure? Yiu....huh? want some snack? yeah...come with me. Snack? oh... Oishi...oishi... look!....Ay..you have death wish! The ocean is pretty...like Khai MuK My face look like ocean? Yui have some more! ok. Try to be Khai Muk are we? you like some one but you don't know how to tell him! No, not like that, i'm just starring in space It's the impression that will interest the other There won't be too many more chaces Man of his kind, it's useless to tell him Would you excuse me! Good look and successful but all alone..huh...ay.. I've been dreaming the dream And It has been forgotten, then it will come unexpected as time goes by And one day, may all feeling just as silent as it has been hidden, will come to live For you, may also have been dreaming the same dream And I'd not want to see your dream be forgotten like mine And one day it will come You and I will walk hand in hand Looking up at the bright sky and down to the deep blue sea As far as to the eye can see, we are only grain of sand in this ocean that knows no bound Knows no Bound....Still I only want to walk with you, to walk with you....knows no Bound.... You guys are so bad... Go away! Whoa! Jack Sparrow! ah... What are you looking for man? ah...uh...a... leave...oh wow... I see why...i know where it is... oy...no, it's mine..it's mine. you stay away man...stay away! would you care for some squid? Once in a movie, there was 2 squids fell in love... when they partedthey keep hold on to each other Since then the main character never eat squid again... The female character in the movie was cute by the way... let's see! If you were one of the squid... How would you do it? Oh no! I forgot, it must be all wet Ahh.. that's the picture of your man, the biker guy. You still carry lover's picture in your wallet? That's your opinion...anyway it was nothing... We are like brother and sister now, give it back! Let's me see... Are these your brothers also? You have sibling everywhere, very handsome! You're a dork, never idolized anyone before in your life? This is your idol? so what? ...He's a comedian... let me imitate..ti..ti...ti Crazy! that's not it! Josh, who's your idol? There is one right infront of me.. They adore each other... That's enough for me to be happy.. eh...listen i have a story to tell... There was an island, and on it, it had all the feelings. There was Happiness, Sadness, Knowledge...... and even Love.. One day the island was going under... All feelings aboarded their ships and sail away But only Love stayed with the island to the last munite That was stupid move! Hah...Love will jump ship at the last munite! Love requested Success as it sailing away... But Success refused to let Love on board... My ship is full of treasure, there no more room. Love then turned to Selfishness.. Please Selfishness i beg of you! Selfishness replied: I won't be bothered! Then came Sadness, Love was awfully distressed But Sadness disregarded Love's existence and just wanted to be alone Happiness also sailed by, but did not even noticed Love, for it was intoxicated with its own happiness All of a sudden there was a loud voice: Love come with me, I will take you. It was the voice of an old man, Love was so happy it forgot to ask for his name. When on land, Love came to its senses and turned to Knowlegde, Who took us here? Knowlegde replied: it was Time Because time will help us understand how great love is. I dated Kang for a short time, He was my dad's favorite disciple, But when dad knew about he and I, dad kicked him out. Kang went away on his bike, that how we were seperated. Men need a son to carry on the Muay Thai legacy Talented Muay Thai fighter is essential and is in needed. Dad said many time, girl is a burden around the house I have done nothing to make him proud. This time I will prove to him that Girls also has potential. Hey Josh! How did schooling in the US work out for you? It doesn't matter where, I can't seem to focus on one thing. I spent most of my time photographing, waiting table, washing dishes I try to save money to travel the world. Is that why you came back here for a fresh start? May be so. I have to count on my only friend. Who is that? someone i know? Whooh...yeah!...who is this???? Come on guys...come on!!! ok...ok...don't cry! So what is your story? what brings you to Thailand by yourself? I'm not fortunate like you! Me? in what way? I lost both of my parent, i only known by my grandma. I have no close friend like you do, not even a mean one. Well now here, you do. You can count me in, and if you want, my dad is your dad Well thankyou very much my good friend! I truthly feel that i have a friend....my first friend is Khai muk...hahaha... Look that dolphin look so much like Jack! hahaha... Jack is a black dolphin. Wow look at that!!!! let go me... yeah common guys! get outta here! Get outta! Bob!!! You too... Oh!!! OK. Friend for ever, OK? Huury up, Ahh...Heeeh... Come on! I need to get a bikini for the pageant, Hey we'll help! No, just Yui, you guys can go do your things. Where do you want to go? Look ok? to this extreme? Yes you have to show a bit... no.. no show... Good Luck!!! Hey! What? I have one for you...only one ok? I need three..Hahaha Take it easy, i've never... Don't worry hon, i'll take care of you.. I suppose...but giving up my...???? Seem you like it slow... Don't be so tense! Stand up for me hon! ok.. Let's me take this off... Hey that's Bob...Is he your roomate?....yes. Ui! Take that! harder! ah...hold it... not like that..you supposed to get wipped oh why didn't you say so? Ah..man....why didn't you say so!!! Jack! give me a hand here! no...everyman for themself Wait! where are you going? wait for me...slow down. Oh...I can't take this anymore! You're an animal. Ey..ey...ey...Where have you been? We just running around. Let grab a bite! Good idea! let's go Let's go kiddo! Everybody cheers! let make a toast! Cheer! Josh, try this! it's good. Thanks... thankyou. that's good enough! yeah but i want you to have more May i have the honor to dance with you! I'm not good at it, come on you'll be fine! Only you in my heart, only you. I think of you everywhere I go I'm missing you every munite on the hour. Khai Muk jack likes to have a talk with Yiu Can we wait in your room? Yiu, Josh need to talk to Khai Muk, we'll go back to the room what about us? Hey! what's up? what are you doing? go away! Where? I don't know, go away! I don't have any money, you have money give me some! hey i need the camera, thanks! You guys planned this? Did you think twice about this? We're friend, are we not? It's not like what you think! Say it to Khai Muk! It's wasn't mine, it was Bob's. It fell out of your pocket. You disgust me! See the night we saw the ghost, we saw your boobie Jack was touching it. We're not leaving with you. It was you and your crazy idea! I did it for you! no it was for your own benefit, you want Khai Muk So what? don't tell me you like Khai Muk, or you want both? Why you said that? What? Hey stop it! what are you doing! Josh!b our friendship ended here! Good! Jack...Jack... What the hell Josh! come on man! The same goes for you! If it wasn't you, none of this would ever happened Beat it! go away, i hate you! I never thought i wake up next to the real person You're so nice to me Jack? you never try to get rid of me...hi..hi.. why would i try to get rid of you? our friendship, after just a few days we feel like we're all friends, we had each other we look out for each other, do thing with each other i never had a friend before. You're my friend Jack, I love all of you, that's why i use this, at least it helps me forget things and have fun I have a friend, you Jack, you.. i don't need this anymore Yike! What the, Why are you in my room? You was drunk, we drank, you invited me in.. I invited you? yeah you did I shouldn't give in, even your own friends left you... Yiu, Khai Muk Jack...where are they? how should i know, you losing your mind...where is it? What are you looking for? My panties fool! Hah? you're not wearing it? Why did you take it off? you dare to ask! You made me do this and that, while you just laid there.. you never think about others, forget it i don't need it anymore Why did you throw your candy away? Wasn't candy...it was drug man hah drug? you know drugs, U take it U see things U feel good! That's messed up Bob... Where are you going? Going to get my friend back! Yeah! yeah!!!! Let's get them back Where are they? Where is my car? we'll just run. Khai Muk! wait i just want.. to let you know that Jack...he likes you. It was all my fault, Jack was innocent. I'm very sorry! Khai Muk, ready! you are up next! Yui, I'm so... I like you! Hey Jack! Goodluck man! Ok i'll get it. Welcome all to Miss Bikini, The bikini contest of the year! Introducing our contestant #01...Tuk Tik We have to make time, let's moving on to our next contestant please welcome Anny! Are you sure... that you want to do this? It does not concern you. Why not, we're friend aren't we? Friends look out for each other! Til' more to come, we have contestant #03 Cheery! Are you sure this will make you proud? And next we have contestant Khai Muk Khai Muk...Is Khai Muk here? we calling out for Khai Muk! Khai Muk...Khai Muk..Khai Muk... Is Khai Muk here? Come on out please!!! Got kicked off the stage? Ok then let me redo! Ay!!! Let's head back! Let's me change first! hey hey...that's good to see you again Have you seen Josh? He was with Yui a while ago, where they went? I'll call them. You two need to talk! Quit pushing fool! why? I'll fall. ha... Yea..hhhhh.. Can't breath, quit it will ya! You said "it is fair trading a star for your heart" Yes...1 star for 1 heart! no more no less. Uh...what i'm about to give you is greater than a star. Just an imaginary ring? I said star, not the sun Give me back my heart, don't be a cheater! that harsh! Oh...hurt..? Let's go to the full moon party! Tomorrow I'll go back to the US. I'll go too! Me too! Hey Bob! Yeah! Why did you followed my friend at the airport? I saw his shirt, look! Let's go to fullmoon party! that is..he...he.. You're Crazy!!! Hey listen up! no matter where we are We are always friends! Let's see hand! Friends For Ever!!! THE END! EN translate: 1c33 Good Nite Mates! It started with the lure of the glitz, the glamour, the dream being China's next pop star. But Lou Jing's instant fame, had its consequences. She was born in Shanghai to a Chinese mother and an African American father who shes never met. This is when you were 1 years old. So cute! Growing up with a single mom, 20 year old Lou Jing says she had a normal life, good friends and only rarely felt out of place. Sometimes people on the street would ask me. "Why do you speak Chinese so well?" I'd say,"Because I'm Chinese!" When Lou Jing stepped into the national spotlight on a Chinese reality show called Go Oriental Angel, she got attention not necessarily because of her talent. (SlNGlNG) but because of how she looked. Host fondly called her chocolate girl and black pearl. The Chinese media fixated on her skin color. Angry netisons vented on-line saying she never should have been born and telling her to get out of China. Sparking a bitter debate about race. In many respects, China can be considered a very homogeneous society. More than 90% of the population is Han Chinese. So people who look different, stand out. "At first I cried a lot." She said "then, I go angry. Finally, I just started to ignore it. Lou Jing's background became national gossip. Show producers convinced her mom to appear on air. The most private details of their life becoming painfully public. "Lou Jing's didn't ask me about her dad until she was 16." She told the audience. "I cried and she never asked me again." But as the show went on, so did Lou Jing. Listening to Beyonce, her favorite artist, hanging out with classmates and going to school. "I was so angry." says her Drama teacher. "But she said she wasn't letting these things get to her heart." Fans continued to vote for her. The judges praised her confidence. Lou Jing was voted out before the finale, but not before a powerful parting message. "I think I'm the same as all the girls here except for my skin color." "We share the same stage and the same dream." Reporter: Emily Chang-CNN-Shanghai Is there no freedom of drawing moustaches in this house ? I have never used the cane on my kids. But you are pushing it. He will surely get it from you. Mom what are you thinking? 2 idlis? No wonder I'm putting on weight ! Dont you usually eat 10-15 of them ? That's what I meant. If you compel me to eat a lot like this... Shut up, you. Mom, do you have any idea what this personality test is ? Oh, not at all. Ask here, you will know. I'm allowed 2 idlis, am I not, Dad ? Yea you can have 2 in the morning... and a banana and a glass of milk also. 2 eggs, 4 plantains... Will you shut up ? Is there no freedom to joke here ? He'll surely get it from me this time. Eat Devi ! Sheesh, its past 9.30 already. Are you coming ? Coming ! If I take her along, I never reach the school before the 2nd bell. Why are you so impatient, Krishna ? Let her eat something first. Krishna, come here. Whose picture is this ? This is an ad for a tonic. Men should be like this. Look at his biceps ! Does this tonic make you like this ? Why, do you want to try a bottle of it, Mom ? Not me. Why not a bottle for our Sethu ? Talking about Sethu,are we? As it is,Achu uncle is scolding him for putting on weight. Mom wants Sethu to turn into this. Do you plan to turn him into a wrestler ? He plans to become a cop, doesnt he ? He needs a fit body to beat those criminals up ! You have never seen Granddad, have you ? His was built like this dude right here. Your dad is nowhere like him though. All those genes went directly to Sethu. Will you come with me, or listen to her stories ? Grandma, its late. I'll listen to you when I get back from school, alright ? Speak of the devil and here he comes. Grandma has made grand plans to get you fitter. Hey, dont mock me, okay. What would school teachers know of body building ? Hey, mocking us are'nt you ? No uncle, I was mocking her actually. Yea right, as if you cops knew well. Ofcourse. You only know how to teach alphabets to the kids. Let's see if you would have got that teacher job without a bribe of 20k. Yea right ! I passed the TTC too, explain that. As if the TTC was like the IAS ! Buzz off ! Heard your well is dry. Are you short of water ? Yea, not enough water for a single bucket. Why do you need to do this ? Why stay at a rented place, when you can stay here. This is your Mom's native home. Told your Dad umpteen times to stay here. Hmm, Achu has his self-respect. This is more of self-disrespect than self-respect. Come on. Granny, lets move into our plans. You should build muscles like that dude in the newspaper. Aunt, your steamcake is always delicious ! Stop flattering me and finish up your breakfast quickly. Your granddad's menu in the morning: 2 steamcakes. Then 2 bananas this long.. An egg,few glasses of milk. Men should eat like that Oh my.How can he digest all this ? Yea, that's what martial artists can do. They can swallow stone and digest it like water. They can take on 10 men, all alone. Once, there was a fight at Kavushery festival. Some 10-30 fellows, against granddad alone. A few punches here and there, the whole lot of them fell like a falling tree. You have got his looks and traits, dont forget. Even I can try taking on 2-3 guys. I have enough for that.. check out these biceps. Hey, these are not enough. You must learn martial arts. Why dont you eat, Granny. No, you eat. Please eat, granny. Dad is coming. So what? Here, shall I pour you some more curry ? What are you doing, kid ? You said you were hungry ? Eat ! Stopped eating because you saw me, eh. Found it hard to reduce your diet, didnt you? Granny has been compelling me. I refused... Hey, you asked me for food didnt you ? What a liar ! Eat as you want man.Dont thin down due to hunger. Forgive me, Dad.I shall control myself now onwards. Oh, you took that seriously did you? Rascal. Dont give promises you cant make, you will get snubbed later on. Oh, is that your problem? I thought it was something worse. Yea its nothing big.But its worrying me.Feel like I've made a fool of my dad or something. He gives this laugh at the end, which makes me even weaker. You're very sensitive.Dad wouldnt have been serious about this as you. If he scolded me, I would'nt have minded. What are both of you planning? Yea, Sethu has got a marriage proposal. We're considering going ahead with it. What do you say, teacher ? Yea go ahead. You will end up having to marry her, Keshu. Why, cant I ? Yea right, I know this guy.Last time I got a proposal, do you know how ballistic he went, Keshu ? How could we disrespect them and shoo them away? We invited them in, but he couldnt bear it. She would have tried to show off to them. These girls, they use any opportunity to groom themselves. Why are you making things up? I never went near them. Please leave me out of this.Fights are the fun part of a relationship. I wont interfere in your fight, have fun! See you 2 tomorrow. Come, sit here. I wont. I cant be seen in public like this.Lets go home. As if we could do anything at home.Would I get to even see you there? There are people with knives all around. Non-stop advice from your dad, granddad-histories from granny, and finally, your Mom to finish it off. Will you come or not? Alright. Atleast we can talk till we reach. Sethu bro,people are waiting at the library.Forgot theres a meeting today ? Carry on, I'll join later. They asked you to go there immediately. I shall drop her. What a nuisance. Today seems to be full of spoilers like this. Go fast. Get lost ! Sunaina: "Rama, it is not for you to beg forgiveness.That is the duty of the wife." Rama's eyes swell up in tears. Why did Lord Rama's eye's swell up? Because some dust went into Lord's eye. Get lost ! Mom, are'nt you hearing what I'm reading ? Rama came to Janaka's house.He's pretty desperate,you see. I know all that.I'm asking why Lord's eyes swell up when he sees Janaka's queen. Mom, when the dude walked in,they took a few digs at him. Remember what I said ? The usual in-law's envy types. That's why. Poor fellow. Yea.Rama's.... Mom why did you stop massaging ? My hands are aching.What comfort do you get out of this ? You dont know, mom.If you stroke my hair,I feel sleepy.Very comfy.And I hear it fights baldness. If you prefer me to grow bald like Krishna uncle, fine. You and your antics. Ok read on. Rama's eyes swell up. "Mom,if you speak like this, who would console me ?" "I have come to lie in your loving laps." "If you bless me with these palms, I will get the courage to face any bitterness in life" Oh lord ! What, mom ? You've started crying. Read on. Janaka: "Oh Sunaina,you see your grievances, not those of Rama.He is innocent..." What is this, a drama ? Ramayana, the screenplay. Why dont you read it yourself and let him be. When Sethu reads it,it feels like I'm watching it live. Dad, we need to buy a TV. I do not have the cash for that.When son earns,he can buy one for his Mom. I have promised Mom that.One TV in the kitchen.She can watch it in between all the cooking and cutting. Off you go. Look whose here ! You're going to be commanding me one day. Salutes in advance. Please dont taunt me, sir. Taunt ? Why, do you think you wont make it ? Why are you here ? Dad ? Dad and the SI have gone to catch a criminal. Anything important ? Nothing. Today is salary day, I need to pass him the grocery list. Ok Get out, you. Mom, save me. Please dont hit me,sir. Get in ! Why are you standing baffled ? Watch and learn. Mom asked to bring 2 chickens for dinner. Pay up at the grocery store. You can keep this. No need, dad.The expenses will go up this month, with the kids exams and all. You dont need to know that.I am the patriarch here, I will take care.Keep this. Do you want me to get the other stuff ? What ? Yea I'll buy it myself. Kids ! He's talking about buying whiskey. We generally have a get-together after payday. Starting from known concepts, we will help you understand well what is illustracom; we will see how it fits into the current market and its final position, without harming anyone, or almost :-) This coop will exploit the technology by placing it at the heart of its innovative model. First, It is a social professional network ...A bit like Linkedln, but with some differences: • It is specialized and unique; because is dedicated to illustrators and actors in the communications sector; • It integrates Fleximage: an international information network system: a management, measuring and clasification tool, innovative and exclusive, which also allows control of illustrations on quality measurement; • It doesn't place the individual or his highlighted achievements, but his skills as his style; Also, this is a transaction platform ...A bit like a bank of images, but with more flexibility and exclusivity; • You do not buy already made images, there are styles that will be used to create images; • So first, we order illustrations, we sign contracts, on the basis of skills; • Thus, these are not used images we that compromise, and we do not seek especially for an author;• We find first necessary skills and styles, with a guarantee that a free illustrator controls them. In addition, is a training place; a market ... of skills A bit like a site of e-learning where is received training, tutorials, but better targeted:• Unlike some, one can bean apprentice and teacher at a time, and you win in 2 cases!; • Beacuse learning skills binds these two players in a profitable business relationship; • These courses - mini-capsules - are not general, but specific, for a practical use; • They are market-related and integrated into real projects; so better assimilated, used for sure. In addition, It is a place of investment; your investment portfolio! A little like the stock market where an investment portfolio is developed, but in improved version! : • The investments that are made do not involve money, but personal contributions;• So, the value of the contributions is related to our talent, knowledge and time we spent there; • We'll never lose money, and all contributions - without exception - reported .* In short, the main relationship with the stock market is that at a certain point, you can enjoy it without work;-) This is a complete solution, tailored-made for you, a proposition of pearless value! This novelty is related to the range of existing solutions; it does not replace them, and doesn't bully any of them. Instead, it tends to unify, to multiply the value of each! The next capsules will explain you, in detail, why this project holds such a great potential.... We are delighted today to have on campus Sister Margaret Nadauld, the General Young Women's President of the Church and her husband Steven. Brother Nadauld served as a member of the Second Quorum of the Seventy from 1991-1996. So indeed it's a blessing for us to welcome both of them to our campus today. Sister Nadauld was sustained as the Young Women's General President on October the 4th of 1997. She has a great love for the young women of church and has served in several young women's presidencies. She has also served as a relief society president and in ward and stake primary presidencies. At the time of her present call she was serving on the Relief Society General Board. Sister Nadauld is a BYU graduate and has been a high school teacher of English and speech. She is a member of the board of trustees for Brigham Young University and Ricks College, has been president of the Freedom Foundation, the Utah chapter, and has served as leader in civic societies and groups as vice president of the Utah American Mothers. Sister Nadauld was the first lady of Weber State University while her husband served as its president. They are the parents of 7 sons, and as she mentioned at our luncheon today that's part of the reason why she has such an interest in the young women of the church. They're the parents of 7 sons and 3 grandsons. Following Sister Nadauld's remarks, our benediction today will be offered by Katie Arvy, a freshman from Blackfoot, Idaho. Sister Nadauld. I am very impressed with you young brothers and sisters. Thank you for the beautiful music, for the beautiful prayer, and for the scripture which is a wonderful introduction to what I'm going to be teaching you about in a few minutes. Can you imagine what a thrill it is for me to be here with you today? You are outstanding young people. Some of the noble and great ones, and your lives reflect faith, and integrity, and virtue. You know who you are, sons and daughters of Heavenly Father. He has sent you to earth at this crucial and exciting time because he needs your strength and your talents and your goodness. A demanding world awaits your and I'm so proud of you for the preparation you're making toward your own unique contribution. These are precious years you're in right now. What you learn to do in the period of time between 18 and 30 will in large part determine the direction of the remainder of your life. You have no time to waste. No time for too much TV or too much goofing off. Very simply, you don't have time to major in the Simpsons, and minor in the Pursuit of Recreation. What you spend your time doing is what you will become. You must find a way to mesh the goals that you have for your life with what you're doing on a daily basis. Let me tell you about a friend of ours who was a ski instructor in his younger years. He was employed at a ski resort that attracted many of the rich and famous and has always had wonderful stories to tell us about his experiences there. One of the stories he told us I've always remembered. At the beginning of each day all the ski instructors would meet together to determine who would teach each class. No one wanted the beginners class. Can you imagine why? Everyone looked forward to teaching the intermediate or the advanced students. Well it just so happened that on this one particular day our friend Dan drew the assignment to teach the beginners. Disappointed, but being a good sport he went out to meet his class. It was a mixed group of all ages and it was a typical day on the slopes for beginners. There was a lot of falling down and getting up and snow plow, and you know how that goes you people who are from Idaho and Utah. There was one participant that stood out in this beginners group. He was a very distinguished but very determined 75-year-old man. At the end of the day our friend Dan rode the ski lift with this fine gentleman and was intrigued by the conversation they had together. "Here is someone very special" he thought to himself, "Who is he?" As the group departed that day, our friend observed this man take out his wallet and from his wallet he took out a tattered old piece of paper and scratched through an item on what appeared to be a long list. Dan dared to ask this man what this list was? The gentleman explained that long ago, as a college student, just your age, he had made a list of goals he wanted to accomplish in his life, and learning to ski was the last item left on his list. He put the tattered list back in his wallet and then he thanked his instructor for the lessons they'd had that day. They shook hands and as he left he handed Dan his card saying, "If I can ever be of help to you, please give me a call." As he walked away, Dan looked down at the card he held in his hand, and to his amazement he saw on the card the name of Lowell Thomas. This man was a world-class explorer, geographer, and famous news commentator of his day. And today, at the age of 75 he'd accomplished the last on a long list of goals that he'd made as a college student. Now it was time to get a new piece of paper and start a new list for Lowell Thomas. I would assume that many of you have begun to formulate your own goals for the future. If for some reason you haven't gone through the process of thoughtfully preparing a list of written goals, I strongly counsel you to do so now. You will go places and do things and have experiences that you can't even imagine today. But you must be working at something worthy of your very best effort. You can't just expect the Lord to come along and pluck you up off the couch and set you on a path of achievement. He doesn't work that way does he? He can direct effort, but he won't direct inertia. I have to tell you that there will be surprises and many experiences in your lives both good and bad, that you can't even dream of at this time. And that's what makes life such an interesting adventure. The places you'll go as you work on your list of goals will amaze you. There's a fun book written by Dr. Seuss, and many of you may have already read it. It's called, "Oh the places you'll go." Listen, listen to some of the fun rhyming wisdom that Dr. Seuss has for you. "You have brains in your head, you have feet in your shoes, you can steer yourself any direction you choose, you're on your own and you know what to do. And you are the guy who'll decide where to go. Oh the places you'll go, there is fun to be done. There are points to be scored, there are games to be won. I'm afraid that sometimes you'll play lonely games too, games you can't win, cause you'll play against you. All alone, whether you like it or not, alone will be something you'll be quite a lot. And when you're alone, there's a very good chance you'll meet things that scare you right out of your pants. There are some down the road between hither and yon that can scare you so much you won't want to go on. But on you will go, though the weather be fowl on you will go, though your enemies prowl. So be sure when you step, step with care and great tact and remember that life's a great balancing act." Dr. Seuss explains about how life goes sometimes, but if we set goals and work to reach them, we'll be blessed. We don't want to willfully set goals for ourselves with no thought of what God might have in mind for us to do. Pray for divine guidance so that Heavenly Father can direct your efforts in a path that will bless you. And then remember this, there really is a law of the harvest. It's unrealistic to suppose that lofty goals and ambitions can be met without hard work, discipline, and focused effort. So each day, each step along the way, ask for and then listen for divine guidance. Work hard at the goals you set for yourself. Then the Lord will bless you in your efforts. He will guide you to the place where he needs you to be, doing the things he has for you to do. The combination of directed effort on your part and living close to the Spirit will get you where you really should be. Right now you're at such a wonderful place in life where you mainly have yourself to work on. Most of you don't have families for whom you're responsible. This is your time of personal development. Make the most of it so there will be no regrets. Of all sad words of tongue and pen, the saddest are these, it might have been. I would guess that some of you could be feeling overwhelmed with your circumstances. The academic demands of college life, the reality of having to work, and the social ups and downs you're experiencing. I've told some of you this experience before, but I remember so well my first few weeks of living away from home and at college. They were hard. I struggled a bit and I was naive. I had come from a small town that didn't even have one stop light. Fortunately I didn't have a car so I didn't have to worry about stoplights. At least that's one worry I didn't have. My mother had made our home an easy wonderful place to live. And she fixed delicious meals. She inspired me. My dad provided financial security and wise counsel and suddenly I was on my own, and there were decisions to make and papers to write, exams to take, classes to prepare for, laundry to do, meals to fix, church assignments to do, and expanding social life. There were new roommates. It was difficult and some days nothing went well. Do any of you relate to that? After one such day I called my mother and I said, "This is just too hard. If you think college is so great why don't you come and take my place? I bet I could get my old job back at the Dairy Queen on Main Street." And she listened quietly. Mother was very wise but not very sympathetic. She simply said, "Well dear, you'd better learn to handle it because it gets harder." She was so right. Gradually I did learn to organize myself and I learned a lot of other things too. I changed my mind about wanting to give up college and go back where everything was familiar and easy and I'm so thankful that I stayed and did something that was hard for me. From those demanding experiences I began to mature. Maturing and growing requires discipline and it can be uncomfortable. But how unfortunate it would be to waste those growing moments. As you concentrate on developing a wide variety of skills, your life will be forever blessed, young brothers and sisters. Now is the time to develop some skills that will make an eternal difference to you. I'd like to focus on four today. They aren't necessarily learned in the classroom, but they're developed through practice and through much effort. The first on my short list is social skills. If you can develop good social skills the trip through life can be smoother. The trend in our world today is to demand our rights, to accuse others, and to excuse ourselves. The Savior taught us to care for others, to bless their lives, to understand their needs, to be humble and meek, merciful and kind. Remember when Jesus was mourning the death of his beloved cousin John the Baptist? He was sorrowing and he was sad and he wanted to go away and be alone. And the scripture says, and you can find this in Matthew chapter 14 verses 13 to 16. (Matthew 14:13-16) "He departed thence by ship into a desert place apart, and when the people had heard thereof, they followed him on foot out of the cities. And Jesus went forth and saw a great multitude." When he'd really wanted to be alone. "And he was moved with compassion toward them," and listen to what he did, "he healed their sick. His disciples came unto him saying, send the multitude away that they may buy themselves victuals, but Jesus said unto them -- They need not depart, give ye them to eat." Jesus forgot about his own concerns, and fed the 5,000 with 5 loaves of bread and 2 fishes. Jesus was the perfect exemplar of caring for others. He taught, "Blessed are the poor in spirit who come unto me, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. And blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth. And blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy. And blessed are all the pure in heart, for they shall see God. And blessed are all the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God." He taught us to be peacemakers. You can't beat those items for social skills. And he promises us rewards for those behaviors. We will have mercy, we will inherit the earth, we will see God. How do you treat others brothers and sisters? Do you think of others first? Are you warm and interested in other people? Do you know someone who knows how to listen? Really listen with their heart? Do they go beyond just being kind and pleasant and listen to real needs and try to help? Do they focus attention on the other person rather than on themselves? It gives a person a feeling of freedom to forget yourself and focus your attention on someone else and their needs. People who can do that are loved and they are very happy. Let me tell you about one such person. Sister Keepe is 87 years old and she has back aches, but she decided one day that she wanted to attend our son Adam's basketball game. She's no relation to us, she just was interested in a boy in the ward. When I went to pick her up she asked if she looked alright. She said she'd called around and asked to find out what the school colors were and then she'd found this gray and red sweater to put on and wondered if it would be okay. And I told her that it was perfect. When we walked into the gym the team was warming up and she spotted 16-year-old Adam and she waved both of her arms at him with great enthusiasm. And Adam happily waved back, in fact he left the lineup and came over and gave her a high five. Well Sister Keepe climbed up into the bleachers, bad back and all, and cheered through the whole game. It was fun to be with her, but her cheering and her caring for someone 70 years her junior didn't stop with that game. Whenever she sees him at church, she waves at him and guess what she says? She doesn't say, "Hi Adam." She says, "Hi Number 5!" Boy does he ever feel important when she does that. This is a social skill that Sister Keepe has devloped. It is a Christ-like quality. Oh my friends, how skills such as these, social skills, will bless you in your life in public service, in careers, as parents, as spouses, as church workers. Think of talking to a boss or going to a parent teacher conference, or speaking with a zoning commision or with the ward council, having a desire to be warm, to understand, to be helpful, rather than self-centered, and combative, and defensive, and always so very right. Can you see how developing good social skills can bless lives including your own? Good social skills come from the simple statement in Matthew Chapter 7 verse 12. We call it the golden rule. (Matthew 7:12) "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them." Now point number two, develop some practical skills. The joy of living in a happy, productive, home environment in the years to come, and their not too far distant, is dependent on the creators of that home. You young men out there, I'm looking at you for a few minutes, do you know what I see in you? I see more than bulging biceps. I see more than computer geniuses. I see men who want to be husbands, who love little children, who want to communicate effectively with their wives, and sons, and daughters. I see men who are taking full advantage of available educational opportunities, who are preparing to be providers, who take seriously that God given responsibility. I also see something else. I see men who should know how to care for a yard; how to mow, edge, fertilize, and make it look like a million bucks. I see men who should know what a tool chest is and what the difference is between pliers and a pipe wrench. They should know how to use tools and how to make home repairs. I know of one young man who spent the summer before starting medical school working as a handyman in his neighborhood. He repaired sprinklers, he remodeled closets, he landscaped front yards, he replaced old fences, and he painted decks, and then he got married. And then the time came that the young couple was able to buy their first little home, and it needed a lot of work. It was a real fixer-upper. Conveniently, he had developed the necessary skills before his marriage. In one month, he remodeled the basement into an apartment which they rented out. This helped make the house payment. Besides the financial benefits, his new bride is impressed that her handsome, smart, romantic husband, also has practical skills. This is the practical side of life and it is important. You need to be more than an athlete. You need to be more than a superb test taker in school. Go apprentice with a plumber and learn how to fix a leaky faucet or follow your grandpa around his garden and learn the art of growing from him. Can your father or uncle or neighbor teach you basic carpentry skills or simple electrical techniques? Okay young women, now it's your turn. You're not getting off the hook, wait til you hear. For you this is a time of unprecedented opportunities and options. You know that don't you? You have very important choices to make. Please. I can't emphasize this strongly enough young women, please, for yourself, and your future families, please choose the finest education you can obtain. Remember what President Brigham Young said, "When you educate a boy you educate one man. When you educate a girl, you educate a whole family." Those words are as true today as they were when he first spoke them and that's the way it is with prophets. I can see in you young women, girls who are educating themselves and preparing to bless others. Let me tell you about a woman I'd like to call Susan today. She took school seriously. She studied hard and she received a very fine education. She was trained as a lawyer. She fell in love with her sweetheart when he was studying to become a doctor. Soon they were married and started a family. Susan put her career as a lawyer on hold to raise their children. Life was good for this young, busy, happy family, they were all active in the church and lessons and sports, and then one day in a moments time everything in Susan's life changed. Her husband was seeing patients at his medical office when he suffered a massive heart-attack and died without ever making it to the hospital. And now the full responsibility for the family rested on the mother. How grateful Susan was to have the best insurance possible, a fine education. She was able to pick up where her husband left off and support the family through the practice of law. It was not easy. But she was blessed and she worked hard at her many, many, great responsibilities. Today many years later, her family has grown up. And now she continues to bless young lives as she serves as a juvenile court judge. Let me tell you about Shirley. She was one of five children in her family and was considered by many to be the smartest and the brightest in the whole family. When Shirley married, and had 11 children a childhood friend came to visit and said what a shame it was that she'd sacrificed her great talent to have 11 children. Shirley's comment was simply, "Sacrifice? No. My talents have been multiplied by 11." In you young women I see hearts willing to create a happy, healthy environment for raising a family. I see young women who can cook delicious and balanced healthy meals, don't I? And who practice it everyday while they're at college. And who invite boys over to enjoy them with them. Young women who find satisfaction from following recipes handed down by their mothers and grandmothers. I see women you understand the importance of having a family put their feet under the dinner table everyday, who know that family home evening is important and that daily meal time is vital. I see you young women who love children and look forward to the day when they will be mothers. I see women who will learn to make a budget and keep their finances in order. Families and homes demand a high level of organization from getting kids homework done to the laundry to car pools, to music lessons, to cleaning bathrooms, to feeding the dog, to washing windows. The bottom line is, jobs have to be done and someone has to see that it happens. In the Doctrine and Covenants section 88 the Lord admonishes us to have a house of order. Certainly husbands and wives can and will help each other. There may no longer be as strict a division of labor as there was in times gone by, but you young people will discover that when you establish a house of your own that someone must accept the responsibility for each task. Listen to these words from the Family, A Proclamation to the World, where it states, "By divine design, fathers are to preside over their families in love and righteousness and are responsible to provide the necessities of life and protection for their families. Mothers are primarily responsible for the nurture of their children. In these sacred responsibilities, fathers and mothers are obligated to help one another as equal partners." I take the words from this proclamation very seriously and very solemnly. Young people, learn how to do practical things. Start now. It's fun to be a doer. Hard workers are admired. Accomplishment is attractive. President Hinckley believes in the gospel of work. He said, "There is no substitute under the heavens for productive labor. Children need to work with their parents, to wash dishes with them, to mop floors with them, to mow lawns, to prune trees and shrubbery, to paint and fix up and clean up and do a hundred other things where they will learn that labor is the price of cleanliness and progress and prosperity. Without hard work, nothing grows but weeds. There must be labor, incessant and constant, if there is to be a harvest." Okay onto the third point. Seek to add refinement to your lives. I like to tease my husband and tell about when I began dating him. His name is Steve. And I was thrilled to know that he was the student body vice president of culture. Wow. I romantically envisioned a constant round of evenings at the theater, concerts, art exhibits, and ballets, with this exciting man. I was quite a dreamer. Perhaps I had a somewhat naive and idealistic view of life. Still there is something in us that's better and finer when we're exposed to the arts and cultural events. I'm grateful that my husband enjoys these things with me and encourages them in our home. I better confess though, that cultural vice president may have been a little bit of false advertising. After we really got acquainted, I learned that he prefers athletic events to concerts, yet he attends and enjoys the concerts and that well roundedness is very attractive to me. It's a joy to me when one of our sons takes a date to a symphony performance after playing a muddy, mean, rugby game. We introduced our seven sons to the symphony by taking them to an outdoor performance of the 1812 overture, complete with a live cannon fire at the end, and this caught their attention. Like many of your parents we've spent thousands of dollars on music lessons and untold hours practicing piano and violin at our house. One of my favorite memories is little boys, sitting on the piano bench with a ball mitt next to him, and his cleated feet swinging in time to the music he played. One time one of our little boys said, "Boy if I only had one hour left to live, I'd spend it practicing the piano because those practice hours last forever." Beautiful music can add an enrichment to your home and to the lives of those who can play and who can create it. What about art? If you can't paint artistically, you can learn to appreciate it. If you don't play or sing musically, you can develop a taste for the beauty of it. My favorite free time pursuit is great literature. I love to curl up with a good book and have been known to do so late at night and early into the morning. Okay, number four. The last of the skills I'd like to talk to you about is perhaps the most important of all. This would be spiritual skills. One of our beloved hymns that we sang this morning, Ere you left your room this morning, did you think to pray? And then I would to ask you, did you pause to listen? Have you left time in your busy, bustling schedule, for quiet moments? The whispering of the spirit is a still, small voice. One that isn't heard over loud, blaring music, or harsh voices, or frenetic activity. It is a sweet, divine gift, given to those who seek and patiently wait upon the Lord. I remember President McKay told about the grief that was suffered in a family due to the loss of a precious, priceless, son. His death had occurred as a result of a tragic accident, and the parents were inconsolable. The father was particularly troubled, but went about his round of duties relentlessly trying to block out his intense sorrow. One day the mother was at home quietly going about her work and her thoughts turned toward the son they sorrowed for, and then something very unusual happened. This son came to her briefly. He explained that he tried to visit his father whose grief was so inconsolable, but his father's life was too busy, too noisy, and he hadn't been able to get through to him. He wanted his parents to know that he was fine and that there was no need to worry about him. This spiritual experience was a great source of comfort to the mother and to the father when she recounted it to him, but he learned a great lesson. Sometimes we need to be still for a moment. We need to slow down and be less frantic. The scripture teaches us, Psalms 46:10, (Pslams 46:10) "Be still and know that I am God." We need to have more reverence in our lives, more holiness, more times of quiet and peace and calm. We need a place where our souls can be nourished and tutored and blessed. Temples are such places, home can be such a place. Dear young friends, you busy, happy, enthusiastic, young friends, invite the spirit to abide with you, and then welcome its companionship with a listening, prepared, quiet heart. At the risk of running over time, I want to tell you this story because I'm a, it relates to the scripture that you studied just at the beginning of this devotional. I once had an experience. I was trying to make a very important decision which concerned more than just myself. I'd had many years of practice in going to the Lord with decisions. I fasted. I attended temple sessions. I prayed a great deal. I tried to be spiritually in tune. And then I made the decision and took it to the Lord for confirmation. In spite of all my spiritual preparations, I still felt unsettled about the final decision. And then I read in the doctrine and covenants 9:7. (D&C 9:7) "Behold, you have not understood. You have supposed that I would give it unto you when you took no thought save it was to ask me." It became very clear to me that to be completely settled about my decision, I needed more than spiritual preparation, I needed to do some practical preparation. I got up from my knees and I got to work. I met with people, I gathered data, I analyzed it, I thought about it, I counseled with church leaders, I counseled with family, I considered it thoughtfully and prayerfully. I wrote things down using a paper and pencil is always useful to me in analyzing information. It clarifies my thinking. So I wrote lists of pros and cons and considered these things prayerfully, crossing things off, narrowing things down, and I didn't hurry. I took time to let things settle in mind, and then in due time, I knew what I should do. Finally the Lord blessed me with the peace about the matter, just as he promised in the Doctrine and Covenants 6:23 when he says,(D&C 6:23) "Did I not speak peace to your mind concerning the matter? What greater witness can you have than from God?" I learned that inspiration comes during this process. Can these same steps apply to you in major decisions you make? Surely it can. That's not to say that if we pray hard, and do what is right, we're not ever going to have a bad outcome in life. We're on this earth to have experience, and those experiences aren't always the ones we would choose for ourselves, but we're more likely to feel our Heavenly Father's purposes and our goals if we develop the faith to know that after all we can do, God will bless our experience to our good. Will you remember that? The Lord will help you after you've done all you can do in making decisions, and in all you do, serve him and his children. Do you love the Savior? The Lord Jesus Christ? Do you understand what he did for you and what he will yet do you for? We should all be reminded of how the Savior blessed us when we partake of the sacrament each week. If we thoughtfully listen to words of those sacramental prayers and then live worthy to take his name upon us, we will be blessed and we will bless others, if we love the Lord, we will reverence him, we will worship him, and our reverence will be observed in our actions and attitudes. As we study the scriptures, the standard works, we'll come to know how to best follow the Savior. I know it's fun to push a button on your computer and find every quote on a certain subject, but it's not as powerful as reading the words of heaven in context from the books of scripture you have in your laps today. There are many wonderful books written about the scriptures, explaining them, and they have their place. But the best way to get to know the master and his ways, is to read his word. There is power and there is testimony in the word of God as he's given it in the Book of Mormon and the New Testament and the other standard works. Find time to daily feast from those pages even if it's only for 10 or 15 minutes. The strength you will gain will help you in your daily challenges. Now you as you go home this afternoon or tonight, and as you kneel in your private prayer, young people, remember to give thanks for all you have been given because you are so very blessed. He will continue to love and to give. He'll give you wisdom as you make a list of goals you'd like to accomplish in your life, he'll help you develop the skills that we've outlined which will enable you to reach your goals. He'll give you strength to keep practicing at them until they're part of you. Let him help you be all that you can be and let him help you do all that you can do. I bear testimony of our Heavenly Father's great goodness and love and pray for him to help you meet your bright future well equipped and with confidence. In the name of Jesus Christ, Amen. This will show how to make a crochet square without using a chain we will be using 4 ply yarn, a size I/5.5mm crochet hook this project will work with a variety of crochet hook sizes and yarn sizes if you don't have the exact size I am using we will start by attaching a slip knot to the crochet hook take the loose end, wrap it over the main strand, now you have a loop take the loop, wrap it over the main strand put your hook below the center strand, back up the opposite side this creates the slip knot work a chain three 1....2....3 This is the Read/Write culture that the internet is producing, right? It is digital creativity. And of course, what you see here is nothing new in the capacity of film makers or television studios. This has been around since television or film was born. What's new here is that these tools are democratizing the capacity for people to take sounds and images from the culture around them and remix them in a way that says something, Now, those of us who spend our lives as academics writing texts like to believe that people understand the world through the texts that we write. But we increasingly need to recognize that writing words is the Latin of our modern time. And the ordinary language of the people, the vulgar language of the people, is not words, it's this: video and sound. And what these technologies have done is spread the capacity for ordinary people to use this way of speaking, to speak more powerfully. These are tools of creativity that are now tools of speech. It is a new potential to speak, it is a new potential to learn, it is a new literacy in this age and it's reviving the capacity of this Read/Write culture. In the last video, we had this rectangle, and we used a triple integral to figure out it's volume. And I know you were probably thinking, well, I could have just used my basic geometry to multiply the height times the width times the depth. And that's true because this was a constant-valued function. And then even once we evaluated, once we integrated with respect to z, we ended up with a double integral, which is exactly what you would have done in the last several videos when we just learned the volume under a surface. But then we added a twist at the end of the video. We said, fine, you could have figured out the volume within this rectangular domain, I guess, very straightforward using things you already knew. But what if our goal is not to figure out the volume? Our goal was to figure out the mass of this volume, and even more, the material that we're taking the volume of-- whether it's a volume of gas or a volume of some solid-- that its density is not constant. So now the mass becomes kind of-- I don't know-- interesting to calculate. And so, what we defined, we defined a density function. And rho, this p looking thing with a curvy bottom-- that gives us the density at any given point. And at the end of the last video we said, well, what is mass? Mass is just density times volume. You could view it another way. Density is the same thing as mass divided by volume. So the mass around a very, very small point, and we called that d mass, the differential of the mass, is going equal the density at that point, or the rough density at exactly that point, times the volume differential around that point, times the volume of this little small cube. And then, as we saw it on the last video, if you're using rectangular coordinates, this volume differential could just be the x distance times the y distance times the z distance. So, the density was that our density function is defined to be x, y, and z, and we wanted to figure out the mass of this volume. And let's say that our x, y, and z coordinates-- their values, let's say they're in meters and let's say this density is in kilograms per meter cubed. So our answer is going to be in kilograms if that was the case. And those are kind of the traditional Si units. So let's figure out the mass of this variably dense volume. So all we do is we have the same integral up here. So the differential of mass is going to be this value, so let's write that down. It is x-- I want to make sure I don't run out of space. xyz times-- and I'm going to integrate with respect to dz first. But you could actually switch the order. Maybe we'll do that in the next video. We'll do dz first, then we'll do dy, then we'll do dx. Once again, this is just the mass at any small differential of volume. And if we integrate with z first we said z goes from what? The boundaries on z were 0 to 2. The boundaries on y were 0 to 4. And the boundaries on x, x went from 0 to 3. And how do we evaluate this? Well, what is the antiderivative-- we're integrating with respect to z first. So what's the antiderivative of xyz with respect to z? Well, let's see. This is just a constant so it'll be xyz squared over 2. Right? Yeah, that's right. And then we'll evaluate that from 2 to 0. And so you get-- I know I'm going to run out of space. So you're going to get 2 squared, which is 4, divided by 2, which is 2. So it's 2xy minus 0. So when you evaluate just this first we'll get 2xy, and now you have the other two integrals left. So I didn't write the other two integrals down. Maybe I'll write it down. So then you're left with two integrals. You're left with dy and dx. And y goes from 0 to 4 and x goes from 0 to 3. I'm definitely going to run out of space. And now you take the antiderivative of this with respect to y. So what's the antiderivative of this with respect to y? Let me erase some stuff just so I don't get too messy. I was given the very good suggestion of making it scroll, but, unfortunately, I didn't make it scroll enough this time. So I can delete this stuff, I think. Oops, I deleted some of that. But you know what I deleted. OK, so let's take the antiderivative with respect to y. I'll start it up here where I have space. OK, so the antiderivative of 2xy with respect to y is y squared over 2, 2's cancel out. So you get xy squared. And y goes from 0 to 4. And then we still have the outer integral to do. x goes from 0 to 3 dx. And when y is equal to 4 you get 16x. And then when y is 0 the whole thing is 0. So you have 16x integrated from 0 to 3 dx. And that is equal to what? 8x squared. And you evaluate it from 0 to 3. When it's 3, 8 times 9 is 72. And 0 times 8 is 0. So the mass of our figure-- the volume we figured out last time was 24 meters cubed. I erased it, but if you watched the last video that's what we learned. But it's mass is 72 kilograms. And we did that by integrating this 3 variable density function-- this function of 3 variables. Or in three-dimensions you can view it as a scalar field, right? At any given point, there is a value, but not really a direction. And that value is a density. But we integrated the scalar field in this volume. So that's kind of the new skill we learned with the triple integral. And in the next video I'll show you how to set up more complicated triple integrals. But the real difficulty with triple integrals is-- and I think you'll see that your calculus teacher will often do this-- when you're doing triple integrals, unless you have a very easy figure like this, the evaluation-- if you actually wanted to analytically evaluate a triple integral that has more complicated boundaries or more complicated for example, a density function. The integral gets very hairy, very fast. And it's often very difficult or very time consuming to evaluate it analytically just using your traditional calculus skills. So you'll see that on a lot of calculus exams when they start doing the triple integral, they just want you to set it up. They take your word for it that you've done so many integrals so far that you could take the antiderivative. And sometimes, if they really want to give you something more difficult they'll just say, well, switch the order. You know, this is the integral when we're dealing with respect to z, then y, then x. We want you to rewrite this integral when you switch the order. And we will do that in the next video. See you soon. Let's look at another data set reaching x and y, and now I'm going to ask you a different question, which is the parameter b, is it negative or positive? Assuming that this is 0, 0, and say this is 10, 10. I ask you the same for the parameter a. Is this negative of positive? In either case choose exactly one answer. Woo! There are risk factors that are similar among returning military who are IPV perpetrators, as well as non-military IPV perpetrators. Obviously, somebody who is depressed and suicidal, irrespective of whether they've been deployed to a war zone, has an increased risk of being homicidal as well, whether they're a veteran or not. There are certain risk factors that are occurring for returning military that have to do with having been deployed, when there's also intimate partner violence. When a person's been deployed, they've had a long period of separation from their loved one, from either their wife or their significant other, and there may be issues around jealousy and questioning fidelity. When there's intimate partner violence, those kinds of questions around fidelity and jealousy actually just fuel those intimately violent behaviors. It fuels the jealousy, it fuels the surveillance, it fuels the stalking the victim, those sorts of things, so that particular risk factor, then increases the potential danger for the victim. Another risk factor that military have in common with non-military IPV perpetrators is the access to weapons. A lot of times people think our veterans and military are more potentially violent because they have access to weapons, or they know how to use weapons, which is true, but our non-military IPV perpetrators have access to weapons as well, so that is a risk factor that is present for either military or non-military IPV perpetrators. Last week, I spent a few days in California, talking with ordinary Americans in town halls and in the places they work. We talked about their struggles, and we talked about their hopes. At the end of the day, these men and women weren't as concerned with the news of the day in Washington as they were about the very real and very serious challenges their families face every day: whether they'll have a job and a paycheck to count on; whether they'll be able to pay their medical bills or afford college tuition; whether they'll be able to leave their children a world that's safer and more prosperous than the one we have now. Those are the concerns I heard about in California. They're the concerns I've heard about in letters from people throughout this country for the last two years. And they are the concerns addressed in the budget I sent to Congress last month. With the magnitude of the challenges we face, I don't just view this budget as numbers on a page or a laundry list of programs. It's an economic blueprint for our future -- a vision of America where growth is not based on real estate bubbles or over-leveraged banks, but on a firm foundation of investments in energy, education, and health care that will lead to a real and lasting prosperity. These investments are not a wish list of priorities that I picked out of thin air - they're a central part of a comprehensive strategy to grow this economy by attacking the very problems that have dragged it down for too long: the high cost of health care and our dependence on foreign oil; our education deficit and our fiscal deficit. Now, as the House and the Senate take up this budget next week, the specific details and dollar amounts in this budget will undoubtedly change. That's a normal and healthy part of the process. But when all is said and done, I expect a budget that meets four basic principles. First, it must reduce our dependence on dangerous foreign oil and finally put this nation on a path to a clean, renewable energy future. There's no longer a doubt that the jobs and industries of tomorrow will involve harnessing renewable sources of energy. The only question is whether America will lead that future. I believe we can and we will, and that's why we've proposed a budget that makes clean energy the profitable kind of energy, while investing in technologies like wind power and solar power; advanced biofuels, clean coal, and fuel-efficient cars and trucks that can be built right here in America. Second, this budget must renew our nation's commitment to a complete and competitive education for every American child. In this global economy, we know the countries that out-educate us today will out-compete us tomorrow, and we know that our students are already falling behind their counterparts in places like China. That's why we have proposed investments in childhood education programs that work; in high standards and accountability for our schools; in rewards for teachers who succeed; and in affordable college education for anyone who wants to go. It is time to demand excellence from our schools so that we can finally prepare our workforce for a 21st century economy. Third, we need a budget that makes a serious investment in health care reform -- reform that will bring down costs, ensure quality, and guarantee people their choice of doctors and hospitals. Right now, there are millions of Americans who are just one illness or medical emergency away from bankruptcy. There are businesses that have been forced to close their doors or ship jobs overseas because they can't afford insurance. Medicare costs are consuming our federal budget. Medicaid is overwhelming our state budgets. So to those who say we have to choose between health care reform and fiscal discipline, I say that making investments now that will dramatically lower health care costs for everyone won't add to our budget deficit in the long-term it's one of the best ways to reduce it. Finally, this budget must reduce that deficit even further. With the fiscal mess we've inherited and the cost of this financial crisis, I've proposed a budget that cuts our deficit in half by the end of my first term. That's why we are scouring every corner of the budget and have proposed $2 trillion in deficit reductions over the next decade. In total, our budget would bring discretionary spending for domestic programs as a share of the economy to its lowest level in nearly half a century. And we will continue making these tough choices in the months and years ahead so that as our economy recovers, we do what we must to bring down this deficit. I'll be discussing each of these principles next week, as Congress takes up the important work of debating this budget. I realize there are those who say these plans are too ambitious to enact. To that I say that the challenges we face are too large to ignore. I didn't come here to pass on our problems to the next President or the next generation -- I came here to solve them. The American people sent us here to get things done, and at this moment of great challenge, they are watching and waiting for us to lead. Let's show them that we're equal to the task before us, and let's pass a budget that puts this nation on the road to lasting prosperity. Hey, everyone! Howard Pinsky here with another Photoshop tutorial, where we're going to be creating a very simple 'loading circle', which you can use on your websites, or before your video projects. This effect, which you can see playing here, is going to take advantage of some of Photoshop CS6's improved animation capabilities, leaving you with a silky smooth result. Let's get to it. In terms of the size of the document, 1280 x 720 pixels should be large enough for most projects that you'll be working on, but feel free to start larger or smaller if you wish. As for the shape of the circle, there's a very handy custom shape that comes with Photoshop that will work out great for a design like this. Grab the Custom Shape Tool from your Tools Bar, then at the top on the Options Bar, open up the Shape Picker. By default, this shape may not be available, so you'll have to load in some additional shapes. Open up the Shape Picker's menu by clicking on the gear icon at the top right corner, then choose the Shapes pack towards the bottom. This will allow you to append them to the end of your current list of shapes, or replace them completely. And when they've been loaded in, scroll down until you see the Circle Frame shape. This will give us that donut shape that we're looking for, which you can then drag out on your document as small or large as you wish. The color of the shape doesn't matter at this point, as we're about to add a Gradient Overlay. And to do that, let's hop into our Layer Styles with a simple double-click on the new shape that we just created. Let's start out with the Gradient Overlay, which is going to define the colors for our design. Before changing any colors, you'll want to set the Style to Angle. This will allow us to create a gradient that will travel around the circle as we adjust the Angle. Once that's set, clicking on the Gradient Bar will bring up the Gradient Editor. We're going to be working with four stops. The two on each end, then two near the left side, which will help define the color of the glow. One is going to be placed around the 30% mark, and one around 40%. Clicking right underneath the bar will add a new stop. Now, the second stop from the left, the one placed around 30%, is going to be the glow's color. Let's set it to blue for this example, but you can choose any color you wish. The other stops will be set to all the same color. We'll go with an almost pure black. Once you've set one of them, you can simply click on the others, and sample right from the gradient bar. Good, that'll complete the gradient. Next, we're going to add an Inner Glow to add a bit of shine to the circle. \ \ Once the glow has been added, start by changing the color to a pure white, the Blend Mode to Overlay, and the Opacity to 100%. Down below, set the size around 25 pixels, then change the Contour to Ring. Of course, if you're looking for a different style of glow, feel free to tweak the settings to your liking. And that will complete the design, nice and simple, and ready to animate. To begin the animation process, we first need to reveal our timeline. This is usually found at the bottom your workspace, but if it's not visible, you can activate it under the Window menu. When it's visible, you'll likely need to press the Create Video Timeline button to begin animating. If your button currently says Create Frame Animation, click on the arrow to the right, and choose the Timeline option. Once the Timeline has been created, you'll notice that your layers appear in the same order as they do in your Layers Panel, and each layer can be expanded using the arrow to the left. You'll want to expand the shape layer that we've been working on. Expanding the layer will reveal all the different elements that can be animated. In this case, the Position, Opacity, Style and Vector Mask. Because we're dealing with Layer Styles, we're going to be animating the Style element. Once you've identified what you'll be animating, clicking on the stopwatch icon will create the first keyframe of the animation. At this point, we want to use the playhead to go to the next point in the animation. Now you would think it would be a two step animation, but it's not that simple, and I'll explain why in a moment. When you're at the next point in your timeline, the gradient needs to be adjusted, so a simple double-click on the Gradient Overlay Layer Style will open it up. Here's why it's not a simple two step animation. For the Angle value, there's no way to tell Photoshop to rotate 360 degrees, clockwise, and if we were to go straight to -90 degrees, Photoshop wouldn't know if you wanted to go clockwise or counter-clockwise, so we need to give Photoshop a nudge. So instead of -90 degrees, we'll set the Angle to -89 degrees. This way, Photoshop knows to rotate the Angle clockwise. Now when you press okay, a new keyframe will automatically be added to the timeline. Now we can go to the next point by moving the playhead, once again. This time, when we adjust the Angle value, we'll want to set it at 92 degrees. Again, this will give Photoshop a nudge as to which direction to rotate the angle. And again, when you accept the changes, a new keyframe is added. Now before we play back the animation, you can also set the last frame of the animation by dragging the end-point right to the current position of the playhead. One rotation will be enough, because if you want the animation to loop, under the Timeline's menu, you can choose to loop the playback, if you wish. Now pressing the Spacebar, will playback your animation. The first playback will be a bit choppy, as Photoshop is rendering each frame, but after that, the animation will be silky smooth! Here's one more neat advantage of using Photoshop CS6. Layer Styles can now be added to groups, so I go ahead and place this shape layer into a group, by holding down Shift and clicking on the New Group icon, I'm able to further stylize this design, even after it's been animated. For example, I can add a Pattern Overlay to give it a bit of texture. Photoshop comes with a bunch of nice textures which may work well on a design like this, and of course, you can change the Blend Mode to blend it in nicely. Again, after applying styles, the first animation will be a bit choppy, but it's smooth sailing after that! From here, you can export it as a movie file, of save it as an animated gif, if you choose. And that'll do it! A simple animated loading circle in Photoshop CS6. As with all tutorials, take what you've learned in this video, and make it your own by changing the colors, or adjusting the Layer Styles. If you enjoyed this video, please "like" it, comment on what you'd like to see covered in a future video, and check out my other tutorials at IceflowStudios.com. Take care. What is Magic What is Magic And what is Art? I believe in this world there is a connection between everything Drawing the inner soul using lines and colors is the Art of every surrealist painter Drawing dreams with emotional words is the Magic of every poet Every second, every syilable, every picture are the components of every piece of Magic Different people, different places, different cultures I never stop asking myself Is this effect the best choice for this particular audience for this particular audience able to give him a sincere and deep touching moment I could have performed everyone of my magical creations many thousands times. I still remind myself every single time To the eyes of this audience in the heart of this human being this is His/Her first time It is just like 18 years ago when I see magic for the first time my child eyes were filled with lighting stars I swore to myself that I will do my best to leave in the heart of everyone I meet a magical star Execuse me, guys. Do you have a minute? We are filming a documentary A show? We are filming a Documentary It will take just one minute One minute? Is that OK? Please come over here. Right here. Hmm... I see you are holding a...... Coke. Did you just buy it? Yes A can of Coke and what is this? Latte. Latte. Should I use Latte or Coke Lets see... the Coke can should be better.... It's made of metal. Lets do a small experiment. Can you hold it for me? Today is the first time we meet. Yes. Hmm... Make sure there is nothing in my hands. And there is nothing in your hands, too. I know this is the first time we meet Im just confirming everything is okay for the camera. Just in that area That space We can try an interesting experiment. Your Coke... just here WATCH This... f... Can I still drink it? This... f... Can I still drink it? Of course you can drink it this is your Coke. Drink it! In fact we are doing a documentary on the art of magic Thank you, guys. Thank you. BYE Daddy, maybe we're in good again. You again? We're working on it, so stop nagging us. No nagging today. I'm here to help. Huh? For a month you got nothin', but me, I got 'em. You did? We did, and I gave 'me what for, tell you what. Better get their funeral rites ready. That's not you place. Don't mind him, he's still addled from the attack. But I've got information. Sir? I know who was behind the attack. Who was it? You're sure? The lady--? I'm sure. Daddy, you think that's it for Hijae and his mom? Definitely, and none too soon, after all they did to me. Oh, I can't WAlT for Hijae to get his comeuppance. Now that's something worth living for. Mommy, Mommy! Sweetness! Sweetness? Hoyang, did your mother go out? I dunno, I suppose... You old bag! Get out here and face me! C'mon! Why are you acting this way? Time you get what's coming to you! What now? About time, lady! Wha... 'lady?' Yeah, you old bag. Have you lost your senses? What's this about? You nearly got my son killed, don't think I don't know. You HAVE lost your senses. Get out. Well? Show the 'old bag' out. Please... No, I'm not going anywhere. Today I'm giving this old bag what for! Nutty old... get her out of here. Please, stop... Hands off! This hag tried to kill my son. What're you blathering about? Blathering? Still denying it, are you? Who was set fire to Consort Choi's house and tried to pin it on my son? Wha..? It's over for you AND your family. The authorities are on their way, how do you like THAT? Ma'am. What does..? What are you saying? You made my son cry and now I'll see that YOU cry. In blood! I'm stymied. It's bound to come out sooner or later. And if he takes the throne, he can't-- Mom. Geum. Did you hear? The ministers withdrew. Brother... er, I mean, the Crown Prince took care of it. Yes, I know all about it. I swear I'll never do anything to make trouble for my brother again. I know. Something serious is going on. What? What? The Crown Prince can't be cured? I'm tellin' you, whatever wrong with him... they're sayin' there's gonna be a state funeral. Moron, we only just laid the Queen to rest. That's my point. But I don't think it's just talk. The Crown Prince has been looking poorly. And Consort Jang's been working extra hard to banish Yuning. I wonder what's wrong with him? The word's spreading already? Yes, exactly. But how? No one at the King's pavilion would dare, so who-- Not him..? Sir, Consort Choi. Hm? Consort Choi? - Your Grace. - Did you do it? Did you start the rumors about the Crown Prince? It's not just the Crown Prince. The future of the nation is at stake. It can't be kept hidden. The nation? Fancy talk can't hide that you're looking after yourself. I won't allow it. Your Grace. You pushed me to use the nurse. Fine, I may do just that. By telling the King how you planned on using her to threaten the Crown Prince. Do we understand each other? - Your Grace. - These rumors have got to stop. Send for Lady Jung and Lady Nam. First we have to deal with the court ladies. Your Grace. Pardon my saying, but you've gone through enough for the Crown Prince. Wouldn't it be better to do nothing? I'm a consort of the Royal House. I'm not acting out of pity for Yun or a desire to protect Yuning. The royal line's future rests on the heir apparent. It is my duty to protect both. Sean: Well? Music begins JD Thoughts: There comes a time when every man has to make a choice. JD Thoughts: Whether it's a professional choice... Dr. Kelso: Come on, what are you gonna do about it? JD Thoughts:...or whether it's a personal choice. Doctor Miller: Hey, wanna go for a beer after the show? Music: Light...and day...it's more than you'll say Music: 'Cause all...my feelings are more...than I can let by... JD Thoughts: In the end, it's about integrity. Music: ...or not, it's more than you got...Just follow the day... Music:...follow the day and reach for the sun! (Thud!) Turk: Oh! Carla: Yes! Turk: No! Carla: No. No. Music: Follow the day and reach for the sun! Music: You don't see me flying to the red... Music: ....one more you're done... Music:...just follow the seasons and find the time... Music:...to reach for the bright side. Music: You don't see me flying to the red... Music:...one more you're nuts! Music: Just follow the day... Music:...follow the day and reach for the sun! JD Thoughts: In the end it's about chasing after what you really want... Dr. Cox: Here's your beer. JD Thoughts:...even if that means showing you both care a little. Dr. Cox: Did you...did you do that for me? Jordan: I thought it'd be fun. Jordan: See? Now there are two blondes you can't have sex with. Dr. Cox (Laughing): I don't care. Dr. Cox: You're so naughty...(cat sound) Jordan: Yeah. (Clink of glasses) Dr. Cox: Cheers. JD Thoughts: And sometimes...well, sometimes... JD Thoughts: ...you just have to do what's right for your friend... JD: No, Sean, nothing happened. Sean: Yeah, I figured. Good talk. Sean: Hey! Eliot: Hey. JD Thoughts:...even if it means sacrificing your own happiness. Dani: Giddyup Doctor Dorkian! JD Thoughts: When it comes down to it... JD Thoughts: ...you just have to be proud of the decision you make. Music:...follow the day...follow the day and reach for the sun! Okay. The final segment and I kind of feel bad it's the final segment, you know. I don't know if you feel this but I feel a connection even though I don't know all of you and you're all over the world. Hopefully, this is an experience that's joint. And it really doesn't matter if we have met each other or not. We have met through something called finance. On that note, here are a few things I would like you to think about and I don't believe in giving speeches or telling people what to do. I'm still trying to figure out who I am. But I would encourage you to think like this. Use finance for whatever you want. But use finance for good as much as you can. What do I mean by that? Improve lives now and the future. I think we all humans want to have, live lives that are meaningful. That have enough of input consumption to take care of our needs. However the world is not as good as it should be. Markets have done a great job but at the same time I think they get a very poor grade if you look at the whole world and the reasons are complex. I'm, I'm not into talking about that. So what do I mean by improving lives and what does it mean to use finance for good and why? I believe, happiness and justice are two things that everything is created for. I don't think markets were created for one person. I don't think democracy was created for one person. I don't think capitalism was created for one person. I don't think communism was created for one person. All of, all systems are created for happiness and justice not for one person, but for as many people as possible. So that's what I mean by improving lives. I mean more than economics. Economics is just part of it. By economics, I mean, the usual focus of economics. Especially in western countries, the focus is largely on material goods. I think there's happiness and justice which is much deeper. But I think the way of thinking of finance can really help. Democracy and freedom to choose. So, how will you get happiness and justice? I think if there's democracy, and there's freedom to choose. Even in the most developed countries, we take these democracies and freedom as given. That's the most dangerous assumption we can make. I think human tendencies are good and bad. The good side is we call care. The bad side is we sometimes get caught up in what we're doing at the cost of caring for other people. And that's I think the problem, right? You versus the rest. Democracy and freedom to choose for everyone will allow happiness and justice, and remember I haven't not talked about money at all. Money is just money. It's a means of achieving something. Focusing on it is the, in my book, is missing what finance is all about. So how do you do that? You do that by trying to alleviate poverty. And I'm, I know I'm using heavy words here. But I do believe that finance can be used to understand how do you help remove poverty. Finance provides you the tools and resources to create all kinds of initiatives. It's not, finance never said, I just want to do things that are positive NPV for one corporation. Finance can be used for anything. It depends on what you want to achieve, okay? Similarly, why shouldn't there be healthcare for all? I really believe in these things strongly so I hope if it's, you're not getting all pissed off just because I'm preaching, but I'm talking about basic needs. I'm not talking about everybody should be able to drive an SUV. I think that's probably not a good idea. Affordable food and housing. These are essentials. I think a person needs self respect before they respect, anyone else. So, I'm picking on things that America has emphasized over the years, that the world has tried to emphasize. Every system has tried to emphasize. Renewable energy and affordable energy. Why am I talking about this? Because among all the things that you need to do to survive, energy has become a critical ingredients. So I think to be sustainable we have to solve this problem and the beautiful of finance is so awesome that it can. In fact, I teach a class of sustainability. I teach a class on social impact using fiance principals. And that's why I'm talking. Fair and racial public policy. I do not want to under estimate the danger of having public policy that defeats the purpose. Again, I think most governments, hopefully, most people joining the government have a desire to uplift the economic and social well-being if you may, of most people. But, good public policy requires a deep understanding of finance and economics. So, try to use whatever you've learned in this class to do good. And finally, I think this is my belief that Earth comes before us. In other words, if there was no Earth, there wouldn't be us, right? We are part of it. We are just like other animals, right? So I go home, I look at my dog. What's the only difference between my dog and me? I think, and he doesn't, apparently. But I'll tell you, because he doesn't think, there's some huge advantages. He's always happy, right? And at looking, just looking at me makes him happy, which is pretty bizarre. What is the downside of not having a brain? Well, he's dumb, right? He's happy all the time, regardless of what is going on. But what is the flip side of having a brain? I think humans should use the brain for good. We get caught up sometimes in worrying too much about our own state. And not about the fact that we are one big community, and that the Earth dominates all of us. If you don't like what I'm saying, as I said, you can delete this, move forward, but I think this is extremely important. Just to give you a inclination, the law school of business at Michigan attracts 500 students every year, much more, and we take 500 hours. And many of them, I would say roughly half, are interested in issues like this. And I think business and finance are important to solving the world's problems not coming in the way. That's why I'm emphasizing this. A lot of people want to use finance to do good. I know finance can be used to sell the next best toothpaste. And I know toothpaste is extremely important because you can't talk to other people otherwise, you know? Nobody's going to talk to you. However, there's a limit to it. You don't need 500 toothpastes. I think we need to devote some more attention to other important things. Finance is key to everything. All of these issues require the following. Thinking about the future, and the impact of the actions of the future. One last segment, and stay tuned, because we don't want to take a break, is to talk about this experience. So I just want to emphasize to you that, in spite of the fact that you haven't been live with me, I have had an unbelievable time creating this class, and it's been a unique experience, and I thank you for giving this, me this opportunity. Because when I went and trying to think about this class, I was a little skeptical and the reason was, I have done online teaching, I have done distance learning but with, always with an audience that I then saw live. I've never done this project where I never saw you. But in a strange way, I feel like I know each one of you. Also, what's very important is I think I've been forced to become a better teacher. I've taught for many years and you don't get into this belief that you're good, no, we can always become better. And this has been a really rewarding learning experience for me. I want to now thank someone who's been with me in this journey, literally everyday. So, I would like to ask Ryan to join me here so that he can say a few words. Ryan has been unbelievably awesome. Come Ryan. He has created this class, and I would, he has been here everyday. So if anything has gone poorly it's me. If you have enjoy this experience it's largely him. So I would like him to say a few words to you. >> I just wanted thank all of you for participating and I hope you've enjoy this class. I just have to say it has been such a pleasure to work with Professor Kaul on all of this. He believes so much everything that he's been sharing with you this whole time, and I, and we've talked extensively about what, how he wants to become a better instructor. And to using this as a tool to do so. And, and it's been wonderful. And I feel I've grown from it as well just sitting off to the side, you know talking with him on a daily basis during all of this. So I wanted to thank you as well. >> Thank you. >> For, for including me in all of this. So good luck everyone on your, on your final exam with us. Thanks a lot. >> [laugh]. Thank you, Ryan. So, just to give you a flavor we are all doing new things and the technology is changing. And Ryan has basically helped me become feel comfortable with this from day one. And I can't, I, I can't emphasize it too much. I mean, it's been really a remarkable experience. And he's made me believe that you know, we can do this together and hopefully add a lot of value to all of you. At the same time I also want to thank the company that's worked with UFM. So, I want to thank both UFM and Coursera for giving us this opportunity to make this happen. I think this couldn't have happened as well without this partnership. We can always do things on our own. But remember, the more we partner with each other to create value to better. And I think Coursera has taken a big leap of faith in trying to educate millions of people and literally through the courses it's millions now. And I am sure that other initiatives like this, the MlT has done this and there are other companies doing it and I hope there is healthy competition in this domain. I want to thank you if I am, and especially Martha Pollock and Kimberly Brown, people in our provost office who invited me to participate and I want to thank them, and I wanted you to know that they have been behind this. They have supported me and Ryan in making this happen. So, I wanted to take a minute to thank them. Finally, I want to say that this has been a journey. And hopefully, this journey will be a long one. And I hope you've learned. And I said on the first day, my emphasis on learning But I also think if you do not enjoy yourself while learning, learning becomes tediously, and ironically enough, it stays with you only for a short time. Finances just simply awesome. And I hope I've had the opportunity to show you a glimpse of its beauty, because it's, it's, it's made my life and I hope you are curious enough now, and I've made you curious enough to want to pursue finance. Remember, always in a context. So choose a context, and may the force be with you. Thank you very much. Before March, 2011, I was a photographic retoucher based in New York City. We're pale, gray creatures. We hide in dark, windowless rooms, and generally avoid sunlight. We make skinny models skinnier, perfect skin more perfect, and the impossible possible, and we get criticized in the press all the time, but some of us are actually talented artists with years of experience and a real appreciation for images and photography. On March 11, 2011, I watched from home, as the rest of the world did, as the tragic events unfolded in Japan. Soon after, an organization I volunteer with, All Hands Volunteers, were on the ground, within days, working as part of the response efforts. I, along with hundreds of other volunteers, knew we couldn't just sit at home, so I decided to join them for three weeks. On May the 13th, I made my way to the town of Ōfunato. It's a small fishing town in Iwate Prefecture, about 50,000 people, one of the first that was hit by the wave. The waters here have been recorded at reaching over 24 meters in height, and traveled over two miles inland. As you can imagine, the town had been devastated. We pulled debris from canals and ditches. We cleaned schools. We de-mudded and gutted homes ready for renovation and rehabilitation. We cleared tons and tons of stinking, rotting fish carcasses from the local fish processing plant. We got dirty, and we loved it. For weeks, all the volunteers and locals alike had been finding similar things. They'd been finding photos and photo albums and cameras and SD cards. And everyone was doing the same. They were collecting them up, and handing them in to various places around the different towns for safekeeping. Now, it wasn't until this point that I realized that these photos were such a huge part of the personal loss these people had felt. As they had run from the wave, and for their lives, absolutely everything they had, everything had to be left behind. At the end of my first week there, I found myself helping out in an evacuation center in the town. I was helping clean the onsen, the communal onsen, the huge giant bathtubs. This happened to also be a place in the town where the evacuation center was collecting the photos. This is where people were handing them in, and I was honored that day that they actually trusted me to help them start hand-cleaning them. Now, it was emotional and it was inspiring, and I've always heard about thinking outside the box, but it wasn't until I had actually gotten outside of my box that something happened. As I looked through the photos, there were some were over a hundred years old, some still in the envelope from the processing lab, I couldn't help but think as a retoucher that I could fix that tear and mend that scratch, and I knew hundreds of people who could do the same. So that evening, I just reached out on Facebook and asked a few of them, and by morning the response had been so overwhelming and so positive, I knew we had to give it a go. So we started retouching photos. This was the very first. Not terribly damaged, but where the water had caused that discoloration on the girl's face had to be repaired with such accuracy and delicacy. Otherwise, that little girl isn't going to look like that little girl anymore, and surely that's as tragic as having the photo damaged. (Applause) Over time, more photos came in, thankfully, and more retouchers were needed, and so I reached out again on Facebook and Linkedln, and within five days, 80 people wanted to help from 12 different countries. Within two weeks, I had 150 people wanting to join in. Within Japan, by July, we'd branched out to the neighboring town of Rikuzentakata, further north to a town called Yamada. Once a week, we would set up our scanning equipment in the temporary photo libraries that had been set up, where people were reclaiming their photos. The older ladies sometimes hadn't seen a scanner before, but within 10 minutes of them finding their lost photo, they could give it to us, have it scanned, uploaded to a cloud server, it would be downloaded by a gaijin, a stranger, somewhere on the other side of the globe, and it'd start being fixed. The time it took, however, to get it back is a completely different story, and it depended obviously on the damage involved. It could take an hour. It could take weeks. It could take months. The kimono in this shot pretty much had to be hand-drawn, or pieced together, picking out the remaining parts of color and detail that the water hadn't damaged. It was very time-consuming. Now, all these photos had been damaged by water, submerged in salt water, covered in bacteria, in sewage, sometimes even in oil, all of which over time is going to continue to damage them, so hand-cleaning them was a huge part of the project. We couldn't retouch the photo unless it was cleaned, dry and reclaimed. Now, we were lucky with our hand-cleaning. We had an amazing local woman who guided us. It's very easy to do more damage to those damaged photos. As my team leader Wynne once said, it's like doing a tattoo on someone. You don't get a chance to mess it up. The lady who brought us these photos was lucky, as far as the photos go. She had started hand-cleaning them herself and stopped when she realized she was doing more damage. She also had duplicates. Areas like her husband and her face, which otherwise would have been completely impossible to fix, we could just put them together in one good photo, and remake the whole photo. When she collected the photos from us, she shared a bit of her story with us. Her photos were found by her husband's colleagues at a local fire department in the debris a long way from where the home had once stood, and they'd recognized him. The day of the tsunami, he'd actually been in charge of making sure the tsunami gates were closed. He had to go towards the water as the sirens sounded. Her two little boys, not so little anymore, but her two boys were both at school, separate schools. One of them got caught up in the water. It took her a week to find them all again and find out that they had all survived. The day I gave her the photos also happened to be her youngest son's 14th birthday. For her, despite all of this, those photos were the perfect gift back to him, something he could look at again, something he remembered from before that wasn't still scarred from that day in March when absolutely everything else in his life had changed or been destroyed. After six months in Japan, 1,100 volunteers had passed through All Hands, hundreds of whom had helped us hand-clean over 135,000 photographs, the large majority — (Applause) — a large majority of which did actually find their home again, importantly. Over five hundred volunteers around the globe helped us get 90 families hundreds of photographs back, fully restored and retouched. During this time, we hadn't really spent more than about a thousand dollars in equipment and materials, most of which was printer inks. We take photos constantly. A photo is a reminder of someone or something, a place, a relationship, a loved one. They're our memory-keepers and our histories, the last thing we would grab and the first thing you'd go back to look for. That's all this project was about, about restoring those little bits of humanity, giving someone that connection back. When a photo like this can be returned to someone like this, it makes a huge difference in the lives of the person receiving it. The project's also made a big difference in the lives of the retouchers. For some of them, it's given them a connection to something bigger, giving something back, using their talents on something other than skinny models and perfect skin. I would like to conclude by reading an email I got from one of them, Cindy, the day I finally got back from Japan after six months. "As I worked, I couldn't help but think about the individuals and the stories represented in the images. One in particular, a photo of women of all ages, from grandmother to little girl, gathered around a baby, struck a chord, because a similar photo from my family, my grandmother and mother, myself, and newborn daughter, hangs on our wall. Across the globe, throughout the ages, our basic needs are just the same, aren't they?" Thank you. (Applause) (Applause) Hello. Welcome back to Drugs and the Brain on Coursera. The next two modules are going to be dealing with receptors and the fact that they are proteins. So, let's get started with a couple of concepts. First of all, a receptor. Simply enough, a receptor is a molecule on the cell surface or sometimes in the cell interior that has an affinity for a specific molecule, the ligand. Now, the ligand comes from the Latin word for something that we tie, and the ligand does indeed make a connection, a non-covalent connection with the protein in order to activate the receptor protein. The other concept of course is that most drug receptor are proteins. The word protein, itself, arose in the late nineteenth century when biochemists discovered these classes of molecules and correctly concluded that they are the most or one of the most important molecules in the body. of first importance and so they named them after the Greek word for first. Those concepts now, we have in hand, and let's go on to the basic make up of a protein. Here in a protein, we see an amide bond or a peptide bond. It has a carbonyl oxygen and it has an amino hydrogen. So, this is the backbone of a protein and at one end of the protein, we have a string of these amide or peptide bonds. At one end, we have an unbound amino group, that's the amino terminal end of the polypeptide chain. So, we have many peptide bonds together, we call that a polypeptide. At the other end, we have the carboxyl terminal end of the polypeptide chain, a carboxyl group that's not associated in a peptide bond. So, that's our polypeptide chain and the peptide or amide bonds link the backbone or main chain or alpha carbons. Here's an alpha carbon. Here's an alpha carbon. Here's an alpha carbon. And every proteins has a series of these amide bonds and a series of alpha carbons. The reason that we begin with the N terminal, and then go to the C terminal, is that that's how the cell makes the protein. First, the N terminal, then adds other amino acid residues onto the C terminal. An amino ac id, literally, has an amino group, an acid group, and a side chain. And it is, of course, the side chains of each amino acid residue, that do the chemistry of the protein. So, the side chains can be aromatic. They can be hydroxyls. They can be carboxylates. They can be acidic groups. There are a total of twenty types of amino acids side chains and they are responsible, again, for the chemistry and the folding and most aspects of the protein. We won't need to learn the names of the side chains and we won't need to learn the chemistry of the side chain in this course. The shortest peptide or protein in the nervous system has only nine amino acids. And the longest has five and a half thousand amino acids. So, there's a tremendous range in the characteristics of proteins in the body and of proteins in the nervous system. And again virtually, all receptors are proteins. Now, proteins contain a few structural motifs. A few basic kinds of putting together strings of amino acids. And I will show you those structural motifs right now. The program that we're using is called Swiss PDB Viewer. There are several programs available. the file that I've used is a PDB file that I have constructed myself, it's not really a protein that exists in the structure database, not really a protein that you would find in nature. It happens to be simply all twenty amino acids strung together and to show you the principle of alpha-helix. The alpha-helix was described first in the late 40s' by Linus Pauling, right here at Caltech, and I would like to show you several aspects of the alpha-helix. Here, I'm rotating it around to show you the backbone, and to give you a feeling for the three-dimensional aspects. The first thing that we're going to do is that we're going to bring up this control panel here, and we will hide the side chains. There we are. So now, we're showing just the main chain or the alpha-carbons. You can see that it's a very nice helical structure. We'll bring the side chains we'll keep the side chains hidden. The next import ant aspect of a protein is that we are going to show you the hydrogen bonds. So, let's see. We'll have to display the H-bonds. There we are. So, the hydrogen bonds go from a carbonyl group to an NH group. one turn up in the alpha-helix and they are that non-covalent bonds that hold the alpha-helix together and since they are regular and staggered, they do a good job of holding the alpha-helix together if the side chains will allow this. So, let's put the side chains back. And the next manipulation will be to show you the ribbons. This abstraction that does not really exist in the protein, but clearly demonstrates the alpha-helix. The ribbon has an arrow at one end toward the amino terminus. So, we have showed you the ribbons and the arrows. Let's see if we can show you the Van der Waals radii which is, actually, will turn off the ribbon here which is actually the extent of the atoms. So here, we have the Van der Waals radii which is what would be experienced by an atom in the vicinity. Okay. Now, we'll show you a stereo view. And so, we'll show you a stereo, okay. Now if you to see this in stereo what we need to do is to practice with putting our eyes together and making a little easier for myself to do this. And after a while, you can focus, and now as we rotate the protein around, you can actually see it rotating in three dimensions which is a very nice way to get a view of the three dimensional aspect of the protein. Okay. And you can manipulate these proteins for yourself. It's probably not so interesting to do it with this fake very small portion. In the next module, we'll show you a real protein. You can download that structure and you can go to the database. The next model to show you will be a beta sheet. So, we'll bring the beta sheet onto the screen. And we'll make it a little bit larger, and let's put the Control panel on, Window Control panel. There it is. And let's have a look at this beta sheet. Now, the, there are two beta strands, anti-parallel. Again, we have just used an alphabetical order of s ide chains. And we'll show you the hydrogen bonds again. Tools, compute H-bonds. Now, we see that the hydrogen bonds actually exist between the two chains rather than within the chain and that's what holds a beta sheet so stable. Here we are, we can rotate it around. They are between the alpha, again, between the carbonyl group and an amino group, but in this case now, it's between the two chains. And we can abbreviate a beta strand, again, by a ribbon structure. And here are those two straight arrows, you see an arrowhead up here and an arrowhead down here. So, that is the abbreviation or the abstraction of a beta strand that leaves two beta strands together to form a part of a beta sheet. So, we've seen the side chains, we can show the, the Van der Waaal's radii again in this structure. And so, this is actually the space filling version. We see that the two strands are actually quite close together interacting with each other quite nicely. And we can also do a stereo view. Let's go back to the simple view and we will turn off the ribbon, and look again at the stereo view. So, we'll do display stereo view, and we'll bring them a bit closer together so that we don't have to have our eyes so far apart because in a stereo view, you do like to have the eyes fairly close together. And we'll bring it up to be fullscreen. Let's see if we can now put our eyes together and see the stereo. Well, I can see it and I hope that you can also. And we have a nice view of the protein rotating around in three dimension. You can do this on your own screen when you download various structure files. Alright. So, we have shown you the basic parts of the protein and next time we'll do a little more about receptors as What sounds incredible today, was a century ago a bitter, cruel reality. This was the era of the last desperate attempt of the Indian to hold his own against the white man. Pushing further and further West, came the hardy pioneers. Following them, were the adventurers, bandits, desperados. The Mescalero Apaches were friendly towards the white man. But their doom was inevitable. For they had what the invaders craved: land and gold. Gold which was taken from its hiding place and given to the tribe as needed, by only Intschu tschuna, the Chief. Or by his son, Winnetou. Winnetou... friend and protector of all who needed help. His name lived in every tent, at every campfire. Scha pueblo Intschu tschuna. - Scha, Winnetou. Ata, Wan! Ata, Wan, Winnetou! Come one. Alright, let her go! That's it! Back to work now, come on! Get a move on! Quiet! Watch it! Don't hit him. I want him alive! I've got him! I get you. - Get him. Alright. Alright now. Easy now, Chief! Easy! That's it. Where did you get the gold? You'd better talk! I've got a sure fine method. Enough! Now, talk! Where is the gold? What are you doing? Are you crazy? They killed. I do not know where they hide gold. Now, a dead Apache. And now, you get Tangua's fire water. - Why, there's enough for all your braves. You just have to walk in and help yourself from the new wagon trek. Bullock, a good friend of mine will help. Oh, and the leader is a greenhorn. Never made a trek before. He isn't going to cause anybody any trouble. Say, Howard? Give a hand back there. One of the horses has gone lame. Is something wrong, Bullock? - No. I'm looking for a good campsite. Not before we get to the prairie. Sam Hawkens here. We are scouts and hunters for Great Western. Hello. We've got a load of supplies and... - Yes, yes, yes. I know all about it. You're the city boy, ain't you? - Exactly. But, how'd you know? - How? You don't know the famous Sam Hawkens? Well, that's me. Here's Sam and Dick. We know it all. We knew you'd be leaving this train. No. He's the one. I'm only in charge of the wagons for Great Western. Fine! He must be as green as you are then, to go through a stretch of ancient country like he was going to a fancy dress ball! The Indians just love diamonds and whisky. Have you seen Indians? - Not yet. Only their tracks. Kiowa. Tarn scheh пока meshawan. It seems quite peaceful through here. Yet, somehow... But my nose tests like an old raccoon. Too quiet, that's what it is. Too quiet. Everybody be on guard. - On your guard! Hold it! Now, fire! Tinka, tinka! Kahi! I think we should surrender. - Well, seems you'd like the Kiowa to have a nice breakfast with your scalp. They're coming again. Get your weapons ready! Put out the fire! Pretty smart, the Chief. - We'd slow down and put out the fire. No, then he'll attack once again! No, no, there's pretty less chances for our mothers' sons. -1 think we should give up. There are too many of them. - What do you think they're waiting for? Hey! What's up? Where are you going? Get as close to that wagon as possible. - It's a powder wagon! What's the idea? Now, you don't want to hurt that nice man. - Go on! You heard me! - If that powder ignites, we're all dead. Now! -1 can't! Closer! Tom, onto the horse! Now, what was that? Did you hear that? Oh! But that's... that's... Now, look who's coming! Indians! Our first Indians! How lovely! Please stop for a minute, gentlemen! Only one minute. For the camera! I am a friend of all Indians. I just would like to take a photo of you. For the Oxford Times\ Enk nama Winnetou. Enk nama Winnetou! - Enk nama Winnetou! U tschin haua na kelok mena. Aka torn kelok uma. Sche ke tah me tschi muna schebak! White men slained our brother Black Eagle. They've built tracks for their iron horse on our land, without asking us. They have been destroying all our buffalo. Today, they shot the holy white buffalo. Intschu tschuna says blood. The elders want war, too. Winnetou speaks humbly to Klekih-petra for you have been with us a long time. You are a white man. And so, we ask you for guidance. Men must labour for peace before they consider blood and death. Blood calls for blood to flow! Are Apaches to do nothing when white man kill our warriors and takeaway our forest? - No. But a man should listen to both sides before he judges. The elders must decide this, then. A ti ре keshi tisch hatalagwin? Hey now! - Over here! Alright, now. Keep it moving down there. Steady! Let her go! Hey! Wagon train! This is Mr Jones, the camp boss. I'd like you to meet the greenhorn, who saved every last one of us. - Hello. Looks like there was a little trouble. - Yes. Kiowa. Kiowa? - Uh, why don't we talk about it alone? You sure they were Kiowa, Sam? - Yes! Without any doubt? I know if an Indian is a Kiowa or an Apache, even at night. Even with closed eyes, I would say. - Bancroft said the Kiowa are friendly and the Apaches are our enemies. - Right. We're breaking our agreement. Great Western is laying tracks on ground we have no right to. That land is the Apaches'. If engineering problems concern the Indians, and right now, of course, many of them have come up, we must talk to them until they're settled. And, how do you know all about this? Because I'm an engineer. I surveyed this land myself. There are no such technical difficulties. And I know that Bancroft never negotiated with the Indians. Do you have a map? There. My original survey avoided the whole Apache area. This way, we're cutting through the heart of it. I didn't know there was another plan. - That's why I'm here. Mr Widener, our Chief Engineer, wants the original plan to be followed. I've got to talk to him right away. Do you know where he is? - In Roswell. 17 miles from here down the track. Hello! Are you the landlord? Yeah, that's me. - Do you have a room for me? Yeah. But I want to know who you are. - Pardon me. Tuff-Tuff of the Oxford Times. I came here from England to photograph the Indians. Unfortunately I was unlucky up to now but I am very optimistic. Here, my camera. What's that umbrella for? It's sunny! - The tripod hampers me to dismount. Therefore, I take my right leg to this side... like this... Then I take up the umbrella... That ensures a soft landing. It is my own invention on which I already applied for a patent. Now, who's that? - He wants to take photos of the Indians. Yes, for the Oxford Times. Now, who is this that suspicious character? - Mr Santer. The most powerful man here. Well, Bancroft. I see you're a little glum these days. Now, what's the matter? It makes me nervous that I didn't talk with the Apaches about this job. I wonder if Great Western knew... - What if Great Western knew that you'd broken your word with this tribe of Apaches, and find out that you've been piling up for yourself quite a tidy amount, yeah? Telling them is your responsibility, Bancroft. Can we rely on the Kiowa's help if we're attacked by the Apaches? That, friend, is my headache. And I've taken good care of all that. I've got your word? - Absolutely. In a couple of weeks we can collect the money and clear out. Satisfied? - I'm bowing out. Just a minute. It's too late for that. This paper binds us together as partners, don't forget. It's valid in any court. Any jury would convict us. For better or for worse, we're together, Bancroft. We're here to get money, isn't that right? So, don't plan on walking out. Forget it. Have I made it clear? If you try anything funny... I'm sure you understand. - Yeah. Pardon me, do you mind? May I introduce myself: Agnus Tuff-Tuff, Oxford Times. Hey! - Oh! Pardon me, I'm so sorry. Cheers. - Get away, this is where I stand! Oh! Oh, mylady, what a lucky coincidence! May I ask for a little dance? A little dance? Here you are. But without the lady. I am protesting! I will inform the press about your malicious behaviour! I don't like that anyone touches you. - Indians! Hello, Tangua, my friend. - No more friend. Too many warriors and many horses battle cost Tangua. - Oh, yes. Too bad about that. I've... Tangua wants fire water and tobacco. - Now, that will come. Patience, Tangua. No. I will wait two sunrises. They you enemy. Play for dancing. What is this, Bullock? - Everything went wrong this trip. Three men from the camp came with us. And one who kept an eagle eye on me. Damn it! - The railroad tracks. You changed the survey, and he knows it. - When will he be here? In the morning. With the wagons. The wagons to the depot. We'll ride back together when I've spoken to Bancroft. I've got a little investigating to do. Just why did Bullock takeoff so quick? Do you know that blonde over there? - No. He's a stranger here. Que hombre! That's a man. Muy toro! You'd better not... - Please don't preach. You belong to Santer. You're his girl. I've been waiting for you. - For me? Yes, you. You are the spy from Great Western. - Well, that's fine. Now we understand each other better. I've got time. I'm here. I'm listening. I'm sorry. That's something I can only discuss with Mr Bancroft. He's very ill. Sorry. Oh, I see. Alright then. Why wasn't our line built according to plan? - Didn't we... No. I'm the surveyor for Great Western. I surveyed the land myself. Who changed the plan? - Straightening the line saved us money. Who's us? - Right here. Frederick Santer. If the Apaches declare war on us now, all our construction work is in danger. That is my concern. - No, it isn't. I have my orders from Great Western to prevent anybody building on Apaches' land. And I stick to my orders. - Ah. You shouldn't get in the way. You're going to prevent me? Looking for somebody? - I'd like to speak to Mr Bancroft. What for, hm? -1 have to talk to him. Senor. I want to talk to you. - What about, Senorita? At the bar! - That's an invitation I may take up. See you later. I'm looking for Mr Bancroft. Bancroft. Bancroft! Give me some water, a pitcher full. I'm sorry, Mr Bancroft, but I've got to talk to you. What's the idea? - I'm from Great Western. Don't you realise that at any moment, the whole project can blow up? We must do something right away, before the Apaches... Do something? With Santer? No. My hands are tied. There's nothing I can do. - Come to the camp. We'll protect you. It's no use. I can't do it. - Better let him alone, you hear me? Up with those hands! Don't nobody move. Anybody moves, he'll get blasted! Now, just take it easy. I think that we're going to name you Old Shatterhand. Ok, guys, you line up at the wall now. Go on! Fine. And now, you put your hands in your necks. Yes, great. And now, you put your heads against the wall. Wonderful. And now two steps back! That's it. Not quite comfortable, isn't it? And now I have a surprise: Anybody moves, he'll be dead! You cowards! Idiots! Get up now! Useless bastards! Get up! What was it? Your father consulted me about these white men. But you should decide, with a calm heart, although your burden is heavy. Perhaps you ask too much of Winnetou. - Yes. When you become the Chief, the whole tribe will rely on you. They've broken their word. They robbed us of our land. They murdered. There's no peace of them. But, I feel their way is not ours, Winnetou. I'm sorry. I must insist that you don't issue any more orders now, until we hear from Great Western. Jones? You go to town and get our material. And move our men right out of Roswell. - You want to stop working? Yes. We're responsible for our workers. And if the Apaches attack, they'll be massacred. -1 know all that. But today is Sunday, and the men have all gone out. I'll explain just what you want tomorrow. If Santer resists and tries to hold them at Roswell... - Boss! Boss! Indians! - Come on! There they are! Two of them! Well, they ain't wearing war paint. They're Apaches. I'm sure of that. We're standing on Apache territory. I was afraid that they'd come. - You didn't do what you were told to. And so, now what happens? - Who is to negotiate with tehm? I'll do it, if you don't mind. I'm well-known in every Apache tent. Keep the workers calm. Jones, Old Shatterhand, Bancroft, come on. Leave you guns here. Shi. Eno aton. Shis... shis intis... Mescalero. Good day. Which of you gentlemen has authority to negotiate with us? He called me a gentleman! For 30 years I live in this territory with the Apache Mescaleros. I'm known as Klekih-petra, White Father. Although, I'm not their blood. I've heard tell about a schoolmaster in these parts. - That's my work, Sir. This is Winnetou, son of the great Chief Intschu tschuna. How about a sit? Gentlemen will have a little pow-wow? what brings you here? This is a matter for us Apaches. This is my land. Why are those men here? - You see... Mr Bancroft, Mr Jones are your friends. They're building rails for the iron horse, which is going to help this land to grow. - This land belongs to the Apaches! We know that. We gave you our word. - Is that why you broke it? No. We don't want to disturbe your tribes. - Is this the man who will speak for you? Sure! Old Shatterhand's a courageous and fearless fighter. First trek to the West, and he's famous already. - How do you call him? Old Shatterhand, because his fist fells every man like a lightning. Old Shatterhand believes in invading our home? No. - Then, you must take all of your men today out of Apaches' lands, and go. -1 can't do that. - Why not? Well, it will take time for us to get all our men and equipment out. How long does Old Shatterhand claim he needs? 8 to 10 days. - That is agreed. But no longer. - Look! There! Santer and his men! Surround them! Stay back! Stay back! We're just visiting. Oh, well, who's that? Our absentminded Bancroft. Why, so it is. He forgot to come and say goodbye to me, didn't you, partner? My erstwhile partner. Come along with me. Bancroft! Haven't you any pride left? Yes, Bancroft. How about your pride? Come on, you! Well, well. Who's the big Chief? What do you want here? Winnetou demands in the name of his father that the contract with the tribe be kept. He demands it! Is that right? I've got a good mind to cut out your liver! Since when do you dirty Indians give orders? You! Answer! Winnetou! Let go. Let go! Tie him on his horse. Let's go! You and I must have a talk. - You and I? Right! You must save Winnetou. And be brothers. Brothers! Winne... We've got to get out fast! - We must free Winnetou! But Santer turned him over to the Kiowa. - Old Shatterhand, what about the Apaches? All they'll be wanting is revenge. - All the more reason we must prove we're on their side. - That sure sounds very easy. How are you going to do that, friend? - We'll break camp, head towards Roswell, and get a hold of Santer. - And send his buddies to hell. My best idea ever, if I may say so. Apache tribe always our enemy. Winnetou, son of a dirty coyote, be dead enemy now. He killed many Kiowa in battle. - Take him. Onk tanka Winnetou. As sun rises, Winnetou will curse the day he was born. He shall burn on the stake long time. - Look. Before he dies, find out where the gold of the Apaches is hidden. Tscheno katan. Nahe? By sunrise, Klekih-petra, we shall avenge your death. Hey, Boss! Boss! Say, listen, Boss! - I'm busy! Jones broke camp and he moved everything clear out of there. - What? He and his men are on their way over. They're looking for you. Damn that dirty spy of Great Western! I'll beat him! I'll fix it. Bullock, get a message to Tangua to be over with his men. - Boss! What? - Indians. Kiowa. And Tangua's with them. And just in time, too. What's wrong? - Winnetou escaped. Be aware of Apaches. Tangua! Wait! We lay low for a while in the Sierra. Bullock, get everybody into the saloon. Jose, get the ammunition from the depot. Hurry! Ten minutes! Gentlemen, please, just one minute! Hold on for one minute, please. What do you have against the Oxford Times? Old Shatterhand! The men of camp 103 are on the other side of town. We've got Santers surrounded! Good. Go on! Alright. Come on and get your guns! This is it. We leave now. Hasta la vista, Senorita. I'll be seeing you again very soon. Hurry up! They're here. South! In the saloon! Take cover! Get down! I'm afraid too many men are getting hurt, Randy. It's up to me. Well then, what do you plan to do? I'm going to try to talk some sense into that man. But you can't go out there with no guns. Even Santer wouldn't shoot an unarmed man. No, Jones! Get back! Jones, you're crazy! Get back! Santer! Santer! We've got you completely surrounded, Santer! You can't get out alive! We've both lost too many men as it is. Give up your guns! You and your boys surrender to me and come out here with your hands up. We can assure you that you'll all get clemency and a fair trial. How about it? I'll give you my answer. He shot him! - That dirty rat! Cover me, Hawkens! Hold on, Jones. Hold on! Over here. Listen to me. Bring locomotive. Lay tracks. Under... - Yeah. Well, Bancroft, what's wrong? Can't you stand the sight of a little blood? It's bad luck. - Yes, for them. But not us. Jack. Jack! Bancroft, go to the window! Over there is what I said. Move, Ben! And now, stand! Bullock, if he doesn't stand when I say "go ahead", shoot him. Go ahead. Don't shoot! It's Bancroft. Go on! Tough luck, Bancroft. Too bad. Looks like we'll all be joining him with us trapped here and them out there. Come here. Now, there are 80 pounds of dynamite in that hut. Now, we've got to get... No way. They'd shoot us up first. - We'll make a tunnel. Let's start, even if we have to dig until morning. Now, it seems to me that maybe you could drive them varmints out of there by burning down the saloon. - You're mistaken. They took hostages. Our only hope is to surprise them. - Huh? What did you say? You can't avoid shooting. Wait a minute. Jones was saying something when he died. What Jones said is the only way to get Santer out of there without shooting. If you can manage that, my friend, I'll take my hat off to you. And my false scalp, too. While we're gone, Sam, you do what I said. - I'm all set to take care of this. We'll see you later. - And be quiet! Sometimes I really don't know: Should I embrace him or murder him? Come on! Faster! - Too many rocks in here. They're up to something! But every time we go near the window, they shoot. Make those fuses short, or they'll throw them at us. Short as we can, Boss. The minute it's light we blast our way out and this whole shack can go flying. There they are. - They made it. They're here. Old Shatterhand did it! Look at that! Oh! Now, what is that? Please, is that the train to Indianapolis? - Cover, we'll be shooting! I just asked where the train is going to. - And I just said: cover! Is everyone ready? - Ready. We're all set. They laid tracks through the saloon! A locomotive is headed for us, right now! See? I was right in the end. We did it, alright! Look at them coming out! - Come on, over here! Sam, do you hear something? The Apaches are coming! Indians! The wagons! Put them between the buildings! No! We're friends, Winnetou! Sillimani! Sillimani! Sillimani! Litschane капа Pueblo. Sister? Hey! Hello! Hello! Are you headed to El Paso by any chance? - That's exactly where I'm going. Could you send a telegram for me? - Why not, if you pay? - Of course. What a godforsaken country this is. Where did you come from? From Roswell. - But Roswell was attacked by the Indians. Yes, but unfortunately I missed them. This is it: "To the Oxford Times. Instead of group photos of Indians I'll send exclusive picture of Coughing Crow." Now... Friends... We're friends. Friends. Friends. Winnetou... Help me. Who are you? What's your name? What's your name? - In my language Nscho-tschi. It means Beautiful Day. - But, you talk... Klekih-petra taught me and Winnetou your language- - Yes. I remember. He was a good man. Who are you? - Sister to Winnetou. You've had a bad illness. - How long? Over a week. So, if you please, this soup is a broth for your strength. What are they doing? - Calling up the spirit of Klekih-petra. What happened to Santer? Can you tell me? - Winnetou says, he's free and unpunished. And my friends? Hawkens and the others? - They came here as prisoners. They will be sacrificed. And, since you are the same as everybody else, the same fate. - But Santer killed Klekih-petra and turned over Winnetou to the Kiowa. - Who does not prevent injustice is as bad as the guilty man... the code of the Apaches. I saved your brother's life. - You lie! You're afraid to be killed. That is not the way of a real man. -1 never lie. Tell Winnetou I want to see him tomorrow. - Alright. But I warn you. My brother will forgive anything, but never a lie. Never. Old Shatterhand wanted to see me? - Does Winnetou know who saved him? Holy force of Manitou saved me. - In the left hand pocket of my jacket is a little box. Open it. And you'll know who saved you. I know that you are speaking lies to me. Because your jacket was torn off and used to stop your bleeding. And it was left in Roswell. How could I know? Wait! - Winnetou thought you were fair, because you said you respected the rights of our people. But it was a mistake. You are bad. The day you die... is the day I see you once more. Thank you. What's the matter with Nscho-tschi today? No smile. Tell me. Tomorrow, Winnetou will see Old Shatterhand without fail. And of course, the Chief's daughter is not supposed to show pity, or shed tears. Although, I'd like to ask... Will you answer one question? Is it a fact, the man who freed my brother really was you? - Yes. But I can't prove it. - You expect me to... believe it? -Yes. You swear? I swear it. - It's true then. You brought only good to my brother. The trouble is, will he believe us? Nscho-tschi! Nscho-tschi! Kenota mahe! Tahi! - Amana kelo Nscho-tschi tuma! Nakalo peteka pokai mu! - Tschuh keh! Manaki tikeh loka Winnetou tschih Tangua. Tschuh keh! - Mini hoka... ta pokai mu... hana lomi na Nscho-tschi! Tschiri ta na, Nscho-tschi! Kini na hana. Luma petra. Tschuh keh. Ei an tikuma! Win tahu Roswell! - Tahu Roswell! Well, here we go, men. And if it's scalps they're after, I'll give them one they won't ever forget! Let him go! If you recall, I said you were to see Winnetou again on the day you die. - Yes. And are you strong enough now, to bear up under our torture? - Yes. Alright, then! Tie his hands! - Are the Apaches so afraid of me? Niteh ho! This way. Sure to hell, there's one thing I ain't going to do, that's grow older. That's pretty clear. I won't have to worry no more. I bet you wish you were back East, and we were with you, huh? Nscho-tschi has deserted Old Shatterhand. Enk a tes Nshu-tinika! What did he say? - Well, it's not absolutely sure whether or not you, me and the boys are really the guilty ones. J tu titsa shi akh a ne! Well, no matter what he thinks, I'm absolutely sure. Why not free us? Manitou sin desi ak nok tau! Manitou will decide! Oh, that means going through an ordeal! Answer us, now! Are you able to handle one of our canoes? - Yes. Follow the River Pecos for 3 turns. Then, on the left bank, there's a sacred statue. Old Shatterhand must get to that point. You're all free if he does. That's easy. What's to prevent me from reaching the point? Old Shatterhand's canoe will not be able to go far from here. My father follows in his. - Is he armed? With his tomahawk. If he kills you before you reach the point, the others will burn! - What weapon do I have? You have courage. You are wise. Don't try to avoid battle. We are nearby. You don't have a chance to get there. With his bow and arrow, Winnetou will be right behind you. There is no hope anymore. - I'm ready. Farewell, my good old friend. You're really a lucky one. I'd rather go to the happy hunting-grounds that fast and painless like you. Manitou! Hawkens, what do you see down there? - Nothing. I won't look. 'cause without me this greenhorn is doomed to death. The worst is, my scalp is itching, and I cannot scratch myself. Hey! Is Intschu tschuna too cowardly to fight me alone? Is he waiting for Winnetou and his warriors? If Intschu tschuna is afraid of me, I'll goto him! Hey! Мака tahu! Here! Hey! Hamaka su! Matonk ta! Your Chief is unhurt. He's safe. Now, who's the winner? Manitou gives his pardon to Shatterhand. - And we'll beset free? bow to the law of Manitou. My brother. - My brother. As soon as the sun rises, we must go. And we shall take revenge on the man who was his murderer. They're not only alive. It looks like they're friendly with the Indians, too. What will we do with them? - I'll get them later. First, I want to locate the Apache gold. - They won't open their dirty mouths. Quiet! Imagine a straight line from here to where we caught that little Apache boy. It ends directly on a porcupine boulder. I think I've got that location now. My pants, quick! She's coming. Quite a good-looking guy, huh? Yeah, that's what I always was. Only that I didn't have time for girls. You got pretty hair. - Huh? My pretty, pretty darling, you. - Me pretty darsing? Quiet good. Say "darling". - You take darling as squaw in wigwam? What? Marriage? Sam Hawkens will never marry! Yes, yes, yes! No marriage, no love. But, what's up now? Stay with me, my pretty, pretty darling. Stay with me. I'll do anything you want. Give me a hug, darling. Nscho-tschi is so happy, because Old Shatterhand will never have to go back to that strange, mysterious place anymore. -1 don't know. I really must go soon. What's the matter? - Nscho-tschi is stupid. She must be smart, like Old Shatterhand. But what if she went to school to learn? Then she would be smart, too. What a wonderful idea. Your tribe would be helped by that. You'll see. Nscho-tschi wants more than that. Nscho-tschi has many ideas now. - She's a bright girl. You'll miss her. She has much to learn. - Her going is the best thing. She's worried about what your father may think about it. Tell me. He fears she will learn too much of the ways of white men. At a girl's school? - We go tomorrow- - Good. After that, we hunt the killer of Klekih-petra. There's at least forty. - Good. It's a lot easier to follow. Watch it! Well, Old Shatterhand, tomorrow we've got to separate. But there's still plenty of work out here for men like us. Come on along! You're not a greenhorn anymore. - No, I'll stay and take care of Santer, so he can't do any more harm. There's something going on. Oh, did I tell you how Moon fell in love with me? And how I escaped her at the last minute? No one of you could have managed that. Tell me, is Beautiful Day happy her wish came true? - Oh, yes! She will learn all about your world. - Have you been to get the gold? No! Only the Chiefs of the tribe know where to find the Apache gold. I remember, Intschu tschuna said it causes trouble. After tomorrow, when they get the gold, it will be to trade it for something... the thing you call money. Then, they'll send me away to school. Will you be unhappy when you're away? - No. Because, we'll meet again soon. How will we cut them off there? - We stay behind until we find the gold. At this place we must part, my brother. It is not Winnetou who sends you away, but something else... it is our law. And the law is for all our people. They cannot see the gold of the Apaches. My father and I leave. You must go on, until the sun sets. You will be in the valley of the buffalo. Wait there until tomorrow. Kahii! Tschenahii! Nscho-tschi! We must bid farewell to Beautiful Day. Anawi, the God of Death, has covered Nscho-tschi with his black wings. Anika... ti matan. Nscho-tschi is at peace. I loved her, Winnetou. Now I know it, she's gone. Manitou watches over her, my friend. May 29, has surprised us all. The Earth was shaking so fiercely, that we couldn't stay on our feet. We have just had the one dating May 20th, and and in those couple of days we had managed to fix up those few damages and put the company in order. Then, May 29th happened and nobody was expecting something similar. Raul Villa Espinosa, MEC Palmieri We have met each other at the forecourt just outside, it was 5 pm and we were looking into each others' eyes... to understand what was going on... There was Mr Massimo Palmieri saying: "Guys, this is ours, this is our life, we need to take the things under control and go back to our path..." Luca Lodi Geometer, Construction Site Management Before the earthquake, the meat company Palmieri was highly efficient. We had a plant covering surface of around 25.000 m2, with indoor surface of around 13.000 m2. There were a lot of damages, and starting as of June 2012, we had to restore and refurnish everything... Davide Spaggiari, MEC Palmieri It is definitely a sound company, with good atmosphere...and a lot of work. Davide Bassoli, MEC Palmieri After the quake fortunately we have all gathered in the outdoor area, at the designated gathering place ... this was really important... that no one was hurt. This extremely critical moment has brought a lot to us... it gave us strength.. personal strength and a strong will. It was a momentum that we did not imagine we could ever face. Living on the construction site was a brand new experience for us. It is a nice atmosphere though, people like to be with each other in a year's time, it is obvious that with the guys working on the site we had established personal ties. ... we have created friendships. Obviously, we would like this period to end, so that we could go back to our real work... we are eager to go back to our salumi... The company has succeeded in taking advantage of the devastating situation. It managed to reconstruct itself, in the best possible way... Alessandro Barbolini, Technological installations We have inserted new technologies and new machinery in a new plant factory. We can not do other now, but to perform better. The construction site has been going on for months... Companies of a high professional profile, capable and hard-working people. The fact that we were able to got back here in January and partially re-start production, regardless of all the difficulties, is very satisfying. See the company rise from its ashes, with all the changes brought and the new atmosphere will definitely serve as a new impetus for the future. Paolo Arcangeli, Manager MEC Palmieri This is a good company, a sound one. The enjoyment of the challenge in this case is not only rhetorical. It was evident from the beginning that the level of damages suffered in the earthquake was quite relevant. We were not certain to be able to start everything, from the scratch... We have arrived to this point, using all our forces and using them in a very good way, in my opinion... In this episode of earthquake survival that the company has experienced, there is this very interesting particular: for us, this was not only a physical reconstruction of the facilities, but also a very important reconstruction in its organisational set-up. Today, it is a very special day for us. very unique... Sometimes we ask ourselves how is it possible, but same as in other life situations, private as well, one finds out that s/he has energy and resources that was not aware of... We have met people similar to us...and companies that sometimes shared our very same problems and some of those, two in particular, have joined their forces to reconstruct our company. and to find this commitment, work together and see them work with will and diligence, it is something that really fills your heart... you understand that in those very moments, they were there only to help you... We have begun with a certain energy, a positive charge and a lot of enthusiasm. We feel really prepared...and we can not wait anymore to put our work wear, to start hearing the sounds, to feel the smell of our salumi, to live them and start working again... Start working again soon is our priority. We trust in it ... it has been a long way, but we are finally here. July 29, 2013 ( 423 days later) We would sincerely like to thank all the people, institutions and companies that have made the reconstruction of the new production facility Palmieri possible. Technological installations and services: DEMO Protezioni Antiurto Srl (and many others) Pat Mitchell: You have brought us images from the Yemen Times. And take us through those, and introduce us to another Yemen. Nadia Al-Sakkaf: Well, I'm glad to be here. And I would like to share with you all some of the pictures that are happening today in Yemen. This picture shows a revolution started by women, and it shows women and men leading a mixed protest. The other picture is the popularity of the real need for change. So many people are there. The intensity of the upspring. This picture shows that the revolution has allowed opportunities for training, for education. These women are learning about first aid and their rights according to the constitution. I love this picture. I just wanted to show that over 60 percent of the Yemeni population are 15 years and below. And they were excluded from decision-making, and now they are in the forefront of the news, raising the flag. English -- you will see, this is jeans and tights, and an English expression -- the ability to share with the world what is going on in our own country. And expression also, it has brought talents. Yemenis are using cartoons and art, paintings, comics, to tell the world and each other about what's going on. Obviously, there's always the dark side of it. And this is just one of the less-gruesome pictures of the revolution and the cost that we have to pay. The solidarity of millions of Yemenis across the country just demanding the one thing. And finally, lots of people are saying that Yemen's revolution is going to break the country. Is it going to be so many different countries? Is it going to be another Somalia? But we want to tell the world that, no, under the one flag, we'll still remain as Yemeni people. PM: Thank you for those images, Nadia. And they do, in many ways, tell a different story than the story of Yemen, the one that is often in the news. And yet, you yourself defy all those characterizations. So let's talk about the personal story for a moment. Your father is murdered. The Yemen Times already has a strong reputation in Yemen as an independent English language newspaper. How did you then make the decision and assume the responsibilities of running a newspaper, especially in such times of conflict? NA: Well, let me first warn you that I'm not the traditional Yemeni girl. I've guessed you've already noticed this by now. (Laughter) In Yemen, most women are veiled and they are sitting behind doors and not very much part of the public life. But there's so much potential. I wish I could show you my Yemen. I wish you could see Yemen through my eyes. Then you would know that there's so much to it. And I was privileged because I was born into a family, my father would always encourage the boys and the girls. He would say we are equal. And he was such an extraordinary man. And even my mother -- I owe it to my family. A story: I studied in India. And in my third year, I started becoming confused because I was Yemeni, but I was also mixing up with a lot of my friends in college. And I went back home and I said, "Daddy, I don't know who I am. I'm not a Yemeni; I'm not an Indian." And he said, "You are the bridge." And that is something I will keep in my heart forever. So since then I've been the bridge, and a lot of people have walked over me. PM: I don't think so. (Laughter) NA: But it just helps tell that some people are change agents in the society. And when I became editor-in-chief after my brother actually -- my father passed away in 1999, and then my brother until 2005 -- and everybody was betting that I will not be able to do it. "What's this young girl coming in and showing off because it's her family business," or something. It was very hard at first. I didn't want to clash with people. But with all due respect to all the men, and the older men especially, they did not want me around. It was very hard, you know, to impose my authority. But a woman's got to do what a woman's got to do. (Applause) And in the first year, I had to fire half of the men. (Laughter) (Applause) Brought in more women. Brought in younger men. And we have a more gender-balanced newsroom today. The other thing is that it's about professionalism. It's about proving who you are and what you can do. And I don't know if I'm going to be boasting now, but in 2006 alone, we won three international awards. One of them is the IPI Free Media Pioneer Award. So that was the answer to all the Yemeni people. And I want to score a point here, because my husband is in the room over there. If you could please stand up, [unclear]. He has been very supportive of me. (Applause) PM: And we should point out that he works with you as well at the paper. But in assuming this responsibility and going about it as you have, you have become a bridge between an older and traditional society and the one that you are now creating at the paper. And so along with changing who worked there, you must have come up against another positioning that we always run into, in particular with women, and it has to do with outside image, dress, the veiled woman. So how have you dealt with this on a personal level as well as the women who worked for you? NA: As you know, the image of a lot of Yemeni women is a lot of black and covered, veiled women. And this is true. And a lot of it is because women are not able, are not free, to show their face to their self. It's a lot of traditional imposing coming by authority figures such as the men, the grandparents and so on. And it's economic empowerment and the ability for a woman to say, "I am as much contributing to this family, or more, than you are." And the more empowered the women become, the more they are able to remove the veil, for example, or to drive their own car or to have a job or to be able to travel. So the other face of Yemen is actually one that lies behind the veil, and it's economic empowerment mostly that allows the woman to just uncover it. And I have done this throughout my work. I've tried to encourage young girls. We started with, you can take it off in the office. And then after that, you can take it off on assignments. Because I didn't believe a journalist can be a journalist with -- how can you talk to people if you have your face covered? -- and so on; it's just a movement. And I am a role model in Yemen. A lot of people look up to me. A lot of young girls look up to me. And I need to prove to them that, yes, you can still be married, you can still be a mother, and you can still be respected within the society, but at the same time, that doesn't mean you [should] just be one of the crowd. You can be yourself and have your face. PM: But by putting yourself personally out there -- both projecting a different image of Yemeni women, but also what you have made possible for the women who work at the paper -- has this put you in personal danger? NA: Well the Yemen Times, across 20 years, has been through so much. We've suffered prosecution; the paper was closed down more than three times. It's an independent newspaper, but tell that to the people in charge. They think that if there's anything against them, then we are being an opposition newspaper. And very, very difficult times. Some of my reporters were arrested. We had some court cases. My father was assassinated. Today, we are in a much better situation. We've created the credibility. And in times of revolution or change like today, it is very important for independent media to have a voice. It's very important for you to go to YemenTimes.com, and it's very important to listen to our voice. And this is probably something I'm going to share with you in Western media probably -- and how there's a lot of stereotypes -- thinking of Yemen in one single frame: this is what Yemen is all about. And that's not fair. It's not fair for me; it's not fair for my country. A lot of reporters come to Yemen and they want to write a story on Al-Qaeda or terrorism. And I just wanted to share with you: there's one reporter that came. He wanted to do a documentary on what his editors wanted. And he ended up writing about a story that even surprised me -- hip hop -- that there are young Yemeni men who express themselves through dancing and puchu puchu. (Laughter) That thing. (PM: Rap. Break dancing.) Yeah, break dancing. I'm not so old. I'm just not in touch. (Laughter) (Applause) PM: Yes, you are. Actually, that's a documentary that's available online; the video's online. NA: ShaketheDust.org. PM: "Shake the Dust." (NA: "Shake the Dust.") PM: ShaketheDust.org. And it definitely does give a different image of Yemen. You spoke about the responsibility of the press. And certainly, when we look at the ways in which we have separated ourselves from others and we've created fear and danger, often from lack of knowledge, lack of real understanding, how do you see the way that the Western press in particular is covering this and all other stories out of the region, but in particular, in your country? NA: Well there is a saying that says, "You fear what you don't know, and you hate what you fear." So it's about the lack of research, basically. It's almost, "Do your homework," -- some involvement. And you cannot do parachute reporting -- just jump into a country for two days and think that you've done your homework and a story. So I wish that the world would know my Yemen, my country, my people. I am an example, and there are others like me. We may not be that many, but if we are promoted as a good, positive example, there will be others -- men and women -- who can eventually bridge the gap -- again, coming to the bridge -- between Yemen and the world and telling first about recognition and then about communication and compassion. I think Yemen is going to be in a very bad situation in the next two or three years. It's natural. But after the two years, which is a price we are willing to pay, we are going to stand up again on our feet, but in the new Yemen with a younger and more empowered people -- democratic. (Applause) PM: Nadia, I think you've just given us a very different view of Yemen. And certainly you yourself and what you do have given us a view of the future that we will embrace and be grateful for. And the very best of luck to you. YemenTimes.com. NA: On Twitter also. PM: So you are plugged in. (Applause) - In cased you missed it we've got news on Justin Bieber getting hit with a water bottle on stage performing a while back. Keep watching for the dangerous details. And you're back at ClevverTV. Hello all, I'm Joslyn Davis, with a story you might have already heard about, but we're gonna revisiting it anyways because the footage was just releashed. Now most of the stories that we do on Justin Bieber are based on just how much his fans basically worship him, but a while back one of his fans had a really, really strange way of showing it. While performing on stage in Sacramento and talking to the crowd, about how much he loves them. The Bieb's was nailed in the head with a huge water bottle. Seriously, this was not your normal, run of the mill bottle, it looked like it was almost as big as his face, ouch. Now we have no idea really why someone would such a thing, especially a female fan, which it was by the way. So any leads on this story you guys? Now this is not the first time That Justin Bieber's life have been put in danger, if you don't remember, a while back he was almost trampled by a bunch of his fans. So we wanna take apond our selves, to lead the campaign to save Justin Bieber. If you wanna help us save Justin Bieber's life leave a comment, in the comment section below. And make sure to let us know what you think of this cracy tobogle. Of cause more Bieb's updates you can always check facebook dot com slash ClevverTV to. (www.facebook.com/ClevverTV) I'm Joslyn Davis, see ya' later. [Captioned By: ClosedCaptionsTV] This problem involves staying safe on a ship. Now let me explain the scenario to you. The bad guys have taken over the pier, as we can tell by the flag saying "bad guys." They have a cannon which they can adjust to any angle they want between zero and 180°, and it can fire cannonballs with the velocity of 56 m/s. Next to the cannon, there's this flagpole and it has a known height of 30 m. Now let's say we want to keep an eye on the bad guys and make sure we know what they're up to, but we don't want to get to within range of their cannon. We don't want to be able to be shot by this cannon. It is not fun. So what do we need to do? Well first, we need to calculate the range of the cannon to figure out how far this thing can shoot and as a hint ranges optimized from this angle is equal to 45°, but what then? What do we do after we've calculated the range of the cannon? Well, we need keep our distance, but how do we do that? How do we know our distance? Well, lucky enough there is this flagpole. If we look from the top of this flagpole to the bottom, we can measure this angle β, and as long as β is pretty small, let's say it's less than 10°, these are going to be very close to right angles and we can do some trigonometry. Now clearly if the boat is really close to the shore, this flag pole will look very big. They would be large to our observer, and if the boat is very far away they would be small. The flagpole will look very small from faraway. I want to know at what value of β can a cannon reach our ship. Now this is a really tricky question. It involves a pretty complicated 2-dimensional motion problem as well as some trigonometry that we learned in the first unit. If you can put these all together and get the correct answer, I'll be very impressed. So in this lecture I'm going to focus on Support Vector Machines. This is one of the most widely used techniques in general, and specifically in computer version. Before I get into the integrity of support vector machines, I want to remind you of the big picture. So the big picture is that we are going to train classifiers, and we have to start with some positive and negative examples. And this is the general paradigm. So for example, if I want to train a pedestrian detector, then we have might have positive examples of various kinds of pedestrians. Then the negative examples which will be non-pedestrians. Somehow the other we construct features that does out of these image patches. So that's what's called here the feature representation. And then these feature vectors are input to the training stage which trains a discriminative classifier and this could be a nearest neighbor, it could be a support vector machine decision tree and variety of other classifiers exist. You might be wondering, how we got out using these in practice when we don't have nicely given bits and patches as in the MNS data set for digits. So, I can illustrate that here. The paradigm that we use is called the Multi-Scale Sliding Window. So, let's first get into the sliding window part of it. We have to, let's say in this image we have to find people. How are we going to do it? The people could be anywhere in the image and they could be at any size. So what do we do? What we do is we, we consider a block of pixels shown here by these green windows. We take a block of pixels. We compute a feature vector on that block of pixels. We send it over to a classifier and then the classifier says, is there a person there? Yes or no? We move the window over a little bit, that's the sliding part, we slide the window a bit, a bit, one pixel to the right or more. And then we have a new block of pixels and we ask the question again. We slide it over again, ask the question again and so forth throughout the whole image. So this is a broad force process. We are asking this question for every window in the image, every rectangular window in this particular example. Now note that the person could be small or big, because as you can see in these images there are people who are far away, who'll be small, and there'll be people who are nearer who'll be big. So therefore this window has to be around over the entire image and it has to be done at multiple skits. So, this is essentially straightforward, broad force approach and that's what in fact, is used quite often in practice. And it has been used for detecting faces, pedestrians, cars, cats, dogs, whatever. So, it's kind of obvious that the complexity of this approach is high, because how many times do we have to evaluate a classifier for deciding, is there a person in the window or not? Well, we're going to slide the window over the entire image so that complexity is. Proportional to the number of pixels in the image so it could be a million locations. We're corresponding to that top left corner of the window. Then we have to do this at multiple scales. We might want to find people who are ten pixel by ten pixels or people who are 100 pixels by 100 pixels. So we have to run these at multiple scales. So therefore, the complexity is the number of pixels in the image times the number of scales that one wishes to consider times the complexity of one evaluation of the classifier. So, this tells us that the classifier that we use better run fast, otherwise we are in deep trouble. But, amazingly this trick has been achieved and we can achieve real-time face detection, and real-time pedestrian detection, and so forth. This is what we can do today, and the fruits are there for everybody to enjoy. For example, in cameras now there are when you try to focus there's an auto-focus mechanism which is based on detecting faces. Okay, so let's now get into how we, we classify one particular block of pixels. We'll take that block of pixels cut, cut make that into a feature vector and now we have to try on learning machinery. So, here is the very popular technique called Support Vector Machines. I'm going to try to illustrate this in the simple example where we have, say positive examples shown by these filled squares and negative examples by these circles. And, we want to separate them by linear hyperplane. Okay? So that's B2 as a, an example of that. And when I talked about linear separating hyperplanes all I said was, lets find E separating hyper plane which maximally separates the positive and negative example, so B2 will do the job. But there are other possible solutions. All these various dash lines that you just saw, all of them achieve the objective of separating the positive from negative examples. And, as far as the basic story of linear-separating hyperplanes goes, these are all equally good. So, there is no principle way of saying, as of now, at least as far as what I've told you. Whether B1 is a better hyper plane to use or is B2, better hyper plane to use. What do you think? The intuition that most people would have is that somehow B1 is a better hyperplane to use than B2 and somehow it seems to be that B1, tries to do the job in the most safe way possible whereas B2 is very precariously closed. It's just about right in the sense that just about all the positive examples are at one side and just about all the negative examples are on the other side. So there is a way to formalize this and this is the notion of margin. So the way the margin is to be considered and shown in this figure. So consider this hyperplane plane B1, that's this guy. And then we can, so, B1 does the job perfectly, right? All the positive examples are, all the negative examples are on the other side. In fact, we can slide this hyperplane B1. And, by moving it parallel to itself, and we can move it to one extreme position which is shown here, b11, and another extreme position which is shown as b12. And b11 and b12 also do the job correctly, they also manage to separate the positive and negative examples. Now how much can you move? What's the slope? How much fre edom do you have to move the hydroplane? This range is what we call the margin. So the margin is shown here. Okay, so this is how much we can afford to move the hyperplane while preserving the property that the positive examples are on one side, the negative examples are on the other side. So for B1, we can move it around quite a bit. For B2, we don't have that much living. If we move it around, we can move it to the position b21 or the position b22. But there is not that much slope available. So, here's the principle. Find that hyperplane that maximizes the margin and that will enable us to decide that B1 is better. We can formulate it mathematically and do this in a quite clean and precise way. So here's the setup. Now I have to introduce a notation. So we have w and b. These are these are at the same meaning as we studied earlier. W.x + b = zero is the hyperplane that we are interested in, and then there are these two extremer versions of it., b11 and b12. And, what we can show by some math and I'm going to actually skip all the math here. And for this you should take a machine learning class or read about support vector machines on Wikipedia or wherever you like. What it turns out is that the, the way we formula, this is to maximize the margin. And, the margin can prove is given by this formula where w is the length of the weight vector. So therefore, what the problem of finding the right weight vector w becomes is that of minimizing the norm of w. Subject to the constraint that all the positive points lie on one side and all the negative points lie on the other side and this can be written out quite precisely mathematically and then one can solve this optimization problem and that's how one can find the w and the b, which will then be the parameters which define the hyperplane. So, some remarks here. While the diagram corresponds to a linearly separable case. Okay, what do I mean by that? Let's go back to the figure. Linear separability means that in fact one can separate the positive and negative examples by linear hyperplane. That may not be the case because you could have some of the, there may be no, there may be no hyperplane which will separate in the sense that there could be enough intermingling of the positive and negative examples that, the hyperplane cannot do the job. So, so we have to deal with the case and this is typically going to be true in practice. We are not going to be so lucky that there is a clean separating hyperplane in all the positive examples on one side and all the negative examples are on the other side. So, what we need to do is to generalize and there is a notion of so called Soft Margin SVM which allows mistakes, so they can be a few of the positive examples and the negative side of the boundary and a few negative examples of the positive side of the boundary. But of course, we want to minimize the number of these so we must penalize them in some way. Training a support vector machine is a convex optimization problem. And, the good news is that for any convex optimization problem, we are guaranteed that we can find globally best solution. And, in the case of support vector machines, there are variety of software packages available. These go by names such as LlBSVM, LlBLlNEAR and so on. So if you want to train a support vector classifier practice, what you would do is to download one of these free publicly available packages and use them for your purpose. But, there is more than this, and the reason is that sometimes a decision boundary can be horribly non-linear. So, the example of the soft marginal sphere is to deal with the case but there few things which are off. So mostly it's linear but there are few examples in the wrong side and we deal with them. But sometimes the decision boundary can be horribly nonlinear. And in that case, we need to resort to another new idea here which is the so called Corner Trick. So let me explain. So here's a scenario which is not linearly separable at all. So, but it looks kind of simple, so all the positive examples here lie inside the disk and the negative examples lie outside the disk. But we will not be able to find a singular hyperplane such that the positive examples are on one side and the negative examples are on the other side. That's not going to exist and there is, any such hyperplane we find will just make lots and lots of mistakes, unacceptably too many. So this is not the way to go. But looking at this, you, you think, this looks simple enough. The decision boundary is a circle or in some higher dimensional space, it might be a sphere. There ought to be a simple way to capture this idea. And answer is, yes, there is. Okay, so first I've shown that decision boundary which is in this case, a circle and all the positive examples are inside that and the negative examples are outside that. So, if you compute an x1^2 + x2^2, if it is equal to c, that's a decision boundary less than c will be positive examples greater than c will be negative examples. So here's a trick. So in the space, the original two dimensional space, we could not find a linear boundary. But let's create a higher-dimensional space, and this higher-dimensional space has dimensions which correspond to x1, x2, this we know. But we added these other dimensions corresponding to the squares and products of the, the original area, x1 and x2. So now we have created a five-dimensional feature vector. So the raw feature vector is just two dimensions, x1 and x2. They have created a five- dimensional feature vector in a predictable deterministic way. From x1, x2, we have gone to x1, x2, x1^2, x1, x2, x2^2. Now we're in a five- dimensional space. So in general, this transformation is indicated by the, some original space and we have a point x and we map it to some high dimensional space with this mapping which is a phi. So, phi of x is in this example, five-dimensional. Now, in this five-dimensional space, we, we will now look for a hyperplane in this five-dimensional space and if you think about this equation x1^2 + x2^2 = c, in this five-dimensional space is actually correspond to a linear, linear hyperplane, right? Because x1^2 and x2^2, they are essentially third and fifth dimension of this fifth, five-dimensional space. And, there's, there's a linear combination there. So this is beautiful. So, by going to a high dimensional space, we can convert what were non linear boundaries in the low dimensional space into linear boundaries and this trick is, is something which can be generalized. And, the mathematical term for this is Kernel. This is the so-called Kernel Trick and he way it works is that, you actually do not have to explicitly know this mapping, phi which takes feature vectors, round feature vectors into this high dimensional feature vector space. In fact that, high dimensional feature vector space may even be infinite dimension. The reason is that all. It turns out we have to do at run time is to evaluate various inner products, we need to evaluate the inner product of point x with some other points. And, instead of going to this high dimensional space using the mapping phi, and then computing inner product in that space, we can compute inner products in the original space itself using this Kernel function k. And, there is a lot of detail here which I have skipped. This is obviously something you need to look up in the machine learning course. But, the big idea here is the Kernel Trick saves us even when the boundaries are non linear. Of course, this is just transform the problem into what is this magical Kernel and what choices of Kernel should be used. Let me get to that in the next lecture. But, let me set up the basic problem here. So, let's start with the, with a easy case that we know. In the case of, the linear coordinates, that's the case we already know, the decision boundary is, is some hyper plane, right? So w dot product with x + b. And, what we do is that, on the decision boundary, this, let's go back to w dot x + b = zero is the decision boundary. So, what we do is that we evaluate this function. And, that's the function h, here. And on the decision boundary it is going to be zero. Otherwise we, it'll be either +one or minus. We valued the sign of this and +one means it's a positive example, -one means it's a negative example. And, if you want to write this out in, in scalar terms then this is what you'll get. The other thing now we did, is we talked about so for, for many of the methods we did. We, we talked about setting this up in terms of AX equal to B. But we then we talked about doing Fourier transform. Shouldn't the Fourier transform have the same problem? This has nothing to do. With a numerical technique this is just the fact that you've set up a problem that has an infinite number of solutions. And isn't it true that if I were to solve this problem using Fourier transforms, shouldn't I have some kind of problem like that? The answer is yes, but how it manifests itself is very different. So we come back to here, periodic boundary conditions and what we're going to do is we Fourier transformed last time. And if you remember what we did in class last time, that's the fast Fourier transform method. We found that if you Fourier transform the X and Y. We get the following relationship. Fairly simple. Awesome, you say, hey I Fourier transformed this, in x and y, my vorticity, divided by kx squared plus kx squared, minus sign, inverse Fourier transform, done. See any problems there. Well, Kx and ky are the wave numbers, right? Remember that these are things that are, like this. There is a DC component to this, DC. See these are frequency components, right. And then if you think about K X being zero. Right? Zero just becomes one. This is like your DC field, okay. And most signals have some DC components and then you take things out. So we can just ask a simple question, what happens when you look at this KX or KY when they're zero? Who loves to divide by zero cuz MATLAB will complain to you. So the manifestation of this problem about singularity in the Fourier transform shows up as a divide by zero. Okay. If kx and ky are zero. Have this divide by zero and the summary of that is that it is. Bad,. Okay Frowned upon by many. Okay. And this ultimately reflects the same, the same issue as before, which is if you didn't have a problem here, if you just, if you didn't have a divide by zero you'd say, well look I, I have, it would, somehow this idea that there's an infinite number of solutions has to manifest itself is how it does it. How do you handle this now? Because before, we just took a matrix component, put seven in there. Do, done. Now we have to take care of this. All right. Couple of ways to do it. I'm dividing by zero. Let's count a problem. What if I were to. It's something that's not zero. It's my Zoolander, not zero. Okay. So, right? That's super, that's kind of, it's zero, but it's not, is it? I mean, really, it's, it's small but not zero. And by the way, you can kind of go, wait a minute, you can't start doing stuff like that, you just made an error. Yeah. When I go to solve this with od 45, what's my accuracy? I'm just gonna step forward using OD45 without doing anything else. The accuracy it guarantees me, is ten to the minus six. I'm doing something here that's eight orders of magnitude below that. I have errors that are far bigger; just in one-time step I have already four, five. All I want to do with this is when these are zero, This ensures that I don't have to divide by zero. It has no problem dividing by ten or minus fourteen. So you're. No, well it, a lot less than if you time step it. Right, eight orders magnitude less. So this is one way to do it. Just say, when I divide, I'll just put this little bit here. And then when these are zero it says okay, it's small it gives me a big number, but big deal. I can handle that big number. A more common way to do it is to say when you build this kx and ky, which are your wave vectors, turns out that. Kx1, zero, ky1, these are your zero components that you worry about. So one very easy way to hand then, the transition is unique. Do this here, but then this effects every single. Components that's here, right? So I'm going to divide by all the wave numbers, every one takes a little but of the ten minus fourteen with it. Leave it like that. And just put, put it where you need it, is when these guys are zero. So instead of these things being zero. Just do this. Making this up, so I've got ten of my six, for instance. So, if you make them zero, you know, this is the, this is the wave for number zero and you're going to divide it by zero, you'll be in trouble. No, I mean that the way it, The, I mean, the Fourier series is that there's a bunch of coalitions behind something. Yup. No, this is not, no, we're not making the weight zero. It's the wave number that matters, not the weight. So right, you have. Alright? So you're not making. No, no, no. You cannot make this zero. That's the problem. This is like a resonance condition about the frequency, itself. So, this, this, you don't want to touch that. If you zero that out, you make them huge, because, cuz this thing is not near to zero at all. But its, its the combination at the zero frequency, what is the weighting. This guy here is what matters at this can't be zero. Okay. And then you don't make it zero. You make it small. Ten to the minus six. By the way when you square it, it's ten minus twelve. Okay? So that is about the order of magnitude you're making things on. And by the way, making it ten to minus six is on the same order of magnitude as what you're typically doing with stepping with OD45. So that's why I picked that. So you make that ten to minus six, everything's good, and then you come to divide here by 0s or not 0s. They're ten to minus 6s, problem solved. And we can't show this in class. Cuz we can't change. The c coefficient? No. So, there's a wait? Don't change this, just make this zero plus a little bit, alright? Okay. So, this is the equivalent of putting a seven in that position. Because, you know, what this does here, whatever you pick this number to be or you put ten - fourteen there, this. Locks in that constancy. Whatever you pick here. If I put this to the ten to minus five, its a different C, if I pick it ten to minus four, different C, three times ten to minus six, different C. Do we care about C? We don't, cuz all we're going to do is take derivatives of this thing anyway." Okay. Which one here? So, so you could. You know that the, The, the thing that's not quite as nice about this is even when you don't need the habit you have it now. Right? So here you're only putting it on the things that, are creating the problem. So here you're, you're, you're putting it everywhere whether you need it or not. Here you're just saying, only when I need it do I put it there. Does that one work, or is there. Yeah, both work. This one here, I, I find this one to be a little bit better. Or, or you can just bring this up to ten minus twelve. If you make it ten minus fourteen, it starts getting pretty close to the round-off floor. It makes this really huge. It makes it a little bit not as nice to work with. So, this is, this is more what people adopt in the literature. They don't typically do that. They just say, Do this, so we only put errors in at the spots that are problematic. So there you go and by the way. We only need to do this for the wave numbers related to this stream function solve. Remember when we, we're going to actually solve the whole vorticity dynamics with wave transforms. And then we ave Laplace-ian again. K-x squared, k-y squared but they don't show up in the denominator, in the numerator, and then we don't need to do this.'Kay? This is only because we have the denominator problem. I'm going to do a very brief demonstration, of the built in speech recognition, in Windows 7. I'll just read a couple of paragraphs, so you can get an idea, I trained it for about ten minutes, and it is the first time that I have used the built in ease of access speech recognition. on this particular computer, Su-ho! The smoke keeps coming towards me. Coming back to my hometown, I thought we'd have Sashimi... But all we get is pig intestine? Hey, raw fish is cheapest and freshest in Seoul. Everything here is brought in from Seoul. But we're next to the ocean! Here, raw meat! Hey, why hasn't that punk shown up yet? Is he skipping out this year too? You think he'd come? He hasn't shown his face here for 10 years. He still hasn't forgotten that girl? Who? Su-eun? Today's the day Su-eun died. Really? Is this cooked yet or not? If your first girlfriend died, could you simply forget it? Let's drop it. Whether he forgets or not, it's his own life. Ma'am! Ma'am! Su-ho! - It's great to see you. - Good to see you. It's been a long time. Bae Su-eun! Bae Su-eun! Can you hear me? Su-eun, this guy Su-ho still can't forget you. Cut it out! His brain is tiny, but it's filled with thoughts about you. Let go of my friend! Please, Su-eun! <MY GlRL AND l> Huh? My beeper... We've been looking all over for you. What are you doing here? I don't know. I had spasms. Did you guys save me? Have you been dreaming? Hey, girls... - Where, where? - Oh, girls! <Undertaker> Grandpa! Grandpa! Oh my God! Oh, it's you. Is this too narrow? How could you pop out like that? You scared the crap out of me. Is that coffin yours? That sounds like I should die soon. You and I are growing old together, so careful what you say. Then whose is it? - Mr. Park. - The village head's father? - I like this one. - That one's expensive. - Then give me a discount. - Well, whatever you like. We made some bean-paste soup, so stop by if you like. OK. Take care of yourself. Wow, this is killer weather! You shouldn't use that word here. Why not? Nobody's getting killed here. Wow, this is killer beer. You're too much. Is Mr. Park going to die? Everyone dies sooner or later. Just let it rest. Rest in peace? Where? Wow, this is killer weather. In the shade of a magnolia tree, I read the letters of Werther. Playing flute on a hill blanketed with clouds of flowers. I have come from far away, and take a boat from a nameless pier. The returning April ignites the torches of life. The shining season of dreams, The season of tear-filled rainbows. In the shade of a magnolia tree, I read the letters of Werther. What'll I do? I should concentrate on studies. What? Su-eun over there she keeps staring at me in class. I predict now, she's going to ask me out within a week. Shoot! I need to study. What's wrong with girls these days? They've got such high standards. - You go first. - No, you go first. I'll go to the right, and you go left. You mean, your right? Hey! Buy me a croquette. - Why? - Just because. But, if I buy you a croquette, it's going to be hard for us at school from now on. Why? Just because. Excuse me... Su-ho! You stupid fool! You're just being toyed with. What are you talking about? You think it makes sense? Why would Su-eun, the prettiest girl in school, like you? She's just tired of good-looking guys, so she felt like a change of pace. You know Young-gu from the Judo club? He picked her out already. You're a marked man! I just bought her a damned croquette! Just wait. The croquette is only the beginning... Su-ho! Su-ho! You're just a toy. When she's done, she'll throw you away! Are you worried for your friend, or jealous? Who's jealous? I don't get it. Why Su-ho and not me? Not you, either! Are you the punk who's going out with Su-eun? Me? Is there anyone else here? - Are you or aren't you? - I'm not going out with her. I hate cowardly types like you more than anything. - I'll beat some sense into you. - Wait, wait... Su-eun, Su-eun! Are we going out or not? Please, I'm in a... Miss Bae? Do you happen to be dating this rat, or not? We're going out. Su-ho! Hop on, quick! Full speed ahead! Hey, catch him, quick! Chase after those bikes! Hey, I'm a teacher! You guys can't do that! Stop, stop! - I'm heavier than you thought? - No, you're as heavy as I thought. The sea's so blue. It usually is. Like it'll turn my hand blue. - Oh, can't you swim? - Sure I can! - What are you laughing about? - You weren't hurt? Oh, that stupid, wacko pig Young-gu... Those guys saved me. Do you play soccer these days? I used to in junior high, but not now. You were the goalkeeper? Yeah, so I wouldn't have to run. But how'd you know that? We were in the same class back then. Oh, that's right. Your grandfather's place is in my neighborhood, right? You know that too? Remember how we were assigned to clean together? Were we? Do you remember what you asked me then? What was it? What does the "su" in Su-eun mean? Oh, "su" meaning "life!" And your "su" means "excellence!" Buy me a beeper. A beeper? I lost mine because of you, so you should buy me one. Because of me? You dummy. The sea's so red. It usually is at this time. Then, why's your face so red? Well, at this time, it usually is. Su-ho. Yeah? Just wanted to call your name. - I get it! - Huh? You're getting transferred. That's why you suddenly started to talk and laugh with me. Su-eun. Huh? What does the "eun" in Su-eun mean? Trying to burn me with your stare? Your eyes are going to pop out. Mom. Gosh, my guts churn whenever you say that. If you call my name, it can only be about one thing. "How do I love thee? Let me count the dollar bills." Mom, a beeper. What? A piper? - No, not that... - Bzzz... A beeper! Did you eat a blowfish? Bzzz... A beeper, my ass! Go to your room and study! Su-ho! Don't you know how to knock? I heard you got a girlfriend. The whole school's talking about it. How come a spineless sea squirt like you has a date, but not me? Because you look like a spineless sea slug, that's why. Su-ho, is there anybody decent among your friends? You lie sleeping through the long summer days, the long winter nights. You lie sleeping through the long summer days, the long winter nights. In a hundred years, I will lie next to you. In a hundred years, I will lie next to you. Please wait in peace until that day. Please wait in peace until that day. This is an old Chinese poem. It's beautiful, heartbreaking poetry, but it's not on any tests. It seems the poet wrote it after the death of his beloved. Even though mankind seems to have made great progress, In the human heart, deep within, there hasn't been much change. This poem was written about 2,000 years ago. But it's more touching than today's poems. Someone please read it out loud. What's the date today? - It's the 17th. - Yes, student #17! You guys all repeat after Su-eun. Yes! You lie sleeping through the long summer days, the long winter nights. You lie sleeping through the long summer days, the long winter nights. In a hundred years, I will lie next to you. Please wait in peace until that day. My father's real scary. You better not call me at home. A beeper number... You said you lost your beeper. You dummy. You can still leave a message in the system. Oh, right... - Bye. - Bye. - See you at school tomorrow. - Yeah, bye. You dimwit! What I'm saying is, our homeroom teacher is dating the math teacher. Yeah, it's really true. Think about it. Then why'd they sit together during the school picnic? The science teacher and school nurse were there, why sit next to him? Hey, you spineless sea slug! - Did you rent out the phone? - Look, you're just too dimwitted. How do you get by in the real world? I'm always an hour ahead of anyone else, really. If I'm right, you buy me lunch tomorrow. Kimbap and hot rice cakes, okay? Who do you want to call? You want to call your girlfriend, right? I just can't allow that, brother. Go back to your home planet! You have four messages. First message... Oh my God! I heard you're dating the sea squirt! - God, what a fright! - Su-eun, this is Seong-jin. Can't you give it a second thought? - Me too! - Me too! - Oh, jeez... - Hi Su-ho, it's me Su-eun. Does it still feel strange? Actually it does for me too. Where did I ever get the courage? Oh, so she needed courage too. You dummy, not even knowing that someone's staring at you. You dummy, only thinking of what you want to say, not of the person you're speaking to. When I first saw you, you looked like a boy emerged from the sea. While I felt like I had fallen into the sea. If I don't speak out my feelings now, I think I'll suffocate. I like so much being with you. I like being with you too. Su-ho, you'd better go home. Your grandfather collapsed. Grandpa! What could I do? The weather's so gloomy, If I don't drink with you, I'll always regret it. So you just summoned your grandson from class? Lying about having a stroke? How could you? <Please don't die today.> Look, you're changing the sign. You must be up to something. I'm not up to anything. Just wanted to have a beer and talk. Talk about what? Are you in love with anyone? Why do you ask? Just tell me, yes or no? What is it this time? Want to hear about my first love? You mean how you met Grandma? Not that, my first love. Grandma wasn't your first love? No, you dope. Huh? Su-eun! - I brought your bag. - Oh, thanks. Grandpa, this is my friend Su-eun. How old are you? Excuse me? How old are you? Nineteen? Eighteen. Then turn around eighteen times. What? It's just superstition. Go ahead. That's enough. You helpless, grandpa. She mustn't get stuck with bad ghosts. - Are you dizzy? - Yes. A sip of this will make you feel better. - Oh, Su-eun doesn't drink. - It's okay, I like drinking. It's my first time in a place like this. It's not good to come too often. Oh right, please continue your story from before. What's that? About your first love. I had a first love too. When I first saw her, I thought I'd seen an angel. My eyes were so blinded, I couldn't look straight. She was too precious for a guy like me to even dream of. Naturally, her family was completely against it. We were from two different worlds. But we loved each other. We loved each other to death. Soon-im! Soon-im! Soon-im! Soon-im! Man-geum! Come back alive. Please, come back alive. After the war, I came back to my hometown, but there was nobody waiting for me. I came to feel the words, "Alive but not living, dead but not departed." I was never able to meet her again. I thought over what your grandpa said. It may be upsetting to you, but I understand him. It's amazing to love somebody for one's entire life. But at the same time I'm relieved. If your grandpa had married her, you wouldn't have been born. That would be bad for both of us. It's hard to believe. Your grandpa kept her in his heart for all that time. - Fifty years. - He's so cruel. - Who? - My grandpa. All those years with my grandma, he loved someone else. What would you do if you were him? Could you love only one woman for fifty years? You three, stand with your hands up. Wait a minute. You, Hye-seong! You're not in this class, what are you doing here? Go to your own class! Sorry, sir. Is he so fond of my class? You little punk! My grandpa made it possible for us to meet. Like you said, if his love had come true, we wouldn't have met. - Do you believe in an afterlife? - Why? Your grandpa hopes to fulfill his love in an afterlife. I believe in God, but I don't believe in an afterlife. How are God and the afterlife different? I think the afterlife is just made up by people. Then what about your grandpa? Isn't he just getting consolation from thinking about an afterlife? You cried when you heard his story, too. Well, you cried, so I did too. Then you think after we die we just totally disappear? If we don't, then the afterlife will be pretty overpopulated. Are you saying that people who believe in it are idiots? - Who said anything about idiots? - You're mean. Wait, Su-eun! - You're egotistical! - That's not what I meant. Hey, do you think he's asking her because he really doesn't know? He's the best student in the whole school. I can't stand good-looking guys who are smart. Look at the two of them. They're having fun. What's with you? You dummy. What are you upset about? Don't you know? Is it Min-soo? Because he asked me about that math problem? If that's what it is, I'm really disappointed. You can't stand me talking to anyone else, so if I married someone else, you wouldn't last 5 minutes, let alone 50 years. Keep it dry and well-ventilated. Thank you. Thanks, take care. Don't sigh, it chases out good luck. Why'd you have to tell her about your first love? It was raining, how could I not talk about it? Then after that, you never saw her again? Never mind, you punk! A single rabbit. Without a mast, without a pole. It moves smoothly towards the land in the west. I was called to prepare a funeral, and it was Soon-im's husband. We couldn't exchange even a word. Whether not recognizing me or ignoring me, she just kept crying. That's how karma works. You think everything is set in your favor, but life puts many curves in your path. One small twist can bring an entirely different fate. Huh? They say everyone has their own destiny. For grandpa, it was my grandmother. For my dad, it was my mom. I wish that you could be my destiny. Me too. O, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do. They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair. Saints do not move, though grant for prayers' sake. Then move not, While my prayer's effect I take. Thus from my lips, by yours, my sin is purged. Damn, I can't see them. Hey, you. Strike! You haven't kissed her yet? He hasn't even held her hand. Strike! Would you shut up? I can't concentrate. You haven't even held her hand? Just catch the ball. You know how many guys have their eyes on her? Sang-gyu from the baseball club, and school president Min-soo. Hoon-tae from the literary club, Hye-sung, Seong-jin... Don't leave out yourself. What? Hey, look where you pitch... Have you ever seen Marriage Rock? The rock on Fog lsland? It's a real supernatural rock, you know my second sister? As you know, like Su-ho's sister she's not a great catch. That rock must be supernatural. A well-known shaman pointed to that rock. She told my sister to pray in front of the rock. So? You know her personality? She raced over there. What happened? She met him! Who? My brother-in-law! It's really mysterious. Opening her eyes after praying by the rock, she saw a guy. And? And he said, "You have the eyes of a deer." A deer! The Marriage Rock? We leave Saturday after class. We'll spend the night and come back on Sunday, Can you come? Who are we going with? Seong-jin, Hye-seong, Jong-gu, and Jong-gu's girlfriend. Jong-gu has a girlfriend? Mi-young. They started dating again. I'll ask my mom. Where the heck are they? Why are you at home? The boat leaves in 5 minutes. We aren't going. What? We had a talk, and decided to drop out for your sake. You happy? Are you crazy? Don't pretend you don't like it. Make something up, and don't stutter. Anything wrong? Nothing wrong... Aren't they coming? Well, it seems something came up. The dog... Seong-jin had puppies, I mean his dog had puppies... Jong-gu, his... Roof is leaking, so he has to fix it. - It's not even raining. - Oh? You're right... This is a scam. You planned it, right? No, that's not it... Do you think I... You... Two tickets for the two o'clock boat, please. Yes. Su-eun! What are you doing? What did you wish for? What about you? You say it first. No, you go first. Shall we do it together? One, two, three... Let every day be like today! - Jinx! - You got me. <A private residence> She must be quite pretty, - Are you newlyweds? - What? Yes. Live well, and don't argue. Yes, ma'am! It seems she can't see well. That's what happens when you get old. Seems she has good ears. Yeah, only my ears. Everything's too loud. Better to die when you get old. Better to die. Do you want more? Go and help yourself. Tonight, even the stars are sleeping. You gaze at the sea alone... The waves dancing their lonely dance... I'm wandering about... Lost and found? Stuff people left behind? My darling, did you forget my image and my heart? Did the cold wind erase your love? All is the same as before, and there's no reason for things to change. But what makes me miss you are the midsummer night dreams... This rain reminds me of something. When my dad and grandma were alive, A blind masseuse used to come to our house. She looked to be in her sixties. She had been blind from birth. But one day she asked me a question. Su-ho, does the rain fall in drops. Or does it fall in threads? So how did you answer? It falls in drops. Drop by drop. Oh, so it falls in drops... That night,lworried about whether it actually falls in threads. I'm still not sure. How does the rain fall? In threads... In drops... When can I find out? What are you doing? Couldn't you sleep? Nope. The rain stopped. In the center of a typhoon, there's no rain or wind, only tranquility. Then, are we in the center of a typhoon? It's beautiful. What's the probability of seeing something like this? What's the slim probability of us meeting each other? Like the probability of seeing a star during a typhoon. I made up my mind. I will cry for you, laugh for you, and live for you. You are the center of my universe. You're easily offended, jealous, clumsy and you stutter when you lie, but I like that. I wish we could stay here forever. Su-eun! Su-eun! Su-eun! Su-eun! Hold still. I'm okay. It's not okay. Let's go home. Get up. I'm sorry. Throughout the history of Korean poetry, Nothing among formal verse compares to shijo, loved by people Of all regions and classes. Sorry! The earth is protected by the Fantastic Four, and Bae Su-eun is protected by Kim Su-ho. Princess Anaemia, please accept my proposal. My brain is small, but I have much blood, So I'll be your blood. Have you seen my grandfather? I guess you haven't. He treats people with medical problems. In fact, my grandpa is the head of this hospital Nice room, right? Oh my gosh! Oh, Grandpa, are you making rounds? I like the sky. The clouds, too. And the sunset. And the rainbow over the sea. And you? I like school uniforms. I must be crazy. Why do they seem so pretty? I hate the smell of fish coming from my mom. What I really hate is side dishes made of fish. When they glare up at me from the table, it's scary. I hate needles. Couldn't I just drink it up instead? What does mom dream about? The saddest thing is watching my mom sleep from behind. For me the saddest thing... Even if we find a marrow donor and operate... For me the saddest thing... Where are you going? To the hospital? I can't go too often. Her father hates it when I come. So when will she get out? It seems a long stay for anaemia. What did you do on the island? Did you pick up some bad jinx there? What did you do? You're hiding something from us. Did you really only kiss her? Just kissing? - Hey, what's wrong? - What did you do? - Which floor? - Second floor. - We'll go buy some juice. - Okay. Where's the patient from room 203? Who? From room 203. Bae Su-eun. Bae Su-eun disappeared this morning. Where did she go? I don't know. Take this to the pediatric ward. - A patient disappeared? - Who? - Bae Su-eun from room 203. - The leukemia patient? So this is what it feels like. Su-ho! Having fun? Are you having fun?! Su-ho... Su-ho... Su-ho... I'm sorry. Su-ho, I'm sorry. Su-ho. Yeah. When I call, will you always answer me? Su-ho. Yeah. Su-ho... Yeah. Dad, come home early today. I'll cook your favorite fish soup. Okay. Take it easy. Bye. Oh, welcome. I'm looking for Mr. Kim Man-geum. Yes, that's me. You're exactly as I heard. My mom kept this for a long time. She'd like to see you one last time. And if it's all right with you, I'd like you to prepare her funeral. Did she go peacefully? It wasn't difficult. She went in peace. If only we had met earlier. Why was it so difficult for us to meet? Thank you. So you haven't forgotten me either. I'm sorry I never bought you any clothes while you were alive I made this myself, so please accept it. In the next world, Iet's meet again, and never separate. Wait a bit longer. I'll follow you soon. Su-eun, Today Grandpa's love was fulfilled. He finally met Soon-im. As you said, people in love can meet even after death. It seems that destiny isn't as simple as I thought. Soon-im was missing grandpa as well. Do you think we can love like grandpa? Princess Anaemia! I've come under the Queen's curse. How can I break the curse? I need to be kissed by a prince. Just a minute, Su-eun. You dummy. We can't do it directly anyway. Even still. What did you say your name was? Kim Su-ho. Have a seat. What do you like so much about Su-eun? She's pretty, right? Yes. She really is pretty. I don't just say it because she's my daughter. Seeing all this, there's so much to be sad about. That she's so pretty, and that I couldn't do more for her. She's so young. There isn't anything I can do for her. If there's anything you can do for her, please do it. Mom. How did you cope? What? When dad died... Don't you miss him? Have you gone mad? Why that all of a sudden? Of course, I think of him sometimes. I miss him. Being left behind is as scary as leaving. You... I can remember, but who can remember me? When I disappear, all the people I know will remember me. But as time passes, Only my friends, parents, and you will remember me. And after more time passes, who will remember? After a long time, will you forget me, too? No, I'll always remember. That's what's most scary. Remember me. Like your grandpa said, only the body dies, not the mind. I want you to remember me until you die. My brain is small, So I'll forget you after a few days. I'll buy croquettes for another girl. No! Even if I die, I'll stay in your heart. When you ride a bike, go to the bathroom, Meet a girl, I'll always follow you. You can't date another girl. I'll marry a wonderful woman, have lots of kids, make lots of money and be incredibly happy. Just so you can see it all. To save, press 1. To listen again, press 2. To cancel, press 3. The message is cancelled. - Su-ho. - Huh? I want to go back to that island. Please take me there. Now for a news flash. As typhoon #12 moves north, a high sea warning has been declared in the southwest... My birthday... It's a week before yours. Since I was born first, I waited alone in a world without you. In the future, I'll wait for you a long, long time. Take your time. Stall all you like. As long as I've been living, there's never been a day without you. And there never will be. <Ferry suspended due to high sea warning.> <High sea warning on the south coast.> Su-ho... We can go. For sure we can. Wait a minute. You can wait, right? I have tickets to Fog lsland. The ferry will run? - It's suspended. - What? See the next desk for a refund. Hello, this is Jangseungpo Pier. Not just the 2:00, all ferries are suspended. Hello, Jangseungpo Pier. Yes, all day long. No, for refunds, you must come in person. It's really pouring out there. Oh my god! Please, let us take the ferry! How can you insist that? Can't you see the storm outside? - Please! - What the... I need to go! Please, I'm begging you! What's wrong with you? - I need to go there! - Get him off of me! Thank you, Su-ho. Thank you for letting me have only good memories. And I'm thankful that it's you I should thank. You are the sea of my life. So I'm sorry. I'm sorry I can't stay next to you, and sorry I loved you. Please be happy. Because I love you, you must be happy. Do you understand me? Will you promise me? That you'll be happy, that you'll be well... I'm sorry, Su-eun. The boat can't go because of the rain. I really wanted to take you there, but it seems impossible. Su-eun... I'm sorry. Su-eun... Grandma Want a room? How many people? When these seeds become flowers and cover the hill, I'll come with Su-ho. I'll come back next year and the year after. This hill covered with flowers will be my gift to Su-ho. Will he accept it? I'm curious... What color flowers will bloom? What face he will make? Su-eun! It's beautiful. What's the probability of seeing something like this? What's the slim probability of us meeting each other? Like the probability of seeing a star during a typhoon. Su-ho... Huh? Su-ho... Huh? I love you. I love you too. - Please, open the window. - Your car is not parked in accordance with the rules. - It bothers public transport traffic. - Heeey, you, why you do so? - I put a sticker, don't you see? - Why the fuck do you do that? - Where did you park your car? - Try buying this at first. - попробуйте купить это во первых - Wash the dirt now! - Repark your car. - Wash the dirt! - Repark your car. - So you are a smartass, you know that? - Are you so smart? Are you? - To put a car like this. - Too smart? - Too smart? - You really are messing the shit up! - ну вот х*ней занимаетесь реально - You're doing shit! - I swear young man, I am not going to warn you twice! - If you put this shit on hummer, you're gonna piss me off! - I will fuck you for that! - Sir, there is a parking inside, that costs 50 roubles. - Do you know how long should I drive to get there? - I told you - 5 minutes. - 5 minutes? - Ok, ok... - Ok, no problems. - Repark your car please. - There is an empty parking inside. - You can park your car there. - Do you give a damn about it? - Yes. - Whaa? - Of course. - I will stay here, because of principles... - Why? - Im gonna stick this on your head! - There is a parking inside. - Delete NOW, what you have recorded! - FAST! - Here, so that I see. - Remove the record HERE and NOW! - Don't you dare put this to youtube! - I swear god, Im gonna find you anywhere! - Do you have any idea who you are messing with? - Im gonna tear your limbs off! - Allright. - You will beg on your two hands, get it? - *unknown speech STOPBOOR uknown speech* - Drive here, to the european NOW! - The fuck are you filming the car? - Hello, are you filming, yeah? - Where is the second one? Where is he? - Where the fuck is the second one? - Where the second one? - Come here, fucker! - I'm gonna fucking slaughter your whole family! - Fucking cunt! - Delete now! Delete this crap now! - Why should I? - They are fucking serious. - Because I said so. - No, why should I delete it? - Cause I said so! - Either you delete the video, or I beat the crap out of you here! - Fucker, do you get it? - You are filming, you know that? - Calm down! - The hell are you shooting? - Im gonna take all your cameras! - You all bastards! success in the theater gained the attention of a number of great nobleman. Most importantly he was drawn into the circle of the Earl of South Hampton. In 1593 and 1594, he dedicated two poems, Venus and Adonus, and The Rape of Lucrece to the Earl of South Hampton. "The love I dedicate to your lordship is without end, whereof this pamphlet, without beginning, is but a superfluous moiety." Some of the most well-known and most beautiful love poetry in the English language is found in Shakespeare's sonnets. Much of it written by the poet to a young man, perhaps the Earl of South Hampton. South Hampton was his patron and some scholars say, they were lovers. "Shall I compare thee to a Summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds to shake the darling buds of May, And Summer's lease hath all too short a date;" The Earl of South Hampton undoubtedly was what we would call today bisexual if not homosexual in his early youth. He had plenty of lovely young men around and Shakespeare undoubtedly was dazzled by the exterior of this beautiful young man. Sonnets are elaborate exercises in the technical skills of writing poetry. They are artifice, but of all Shakespeare's work We can perhaps come closest to the man in the sonnets. There's a sort of story behind the sonnets, the story of the poet's affection for, it might not be too much to say infatuation, with a young man, a man younger than himself. Deep affection, could even be a love affair between the two men. Um, there is a rival poet, there is the suggestion of another poet, is a rival for the affections of the young man. And then in the last group of sonnets, as they were eventually printed, there is a woman who is always known as The Dark Lady. "My mistress" eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips" red;" The sonnets to and about the Dark Lady portray an obsessive love. A love which the poet despises himself at times for feeling. An entanglement, an emotional entanglement that he'd really rather in many ways be out of. A sort of state of intense, intimate, Emotional unhappiness. "I have seen roses damask'd, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks." The beautiful young man and the dark woman are both resented. They're both considered treacherous, duplicitous. She is a bay where all men ride, ugly and dreadful, and I only regret, as it were, says the sonnet speaker, that I am attached to her, I can't break off my relationship. Now the young man is supposed to be very beautiful and very consoling, but he too proves to be fickle, so Shakespeare is raging through the speaker. At people whom he apparently likes, and that's rather disturbing. But it was the theater that called him back, again, and again, demanding more and better scripts each time. His plays were popular, successful, and above all, commercial. Shakespeare had to be better than the best of them. The theater was very greedy for scripts at that date. We have evidence of theater proprietors actually knocking on the doors of playwrights, saying "Is the script finished yet?" And clearly Shakespeare will have been sensitive to that kind of pressure. And the 37 plays that he produced in the well, 20 years that he was in London, was quite a lot of plays. While living in London, Shakespeare very much kept himself to himself. He worked hard, rehearsing in the mornings, and performing in the afternoons. He had to write in the evenings and that meant huge costs, not only in paper, which in itself is a hugely expensive item, but also in candles, and tapers, and lanterns and things to be able to see to write by. I have a theory actually he spent most of his time in Elizabethan pubs because there you got automatic light along with the meal that you ate in the evening. It would certainly been cheaper for him to work in a pub than it would have been to work in his lodgings. Shakespeare was living away from the family. They were growing up in Stratford-upon-Avon without him. He was writing new plays. Loves Labours Lost, Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer Night's Dream. As an actor and a member of an acting company he had to be on call every day of the week throughout the period of acting. The only realistic time to ride up to Stratford, which would have taken 2-3 days from London anyways, would have been through the 40 days of Lent when acting was officially banned. (Music Playing) Perhaps Shakespeare's marriage was indeed loveless. There are not many happy marriages in his plays. In Twelfth Night, his character Orsino gives this advice: "Don't marry an older woman." "Let still the woman take an elder than herself: So wears she to him, So sways she level in her husband's heart: Then let thy love be younger than thyself, Or thy affection cannot hold the bent; For women are as roses, whose fair flower Being once display'd, doth fall that very hour." Throughout the 1590"s, London was threatened by several serious outbreaks of the plague. At its height, it was killing a thousand people a week. If you showed the symptoms, You stood a 70% chance of dying. Those who could, fled the city, and the theaters were closed. Shakespeare's new playwriting career was repeatedly halted by these devastating outbreaks of plague. The Queen's government and the city together could decide to close down the theaters for any length of time because of a plague alert. That is if the number of deaths in London from the plague, the plague was always more or less present, if it reached a certain number, maybe 20 or 30 deaths a week, the theaters could be closed. Thomas Decker, a writer of the day, Described this terrible disease that swept through London. "A stiff and freezing horror sucks up the rivers of my blood. My hair stands an end with the panting of my brains. Mine eye-balls are ready to start out, being beaten with the billows of my tears. Out of my weeping pen does the ink mournfully and more bitterly than gall drop on the pale-faced paper, even when I do but think how the bowels of my sick country have been torn." A fascination with death resonates throughout Shakespeare's plays. The tombs of Romeo and Juliet, the bones of the Char-nell house, the graveyard in Hamlet. Shakespeare's darkest fears were about to be realized. In the summer of 1596 back home in Stratford, Shakespeare's family was stricken with grief. That August, disaster struck, and the cruelest thing happened to Shakespeare imaginable, the very worst thing, the most terrible event of his married life. This register records the burial of Hamnet, Shakespeare's only son. Hamnet Filius William Shakespeare, Hamnet, son of William Shakespeare, 11th August, 1596, aged 11. What this meant was that there would be no male Shakespeare to inherit Shakespeare's wealth, the family would die out, whatever Shakespeare did, no matter how much money he earned, how much land he acquired, it would all be dissipated. "Grief fills the room up of my absent child, Lies in his bed, walks up and down with me, Puts on his pretty looks, repeats his words, Remembers me of all his gracious parts, Stuffs out his vacant garments with his form." Towards the end of the 1590"s, Shakespeare began to write plays of a greater depth, that seemed to reflect the experiences of his life. The death of his son, Hamnet, is interesting when you think he wrote a great, great play called Hamlet. And he loved Hamlet, passionately, clearly did, it comes through every line, was fascinated. "To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether "tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them?" Shakespeare's troubles were not yet over. The actors could not renew the lease on the land where their London theater stood. The city fathers had objected to this popular new form of entertainment. They saw theaters as ungodly and immoral. Undaunted, Shakespeare's troupe tore down the old theater and transported it, plank by plank, south across the river Thames, and built a new theater amongst the bear baiting, gambling houses, and brothels of Southwark. (Music Playing) This was to be the new Globe Theater. It was one of the most splendid theaters of the day, and it was part owned by William Shakespeare. His 10% share was valuable, and made him his fortune. The theater company won great acclaim, the first play performed at the Globe was Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. He was writing for a theater without scenery, with very simple costumes under open light, and so he had to use the one tool he had, which was language, which is his words, to create the world. So there are a lot of visual imagery in his language. There is a lot of character detail in the language. There are a lot of stage directions in the language. The audience had to be persuaded in language, into imagining themselves into the situation they were in. You've got that at the very beginning of Hamlet, for instance, where your told in the first six lines of the play that it's past midnight, and its bitter cold. And that was something people were told middle of the afternoon in broad daylight. Shakespeare's audiences relied on their imaginations during every performance. The simple stage reverberated only with Shakespeare's words. All the women's parts were played by men. The-the great heroic women were played by adult men, by very experienced adult male actors. The sort of girls parts, and that includes a part like Juliet in Romeo and Juliet would be played by a boy whose voice had not yet broken. There isn't a great deal of evidence about what part Shakespeare played, and whatever they were, they were pretty certainly not major ones. There is a sonnet that praises him playing kingly parts, which is understandable, and one of the kingly parts that he almost certainly did play was the ghost of Hamlet's father. A nice role, the ghost that instigates the whole story. "I am thy father's spirit, Doom'd for a certain term to walk the night, And for the day confined to fast in fires, Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature Are burnt and purged away." And it was his experience as an actor that added so much to his skill as a playwright. He brings an actor's sensibility, he brings an actor's umm common sense, he brings an actor's skill to the delineation of character. Interestingly he called himself a poet, of course, that's how he described himself. Not a playwright, not an actor, a poet. Um, and we should probably never forget that, that there is actually something in the distillation of language, the condensation of experience into words that the poet can do unlike anybody else. Shakespeare's words written at this time of great linguistic invention, transformed the English language forever. The subjects of his plays, however, were taken from many different sources, even from existing plays. Like most Elizabethans, Shakespeare derived most of his stories, on the whole he didn't invent them. Bernard Shaw praised Shakespeare's genius for telling a story provided somebody else had told it to him first. That was a characteristic bit of Suppose I've got some function given by a rule and I want to make a graph of that function. I wanted to plot say this function f(x) equals 2x cubed minus 3x squared minus twelve. First thing I might do is just plug in some values. All right I'll pick. Pick some inputs and I'll see what the function outputs at those inputs. And once I've got this table of values, I could then plot those points on a graph. The issue is, how do I really know what happens between these points that I plotted on the graph? How do I know the graph isn't doing some crazy wiggling in between? How do I know that I've really picked enough input points to really get a good idea of what this graph is doing? We're going to use derivatives to make sure that we're really capturing the qualitative features of the function. I might have been trying to graph a function, like f(x) equals sin Pi x, and if I just plugged in some whole number inputs, the function would always output zero. That might trick me into making a graph like this, where I plot zero as the output for all these whole number inputs. I might, then, be tempted to just fill in this graph by drawing a straight line across. But that's totally ridiculous, right? This graph, you know, actually looks like this. Not a horizontal straight line. There's all kinds of extra wiggling that's happening that I missed because I chose my in points badly. We're going to use derivatives to make sure that we're really capturing the qualitative features of the function and there's a ton of different ways to do this. So let's work this out in one specific concrete example. So let's keep working on the graph of this function, f(x) equals 2x cubed minus 3x squared minus 12x. First thing I'm going to do is differentiate this, the derivative is 6x^2-6x-12, cause' the derivative of 2x^3 is 6x^2, the derivative of minus 3x^2 is minus 6x, and the derivative of minus 12x is minus twelve. There's a common factor of six here which I can pull out, and then I'm left with this quadratic, and I can factor that quadratic into (x+1) times (x-2). Now once I've got this nice factorized version of the derivative, I can then figure out where the derivative is positive and negative. The derivative is positive when the input is more negative than minus and it's positive when the input is more positive than two. In between -one and two, the derivative is negative. And at the point -one, and at the point two, the derivative is equal to zero. Now, since this function is differentiable everywhere, the only critical points are where the derivative is equal to zero. These are the critical points, minus one and two. Alright. So I found the critical points. I found the derivative. Now, I'll also find the second derivative of this function. Which I get by differentiating this derivative. If I differentiate 6x^2 I get 12x, if I differentiate minus 6x I get minus six, and if I differentiate minus twelve I get zero. Again, I've got a common factor of six so I'll pull that out and I'm left with 2x-1. And now I can think about the SlGN of the second derivative. And what do I know about that? Well, the second derivative is negative if I plug in an x value which is less than one-half and the second derivative is positive if I plug in an x value which is bigger than one-half. All right, now I know a lot of information about the SlGN of the first and the second derivative, so I can use this information to say something about the function. Let me look back to my preliminary graph that I made with just plugging in a few points. All right, so here I plugged in a few points and what I'd like to be able to say now is where is the function increasing and decreasing. And by looking at the sign of the first derivative I know that the function's increasing, decreasing, and then increasing. Minus one and two are my critical point and in fact, they're local extrema. This is a local maximum value, and this is a local minimum value down here, and I can also see that by considering the information given in the sine of the second derivative. Since the second derivative's negative here, the functions concave down . And since the second derivative is positive over here, the function is concave up. And that makes this point into a local maximum and this point into a local minimum. Alright, now that I've got all that information I can try to just fix the graph here filling it in. So let's see, so I've got these points here and what do I know? I know the function is increasing here, and now I know that it's decreasing here. And I know that it's concaved down in this region. Over the rest of the graph the rest concave up. There's an inflection point here when x=1/2 and this point over here is a local minumum. The function's decreasing by looking at the sign of the first derivative, until I get to two. And then when I get to two, the first derivative tells me the function's increasing. So there we go, I've drawn a graph of my function. The point here is not to capture a perfect picture of the function. It's like an impressionistic painting, the point is to capture all of the meaning all of the emotion of the function. Compare that to a photograph which might be a perfectly accurate portrayal, but somehow misses everything that's essential. So here's the graph that I drew in red, and here is a more perfect graph admittedly, that the soulless robot drew. And you'll see that my graph really is just as good. I mean, it captures all the qualitative information which is really what a human being cares about. Functions increasing, decreasing, increasing. You can see where it's concave down and where it's concave up. And you can kind of see roughly where this function crosses the x axis. Let's summarize the situation. There's really four basic pieces that you're just gluing together when you're doing a lot of these curve sketching problems. It depends on the SlGN of the first derivative, and the SlGN of the second derivative. If the derivative is positive, and the second derivative is positive, then the function is increasing, and the slopes of the tangent lines are increasing. If the function's derivative is negative but the second deri vative is positive, that means although the function's decreasing, the slopes of those tangent lines are increasing. We've got kind of complementary pictures over here when the second derivative's negative, here the function's increasing but the slopes of those tangent lines are decreasing, and here both the function is decreasing and the slopes of the tangent lines are decreasing. A lot of the curve sketching problems amount to just gluing together these four basic pieces in the appropriate What if it rained? We didn't care She said that someday soon The sun was gonna shine And she was right, This love of mine, My valentine As days and nights Would pass me by I tell myself that i was waiting for a sign Then she appeared A love so fine My valentine And I will love her for life And I will never let a day go by Without remembering the reasons why She makes me certain That I can fly And so I do Without a care I know that someday soon the sun is gonna shine And she'll be there This love of mine My valentine What if it rained? We didn't care She said that someday soon The sun was gonna shine And she was right This love of mine My valentine Save heritage, menahankan warisan Its Wilayah Day and it is a day that we chose to conduct this city tour this city tour is going to go through Jalan Sultan for us to advocate a very important message that is to advocate the importance of preservation of heritage and culture and history of a city we all know that Kuala Lumpur is like any city in other part of the world, Kuala Lumpur has its own character, history and cultural background we wanted the Malaysians especially and the world to understand how Kuala Lumpur was established and came to today as a developed city it is very important as part of the history of Malaysians to know that the establishment and development of Kuala Lumpur is through the effort put together by all the races, all races that stay in this country It is a concerted effort of all races that upbring Kuala Lumpur until today, Today MRT wishes to construct an underground tunnel, going to cost RM40 billion through Jalan Sultan, to us this is very unwise. It is unwise because the construction even though they use the latest best methods available in the world it is not able to guarantee the stability of the old buildings along Jalan Sultan and along Jalan Petaling. We therefore have a strong desire to keep the development of Kuala Lumpur going on at the same time maintain, keep the character of Kuala Lumpur city as it is. We wish MRT to consider realignment. Today we have to conduct this city tour because through the last four months we have requested MRT to sit down with us to have a dialogue to understand the people's voice but four months effort have brought us to nowhere. As Aubrey would say sometimes in a conversation, "But I've got bipolar disorder," you know, quite a conversation-stopper at times, you know, people would say "oh..." But then they didn't know what it was. [whispering] Everyone would hastily run away and find out what it meant, you know? Cause it sounded pretty bad... When someone says so-and-so's got a mental illness, their immediate reaction to that person changes. That's the really sad thing. Is, you know, they don't take them for who they are, they suddenly think about what they are. You know, it's the fear, I think of not knowing that makes you unable to take the step forward to help someone. For people with mental illness the biggest barrier to recovery is discrimination. What you do makes the difference. Peter Kreuz: We both have a passion. We search around the world for companies and personalities, that are as unconventional as they are successful. Companies which connect with the best talent and the best customers, and people who have a burning desire to make a real difference in the work they do. Anja Förster: And as different as these people may be, interestingly, they have one thing in common - they all share an almost infectious enthusiasm for what they do. And this enthusiasm is easily recognizable - it sparkles in the eyes of these people. PK: One thing we keep asking ourselves is: Why is this light - this sparkle in the eyes - the exception and not the rule? Why do we so seldom see it in reality? AF: And it's our firm belief that it depends on whether people are able to realize their full potential in their work. That is always when you see this sparkle in people's eyes. PK: And to understand what we mean by this sparkle, what we mean by using their full potential, we would like to invite you to come on a journey through time, back to the Sixties. AF: Back then, every good West German household was home to this device. This is the telephone Model 611 in pebble grey, supplied by the German post office. And as you can imagine, it was an evolutionary leap of truly epoch-making significance when the German post office decided to bring this pebble grey apparatus (Applause) (Laughter) out on the market in three new pop colours. Rugged individualists could even get a telephone tuning set; the Pimp My Phone model. PK: Yes, welcome to the age of mass production. You could actually cover the entire market with one product in four colours. The credo in force was: standard products for the standard buyer. If we look at what made a company successful at that time, or what made people in this company successful, then it was the four following character traits: they wanted employees who were industrious, obedient and diligent in carrying out the work assigned to them. AF: And, of course, it did no harm, if people at their work, at least once in a while, activated an extra brain region or two. But in all honesty, it was perfectly adequate, it was sufficient and very successful, when operating in the mass market. Now we live in a completely different market environment; we no longer have one telephone to cover the entire market, rather, we have tens of thousands of different models, and at the same time many markets show a very high level of transparency, so that for us customers, the products and services offered are highly comparable. PK: This means that as a modern company, you only have two options: Either you produce something out of the ordinary, so that your customers feel like lottery winners when they finally get their hands on your latest product - or you are cheaper. Something above the ordinary or something cheaper. You will fail if you try to be both and you will fail if you are neither. AF: But how is it possible to develop products and services all of which are out of the ordinary? And I can tell you right from the start how it won't work, and that's when employees carry out the boss's instructions more quickly and more obediently - that won't work. Of course, we still need employees now who do their work intelligently and diligently. But beyond that, three critical properties are required in order to keep up with today's creative competition. We need people who can get off their backsides and stimulate new, interesting projects. Creative people who will find answers to longstanding problems, people who not just bring their hands and brains to work, but also what sits in the left of their chest, namely, their heart. So: passionate people. And interestingly, employees - or people in general - who achieve these three things in their work above-average level, are the very same people who have the aforementioned sparkle in their eyes. And it doesn't stop there. These three properties - the top three properties, are decisive in the competition. PK: And we all know that Apple has understood this. They have understood it so well that they have engraved the future of competition on the back of all their products, in just six words. It says: "Designed in California, Assembled in China." Now relate that to this hierarchy of human potential. "Designed in California" - this stands for people with an incredible amount of initiative, creativity and passion - this is the key to Apple's success. It is also the key to your success. "Assembled in China" - this is symbolic for the values below the line, no matter where in the world you provide your services. Values that are necessary, but not sufficient. Values that are necessary, but make you replaceable. AF: And replaceability is, in our opinion, one of the worst insults that can be thrown at you in today's competitive environment. Because as bitter as it sounds: if you're replaceable, then sooner or later you will be replaced. Until then, you get to play along for a few years, competing for the lowest price. PK: Managers must be acutely aware that the lower values - which are not crucial to competitiveness - are the values that you can request, you can demand. This does not work with the upper levels - even though those are so crucial. On a Monday, you can go and say to your employees: "From 12 o'clock today you will all be passionate!" And no doubt, this is the reaction you will get: "Oh, so you were at one of those funny conferences again on Saturday? You'll get over it, don't worry." The upper values are like a gift - which your employees bring along to work every day - or they don't. They are like a gift that you either bring to work everyday, or, well, you don't. AF: What does this mean for you? Let us put percentages on each attribute of human potential. This leads to a very interesting question: If you visualize your organization or your team, how would you rate your team? At 60%, 50%, maybe 75%? Next question: Where would you place yourself, on an average workday? Don't say to us, "Oh, come on, you might spare us that question. Monday mornings are always at least at 160%, Friday afternoon more like minus 40%." No, that's not what we mean - rather a very average workday. Where would you place yourself? I don't know your answer. But I know the statistics. The consulting firm Towers Watson publishes an annual Global Workforce Study. Let's take a look at the numbers. PK: Relate the German values to a football team. That would mean that just 2.6 of the eleven players go out on the field with the aim of winning the game and scoring as many goals as possible. As for the rest, they just stand around and don't care how the game ends. They think, "I hope I won't start to sweat, it makes the jersey so icky." Do you think such a team would stand any chance of winning the game? Of course not, but in our companies we accept this as normal. AF: If you talk to the bosses about this and say: "Why, what do you think, why is it like that?" You often get a question as an answer and the counter-question is: "Surely you've heard of Gaussian distribution?" You know it, right? It is this bell-shaped curve, where they say, "The slope of the curve shows the most efficient people, who really drive the business forward, and the wide central part contains the followers. That's just the way it is, you can't really do anything." We couldn't agree less. Because, interestingly, it is often precisely the ones who just play along in the organization that, after work, train really hard for marathons, participate passionately in religious youth groups, or build houses and raise children with great commitment. Where the hell is that commitment between 8 am and 6 pm? PK: We are convinced that initiative, creativity and passion exist in all of us - but that in far too many companies, structures, processes and control mechanisms nip any involvement in the bud, stifling it. Which leads to many companies being much less capable than the sum of the people working in them. And that's why we believe it is urgent and necessary that we question existing management principles. Let's not throw them all overboard right away, let's develop them in a smart and intelligent way. Let's continue to develop latitude, personal responsibility, and let's not lose discipline along the way. AF: And to put management principles to the test properly, we must, of course, first get one thing straight: What is management anyway? So we conducted a small empirical survey in advance of this event and we asked: What do managers actually do all day? And here is the result: [arrive-read-mails-meeting-(...)-telephone-calls-lunch-go-to-the-toilet-go-to-another-meeting-more-coffee-send-emails--write-report-(...)-and-at-six-go-back-home] Sound familiar? (Laughter) This leads us to another point, namely, that we, in our daily work, don't take the time to take this very important conceptual step, to just step back and ask ourselves: What do we do here? And are there no better ways to do it? We have brought you some examples of companies that have put management principles to the test very intelligently. Now just take a look at them and ask yourself: Would something similar be possible in my organization? [Employees rate their bosses and the results are published online.] [Employees may say "No" to any request.] [There are no rules for travel expenses.] [Employees set their salaries and salaries are completely transparent.] [Thousands of external companies take part in the development of the company strategy.] [Teams decide on prices, range, staff, etc. - not the boss.] PK: These things exist - not in anarchic companies that are managed by some loony left-wing radicals. The companies applying these strategies belong to the most successful in their sectors. Now these things may not be a readymade solution for you, but they show that existing management principles can be questioned successfully. The trick is to distinguish the "What" from the "How". It's not about the "What", but the "How". If you take control and say, "Let's get rid of control," that would be the "What" - and probably not a good idea. And the question is the "How". How can we, for example, exercise control better and more intelligently? AF: Let us, for example, take the third point: There are no rules for travel expenses. The question is, should we actually have a book of regulations in our organization, which is at least as thick as your thumb and which regulates these travel expenses right down to minute detail, and then the whole thing is double-checked by accounting? Is that the only way that we can apply reason to management? PK: It's not. The Brazilian company Semco is exemplary in this matter. There is one simple rule for the travel expenses: No rules. AF: Exactly. There are no rules. This means that if you, for example, go on a business trip and it entails flying from Sao Paulo to Paris and you say, "Such a long flight, I'll definitely only survive in first class," there is no rule to stop you from booking a first-class ticket. PK: And when you say to yourself: "Hey, it's Paris, I'll book the best hotel, five stars on the Champs Elysée," then you do that, no problem at all. AF: If then, for a welcome, you have three magnums of the finest champagne Grand Cru de la Finesse Especial Particulier, brought to your room, no problem, you can settle it on your travel expenses. PK: There's just one thing you need to know. When you get back from your trip, all your expenses end up on the Intranet for all your colleagues to see. AF: Hmm, hmm, hmm. You can easily imagine the reaction of your colleagues. If you jetted to Paris and landed the company a multi-million Euro deal, they will probably rub their eyes in disbelief and say, "Why did you order such cheap plonk to your room to celebrate this deal?" PK: But if you are at a third-rate marketing fair and only cleared the air, then you know yourself that it would have been much better to have had a small beer down in the bar at your own expense - it's obvious. AF: Ricardo Semler, the head of the company, once said something remarkable. He said: "If we do not trust employees to decide for themselves which class they fly and in which hotel category they want to stay, then we should not send them out to do business in our name." PK: Pretty good, right? But it also requires some upfront commitments from the leaders: they must provide trust and latitude, even though in doing so they make themselves a little vulnerable. AF: But without trust, without latitude, there will be no initiative, no creativity; you don't get one without the other. PK: Is it easy? No. But it's worth it. AF: Perhaps some among you are thinking about it and saying, "Well, we could consider taking new paths in management. I'll think about it when daily business allows it." PK: A little experiment for you. Just think of all the projects and major activities you still want to tackle in the course of this year and sort them in one of the following three categories. How many percent fall into category 1: Managing the daily business? How many are in category 2: Adopting a selective memory? And how many in category 3: Shaping the future? AF: Over and over, we find that a ridiculous number of people spends the absolute majority of their time on day-to-day business. Are day-to-day business matters important? Of course they are. Are everyday business matters critical to success? Absolutely. Do day-to-day business matters make important decisions for the future? No. Daily business is not strategy. Categories 2 and 3 are. It can also be expressed differently, Category 1 is about being competitive now. 2 and 3 are about being competitive in the future. And the challenge we face is to keep juggling both of these balls - present and future, in the air at the same time, when they are fundamentally different. PK: Competing for the present - this is about answers to linear changes in your competitive environment. It's about the gradual improvement of existing products, services, and business models. It's about existing customers, markets, and competitions. It's about classic management tools as well as best practice, such as quality management, and continuous improvement, basically it's about identifying performance gaps affecting competitiveness, and about closing them as quickly and effectively as possible. AF: Competing for the future is about revolutionary changes in your markets. It is about completely new products, completely new services and new business models. And focus is maintained on new customers, new competition and new markets. Best practices won't help you here. You need to develop "next practices". Your goal should also be, not to close performance gaps in competition as fast as possible, but to identify opportunities out there on the horizon and to grasp them. PK: And bringing all these things into a good balance is quite a tough challenge. We are convinced that there is only one answer: Look at your calendar. Our calendars don't lie. They tell us exactly what our priorities are. Do we spend 99 % of our time running from one petty task to the next? Or do we invest time and energy in building for the future? AF: And we keep hearing people say - as must you - "Yes, I know, I should think more about strategy, but my day-to-day tasks, just eat up my time, I can never get around to it." That may be so - but these are no more than excuses. PK: The fact is, each of us is our own calendar. If there is no time reserved in our calendar for thinking about the future, then it is not a priority for us. Other things must be more important. AF: And that means, those who want to change something, are always the ones who are passionate, who have that sparkle in their eyes. PK: They are convinced they have a chance to make the world that little bit better. Use your chance. We need you. AF: Thank you! PK: Thank you! (Applause) Why does this work? We're going to do another proof of correctness. It turns out that the same strategy that we used for naive is going to work out really well here. In particular, what holds is that the product of a and b is always equal to the product of x and y plus z. And again, since x is going to be counting down and eventually reads 0, z is going to ultimately have to hold the product of a and b. Can we prove that this is the case? Again, we need to do 2 things. We need to say that it starts off with that being the case. That's the same exact argument that we had in the naive algorithm, because x starts out as a, y starts out as b, and z starts out as 0, so that holds. Now we need to show that if this condition holds at the beginning of the top of the "while" loop, then it's going to hold at the end with the new values of x, y, and z. Let's remind ourselves how x, y, and z changed in the "while" loop, so we can see whether the condition still holds. We're going to have to break this into 2 cases. First, if x is odd, and second, if x is even because 2 slightly different things happen. So in the case when x is odd, the first thing we do is add z and y together, make that a new value of z, then we do a bit shift on x, which in this case is equivalent to subtracting 1 to make it even and smaller than having it. And y, meanwhile, gets doubled. What can we say about x prime times y prime plus z prime, so that is on the bottom of the loop. We can substitute in these values--get x minus 1 over 2 times the new value of y just 2y, plus the new value of z, which is z plus y. We noticed that this 2 and that 2 cancel, and we get xy minus y plus z plus y. Again that +y and -y cancel, then we do indeed get xy minus z, which we had assumed holds in advance, so that's a times b. What about the case where x is even? So in some ways, this case is easier because the bit shift on x just halves it. Z doesn't change at all and y again is doubled. Let's look to see what happens in this case. What happens now is the value of z doesn't change at all, and in some sense, x and y just move the 2 around, so x get half, then y's get doubled. When we multiplied those 2 together, they cancel, and again we get xy plus z, which we had assumed, coming in to this, is equal to a times b. The new values of x, y, and z in either the case where x is odd or x is even, continue to satisfy this property. This is kind of strange--what is true in here is removing the factor 2 back and forth between x and y, actually generally from x to y. When if it's odd, then we had to shift x a little bit more than that to make it balanced. We move some of the value into z. This is kind of lucky. three months ago you lost the drive containing the identity of every agent embedded in terrorist organizations across the globe I made a judgement call Take the bloody shot! 007...reporting for duty where the hell have you been? Enjoying death! I only have one question Why not stay dead? There is no shame in saying you've lost a step I'm your new quarter master You must be joking? Walther PPK S9mm short It's been coded to your palm prints only you can fire it As of a random killing machine more of a personal statement I want to meet your employer Be careful what you wish for Mr? Bond...James Bond How much do you know about fear? All there is Not like this Not like him Just look at you chasing spies England Ml6 She sent you after me Knowing you are not ready Knowing you would likely die Mommy was very bad There are two survivors This is what she made us. Everybody needs a hobby So what's yours? Resurrection Usually, when I tell people that I won first place at a national intercollegiate speech tournament, they say: "Cool, so what's your speech about?" And then I tell them, "The commodification of gay men," it's this idea that it's become trendy in our pop culture to have gay friends. You know, someone to brunch and shop with and tell you that you don't look fat in those jeans. And then they say, "Oh, so why that speech?" I asked myself the same question when I was writing it. Why does this matter? Why should people care about the tokenizing of gay men into politically fashionable tools just to build up their own pseudo-progressive status, and more importantly, how do I show that this happens to all kinds of gay men, a whole swath of gays, a rainbow if you will. (Laughter) We don't even know that we're doing it. So I was thinking about this, and I was being all analytical and meta with it. This one Thursday afternoon, I was walking across campus with my boyfriend and we were debating back and forth about what I should put in the speech, what I shouldn't, this, that, and the other thing, and then this young woman, a senior I sort of knew from something, walks by. She's a really smart student, English Lit program, honors, you know, the type. And so I give her a wave, and she sees my boyfriend and me and she does this: (She gasps) "You two are so cute." (Laughter) I know she wasn't talking about how we looked because like I said, it was a Thursday afternoon, so I had something with coffee stains on it, and I'm sure my boyfriend was wearing flannel. So that's kind of one of the examples that we knew there was a problem, and unfortunately, the problem wasn't just limited to me or this one experience. I'd like to share with you some headlines written in the past three years of news and feature stories about this hot new trend. So from Teen Vogue, "Is a GBF, gay best friend, the new, must-have accessory for teen girls?" (Laughter) Guess what their answer was? And then on a Sundance Channel website: "The top 10 reasons girls need gay best friends." I'll tell you, before I continue, that I did read those ten reasons, and not one of them was that he might give a TEDx talk later in life, so I think there is some flawed research. Then, my personal favorite: "Leftover women tap into gay best friends," from China. (Laughter) I don't actually know what that means, but... (Laughter) if there's any women out there who equate themselves with yesterday's macaroni salad, (Laughter) I'll meet you after the show. (Laughter) (Applause) So my speech was called an after-dinner speech, and an after-dinner speaking uses humor to make its point alongside information. My speech was broken into three sections: problem, cause, and solution. And it became pretty clear, as I was crafting this speech, that the problem was widespread and pretty much accepted as normal. This is not just the "Will and Grace" effect, or Kurt from "Glee", Stanford from "Sex and the city," Brian from "New normal," the token gay friend from television and movies that we all know has caught on with mass media and is perpetuated by the likes of Teen Vogue, so that especially within my generation, as young gay men feel more comfortable coming out and becoming who they are, young straight women are being told to snatch them up faster than the hottest new thing from Prada, and defining them before they get the chance to define themselves. In other words, my coach and I knew that we had a speech. This leaves the cause and solution segments. I could just tell you what those are, but wouldn't you rather see an award-winning humorous speech on the subject instead? Audience: Yes! Mark Pampanin: Yeah? Alright. So to finish this presentation, I'll just perform the second half of my speech from Pi Kappa Delta Nationals. Sound good? Great. So, why am I so cool? Duh, tea tree oil and organic goji berries, but to explain this trend of the gay best friend, we have to look at three main causes. First, we are often portrayed as one-dimensional caricatures. According to the Daily Utah Chronicle of September 5, 2012, gay men on TV are often portrayed as the effeminate male tokenized-side who just loves to help you with your hair. TVtropes.org, last accessed on September 24, 2012, even has a name for these types of characters: pet homosexuals. Gay men who exist to add cheap laughs to an otherwise all-straight and all-boring story. I mean, how funny would the Kardashians really be without Bruce Jenner, right? (Laughter) You know it's true. The second cause is that having gay friends is seen as pseudo-progressive. People want to appear knowledgeable and trendy, even when it comes to taking up of civil rights of homosexuals without really having to prove themselves. On January 13, 2013, Fox News reported: "Liberals!" Just kidding. (Laughter) They reported that support for gay rights in America has doubled since 1996, as people more openly make gay friends. Basically, it's like saying: "Well I'm cool because I know gay people." I mean what can a black friend do for you nowadays? He isn't going to fondle your boobies and tell you you're fabulous, unless of course you had a gay black friend - oh! (Laughter) Huh. I have to get me one of those. The third cause is hipsters, and according to The Huffington Post of March 13, 2012, hipsters' tastes are based on fashion rather than expression of their actual feelings. Being cool nowadays means standing up for gay rights. I mean just walk into an American Apparel store. Everyone in there is dying for a gay friend to match their disco pant and velvet polka dot bow tie. Plus, if I can blame anything on the hipsters, I will. (Laughter) So, we've gone from the gay man's oppression to the kind of weird obsession, but how do we turn your GBF into no longer a possession? I know you're stressing with this problem-cause direction, but don't worry, you're about to get a lesson from Mark's solution session. First, don't let TV and the Internet be the only place you go to learn about gay culture. That's what Crate and Barrel, H&M, Zara, and Lady Gaga are for. The point is to get a well-rounded education because there are so many different types of gays. Tall gays, short gays, smart gays, dumb gays, fun gays, young gays, bum gays, bengays (Laughter) which is the type of gay you rub on your body for instant, long-lasting pain relief. (Laughter) Second, don't be so mean to each other. In 2012, Amy Astley, the editor of Teen Vogue, said the reason women in particular seek out gay friends is that none of them want to hang out with each other. Apparently, they'd rather find a homosexual man sponge to soak up all of their venomous venting. But I have to tell you, if one more person tells me about how their coworker-frenemy-nemesis says something kind of, sort of insulting, I'm going to strangle them with my banana hammock. (Laughter) Now, to avoid stereotypes, Yahoo.com, of July 26, 2012, reflects: "Yes, there are women out there who champion female camaraderie and sisterhood, but there are also those who will not hesitate to spirit their nastiness." That being said, ladies! Don't let your lady friends make you feel so bad about yourself. That's why we have Scarlett Johansson. (Laughter) Third, and lastly, and probably the easiest: treat people like people. I don't care how Kathy Griffin is treating Anderson Cooper. I am here to tell you that I am a person. I paid 12 dollars for this haircut, I hate the mall, and I still don't know if it's really pronounced Ralph Laur-en or Ralph Lah-ren. If you really need to, you can make flashcards or something. Prada, designer. Person: Mark. Hi, nice to finally meet you. So today, we looked at the problem of the gay best friend trend. Second, we delved into some of the causes that were perpetuating this trend, and finally, we looked into some solutions for killing the trend, which in my opinion, is uglier than UGG Boots. Just as Karl Marx, who coined the term commodification, put it best in 1887, a commodity appears, at first sight, a very trivial thing and is easily understood. Its analysis shows that it is in reality, a very queer thing. I know! More like a fabulous manifesto. Thank you very much. (Applause) KUZEYGUNEYENGLlSH.BLOGSPOT.COM This video is initially translated & subtitled from Turkish to English by " KuzeyGuneyEnglish.blogspot.com " Languages and subtitles other than English are added by the contributors based on the initial English translation and subtitling. Please watch the video at " KUZEYGUNEYENGLlSH.BLOGSPOT.COM " with available language. Your support helps continue this work. You couldn't win this round Ferhat Don't move.. You didn't win. You didn't win. Enough. If I wish you would be dead. Shut up. Shut up. Give it to me. You made mistake to me. Leave him. There they are. Mom.. I will beat you if you move. Stay there. I came here for you. To give your money back to you. I owe you 42 thousand. There is 3 more for interest. Total 45 thousand. You will not able to make me mistake. You will go to jail for 45 years. I won't. No, I won't. I won't go to jail because of you and her. I won't have trouble. We'll see. What's happening here? Don't you have a respect even for the one we lost? Animal! You will not able to fool me. We'll see. We will see... We will see my boy. Look.. I have no business with you whatsoever. Do you understand? What's happening here? I have no business with you as well. Understand (both) Take this... come here.. take this. You two shits deserve each other. Look.. You will give the letter of attorney (for divorce) immediately. We'll divorce then you can go to hell. I'm sorry for your loss. I've never lied you. I kept my word till now. If you have to hold someone responsible for all of these. Your daughter... and that man are the ones you have to hold responsible. Wait.. where are you going? There is no problem. I just came here to say my last words. There is no problem. Do you have any other problem you need to clear Ferhat? Do you have any complaint? No, I have no problem. What do you think Refik? Let them to get the hell out of here. I really don't have a problem. Really... Let's leave then. Mom, let's go to home. You don't have a home here. and I don't have a daughter so called Simay. mom... Ask forgiveness to God... you are in deep shit. Mr. Refik... Get out of here. Leave us alone. It depends on you. If anyone makes me a mistake I would wrap him like a snake. Get out of here you God damned.... mom.. Now you wish he would never come out that grave and die in there. Don't you? I do... What I have been gone through... I was underground couple hour ago. What if you couldn't find me? Huh? What if you couldn't arrive on time? Ferhat was not gonna let you die in there. See... you were not gonna die in there anyway. Bravo bro... now he is more upset. Bro. You perfectly managed your anger there. You will do the same way from now on... We won't have any business with that man.. That's it.. He was saying the same thing when he was burying me You will get rotten in the jail. You will kill someone. Funny... Seriously, you did very well in there. We are done with this issue. Let's go to a hospital.....Don't be stubborn. No. I wan't to go to hamam (Turkish bath) first then want to have a hair cut. I need to get rid of all those dirt in my hair... It's disturbing me. Call from ...Cemre-Work... I have to get rid of that graveyard dirt.. You are right. Can you take us to nearest Turkish bath. Later I need to get some clean cloths. I can't go back like this. Ok, we will do. I mean, impossible. Take the call.. Cemre is calling. Kuzey? your humble servant... what would you wish? I'm worrying about you. Where are you? I mean we are worried about you. There is nothing to worry, girl. I'm alright. Tell me what happened. when I return, I will. Ok? Kuzey, tell me the truth are you alright? What would happen me? What? I said I'm alright. Zeynep wants to talk to you. Honey... I was too much worried about you. Are you really alright? My God...I said I'm alright. There is nothing to worry. Why you are so hectic? Did you meet Ferhat? Both yes and no. How? I will tell all about it when I return. Okay.. When are you coming back? We have to take care of couple things then we will take care of the return tickets. We'll be there tonight. Kisses for both of you. Mee too. I kiss you too. What did he say? I will tell everything when I return. This is all because of your stupidity. You made them to take me to the police station. I couldn't estimate how stupid you are. They didn't let us leave and made us to wait here. We are returning to Istanbul. Get the tombstone. What about me? I have no business with people who betray me. But I can help you a lot. I know a lot of things about K&G that you don't know. What would it be that I already didn't know? Kuzey went to jail for his brother. He accepted to go to jail while he was not the one guilty. You didn't know this, didn't you? No one knows. Hang up now. I will call you soon. Ok. Please excuse me. Is there anything else you want to ask BAris? No. I discussed about everything. Then we will sign the greements when they are ready. Well.. I can't tell you how happy now. I can't tell how proud I am for making business with Katmanoglu-Sinaner group. I'd like to say modest things but I'm afraid you will believe me. I promise you won't regret. Thanks. Have a nice day. Nice to meeting you as well. I hope we'll see each other often. Nice to meeting you too. Bye. Let's do something together tonight. That would be great. Hello. What's up? What are you doing here? I didn't know you were here. You were in the meeting and I didn't want to interrupt. Cemre... I will go to Ashgabat (Turkmenistan) for two days next week with mr. sumer. Please check my schedule and arrange my travel. Check with mr. sumer as well. I trust miss Cemre for scheduling the trip. Let me know when you are done. Ok. We signed an agreement. congragulations. See you.. We'll go out tonight. Sure... Let's have a cup of coffee and talk. No, I have to leave. Kuzey is returning from Mersin. So, problem is solved. see. Yes. I'm also looking for to learn what happened. Ahah... Did you start to date? Zeynep I have thngs to do for Mr. Can. Ok. I'm leaving as well. We need to talk. We need tile designers. We should talk about it. I'm happy with the job I have now. Thank you. I let you go now. see you later. Bye Don't worry about Kuzey anymore. He is not in trouble as you see. He is free from Simay and seeing someone like Zeynep. He is alright. I'm 100% sure he is making trouble just to grab others attention. There is nobody. Come on. Ok. Shhh... You go to see Demet. She will think we are in a relation. Don't worry I will take care of it. I will handle her this weekend with extra care. What extra care... you invited her to your apartment but you were not there. She will not see you again. Who.. She'll not?? She will not see this handsome fella, this baby face? Wanna bet? Bro... there is nothing you can achieve. I won't gamble with you. What's happening. We are worried about you son. I see all the team here.. don't make fun of us. We really worried about you. There is nothing to worry about. Get in... Come on. Welcome back son. Stop Ms. Handan. Why don't you tell me that Ferhat is back, huh? Nice to see you too dad. If I knew I wouldn't send you alone. Calm down champion. It's alright. Hello everybody. How are you uncle sami? We didn't tell anyone but Guney called your mom. Guney also knew about it... Your brother is very worried about you. Did he receive the same picture message? No, what picture message? Then, only I was the one received that. What picture you received? nothing.. We went Mersin and came back that's it. When I was there I didn't see anybody around. I asked around then I learned that funeral was at noon time. That's why I called you but you didn't answer my call. Mom, okay I'm leaving soon. Zeynep has to leave too we will leave together. Stay some more. Ok mom. I had my dinner already. We don't see you too much. stay. If you want to stay its' fine. I can go alone. Maybe. So everything was done to trap you in Mersin. Yes. You didn't let me to eat Kunefe (type of dessert famous in Mersin) I'm still craving for it. It's time to have our desserts so I had to mention it.. I owe you one bro. Let's close this Mersin subject... So.. So, when I was looking around... Ferhat.... We both kind of wanted to have a talk. Everything is so delicious aunt Handan. You are great as always. good appetite son Do we need to force you to talk? Come on tell us everything. There is nothing to tell too much. Kuzey met Ferhat and told him that he wan't the one who made him to go to jail. Gave the money to him and we returned. When he got 45 thousand he didn't say too much. That's all. Isn't it? Exactly. Why he didn't face you here but did it so complicated? He is a psycho. Thanks God you came back without anything happened. Why you did go to Mersin? I didn't feel good when I learned he was gonna meet Ferhat. You were scared when you learned that he was gonna meet Ferhat. I was the same way. It's all ended. No need to talk more about it. I think you both are hiding something and you are not telling us. Anyway... Dad.. There is nothing to tell more. That was all. Who is that at this time? Wait, wait. I got it. You finish your food. I can.. You stay Ms. Handan.... Who's that? No body. Oh..Welcome son. Hi mom. Dld Simay's family learned everything? I told them everything which was necessary. I will get some books for my thesis. I thoughts I already got them but I didn't. Sure, go ahead.. You said you were gonna call me before come. I didn't guess he was here. He just came. I wouldn't come if I knew he was here. My handsome son...my dear.. Are you hungry? No I will prepare you a late. No.. Mom, can you tell dad to come out from the dining room. I need to talk to both of you. Please don't make him upset. I will tell you something good. Come on.. Guney wants to tell us something. Is he here to talk us? Why he didn't call? Sami, please. Ok, he can come. I need to leave now. Stay, where are you going? I have to leave uncle Sami. My mom is alone at home. He is eating now, will come out. ok What he did Mersin? Did the tell? He paid the money to Ferhat with interest and he spoke to Simay for divorce. Is she gonna divorce? I don't know. That's all... it's finished? This is what he told us. Wait.. I will give you a ride. You don't need to. Thank you for everything aunt Handan. You are welcome. Good night.. See you.. bye.. Dad. Banu and I will get marry on June 9th We didn't want to stay engaged too long. It's okay you can go back.. Good.. congratulations. I'm so happy son. No need to wait too long (to get marry) It's your decision. Congragulation... thank you. Where will be the wedding? Banu scheduled it at the Palace. How nice.. We will be there. We'll do everything necessary. Thanks God.. Good night. Son, please don't go I want to talk. I have to leave. I'll meet Banu. Guney please stop. You are all stand with him. It's not like that son. You know what happened. Everybody is standing with him. Dad, Ali, Cemre, Zeynep.. Even you No, son... In fact I'm the one who is alone. Please don't say so. I'm the one who is in pitiful condition. I'm the one who was alone for four years. Son, you don't need anyone. You are on your own way. Wipe your tears.. Look, I will come over tomorrow to talk. Ok? No, mom. I will be out of town tomorrow with Banu. How nice. May God protect you. Please don't do this again. Ok. Don't talk like that again. You scared me. Stop bothering me because of Kuzey. What are you talking about? Don't act like I'm guilty. I'm also right (in my opinion) Leave me alone please. Don't turn your back to me. Indeed, you are the one turning his back to every one. You just shake hans of the person who was seeing your brother's wife. is this how right you? that is why I should pamper you? wait, whose hand I did shake? Sumer Tezkan The man you were very happy to make business this morning was Simay's bf. That man? Don't act like you don't know about it. I swear I didn't know. I wouldn't even think that he was the one. Kuzey was almost gonna be a murderer because that man. I swear.. and you is friend of him. How can I not blame on you? I ... didn't know.. Because you don't care about anything and anybody. Thats way you are alone. Because you are always in wrong side. Where are we? Didn't you already recognize where we are? You are familiar with this area. Call fm .. Ferhat... I'm outside waiting for you. Okay. Are you the one who made me to meet Sumer? (I organized)The day you come out with tears that night.. Follow her. It's time to meet Sumer. When I say something I mean it. I told you that I know everything. Is that right? Yes. I'm looking for hear new developments impatiently. Ok. See you. What did you threaten him with? I mean how did you convince him? I just introduced myself to him. Hi. I have K.T. 's regards for you. Don't worry. We have the same issue. KT is my enemy as well. Kuzey is all of ours enemy. You look tired. Get some rest. I will. Best would be have a deep sleep. We had a hard day. I want to go to sleep and forget everything. Don't try to hide something. I'm sure that you didn't tell us everything. That was all. Don't think about it too much. Okay. I will listen you whenever you want to tell me. Ok. Your hair looks great. Thanks. See you tomorrow. See you. Good night. Stay there until Zeynep gets in. Sure. Ladies first. Thanks. What was that? Nothing. It's a way of communication between us. Guney is also your child, why you are acting like that? I treat everyone as they deserve. You don't like him because he is able to take care of himself alone. Therefore whatever he does you are against him. Watch your mouth. You didn't even look at his face. He is saying that he is alone, there is nobody around me. He is right. Is that the way he is making himself look poor? He couldn't take your insulting anymore and left the house. Enough! You start to make noise again lately.. I don't need anyone's advices. I know how to treat anyone. Look Handan..Don't push me. I warn you. Don't argue with me. I will not be good for you. kuzeyguneyenglish.blogspot.com Get used to this loneliness, distance (talking to her hearth) You received a red card, you are out of game now. Get used to watch your own life out from the arena. It's over now. No hope.. I was waiting you.. I was online looking at things. Ok.. kuzeyguneyenglish.blogspot.com Look what I got for you. What is this? I was waiting you to give this to you. Open it. Did you buy a phone? Yes... One for you and one for me. Enjoy it. I hope you will always get good news with this phone. You can go online with this phone as well. You can go online whenever you want. I also got a new line. You are great mom. You have a new phone number now. Thank you so much mom. Look, I won't get you a present in May. This is your b.day present as well. Ok, I got the message. Guney is getting married in June 9th Really... Fine. We will go to a vacation at that time then. No newspaper no tv... Come on mom... I don't even care about it. Yeah I know... I saw what happened you after listening one song that night. I think it will be good to go somewhere.. That was something different mom... My dear.. Where were you darling? I wanted to calm down before I come here. That's why I'm late. Is there a family issue again? You knew it. didn't you? You knew who was that man. Which man? Sumer TEzkan You know who was he and you made me to shake his hand, made me to work with him. you knew it as well. Who really is Sumer Tezkan? Why? Do I really have to work with him? Guney, please calm down. Why are you ding this? Do you want to hurt me? Don't be silly. Shame on you Can. You knew everything . I'm totally out of this. You know that that man is Simay's bf. Didn't you? Quit it. You are not in a position to tell me who I should do business with. Please calm down. This is not a place to talk about these things. Look... Don't you dare to tray to hurt me by using Kuzey. Enough to hear Kuzey.. We are having a Kuzey issue all the time.. Right.. Problem is not Kuzey.. Family.. Slnce we will become a family.. Are you the one talking about being a family? I just start to know you, after Mr. Atilla's death.. Shhh.. don't be insolent.. I don't know what bothers you. you are keep bothering me. You can get out of our life and company at any time. Baris Enough. I don't go anywhere. Then shut up. Guys.. please Please stop it. I talk to you about this. Alright. I knew this was gonna happen. Is he really Simay's bf? If that is true, Guney is right. Lets leave. It's not nice. You don't get involve this. I can't recognize you anymore. You changed a lot. hi. Have a seat. This is my fiancé Venus.. Sumer Tezkan. Zerrin has an sam tomorrow morning so, we have to leave. I hope you don't mind.. No problem.. see you. Bye Go ahead. Is everything fine? Yes, we are fine. We'll continue to have fun. What would you drink? See. Look ate the man you are doing business with... Banu, relax.. Just because to bother Guney you had business agreement with 3rd class businessman. Is that right Baris? She don't know what is she talking about. He is a bastard. Moderate, cheap businessman. You weren't say so yesterday (in the meeting) I didn't know who was he. I didn't think you could make us to meet with someone like him. Look at the newspaper. Scandal.. He is in the news because of Kuzey. He is in the news because he was seeing his wife. Leave me alone... Are you defending that woman now? Did you know this before you start to do business with this man? Yes, he was. He met a woman coincidently and the woman is a cheater. What is his fault? his fault is being damn cheap. He has good connections and business. He has a big potential. Really! He cannot even come closer to one of our contractors. He has important connections in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and the other Turkic Republics. He did get big contracts recently. Does Sinaner&Katmanoglu needs what he can provide us? Why shouldn't make business with him? I'm a business man. I'm sorry but Gunes is start to hurt us. He is not before any of us. Problem is not Guney. Reputation of Sinaner family name! You are letting your doughter to get marry with someone who yo can't even compare with S. Tezkan What reputation you are talking about? Enough.. I'm sick of Guney and his family. Because of Guney, Kuzey, Banu's sake wouldn't I to live as I wish Even Guney stabbed from back his brother. And you are telling me to act against the company' interest because of Kuzey. That's enough. I will make a decision about this next week. I will check S. Tezkan and his company. You will talk to Sumer today. Sure, yes ma'am. Ms. Ebru... Handan Tekinoglu wants to talk to you. YEs.. Ms. Ebru.. Was it a good time to talk to you. Go ahead please. How are you? I hope everything is fine. Guney said that hey decided the wedding date. We are so happy for them. Yes. They madetheir decision. I am wishing the best for all of us. I couldn't sleep last night. I see.. If it's okay for you we want to invite you over to celebrate this good news. you don't need to. Please don't say so. We will be a family. We will be happy if you can. Ok. I will check my schedule. We also want to have Mr. BAris and his fiancé I will tell them. We can get to know each other more and also we can talk about the wedding. I see.. I will let you know once I check my schedule. Please try to find a room in your schedule. I really want to have you this weekend. I'll try. Thank you for the invitation. Please. We will be a family. ok. talk to you later. Okay. I will wait. Have a nice day You too. They are inviting us to dinner this weekend. She wants to talk about the wedding as bride and groom sides. Pity.. She is living in her own world. I bet she is dancing around because of you are getting married t his son. We will be family she is saying. Sometimes I agree with your brother Banu. There is a big gap between us and them. I will get marry with Guney not his family. I hope you will keep being optimistic after you married as well or you will keep your eyes closed and will not see the things we see (about Guney and his family) Otherwise it's obvious that you'll be unhappy. I will be very happy. This is exactly what I'm talking about. You have to solve this issue. It cannot be this way. I didn't say too much before because I wanted to wait until you both get calm. But no more. What happened before is now ended. You can't go back and being enemy will not help anyone. There shouldn't be fight between the brothers. Dad, If you will force me about it I will take of this pinafore now and leave dad. I will never come back. Kuzey stop it... What did I tell you dad? Peace be upon you.. How are you uncle Sami? Thanks What's up bro. What are you doing here? don't you need to be at work today? Don't ask. I've been dealing with the apartment since last night. What happened? My apartment's door is gone. Some one took it off. Thief? No.. Demet called locksmith. What? Don't laugh.. She thought something happened me. Since I didn't open the door and respond her phone calls. She thought something was wrong and called a locksmith. When I entered the home. I saw landlord is sitting in the living room. Demet made too much noise I think and apartment manager called the land lord. The people in the building already trying to get rid of me. So, So, they complained about me to get rid of me. Now, I will leave.. How they can do that just like that? Anyway... I don't care about it. There is always complain like... stereo's volume is so high, you are slamming the door all the time...etc.. I'm fed up.. I fill move to another apartment. Are you serious? Yes. I was already thinking to move. Ok, we'll look for one. I spoke to my brothers as well and told them what happened. Simit (sesami bagel) is too fresh. I may move to somewhere larger. Maybe we would move in together. What happened? where are you looking at? What's up my friend? What did you look for? I was just looking. I couldn't make a decision. What you looking for huh? There is only cookies and simit. What decision you need? Are you crazy? Yes.. I'm crazy... Tell that Ferhat not forget that I'm crazy. Get the hell out of here. You see.. how he is sending his dogs.. I will f.... Have you lost your mind? Where did Ferhat come out now? I know he is working for him. I know. You lost your mind... Okay.... lets go get some fresh air. Ali... take him away... he should get some fresh air to get calm. Okay uncle Sami. Don't worry. Lets get your jacket and go. He got crazier.. Ferhat unbalanced his psychology. Please made him calm.. Relax... KuzeyGuneyEnglish.blogspot.com Hello and welcome back to Introduction to Genetics and Evolution. In the previous videos, we talked about the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and we started looking at deviations from it. Now the times when a population is at Hardy-Weinberg are, as I mentioned, when basically nothing interesting is happening in that population. When you don't have, for example, gene flow among populations, you don't, you have an infinite population size and very importantly you have no natural selection. Natural selection is, of course, one of what we would consider to be one of the most interesting things that could be happening in the population and that's what people tend to think about when they think about evolution. There's a long history, of course, to this. Charles Darwin said, that this preservation of favorable variations and the rejection of injurious variation, I will call natural selection. This is from his 1859 book. Now, as you may recall, Darwin was not alone in introducing this idea, but in fact, this idea of evolution by Natural Selection was introduced simultaneously by Darwin and Alfred Russell Wallace, who is depicted here on the left side of this slide. Their emphases differed but they were both correct and Darwin very much emphasized competition within species as being very important. We talked about that recently in the context of population growth. Wallace, in contrast, emphasized more environmental pressure. Both are true, but they're just different facets that are, that are allowing for natural selection to happen. Now at the very beginning of this course, I showed you this slide, looking at, you know, whether evolution by natural selection is just a theory. And this is the example I said. Let's, let's imagine you're working with a population of squirrels, that you have type A that run randomly, and type B that fear asphalt. And importantly now, we're, we're adding that, that this is heritable. That basically, type A squirrels have type A offspring. Type B squirrels have type B offspring. We sta rt a population with 100 As and 100 Bs. We assume that on average the As have, have one offspring each. The Bs have two offspring each. But then they themselves don't go to the next generation. We'll start with 100, 150% of them being B. The next generation, these 100, produce 100, because, again, they each produce one offspring. In contrast the Bs would have 200, right? Because each of these produces two offspring. We're assuming the parents are not still around. So what fraction of the population is type B? Now, it's at 66%. We can iterate this over and over again, 100, 400, and now we're at 80% type B. then finally 100, 800, and now we're at 89% type B. So, we've had this change in the abundance of one type of squirrels in this example, these type B squirrels, over time. We've had this change abundance over time, that is evolution. In this particular case, it is evolution by natural selection. The important thing is that evolution by natural selection, is a mathematical inevitability, that there was nothing, there's nothing here that was expressing any sort of morality or immorality or anything like that, but is just explaining what happens when you have three conditions met. These three requirements for evolution by natural selection are very simple. You have variation in traits so the previous example, that variation was illustrated as squirrels fearing asphalt versus running randomly. You can see the same sort of thing in this picture from the Freeman and Herron textbook with peppers that vary in how hot, how hot or spicy they are. There is heritability of traits. The previous example of those type A squirrels had type A offspring. Type B squirrels feared as fault had type B offspring. Or in this case, hot peppers have hot pepper kids and not so hot peppers have not so hot pepper kids . And, finally this trait, this variation effects survival or reproduction. in the previous example, it was, it was more like, you are more likely reproduce more if you didn't die if you are a type B. In this case, you're mor e likely to produce more if you're spicy because you're not eaten up by mice. That is natural selection. There's nothing controversial about it. Now there's at least two ways that this can be studied. You can look at natural selection by examining variation and quantitative traits. We'll come back to this near the end of this lecture or you can look at it looking at single loci, single places in the genome, like one gene, for example. And we already discussed the former a little bit in the context of heritability. Recall heritability was this response over selection, and again, the genetic component there, how much integration is genetic will, will dictate how much of a response you get to selection happening. And this response will often come from changing the little frequencies at many, many loci. Not at one locus, but many loci. We depicted this in that example with height before. But you can actually study this, looking at single locus, or single gene. We'll come back to the phenotypes in a little while, but let's focus now at single gene selection. We'll do that both for this video, and the subsequent video. So what does selection do at alleles at individual loci? Well it affects the abundance of particular genome types. So let's imagine this, this example here, which is described at the top. That we have three genome types, AA,, Aa, aa. Now, let's assume that aa ones are less healthy or in the extreme case that if you're aa, you're just instantly dead. Well, if you start the population and all three types are, are present, you'll see that the aa's are removed from the population, right? So you're affecting the frequency not only of the genotypes, not only are you limiting aa's, but in the example here, there will be fewer little a alleles remaining in the population. That if you count the number of little a alleles here before and after selection, there is a difference. Now very importantly, unlike a lot of the other things we've described, the dominance of the alleles, you recall we talked about dominance in our transmission genetic section way back. The dominance of the alleles matters for selection. Just imagine that again, aa is bad, but little a is dominant over big A. In that situation, if little a was dominant over big A, then these individuals over here would also be dead, so you'd lose all of them. But in this particular example, that was not the case. Instead we said little a was recessive. So again, dominance does matter in the context of selection. So, how much selection is there out there? Well, there is definitely some strong selection in humans, the, again we've talked before how spontaneous bad mutations are actually quite common. And some extreme examples, now when you think of like chromosomal abnormalities and things like that, those do happen quite often. And in fact half of pregnancies are never detected because they spontaneously abort very, very early on so they don't even know it happens. And about half of those spontaneous abortions come from genetic problems. So you could imagine about 25% of all human fertilizations are immediately eliminated. Immediately eliminated and this elimination is because of natural selection that they are unfit, they are inviolable. All right, so that's a very extreme example of strong selection. I think, that it's definitely there. Now, let's talk about weaker selection. A weaker selection does happen as well and we see it still in humans. one great example to look at is lactose intolerance. If you go way back, let's say you went back in time 7,000 years, everybody, all humans were actually lactose intolerant. That's, that's the ancestral state. Now we, estimates suggest that maybe individuals who are lactose intolerant had, no, maybe about five percent fewer kids than those that were lactose tolerant. So when you have this new mutation that came up that allowed this extra source of nutrition, is lactase persistent or lactose tolerant, this, these individuals had five percent more kids and therefore were more fit. But you might think five percent more kids, I mean you can't have five % of a kid. Now again, we're thinking of averages across individual, you can think of it as five percent more likely to have a kid. But, is five%,. Is this serious selection? Will this actually make any sort of change over any, any kind of observable time period? Well, we can simulate the effects of selection whether it's strong or weak using various software packages. One very popular one is called AlleleA1, I have the link here if you'd ever like to play with it yourselves. So lets simulate this. Lets say the fitness of AA is 0.95 and basically that have 95% of fitness of, of individuals that are lactose tolerant or intolerant. And lets say these lactose tolerant ones, Aa, aa and little A little A. Let's say their fitness is 1.0. Now these are, in this case these are relative fitness. This is just saying that you have five percent higher fitness when you're tolerant then when you're intolerant. And in this case tolerance is dominant. We know this in fact in the case of humans. So let's look over the course of just 5000 years. That's a reasonable amount of time because, this particular, or, or a mutation that conferred lactose persistence, or lactose tolerance, arose in Africa about 5000 years ago, about the time the step pyramid was actually built in Egypt. So what would happen if you had this five percent fitness advantage over 5000 years? Well, this is an approximate, this is an approximation using AlleleA1. You're starting off 5000 years ago where basically everybody was intolerant. All right. So this is the frequency of the big allele, the intolerant allele. And look, over 5000 years, we get down to the present and very few individuals are actually lactose intolerant, maybe only about twenty%. That's actually not very far off from what we see in human populations today. There's a lot of variation among different populations, but this isn't a crazy far off thing, that weak selection over a long periods of time can lead to very big changes in allele frequencies. This was actually one of Darwin's insights. Not specifically with respect to allele frequencies, but he suggested that weak selection over very long periods of time could create big changes in traits. Now, in doing this we used this idea of relative fitness of genome-types. That we said the, that, you know, the individuals who are AA, A, the ones who are lactose intolerant, right, fitness in 0.95 whereas the others had 1.0, 1.0. And again, AA had on average had five percent fewer kids, that were successful than AA, or A, aa. But again, just because something is selected against doesn't mean that it's intrinsically bad. Obviously, as I, as I know here, humans have survived for a very long time as AA. We're relaxed and we're taller. We all had kids, we didn't go extinct as a species, but this is just saying in, on a relative scale, you are better off this way than that way. It doesn't mean that it is actually bad to have the other one, just not just as good. Let me give you an analogy. This is, this is a kind of silly musical analogy. You could think of a new mutation as a released cover of a previously released song. So an example we might use is the song I Love Rock n Roll, which is a very exciting song. There was an original of this introduced by the Arrows in 1975. Most of you who are watching this have probably never heard that version of this song. In contrast, Joan Jett did a version of this in 1982 that was extremely popular, everybody knows it. So, in this particular, example, imagine the original song may have been popular or somewhat successful, their cover may be more successful it spreads that everyone forgets the original. Same sort of concept. In contrast, the cover may be less successful. Such as Britney Spears, who released a terrible version of this particular song, hopefully, people will forget soon. But, in this case, people still tend to associate the song with Joan Jett, rather than Britney Spears. Well, it's the same sort of idea when you're looking at new mutations, that again, you have a new mutation in a gene that creates this new allele. It may be more successful than th e previous one, even though the previous one was just perfectly well enough good. It may, and then it would spread, or it may be less successful, in which case, it's just forgotten and eliminated. So, let me give you an example just so you, again don't think of once you have lower health fitness is bad. You can imagine BB gene types have produce on average 3.2 surviving offspring. Bb produce on an average of 3.0. And bb based on an average 2.4. Well, all of these are producing more than two offspring. So, again, you are, you can't potentially more than replace yourself, but, in one case you do so better than the other, such that when you are in competition BBs are the best. So, the most fit genes have this BB, so, we can call it 100% of the maximum. And that's why we say this relative fitness of it is 1.0. And the others then, we express is a percentage of the maximum, so, Bb would be 3.0 over the maximum, which is 3.2 or 0.94, bb would be 2.4 over 3.2, so it would be.75. So, one of them is six percent less fit than BB, and the other one is 25% less fit. This just gives you some way of thinking about relative fitness. Now, let's apply these sorts of things to Hardy-Weinberg. Well, what is the effect of Hardy-Weinberg? Well, let's use an extreme example. Let's say that aa individuals are perfectly fine as kids, but then, at age ten, they all instantly die, they pop or something. It's kind of gruesome, but, I'm sorry. . So at age eight, let's say you had a population here with 490 AA's, 420 of Aa's, and 90 aa's. So is this population a Hardy-Weinberg? The answer is actually yes. If you want, you can try out the map. It's a good practice problem. This population is in fact at Hardy-Weinberg. So if we want to calculate this out, we can say the total number of individuals here, total number of individuals, which we will call n is equal to 1,000, your allele frequencies in this case would be say 490 over 1,000. I'm sorry these genome type frequencies. This one will equal to 0.49. This one over 1,000, equal to 0.42. This one ove r 1,000 would be equal to 0.09. Okay? Our allele frequencies, again as we did before, would be all of this plus half of this, so the little frequency for big A, would be equal to 0.49 plus one-half of 0.42, actually that should be 0.21. Right? So, in this case, it would be 0.7. Presumably for little a, it would be 0.3. And this is at Hardy-Weinberg, so let's take that as for granted. A frequency of big A is.7 to start with. Age 25, we've gone through that step where the little a, little a, individuals die. So now what happened. Well, we're no longer at Hardy-Weinberg. Because we know that this was at Hardy Weinberg. And we know that one set of genotypes has changed. So clearly, we can't be at Hardy Weinberg anymore. Now, we can calculate the new allele frequencies. Which, we'll actually do that in the next slide. So, you'll see that very shortly, how you do it. But just briefly, big A would be 490 over 910, which is the total, +one-half of 420 over 910. So it's now.769. So we actually have a change in allele frequency from.7 to.769. Big A is more abundant, because we've lost some of the little A's. And we have this deviation from Hardy Weinberg, now importantly we've had to change both in the genotype frequencies and the allele frequency. So you see it in terms of the allele's here and obvious in terms of genotypes since we've eliminated a sub set there, now. Are the little a, little a's gone for good? What happens next? So we've lost the little a, little a's here, are they gone for good? No, well let's look at what happens next. So here's these are the same individuals we saw last time the 494 twenty and zero. So there's the total number we have is 910. So this is filling the calculation that I did very briefly before. So 490 over 910 would be.538. This is your genotype frequency. This one is.462. So this is your genotype frequency for big a, little a. Obviously your genotype frequency for little a, little a would be zero over 910 or zero. So these two add up to 1.0. For your allele frequencies again, we take all of these plus half of these, so in this case that's, that.769 I showed you before, where it was.7 before so this is that change due to selection from.7 to.769. For little a, all of the zero's plus half of.462 so we have.231, the zero frequency of little a, these are your allele frequencies now and again they add up to 1.0. So, now what do we do? The next generation, if we assume random meetings. Like they're spewing out their gametes. These are the gene sets we get. This would be equal to point 769 squared. So, we'd have zero point 591. This would be two times point 769 times point 231, or if it's two PQ. This one's P squared, and the last one is Q squared. And look at that we have, we have brought back some little a, little a's into the population. But we see they're less abundant than they were before. So it had a change in the allele the frequency of little a, little a is less abundant than it was. It went from a frequency of.3 to.23. Little a, little a's are also less abundant than they were. We've had change over time at a single gene as a result of selection where one particular gene type has a different fitness from the other two in this particular example. No we'll talk about different forms of selection that can operate on single low side in the next video. Thank you. Hi. I'm Fran Williamson. I'm the 5 times swimming world champion and 6 times paralympian medalist. Adapt the swimming style to suit your abilities, to ensure that you are always comfortable while swimming. "Saturday, 19th of February" E: Thank you from the bottom of my heart! G.D: It's hundreds of thousands of tele-votes in the final of Melodifestivalen. The winner could have been voted in for the parliament if it had been a political election. So it's a lot of votes. E: I don't know, this is so huge, and I am so grateful for everybody who voted for me. E: I would like to know how many votes I got. That would be cool. M: Of course we will tell you how much votes you got. In this envelope I have the exact number of votes for you. It was not me who found this number, but our expert Gustav. C.B: Let's see what "s written on this note. In the final in Globen you got 314 229 votes, much more than Danny. D: How are you? M: I am just fine, but that's not interesting. How are you? C.B: In the partfinal in Linkoping you won with 89 175 votes. The second place got about half as much. W: After the votes from international jury, it was only two points between you and Danny. Did you notice that? E: No, not really. "12 hours and 13 minutes earlier" M: People sit here rather quiet and is very nervous. E: Every time they presented new percentages of votes, I was thinking: "Not me, not me". I hoped to be the one they presented last. When Danny got his votes, I understood I had won. It was just magic. It was so much love in that moment. Hail Mary, full of grace The Lord is with thee; Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus Holy Mary, Mother of God pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen. LlST: Ost. Phone. Ost. Note: • This is the first song about the Thai sex position. The translator translated the strategy to keep the font culture. • KhauXoi shape like that of Men. hix. • That is: all, full • ThungChay: deposition • ThaiChang: castration. • Oi means sugar cane. • Status read Kim also like Crème. (To the audience to understand) Approx. * KhaoPa: day fasting Buddha Thai blessing. Ost. SMS. Sms of the card: . Ost. Sms Ost. End. I do not know how sincere love it? I do not understand how sticking And you love someone, love someone and then break up only. never find true love, how he never understood it. I know you will not believe anybody will remember. Because you are not next to someone forever. Then one day my heart will change. When you came to me. When you found me. I understand that today we remember who needs one. You know, it's difficult. Please tell me how to I belong to you. Eth Bottle nickname barrel Baseball (Tu) Please tell me how to I belong to you. States of the Creator, the pain of women. Police girl Eth Bottle nickname barrel Baseball (Tu) Please tell me how to I belong to you. Eth Bottle nickname barrel Baseball (Tu) States of the Creator, the pain of women. Police girl I can not see you. Eth Bottle nickname barrel Baseball (Tu) States of the Creator, the pain of women. Police girl I can not see you. For you do not need to worry, just me, I worry that you will belong to someone else. Teem running nicknamed soup Teem (Tim To) For you do not need to worry, just me, I worry that you will belong to someone else. God gave his heart stop. Teem running nicknamed soup Teem (Tim To) For you do not need to worry, just me, I worry that you will belong to someone else. For you do not need to worry, just me, I worry that you will belong to someone else. If you need me, I'll come to you today. ChatNak nickname Cutting Hay (No Effect) If you need me, I'll come to you today. standard Handsome Man but the 3rd gender ChatNak nickname Cutting Hay (No Effect) If you need me, I'll come to you today. ChatNak nickname Cutting Hay (No Effect) standard Handsome Man but the 3rd gender Run What kind of car are you doing? oh so handsome. Oh this leg demons you back to the middle of the road? Sorry dentist. It's all right, my foot wrong because your on the go. Oh, a half, a half stars here, you earn ½ in here for fatigue. ½ of you here. ½ of you here now. Well you do not say nonsense. Hey guys missing girl. This guy nascent huh you, you dislike "chym", what you like. With you, you just eat chicken chym mix with chym blowers. Oh tiny chym. To fight right. You know who I am? Yes you know who it is. Right. Dear comrades variables only. Teem It? Why are you so afraid of shaking? Do you know where it is you who just talk how do you know? Crazy? Oh shame intolerance. Three it or his father, Ba him. washing it! Go ahead. Please tell me how to get them. I can not see you. For you do not need to worry, just me, I worry that you will belong to someone else. If you need me, I'll come to you today. Please tell me how to get them. I could not meet you. For you do not need to worry, just me, I worry that you will belong to someone else. If you need me, I'll come to you today. Jean, Jean, Oh them here. veggie exports Valley. \ N Jean deposition. * "Exports" Using red also means that the standard 100% man. :) that's very good. • Name of shop: Jean, Jean, Oh them here. • Name of shop: veggie exports Valley. \ N Jean deposition. * "Exports" Using red also means that the standard 100% man. :) that's very good. Please, please. • Name of shop: veggie exports Valley. \ N Jean deposition. * "Exports" Using red also means that the standard 100% man. :) that's very good. Please, please. nice jeans. Come buy one get one, today is a special day, one to wear school uniforms, free phone number the seller. Full service sales always the whole year, invited me, invited me. Excellent, my dear jean. Jean them. Oh beautiful children, choose a child. I choose which one is not me. Watch for his fun. Who to watch the play, he sold it. something like this. Jean here, Jean troops here. It's money problems, wear a uniform to see him, free whole semester. Full enough, handsome sellers, look at all love, to look away, at map genuine 100%. so go away Oh sing to too. It's insulting you, do not sing. Oh, what's it like not hard but not easy. What is it? this what men look? Just the eye is not, but spend for chym then. Hey chym you ah Say overkill. Hey Chat, buyers, buyers, eyes, beautiful nose. Start now, start now, part 1 is again closed. Ok ok. Go away, go away. Hello, it is not clear like one. Note: program SilmSilm chat on the phone in the state, how to get in touch. / She is transferred elite. He was also agreed sales) Africa, they would batteries Bibi is no game Note: program SilmSilm chat on the phone in the state, how to get in touch. / She is transferred elite. He was also agreed sales) Note: (this is only the 3rd sex like men and women) without seeing that a.Oi look, look. oh god, I just pin balling take? Goodness Statistics Note: program SilmSilm chat on the phone in the state, how to get in touch. / She is transferred elite. He was also agreed sales) oh god, I just pin balling take? Goodness Statistics Note: (this is only the 3rd sex like men and women) without seeing that a.Oi look, look. Calm, for 1000 baht only. May 1000 baht I know, but that's with me is one, I do not want to talk, do not want to do anything , do not accept it better than me. I, I have more than you. Oh you think you're fair game woman. Aaa customer ahead. • Tut: Calves recommended but not dressed as women. Ball sink. Chat is lagging Football sink. like men • Kathoi: name called calf recommended in Thai, dressed as women. Large ball. like men Note: Oh, come, leave, arguing do, diagrams with kathoi do it is with his cousin that. • Kathoi: name called calf recommended in Thai, dressed as women. Large ball. like men • Tut: Calves recommended but not dressed as women. Ball sink. Chat is lagging Football sink. like men I do not like, naturally beautiful than hate. • Kathoi: name called calf recommended in Thai, dressed as women. Large ball. like men • Tut: Calves recommended but not dressed as women. Ball sink. Chat is lagging Football sink. like men I do not like, naturally beautiful than hate. Well that project off with the phone number that is also right. Sales runs, see mini front not ế always. normal. As for you Asian man trying to do, try a little strong. Yeah. You do not know anything, you please do not use this paper fans anymore. Do I consider normal. Want is not difficult, but it is not easy. You get ready to go, the face itself again and again, just now you do finger daughter we see it know. Lose customers. Hey you, I do now, try to do it then, be forced to cover it. presses to cover it do anything, you just let go hobbled picture for me. Drop out. this Well the time for it to make the hole bigger than me. Knowing date. He too. Chat 11pm meet at the old place. Fillers go, I go to gym before. Oh oh, you said something that I'm the star. Hey Alittoteo each say is: it is the job of humanity, but he fell at home to move then, I go here. Bai bai. Who is Alittoteo anyway, I just hear Alittotiu. Go out with him. If it goes away quickly. I go with you would be very comfortable. For I will take you makelove. makelove. Makelove. Makelove .. I like sweet things, but I like what traditional. Let him do. I liked but sweet, I like it. I want you, I want you .. do it. makelove, makelove, makelove 12 hours everything will be ok too. Find for me to do. delicious Delicious offline. Ok I'll look for 2 people but where I do not want you to help me avoid okay. I do not want as before Tifani it take me to the hotel head start. it make me pay, I pay no where. Hey see her. Why do. Man. Ok. oh Yeah Yeah man too. Yeast cell. Yes is then measured. - Hello \ N-Hello. N, again met at nowhere and look familiar face. Where to Meet, but would see here. If you take away the fear of loss .. Bumper than 20 years is also the fear of loss. O 3, but drinking a RUU bottle this game always. Yes, sir. Enough time to wait for love game. Love what. Seeing people drinking my fun you two people want to get data? oh so handsome Sang to. - Hello \ N-Hello. What is you name? KhauPhang. KhauPhang, called EET. Nice to know EET. Oh forget. I handsome that you forget all stars. Oh, his face looked as if he. Want, thinking far no children. Do not think it is me, you can just tell by feel alone. frankly, made him ashamed. I will not he. Oh said little can also hear the game. Oh look at me you accept. Oh, good to hear back turned to me like this. Teem! What is it? so it turned to me then, take good care okay. Where to go on. Well to me, I will treat, rest assured, happy. Yeah Well to me, I will treat, rest assured, happy. • (EET phone) to see you about. Well to me, I will treat, rest assured, happy. Well to me, I will treat, rest assured, happy. I want to go, right. Oh hear again. Listen, okay, very ear hearing. Oh my hearing ear. Let him go. Tai hearing that. Open ear is pretty. Stop me before okay. Er gone? I have work to do that. Oh what. Phang has about him. preauthorized I ahead. Look at it, look at it. KhauPhang to give me to eat KhauXoi Oh. ungrateful too. You do not have to worry, you're ready to go with you everywhere? Oh I say lose, say do not know what's more, it how but, whatever. Hey Hey. Chat, well, now I have abandoned you. Teem. So I need to go with her. Teem. What? Ago. go here, go here. how are you going to go Teem. You go right, left one child, it meat me, I die. It's you, you self-treat. - how I self-treat. \ N-Go. Wrong. bye Teem dear. The wrong goods. Teem. Oh, this night would be like this, full of style Oh Teem. I called my friend. I do not want sex with a woman, I like men. 1 bit lighter. Not in the stars. You can place frequently do not, you wait. crazy. 99 not to make like 69. he waited. • prayer room. (Where the ceremony for the dead) I understand. Brother funeral being with children. Do you misunderstand what is this? Go to work happy for your brother, he's just dead for more than one month alone. Huh? Dead in the car this way, die right where you sit .. painful too. Oh I do not like this. Drilling of well your going to have. What. Go to the previous report. Do not I want to do bad things just do not want to do good. - I do not but .. \ N-No I take that as one. Giving before him. He blessed him in the temple for a long time. Guilty feet do, in the left leg, in the oh oh. Oh Yeah, not hurt. a little Oh no, do not be ... Oh, beautiful full-color game. Morning. Ireland. night too is partner of the Tut. Oh. Located next night she just flat terminals mouth sure does not hurt, does not hurt, right painless exam her sister-in-law only. Hey wait, what night is the secret not to tell anyone, tell someone that died both okay. for A this Africa tried it, nice color too well for Africa, Africa, okay thank you. Add this ahead, beautiful color, illumination is okay, thank you much. It viewing Ongbak and black film. like to show off. Action. my story related to the father. oh father when. On the nose look but it does not taste anything, just like boys boys how. again causing Action. Wow, colored woman. birthday color. What is this color wear "woman" map key ... Say a little obvious ... like war. O action. Hey it insulted me. I see you want to cause? If that cause this kind of then pay just sit. Oh your mouth. This dare this game. Let me beat. Hey Teem for today is mine, I want to see it all. the look needs Chalo hand as ChaPhaLom, clothing Saiden. Yeah they sleep unconscious always. Yeah Yeah Action. Seated always you. And you to me how you see that face it. Oh wow action. knee fractures. Phiteem well, it was so beautiful, I need help. Need, Teem need a doctor. Sms: Chanma forgive Ti Boi. To listen Tim explained earlier Lama explained to eat with Cheni in line 4. Why so hungry all. Hunger suffer too, would not be his farewell. Eat a little new to be But Chan hearts it broke then No problem Ti in addition to this that. Yeah well, my foot pain is not healthy anymore. slowly. Oh, it's on again, her children. He also helped make it what. Oh, pretty baby talk to anyone With Adit understand all heart. It's Who This is TiBoi sides. A Ti chat bibi well, look considered. O forgotten. That's all, of course. Be. Oh these days do not talk to each other just to chat bibi is the and fishing new era. They use ball bearings. Well talking about kids, looked stressed. Oh Little it adultery with her new Chenni to. It's not an affair that is going to eat it. eat something Is Cakes but chenni provide for. Oh my! but it also eat cake, have a different heart. this new kid that speaks like her old, discarded then, play both. This is not something to play then, is love. Oh my eyebrows. where little old to understand what love? Do you know that it is the cause of ignorance. I still stand number 1 to testing, the day he goes to school, he does not love what he does not have a heart. Oh you do not need to teach it, very gay kids now, ti years now it has to prove that people then you know What is identification? Yeah. On this little all-star. Well done all you dear O It. You see? Yeah girls Luleya. Ti ah? I also have. the other bag? Losing it This month lost two and offline. Oh, this idea when people witness their kids this. Death truth. Come on home to see him alone. I hid this hybrid does not spend money with it. The son this is not where the debt. It is my creditors that Why would you insult words? I'm also afraid of my father. I welcome you. Hello. Hi Mom. Hello. I'm offered two medical. Hello. Sit there. Oh Dad says how much bad barrel Baseball makes it sad. Who is the barrel Baseball It is the Valley of Lent. I do paperwork write it Ethachai name. which called barrels Baseball, Baseball has that attitude shrouds Look at me kind of what that means, ask for more money? father à No, sir. What is it? I bring the money to pay for 50000 baht See. Quick shot always. Oh look at the apparatus. eat the rice, to here to here, say you to sit always here. up here, and sit down. Hey you come here, come here. up here, and sit down. Hey you come here, come here. Yes. Eat, satiate. Hiding his father always was. Oh, just missing each feed for This water here. Eat me. what good children come first just down the story a little woman does not need to be afraid announced verbally all day. she's Kim front Ti Boi's sister's house you can do with each other. Seeing it asks you for always. It's nothing dad, just do it like you all. Yeah not do it so out of the way home will always be there. Yes. As well, she is the cause. Hey, do not mess with me. What is it? World want something. In her laying out this beautiful son, in her all, in pregnant look film love pit far away from the West Pot, watch a dozen times, like hugging kiss. then stars. Look at the medical Hebei Why? China, TV theater. mother more than anything? Yes, that's right, sir. See. but to me this handsome. neighbor's child? The mouth you watch, watch. Oh bored. What is he? Nothing, I just picture like death. New to 50000, just eat me, this meal is not to 500 baht, eat, da da. The more you look the more crazy, calving handsome face like Mario. Who is the father. It is a super star, you do not know. I just know capuchino. Café à crazy what coffee cafe. Stars eh Teem. My father? Oh father you, I nearly fainted. Kim, I'm right here? I brought gifts to him. Oh again, he said, then putting money away for school junk food, I buy what. I want to buy for him should he keep getting away Handsome. ordering him again, he was granted, but that was the last time after holding not buy this gift for him ahead. Oh Kim, in addition to who you are so pretty too. where strange, frightened. something that scared, afraid not. What is the name? Oi ancient dry Oh I just want to drink sugar water. Shame behold Mild mild. I give anything for you? How would I know. Open view. gently Teem Time Let me tangle, something like this. Kippy Crème. Kidpy Creme hey you, I get it, he bought this cake for you, you should think a bit far, if you're not think its scared kid smiling. This line is open from morning. I offer parents I offer two doctors. Hello. Dad you scared stolen car. do something, do keep in mind regular home for me, please. apparatus spiral change that. This bird. Hey I tried to learn a lot in the light, play bibi little bit, at check there is no question about bibi Where. I like Bibi because I have many friends. only he should take care of yourself you anything. Oh hands that beat you, do not need to use your mouth to bite. Hey you told Africa Kim offline, the cake that she bought for the hearing is to eat. and where with PhiOi offline as he dried his neck to drink sugarcane juice. I go here. I go offline lady gaga Hot It shall now PhiEth to say anything about her? He said that when she bought cake hear the name you want to eat. Chang surface. shaggy hair talking mugged for water, sugarcane juice. Sugarcane juice something do not know? in something. Eating too much, sir. never wear, just wear his watch. Love you, her neighbor. Chang faces, learn what is not known, right next door to what is said. A point to make, too. Jean who this beautiful, did not see you ever, do not take me for, okay? Not, this is Phieth buy gifts for me but I to should not be used. will never lose weight, even for him to see. So it will not tear. I see I'm wearing just that. You A shaggy haired wait for him to buy offline. huhu he do this to me stars. Men it. love that themselves as doctors toothache, so security is not painless, but pain like death always . oh what, to me introduce one whom I know very handsome. it's me. I like this style, and you in over there Oh the beauty of his children to tears stars. Oh do not dare tell him always. Handsome truth. This is my original Cream, Cream had just been lovers. He I give him. lovers leave it, shooting is always free. Well this better: your barrels Baseball he - Hello \ N-Hello I do not understand you love him very much but I have to give him. Teem. What. Come here. Tai somewhere. in that frame. I'm in need of care. should care. Then know that, do not need much. finished running. I kept shooting first. - Ay skin. \ N - Ay whatever shooting. - what Tomorrow \ N-Yeah Baby Men like the guy was that every change as a taxi only continuous change terminals, but men like him there as a bus free parking everywhere, mass serving people. but men like him there as a bus free parking everywhere, mass serving people. Yeah Yeah go there, free bus stop. Oh no buses in the car also. Jeans Day, Jeans Day, select them dear. in the full range, full color, choose before going offline. Oh beautiful this in this style that I have to sell it. Hello you, day this Special Promotion sir. Get free one something special, buy one get free heart jeans sell dear and phone number available ready 24/24, whether editing anywhere. back, waist, buttocks, thighs. I have adjusted all. Oh too cute to purchase, do not say is for lovers. Huh? Teem why not look over there, on this winter. to help. here and there, of course. no I slept one bit only. O sleep, the terrible yet. Teem This girl I met 3 times in less than 48 hours. 48 hours, 3 times meet, finished. Oh it throw you as dumping. Watch, but do not buy a head start. Ao stars. The color of the fabric are both capital purchase is 3 times cheaper. Why is it said that way subjective words this is not the array a. This is my shop. I think the sale is a breeze, like someone familiar with one big deal. As for me, I think sales is small, but sex is a big deal. This Teem, you out of my life for a while. board it disposed 2nd. The day I met her three times that night before PUM. this afternoon in EVER NEW.va the time is there. Really? It. if you want to buy jeans, I have one pair of pants very well sell you the cheapest. What that tells you is good. I could go one round. , Back 1 round. Yeah yeah 33 24 35. correct. Sure Chat Eh. At the troops sezi 24 I put in there out there. the Pants where it took. do you go in for, you get what also, buffalo, donkey the other children only. Uh hum say anything ... Hurry up. it has no chance to find where the 2nd. Hey you do not tell me you sold this to the other children, this pair of pants to be with us from opening far, where it is important to us may remember. stars you bring you ha. Yes yes. Calm down. heart pain too O standard, this is the best for me since I was born until now. Why now it smart. I can try. No need, color very satisfied, is of particular interest that this thought never cheated each other friends. This is not, if there are problems with the pants, like he edited at any time is also 24/24. Let me call? To apply phone number is not so easy. Understands always asks phone number. mosquito bites. Well this is not. I just hold the phone to him, tomorrow morning I will call if you pick up I tell him my name okay. Oh crazy. This population is 499. Must sell instead. But for home you free use condoms always safe. Where Oh no. If you pay him mad at you. do you not get angry but you you angry Yeah See you, see. brought the populations both device, profits not how many but I'm sorry you're okay, I used and Machine, but when you phone me, it takes a sim to throw away, then it's out of my life no longer what one little steam Sao huh you. So's your story I tell to that's all. But okay, we'll go out tonight, I have finalized all arrangements and then, three delicious children like grass. I'll go have fun. Oh just look at you I was happy then. Your face in that is not there. Looking chest of course. Hello beautiful people. Oh barrel face again, Well take care of the phone Well, first she throw sim eh. Drink Oh you finished drinking, the international obligations to you, do not see her waiting game. crazy ... Oh, it's cup. you how I escaped it offline. meet acquaintances. Today my cup, it knew me is lagging 2 chym then sewing. 2 chym, in the later half of the game. Yeah. Oh stars hok ease. Oh Chat I see cold behind this, feeling Ron Ron I also horror Wow you remember me? I eh I miss you until the day I die. Ignore me go you, go to the other table, see not face very tasty, go, go Quick behalf. Hey they house do KhaoPa, bring to his courtesy. KhaoPa, thank you Christians, I will kill you. calm down calm down. RUU drink you. Oh something like this. Yeah barrels. It's how it? Well you see, leave the desk that goes. something like this. Hey you, the TUT stop you again. new Oh 5am, make sleep not up. - Alo \ N-Alo That's not my phone. That 's right, giving the phone to people then why can not call some of girlfriend not bring your cell phone, yesterday to hundreds of phone calls. I'm sorry, I did not even take your phone to anybody. I give you because I really want to know the real me. What is your name? Mintra, called the Min. English name et, now already know each other, I should do the next right. Today groove? Yeah they do not believe it, if that slot will go there, stand there Oh what women never have to think. But with you I think I can be. But with you I think I can be. I want you to try to accept him see stars. Today, I go to the beach to play offline. Okay. So for him to come and pick up. Ok so I know my home game. I'll call the question. OK only Oh, today I sacrifice anymore. , barrels it go. You just think of it, this particular is not good. Not good for something. men that we are, man, then you must war, not to fight her. Eh like you do it, that's true. Oh so wrong with my opinion. Wrong forever. wrong life. Oh, look at the face. You go. Tao. , You abandon you, you know, you leave me with no two days. you are sacrificing two days. ready to go with the girls game, if you do not do it for me with no, two of them I make . Do, do, do forever, wait, let me say that when you do it, you must responsible, if you do not clean then you do next if my turn I'm gonna do, this batch Club TUT it's called life chasing me, who is responsible for understanding? There is this, too, of course. then stars, there are regulations. O I go ahead then, 2 kids you of tens saved me offline. It went well. I'm very happy to have you come along. Why did you think I do not. Play. Play, do not be afraid of anything. chairs. I will not. chairs. I never play ever, but he was not afraid. Really. Go away for him, waiting for meal finished, he put them away. Min. Eh. luck. What. No Play. not nice at all. It's all right, he is a man, women are number one. Straight leg. luck, just you wait at the bottom. did not play. Oh slow him down. Brother removed, remove this place always. okay Min, I done first to see if you like. today he does not go alone. Min comfortable not afraid then, man. God, have already said, at Comfortable, do not be afraid, man. Done, done and then. I've never been there that play fun like this. can come here to do nothing, only the sea and miscellaneous stuff, no girls to play with. Yeah. frank answer. It's okay, I've never felt like this with anyone ever, I want to be with you to wipe clean, want to hear you ask this of the other. I'll answer everything if you want to know. Well take this before. okay, so I told the girls to call the owner it leave the battlefield. No, you said it yourself Yeah right. is how many people lately. Something that many people sister, lover, lover, girl, to go out, to xxx. Oh why ask this. Oi exam is not available to answer everything you want to know or do. Oh. also many. but everything through it then. as the bus was running on the road, it is also much that, did not stop cursing but then coming in to dock. refined way. Hot, very hot, cold, cold, cute and very cute. Sweet as plastic glue. A little that. Come to phone conversation, you take away money doing now is slowly returned to the Father. are learning a few things, science? British Academy of Fine Arts, he likes the idea that art. products also mean girl a. Oh, now I'm thinking, wait for the better, it will go back to school. Well do everything. tell you to go, I want to hear you say. Wait for me at all. Alo barrels huh you are. I'm in Pataya, oh go away, you about it today I just find a pretty little children, no time, no neck pain, no fatigue, meat always, fast offline, old customs 10h. Oh Teem, Teem come on then, and I do not fight anymore then, you're on that meat. this one lightly. Want fast right away, do not you angry that the beautiful woman waiting It's like, but not because of that, people are worried. Ok, go home. I like it too. Oh Japan Korea where the money for all. Oh barrel. on day to day is waiting for you. Oh girl always, bringing new girls to introduce daughter of view, it goes hurry up, hurry up parking in other kia.mang share lock on it. Yeah go there. \ N Oh barrel, this guy it's how do it right, it left then, the girls fill out this table to do. You. Oh do not let me live this day as TUT throughout the day I have to do instead. Light from this me this Men always do this, do this. So far I have not done this before. Just wait, from now on, much more. Many more, of course. Yeah. More than this, of course. Yeah sour Done. Not even a little. Also, of course. Yeah. SORT finished yet. What. are no longer so. cute Hair, huh. Yeah Mita. Oh, this car was how's that, in the past without this, since familiar Min time He did not milk it. Tai fun too. father dear, Et it takes girlfriend about. Oh, this is not right. What do like having ghost. This is not okay ET it where ever bring a girlfriend home. three provisions offline: \ N1.Khong be eating \ N2.Khong be someone else \ N3.Khong be forgotten. Well I tell you, sister. SMS. Got it Well I tell you, sister. SMS. Got it These Little by children in the neighborhood. SMS. Got it SMS. Got it travel Min I offer you Min. I welcome you. bibi Chat with one child. With boyfriend neighbors sir. m Bibi sun. you also like this one. I play bibi for the future, the computer then it will be the end of the keyboard. Think far too transparent closer alone, to meet with her father. • I go home at all was okay. Child Hello father, hello mother. That's your Min I offer two doctors. Hello. here goes. Ngoi go ahead, to go get water. 2 kids know each other while not the world. We you just met ah, you to buy his jeans at the store, so two of them know each other. So that we are together, of course. His father, of course. Do not worry about me. What's the matter, sir. Et it was her amorous, not truthful with women ever, I go with it must be careful to know to protect myself. Uncle mentioned like Et told a he said he was not very long with those who should never tell me is to be careful with him. See Et it is also truly human. OH MY surprise too. same father. Oh my father is not what Dad said substring. Tao say never eh strings, it's just telling the truth, so you just go on back to visit home . I want to take Min to tell father and mother dear. Knowing something, What do you want Yes. Do not know anything. difficult father. OH to say straight ahead. You look beautiful Min to this, everything is fine, if that is how bad demons that that Min loves Et doctor said it was unfortunately a lifetime. Dad say words too severe, we just you alone. well, look at her face to know it, you is strange. beautiful, love is weird, but I like anymore is crazy. father said I had it. I like this, sir, frankly, sir, the second father doctors were very honest. I was there, did not think going to see this kind. Hey over there you have a point there, seen it yet, it has been shown yet. I'm Kim, I neighbors. It's like Et at 4 years of age, that is not. father said too much. she just see him as a brother. Brother, over there it is, that you're, well, you're a little more relatives. Let me talk to her before was okay Please. Remember then, to placate her. - Then copy it to \ N - Daddy. Yes, please, please Ay Teem to time, so parking over there. Oh it at home, why do not you I come home you are game. Factory is just me. are you game too much to take you home girl did not tell you to be a question. But you're there to do. to see you Oi to khong.nuoc sugarcane available everywhere. I know where to sell but also oii only one person. this day oii it with Kim. at home, Kim was not at my house. Seeing hate want to make one. Ask Kim behold Oi are at home. Oh thank you understand. Oh Oi oi. lover boy You me from. I bring to you. Oi dear. Oiiiiiiiiiiiiiii. O th 2 cartilage best chym to know. Why .. what How far this parking where to go. Stand no. Hey you, see you later. Yeah Yeah I wear Jean's beautiful, some day meet will see, this day my heart broke. Right now it is not known. nice pants too. Not so beautiful. slightly lower waist. the after hoi day. Legs are not very good. Repeat with offline. Well this much milk buy better new stars. not just like this. pro not jeans of course. back to beautiful with light, pants can not be nice, would look good up there. harsh words stars. want to say that this military milk it depends on the heart. What. Listen. That this heart it beats like this that. go eat. Min eat this, rabbit meat roasted garlic. Oh. Say play garlic roasted pork. Oh he barrels Baseball. Oh hello. At the moment, just eat the same always. I eat other people anymore. Why did this. 2 young children not to sleep with him anymore, not to see the place, so thought. I thought about it for a long time, sorry. Oh change, do not know how long. Change, of course. To change is to change it. But e stand thought much lighter, it immediately before it is a bit much. ok will try. He also tried to offline. Yeah. tomorrow I have a party, you want to go? Thousand Hi Xo or springs (Hixo: you race. Loxo: normal. Thai that is to say ). Just feast normal, for some party you will go to school abroad. new me for the problem with your game nothing to be afraid, he is very good but, dare to? why not confined to, my heart is brought again. Et coming. Austria, annyoung. Min To cap here is lost. Just let it go no where. each one a loving Gil. here goes, not invited, to take off shoes. O house or museum this here I introduce some see her and my senior at the University. This is a teacher in the Faculty of Medicine of the University of - Hello \ N-Hello happy children This teacher Phuradit, have assigned Phanut, no communicate Raphon. Hello dear teacher. Oh hello as students in grade 3 as well. I is Ethachai is welding of selling clothes in the way ThiNoi Oh bartender sales game, not a star student. Stunning, stunning too. You're the CEO of sales Jean What the CEO of Jean .. Da. Personal business alone, does not depend on who is still growing strong A of growth, will surely stand. I just know that you too smart. Oh What kind of do not know. a semi Clothing Jean this just to make a living too, he said, as if a bit too. I'll tell that. The product of Jean never the less it has a lot. use is also very simple. you should always have. products vote does not throw away that can be reused .. She also reusable jean products. Yes. Yes I am very interested in this model sir. Et, said too much already. let's go, let's go, wait a minute Min, e almost forgot, there is card of Jean XutTin welding A to of JeanThungChayXuTin of. Do not forget okay if no matter what about Jean ... oh done. Come on take-off. Do not bear. How annoying they do auction bothered to do anything, he just explained to them about Jean. Go talk to people before then, the little children come. Go fast fast then, if you hide away, my heart will be broken. - Hello everyone \ N-xin chao. Oh come to me Min à Da. Eating anything yet, just use comfortably. not skin. Yeah this scholarship from the Japanese police question how then. I do not know how but want to study in America. Hey, I found very little Japanese scholarship, if he does not come to the party too. but then in very specific technologies. Yes. right You ... I is Etthachai. Right Etthachai. A Yes, I think so. At home I have arranged things in school at side finished all then. What children Etthachai, you learn about something, economy, computer, design, .. A is marketing. I am selling selling designs of jeans, as enough types, lung collectors, say waist, squeeze the buttocks, cut hem of my customers do. Well if you were not in the same group with Min a. Well the subject a Yeah, right. Well in the same right The Recording back, lift the waist, squeeze the buttocks. What is this free time to my shop lightly way ThiNoi., do not go to receiver 2, 2nd I think. We do not go the way of speaking., We go the way of the buffalo. I understand the way of the buffalo? fuck me you go, so angry, not good at all. this ladder maps Jean, how did it come to be, bothered all. Do not know where Min hook it up. It spoke not understand what are you saying? There's enough range to talk to us. I wonder what she thought when talking to it it says nothing. She says that it sells to Jean. Type curb, then there is nothing better anyway. of Buffalo Street. I'm sorry to make you ashamed of you. I do not feel ashamed if my children do the same. You do not need to talk to me feel comfortable. I also feel uncomfortable alone. But is fine when this happens, Let me know that he's just a guy can curb such sales value for Min. Et stars. Van. Do not think too much. no problem at all., everything can be Jean, you want to cut to say, how to squeeze supply, want to be, but they must do it yet .. not know how to do it right. There is nothing hard at all, it depends on the card only. Try wearing jeans okay .. Hey discarded after it is not you. take all you dear, I have told you this at her to ask for the phone number to the phone number of me, I do not know how to do now. You always have sex with my man always Asian. long time ago I made TUT. Commerce can do to help you now. UK Chat. What you bin doing. It was sitting reading a book? What A. What are you going to ask it. Oh that. his wife not you. No, I have to go there. Steam already, take as always. E bins, Country Save the face Hey you, I know now you are suffering, but if like me you really can not, you should forget it, tomorrow may go to meet you Kim, because really you and you get along, is the same, the rest do not have to struggle suffering all I know you never truthful with anyone, but should know something what should not. I said something like this, so I can not say this or like that. hiding away, star sat the tray it all the time so, what's wrong. Nothing just sitting thinking miscellaneous, first I ruffled him, born as housing or near the power station. Who are you being remembered. not with game. What do you think like that, how about you, "Subject" neighbors finally learned not to. very hard to you dear, a woman very much. Ê "Subject" neighbors, of course you want to learn to there, hair ruffled why not to. England Et. Know how he came to school children Why are you know. day and time you bring your girlfriend, I kept thinking to have seen her somewhere before, is a teacher in a child, is an assistant professor in social science humanities teach the 3rd year, 2nd floor. I just try to look away. Really. Kim. principles of this subject ..... we will study how the results sao.chung it will protect with way nao.day is how we learn. I can hear?? , he kept on he is a doctor of heart disease .. need to know, need to learn ...... Kim stars nay.toi angry then, she heard?? I was very angry What are little bit more and talk to her, do not quarrel I'll try, but I'm not sure that I will suffer when Kim, I can ask her one bit?? ... Sir Who will make the sick person?? .. my dear, I will be playing people with severe heart disease .... all a Can I borrow a chair please sir ... The talk with the patient, it should start with normal, gentle to start communication between the physician physician and patient ..... start always go sir .. Begin always .... this time something uncomfortable?? It is not comfortable, it is the story, I have some questions to tell a woman that I So, do not know is, if I am a woman, nothing is going to say always I ..... To say, I love her, right??? I do not want to say that I love her, but I love you, I've never loved anyone, but now I love you then, I wanted to do everything for you, want to make you smile, want you to laugh, do not make me tired, I want to be good for you , today I come to school, I will try to learn, I will learn to graduate for him to be comfortable, not feel ashamed to anyone, I would be your lover instead. but this time I see you close with him, you mean. Nothing, I'm and Min just friends, Min just as the homeroom teacher of the class . just like that. laugh together then, why are you holding hands, close to something, like love, says. Et. to think that there are teachers well, should want to do what they do well, want to eat chicken Temple. Et enough. I shut up, actually you're wrong, but why are you to hold my hand. He is already there. He mouths say one thing to one mile Min. Min I'm sorry. I told him, if he was doing this to my girlfriend, regardless of education or the What, if that spirit. Talk to each bit. What are you mad at me, I'm the one who should be angry, I can understand your feelings, everything you feel now you've said it already it. What about you, how you feel about him. I ask it you, if you ever loved me? Can you stay away from me. Then I realized that I should not enter his life, not to do anything with him . Do you love me? That is crazy talk? I have not answered his question. I have loved you. tonight in the school's conference room okay. This woman will accept to do. When that man a cad, if good men that some women will. , Say wrong say stay away. Either men are better, women are still difficult to make very first husband. I saw that. Ok I would like to encapsulate this. the biggest problem there is the pregnant, the medical abortion if passed, never solved. We should see the same start. What is the first cause, the first cause is man, keep thinking like this if there is one cad man, had never loved anyone, if one day he asked one woman. He can change myself? 1 bar good person? Please see. That's Etthchai nickname Lang (barrel fire) he is the type who change girlfriends as ponds, never love someone truly, like no heart. Let us now try to see how he Tat or changed. Project name is love. consists of five parts: 1. Dedicated and passionate. 2. Arising conflicts. 3. Worth and identity formation / 4. Relations coordinator 5. Farewell. this Project will be completed in December, my and Min teacher will get married Do you ever love me? ETTHACHAl. Well, when our work is done, who can not love a good bad. Min à ready our wedding. Do not think that this job has failed? Failure him back. not me. Ost Finally then, eventually, because I will do to you belong to me. We will stay together throughout life. with him now is the the unit don.Dau seal our love. When you and I in farming nhau.Nuoc eye I'm falling for you. My heart broke when I'm walking beside you dear. I just stand there thôi.Anh will have to do it. Just know the right look Crying will not help you feel at ease when you see me and him together. he will comfort your heart. I do not want anything else. You do not understand now how you are. why sit Valley this. face as the rope comes out of the sports girl runs'll die to please men .. You do not understand now how you are. why sit Valley this. face as the rope comes out of the sports girl runs'll die to please men .. Goods What. Goods Yeah, I'm wrong. But I see it, as you also have true love, I would like to have. Im. Do not break, I want to be honest. With no one. With chicken. You're sad you do not see well, a bit interested in it. Just joking comfortable not care about me E reminded myself that do not like that anymore. For he who does not love you, how did you know where my heart England Et. endure it. When you and I in farming nhau.Nuoc eye I'm falling for you. My heart broke when I'm walking beside you dear. If so tired, just rest him. My heart broke when I'm walking beside you dear. If so tired, just rest him. I just stand there thôi.Anh will have to do it. Just watched this Crying will not help you feel at ease when you see me and him together. Et. \ Wedge sorry when making my heart hurt like this. He was mad at me, but do not hate me. \ NQuan Jean's love child. when you see me and him together. Et. \ Wedge sorry when making my heart hurt like this. He was mad at me, but do not hate me. \ NQuan Jean's love child. will comfort your heart Et. \ Wedge sorry when making my heart hurt like this. He was mad at me, but do not hate me. \ NQuan Jean's love child. I will comfort your heart. Et. \ Wedge sorry when making my heart hurt like this. He was mad at me, but do not hate me. \ NQuan Jean's love child. I will comfort your heart. true love Oh if his lost love, just go home, them this tired really love, love tired, lost love even more tired. I think you should do. I think I understand my brother then, I love this, do not forget, the more difficult, but he sat like this, did not do anything, I think you should go to her wedding Min simpler. I want you to do anything. So the heart of it. Ai, sorry sir if a guest is seated, sir, do not stand this. I'm not a customer I just to communicate jeans. I put jeans milk that you're there, do not know I do not, but I know that he was trying to do everything you want, , brothers and sister for one thing do not forget, this is the first time he asked, I love you deeply, but what you do to me makes him pain, I cried all day. I only ask you not to do this with any type jeans anymore because it also has heart jeans, you help me keep this, I throw in the cabinet also, what if one day I accidentally saw it, I just look at it also good. Et .. I never thought I'd love anyone. But today my heart is calling you. no need to think, just you alone you. no matter what anyone thinks, I believe you, my heart will not let the first one. only about myself, about myself. Although the last of his heart, not me, not one anyone. I never thought I'd love anyone. But today my heart is calling you. no matter what anyone thinks, I believe you, my heart will not let the first one. only about myself, about myself. If one day you have to suffer for love of us, we stayed next to each other . Today I will open a new project, the project name is. why bad men stole the love of others, because they have changed .. final story itself. The Story of the star itself, it left a long time lover. Make small chym, or is out of ink. oii. What's in the back. A sugarcane juice, you get the right three times, Oi is the last one. Oh well this has all gone, well, my life from this man only KY and condoms, ready, I'm coming. If you like my son to thi eye contact. Make eyes to the light, will not fall. I want I want I want I want I want I want I want I want I want I want I want I want I want you to trust me I want I want you to believe me I want I want to feel your eyes I want to control every heartbeat I want I want to hear your voices I want I want to disturb the peace I want I want you to see me well I want I want you to understand me I want I want your fantasy I want I want your energy I want I want to see your hands I want to go down in applause Do you see me? Do you understand me? Do you feel me? Do you hear me? Can you hear me? (We hear you) Can you see me? (We see you) Can you feel me? (We feel you) I don't understand you Can you hear me? (We hear you) Can you see me? (We see you) Can you feel me? (We feel you) I don't understand you I want I want I want We want you to trust us We want you to believe everything from us We want to see your hands We want to go down in applause - yeah Can you hear me? (We hear you) Can you see me? (We see you) Can you feel me? (We feel you) I don't understand you Can you hear us? (We hear you) Can you see us? (We see you) Can you feel us? (We feel you) We don't understand you I want I want Like many fairytales, this story begins once upon a time, with the kidnapping of a princess. She dutifully waits for a handsome hero to arrive and rescue her. Eventually however, she grows tired of the damselling, and decides it's high time she saves herself. Of course, if she's going to be the protagonist of this particular adventure, she's going to need to acquire a slightly more practical outfit. After her daring escape, she navigates the forbidding forest, leveling up her skills along the way. Upon reaching her kingdom, she discovers the inevitable, yet unexpected plot twist: The royal council has usurped power, and were responsible for her kidnapping. Branded a traitor and outlaw in her own land, she unlocks new disguises and stealth abilities to infiltrate the city walls. She makes her way through the final castle to confront the villainous council... and abolish the monarchy forever. Every story has a beginning... And this story's beginning goes back to 2004. At that time, there was a young history student at Ankara University who was also very interested in acting. Don't put that on, my girl. You look even more sexy. I have a mother and a sibling. He was a young man who seemed odd at first, because of his mustache. I grew my mustache for a play 9 months back. I couldn't cut it when I entered the competetion because my play was still ongoing; thus, I entered the competition like this. Turkey first met this young, ameteur actor on "Turkey's Stars" Competition show. Clearly the peoples' favorite from the very beginning, he ultimately won first place. I believe that good things will happen in my life from now on. Opportunities provided to me... There is a TV series; we are going to play in that series. I hope to be successful in that show, and I want to be a permanent fixture in this sector. He started acting in the show, "Foreign Groom," the role offered as a result of the competition. From that moment, he became Kadir Sadikoglu for millions of Turkish viewers. He was so successful in his screen debut, that he even had international admirers from the very beginning, in neighboring Greece and Bulgaria. Uncle Hristo... Kadir! I can't Kadir... Stella made her choice, my son. If you will help me to see her, I will convince her. Stella left this morning. What? Where did she go? She knew that you would come here, and therefore didn't tell me where she was going. Her only wish from you is that you help with the divorce process. What divorce? I'm not going to divorce my wife. It's ok if we don't have a child, uncle... You talk like this right now. But, as time goes by, your desire for a child will grow. Where is Stella, Uncle? I am a religious man; I can't lie. I don't know where she went. But before she went, she left you a power of attorney. I am telling you, I don't want to divorce my wife. Try to understand Stella. She did it for both of you. Always... Always, try to remember each other with love.. This is his first role as an "unwanted lover who was abandoned by his girlfriend," a role which caused him to be remembered as "the unfortunate lover of TV shows". In a role that lasted for 106 episodes, he became the unwanted lover, abadoned by all his love interests. As for real life; to the contrary, he was a very sought after actor. Dad, I love Aysel! If she marries someone else, I will climb to the top of a bridge! - God forbid son - The people of Antep have never seen someone so interested in bridges as you! You kill yourself at least once for every girl. Baba don't! Let's ask for her hand in marriage. See, we are back to the same subject. Kadir, son... When do we sell baklava the most? During Ramadan. Good boy! And what did I tell you? Didn't I tell you that we will ask for her hand in marriage after Ramazan? You did. Then why do you make me repeat the same things over and over again? Don't get mad Okkes! How can I not get angry, Hayriye? He is a grown man, but look at him! Just be patient for three more days! Puff! Hold Mom, help me... Besides the competition, he drew so much attention with his role in the "Foreign Groom,"that he immediately received his first movie offer. The name of the movie was Kader, and the character's name that Engin Akyurek played was Cevat. Behind the camera, there was a famous name: Zeki Demirkubuz. Cevat!... You are mistaken abi! I didn't do anything. Kudret and that kid started to fight and I separated them. There are so many witnesses Cevat! Get out Nothing happened to that son of a bitch. I swear. Cevat, I swear I didn't do anything. The kids were fighting and I wanted to... Stop! I will fuck who ever interferes... Abi I didn't do anything! I didn't do anything! Let him go! Zagor, don't get involved in this. Take Kamil out... What happens if I get involved? I said "stay away." Shoot me! Shoot me! SHOOT ME! In the 2006 "Kader," movie, for a role that barely lasted 10 minutes, he was so admired that he won two awards And, received the "Most Promising Young Actor" award for both SlYAD and CASOD So the first step is to substitute a -2 for x throughout the expression. The next step is to just simplify 224 - 224 - 13, leaving us with the solution of -13. How are you doing Devarshi? First class. Why did you look at your watch? To check whether i should say good morning or good afternoon It's 11:15 so i'll say good morning Good morning.I wanted to meet you I feel you are a special person Tell me about yourself I'm 21 yrs old and single What do you mean by SlNGLE? Who's this girl? I prefer not to reveal her name. What's this stag presentation...oh it's stage presentation. What do you mean by stage presentation? I'm a singer. Sing a song please I'm singing a song from the movie Rock On He's written it here. Do some mimicry for us. I can mimic Amitabh Bacchan We'll love to see From the movie Sarkar? sure. Should i make an entry from the back? Enter from there.Go Bring some pickle How many times have i told you to keep your foul mouth shut in front of the kids Why doesn't this get registered in your brain? Abhishek Bacchan interferes He says:What do you think your father is a saint? Vishnu leave this house immediately.Get out!! Security.You will get arrested.The police will catch hold of you and put you in jail. They will even arrest the person who tries to bail you out. Where do you get all the courage from?How are you able to do all this on stage? Do you do this kind of singing and mimicry on any stage? Yes.I do it everywhere Your friends say you are cool. My friends are crazy for me If i ask someone for a pen then that person will remember me even after two years.I'm that kind of a person Has this ever happened? I'll give you an example. You are exaggerating!!! Recently i met a friend from college.He asked do you remember me? I said sorry i don't remember you He said don't you remember we used to play TT together I said now i remember Are you a TT champion? No i'm a champion in Lawn Tennis Now you play Lawn Tennis also!! On Clay court? No,On synthetic I don't believe a thing you're saying. This is very common for me. It difficult for someone to accept the fact that how can a person excel in so many different fields. All this has happened for real Did you have breakfast before coming? Yes,I had Did you take medicines? I don't need any medicines You need it. Give me the number of your gf who's a doctor.I'll tell her to say yes to you and then treat you. I'll tell you the reality now. It's my point of view.Maybe your friends & colleagues are right. You are a pussy.Your song is trash.You can make Amitabh forget acting. The one who has given the background score will shoot himself. If i listen to your talks on positive mental attitude,i'll get depressed for sure. First things first.Do you know why people remember you for so long? Even i will remember you after 2 years.I will thank god for not making me like you. You surely must have got beaten up in school No. His trade of thought comes out just like a rocket without the fuel No one will ever feel like beating me What? No one will ever hit me If i was in your school i would have thrashed you everyday. I would have told you to sing. And after you sang the song i would have slapped you hard There would have been an attendance specially for you. If you bunked we would have taken your class at home. Are you sure no one hit you in school? No. What kind of school is this? Did you study in a girls school? He would have got a double dose of beating there. Good people always have good experiences Finally you are correct His world is surely different I'll tell you that this is earth and you live in Ahmedabad. I know that You are not in a parallel universe . Have you seen Taare Zameen Par? The concept is similar Yes the one with Aamir Khan in it Only difference Darsheel was more interesting. The only difference He will be on a scooter.To him a traffic light would appear like a disco light He'll be in a disco dress and everyone will be clapping for him The movie will be called "The World of Devarshi" Haven't you ever danced? No Why? Not interested in dancing You left out one talent Actually weight is the problem But you play lawn tennis.How would you explain this? Take a breath buddy Give him some water He's right.Imagine him playing chess or maybe carrom. You are an interesting person We'll see if you are fit to become a Roadie So, let's go to some code in a minute. One last thing, we're gonna, what, what equation do we wanna solve. for specifics, I wanna solve what's called normally a Schrodinger equation. Here it is. One, time derivative, two, space derivative, so I'm interested in how time and space relate to each other, this thing evolves. It's nonlinear. It has complex numbers in it. It has a phase and an amplitude, and, interestingly enough, this is one of these nonlinear PDEs that you can solve direct, exactly, using what's called the inverse scattering transform, which is like a whole class by itself. Right. So just learning how to solve this one equation, you have to bring in like, heavy duty machine guns and artillery, and like, for this one equaiton. It's, it's, it's cool. You could say it's mathematically beautiful, if you'd like or you could say, man, I gotta take a whole class. No, I just want to get the answers out, cuz on my purpose and I wanna know how this thing works and how to solve it. Okay. That's the equation we're gonna look at. So here is what we're gonna do first. We're gonna write a code and we're going to look at what comes out of that code. Okay? So this is gonna be our example. Alright. Now, that I've properly motivated everyone. Is everybody feeling properly motivated? Yeah? Nice. See, I knew that was the, [LAUGH] we're gonna write some code. Okay, so now, I gotta Picture Mute? Picture? Oh, no, no, no. It's, no there. Okay. Okay. Here we are. So we go up with the mood lighting and, let's come over here and here is our editor, let me slide this over, and, we're gonna write some code. Now, we already wrote one code earlier this quarter on solving a PDE, if you remember the diffusion equation. So now we're gonna step up our game here, write another one, and who cares if you know much about PDE theory for a moment? Let's just go with it for now about how to do this. Okay. So first of all, I'm citing and solving in time and space, so I've got to define a spatial domain. Let's pick 40. Negative twenty to twenty is go nna be my spatial domain, that's what x is gonna range over. and I'm gonna break that up into 512 points, a power of two. The reason it's a power of two cuz it's a fast Fourier transform. So you wanna go two to the n power so 256, 128. It turns out it doesn't matter so much any more, but, I'm an old dog. Now what I'm going to do is make a linear space, it goes from -L/2,L/2 and n+1 points. Now, what I want is the first, one to n points of this. Now, here is the, here is the, the comment about this. We've already been playing around with Fourier transforms earlier in the class in terms of signal processing. And what this is, is you go from -twenty to twenty, but remember, if you're using Fourier transform as a periodic, so the first point is the last point. So there's really n+1 points and that n plus first point is the same as the first point, so you don't really need to keep it, you just keep the first one through n and that's what x is. So there is my spatial domain. Now, just like we did early on as well, we had to define the Fourier frequency components, right, the wave numbers. Here they are, k goes to pi over L times zero to n over two minus one, negative n over two to negative one. And I am gonna make this transpose, so, gonna make it a row vector, a column vector. Okay? So remember, this part here the two pi over L is a rescaling, right? The Fourier transform, things you're working on a two pi periodic domain, I'm working on a domain of size L. The two pi over L rescales you, so that the two are the same, or, not the same, but it resets it so that it's ready to go into this Fourier the Fourier transform with a two pi domain. Here are your wave numbers, and remember, Fourier transform does this, you know, it shifts things around., right? So, this is what we did in class earlier. You have to shift things for the Fourier transform, that's what that does. Great. There's our space, there's our wave numbers, time. lets do something like that. Actually, I don't wanna do that many I'm gonna go from zero, from zero to ten steps of, I wanna want, write out the data every 0.5, so there's gonna be a total of 21 slices of time there. Okay. So I have my time, I have my space. and now, I'm gonna define some, define some initial conditions. Now, it turns out I know what initial conditions I want. We're gonna look at what are called the soliton solutions. I'm gonna take this n to be one and we're gonna play around with this parameter. And my initial condition will be hyperbolic secant, that's it. Kay?' So, my initial condition, we just look at this hyperbolic secant is a, is a nice little bump. And it turns out this is a special solution to this equation, okay? So it's not that fancy, it's like, it's sort of Gaussian-ish but it's not really Gaussian-ish. It's hyperbolic secant-ish. Okay? and but it turns out that's a solution to this NLS equation. Okay? Now let's go ahead and pop this out here, then. Now, we're gonna go ahead, I'm gonna make a comment here on the board. Okay. So we've got things set up and how do I solve this? I know oh, are you hearing it? Yeah. Oh, sorry dude. It's not working today very well in this tie, I don't know what's going on. I am gonna do make it stiff, put a cardboard box underneath it. Solve this. I'm gonna use Fourier transform, so ready? I'm gonna Fourier transform the whole thing in x. What happens to derivative when you Fourier transform? When you Fourier transform a derivative, you pop out ik. Kay'? So, that's one of the properties of Fourier transform. So if I do two derivatives, I pop out ik^2, which is -k^2, so you get basically, by Fourier transform, oh, here it is. What do I have now? Now I have an ODE. This is your trick. This is your big trick right there. We just turned the PDE into ODEs in a transform variable. And by the way, I don't know how to valuate this. It's modeled in your terms that I'm taking the Fourier transform of, it is not the Fourier transform of the individual term cubed, it is the Fourier transform of the whole cubic. Kay'? So this is where it gets problematic. Say here's a simple looking equation and this term screws me up. That's what nonlinearity does to you, every time, even the simplest forms, they just go, wait a minute, I can't do anything analytic with that, and you can't. Okay? All right. All right, so this is our ODE, though, right? So I can just say, oh, well, I can move that this side divide by I and I have a big set of ODEs for the Fourier coefficient. Okay? So this is the ODE system we wanna solve. So I'm gonna solve this using ODE45, built in to MATLAB. So let's go ahead and do it. So, so notice, I'm solving for the Fourier transform of this stuff, right? So I've gotta say ut=ftt(u), there it is, and what I did is ODE45. I'm gonna ode45 what? Well, I've gotta give ODE45, tells me, I've gotta tell it, you know, is there a right-hand side? So there is, so let's say NLS example right-hand side. That's a big long name. Sorry. I'm gonna send in my time that I'm solving for, my initial condition, and over here I send in options about how accurate I want it. Since I'm not gonna do anything with it, I'll leave it as a square brackets, since I'm not going to do anything with the default tolerances and I set in my wave, vector K, cuz if you see on the board, I have this k^2 floating around and k is defined right here and I've gotta pass it in. Okay? So that's it. Now, what's gonna come out of this thing? Utsol is gonna come out of this thing. And what is utsol? Well, it's the solution at time zero, at time 0.5, at time one, at time 1.5 in the Fourier domain. So I've gotta, first of all, convert it back to the real domain. For j = one to length of t. What do I wanna do? Well, what I want to do is go grab each row of this thing, go to the jth row, and that is the solution in the Fourier domain and what I wanna do is inverse Fourier transform it. Okay. And I wanna stack it up in a vector, call it usol, which would be my solution vector. There it is. Row by row. I go all way in and inverse Fourier transform it and utsol is there. And then, when I have utsol, I could actually just s imply plot this saying, and say waterfall, which is a nice little way to do this. Okay. And you'll see what that looks like in a minute. Let's go make a waterfall plot, plot in black and white. Okay? just like that movie, The Artist. We were talking about earlier, right Will? See? We're making it black and white and it's arty that way. Okay? Alright. So, we're gonna plot that. Now, what does the right-hand side function look like, this nls example right-hand side? Well, let's, let's go ahead and build a new M-File, it's a function. we're gonna calculate the right-hand side and it's nl, nlsexamplerhs and what do we send in? We send in our time, we send in our transform. The dummy is to just mark, that's where we would have send in our tolerances and then we send in k. And our right-hand side, well, what we've, we'd have to do first calculate the right-hand side. If you look at right-hand side, there's this -k^2/2 and, times the Fourier transform. But then, there's the Fourier transform of this absolute value of u^2*u. So first of all I need u. See how that has double meaning. I don't know. I mean, we're just friends. Hope to get it all. Alright. u=ifft(ut). So I, I bring in the transform, I put it back as u, and so now, I can calculate my right-hand side is equal to, that's the Fourier. [INAUDlBLE] If ut is a transform of u. . Yeah, the transform of u. So the right-hand side -(i/2)(k^2).ut. Remember, these are all vectors. Plus there's i times, remember I had to divide by the i, times fft of what? I have the fft of this cubic piece, which is the absolute value of (u^2)*u. That's it. That is our whole routine, okay? So it's File > Save As okay? And now, we can actually go back over here. I'm actually not gonna take 512. It'd be 256 to make it a little faster and we can say Go. And I don't know, maybe it'll work on the first time? And look at that, it looks like it's working on the very first time. That's kind of a rarity in life. Hey, look at that. We just solved the PDE. Shall I rotate it around for you so yo u can even be more wows than that. Look at that. Oh, wooh, cuz I didn't get any of that when I showed you that. You're just like Kay'. Now, let me ask a couple questions about this. And this is, this hopefully illustrates where I wanna go with this. You could see it's a pretty simple solution. Right? It's just this bump. In fact, doesn't even change. And yet, and yet, to solve it, I had to do this Fourier transform. How many modes did I use? I used 128. So, technically speaking, this is a 128 degree of freedom system. (music) We tend to think of Mars as a dead planet where all the exciting geologic activity happened billions of years ago. But information from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter shows us that Mars is still a very dynamic place. Mars has a permanent ice cap made up of water ice at its north pole. This pole is ringed by sand dunes, which we're looking straight down on. These dunes are made of small bits of basalt, dark volcanic rock similar to the rocks found around the Hawaiian volcanoes. In the fall and winter, the temperatures are so cold that 30 percent of the Martian carbon dioxide atmosphere freezes onto the ground, forming a seasonal polar cap. The ground gets covered with a bright layer of seasonal carbon dioxide ice, or 'dry ice,' that's about one to two feet thick. When we flip between images taken at different times in the spring, we can see the dry ice cracks form under the sun's heat as the solid carbon dioxide turns into gas. The gas beneath the ice escapes, carrying dark sand and dust that move, as we can see, down the steep sides of the dunes. We are now looking at different parts of the vast field of dunes. These are called Barchan dunes. At the start of this time-lapse, the dunes are covered with seasonal dry ice so everything is roughly the same color. The dark streaks and splotches are sand from the dune. There are small splotches of sand at the crest of the dune. Then we start seeing the ice crack. Sand is pushed to the top of the ice layer by the escaping gas outlining the cracks. As time goes on, the cracks widen and fresh bright frost condenses in the vicinity. Now, we see sand coming from the crest of the dune and sliding down the steep dune slopes. A ferocious wind has picked up, blowing sand and dust across the dune. Until the dark sand dune is free of seasonal ice. Let's watch that whole sequence again. We start with ice-covered dunes in the early Spring. Some areas of the ice rupture and crack, allowing sand and dust to escape along with the escaping gas. The gas from the dry ice destabilizes the slopes, reshaping the dunes. This activity happens every Spring in the vast dune fields of the Martian polar regions. These are not the sort of events that would naturally occurs on Earth. Mars may look Earth-like, but in some ways it is a very different planet from our own. We feel that we should be here, because as students, Belgian students... ..not Flemish, or Wallon, it's important to all come together here, in a united fashion. One of our demands is 'federal constituencies' Today the Wallons, and the French community vote for the candidates of their communities, and.. ..these elected representatives only defend small local interests, and we know.. ..that the wider society's interest are often much more important. Here we're protesting in favour of a 'federal constituency'.. It's not highly complex, it means that for example in Wallonia we want to be able to vote for.. whoever we like, wether that be a French, a Wallon or a Flemish representative. This is a giant cigarette packet. That doesn't mean that it's especially deadly, but it could be very dangerous. I think that with certain arguments used by the N-VA, certain harmful phrases, and strong words.. Mean we can legitimately ask wether it's not like a big lump of tabacco. Yeah, so a couple of years ago I was turning 60, and I don't like being 60. (Laughter) And I started grappling with this existential angst of what little I had done with my life. It wasn't the resume of breaking this record here, it was more like, who had I become? How had I spent my valuable time? How could this have gone by like lightning? And I couldn't forgive myself for the countless, countless hours I had lost in negative thought -- all the time I had spent beating myself up for losing my marriage and not stopping the sexual abuse when I was a kid and career moves and this and this and this. Just why, why didn't I do it better? Why? Why? Why? And then my mother died at 82. And so I starting thinking, not only am I not happy with the past, now I'm getting choked with, "I've only got 22 years left." What am I going to do with this short amount of time that's just fleeting? And I'm not in the present whatsoever. And I decided the remedy to all this malaise was going to be for me to chase an elevated dream, an extreme dream, something that would require utter conviction and unwavering passion, something that would make me be my best self in every aspect of my life, every minute of every day, because the dream was so big that I couldn't get there without that kind of behavior and that kind of conviction. And I decided, it was an old dream that was lingering, that was from so many years ago, three decades ago -- the only sort of world class swim I had tried and failed at back in my 20s -- was going from Cuba to Florida. It was deep in my imagination. No one's ever done it without a shark cage. It's daunting. It's more than a hundred miles across a difficult passage of ocean. It's probably, at my speed, at my age -- for anybody's speed at anybody's age -- going to take 60, maybe 70, hours of continuous swimming, never getting out on the boat. And I started to train. I hadn't swum for 31 years, not a stroke. And I had kept in good shape, but swimming's a whole different animal. As a matter of fact, this picture is supposed to be me during training. It's a smiling face. And when you're training for this sport, you are not smiling. (Laughter) It's an arduous, difficult sport, and I don't remember smiling at any time during this sport. As I said, I respect other sports, and I compare this sport sometimes to cycling and to mountain climbing and other of the expedition type events, but this is a sensory deprivation, a physical duress. And when I started in with the eight hours and the 10 hours and the 12 hours and the 14 hours and the 15 hours and the 24-hour swims, I knew I had it, because I was making it through these. And when I said I'm going to go out and do a 15-hour swim, and we're coming into the dock after a long day and it's now night, and we come in and it's 14 hours and 58 minutes and I can touch the dock and we're done, the trainer says, "That's great. It's 14 hours 58 minutes. Who cares the last two minutes?" I say, "No, it's got to be 15 hours," and I swim another minute out and another minute back to make the 15 hours. And I put together an expedition. It's not that I didn't have help, but honestly, I sort of led, I was the team leader. And to get the government permissions, you read in the paper, you think it's easy to get into Cuba everyday? Try going in with an armada like we had of 50 people and five boats and CNN's crew, etc. The navigation is difficult. There's a big river called the Gulf Stream that runs across and it's not going in the direction you are. It's going to the east and you'd like to go north. It's tricky. And there's dehydration. And there's hypothermia. And there are sharks. And there are all kinds of problems. And I gathered together, honestly, the world's leading experts in every possible way. And a month ago, the 23rd of September, I stood on that shore and I looked across to that long, long faraway horizon and I asked myself, do you have it? Are your shoulders ready? And they were. They were prepared. No stone left unturned. Was the mind ready? You know, you're swimming with the fogged goggles, you're swimming at 60 strokes a minute, so you're never really focused on anything, you don't see well. You've got tight bathing caps over your ears trying to keep the heat of the head, because it's where the hypothermia starts, and so you don't hear very well. You're really left alone with your own thoughts. And I had all kinds of counting systems ready there in English, followed by German, followed by Spanish, followed by French. You save the French for last. And I had songs, I had a playlist in my head -- not through headphones, in my own head -- of 65 songs. And I couldn't wait to get into the dark in the middle of the night, because that's when Neil Young comes out. (Laughter) And it's odd, isn't it? You'd think you'd be singing Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah" out in the majesty of the ocean, not songs about heroin addiction in New York City. But no, for some reason I couldn't wait to get into the dark of the night and be singing, ♫ "A heard you knocking at my cellar door ♫ ♫ I love you baby and I want some more ♫ ♫ Ooh, ooh, the damage done" ♫ (Applause) The night before I started, I finished Stephen Hawking's "The Grand Design." And I couldn't wait to trip the mind fantastic. About the 50th hour, I was going to start thinking about the edge of the universe. Is there an edge? Is this an envelope we're living inside of, or no, does it go onto infinity in both time and space? And there's nothing like swimming for 50 hours in the ocean that gets you thinking about things like this. I couldn't wait to prove the athlete I am, that nobody else in the world can do this swim. And I knew I could do it. And when I jumped into that water, I yelled in my mother's French, "Courage!" And I started swimming, and, oh my God, it was glassy. And we knew it, all 50 people on the boat, we all knew this was it, this was our time. And I reminded myself a couple hours in, you know, the sport is sort of a microcosm of life itself. First of all, you're going to hit obstacles. And even though you're feeling great at any one moment, don't take it for granted, be ready, because there's going to be pain, there's going to be suffering. It's not going to feel this good all the way across. And I was thinking of the hypothermia and maybe some shoulder pain and all the other things -- the vomiting that comes from being in the saltwater. You're immersed in the liquid. Your body doesn't like the saltwater. After a couple of days, three days, you tend to rebel in a lot of physical ways. But no, two hours in, wham! Never in my life ... I knew there were Portuguese men o' war, all kinds of moon jellies, all kinds of things, but the box jellyfish from the southern oceans is not supposed to be in these waters. And I was on fire -- excruciating, excruciating pain. I don't know if you can still see the red line here and up the arm. Evidently, a piece this big of tentacle has a hundred-thousand little barbs on it and each barb is not just stinging your skin, it's sending a venom. The most venomous animal that lives in the ocean is the box jellyfish. And every one of those barbs is sending that venom into this central nervous system. So first I feel like boiling hot oil, I've been dipped in. And I'm yelling out, "Fire! Fire! Fire! Fire! Help me! Somebody help me!" And the next thing is paralysis. I feel it in the back and then I feel it in the chest up here, and I can't breathe. And now I'm not swimming with a nice long stroke, I'm sort of crabbing it this way. Then come convulsions. A young man on our boat is an EMT. He dives in to try to help me. He's stung. They drag him out on the boat, and he's -- evidently, I didn't see any of this -- but lying on the boat and giving himself epinephrine shots and crying out. He's 29 years old, very well-built, lean, he's six-foot, five, weighs 265 lbs., and he is down. And he is crying and he's yelling to my trainer who's trying to help me. And he's saying, "Bonnie, I think I'm going to die. My breath is down to three breaths a minute. I need help, and I can't help Diana." So that was at eight o'clock at night. The doctor, medical team from University of Miami arrived at five in the morning. So I swam through the night, and at dawn they got there and they started with prednisone shots. I didn't get out, but was in the water taking prednisone shots, taking Xanax, oxygen to the face. It was like an ICU unit in the water. (Laughter) And I guess the story is that even Navy SEALS who are stung by the box jelly, they're done. They either die or they quickly get to a hospital. And I swam through the night and I swam through the next day. And the next night at dusk, again, wham! The box jelly again -- all across the neck, all across here. And this time, I don't like it, I didn't want to give into it, but there's a difference between a non-stop swim and a staged swim. And I gave in to the staged swim. And they got me out and they started again with the epinephrine and the prednisone and with the oxygen and with everything they had on board. And I got back in. And I swam through that night and into the next day. And at 41 hours, this body couldn't make it. The devastation of those stings had taken the respiratory system down so that I couldn't make the progress I wanted. And the dream was crushed. And how odd is this intelligent person who put this together and got all these world experts together. And I knew about the jellyfish, but I was sort of cavalier. A lot of athletes have this, you know, sort of invincibility. They should worry about me. I don't worry about them. I'll just swim right through them. We've got benadryl on board. If I get stung, I'll just grin and bear it. Well there was no grin and bearing this. As a matter of fact, the best advice I got was from an elementary school class in the Caribbean. And I was telling these kids, 120 of them -- they were all in the school on the gymnasium floor -- and I was telling them about the jellyfish and how they're gelatinous and you can't see them at night especially. And they have these long 30 to 40 to 50-ft. tentacles. And they do this wrapping. And they can send the poison into the system. And a little kid from the back was like this. And I said, "What's your name?" "Henry." "Henry, what's your question?" He said, "Well, I didn't have a question so much as I had a suggestion." He said, "You know those guys who really believe in what they believe in and so they wear bombs?" And I said, "Well it's odd that you've learned of this as a noble kind of pursuit, but yeah, I know those guys." He said, "That's what you need. You need like a school of fish that would swim in front of you like this." (Laughter) "And when the jellyfish come and they wrap their tentacles around the fish, they're going to be busy with them, and you'll just scoot around." I said, "Oh, it's like a suicide army." He said, "That's what I'm talking about. That's what you need." And little did I know, that you should listen to eight year-olds. And so I started that swim in a bathing suit like normal, and, no joke, this is it; it came from the shark divers. I finished the swim like this. I was swimming with this thing on. That's how scared of the jellyfish I was. So now what do I do? I wouldn't mind if every one of you came up on this stage tonight and told us how you've gotten over the big disappointments of your lives. Because we've all had them, haven't we? We've all had a heartache. And so my journey now is to find some sort of grace in the face of this defeat. And I can look at the journey, not just the destination. I can feel proud. I can stand here in front of you tonight and say I was courageous. Yeah. (Applause) Thank you. And with all sincerity, I can say, I am glad I lived those two years of my life that way, because my goal to not suffer regrets anymore, I got there with that goal. When you live that way, when you live with that kind of passion, there's no time, there's no time for regrets, you're just moving forward. And I want to live every day of the rest of my life that way, swim or no swim. But the difference in accepting this particular defeat is that sometimes, if cancer has won, if there's death and we have no choice, then grace and acceptance are necessary. But that ocean's still there. This hope is still alive. And I don't want to be the crazy woman who does it for years and years and years, and tries and fails and tries and fails and tries and fails, but I can swim from Cuba to Florida, and I will swim from Cuba to Florida. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) And so, what after that? Are you going to swim the Atlantic? No, that's the last swim. It's the only swim I'm interested in. But I'm ready. And by the way, a reporter called me the other day and he said he looked on Wikipedia and he said he saw my birthday was August 22nd 1949, and for some odd reason in Wikipedia, they had my death date too. (Laughter) He said, "Did you know you're going to die the same place you were born, New York City, and it's going to be in January of '35?" I said, "Nope. I didn't know." And now I'm going to live to 85. I have three more years than I thought. And so I ask myself, I'm starting to ask myself now, even before this extreme dream gets achieved for me, I'm asking myself, and maybe I can ask you tonight too, to paraphrase the poet Mary Oliver, she says, "So what is it, what is it you're doing, with this one wild and precious life of yours?" Thank you very much. (Applause) Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause) Live it large. Live it large. Every year almost 400,000 Australians are diagnosed with skin cancer. You could say it's our national cancer. Ten years '22 and thought that treating melanoma meant simply removing a mole, but don't be fooled. Skin cancer can kill. Outdoors you can't just rely on sunscreen. Protect yourself in five ways with a hat, clothing, shade, sunglasses and sunscreen. Do that out there to avoid ending up in here. This presentation is delivered by the Stanford Center for Professional Development. Welcome back. If you haven't given me the homework yet, you can just give it to me at the end of class. That's fine. Let's see. And also just a quick reminder " I've actually seen project proposals start to trickle in already, which is great. As a reminder, project proposals are due this Friday, and if any of you want to meet and chat more about project ideas, I also have office hours immediately after lecture today. Are there any questions about any of that before I get started today? Great. Okay. Welcome back. What I want to do today is wrap up our discussion on support vector machines and in particular we'll also talk about the idea of kernels and then talk about [inaudible] and then I'll talk about the SMO algorithm, which is an algorithm for solving the optimization problem that we posed last time. To recap, we wrote down the following context optimization problem. All this is assuming that the data is linearly separable, which is an assumption that I'll fix later, and so with this optimization problem, given a training set, this will find the optimal margin classifier for the data set that maximizes this geometric margin from your training examples. And so in the previous lecture, we also derived the dual of this problem, which was to maximize this. And this is the dual of our primal [inaudible] optimization problem. Here, I'm using these angle brackets to denote inner product, so this is just XI transpose XJ for vectors XI and XJ. We also worked out the ways W would be given by sum over I alpha I YI Xl. Therefore, when you need to make a prediction of classification time, you need to compute the value of the hypothesis applied to an [inaudible], which is G of W transpose X plus B where G is that threshold function that outputs plus one and minus one. And so this is G of sum over I alpha I. So that can also be written in terms of inner products between input vectors X. So what I want to do is now talk about the idea of kernels, which will make use of this property because it turns out you can take the only dependers of the algorithm on X is through these inner products. In fact, you can write the entire algorithm without ever explicitly referring to an X vector [inaudible] between input feature vectors. And the idea of a high kernel is as following " let's say that you have an input attribute. Let's just say for now it's a real number. Maybe this is the living area of a house that you're trying to make a prediction on, like whether it will be sold in the next six months. Quite often, we'll take this feature X and we'll map it to a richer set of features. So for example, we will take X and map it to these four polynomial features, and let me acutely call this mapping Phi. So we'll let Phi of X denote the mapping from your original features to some higher dimensional set of features. So if you do this and you want to use the features Phi of X, then all you need to do is go back to the learning algorithm and everywhere you see Xl, XJ, we'll replace it with the inner product between Phi of XI and Phi of XJ. So this corresponds to running a support vector machine with the features given by Phi of X rather than with your original onedimensional input feature X. And in a scenario that I want to consider, sometimes Phi of X will be very high dimensional, and in fact sometimes Phi of X " so for example, Phi of X may contain very high degree polynomial features. Sometimes Phi of X will actually even be an infinite dimensional vector of features, and the question is if Phi of X is an extremely high dimensional, then you can't actually compute to these inner products very efficiently, it seems, because computers need to represent an extremely high dimensional feature vector and then take [inaudible] inefficient. It turns out that in many important special cases, we can write down " let's call the kernel function, denoted by K, which will be this, which would be inner product between those feature vectors. It turns out there will be important special cases where computing Phi of X is computationally very expensive " maybe is impossible. There's an infinite dimensional vector, and you can't compute infinite dimensional vectors. There will be important special cases where Phi of X is very expensive to represent because it is so high dimensional, but nonetheless, you can actually compute a kernel between XI and XJ. You can compute the inner product between these two vectors very inexpensively. And so the idea of the support vector machine is that everywhere in the algorithm that you see these inner products, we're going to replace it with a kernel function that you can compute efficiently, and that lets you work in feature spaces Phi of X even if Phi of X are very high dimensional. Let me now say how that's done. A little bit later today, we'll actually see some concrete examples of Phi of X and of kernels. For now, let's just think about constructing kernels explicitly. This best illustrates my example. Let's say you have two inputs, X and Z. Normally I should write those as XI and XJ, but I'm just going to write X and Z to save on writing. Let's say my kernel is K of X, Z equals X transpose Z squared. And so this is " right? X transpose Z " this thing here is X transpose Z and this thing is X transpose Z, so this is X transpose Z squared. And that's equal to that. And so this kernel corresponds to the feature mapping where Phi of X is equal to " and I'll write this down for the case of N equals free, I guess. And so with this definition of Phi of X, you can verify for yourself that this thing becomes the inner product between Phi of X and Phi of Z, because to get an inner product between two vectors is " you can just take a sum of the corresponding elements of the vectors. You multiply them. So if this is Phi of X, then the inner product between Phi of X and Phi of Z will be the sum over all the elements of this vector times the corresponding elements of Phi of Z, and what you get is this one. And so the cool thing about this is that in order to compute Phi of X, you need [inaudible] just to compute Phi of X. If N is a dimension of X and Z, then Phi of X is a vector of all pairs of XI XJ multiplied of each other, and so the length of Phi of X is N squared. You need order N squared time just to compute Phi of X. But to compute K " to compute the kernel function, all you need is order N time, because the kernel function is defined as X transpose Z squared, so you just take the inner product between X and Z, which is order N time and you square that and you've computed this kernel function, and so you just computed the inner product between two vectors where each vector has N squared elements, but you did it in N square time. Student:For any kernel you find for X and Z, does Phi exist for X and Z? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Let me talk about that later. We'll talk about what is a valid kernel later. Please raise your hand if this makes sense. So let me just describe a couple of quick generalizations to this. One is that if you define KXZ to be equal to X transpose Z plus C squared, so again, you can compute this kernel in order N time, then that turns out to correspond to a feature vector where I'm just going to add a few more elements at the bottom where you add root 2. Let me read that. That was root 2 CX1 root 2 CX2 root 2 CX3 and C. And so this is a way of creating a feature vector with both the monomials, meaning the first order terms, as well as the quadratic or the inner product terms between XI and XJ, and the parameter C here allows you to control the relative waiting between the monomial terms, so the first order terms, and the quadratic terms. Again, this is still inner product between vectors of length and square [inaudible] in order N time. More generally, here are some other examples of kernels. Actually, a generalization of the one I just derived right now would be the following kernel. And so this corresponds to using all N plus DQZ features of all monomials. Monomials just mean the products of XI XJ XK. Just all the polynomial terms up to degree D and plus [inaudible] so on the order of N plus D to the power of D, so this grows exponentially in D. This is a very high dimensional feature vector, but again, you can implicitly construct the feature vector and take inner products between them. It's very computationally efficient, because you just compute the inner product between X and Z, add C and you take that real number to the power of D and by plugging this in as a kernel, you're implicitly working in an extremely high dimensional computing space. So what I've given is just a few specific examples of how to create kernels. I want to go over just a few specific examples of kernels. So let's you ask you more generally if you're faced with a new machine-learning problem, how do you come up with a kernel? There are many ways to think about it, but here's one intuition that's sort of useful. So given a set of attributes of X, you're going to use a feature vector of Phi of X and given a set of attributes Z, you're going to use an input feature vector Phi of Z, and so the kernel is computing the inner product between Phi of X and Phi of Z. And so one intuition " this is a partial intuition. This isn't as rigorous intuition that it is used for. It is that if X and Z are very similar, then Phi of X and Phi of Z will be pointing in the same direction, and therefore the inner product would be large. Whereas in contrast, if X and Z are very dissimilar, then Phi of X and Phi of Z may be pointing different directions, and so the inner product may be small. That intuition is not a rigorous one, but it's sort of a useful one to think about. If you're faced with a new learning problem " if I give you some random thing to classify and you want to decide how to come up with a kernel, one way is to try to come up with the function P of XZ that is large, if you want to learn the algorithm to think of X and Z as similar and small. Again, this isn't always true, but this is one of several intuitions. So if you're trying to classify some brand new thing " you're trying to classify [inaudible] or DNA sequences or something, some strange thing you want to classify, one thing you could do is try to come up with a kernel that's large when you want the algorithm to think these are similar things or these are dissimilar. And so this answers the question of let's say I have something I want to classify, and let's say I write down the function that I think is a good measure of how similar or dissimilar X and Z are for my specific problem. Let's say I write down K of XZ equals E to the minus. Let's say I write down this function, and I think this is a good measure of how similar X and Z are. The question, then, is is this really a valid kernel? In other words, to understand how we can construct kernels " if I write down the function like that, the question is does there really exist some Phi such that KXZ is equal to the inner product? And that's the question of is K a valid kernel. It turns out that there is a result that characterizes necessary and sufficient conditions for when a function K that you might choose is a valid kernel. I should go ahead show part of that result now. Suppose K is a valid kernel, and when I say K is a kernel, what I mean is there does indeed exist some function Phi for which this holds true. Then let any set of points X1 up to XM be given. Let me define a matrix K. I apologize for overloading notation. K I'm going to use to denote both the kernel function, which is the function of X and Z as well as a matrix. Unfortunately, there aren't enough alphabets. Well, that's not true. We need to find the kernel matrix to be an M-by-M matrix such that K subscript IJ is equal to the kernel function applied to two of my examples. Then it turns out that for any vector Z that's indimensional, I want you to consider Z transpose KZ. By definition of matrix multiplication, this is that, and so KlJ is a kernel function between XI and XJ, so that must equal to this. I assume that K is a valid kernel function, and so there must exist such a value for Phi. This is the inner product between two feature vectors, so let me just make that inner product the explicit. I'm going to sum over the elements of this vector, and I'm going to use Phi XI subscript K just to denote the K element of this vector. Just rearrange sums. You get sum over K. This next set may look familiar to some of you, which is just " right? Therefore, this is the sum of squares and it must therefore be greater than or equal to zero. Do you want to take a minute to look for all the steps and just make sure you buy them all? Oh, this is the inner product between the vector of Phi of XI and Phi of XJ, so the inner product between two vectors is the sum over all the elements of the vectors of the corresponding element. Student:[Inaudible]. Instructor (Andrew Ng):Oh, yes it is. This is just A transpose B equals sum over K, AK BK, so that's just this. This is the sum of K of the K elements of this vector. Take a look at this and make sure it makes sense. Questions about this? So just to summarize, what we showed was that for any vector Z, Z transpose KZ is greater than or equal to zero, and this is one of the standard definitions of a matrix, the matrix K being posisemidefinite when a matrix K is posisemidefinite, that is, K is equal to zero. Just to summarize, what was shown is that if K is a valid kernel " in other words, if K is a function for which there exists some Phi such that K of XI XJ is the inner product between Phi of XI and Phi of XJ. So if K is a valid kernel, we showed, then, that the kernel matrix must be posisemidefinite. It turns out that the converse [inaudible] and so this gives you a test for whether a function K is a valid kernel. So this is a theorem due to Mercer, and so kernels are also sometimes called Mercer kernels. It means the same thing. It just means it's a valid kernel. Let K of XZ be given. Then K is a valid kernel " in other words, it's a Mercer kernel, i.e., there exists a Phi such that KXZ equals Phi of X transpose Phi of Z " if and only if for any set of M examples, and this really means for any set of M points. It's not necessarily a training set. It's just any set of M points you may choose. It holds true that the kernel matrix, capital K that I defined just now, is symmetric posisemidefinite. And so I proved only one direction of this result. I proved that if it's a valid kernel, then K is symmetry posisemidefinite, but the converse I didn't show. It turns out that this is necessary and a sufficient condition. And so this gives you a useful test for whether any function that you might want to choose is a kernel. A concrete example of something that's clearly not a valid kernel would be if you find an input X such that K of X, X " and this is minus one, for example " then this is an example of something that's clearly not a valid kernel, because minus one cannot possibly be equal to Phi of X transpose Phi of X, and so this would be one of many examples of functions that will fail to meet the conditions of this theorem, because inner products of a vector itself are always greater than zero. So just to tie this back explicitly to an SVM, let's say to use a support vector machine with a kernel, what you do is you choose some function K of XZ, and so you can choose " and it turns out that function I wrote down just now " this is, indeed, a valid kernel. It is called the Galcean kernel because of the similarity to Galceans. So you choose some kernel function like this, or you may choose X transpose Z plus C to the D vector. To apply a support vector machine kernel, you choose one of these functions, and the choice of this would depend on your problem. It depends on what is a good measure of one or two examples similar and one or two examples different for your problem. Then you go back to our formulation of support vector machine, and you have to use the dual formulation, and you then replace everywhere you see these things, you replace it with K of Xl, XJ. And you then run exactly the same support vector machine algorithm, only everywhere you see these inner products, you replace them with that, and what you've just done is you've taken a support vector machine and you've taken each of your feature vectors X and you've replaced it with implicitly a very high dimensional feature vector. It turns out that the Galcean kernel corresponds to a feature vector that's infinite dimensional. Nonetheless, you can run a support vector machine in a finite amount of time, even though you're working with infinite dimensional feature vectors, because all you ever need to do is compute these things, and you don't ever need to represent these infinite dimensional feature vectors explicitly. Why is this a good idea? It turns out " I think I started off talking about support vector machines. I started saying that we wanted to start to develop non-linear learning algorithms. So here's one useful picture to keep in mind, which is that let's say your original data " I didn't mean to draw that slanted. Let's say you have one-dimensional input data. You just have one feature X and R. What a kernel does is the following. It takes your original input data and maps it to a very high dimensional feature space. In the case of Galcean kernels, an infinite dimensional feature space " for pedagogical reasons, I'll draw two dimensions here. So say [inaudible] very high dimensional feature space where " like so. So it takes all your data in R1 and maps it to R infinity, and then you run a support vector machine in this infinite dimensional space and also exponentially high dimensional space, and you'll find the optimal margin classifier " in other words, the classifier that separates your data in this very high dimensional space with the largest possible geometric margin. In this example that you just drew anyway, whereas your data was not linearly separable in your originally one dimensional space, when you map it to this much higher dimensional space, it becomes linearly separable, so you can use your linear classifier to [inaudible] which data is not really separable in your original space. This is what support vector machines output nonlinear decision boundaries and in the entire process, all you ever need to do is solve complex optimization problems. Questions about any of this? Student:[Inaudible] sigmer? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Yeah, so sigmer is " let's see. Well, I was going to talk about [inaudible] later. One way to choose sigmer is save aside a small amount of your data and try different values of sigmer and train an SVM using, say, two thirds of your data. Try different values of sigmer, then see what works best on a separate hold out cross validation set " on a separate set that you're testing. Something about learning algorithms we talked about " locally [inaudible] linear aggressions [inaudible] bandwidth parameter, so there are a number of parameters to some of these algorithms that you can choose IDs by saving aside some data to test on. I'll talk more about model selection [inaudible] explicitly. Are there other questions? Student:So how do you know that moving it up to high dimensional space is going to give you that kind of separation? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Good question. Usually, you don't know [inaudible]. Sometimes you can know, but in most cases, you won't know [inaudible] actually going to linearly separable, so the next topic will be [inaudible], which is what [inaudible] SVMs that work even though the data is not linearly separable. Student:If you tend linearly separated by mapping a higher dimension, couldn't you also just use [inaudible] higher dimension? Instructor (Andrew Ng):So very right. This is a question about what to do if you can't separate it in higher dimensional space. Let me try to address that work with a discussion of [inaudible] soft margin SVMs. Okay. Student:What if you run an SVM algorithm that assumes the data are linearly separable on data that is not actually linearly separable? Instructor (Andrew Ng):You guys are really giving me a hard time about whether the data's linearly separable. It turns out this algorithm won't work if the data is not linearly separable, but I'll change that in a second and make it work. If I move on to talk about that, let me just say one final word about kernels, which is that I talked about kernels in a context of support vector machines, and the idea of kernels was what really made support vector machines a very powerful learning algorithm, and actually towards the end of today's lecture if I have time, I'll actually give a couple more [inaudible] examples of how to choose kernels as well. It turns out that the idea of kernels is actually more general than support vector machines, and in particular, we took this SVM algorithm and we derived a dual, and that was what let us write the entire algorithm in terms of inner products of these. It turns out that you can take many of the other algorithms that you've seen in this class " in fact, it turns out you can take most of the linear algorithms we talked about, such as linear regression, logistic regression [inaudible] and it turns out you can take all of these algorithms and rewrite them entirely in terms of these inner products. So if you have any algorithm that you can rewrite in terms of inner products, then that means you can replace it with K of XI XJ and that means that you can take any of theses algorithms and implicitly map the features vectors of these very high dimensional feature spaces and have the algorithm still work. The idea of kernels is perhaps most widely used with support vector machines, but it is actually more general than that, and you can take many of the other algorithms that you've seen and many of the algorithms that we'll see later this quarter as well and write them in terms of inner products and thereby kernalize them and apply them to infinite dimensional feature spaces. You'll actually get to play with many of these ideas more in the next problem set. Let's talk about non-linear decision boundaries, and this is the idea of " it's called the L1 norm soft margin SVM. Machine only people sometimes aren't great at coming up with good names, but here's the idea. Let's say I have a data set. This is a linearly separable data set, but what I do if I have a couple of other examples there that makes the data nonlinearly separable, and in fact, sometimes even if the data is linearly separable, maybe you might not want to. So for example, this is a very nice data set. It looks like there's a great decision boundary that separates the two [inaudible]. Well, what if I had just one outlier down here? I could still linearly separate this data set with something like that, but I'm somehow letting one slightly suspicious example skew my entire decision boundary by a lot, and so what I'm going to talk about now is the L1 norm soft margin SVM, which is a slightly modified formulation of the SVM optimization problem. They will let us deal with both of these cases " one where one of the data's just not linearly separable and two, what if you have some examples that you'd rather not get [inaudible] in a training set. Maybe with an outlier here, maybe you actually prefer to choose that original decision boundary and not try so hard to get that training example. Here's the formulation. Our SVM primal problem was to minimize one-half [inaudible] W squared. So this is our original problem, and I'm going to modify this by adding the following. In other words, I'm gonna add these penalty terms, Cls, and I'm going to demand that each of my training examples is separated with functional margin greater than or equal to one minus Cl, and you remember if this is greater than zero " was it two lectures ago that I said that if the function margin is greater than zero, that implies you classified it correctly. If it's less than zero, then you misclassified it. By setting some of the Cls to be larger than one, I can actually have some examples with functional margin negative, and therefore I'm allowing my algorithm to misclassify some of the examples of the training set. However, I'll encourage the algorithm not to do that by adding to the optimization objective, this sort of penalty term that penalizes setting Cls to be large. This is an optimization problem where the parameters are WB and all of the Cls and this is also a convex optimization problem. It turns out that similar to how we worked on the dual of the support vector machine, we can also work out the dual for this optimization problem. I won't actually do it, but just to show you the steps, what you do is you construct [inaudible] Alpha R, and I'm going to use Alpha and R to denote the [inaudible] multipliers no corresponding to this set of constraints that we had previously and this new set of constraints on the CI [inaudible] zero. This gives us a use of the [inaudible] multipliers. The [inaudible] will be optimization objective minus sum from plus CI minus " and so there's our [inaudible] optimization objective minus or plus Alpha times each of these constraints, which are greater or equal to zero. I won't redivide the entire dual again, but it's really the same, and when you derive the dual of this optimization problem and when you simplify, you find that you get the following. You have to maximize [inaudible], which is actually the same as before. So it turns out when you derive the dual and simply, it turns out that the only way the dual changes compared to the previous one is that rather than the constraint that the Alpha [inaudible] are greater than or equal to zero, we now have a constraint that the Alphas are between zero and C. This derivation isn't very hard, and you're encouraged to go home and try to do it yourself. It's really essentially the same math, and when you simply, it turns out you can simply the R of the [inaudible] multiplier away and you end up with just these constraints of the Alphas. Just as an aside, I won't derive these, either. It turns out that " remember, I wrote down the [inaudible] conditions in the last lecture. The necessary conditions for something to be an optimal solution to constrain optimization problems. So if you used the [inaudible] conditions, it turns out you can actually derive conversions conditions, so we want to solve this optimization problem. When do we know the Alphas have converged to the global optimum? It turns out you can use the following. I don't want to say a lot about these. It turns out from the [inaudible] conditions you can derive these as the conversion conditions for an algorithm that you might choose to use to try to solve the optimization problem in terms of the Alphas. That's the L1 norm soft margin SVM, and this is the change the algorithm that lets us handle non-linearly separable data sets as well as single outliers that may still be linearly separable but you may choose not to separate [inaudible]. Questions about this? Raise your hand if this stuff makes sense at all. Great. So the last thing I want to do is talk about an algorithm for actually solving this optimization problem. We wrote down this dual optimization problem with convergence criteria, so let's come up with an efficient algorithm to actually solve this optimization problem. I want to do this partly to give me an excuse to talk about an algorithm called coordinate assent, which is useful to do. What I actually want to do is tell you about an algorithm called coordinate assent, which is a useful algorithm to know about, and it'll turn out that it won't apply in the simplest form to this problem, but we'll then be able to modify it slightly and then it'll give us a very efficient algorithm for solving this [inaudible] optimization problem. That was the other reason that I had to derive the dual, not only so that we could use kernels but also so that we can apply an algorithm like the SMO algorithm. First, let's talk about coordinate assent, which is another [inaudible] optimization algorithm. To describe coordinate assent, I just want you to consider the problem of if we want to maximize some function W, which is a function of Alpha one through Alpha M with no constraints. So for now, forget about the constraint that the Alpha [inaudible] must be between zero and C. Forget about the constraint that some of YI Alpha I must be equal to zero. Then this is the coordinate assent algorithm. It will repeat until convergence and will do for I equals one to M. The [inaudible] of coordinate assent essentially holds all the parameters except Alpha I fixed and then it just maximizes this function with respect to just one of the parameters. Let me write that as Alpha I gets updated as [inaudible] over Alpha I hat of W Alpha one Alpha I minus one. This is really the fancy way of saying hold everything except Alpha I fixed. Just optimize W by optimization objective with respect to only Alpha I. This is just a fancy way of writing it. This is coordinate assent. One picture that's kind of useful for coordinate assent is if you imagine you're trying to optimize a quadratic function, it really looks like that. These are the contours of the quadratic function and the minimums here. This is what coordinate assent would look like. These are my [inaudible] call this Alpha two and I'll call this Alpha one. My Alpha one Alpha two axis, and so let's say I start down here. Then I'm going to begin by minimizing this with respect to Alpha one. I go there. And then at my new point, I'll minimize with respect to Alpha two, and so I might go to someplace like that. Then, I'll minimize with respect to Alpha one goes back to Alpha two and so on. You're always taking these axis-aligned steps to get to the minimum. It turns out that there's a modification to this. There are variations of this as well. The way I describe the algorithm, we're always doing this in alternating order. We always optimize with respect to Alpha one then Alpha two, then Alpha one, then Alpha two. What I'm about to say applies only in higher dimensions, but it turns out if you have a lot of parameters, Alpha one through Alpha M, you may not choose to always visit them in a fixed order. You may choose which Alphas update next depending on what you think will allow you to make the most progress. If you have only two parameters, it makes sense to alternate between them. If you have higher dimensional parameters, sometimes you may choose to update them in a different order if you think doing so would let you make faster progress towards the maximum. It turns out that coordinate assent compared to some of the algorithms we saw previously " compared to, say, Newton's method, coordinate assent will usually take a lot more steps, but the chief advantage of coordinate assent when it works well is that sometimes the optimization objective W sometimes is very inexpensive to optimize W with respect to any one of your parameters, and so coordinate assent has to take many more iterations than, say, Newton's method in order to converge. It turns out that there are many optimization problems for which it's particularly easy to fix all but one of the parameters and optimize with respect to just that one parameter, and if that's true, then the inner group of coordinate assent with optimizing with respect to Alpha I can be done very quickly and cause [inaudible]. Clearly, this is necessary. We need to work on our actions, controlling our actions, and our thoughts. But it's not sufficient. For Nephi teaches us that without the Atonement of our Savior Jesus Christ, that all abiding change would be impossible, that all of us would become devils, angels to a devil. Without the Atonement, abiding change can't happen. Moroni points our minds to another order in which change can happen. In (Alma 60:23) he says, "...I would that ye should remember that God has said that the inward vessel shall be cleansed first, and then shall the outer vessel be cleansed also." President Boyd K. Packer confirmed the importance of this inside-out aspect of change when he taught, "True doctrine, understood, changes attitudes and behavior. The study of the doctrines of the gospel will improve behavior quicker than a study of behavior will improve behavior." President Packer here is teaching us about the importance of what happens inside for changing what is outside. President Benson further testified of the saving nature of inside-out change when he said, "The Lord works from the inside out. The world works from the outside-in. The world would take people out of the slums. Christ takes the slums out of people, and then they take themselves out of the slums. The world would mold men by changing their environment. Christ changes men, who then change their environment. The world would shape human behavior, but Christ can change human nature." Brothers and sisters, abiding change happens when we do our part controlling our actions and thoughts, but invite the atoning influence, the cleansing influence, the sanctifying influence of the Savior in to work from the inside-out. Truly to change and to stay changed requires changing the inner vessel, the inside of us. Our efforts are necessary, but not sufficient. For as we're taught, we're saved by grace after all we can do. Th Atonement is the enabling power that makes repentance possible. Everything then that we've talked about today, the path of salvation, how abiding change happens, leads us to this question. How then do we invite the power of the Atonement into our lives to make this change in the inner-person? How do we invite that power in? How do we take hold upon it? How do we cleanse ourselves, or invite the cleansing power that cleans us from the inside-out? You, I'm sure already know the answer, but let's explore it together as I share with you some ideas that might help you to invite more fully or more powerfully the atoning influence of our Savior into your life. With you I testify that the power of the Atonement, the cleansing power of the Atonement comes into our lives when we feel the Holy Ghost. When the Holy Ghost is there and dwelling with us, we're cleansed. Just as the baptism of water cleanses the outer-man, baptism of fire cleanses the inner-man. When we feel the Spirit, each time we feel the Spirit in that come and dwell with you way, we are cleansed of the natural man and become more godly, more pure. Our capacity to make those changes is determined by the amount of light we have in our lives, by the amount of Spirit that we have in our lives. Light, in the scriptures, that word has several meanings. The meaning that I'd like to focus on is spiritual power or grace. The Bible Dictionary defines grace as follows: (BD:Grace) "...It is...through the grace of the Lord that individuals, through faith in the Atonement of Jesus Christ and repentance of their sins, receive strength and assistance to do good works that they otherwise would not be able to maintain if left to their own means. This grace is an enabling power that allows men and women to lay hold on eternal life and exaltation after they have expended their own best efforts." With that definition in mind, let's reflect on the Savior's teaching in 3 Nephi 13:22. (3 Ne. 13:22) "...if thine eye be single, thy whole body shall be full of light." Our bodies, brothers and sisters, are receptacles for this light. We bring this light in, we can invite it into our lives. The figure, the illustration that you see, shows that light comes into our lives, can reside in our lives, and can leave our lives. In Moroni chapter seven, Moroni teaches us that each person is given the capacity to distinguish between light and darkness in every aspect. The amount of light in other words, that actions thoughts, or desires contain. So let's look first at how light enters our lives. Every aspect of the gospel; scripture study, prayer, temple attendance, obedience, sacrifice, everything that we do in the gospel brings light into our lives. In other words, actions and thoughts can bring light into our lives. Light is continuously used. It takes light to live our daily lives, to exercise faith, to face trials. It takes spiritual energy to face and persevere through those things. Every time that we feel the gift of the Holy Ghost come and dwell with us light enters our lives. How does light leave our lives? Light leaves our lives through sin when we choose to be disobedient. Light leaves our lives when we choose to harbor negative emotions in our hearts, doubt, fear, anger, those kinds of things. Light leaves our lives through the bad choices of others, when we're victims to others bad choices. And finally, when there is an imbalance or illness in our physical, emotional, or mental lives, there a holes created that allow more light to leak out of our lives. When the level of light is low in our lives, we drift into misery. When the level of light is high in our lives, we become more sanctified. We become more able to be like our Heavenly Father, we're purified. And so that's the key. The key to making those changes that we want to make in our lives is to make sure that we have more light in our lives, that we invite more in than leaks out. That in the balance in what we're inviting in, and what is leaking out of our lives, or being used, that the amount of light is growing. Test this idea, think about it. Think about something that you're trying to change in your life. Think about something that you'd like to improve in. Now, cast your mind back on a time recently when you felt the Spirit powerfully in your life. Think about the desires that you had at that point. Was it hard to resist? Was it hard not to do whatever action you're trying to change? No. When we're full of light, our desires are good. And the natural consequence of good desires is good thoughts and actions. Changing from the inside out leads naturally to what we seek, changed actions and thoughts. If you want to change, if you want to experience abiding change in your life, increase the amount of high light activities, high light containing activities that you're involved in. Decrease the amount of low light containing activities. Seek the healing power of the Atonement to plug the holes, to heal the holes, and I testify that those holes can be and are healed through the Atonement. Make as your number one priority feeling the Spirit everyday. Don't go a day without it. Recognize your dependence on the Savior. Deepen you dependence on the Savior. Look to do His will. Seek His healing power. As you do this, your very nature will change. Your desires will change, and the things that you're trying to change will change. The scriptures describe the dissolution of the natural man that accompanies the influx of light into our lives like this: The power of God will distill upon your soul as the dews from heaven, your body will be more filled with light, you will experience a mighty change of heart, you will be more fully found with His image in your countenance, that light that you are filled with will grow brighter and brighter until the perfect day, and when He appears, you will be like Him. I close with Moroni's closing testimony in the Book of Mormon found in Moroni 10:32 and 33. (Moro. 10:32-33) "...come unto Christ, and be perfected in him, and deny yourselves of all ungodliness; and if ye shall deny yourselves of all ungodliness, and love God with all your might, mind, and strength, then is his grace sufficient for you, that by his grace ye may be perfect in Christ; and if by the grace of God ye are perfect in Christ, ye can in nowise deny the power of God. And again, if ye by the grace of God are perfect in Christ, and deny not his power, then are ye sanctified in Christ by the grace of God, through the shedding of the blood of Christ, which is in the covenant of the Father unto the remission of your sins, that ye become holy..." I testify that the power to change, the power to experience abiding change in our lives is found in the Savior. As my mother recently mentioned to me, if the Atonement is active in our lives, we're never the same people day to day, for our very nature is changing day to day. I testify that that's true. I've felt that change and continue to feel that change in my life. I've seen that mighty change of heart happen in the lives of others, and I testify that the power to make that change is in our Savior Jesus Christ. In the name of Jesus Christ, Amen. [MUSlC] For more information about this program visit the BYU-Idaho website at www.byui.edu/presentations Hi Jeff here with Corsair's Applications Group. Today we're going to take you through an installation of our Hydro Series H50 CPU Cooler onto a motherboard inside of our Obsidian Series 800D case. The H50 is an all-in-one cooling solution for the CPU which supports all the latest CPU sockets on the market. You've got the Intel 1156, 775, 1366, and both AM2 and AM3 brackets. So without wasting any more time let's go ahead and get this H50 installed. So here we've laid out everything that comes in the box with the H50. Over here you've got some Quickstart Guides which will show you how to prepare each bracket for the type of socket that you're going to be using it for. You've got the H50 unit itself, the fan which will mount on the H50 radiator using these screws, and then you've got the Intel bracket set and the AMD bracket set. Both sets will use the same screws and the same metal inserts in the backplate. Where they differ is they have different plastic bushings so keep an eye out on the Quickstart Guide to make sure you're using the right ones. And then obviously you've got a different backplate and bracket assembly for each one. The H50 comes with thermal interface material already applied to the CPU block. You can use a third-party material if you like, but the good thing about the one that we use is that it takes no time to cure while others may take a couple of days or up to a week to fully cure and give you the best performance. So now we've kind of laid out all the materials that come in the box. We'll get our bracket all set for installation on our motherboard. One of the great features of the 800D case is that you have this large back door here to the cutout which gives you access to the back of the motherboard. So we'll be able to install our H50 without having to remove the motherboard from the case. So the motherboard we're using is Intel-based and uses the 1366 Intel socket. We've got our Intel backplate here. You'll notice on each corner you've got three different holes. They correspond with each type of Intel socket. So you've got the 775, 1156, and the one that we're going to be using: the 1366. So you just kind of wanna take your threaded metal inserts here, find the 1366 hole, and just push it right on through like so and follow suit on each different corner. Make sure that you find the correct 1366-labeled hole. So we've found the 1366 slot on each corner, lined up the insert here, and just wanna push them right in so they're fully locked into place. Like so. So we'll expose our adhesive strips here. It's gonna help keep the backplate in place while we finish the rest of the installation. So just line up the inserts with the holes. The 800D has a 140mm fan in the rear here. We're not gonna use that so we'll just remove it. You've also got a rubber grommet here which we will replace with a 120mm grommet for the H50 fan. So the grommet helps prevent noise and vibration so we'll install that in a moment. So on the top of the fan that comes with the H50 you'll notice that there's two arrows: one of them points in the direction of airflow, the other one points in the direction that the fan will spin. In this case we just want to focus on the airflow. We wanna have cool, fresh air, blowing into the case from outside the case. We've found out for the lowest CPU temperatures you wanna have the cool air blowing through the radiator and that'll give you the best results. So we've got our fan. Our grommet goes right on top here to go in between the case and the fan. Line it up with the holes on the back for the 120mm fan. You'll wanna use the screws and washer that came with the H50. Hold the fan in place while we get ready to mount the radiator. So I like to use two screws in a diagonal pattern to kinda tack it into place while we get the radiator ready. With just the two screws there you can mount the radiator, and once it's in position it'll be a lot easier to mount the remaining two screws. So the next step is to connect the radiator to the fan. We'll just line up the holes. You can actually mount the radiator with the hoses at the top, like we're doing here, or at the bottom, whatever is most convenient for you. Now that it's mounted in place it'll be really easy to mount the last two screws. Just line them up and screw them in. So now we're ready to prepare the top part of our mounting bracket, with the help of the Quickstart Guide here. Make sure you have the right Quickstart Guide for the socket that we're going to be using. Ours is the 1366 here. You wanna make sure that you have the correct hardware: there's a set of screws and bushings that are propietary to either Intel or AMD sockets. Right here we've got all the Intel screws and bushings so we're good to go. Each plastic bushing has a tab on one side. So depending on the socket you wanna make sure you have that tab on the correct side for the bracket. For the 1366 it belongs on the inside and it should just snap right into place here. So the next step in preparing the bracket is to get the screws mounted in it. You wanna use the outside hole in each bushing if you're using the 1366 bracket. You wanna just hand tighten it through the hole until it's slightly sticking out the bottom here. So on the backside of our bracket here, we left the screws slightly protruding from the plastic bushing. The reason for that is so that you can easily line it up with the backplate which we installed earlier. So now we wanna screw in the screws but just enough so that it starts to thread the backplate. You don't wanna screw it all the way in just yet. So we've got our bracket in place. The next step is to mount the H50 pump here on top of the CPU. The best way to do it that I found is to, with one hand pull the bracket up so that it's flush with the heads of the screws and that will give you enough space to mount the H50. You just wanna slide it through and it'll lock into place with the teeth there, and then you wanna just tighten the screws the rest of the way, and you should be all set So now that everything's installed all that's left is to plug in our pump and our fan. We'll plug the fan into the CPU fan header over here and the pump into this header by the PCle slot. You can use whatever headers are most convenient on your particular board but the one thing to make sure of is you wanna make sure that the pump is getting full power. A lot of motherboards will give you the option to throttle the power that goes to these fan headers so you can modulate the RPM of the fan. But in this case you want the pump running at full blast to give you the best overall performance. So we've got the H50 installed in our system. Hopefully we've shown you how quick and easy it is to install the H50 in your own system. If you'd like more product information check out our website at www.corsair.com or if you'd like to leave us some feedback or ask any questions check out our forum at www.ramguy.com Professor Chomsky, perhaps we should stop by trying to define what is not meant by anarchism but whether anarchy after all is derived from the greek, literally meaning no government, and presumably people talk about anarchy or anarchism as a system of political philosophy don't just mean, as it were, as of January the first next year government, as we know, understand it, would suddenly ceased, there would be no policemen no rules, no roads, no laws, no tax collectors, no post office and so forth, primarily would be something more complicated than that >>>Well yes to some of those questions known to others, they may well mean no policemen but i don't think that would mean overall no rules on the road. in fact I should say to begin with that the term anarchism is used to cover quite a range of political ideas but I am going to follow your lead and think of it as the libertarian left and from that point of view anarchism can be conceived as a kind of voluntary socialism, that is a libertarian socialist or anarcho-sindicalist, or communist- anarchist in the tradition of say the commandment propulsion and others had in mind the highly organized forms of society but a society organized on the basis of organic units, organic communities and generally they meant by that the workplace or the neighborhood, or both and from those two basic units involving the place where a person works and spends his creative energies and the place where he lives and relation to his neighbors and others around them from those two basic units there could derive through federal arrangements highly integrated kind of suppose social organization which might be national or even international in scope where decisions could be made over substantial range, but by delegates who are always part of the organic community from which they come and returned to attend are revocable and in general would live there >>> So it doesn't mean society in which literally speaking a government some us is that it was the primary authority or social authority comes, as it were, from the bottom up not from the top down, at where representative democracy as we have it in the U.S. and in Britain would be regarded as a form of from the top down authority although ultimately the voters decide? >>>Well represented democracy as in say the U.S. and G.B. would be would be criticized by anarchist schoools on two grounds; First of all, because there is a monopoly power centralized in the state and secondly and critically because representative democracies limited to the political sphere and in no way, in a serious way encroaches on the economic sphere and anarchists of this traditional have always held that democratic control of one's productive life is at the core of any serious human liberation or for that matter insignificant democratic practice that is as long as there are as long as individuals are compelled to rent themselves on the market, to those who are willing to to hire them and as long as their role in production is simply that of answer to tools, then there are striking elements of coercion oppression but make talked of democracy very limited or even meaningful. >>>Historically have it being india sustained and of course on the substantial scale of societies which approximated to the anarchist ideal? >>>There are small societies small in number that have I think done so quite well and there are a few examples of large-scale libertarian revolutions which were largely anarchist in their structure as to the first, small societies extending over a long period I myself think the most dramatic examples and perhaps the israeli keep scheme which for a long period may or may not be true, for a long period were really were constructed on anarchist principles, that is of self-management direct worker control integration of agriculture industries service, personal life and an egalitarian basis with direct and in fact quite active participation in management and were I should think extraordinarily successful by were almost any measure that one can incude....>>>But they were presumably and still are in the framework of a conventional state which guarantees certain... ...responsabilities. >>>The active history is very interesting up until since 1948 they've been in the framework of the conventional speak rather that they were within the framework of a colonial enclave and in fact there was a subterranean society larger cooperative society which was not really part of the system of British mandate but was functioning outside of it and to some extent that survived the establishment of of the state, of course it became integrated into the state and in my view were lost some of the paramount of its libertarian socialist character through this process and through other processes which are unique to the history of that region which we did not go into however as functioning libertarian socialist institutions I think there are interesting model that I think is highly relevant to advanced industrial societies in the way in which some of the other examples of existing question mark A good example of a really large-scale anarchist revolution are largely anarchist revolutions. The best example to my knowledge is the Spanish revolution in 1936 in which most of republic in Spain there was a time of quite inspiring ideal anarchist revolution that involved both industry and agriculture over substantial areas developed in a way which to the outside looks spontaneous. In fact if you look at the groups of it one discovers that it was based on three generations with experiment, thought and work which extended anarchist ideas to very large parts of the population in this largely pre-industrial total pre-industrial real society and that again was well, by human measures and even anyone's economic measures quite successfully, in his production continued effectively, workers in farms and factories proved quite capable of managing their affairs without coercion from above contrary to what lots of socialists, communists, and liberals models wanted to believe and in fact, you can't tell what had happened at that anarchist revolution was destroyed was simple destroyed by force but during the period of its in which it was alived I think it was highly successful and as I say it was an inspiring testimony to the ability of poor working people to organize and manage their afairs, extremely successfully without coercion or control how relevant Spanish experiences to an advanced industrial society one might question in detail. >>>It's clear that the fundamenta ideas is the primacy of individual, not in isolation, but the other individuals and uh... and the fulfillment of its freedom this in the sentence looks awfully likely finding ideas of the United States of America What is it about the American experience which is made freedom as used in that condition but come suspected in the vote tainted phrase in the minds of anarchist and libertarian socialist think of themseves? Well, many anarchist let me just say I don't really regard myself as an anarchist thinker derivative fella traveling with him Anarchist thinkers have constantly been referred to the American experience into the ideal Jeffersonian democracy very very favorably however what they've been so, you know, Jefferson's concept that the best government does, the government which governs least or in addition to that that the best government of the one that doesn't govern at all there's one that's often repeated by anarchist thinkers into modern times however the concept of Jefferson in democracy Putting aside the fact that it was an slave society developed in a century pre-capitalist system that is in a society in which there was a monopolistic control of that there were no centers of private power, no significance in terms of private power It's striking to read today to go back and read some the classic ibertarian if one reads city of the hong kong humble swim critique of the state 1792 work with certain inspired Mill and a significant classic pure libertarian text he doesn't speak at all of the need to resist private concentration of power rather he speaks of the need to resist the encroachment coercive state powere and that is what one find also in the early American tradition.... taken for granted that individuals are roughly equivalent in their private power and that the only reeling balance of power that one sees is the centralized authoritarian state and individual freedom must be sustained against its intrution the state of the church networking feels one must read this no uh... when he speaks a humble for example of the need for controll of ones creative life whe he decries the alination of labor that arises from coercion or even instruction or guidance in one's work rather than self-management in one's work he's giving an anti status anti-autocratic ideology the same principles applied very welcoming a capitalist industrial society that emerged later Scenario A Bob?- Uh huh? Can I ask something?- Sure. Can you help me this article please? Cuz like I know you did it last week. Oh I'd love to help you but I've been given this really big project to manage so I mean I'm snowed under just now. Really I'd like to help you with it but my hands are tied you know? Maybe if I get finished on time or a bit early I can come have a look at it for you but there's not much I can do you know? How bout a way I can make up for it I get you a drink after work, yeah? Okay. Scenario B Burger, please. Excuse me.- What?- There's a queue. Would you like to go to the end? No. What's your problem? Excuse me, there's a queue. Would you please go to the end? What's your problem? I've got my food now wait a minute, alright!? Scenario C Burger. Problem? Good. (Why do they always do this to me?) Scenario D You know what? I'm really hungry. Do you want to go to McDonald's? Do we have to go to McDonalds? Well there's Burger King. Hmmm, I don't know. Pizza Hut?- I don't like pizza.- Why don't you say where you'd like to go. Well, I'm not really bothered. There's subway.- Well, that would be the healthier option.- Okay. I'm going to McDonalds cuz I would really like a burger from there. And I would like you to join me but if you'd like to go to Subway, you can go there. Fine. Scenario E Hey, how are you?- I'm fine thanks how are you?- Really hungry. You want to go to McDonalds to get something to eat. Actually, I would to go to Subway.- Why? Well, they've got a really nice vegetarian option. And they've got a deal on today. How is that any better than McDonalds? Because actually I don't like McDonalds all that much and it doesn't taste all that nice. Whatever. I'm too hungry to argue. Scenario F Hey sorry I'm late. So you have the tickets, yeah? I thought you had them. No that's not what we said. You said you would bring them. On the phone, you said that. But I thought you were getting them on the way here. No that's not what you said, you said you were bringing them. Did that phone conversation just go through one ear and out the other? Yeah? Is that what happened? You know that's just so typical of you. You do this every single time. Well? I'm sorry.- Sorry?- That's not good enough. It doesn't matter what we arrange, what we decide to do. You make a mess of it. Every single time. Its just you, all over. Let's just face the facts, eh? You're no good at school. No good at college. Haven't got a job. What are you good for? They're looking for a toilet cleaner at the park. Why don't you apply for that. Scenario G Hey baby.- Hey.- How are you?- I'm fine how are you?- Very good. Lookin forward to today? About today. I need to talk to you. Sure. Are you okay? Yes. But....its about us, and.... this has been working on me for a while now and I don't think we should be together anymore. Break it off? What do you mean by that? I think we should...split up. And...how long have you felt like that? A couple of weeks now. A couple weeks? Why didn't you tell me then? We could've made something of it. Made a go of it. I'm sorry. Look, what's changed? Tell me what's wrong. I tried to get back to the way we were before, but my feelings for you have changed. They've changed?- Yes. I don't feel the way for you...- Feelings don't just change overnight. They grow apart or its a slow process. You could've involved me. We could have worked on this. We can still work on this. I'm sorry. I've tried, but I think we should break up. Just tell me what I've done. I can change. We've both changed. I can't be with you anymore. I don't feel the same way about you. But we're so good together. We were good together. I'm sorry. I think we should break up. Yeah, you think we should break up. You haven't asked me what my opinion in this is. Its all about you. Its always about you. Enjoy your movie. SKlP THlS SCENE Scenario H I want to watch a DVD tonight. We're gonna watch "Munich". Is that okay? (sigh) What? Well, I thought we were going to watch "Bring It On" tonight becaue I need to see the dance scenes for my dancing show. Oh come on, you've seen it like a hundred times. You must know the dance routines by now, Look neither of us have seen "Munich". Its a good film, its got good reviews. We're gonna watch that, okay? Okay.- Good.- Scenario I We should watch a movie tonight. We should watch "Munich". Oh come on. You said we were gonna watch "Bring It On" tonight. I've got my dancing show in a couple months. I need to learn those dance routines. Oh come on, you've watched that movie a hundred times already. You must know those dance moves by now. We're gonna watch "Munich", alright? That's that. I hate it when you talk to me in that tone. Sorry. Whoa. What do you think we should do? I think we should watch "Bring It On", but we'll fast forward to the dance routines. And then we can put on your movie and if we don't like it, we've always got "Star Wars" upstairs. Alright. Did you know that the war on drugs is killing thousands of people throughout the continent? In Mexico, over the last four years, more than 40,000 people have died due to drug violence. More then 7 out of every 10 women incarcerated in countries like Argentina and Ecuador are there for infringing drug laws. Durg Prohibition was intiated in Canada and the USA as a racist tool of opression. This practice continues today. Just one example: In NY Cityover 70% of people arrested for simple cannabis possession are african american and latino. The erradication of crops in countries in the Andes has destroyed the countryside, impoverished communities and destroyed the eco-system. In countries such as Chile, more than 30,000 people have been detained every year for consuming or carrying drugs—meanwhile, large scale drug traffickers become more richer! Enough failed policies! We don't need another Washington consensus. We need new, logical international policies that respect national sovereignty, and human rights. We forcefully reject the militarization of our countries. We deserve better policies, with laws that distinguish between small-scale dealers and large-scale traffickers. No more incarceration for the poor, no more impunity for the rich. We must substitute the current inefficient, irrational and obselete system which classifies substances, created by the 1961 UN Convention on Controlled Substances. This system has generated more problems than solutions. The use of drugs is a public health issue. Stop criminalizing users and begin taking more effective action. Inform yourself, increase prevention, treatment and strengthen communities. We demand an end to the system which has incarceration quotas which discriminate against minorities: this is called racism! Let us generate alternative development mechanisms and effective programs that reinvest in communities and don't increase impoverishment. We must reorient the system to be more efficient, strategic and transparent regarding resources, inhibiting the co-opting and corruption of the state. End the Drug War NOW. Get involved. Learn more. Participate!! Hello I'm Eli for edu4java and today we are going to see data entry and data printing through the java console We had already seen the printing of data through the console. Data entry is a bit more complicated but our tutorials are going to be more fun when we learn to do it First thing of all -new-java project- Let's create a project called tutorials --Commander showing him how to use the tools-- Mayday! Mayday! Hello! Can you hear us? Can you hear us? Over! We are sinking! We are sinking! Hello! This is German coast guard. We are sinking! We are sinking! What are you sinking about? okay. So let's start with kind of a, a high order bits tour of Rails. Over the last few lectures you guys have seen a lot of the architectural pieces. And now it's time to actually start fitting them together with actual software. Cuz code if sort of where the rubber meets the road for most of us. So what I've got up here is a partial listing of what happens when you create a new Rails application. And what I thought I would do is, I would compare it to the big picture diagram that we have seen a number of times. Where's my mouse? There we go. And also, for nostalgia I'll put up a miniature copy of a slide that goes with each topic. Maybe the, the imagery will trigger something in that primitive part of your brain that does pattern recognition and was able to keep you from getting eaten by tigers. So, we already saw that the apps are model view controllers. Remember we had a slide where we talked about each entity in the app, like a movie or a movie-goer had essentially its own model, it's own set of views and its own controllers and in the big picture scheme of things we find those down here when we sort of zoom. Inside of the application server tier. [sound] we also played around a little bit with HTML and CSS, Cascading Style Sheets. Here's a reminder of a slide that we saw of how you can write CSS selectors to select elements for styling in a HTML document. And in terms of our diagram, we are over here. We learned about routes, and we're gonna learn about'em again today, and we're gonna see them over and over again, because I know they're a little confusing. This is one of the things, one of the piece of machinery that, people new to the framework have some trouble with. So, they'll get plenty of opportunities to review. But you remember that we're talking about how routes map URls and methods to things that are gonna happen in your controller method. And that means, in terms of our picture, there is this link between the presentation tier, which receives the URls. And the logic tier, which is where your code actually runs, right? So in this connection is kinda where the routes do their magic. And we saw that in the persistence tier, at least for development, we're going to use this really simple SQL Lite database. So in terms of our picture we're over here in the persistence tier. As we'll talk today there's actually multiple different databases for your app. There's one just for when you develop, there's one for when you're doing testing, and there's the real one in production which is golden and you never, ever touch it because it has your customers' data in it. Okay. So, how does these things map onto rails as a framework. Again, on the right, we've seen this picture before. It's sort of the generic view of, here's the browser and each of the three tiers, of the three tier architecture. So if you look inside the, your application box. There's controllers which rely on the routing subsystem. The controllers talk to models. Remember, this is all how model view controller works. We mentioned briefly, and we'll see in more detail today, that models store their data persistently by putting it into tables in a relational database, in our case. And the controllers are in charge of causing views to be rendered, Which we've been using, Hamill, which turns into html as the way to express. What are view markup is, and in terms of code what we're going to see is that, over the next few segments, is that the models are essentially subclasses of active record base, which is a very useful collection of behaviors for connecting your models to the database. It's called an object relational mapping layer or an ORM layer. The views, again subclasses of active view, there's a bunch of reusable behaviors Rails provides to make it easy to manipulate views and put views together. And, surprisingly, the controller sub-class from application controller, which again provides a bunch, bunch of common functionality that you can use in all, different controllers in your app. So, with that in mind, let's actually see in what order the moving parts are exercised, that we take a little trip through an app. The first thing that happens when a URI arrives is that the route [inaudible] is consulted to map that URl, and the control, and the http method, like get or post, to the appropriate controller action. And if there's an optional parameters, those are going to get extracted. So, concretely. Imagine that we hit our, our local, rotten potatoes with /movies/3. If we look in routes.rb, we will see that there's a, a route generated for matching /movies/a wild card. And I'm using colors here to indicate the correspondence between different elements, right? So here's the route has matched, ID is going to be a wild card, that's what the colon is for. And the route that's generated by routes.rb, says we're gonna use the show action in the movie's controller when we get a match on that route. Next thing that happens, now that we know what controller method we're gonna call, the controller method gets control of the show and it can start setting up instance variables that are gonna be used by the views. And as we'll see the way the views are arranged is that their sub-directories and file names match the action names and the controller names, so it?s easy to remember. So in this case what does that mean. Here is what our controller method might look like. Again I've used color to indicate that, the part of the route that indicates the action, that?s what the controller method name is. Params id is gonna be available to us because one of the things that routing sub system does is it matches up these wild card tokens beginning with the colon to the corresponding parts of the URL and it sticks them into the param hash for us. >> And again, I'm lying right params isn't really hash all right but it. >> Kwak, kwak, kwak, kwak, kwak. >> Okay? It kwaks like a hash so we can pretend that it is one so in our simple controller method what we might be doing is, using that idea to look up something in the. Movies table of the data base. We?re going to assign it to this instance variable, because that's the only way that we can communicate information to the views, right? So, this I.D. Variable, this is just a local variable inside the controller method. Once the controller method is over, that variable goes out of scope, it's invisible. So, if we want the view to be able to get at any information, we have to use instance variables to do that. And when the controller action renders a view here's an example snippet of what it might look like, we can make use of the instance variables that were set up in the controller to stick stuff into the view. And again I'm using color for, to indicate that the controller name from the route. Tells us what the controller's file name is gonna be and also tells us which sub directory to look for the view. The action tells us which controller method is gonna be called. And it also tells us the base filename of the view. Now, this, this doesn't seem like a huge deal, but we're gonna see many more examples of this. It's called convention over configuration. In a lot of earlier app frameworks, you'd have to have a whole separate file whose entire purpose in life was basically to explicitly say what these correspondences were. Right? But because we know that in Ruby you've got reflection and meta-programming, you can ask objects about themselves. Those techniques are actually used so that in the common case, if you follow these conventions, you actually don't need any of those config files. Very good stuff. So that's bring us to the sort of two big pieces of Rail's philosophy. One of them which we just saw is convention over configuration, which really just means, if you're willing to follow certain conventions on how you name things, then you never need configuration files or any other information, to say how the pieces fit together. It's not to say that you have to do this, for and, in fact for every place where, rails provides a default based on convention over configuration, there is always a way to override it, but most of the time, the defaults will be perfectly adequate, and it saves you a lot of typing and extra files to keep track of. So for example, we just saw. Is that the show action, in the movies controller. Well, we know where to find it. It's movies_controller.rb. In the controller's directory, and we know that by the fault. It will try to find the view, in the music sub directory with the same name as the controller action in this case show. So you, you'll love convention over configuration, it's very cool. The second one, don't repeat yourself. Dry. Featuring our charming a towel icon for some reason reminds me of the gym. But the idea is there's a number of mechanisms that you can use to extract common functionality so that you don't find yourself, sort of, pasting the same variation of the same piece of code in 25 different places. And what we'll do is, as we see more examples of these in Rails, I'll try to bring these icons back. And eventually you'll decide that whoever designed them, you hate them because you're gonna see them through this whole class. But they're beautiful icons. And we hope that they'll remind you that there's real value to using the Ruby language features in order to get your code to be dry and to avoid needless and repetitive configuration. Hello. We are going to make a body with a neck. (birds chirping) Inflate a balloon leaving a three inch flat tail. (birds chirping) The first bubble you twist to make the neck. (birds chirping) Twist the first four inch bubble. The next three bubbles you twist to make the arm. Twist the second four inch bubble. Twist the third one inch bubble. Twist the fourth four inch bubble. Lock both ends of the chain of the last three bubbles in one lock twist. The next three bubbles you twist to make the second arm. Twist the fifth four inch bubble. Twist the sixth one inch bubble. Twist the seventh four inch bubble. Lock both ends of the chain of the last three bubbles in one lock twist. You have made the arms. Twist the eighth three inch bubble. It is the body. Twist the ninth three inch bubble. Twist the tenth one inch bubble. Twist the eleventh one inch bubble. Twist the twelfth three inch bubbble. Lock both ends of the chain of the last four bubbles in one lock twist. You have made the legs. The rest of the balloon is the thirteenth bubble. It is the tail. Adjust the arms and legs in the proper positions. Congratulations. You have made the body. Have fun :) Professor Robert Shiller: I wanted to talk today about investment banking, which is a subject of some interest around here. First, I thought I would--there's been so much news; I want to just briefly comment about what's going on in the world today with our financial crisis. Notably, I think that this is the--it could be the biggest financial crisis since The Great Depression and as evidence of that, we're seeing a lot of talk about what changes should be made. I think it reminds me of the very basic fact that we live in a financial world that was created in the wake of The Great Depression. So many of our financial institutions were created in the 1930s because that was a time when everything was being shaken up and it was a time when people were willing to consider something really different. If you just look back where various of our institutions--when they were created--it's most likely to be in the 1930s. We are not yet at such a crossroads. The financial situation is not as bad as it was in the 1930s, but it's getting bad and as a result we're starting to see proposals for big change. Notably, on Monday, the Treasury Department, under Secretary Henry Paulson, announced a proposal for fundamental change in our financial markets. This proposal, if implemented, might be the biggest change since The Great Depression. However, the news is calling it dead on arrival; it's unlikely that the Paulson proposal will be implemented partly because it's being proposed by a Republican administration--well, not just Republican, just an administration that's coming to an end and we're having an election. This Paulson proposal probably has very little chance of being implemented as is, but it's put in to change the discussion and it's going to be talked about a lot and I suppose it will influence what happens. The interesting thing is that the next President of the United States will likely have a mandate for big changes. Maybe it's just as well that Fabozzi, et al. are slow to do a second edition of their book because if they got it out this year it would be a bad year to get it out because everything is changing. I studied the Paulson proposal carefully, since I'm writing a New York Times column about it, which will appear Sunday. Reading the various commentaries about the proposal, I had the impression that not many of them are very--thinking very deeply about it. They typically--they like to talk about the politics of it and this thing, that it's dead on arrival or it's--someone said it's an amateurish proposal. All the groups that stand to win or lose from it are all figuring out what it does to them and they're taking the positions out of self-interest. So, I wanted to write something that was more perspicacious, if I could manage that. The interesting thing is, actually everyone calls it the Paulson proposal, but it was apparently mostly written by a young man who is in his early thirties. You may not consider that young, but I think that is young. He could have taken this course from me ten years-actually, he didn't go to Yale. I looked it up; he went to American University, both undergraduate and--his name is David Nason--undergraduate and then he got a law degree at American University. Then he just went to work for the government. As far as I know, he doesn't publish; he's not in the newspapers, but he's gotten the ear of the Treasury Secretary. They spent many weekends together figuring out what should be done about the system and they wrote up a proposal. I like many aspects of it; actually, it's an interesting proposal. It's not so much what's in the proposal as it is that this is the time for reconsideration. One interesting thing that they proposed is that we should have what they call "objectives based regulation." We have--this is David Nason and Henry Paulson, although it's not signed by them, it's signed by The Treasury. So, The Treasury-it's called a blueprint, a blueprint for reform of our financial regulation. It's built around what they call "objectives based regulation." That means that the different regulators should each have their own objective, so they have a three-part proposal. The market stability regulator, which would make sure that the markets don't freeze up on us--we don't have a systemic crisis. There would be a prudential financial regulator and then, three, there would be a business conduct regulator, so that's the main part of the proposal. What they're doing is emphasizing the different objectives of regulators. The market stability is going to be the Fed, but it's not just banking. They want it to be--the Fed's role would be broadened so that it's not just a banking regulator, it's the whole financial system. It's supposed to be maintaining the stability of the system. Then the prudential financial regulator is supposed to regulate--it's supposed to aim at protecting the U.S. interest in various institutions that are guaranteed by the government, such as banks that are federally-insured or enterprises that have government guarantees or apparent government guarantees, like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Then the business conduct regulator is supposed to regulate--what I saw is it would be aimed at--consumer protection; that it would make sure that businesses are protecting individuals. I find this interesting because it calls to mind some of the problems we had with the subprime crisis. One very important problem was, in the U.S. we have regulation divided up in crazy archaic ways. Different agencies were formed at different times and they have specific missions. For example, we have the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency. The OCC was founded in 1863 to supervise national banks but it only supervises national banks. Well, why not state chartered banks or why not credit unions or other things? Well, it's just an accident of history. So, what these people are proposing is that we merge various agencies so that--define new agencies of the government that are separated by these different objectives; so, an objective defines an agency--a regulatory agency. What they want to do is merge the OCC and the OTS merger; that's one of the proposals. I wonder why they don't carry it further, but that's the thing they emphasized. The OCC is Office of the Comptroller of the Currency--regulates national banks. The OTS is the Office of Thrift Supervision; it regulates savings banks. So, we put the two together--that sounds sensible, I guess. Why are they separate? Various other things that they talked about had that form. They want to merge the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. The Securities and Exchange Commission is the principal government regulator for securities. They make sure that everything is on the level and working right. They help prevent fraud, misrepresentation, manipulation of information in stocks and bonds. The CFTC is the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and it regulates our futures markets. There has been, over the years, a lot of turf battles between the SEC and the CFTC because it's sometimes unclear whether something is a security or a futures. For example, when they started trading stock index futures, both these agencies thought it was in their turf because it involved both stock indexes and futures. Anyway, Paulson is proposing merging these. That makes sense and it seems like getting rid of some of this division of regulatory agencies is very beneficial. The division is what hampered regulators from dealing with the financial subprime crisis. People knew that a lot of bad loans were being made or loans were being made to people who shouldn't be getting them. Low-income people were being given adjustable rate mortgages with very low starter rates, called "teaser rates," that would be raised in the future. They were given them with--in such a way that after the rates were raised, they likely couldn't afford to pay the mortgage anymore or they'd be under great stress in trying to do so. So, a family that bought a house--a low-income family buys a house they can barely afford it, then the rates go up on them. The parents would have to take out second jobs to try to--they're just going to go bankrupt when that happens. It was, in some cases, unethical and it was plainly a problem and yet the regulatory agencies in the U.S. weren't stopping it. Another reason why the regulatory agencies weren't stopping these problems was because they often saw their mission in different terms. When I gave a talk at the OCC in 2005, I was asking them about, why aren't you policing these mortgages? Their first answer was, well you have to remember we were set up in Abe Lincoln's day to manage the national banks--that's our mission. I may be overstating their answer, but I got that flavor from them. You want us to go out and protect consumers, well of course that's a nice mission, but that's not our mandate. I think that what Paulson and Nason want to do is to create a separate business conduct agency that is aimed at consumer protection. So, it would be working parallel with these other agencies to--but their job would be to represent the consumer and that sounds like a good idea to me. The thing I stressed in my column was the market stability regulator, which is the Fed. What they want to do is expand the actions of the Fed, so that they're not--you can describe the Federal Reserve or any central bank, traditionally, as a banker's bank. Remember, I told you the story of how the first--the Bank of England was the first central bank and it made banks keep deposits at the Bank of England. In other words, the banks were like customers of the Bank of England; they had to keep deposits there and the Bank of England watched them to make sure that they were behaving responsibly and had authority over them because it had market power. Well, the Fed is like that now, but what Paulson and Nason wanted to do is make it more than a banker's bank. They want it to be a bank for the whole financial system. That's what's already happening. In fact, it's just happening rapidly as we speak. I mean, in this last month, things have changed. The Fed has never given loans to anyone other then a depository institution that is a bank until last month, except they did so in the Depression. There was this long gap in the 1930s; the Fed was making loans to private companies that were not banks and then they stopped doing that, until last month. They created the--I mentioned it last time, the Term Securities Lending Facility and the Primary Dealers Credit Facility, which are lending outside the banking system. What Paulson wants to do is make that official that the Fed is no longer just a central bank; it's a market stability regulator. This is going to be very controversial, but I think it's a good thing to raise. In my opinion, this is the trend anyway and I think we're going that way. The problem is that in a modern financial economy, we have so much instability, which is already built into the system, that we rely on something like a central bank to do things that help stabilize markets. I think that we're probably going that way anyway and I think that in the next presidential administration we'll see an expansion of the role of the Fed. I wish the Fed had behaved better in the recent crisis in the sense--they didn't seem to recognize the bubbles that we had in the stock market in the '90s and the housing in the 2000s. If they are our market stability regulator, you'd hope that they could do a better job. But, they're what we have and I think that we should probably give them the authority to do that job and I think that's what we need to do. I was generally positive about their Treasury proposal. Another thing that they want to do, which has been talked about for some time. Yes? Student: [Inaudible] Professor Robert Shiller: Yeah. He asked, why do the news media think that the crisis is already over? Secondly, why do they think we can prevent--that's paraphrasing. I don't know if the news media are concluding anything, but you do see--we have seen---over recent years, we've seen a lot of suggestions that the turning point is just around the corner and the news media report that. I think there's a bias towards optimism among business economists or among business people in general. It's not considered good form to say, I think we're about to have a crisis of confidence and the whole house of cards is going to collapse. It's also not--it's generally not in a business person's interest to suggest that, so we're all instinctively trying to promote each other's confidence and that's what business people do. They carry it a little further than that. I was asked to be on Kudlow and Cramer--Kudlow and Company show--I guess it was two nights ago. I turned them down, but they wanted to put me on opposite the CEO of Coldwell Banker, who is claiming that the crisis is just about to end. I did a little research, thinking I still might go on the show. I looked up CEO of Coldwell Banker, but I found that there was another CEO--this is a real estate broker's firm. There was another CEO a year ago who was on TV--just exactly a year ago--saying, I think this is the best time ever--the best time in at least ten years to buy a house. He said, the inventory is high; the market is bottoming out and so on. He was spectacularly wrong, but I notice he's also no longer CEO; so, these things happen. There is a general bias. On the other hand, I have to respect these people that usually financial crises end okay. There are repeated scares and usually it's all right. We had a big scare in 1998; it started with the Asian financial crisis and then it spread to Russia and there was this terrible collapse in Russia in 1998, when the government couldn't pay its debts. Then that spread to the U.S. and people were very fearful, but the Fed, under Alan Greenspan, was very quick to respond and the whole thing didn't turn out to be anything so bad. The Fed again did like what it's doing now; it rescued this company called Long Term Capital Management. Your question about whether we can prevent this kind of thing in the future is a deep question and I think that the problem is that our financial markets are inherently somewhat unstable. When we start thinking up really important new ways of doing financial business they start to grow and they get huge. They get bigger and bigger before you know it and it's just amazing how things can suddenly grow and then nobody understands them; so there's a vulnerability. I was just--got the latest number--do you know how much credit default swaps there are outstanding? According to the Bank for International Settlements, there are now fifty-two trillion dollars worth of credit default swaps outstanding; fifty-two trillion dollars with the GDP of the United States is fourteen trillion. How can there be fifty-two trillion dollars of--these things only came in in the last ten years or so. I called an economist at the BlS and said, can you please explain it to me? Where is this fifty-two trillion coming from? I got a note from him and I'm still trying to figure it all out. That's what happens; the system performs very well and then it becomes vulnerable. Nobody understands all of it, so that's the problem. The other side of it, though, is there was a recent study that looked at financial crises and compared countries that have had financial crises with countries that haven't. The conclusion was that countries that have experienced financial crises are generally more successful, on average, over the long haul, than countries that haven't. In that sense, a financial crisis is a sign just that you're moving with the times and you're making a lot of money. Then things suddenly blow up on you, but you'll recover and you'll figure something out and then you'll move from there. I don't know that Paulson's proposal--I kind of like them, but I think that they're not enough; that's why I'm writing a book about this. I think there's a lot more to be done. Even if you did everything that I would do, we would still have a vulnerability to financial crises. Part of the reason why I'm endorsing this market stability regulator is that I think that there's no way that we can just guarantee--there's no way we can set up a system that is both very effective in allocating resources and that is also very stable. Just like when we went to the moon--when we sent people up into space--one of those space shuttles blew up. Well, that's what happens, but most of them made it all right. So, that's the way it is in finance as well. Anyway, I'm here to talk today about investment banking, which of course is relevant to--this is all part of this general thing. Let me--I said earlier that investment banking seems to be a great interest of students at Yale; that's because they get some really great jobs there. It's a--investment banking is a very important economic institution and it's fundamental--what they do is fundamental to what happens in our economy. So, as a result, people who work for them have a chance for a great economic success. I'm not saying you want a job at an investment bank because it's also demanding and difficult. I've talked to some of our students who have taken jobs at investment banks and sometimes I think they're probably too demanding. As a young person, you should be enjoying your youth and not getting dragged in to some huge investment bank. There are some terrible stories--young people who took--who left college five, ten years ago and they got a job at Bear Stearns and Bear Stearns demand--I'm just making this story up, but it must be something like this for somebody--demanded eighty-hour, hundred-hour week devotion to the job, but they kept paying in Bear Stearns stock. The student was making millions every year. Meanwhile, his youth was going away and now this imaginary student is now thirty-three years old, never had time to marry or start a normal life. Then, the whole thing blows up and all the Bear Stearns stock is worth just about nothing; so, that's the kind of mistake you don't want to make. I find the industry very interesting. You have to form some kind of balance in your life and not let anyone demand a hundred hours a week of your time. If they do, you should sell the stock they give as soon as you can and diversify. I also like investment banking because I created one. We have--my colleagues and I founded an investment bank called Macro Markets and I'm not actually running it, I'm co-found--it's named after a book I wrote called Marco Markets. We're not a very big, important bank yet, but it makes me interested in the whole field. We have only hired one Yale student so far, we're too tiny to--so we're not hiring, in case you wonder. It was a student in this class that we hired, but again, that's all history. Anyway, what is investment banking, which is the subject of this? Investment banking means the underwriting of securities. That is, arranging for the issuance by corporations of stocks and bonds. The term bank is misleading because we often use it. A depository institution is an institution that accepts deposits and makes loans or invests the money from the deposits. Do you know what I mean by a deposit? If you go to a savings bank, or a savings and loan, or a commercial bank and you say, I want to open up a checking account--that's a deposit; or, I want to open up a saving account--that's a deposit. The thing about a deposit is you deposit your money as an individual and there are millions of people that all deposit in a depository institution. Then, later on, whenever you want, you can take your money out. Meanwhile, they invest the deposits some way or another at a higher interest rate than they pay on the deposits and they make the difference and that's how they make a profit. I often use the word bank to refer--and so does everyone--to a depository institution. If you look at what the law says, they tend to use the word depository institution. An investment bank, if it's doing a pure investment banking business is not a depository institution. If you go into an investment bank and say, I want to open up a deposit, they'll say, you should go next door to the credit union or something--we don't do that. So, the word bank is somewhat misleading. On the other hand, historically, most institutions do both. If you go around the world, most banks--most depository institutions--are also involved in investment banking. Let me just write over here--investment banking does underwriting of securities. What does that mean? That means they arrange for the issuance by other institutions of securities. For example, if Ford Motor Company wants to issue corporate bonds or they want to issue new shares, they would go to an investment bank and the investment bank would say, okay we can underwrite for you, but we'll do it for you. A pure investment bank is not a depository institution and it's also--a pure investment bank is not a broker-dealer either. They're not trading in securities, although they would deal in securities as a part of the underwriting process. But, they're not--you wouldn't go to a pure investment bank either and say, I want to buy a hundred shares of Ford Motor Company, where is your stockbroker? They wouldn't be dealing with that. They wouldn't--they deal--their customers are companies and they wouldn't do that either. But in many cases firms do a mixture of different activities, one of which is investment banking. There's a peculiar story that refers particularly to America--the United States--and that is the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933. Again, you see, everything happened in the '30s. The stock market crash in 1929 caused tremendous chaos in the financial markets. Carter Glass was a Senator from Virginia and he and, I think it's Henry, Steagall put together a bill which passed Congress and was signed by President Roosevelt that said that we want to make a law saying that investment banks cannot be combined with commercial banks or insurance. Investment banking had to be a separate firm. This is what they said in 1933. You could not be both a depository institution and an investment bank. So, they said, after this Act every bank has to choose one or the other. Do you want to be an investment bank or a commercial bank? For example, then JP Morgan in the United States was founded by a man named James Pierpont Morgan and it was one of the biggest banks in the U.S. In 1933, it was told, you got to make a choice; are you an investment bank or a commercial bank? JP Morgan made a choice and said, well we'll go to be a commercial bank, so they stopped their investment banking business in 1933. They've since gotten back into it, but that's--but for a long time they became a commercial bank. What happened? They had a lot of people at JP Morgan who were doing investment banking and they were upset because JP Morgan was shutting them down. There was a Mr. Stanley--I forget his first name now--who was--I mention him because he was a Yale graduate. He got the guys together from JP Morgan who did investment banking and JP Morgan was dead already, but his son, the young Morgan, and he created Morgan Stanley. I have the suspicion that Mr. Stanley put the son of JP Morgan on just for the prestige of the name--it sounds a lot better, Morgan Stanley. This became an investment bank and now JP Morgan and Morgan Stanley, over seventy-five years later, are competitors. That is the important history of Glass-Steagall. The problem is that, as the years went on, in the U.S. we had a division between investment banking and commercial banking, but in Europe and other places in the world, banks were under no such restriction. So, there was a lot of complaints that our laws in the U.S. were handicapping the U.S. banks. Finally, Glass-Steagall was repealed and it didn't happen until 1999; so we have the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, which repealed Glass-Steagall. That led then to a whole wave of mergers of investment banks. JP Morgan and Morgan Stanley could presumably have merged but they didn't; they've become too much of competitors and they just developed their own--they just internally adopted more broad definition of their business. There are lots of mergers that we can talk about that came either--sometimes they occurred just before 1999. For example, Travelers--The new Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act also allowed insurance companies to merge with commercial banks. So, Traveler's Insurance and Citigroup merged in 1998. I know that's before the bill, but that was as the bill was just about to happen. Then JP Morgan and Chase merged in 2000; and then UBS and Paine Webber merged in 2000; and Credit Suisse, a Swiss bank, and Donaldson, Lufkin, & Jenrette--Donaldson was the Dean of our business school here at SOM--that merger occurred in 2000. Those are some examples. So, now we're seeing a movement back toward--so that a bank has an investment banking business within it, but it's not just an investment bank. It's sometimes hard to define what something is. There's been a lot of news just in the last year or even more recently, like yesterday or this morning's paper about investment banks because under the current financial crisis they are buckling; a lot of them are in trouble and that's why it's big news. I'll give you some examples. I mentioned Bear Stearns; Bear Stearns was founded in 1923 by Joseph Bear and Robert Stearns. I tried to find something out about them and they don't seem to be very well-known. They're not on the Web--there's no Bear Stearns--there's no Joseph Bear admirer club on the Web, but whatever they set up was really big for a while. From 1923 to 2008, when it went bust--so it lasted eighty-five years--so, it has investment banking business, but it also has private equity business and private banking. It started to get in trouble during the current--in fact, it was maybe the first U.S. investment bank to get in trouble in the current financial crisis because it was in June 2007--they had some of their funds collapse. They had funds that were investing in subprime mortgages and this is a sign there's something wrong. The names of these funds were the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Fund. Notice they say "high-grade." You know what high-grade is supposed to mean in finance? That it's not going to fail on you. They had another one called the Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Enhanced Leveraged Fund. Now, that sounds a little bit like a contradiction. You should, as a consumer of financial products, wonder when they put both high-grade and leveraged in the same name. High-grade is supposed to mean safe, but leveraged sounds like the opposite, doesn't it? If you--leverage means that they borrowed a lot of money to buy risky subprime securities. So, if they borrowed 80% of the money, the securities only have to lose 20% of the value for you to be wiped out; so that shouldn't be high-grade if it's so leveraged. Anyway, these two funds were wiped out and Bear Stearns had to give--deal out $3.2 billion dollars; that was last summer, but the news kept getting worse and worse. Apparently, Bear had invested a lot in its securities that were unstable and so it finally became where rumors started developing that Bear was--it was really rumors that killed Bear. The rumors started going that Bear is in trouble, so you're going to be--they're going to be in bankrupt before long. This is exactly the market stability problem that Paulson is talking about. Once the rumors get started, everybody is saying, don't do anything with Bear; don't lend them any money; just stay away from them. Even young people who are getting jobs--and they were right to think this--don't even take a job with them because you're going to be on the street again shortly. It's that kind of rumor that killed Bear Stearns. They couldn't pay their bills and they were finding it difficult to sell their assets to come up with money, so the Fed decided to bail them out. This was a huge Fed bailout. Well, they didn't want--the Fed didn't want to bail out the stockholders; they didn't want to just give money to people who had invested because firms are supposed to be allowed to fail. So, what the Fed did is it gave a line of credit to JP Morgan--a non-recourse line of credit--to buy Bear Stearns. What it amounted to was that the Fed would take troubled securities that Bear Stearns couldn't sell. It would take that as collateral for a twenty-nine billion dollar loan to JP Morgan under the condition that JP Morgan would buy Bear Stearns. It was supposed to be at two dollars a share, so that left the total value of Bear Stearns at a little over two hundred million, which is pretty tiny compared to what they were worth, which was in the tens of billions a short while ago. The Fed didn't want a disorderly collapse. So, it was a twenty-nine billion dollar loan to JP Morgan; this is highly controversial these days because the Fed isn't normally doing this sort of thing. Why would it be lending money to JP Morgan to buy another company? You say, how is that benefiting the average person in this country? It does benefit them because if they didn't do this, Bear Stearns would have dumped its assets on the market. It would go down in flames; lots of its debts would become--lots of people who had accounts with Bear Stearns would find that their accounts were destroyed. Then what would it do? It might lead to contagion to other financial institutions. People would say, well it happened to Bear--who's next? There would be this huge pulling back. So, the Fed decided to bail them out and that's what they did. Now, it's not clear that it's over, if you read this morning's paper. Lehman Brothers is another investment bank that is rumored to be in trouble, so it's got to do something about these rumors because it can kill them--just the rumors. No one will want to do anything with them; it was in this morning's paper or yesterday's news that they have arranged to raise capital on the markets. It was not entirely clear--that means, they're getting people who are willing to invest give them money--invest in the company. It's a sign of confidence in Lehman Brothers that someone would do that at this critical time. Another story that came in yesterday--UBS, I mentioned before, was a Swiss bank but it's not Swiss; it's international now. It started out as the Union Bank of Switzerland--that's what it stands for--Union Bank of Switzerland--which was the result of a merger between two Swiss banks around 1900. Then it, as I mentioned, merged with Paine Webber and it's become an international corporation; so they just call themselves UBS. In this morning's newspaper, it said that UBS announced that it has lost--what was it? Does someone remember what the numbers were? Student: [Inaudible] Professor Robert Shiller: They've lost nineteen billion? That's a huge loss--nineteen billion dollars is a substantial part of their market cap, but they are also announcing that they are arranging to raise capital as well. The news that these firms, which are rumored to be in trouble, are managing to raise capital buoyed markets yesterday and we had a big upsurge in the stock market. It was, well, yesterday was the first day of the second quarter and the newspapers were reporting that it was the biggest upsurge on the market on the first day of a new quarter since 1938. I looked at that with some curiosity because 1938 was not such a great year after all, it was still in the Depression. I think the market didn't do great after that then, so this doesn't predict much one way or the other. Anyway, this is where we are now, it's an interesting situation. If you are thinking of taking a job at one of these companies, you might consider looking at their situation because some of these companies could follow the way of Bear Stearns at this point. We have the Fed aggressively lending and trying to prevent another thing, but you know the Fed is not in the business of making sure that your career is a success. They're in the business of preventing a systemic failure; so, while the Fed arranged for an orderly dissolution of Bear Stearns, it didn't do a whole lot of good to Bear employees who--we'll see what happens to all of them. I don't know the whole story, but it's a tumultuous world out there; it's not like you live in an academic environment where Yale University has been in business for over 300 years and it looks so stable here. Well, this is a very stable business; these other businesses are not so stable. Anyway, I wanted to talk about the underwriting process and what it's done. I think underwriting of securities is--it's analogous--the investment banking business is analogous to the business done by ordinary commercial banks in the sense that it deals with a moral hazard problem and an asymmetric information problem. We were talking about what banks do--commercial banks. Remember, I was telling the story that the big problem with lending to companies is that it's hard to tell whether they are deserving of the loan or not. So, a commercial banker is someone who lives in a business community, and keeps abreast of everything that's going on, and plays golf with all the local business people, and has a sense--hears the gossip--has a sense of who's responsible, who will pay back a loan, who's got a business that's really going, who's got a business that's sick and on the way out; that's what a bank does. Everyone else who wants to invest doesn't know this, but they put their money in the bank and then that's the idea. The moral hazard is the moral hazard that the company, which receives a loan from the bank, would take the money and run. The asymmetric information problem is that you, as an investor--if you were to make loans directly to a company, you would be suffering at a disadvantage because you know less than other people. You don't play golf with these people and so you would end up taking on the worst loans--loans that would fail. The same thing applies to underwriting because--but they do it in a different way. Instead of certifying--instead of creating deposits at a bank, they underwrite securities and they are not taking the money; they're just an intermediary between you the public and the issuer of the security, but it's much the same thing. It's the reputation of the bank that makes it possible for firms to issue securities. The underwriting process is very important to understand because it's a process that allows issuers of securities to take advantage of the reputation of the underwriters. The issuer of the security may not be so well-known or not so well-understood, so the--what happens is, the underwriter--what's a good analogy? I was going to say, it's like a dating service, but I guess dating services don't do this, right? They don't testify to the moral character; they should. Do they do that? Does anyone do that? They probably can't, right? That's an even bigger moral hazard problem. When you're looking for a spouse, you have a huge moral hazard problem and there's nobody there to help you as far as I know. At least in the business world we have professionals; they're matchmakers in a sense. They're trying to match up a company that's issuing securities to buyers of the securities and this is an important reason for a difference between investment banking and other aspects of finance. Investment bankers, compared particularly to traders, investment bankers like to cultivate an image of sober responsibility and good citizenship because they thrive on their reputation. So they--to be successful as an investment banker, you have to be so impressive and such high character that companies like Ford and GM will come to you to represent them in the sale of their securities. As a result, investment bankers tend to be well dressed; they tend to be patrician in their appearances and manner. In contrast, traders tend to have vulgar accents; they shout on the phone; they slam the phone down; they roll up their sleeves; they dribble food on their shirt. I may be putting them down too much. I, personally, think that we have a strength at Yale because of our patrician image in providing people to work for this field. Typically, investment bankers go to the symphony on Saturday night. But beyond that, if you open up the program at the symphony, you'll see their name under platinum sponsor on the program. That's the kind of people that go into investment banking and they do it because they have to manage this underwriting process well. What is the underwriting process? Well, what happens is a company that is thinking of issue--let's say you're any company, a big company--it doesn't matter. People don't trust big companies even if they've been around a hundred years. So, if Ford Motor Company--it's been around since when? Something like around 1900. But people sure don't trust it anymore because it's had a history of trouble. It's not a question just of morality or anything; it's a question of, are you willing to buy their securities. So, they would go to an investment banker and say, we need money; we'd like to raise it by, say, issuing shares in our company. Then they would probably contact a number of investment banks and try to make a deal. Now, there are two kinds of deals; there's a "bought deal" and a "best efforts." The difference is, some investment bankers will tell the company, we will--you want to issue these shares, fine; sell them to us; we'll take it; we'll give you a price. Of course, the investment bank doesn't want to hold these shares, but the investment bank knows the public well enough to know which shares it can sell. In a bought deal the investment bank is taking the risk that they might not be able to sell the shares at a decent price; they might lose on it. Also, there's a different kind of offering, which may be the best you could get; it's called a best efforts offering. Here, the investment banker will not buy the deal, but it will say that we will use our best efforts to place this and if you have a minimum price, we hope we can get above that; otherwise, the deal will fall through. The underwriting process is--takes the form of--it's actually very much regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. So, the process is formalized. In order to issue securities, you--we're talking about public securities here--you have to register them with the SEC. So, the SEC then becomes a partner or an adversary in your effort to issue these securities. The SEC, the Securities and Exchange Commission--all this might be changed next year, who knows, but this is the way it is right now. The law says, there's a pre-filing period; you have to file with the SEC to get your securities effective. The idea--say Ford Motor Company wants to issue new shares. They go to the investment bank, then the investment bank negotiates with the firm--with Ford--about what kind of securities it wants to issue and what price is reasonable. During this period, the SEC says there's no talk to the public about the shares. During this period, no talk publicly; the SEC wants to manage the process so that everything is done appropriately. At this point, during the pre-filing period, the investment bank forms a syndicate of other underwriters and they sign an agreement among underwriters. Usually, one investment bank is not big enough to handle a big issue and it wants to get help of other investment banks, so they form a syndicate of underwriters during the pre-filing period. There's a lead underwriter, which Ford Motor Company approached first, and the lead underwriter promised to take on the issue, but the lead underwriter doesn't want to do it itself. The reason it doesn't want to do it just itself is that in order to sell and issue to a broad public, you have to make use of a broad network of contacts with the public and no one investment bank has them all. So, they form a syndicate--a group of investment banks that are all participating in the issue of the security--and then they file and then there's what's called a "cooling off period," when the security is in registration. They file with the Securities and Exchange Commission a prospectus for this--a preliminary prospectus. This goes to the Securities and Exchange Commission for approval; it's not really approval of the issue, but it's registration of the issue. The preliminary prospectus is called the "red herring." The "red herring"--it's lost in history why they call it that; there's different theories about it. A herring, of course, is a type of fish and the best explanation that I can get for this name for the preliminary prospectus is that it was referring to an activity that hunters used to do with dogs. I don't know if I should tell you these stories, but I like to know why they call it a red herring. If you have hunting dogs, they're supposed to track down a fox by their sense of smell. So, one pace you can put your dogs through is to try to confuse them. They would take a red herring, which is a very smelly kind of fish, and they would drag it around over the trail of the fox; it's very difficult for dogs to still smell the fox over that smell. The word red herring became known as a euphemism for something trying to distract and confuse and so it was a joke. I think it was a joke on Wall Street that the prospectus is really just there to try to confuse you, so they called it the red herring. The preliminary prospectus is now often printed with red borders on it to indicate that it's the red herring and it's only preliminary. Finally, the Fed evaluates the prospectus and makes sure that it accords with all regulations. It puts it up on its website at the SEC while it's in registration. Again, during the "cooling off" period, firms are allowed to circulate the preliminary prospectus. Underwriters are allowed to circulate the preliminary prospectus with potential buyers, but they're not supposed to say anything besides what's in the preliminary prospectus. What they're concerned about--the SEC is concerned about people overselling securities and they might point out advantages of it and not the disadvantages. The idea of a pro--what's in a prospectus? A prospectus is a document that completely tells everything about a security. The whole idea of the SEC is that we're not letting anyone pull the wool over your eyes; that's why it really shouldn't be called a "red herring." It's not supposed to deceive you; it's supposed to pour out everything about the security. One thing that's in a prospectus--a preliminary or final prospectus--is the company thinks of everything bad that could ever happen. If you read prospectuses, they'll say awful things. If you read them carefully, they'll say this company could lose everything--we could be sued; we could be going to jail; we might have done all sorts--maybe I'm exaggerating, but the lawyers put everything imaginable that could go wrong with this investment in there. They do it--of course, it's in kind of fine print, but it's all in there so that it's disclosed. So later, if someone loses money in the investment and wants to sue them, then they'll say, well look it's in our prospectus. The reason that the SEC doesn't want them to talk about securities at this point, except to give the prospectus, is so that they can't conceal and hide these things. This is the SEC process; the process says that the underwriters have to give out the prospectus and that's all they can do; they can't have a separate brochure. They can't--your broker can't say, well we're thinking of issuing a security; we've got this prospectus, but I'm going to send you a brochure instead--that's easier. The SEC says, no way, because that brochure will be a sales job and it won't have all of this in there. Anyway, then eventually the SEC approves it and when it's approved then it's effective and then the underwriters can start selling the security. At that point, they actually say it's a best-efforts offering; then they go around and they try to--they get buyers of the security lined up. Now, you have to understand that there's a problem issuing a new security. Securities that are already out there and trading--everybody knows about them. There's a market for them, but if you're issuing a new security, especially if it's a company that is issuing shares for the first time--an IPO is an initial public offering. An IPO is the first time that a company issues shares, so the company is not known to the public and it's very hard to get IPOs started because the company is just not known. It's very important that the underwriters are able to get attention and get the market going for the IPO. During the "cooling off" period, firms also are allowed to place, according to the SEC, something called a tombstone; that is an ad in the newspaper, which will announce the security. It's a very dignified ad because it has to meet with the approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission, but a tombstone will say, Ford Motor Company--one million shares offered. Then it will list all of the underwriting syndicate, so it will be a list of all the investment banks that participated in the issue. That's the basic process that underwriters go through to issue securities. Now, part of the thing is--I just want to close with--basically, I think that investment banks are very similar to impresarios in what they do. What I mean by an impresario is someone who manages a singer or a musician in concerts, but it's a little different. An underwriter is managing the career of a security, just like somebody else would be managing the career of a singer; they're very concerned about their reputation and they're very concerned about getting sold out performances all the time. Now, one thing about IPOs is that they are very hard--to get a new security for a new company going--because nobody knows this company. The price movements of an IPO tend to be very volatile and it's because of the difficulty in getting IPOs going; underwriters have peculiar practices in issuing them. It tends to go like this: underwriters tend--and there's been a lot of documentation of this--to under price IPOs. That is, they sell them for less then they could get and that means that IPOs tend to be oversubscribed. This sounds strange--why would it work this way? You can try this; call your broker, if you have a broker--does anyone here have a broker? Maybe somebody does. Think about this anyway--you could call a broker and inquire and say, hey I hear about IPOs; I'd like to get in on some. What do you think the broker will say? Well, the broker will say, okay let me see what I can do for you. And he doesn't call you back. You wonder, well why does this person not want my business? Well, the reason is that you haven't been a good guy; you haven't been giving the broker other business. And you hear stories about IPO's that did spectacularly well--it jumped 30% on the first day and you say, hey I want that. But it becomes sort of a game that they're playing. It's a little bit like trying to get tickets to some rare concert. I mean, people will sometimes--or there's someone coming to Toad's whose--I don't go there, but if you know about someone who is very famous coming to Toad's and you have trouble getting tickets. Is that right? Has anything like this happened here? It happened somewhere anyway and so you might end up standing in line for hours for the first time when the ticket office opens. Then it sets up rumors going that, wow, this is a difficult concert to get into. People start trading the tickets afterwards or someone's out there asking more money than it says on the ticket. Well, you have to understand that that whole event was staged by an impresario. So, there's someone who's responsible for the reputation of this performer. This guy says there's no way that our performer is going to go in and perform to a half empty house; we've got to pack them in; we want people lining up on the streets because it gives a sense of excitement that this person is a star. You know this, right? These stars are managed and they're not just spectacularly good singers; the impresario is critically important in maintaining the career of a singer and the impresario is very concerned about appearances. So, you don't want to charge a really high price to get into Toad's because, then it would only be wealthy people from the suburbs who would be coming and it would destroy the whole atmosphere of the place. So, you've got to charge reasonably low-priced tickets and then a lot of people will come flocking to you and then that would create the excitement. The underwriters do the same thing with IPOs, so they underprice them typically and it creates this huge excitement about, can I get in on this IPO? That excitement generates more business and it also generates a reputation for the underwriter. People see the tombstone and they know that this IPO did extremely well; it jumped a high amount in the first day and people think this underwriter is really something. I want to get in on other offerings of that underwriter. So, the reputation of the underwriter grows; it's really a reputation business and these people know something about investor psychology and you might consider it some kind of market manipulation. It's all perfectly legal because the SEC allows this kind of thing but--anyway, coming back to--the problem that we're having now is that I'm emphasizing that investment bankers need a reputation. Their whole business is a reputation business. When something happens to Bear Stearns, it's critical for the whole industry. Now, when it's happening repeatedly to various other banks, it becomes a critical turning point. The stock market went up a lot yesterday because of the encouraging news that some of these investment banks were able to raise more capital and it's an ongoing saga, but it's all a saga that's played out in terms of investment. So, I find it difficult to predict what's going to happen next. It's very hard to know. Right now--as of yesterday, we had some encouraging news but this is something that we'll just have to keep watching. I think this will play out over years. This thing is not going to be over tomorrow, so we'll have more interesting things to talk about later this semester and there will be things to watch--to follow up on over the years. Okay, so we're going to talk next period about investment management. Now, if we thought Detroit was a better model, we'll have to shoot for 3.27% per year. Remember the historic figure on the preceding slide, 6% per year? If that could continue for one lifetime, Boulder would be larger than Los Angeles. Now this isn't Boulder plus Roomfield, Louisville, Lafayette and other towns in the county. It's just Boulder. Well, it's obvious you couldn't put the population of Los Angles in the Boulder valley. Therefore it's obvious, Boulder's population growth is going to stop. Now the only question is, will we be able to stop it while there is still some open space, or will we wait until it's wall-to-wall people and we're all choking to death? Now it's interesting to read what the boosters say. Some years ago we read, "the doubling in population in 10 years, Boulder... is indeed a stable a " What in the whole world are they talking about. You're gonna 100 miles an hour, 7% growth per year, doubling in less then 10 years. Someone makes the idiotic statement that we're stable. We're standing still, we're not moving. They don't even understand the meaning of the words that they put down on paper. Now, every once in a while somebody says to me, "But you know, a bigger city might be a better city," and I have to say, "Wait a minute, we've done that experiment!" We don't need to wonder what will be the effect of growth on Boulder because Boulder tomorrow can be seen in Los Angeles today. And for the price of an airplane ticket, we can step 70 years into the future and see exactly what it's like. What is it like? There's an interesting headline from Los Angeles. ("...carcinogens in air...") Maybe that has something to do with this headline from Los Angeles. ("Smog kills 1,600 annually...") So how are we doing in Colorado? Well, we're the growth capital of the USA and proud of it. The Rocky Mountain News tells us to expect another million people in the Front Range in the next 20 years, But in The Post there was an interesting story. Someone has called it "Colorado has a 3% growth rate. That's like a third world country with no birth control!" We send foreign aid, family planning assitants to countries that have smaller population growth rates then Colorado has. Well, as you can imagine, growth control is very controversial, and I treasure the letter from which these quotations are taken. Now, this letter was written to me by a leading citizen of our community. He's a leading proponent of "controlled growth." "Controlled growth" just means "growth." This man writes, "I take no exception to your arguments regarding exponential growth." "I don't believe the exponential argument is valid at the local level." So you see, arithmetic doesn't hold in Boulder. (audience laughs) I have to admit, that man has a degree from the University of Colorado. It's not a degree in mathematics, in science, or in engineering. Let's look now at what happens when we have this kind of steady growth in a finite environment. Bacteria grow by doubling. One bacterium divides to become two, the two divide to become 4, the 4 become 8, 16 and so on. Suppose we had bacteria that doubled in number this way every minute. Suppose we put one of these bacteria into an empty bottle at 11:00 in the morning, and then observe that the bottle is full at 12:00 noon. There's our case of just ordinary steady growth: it has a doubling time of one minute, it's in the finite environment of one bottle. I want to ask you three questions. Number one: at what time was the bottle half full? Well, would you believe 11:59, one minute before 12:00? Because they double in number every minute. And the second question: if you were an average bacterium in that bottle, at what time would you first realise you were running of space? Now, think about this. This kind of steady growth is the centerpiece of the national economy and of the entire global economy. Think about it. Well, let's just look at the last minutes in the bottle. At 12:00 noon, it's full; one minute before, it's half full; 2 minutes before, it's a quarter full; then an 1/8th; then a 1/16th. Let me ask you, at 5 minutes before 12:00, when the bottle is only 3% full and is 97% open space just yearning for development, how many of you would realise there's was problem? Now, in the ongoing controversy over growth in Boulder, someone wrote to the newspaper some years ago and said, "Look, there isn't any problem with population growth in Boulder, because," the writer said, "we have fifteen times as much open space as we've already used." So let me ask you, what time was it in Boulder when the open space was fifteen times the amount of space we'd already used? The answer is, it was four minutes before 12:00 in Boulder Valley. Well, suppose that at 2 minutes before 12:00, some of the bacteria realise they're running out of space, so they launch a great search for new bottles. They search offshore on the outer continental shelf and in the overthrust belt and in the Arctic, and they find three new bottles. Now that's a colossal discovery, that's three times the total amount of resource they ever knew about before. They now have four bottles, before their discovery, there was only one. Now surely this will give them a sustainable society, won't it? You know what the third question is: how long can the growth continue as a result of this magnificent discovery? Well, look at the score: at 12:00 noon, one bottle is filled, there are three to go; 12:01, two bottles are filled, there are two to go; and at 12:02, all four are filled and that's the end of the line. Now, you don't need any more arithmetic than this to evaluate the absolutely contradictory statements that we've all heard and read from experts who tell us in one breath we can go on increasing our rates of consumption of fossil fuels, in the next breath they say "Don't worry, we will always be able to make the discoveries of new resources that we need to meet the requirements of that growth." Well, a few years ago in Washington, our energy secretary observed that in the energy crisis, "we have a classic case of exponential growth against a finite source." So let's look now at some of these finite sources. From the work of the late Dr. M. King Hubbert we have here a semi-logarithmic plot of world oil production. The lines have been approximately straight for about 100 years, clear up here to 1970, average growth rate very close to 7% per year. So it's logical to ask, well, how much longer could that 7% growth continue? That's answered by the numbers in this table (shows slide). The numbers in the top line tell us that in the year 1973, world oil production was 20 billion barrels; the total production in all of history, 300 billion; the remaining reserves, 1700 billion. Now, those are data. The rest of this table is just calculated out assuming the historic 7% growth continued in the years following 1973 exactly as it had been for the proceeding 100 years. Now, in fact the growth stopped; not because of the arithmetic, it stopped because OPEC raised their oil prices. So we're asking here, what if? Suppose the growth had continued. Let's go back to 1981. By 1981 on the 7% curve, the total usage in all of history would add up to 500 billion barrels; the remaining reserves, 1500 billion. At that point, the remaining reserves are three times the total of everything we'd used in all of history. That's an enormous reserve, but what time is it when the remaining reserve is three times the total of all you've used in all of history? And the answer is: two minutes before 12. Well, we know that for 7% growth the doubling time is 10 years. We go from 1981 to 1991. By 1991 on the 7% curve, the total usage in all of history would add up to 1000 billion barrels; there would be 1000 billion left. At that point, the remaining oil would be equal in quantity to all that we have used in the entire history of the oil industry on this earth, 130 years of oil consumption. By most measures you'd say, "That's an enormous remaining reserve." But what time is it when the remaining reserve is equal to all you've used in all of history? That was pretty close. Now we're here at Bosön, waiting for our physical test. It's gonna be tough, we'll check our explosive strength with vertical jumps with our body weight. It will be measured and we'll see how that goes. What the fuck? I just can't even trust my own team. Besides the explosive test, we're also gonna check our heart rate and lactic acid. We shall measure everything and look at the results. We're at wrong place and gotta go to another entrance. Check there. This is Juan, our physical tester. The pulse should be at 70 beats per minute, but I find it hard to get control of it now while cycling. We have to be at 70 beats all the time. He has good taste in clothes that use the marine theme with blue, white and silver. I can feel the tense on the sides. Put your arms up! Now when we jump, we must not bounce once, but must continue jumping so that you can measure strength just at that moment you push off your foot off the floor. You can see the measurements in the computer, interesting. How much was it? Darn, he hit me with two cm. The tongue right in the mouth when you jump! He beat you too! It's because I jumped first and then they could steal my technique! How much was it? 1,83 meter. Was it same result as last? One cm longer, so that means 1,84 meters. Erik, if you beat me I'll give you a beer. I'm so short. You can beat me by jumping longer. How tall is Stefan Holm? How can you compare me with Holm? I'm prettier than Holm! I have breast muscles and Holm doesn't. That was good. I got 1,85 meters. I won a beer! Next week I'll pay your beer in the U.S. Then I win a beer for every time I beat Tomas. That was 1,96 meters and a beer! No there's only one beer for each leg. You cant win two beers with using the same leg every time. Two beers! Now I'll win the third beer! My right leg is a big weak. Unfortunately no third beer. 2,36 meters and I beat Tomas again. Three beers! Now we are competing on a bottle of whiskey. No, I'm just joking. I fell. Why you fall all the time? Disqualified. You start to get tired now and it will be difficult to jump. Now it's only a week left until the Tough Mudder event in California. Time flies and my physics feels okay. I could have trained more, but my strength has improved and I feel stronger. You do not have time to train so much in three weeks but I am happy with the training dose so far. One thing that I think could become a big problem is the hot heat over there in the U.S. They have at least 30 degrees while it's 15-20 here in Dalarna. I think we all will have a heat shock, and it will be tough to run the race. 8 km/h at an easy pace. I hope Thomas falls for then it will be good TV. You can pull my hair when we play floorball game tonight. I ran just 12 km/h and my pulse is 160 beats per minute. Now I'll run 14 km/h. Yes, now I'm pretty tired. Running outside or chasing a ball makes me effective. But to run like this feels silly. This was pretty fun. In the beginning at 10 km/h, it was cool but then when I ran 12, 14 and 16 km/h so it was really hard. I focused on the "never give up"-shorts as I saw through the mirror in front of me. Then I managed to complete the test and the pulse was then at 188 beats per minute. Now Erik and Daniel run 10 km/h. Daniel has 134 of the pulse, while Erik has 150. Are you okay? Yes I feel good. I knew of course that it was hard effort and I sweat profusely, but I don't give up. But they cut off my test anyway. They find that my values ​​are too high and that's because my condition is too poor. But from a mental aspect, I'll give never up. Yes, that's so Erik. That's why I'm annoyed that they stopped the test but I must blame myself who have poor condition. I may pull Erik when he can not run more and he will instead take me up all the obstacles. It becomes a mutual cooperation when Tomas already doing it all himself. Here are our individual results. My heart rate seems okay but my lactic acid levels are too high and the body has to work hard. It's a lot of will. I have the best results of all of us! Good! But you know that you will have to climb over obstacles also? And immediately Tomas became completely destroyed, I don't understand why. Subtitle by: http://www.JhimGrafix.net.ph What's going on, Hop? You back again. Oh sick. Find a good one. Ten Tigers of Kwang Tung. This is gold. Oh.. Bride with White Hair. Chinese, no subtitles? Hop, do you have any early Shaw Brothers? There's a guy who does leopard style, I don't want... Leopard style, dragon style. Fight to the air, fight on water. Crouching Tiger, Sprinting Monkey. I know you. I'm not a white boy who knows no kung fu. Kick their asses. Get the girls. Only storage back here. Where did you get this? It was here when my grandfather open the store hundred years ago. He waited for a man to come and pick it up. Return to rightful owner. Man never came. My father took over the shop, waited too, long time. Now me. That's a Northern Temple style Bold Staff. Same kind the 13 monks used to save the Tang Emperor. I have seen him before. That exact one. I had dreams about it. You know why? You watch too much Hong Kong movies. Come, come on. I will give you five awesome Bruce Lee movies. For a very 'sick' price. You are the man, Hop. Jason. Hey. What's up? Nothing much. Just, you know, cruising. You went down to Chinatown. What's up with that? Oh, Kung Fu. Are you serious? Not supposed to talk about it. Not under the Kung Fu code. Hey look. The new kid is making time with the hoods. J boy, you still riding this loser cruiser? You need to get a motor for this shit. What do we have here? Just some bootlegs. No big deal. Enter The Dragon. The Bride with White Hair. Yes, it's actually very good. Come on, let him go. He ain't a dog. He knows Kung Fu. What? You think you are Chinese? You hanging out with that Chink with a sitar. What's up with you? Let's see some moves. Come on, come on. Let's see some Kung Fu. Kung Fu master. Huh? Want some Tae Kwan Do? Hey Lupo. He is hanging out with that old Chink. Cash his checks. You have ties with the old man? Shut up and do it. It's late Lenny. He's probably gone home. He is not here. Let's just go. Who's there? Kung Fu boy. You're back for more good priced movies? I told you. Best deal in China town. Come on in. Want some tea? Flush those scum out. Yankees winning. Very bad. Who's with you? Friends? Where do you keep the cash? I said, where do you keep the cash? Come on old man! Stay here. Found the Jack's box. Jesus, Lupo. You shot him Take it. Must return to rightful owner. Run. You see that Yo? Did you see that? Beat him with that stick. Look, cool man. Just don't... Did you see that? Calm down, Lupo. Hey, chill man, come on. Put the gun down. Shut up! Maybe I pulled the trigger, but we are all in this together. But this little cockroach, he ain't one of us. Have some tea. It'll help you to recover. Excuse me, I don't know where I am. I don't know how I got here. I remember falling... Old lady found you lying in the river. We all thought you were dead. Let's go! Let's go! Running away? Help me! Please let her go! Quick, go and grab hold of that guy! Stop, stop! Drop what you are holding! Try to run and I'll kill you. Come here! What is that you are holding? Where are you from? This? You want this? Drop the staff if you want your life. Please Sirs, some money to this poor drunkard. Get lost! Where did you get that staff? I don't know what you're saying. Where did you find it? I can't understand you. That is because you are not listening. Behind you! I don't know where I am Or how I got here. And who are those guys who wanted to kill me. Whatever you did back there was sick. No, Drunken Fist. See Crook Kung Fu of the South. I am Lu Yang, travelling scholar. What land do you come from monk? I'm not a monk, I am Jason. Jason Tripitikas, from South Boston. Is this a dream? No, where you came from is the dream. Through the gate of 'No-Gate'. Is that like a worm-hole or something? No, it means you're either a Zen Master or you're carrying something very special. This? - Was in a pawn shop waiting for a man to pick it up, and ... return it to its rightful owner. What? It has long been fore-told, that a seeker will come. To return the staff and end the reign of the Jade Warlord. Return the staff to who? The Monkey King. Born of stone, on the mountain of fruit and flowers. With his weapon in hand. His 'Chi' became like fire. His stick fighting like magic. He defied the order of the land. But the Jade Army could not defeat him. Monkey King crushed every soldier sent to stop him. But with his magical staff, he was unbeatable. Word of his disobedience travelled within the Forbidden Kingdom. To the Five Elements Mountains, land of the Immortals. Once every 500 years, the Jade Emperor hosts the Peach Banquet. It is here that the Heavenly Ministers gather to celebrate the longevity and drink the elixir of immortality. Into the banquet, the Monkey King crashed un-invited. The Jade Emperor was enchanted by the Monkey King But the Jade Warlord was not amused. As Master of the Army, the Warlord demanded the Monkey King bow down to him. He's a bit unrefined, that's all. Give the naughty monkey a title and let him go. Satisfied all was well in Heaven and Earth. The Supreme Emperor left to begin his 500 years meditation. Leaving the Jade Warlord in charge by mandate of Heaven. The Warlord challenged the Monkey King to a duel. High above Five Elements Mountain. In the Warlord's Palace, the battle of Immortals was fought. To prove once and for all, whose skill was supreme. Most excellent stick fighting, Wukong. But without your weapon you are nothing but a lonely hermit. No more weapons, no more 'Chi' magic. Fist against fist. The Monkey King was too trusting and believed the Warlord's words. Laying down his magic weapon. Realizing he was been tricked, the Monkey King casted the staff out into the Middle Kingdom. Martial art is based on deception, my friend. Being immortal the Monkey King could not be killed. Only trapped in stone, where he waits for the seeker from the prophecy, to return to him his great weapon and finally free him. That's what I heard anyway, a long time ago. How long has he been in prison? Five hundred years, give or take a few decades. They say when the Monkey King is freed the Jade Emperor will return. How do I get home? You must return the staff to Five Elements Mountain. You must free the Monkey King. I can't free the Monkey King. I got to get home. Innkeeper, more wine. Don't you think you had one too many? Wine is my inspiration. In some parts, I'm known as a poet. Cheers! In other parts, I am known as the beggar. Old wife. Where did this come from? From them. Officers, look what they're using to pay. What is this? What do we do now? How good is your Kung Fu? He who speaks, does not know. He who knows, does not speak. Surely you are masterful. Where did you get that raben? It's a fake. You can find anything these days on the Silk Road. Out of the way, old fool. Hand it over. Hand over the raben or die. Go! Help! Protect yourself. What? Let's go. Thank you. Such a skilled child. Are you from Northern Mountains? She's Golden Sparrow from the south. She does not think the Drunkard Immortal needed his life saved. You're immortal? What did you run from child? Bounty hunters trying to stop her from reaching the Five Elements Mountain. I suggest you keep riding west. And only stop to water your horses. You are not coming? The journey to Five Elements Mountain, crosses barrens and desserts, unspeakable dangers. Worst of all, no wine. His elixir. Every Immortal has one. I am very sorry. Without wine I will perish. You must understand this. No. You must understand this. This is insane! Do you wish to get home? Yes. Then listen well. If you die here, you were be found dead in the world you left behind. Do you understand? My jug is getting low. I must say goodbye. Bye-bye. Lu... Wait! Let him go. You are the one to return staff, not him. How good is your Kung Fu? He's got no Kung Fu. None! Lu, wait! Teach me. Teach me to fight. Swing soft, cut harder, at the same time. He's terrible. I've been weed whacking for two days now. While you sit on the horse like the King of England. When are you going to teach me Kung Fu. You want to learn Kung Fu? Ya. I'll teach you Kung Fu. That's call strike. Tomorrow, teach you block. Let's go. Swing soft, cut hard. You think you'll teach me the no shadow kick? Oh, and the Buddha Palm Technique. There's a guy in Virtua Fighter 2 who does the Buddha Palm Technique. And he does the Iron Elbow. And he does the One Finger Death Touch. The cup's full. Stop! Stop, it's full. Exactly. How can you fill your cup, if already full? How can you learn Kung Fu, if already know so much? Know Shadow Kick, Buddha Palm. Empty your cup. Hopeless. It is hopeless. It is said that music is a bridge between earth and heaven. It's beautiful. It belong to our mother. My Lord How dare you... can't you see I am busy? The devine staff of legend... It was seen in the Middle Kingdom... Impossible. The villagers are beginning to whisper of prophecy... Mortals are always whispering of prophecy. It's their opium. what other offending news do you have for me? -that is all, My Lord. Summon the Witch... The one born of wolves. Where were we? Lu Yang. Lu Yang! Lu Yang! Lu Yang! Sparrow! Jason, what happened? He took it. The staff! The Jade Warlord has sent a bounty hunter. We are doomed. That's his horse. He must be inside. Why would he want to take refuge in a temple? That's what I intend to find out. Wait with the horses. Ahh...good to get off my feet. Long way. So, where are you from? Shandong province? You look like the Shandong province type. You come here often. The Staff doesn't belong to you. You have to give to me or somebody will get hurt. What kind of monk are you? Stealing from travellers. A silent one I see. Or deaf. I'm speaking to you monk. Praying Mantis very good. For catching bugs. But not Tiger! You try to steal the Staff for the Warlord. No, fool! I am on a mission to find the seeker of the Staff. You found him. He's not even Chinese. We are all the same inside, aren't we Monk? Heaven help us. What, you find it a sin? Yes, it is sinful not to share. Cheers! How look have you been searching for the Staff? As long as I can remember. An old man and a boy, They had tea here, Yes? A Soldier Monk rides with them Who else? I do not know who you speak of... Men are such liars. Sparrow... Sparrow... ...where do you nest? Jason, go dipper. Must taste bitter before sweet. Horse stance, grow roots. Very good. For taking a duck. Hey! Enough from you. He's my student. Not yours. Two tigers cannot live in the same mountain. Two masters cannot teach the same student. Horse Stance! If he is ready to learn the Kung Fu, he must develop the speed, accuracy and power. Hey! I know that. It's the way of the Intercepting Fist. Bruce Lee. I will punch. You'll block. Ready? Ahh! What did I teach you about the Snake? Now. You punch me. Look. See. Again. You punch him again. Snake! It's not right for Snake. Perhaps Eagle. Crane, Crane. Okay? I had enough! No more! No more of silent riddles and no more of tea cups. First you show respect to your teachers. So, what about the two tigers and one mountain? We can kill each other when it is over. Kung Fu. Hard work over time to accomplish skill. A painter can have Kung Fu. Or the butcher who cuts meat every day with such skill. His knife never touches bone. Learn the form, but seek from this. Hear the song list, learn it all, And forget it all Learn the way, define your own way. A musician can have Kung Fu. Or the poet who paints pictures with words. And mix emperors with his tubes is Kung Fu. But do not name it my friend, For it is like water. Nothing is softer than water. Yet it can overcome rock. It does not fight. Formless, nameless, the true master dwells within. Only you can free it. Behold, the tyranny of the Warlord. He must be stopped. He must be killed for his crimes and his head put on a post. But we must not feel hatred towards him or he wins. If he speaks compassion for this devil, he should go back to his temple and pray. Our mission is not one of peace. Go back to your mother and father. You are but a child. They are dead. And she is not a child. Not anymore. Her father was a government official who opposed the Warlord. To set an example, the Warlord dispatched his troop into night. Legion upon legion poured out of the Five Elements Mountain. Into the low lands of the Middle Kingdom. Screams of innocent people hung in the night air. When it was over, charred roofs were all that remained. That, and a lonely child hidden in a well by her mother. Ruthlessly murdered by an arrow, from the Warlord's bow. When she reaches the Warlord's palace, she will not offer him forgiveness. Monk, she will offer him this. A jade dart that can kill any mortal. Long has she practiced. Vengeance has a way of rebounding upon themselves. Master of Sensitivity. It is them. They're headed towards the desert. They are between me and the River of Sand. Isn't it just like King Monkey... ...summoning a boy to do a man's job? Damm! This Dessert is Hot! This is not a dessert. That is the dessert. I hope you know where you are going, crazy monk. A monk of the mission. And where does he lead us. Across the dessert to nowhere. We are not going to make it are we? And even if we do, we'll still have to face the Jade army. What if I can't handle it? What if I freeze? Don't forget to breath. If we don't find water soon, we will perish. Perhaps a Taoist immortal can make rain. If he truly is a Taoist immortal. You are an insult to the name of Buddha. Blasphemy. Look! I lead you to the Mountain. Over there! Can you see them? In the clouds. A two headed lion, right there. See. Yes, I see it. See that one right there coming up behind it like a wave. Looks like a green monster. Green monster? You mean dragon. No, I mean family park. They call the left field fence, the green monster. It's true. It does look like a dragon doesn't it? Have you any family, back in this land you come from? My mother. Father? Never knew him. Do you ever long for him? Wonder who he was? Maybe the only thing I've ever been good at is pretending that I don't. She's sorry. How romantic. Men will tell you what they want to here, Sparrow. But in the end they will leave you with nothing. You survived the river of sand. Impressive. And you boy, so far from home. I can ensure your safe return. Just bring the weapon forward. I don't think so. Why do you want the staff? When I deliver the lost weapon, the Jade Warlord shall grant me the elixir of immortality. An orphan girl, a lost traveller, an old drunkard, and a monk who has failed at the same task for half his life. Misfits following a misfit in hope of rescuing a misfit. Kill them. Lu, you okay? Just thirsty. Lu! That's okay. He's immortal, right? I mean he is, right? Wine. He needs his wine. There is nothing we can do. What are you saying? We have to do something. I'm afraid the wound is too deep. He will not survive it. He needs his wine. He is one of the eight immortals. Wine is his elixir. Please. We will send our walking monk. Don't have a running monk? When I was your age. I was a scholar warrior in training. My arrow was good, so too my Kung Fu. So I was chosen to take the several examinations. To pass would place me in a very short line of scholar immortals. I failed. You're not immortal? If one does not attach himself to people and desire, never shall his heart be broken. But then, does he ever truly live? I would rather die a mortal who has a care for someone. Than a man free from his own death. I don't want to lose you. Forget about me. There is only one Elixir of Immortality. It is the Emperor's mead of jade, cinnabar and salts of mercury. It is forever stored in the realm of the jade palace. High in the jade ferment. Rarely touched by mortals. To reach it, one must take North Road and cross the border of heaven and earth. Only to face the Jade Army. I'm sorry. There is no other way. Yes, there is. In two nights there should be no moon. We can take the south side of the fortress. Under cover of darkness. We have to go now. No! We go now, we all die. There is more at stake. An entire kingdom. You are our best hope. We will advance in two nights. When the moon has ceased. So be it! I should've met you long ago in a tea house. She was lost and frightened. Not the kind she would stand and fight with. You have made the most excellent judgment. The seeker from the prophecy, not quite what I'd expected. A man is dying back on Song Mountain. I need the Elixir. Why should I give it to you? Because I brought you the Staff. The life of your friend over the power to rule over the Kingdom? A most reasonable offer. This man, a good friend? And a good teacher. The man who honours his teacher, honours himself. However, there is a little bit problem with your request. You see, I promised the Elixir to someone else. She didn't bring you the Staff. I did. The boy has a point. My Lord, you made a promised. There is but one way to resolve such matters. A martial challenge to the death. With pleasure. The Elixir of Immortality The prize goes to the winner. Enough! The seeker from the prophecy. I find that quite amusing. Do you really think even for a minute, you stood a chance? I didn't think so. She will kill you witch. Not if I kill you first, orphan bitch. Cheers! Remember what I taught you. The Statue! Use the Staff. My turn. My Lord. Who are you? The youngest daughter of the family you murdered. Come drink with me. No Sparrow... Sparrow... Come on, come on. You're going to be okay. Jade Warlord? He's dead. I... I thank you. Is there anything you can do? Her Destiny was written by her own hand. I am sorry. Traveller. You have come far through the gate of No-Gate to fulfill the prophecy of the mortals. What do you desire, please? I just want to go home. Very well. It is said, master and student, walk their path side by side to share their destiny until the paths go separate ways. I will never forget you. I suggest that is what immortal truly means. You have freed me traveller. Now, go free yourself. So, what is it going to be? You're going to shut up? Listen, piss end, I'm not going to ask you again. Come on Maggie, get up, come on. You want some more? You want some more? Come on. You don't have to do this. Take it easy, Sir. You are going to be fine. Hop. How is he doing? Missed his heart. He will live. Of course, I'll live. I am immortal. Did you return the Staff to rightful owner? Yes, I did. You are the man. Is he going to be alright? Looks like it. I saw what happened. I worked across the street. You were very brave. See you. Ya. Absolutely. As the legend just told, that the Monkey King began his journey west, in search of truth. While the traveller return to his world, to walk the path of the warrior and find his own truth. As one tale ends, so another begins. Subtitle by: http://www.JhimGrafix.net.ph Hi everyone. Today I'm bringing you a video of Shadowfiend (SF). I downloaded the video from own3d.tv, so the resolution isn't as good as if I'd recorded it on my own computer. There's also a bit of background music, so sorry about that. Why did I pick this video? Recently my North American friends have told me that Dota 2 forums have been discussing whether Valve should implement a vote-based concede feature, so I picked a game like this one. Many players in North America may have come from LoL or HoN so they might be used to conceding after 15min or 20min if they don't think they can win. I think such a system has pros and cons. You can't definitively say it's good or bad. My opinion is a system where 5 votes are needed seems viable. However if only 4 votes or only a majority vote is necessary, then the system is bad. Why do I say that? Because we know the most exciting games are those where you lose a couple barracks then you make a comeback. Or you lose all barracks, so all you have left is the throne and you make a comeback. This kind of game is most exciting and feels exhilarating to play. If four players vote to concede, but the last player feels there's still something to play for and wants to continue. And in the end the game ends up as a concede, because your team gave up. I think this is quite bad, because you ruined another player's gaming experience. Because of the relevance to the topic we're all discussing, I made this video. I hope everyone will like it. I'll introduce all the heroes. The opposing team has Pugna, Veno, WR (Windrunner), Rhasta and Spectre. We have Wisp, Lina, SF, SD (Shadow Demon) and Riki. I queued for this match with my best friend amongst Westerners. Having mentioned him, I guess I should introduce him. His name is Steven. He's quite an interesting player from the West. Earlier this year before coL and N9 even existed in the world of Dota 2 and N9 was called aL, coL was called Fire, he played with me on Fire. Later on, he stopped playing and I felt a bit regretful. I always wondered why he stopped playing for Fire. I didn't ask him, because my English is very bad. I was afraid he would answer me and I still wouldn't understand what he said. I stopped playing, because I'm by myself in the US and I needed to work in order to support myself so I didn't have time to train with them all day. That's why I stopped playing. But I don't know why he stopped playing. We see Veno came to gank me. I didn't have any way of getting out, so I just tried to do as much damage as I could. Before I died, I bought my Bottle. If I didn't buy it in time, it would have been quite damaging. Speaking of the vote-based concede feature, it reminds me of when I first started playing Dota. Back then everyone was really overjoyed to be playing a game as fun as Dota. Once they entered a game they'd yell, "If our city doesn't fall, we won't leave." It really has the spirit of an athlete—not giving up until the end. If there's a concede system, will there be such a spirit anymore? It leads one to wonder. Speaking of happier times where we yelled slogans, my friends made up a slogan called "no Steven no Dota". It means if my friend Steven doesn't play Dota or isn't there, we won't play Dota either because without him, playing Dota is too boring. That's why we all say "no Steven no Dota." He's a Western player who really likes Korean girls. I don't know why that is. He really likes one Korean girl in particular, but I've forgotten her name. I'm very sorry. His Steam profile picture is forever of the same Korean girl. Really... Apparently all Western players like Korean girls. No wonder on my friend list, so many Western players have Korean girls as their profile pictures. I'll talking about irrelevant things now. Let's start watching the game again. I bottled an illusion rune at 4min. I'm using razes to collect souls. Because I got killed earlier, my souls are really few in number. I did a raze that hit both creep and hero. From the minimap, we can see Veno came to gank me middle again. My teammates are very good and pinged me. I use the illusion rune. Using the illusion rune is also to check the gank route to see whether he's about to gank me now or if he's going to wait a while so I send an illusion there as an early warning system to avoid getting ganked again. Speaking of runes, I'll mention how I'll play SF with different runes. Because this is a public game, if I get a double damage or illusion rune I will generally try to push the tower. If I get a haste or invisibility rune, I will generally try to gank. That is, I'll go gank a lane. Wisp and Lina have come to middle lane to gank. The opposing Shadow Shaman (SS) does a nice ulti to trap Lina. Our gank was quite a failure. Both gankers, Wisp and Lina were killed. The opponent's support was very swift. By the time two of our gankers arrived, four heroes showed up in support for them. Pugna teleported (TP'd) to middle. Veno and SS were already here and Spectre used her ulti. From the speed of support arriving I'm guessing they're a stack, because usually in public games you won't see support like that. Why is that? Firstly because I think in public games if you try to support and you don't have any disables it's not certain you'll be able to save your teammate. Not to mention get a counter-kill. If it's random public players, it's unlikely they'll be so quick to TP support. Going back to the rune discussion if the opposing team comes to push towers and my team are there defending, I'll join them too. If a teamfight breaks out, then with a double damage and illusion rune I'll go push towers. With a haste or invisibility rune, I'll go looking for kills. I'll say something about my SF skill build. At level 1, I'll get necromastery. Then I'll max my shadowraze before my necromastery. At level 9, I'll get my ulti. At level 10, it's flexible. That is, everyone's skill build might vary. Some players like putting a point into stats. Anyways, I always level aura before stats. I might consider leveling stats if all three lanes are doing poorly. That's the only case where I'll consider leveling stats to boost HP a bit. In normal circumstances, I'll level aura. Bottom lane got ganked again. SS got an invisibility rune. He hexed our Wisp and shackled him to finish him off. I'll talk about my SF item build this game. This game, I chose to get Bottle+Boots of Travel (BoTs)+Midas+Black King Bar (BKB)+Manta+Bfly+Satanic. Why did I go this route? Because the opponent's lineup is much better than ours. Our lineup is quite far from ideal. We don't have a tank. We don't have a reliable disable. By reliable disable, I mean a hero like Vengeful Spirit (VS) with a single-target stun. Our area of effect (AoE) spells are not plentiful either. Only Lina and I have AoE spells. Our disables are quite unreliable. That's why I picked BKB. Because with BKB, I can fulfill the role of a tank walking up with BKB activated, which is quite intimidating. I didn't choose Power Treads (PTs)+BKB+Manta+Bfly, because Riki is a public player and I don't know how well he plays. I'm afraid if his late-game ability isn't very good and we play through early-game defending towers to make room for him to farm yet he's unable to farm up his items, it will be very hard for us to play late-game. That's why I chose BoTs instead of PTs. Normally I still prefer Bottle+PTs+Blink Dagger on SF. If I choose the BoTs+Midas route, I will follow it up with Manta+Skadi+Mjollnir+Bfly—a pure attack speed physical damage per second (DPS) build. At 9min, the score is 5-2. We're behind by three kills. The opponent should be pushing our towers soon, because they have very strong pushing capabilities. They have Pugna, Veno and SS. These three heroes have very strong pushing abilities. Also there's Windrunner's (WR's) powershot. The four of them can fight with us and Spectre can ulti in. At 10min, I'm waiting for the rune. Pugna sees me waiting, so he retreats right away. Quite decisive. I pick up a double damage rune. I was planning to farm neutrals. My friend Steven pings me. I'm guessing he wants to ulti in and kill heroes. Oh, he wants to go top to kill. They should both die here. My two razes and a normal attack takes out Veno. WR immediately escapes Riki's cloud and windruns away. We didn't manage to kill WR. I even mentioned both of them were going to die, but we only end up getting one. We stopped chasing, because I felt even though we could've killed the WR judging from the Lina+Wisp gank earlier in the game, I felt the opponent's support arrives very quickly and chasing past their tower isn't the smartest decision. Their support will definitely arrive swiftly and we would all die there. Indeed the opposing SS wants to come kill me. Hex+ulti+fork lightning+shackle. Ah, I'm dead. Lina and Wisp arrive too, but the opponent simply has too many heroes there. It's fortunate our Lina managed to pick off WR. A 3-for-1 trade, very unprofitable. My friend very funnily typed out "ffs". The opponent is indeed planning to push top. All their heroes are gathered there. Then our Tier 1 tower will surely fall. Even though SS doesn't have ulti, our tower will certainly not fall slowly because they still have Veno and Pugna. My friend says there's 10s on his ulti. Then he says "fuck". I don't know why he said that. Oh, apparently he was planning to gank top, but discovered five heroes there. Our Riki is farming bottom too. He doesn't think top lane can be defended. If Riki isn't going, then there's no point in me going, so I didn't defend top tower. Oh, they're pushing our Tier 2 tower too. They're really not giving us a chance. Our SD says, "They haven't stopped pushing." I got a regeneration rune. I buy the BoTs recipe. I'm planning to sell the TP scroll on me at the moment. If this was a 5-man stack—me and four other players—I would leave the TP scroll at base so whoever wants it can use it. Because this is a public game, I'd rather sell it. It's worth 75 gold. I'd rather use it myself than give it to someone else. Riki and I push the lane bottom. It's also because the opposing team has dropped SS wards. We have no way to defend, so we can only trade. Just now Lina used LSA, but didn't hit anyone with it. Quiet regretful. Just now someone was using the courier, so my BoTs have only just arrived. It took a long time. Because we need to quickly push down the tower, I use razes to clear the creepwave. They activate the glyph. Wisp and Lina TP down here using Wisp's ulti to help us take the tower. Someone actually dares to TP! Can you believe it? This Spectre is too courageous. He's actually treating as illusions or something TP'ing like that. I have no HP, so I use my regeneration rune. The opposing SS already has Dagger! He blinks+hexes+fork lightnings. Then he shackles me. It's fortunate our Riki was around and they weren't aware. I fog him. I wanted to raze him and kill him, but with his position I couldn't hit him with the raze, so I canceled it. I fogged him, ulti'd and killed SS with a C-raze. Pugna tries to help, but it's not use—your big brother is already dead, so you're surely going to die too. Indeed. My luck is quite good—I steal the kill with one normal attack. The opposing WR has escaped. We couldn't do anything about that. My teammate actually used smoke. Could you believe that? I wasn't planning to TP either. I was planning to keep pushing and take off some HP from the Tier 2 tower. However our Riki left, so I could only TP top to continue farming, but my teammate's use of smoke I didn't understand. He didn't even say he was going to smoke. He used it after we TP'd. A waste of 100 gold. What a waste. And the cooldown for smoke is 10min! A very long time, brother. I'm on top lane at their Tier 1 tower. Spectre uses ulti. What kind of situation is this? Apparently a teamfight broke out in middle lane. Spectre kills our Lina. I complete my Midas. I use it on a creep and reach level 11. At 15min, the score is 9-7. We're still down two kills. Furthermore the opposing Spectre should be very rich. I'm guessing in normal circumstances, she'll complete it at 20min. At 15min, she has a score of 2-1-2 and gold from two towers. Bottom lane should also have been freefarm for her being babysat by Pugna vs. Lina+Wisp. She should have had freefarm and be quite rich at the moment. Our Riki said something, but I don't understand it. That's the thing about having bad English— You don't understand what your teammates tell you. I think he said, "rune is top", but I didn't understand the rest of it. The opponent has paused the game. It's a good chance for me to take a sip of water. Wow, how fast. I didn't even finish taking a sip. Oh, this Western player is really well-mannered. He asked us "go?" and waited for us to respond before resuming the game. He even said, "thank you". Really well-mannered of him. He shows really good character. If every players' character was as good as his, I think the game environment would be very good. I continue to farm top lane wanting to push the tower. I already see someone TP'ing to defend the tower. It's SS! He blinks+ultis+fork lightnings me. It's fortunate he just clicked shackle instead of micro'ing his hero so he took the path around instead of shackling me next to his snake wards which would have been certain death for me. Because of his micro mistake, I was able to fog him, ulti and Z-raze him for the counter-kill. I didn't dare to farm his wards, because I was afraid of support arriving and killing me. That's why I TP'd away. Spectre uses her ulti again. I'm guessing another small teamfight broke out. Indeed, it's been a 2-for-2 trade so far. Lina and Wisp on our side for WR and Veno. Our Riki also died, so this teamfight was unprofitable for us. The opposing Spectre didn't die, but our Riki died. The opposing Spectre even got a double kill out of it. It can be said this teamfight cost us. Our main carry Riki died. Even though I'm also a carry hero, I can't do anything before I get my BKB and don't dare to defend any towers. I can only stand around and do nothing before I get my BKB. Pugna and Spectre kill our SD. Wisp ulti'd in with Lina to try to counter-gank them but discovered Lina went afk (away from keyboard). My friend says, "A good time to afk." Wisp says, "Lina afks, gg." Lina's back. She says, "fuck, why'd I die again?" Whose fault is it for afk'ing? They're pushing our middle tower. Our Riki dropped smoke and chase them away. The opposing heroes were scared of him. We save the tower for now. Because we know in the game of Dota, towers are very important. If the opposing team pushes our tower, every player on their team will get 200 gold and the player who gets the last-hit will get some bonus gold. If we deny the tower they'll only get 100 gold each, so towers in Dota are very important. I'm farming for my BKB right now. Riki says, "Is there someone who can TP to where he is?" I'm guessing he wants to gank. The opposing Spectre uses her ulti. I think I'm going to die. Indeed, the opposing Spectre and SS is nearby to do a combo with her. WR too, even though her arrival was a bit unnecessary, but in any case she supported the gank too. It means they really wanted me dead. It turned out as they desired and I did end up dying. Our Riki has PTs+Poor Man's Shield and is missing the recipe for Diffusal. His item speed is decent. The opposing team is pushing our high ground tower. They dropped a sentry on our high ground afraid of Riki smoking them. Riki asks, "What should we do about top lane?" No one responds. It's not that I don't want to answer you—it's that I don't know how I can say it in English. I respawn. This disruption was really nice saving our Wisp. All our damage was done on the Spectre. She's quite hard to bring down. Oh, she finally goes down. This teamfight we defended fairly well. The loss of tower was unavoidable, because we don't have a tank or AoE damage because I died. So the loss of tower was inevitable and at least we got their carry Spectre. That's why I think our defence was tolerable. I continue to farm. I have BKB in 300 gold. I saw Wisp TP'ing bottom. Did he TP by himself? That's why I TP'd bottom too. Wisp didn't link me. My friend Steven mentioned early in the game he wasn't very good at this hero. That's why he didn't link, move his hero and interrupt the TP, thus allowing Veno to TP home safely. Having gotten to the topic of him not knowing how to play Wisp very well, I might make a video of Wisp for him and you guys soon. If you guys want to see that, let me know and I can make one. Making a video for him, it's also in hopes to play more Dota with him. After all, our slogan is "no Steven no Dota". If he wants to see it, I can make a video for him. Our Lina got killed again by Spectre and another hero. I was busy talking about off-topic things, so I wasn't paying attention. Sorry about that. I complete BKB. Now we can defend towers. We can also push towers too. This smoke was a bit off. He had just smoked when SS walks out of it. My Midas cooldown was up, so I click another creep with it. At 22min, the opponent is up five kills. At first they were up one kill, then two kills and now five kills. Here we're trying to work together and bring down the Spectre. Wisp has linked me. He should break the link now. Ah, my friend indeed doesn't know how to play Wisp. He actually didn't break the link and brought me back to base as well. I TP in once again, but the chance is already gone and Spectre has fled. This gank was quite a big failure. We wasted three ultis—mine, Wisp's and Lina's—yet we were still unable to bring down the Spectre. Very, very regretful. The opposing team should soon be pushing our top lane again, but this time I have my BKB, so we're not afraid of you. Why do I say that? Because I think they're a stack and our Tier 3 tower is already gone. They definitely want to take our barracks top lane too and turn their creeps into megacreeps, so they'll get the advantage in that lane. Indeed SS has blinked in. WR is also there. You can tell from her powershot. They indeed want to push top. Because if it was me in their position having already taken the tower, I'd also want to take barracks in that lane too. Indeed they have four heroes at top lane. Spectre can ulti in. They want to push top. Their intent is quite clear. I notice an invisibility rune bottom, so I bottle it up. The opposing team is quite cautious placing a sentry before they even reach our base. Or maybe they have a Gem. SD says, "They have gem or sentries." I tell them sentries, because I saw it. The opposing team is quite cautious counterwarding our wards first. We definitely have to defend barracks, because I have my BKB. I'm preparing with my teammates now. I saw the snake wards target me, so I immediately activate BKB and continue on. Because otherwise with the opposing team having this many disables if I got disabled before I got the BKB off, I'd be returning to fountain again. This teamfight we got their SS, but we lost SD and our barracks. It was quite a bad trade. We lose another as Lina chases out of the base. She didn't pick anyone off and even got herself killed. Wisp took me along. I see WR who Force Staffs herself away ditching her teammate Veno. Veno gets killed by our Riki. Our Riki already has Diffusal. Even though we lost a lane, I think our carries' items are okay. The opposing Spectre still doesn't have Radiance! In such an advantageous situation and still no Radiance! Or did she buy Radiance and it's still at base? And she's planning to TP home, pick up Radiance, ulti in with Radiance and give us a big surprise? Western players aren't that evil, right? Only I would do something like that, right? 27:09 I hope he's not an evil person. This situation is quite unfavorable. Even though we're not behind in terms of items we've already lost one lane. The opponent will obviously try to take another lane. I don't know which lane they'll choose. Our Riki has caught sight of the opposing Spectre. I think a teamfight will erupt here. WR's shackleshot gets me and Lina, but she got killed by Riki. Riki got hexed. SD saves him. I BKB+ulti. Lina does a very nice stun that keeps the opposing heroes next to me, so they got hit by a close-range ulti. We did a gorgeous teamfight—2-for-5 where Riki and SD died, but everyone on the other team died. Quite a gorgeous teamfight. It's also because Riki gave us vision and perfect knowledge of where every opposing hero was. Because they got teamwiped, we're going to collect the bottom tower. Not collect, but push. Because the hero to collect it hasn't been determined yet. Ah, the tower gets collected by me. I TP to middle to continue farming, because the opposing heroes are all alive again, so we don't have any chance of harassing the high ground tower. At 28min, the rune spawns at bottom—a regeneration rune. My luck is very good. My condition was very bad and the game just so happens to spawn a regeneration rune for me. After the last teamfight, we've made some headway in making back the kill deficit. The opponent only leads us by one kill now. My friend Steven pings me again, but I don't know what the ping means. Does he think I'm in danger here or what? I don't understand what his ping means. Oh, apparently he wants to gank. But wait if he wants to gank, why did he ping me? I don't get it. Us three together manage to kill Pugna. Them two actually go back! They ditch me by myself. I wanted to Manta dodge the shackleshot, but I didn't manage to do it. I used Manta too early, so I still got stunned for 0.75s. SS arrived too, so I activated BKB to make my getaway. If not for BKB, I would have died there. That would have been a terrible deal trading me for the opposing Pugna. Indeed the opponent picks another lane to push. They're quite smart and have picked bottom lane. Why do I say they're smart? It's because they broke our top lane and pushing bottom will maximize the range we have to walk in order to defend both lanes. If they picked middle lane to push, we could easily defend both top and middle lane at the same time. But if they push our bottom lane, if we want to defend bottom there isn't a good way to defend top lane too, because bottom lane is farthest from top lane. I took a look at my BKB to see how long I'll get on my next activation, because we know the current BKB will give you one fewer second each time you activate it. Riki and I push down their Tier 1 tower. The opponent is again at our high ground. They really don't want to give us a chance. Our high ground tower falls again and they drop a sentry on our high ground once more. They're quite ruthless. It seems our Lina was killed too. I don't know how it happened, because I wasn't paying attention. At 30min, my items are Bottle+BKB+Manta+BoTs+Midas. I'm not sure if the opposing Spectre has Radiance yet or not. It's 30min, so he must have it by now. Here— I kill SS with a single normal attack. Riki dropped his smoke and purged him. He attacked twice, I attacked once and SS was dead. Looks like SS didn't get any items to boost his HP. Three hits and he's already dead. I'm not saying it took three hits to kill him from full HP; it's also because he was at half HP to begin with that we could kill him with three hits. If we could kill him with three hits from full HP, then our items would already be too imba. Then having lost top lane wouldn't even be considered a disadvantage. I ping my teammates to kill Roshan with me. I activate Manta and use the illusions to tank. Our SD Force Staffs himself in. Our Riki told me to take the Aegis. The moment he typed those words, I typed, "Let me take the Aegis." Looks like we were thinking the same thing. Riki says he already has BKB. In that case, we can start pushing the opponent back. Even though we lost top lane, I don't think we're behind in any other way because our items are quite good. I have BKB and he has BKB so we can both charge in. Our Lina has Bottle+Arcane+2100 gold orb. I forgot the Chinese name to the orb. I'm continuing to farm in order to complete my Bfly. I can complete it now, because my Midas cooldown is up. I actually didn't use Midas. I must be dumb. I have just enough money to get Bfly. We see Spectre's items. She has Vanguard+Phase+Cloak+Gem+Radiance. I personally consider these items to be fairly late, because they've already taken so many of our towers and their early teamfight kills were all by Spectre. I don't know why his items are so late. The opponent has gathered as five to push our bottom lane, because we've already lost the high ground tower there. Here I've paused the game. It was fast, because the pause got edited out. I paused the game to tell my teammates not to defend at our high ground, but to fight outside. Why did I tell them that? Because if we went out to seek a fight, SS's snake wards would be used outside. If he drops his wards on our high ground, then even if we won the teamfight he can still use his wards to attack our barracks and it would be easy for our barracks to fall, because they have both SS and Pugna, so our barracks were in great danger. That's why I told them not to defend at high ground and to fight outside. However my English is really bad, so I spent a while and couldn't get through to them, so I gave up my idea. Both sides are waiting for an opportunity. I'm waiting to amass 900 gold. That way I can sell my Midas and buy HotD (Helm of the Dominator). That way even if my teammates don't follow up on my initiation, I can fight the other team off by myself. I really don't want the fight to break out on our high ground, because our buildings would really be in danger. Why am I afraid of going out now, but not afraid of going in a few moments? Because at the moment I don't have lifesteal. If my teammates don't follow up and I simply BKB+normal attack, I feel a bit unconfident. But if I have lifesteal and even if my teammates don't follow up, I can stand there auto-attacking and still last quite a while. That's why I'm waiting for the money. I complete HotD, so we can go seek a fight now. I type to tell my teammates we can fight now. They're quite confident in my words. I tell them we can fight and they follow up on my charge out. They use all their spells on me. DS saves me. Riki blinks in and BKBs using me as the bait. I BKB+ulti. Even though my ulti wasn't as effective or perfect as that last ulti, I feel it was still quite good because the opponent's path of retreat was wrong. The opposing Spectre and Pugna retreated downwards while the rest retreated towards our ancients. They retreated in two separate directions, because my ulti placement was in the junction they had to cross to retreat together. Even though my ulti didn't hit anyone, it destroyed any hope of them fighting as a cohesive unit because my ulti is quite threatening. If they wanted to fall back together, they would have had to pass through next to me and have taken the brunt of my ulti. The teamfight was a 2-for-4 trade. My Aegis didn't get used either, so it was profitable for us. We only lost Lina and Riki. The opponent lost four. Pugna just respawned. Everyone on their team aside from WR died. I'm continuing to push bottom. I left top lane for my teammates to handle. The megacreeps are indeed powerful. A teamfight broke out at bottom and the megacreeps pushed one of our Tier 4 towers. We have two Tier 4 towers to begin with and just by the force of their megacreeps, they managed to push one of them. Megacreeps are quite powerful. I pushed the lane for a while, felt there might be some danger, so I Manta and use my illusions to keep pushing. I TP my hero to another lane to keep farming. My teammates are chatting, but I missed what they said. At 38min, we've finally overtaken them in kills—it was quite an arduous task. We've finally overtaken them. This tempo is right for a comeback from one lane down. I don't know if later on we'll lost another lane. I personally think they won't manage to take our bottom lane and that we've already managed to secure a comeback. We saw SS's items. He has Bottle+Blink+Arcane+Aghanim's+Oblivion Staff. Looks like he's planning to make Refresher. Refresher ulti and drop two sets of snake wards on our high ground guaranteeing the loss of our barracks. The opponent has wards. They know I'm up there. I step up, because otherwise we'll lose our middle tower. I hit Veno into red HP, so he Ghost Scepters and I finish him off with a raze. The opposing SS tries to TP in front of us, but SD Force Staffs in and disrupts him. I was planning to ulti him, but his hand speed is quite fast managing to blink out in that instant. I'm continuing to chase, partly because I see our Riki is around. What's our Riki doing? In the instant after SS blinked, Riki could've gone on the Pugna, but he didn't. I don't know what he was thinking. Maybe he just reacted slowly. Since I have an Aegis I step up and try to kill Pugna, but he escaped. SS hexed me and SD disrupts me again saving my life. I come back and BKB right away, then ulti managing to kill Spectre, but our Riki died too. I think I'll lose my Aegis here. SD saves me yet again. His play has been really good. I indeed lose my Aegis. Lina has hurried over. A nice Lina stun gets two heroes, following it up with a dragon slave on two. Her ulti picks off the Spectre and my raze cleans up the WR. However WR is quite rich. She buys back right away after I kill her. My friend Steven says, "come on, I have Mekansm." He indeed Meks us up. But SD doesn't get all his HP back up. If he linked SD before Mek'ing, SD would get all his HP back. Indeed he doesn't know this hero Wisp very well. The opposing SS drops his ulti on his own high ground to strengthen their defences, but it's to no avail. Your main carry Spectre isn't here. I'm not afraid of you. I'm telling my teammates to fall back, because their main carry Spectre has respawned. WR has Phase+Force+2100 orb. I have Satanic now. I type in chat, "Let's wait for next Aegis and let Riki take it." With Aegis we can push. I have the five items needed on SF now. The last item, I generally will get an item like Shadowblade because we know in super late-game you can have a lot of fun with it. In late-game everyone's items will be good, so there won't be many free slots for things like smoke, sentries, gem and so on. This is especially true for carries, so they won't have room to carry extra things like dust. That's why I like Shadowblade. However this game I'm not planning to make Shadowblade, because the opponent simply has too many disables. That's why I'm planning to get Linken's. The opposing SS is pushing bottom. The courier just flew over Roshan and saw he had respawned. I'm telling my teammates Roshan is up, so let's go fight him. The opposing Spectre uses her ulti, but she used it in a situation she was afraid to jump into, so it was kind of wasted. Just the ulti alone takes our Wisp down to half HP. It's still quite fierce. Our SD records our Roshan timing. This is a technique where you can type into chat the time when you killed Roshan. Then you'll know when the next Roshan spawns, because he respawns every 10min. You don't have to rely on your feeling that Roshan should be up and go physically check if he's there. If you rely on your feeling, you might show up early and waste your farming time. Noting the time down is more convenient. Are we actually going to win this game? It feels like the game is more and more in our favor. Not like the start of the game when the game looked unfavorable to us, the game is turning more and more in our favor. 45:31 The detailed analysis approach, as we've said, is more in-depth. And here, what you're going to try to do is identifying the value of all the information assets, all the threats of the assets, and assessment of vulnerabilities. And there are very few organizations for which a completely fully applied, detailed analysis approach makes sense. The ones that come to mind are certain government organizations. I can't think of too many commercial enterprises or public I should say, private sector enterprises where you would use a detailed analysis approach, approach enterprisewide. It's very thorough, very intensive and expensive. The, the basic approach is this, you start by developing a list of assets and their locations. And that the list of assets is within a scope laid out in the executive policy. So, you know, someone would argue that, you know, this pen is an information asset because you can write information but, you know, the policy would, would establish, you know, some, you know, level below which you're not going to be wasting the organizations resources. the next step is to value the assets. And you're going to value them in terms of the confidentiality, integrity, and availability exposure associated with each of those assets. So, from that, you're going to develop this list and then, you're going to assess the threats and vulnerabilities and create risk analysis table. And again, we'll, we'll look at an example of the table in a minute. The threats of the assets needs to look at a number of dimensions of threat. Who, who is the, the actor who is creating the threat? Why would they potentially attack? When would it happen? What would they attack? How would they do it? and you would look at all those different scenarios. Second piece of that is to assess the vulnerabilities. You know, where the assets located, how are they used. And again, to, you know, a fairly thoughtful in-depth analysis of what the implications are with respect to exposure by the fact of where those assets are and how They are used. And finally, based on this list of assets and this risk analysis table that you've developed, you evaluate the risk by summing up the, the threats and vulnerability to each asset and to, to use that to evaluate the risk. There are two approaches to risk analysis, and we've talked a lot about the importance of looking at consequence. And consequence is really getting more into the, the quantitative. What you'll find is that because it's so, so difficult to find credible data to support a quantitative risk analysis, at least a fully quantitative risk analysis that you're probably going to be compelled to introduce an element of qualitative analysis. And what qualitative analysis is, is either comparing one particular exposure against another or just, or using your judgement. And, there's nothing wrong with that. oftentimes, people's judgement is actually more intuitive and more accurate than the information that you may get from a model. you know, remember, I, I, I think I told you guys, my favorite, one of my favorite phrases is all models are wrong, some models are useful. and experience you know, it's a cliche, but experience is the best teacher. And sometimes, you'll find that this qualitative aspect of an analysis can be pretty valuable. The quantitative side is really focused on monetary costs, the cost of the damage, the direct damage and then the cost of the recovery. And it requires detailed analysis by specialists and requires a lot of expertise and a lot of cost. part of that is because, much of the time would be spent trying to identify sources of, of information. the modeling piece, give the proliferation of you know, Monte Carlo engines, you know, you still have to have a pretty good grasp of the mathematics underlying it. Because you could, you know, certainly plug numbers into a spreadsheet or run a Monte Carlo model and get results. But then, if somebody were to ask you to explain it, if someone in senior management were to ask you to explain it and you couldn't explain it, credibility is out the door and you're starting, you know, at square one again. So, I would, if you, particularly, like, if you work in a financial institution, an engineering firm, you know, probably, Microsoft has a lot of folks that are very, very knowledgeable in stochastic modeling. And they could help you with this sort of thing. so, there are certain circumstances where this is going to make a lot of sense. You know, an example, very primitive example, you know, client information gets stolen. It's a, it's a million dollar loss. that's the quantitative approach. The qualitative approach would be relative ratings so, you know, you get people to, to give you their, their best estimates. and try to involve a wide range of people throughout the organization in this process. I know it's tempting to involve people who, you know, are, are from your sphere within the organization. But, you know, I think the, the wider you can extend this the, the involvement of staff across the enterprise, the better the result you're going to get. The good thing about this is it requires less expertise and it costs less. An example here would be, you know, you're looking at theft of client information. if it's a high risk, you, maybe you rate it a three. If it's a medium risk, you rate it a two. If it's a low risk, you rate it a one. And we'll, we'll talk a little bit later about how you can look at, you know, two or three dimensions of risks, using this rating, this sort of rating scheme. And then, you know, maybe, take the product of the ratings, or something or add the ratings together and use that to develop this, this hierarchy. One of the things that I've found to be pretty effective and, and, and it's kind of a blend of the quantitative and the qualitative, would be to use, I'll call it folding for lack of a better word. Or for example, let's say, I want to know, you know, what, what, what we think the frequency and severity is of. of two particular exposures. What I, what I could do is, say, okay, let's get a team together that represents a cr oss section of, of our company. And I'll ask them, okay, for the frequency, how many of you think that it's low? And a certain number of you would raise your hand, now, let's say, it's five. How many of you think it is medium? Let's say, it's twelve. How many of you think it's high? Let's say, it's two. As far as severity, how many of you think it's low? How many of you think it's medium? Let's see how many do we have here, nineteen oh, right. no, absolutely, absolutely. I'm just doing kind of a just a quick example. and then two. and then, what you would do is you could, you could put this into a distribution so you could end up with a, in this case you would have, like for, for the frequency, you know, you'd have your five, your twelve, and your two. For your severity, you'd have your, your one, your sixteen, and your two. And then, you could also look at this in terms of means and standard deviations. And you could put this distribution into a Monte Carlo model. You could say, you know, frequency times severity equals, ,=,, you know, total consequence, and run models. I mean, you, you, you know, it's not, it's not the same as having, you know, market data, you know, for stocks going back to 1925. But it's something. And I think that the more people you have that have some sense of, of expertise and awareness and knowledge and experience with the area that you're asking them to give you their judgement on. you can actually get pretty good, pretty good results with this. So, one thing that it'll do, is instead of you trying to reach a consensus and we've talked before consensus you, you do get people who are willing to, you know, point out, you know, extremes of the distributions and while, I think, when you when present the results, most people are still going to focus on the middle. by at least introducing the possibility that you could have an extreme event. it creates a little bit of awareness. And perhaps, it's enough that somebody would say, you know, this is something we, we need to, you know, drill down on a little bit, and understand a little bit better. I mean, if somebody thought that this could be a 25-million dollar event, you know, maybe we shouldn't just dismiss that at hand. And we, we should think about it a little bit more. Whereas, in, in, in an environment where you're saying, okay, we need to just, you know, come up with an A number. Yeah, that person who thinks it's 25 million and everybody else thinks it's 50,000, you know, they might be a little reminiscent about, you know, expressing their views. There are a number of tools out there you can use to conduct this, this kind of thing. You can do it over the web. There's a product called Meetingworks. It's actually a Seattle company where you could, they would be able to access an instrument that you would create that would collect this information using a browser. They could do it either in real time, where you have everybody in a meeting room or on the telephone, and you're discussing these things. And that's actually, that's probably the more effective approach. Or they could do it on their own time. And then, you would just come back later and collect the information, the, collect the input, and then, do your, your modeling. So, I think that's a nice blend of the quantitative and the qualitative. the combined approach, which we talked about where you've got a situation where it doesn't make sense to use the detailed analysis approach enterprise-wide, but you want to be more thorough, so you want to do something for everything is where you can, you can put the baseline and the detailed analysis approach together. The, the major approach is to conduct an initial risk analysis for all the information assets. And you want to identify, you know, what you have, and again, you're going to do this based on policy so that you're not getting down into the minutia. And what you're going to try to do is look at them in terms of the business value and the risks to which they are exposed. And probably, you want to emphasize the, the serious risks to which t hey are exposed. Again, it's the extent that you can filter out the things that are ultimately not likely to be material. you're going to save yourself a lot of time. And the, the, the results you get are probably going to be quite a bit more effective. Then, for each of the assets that's identified, you want to be sure that you do the ones that are identified as being high risk, that's the one you run those into the detailed analysis approach. So, it's sort of like a first cut, second cut. The first cut is you do the baseline approach for everything, and then the ones that look like high risk, then you do the detailed analysis approach. seems like a pretty logical way to do things. and actually the, the ISO1335, 13335, not enough threes is recommends that the combined approach be, be used as opposed to any of the stand alone approaches. Here's a schematic showing how the combined approach would work. You do this initial risk analysis which again, covers everything. And there's a certain subset of, of them that turned out to be high risk. And so, you're going to carve those out and you're going to apply the detailed approach to, to those. And then, continue relying on the baseline approach for the other ones. The ones that are going to be in this, this one that you carved out to do the detailed analysis approach, are going to be ones where it costs a lot for the asset. It's a highly valued asset. the cost to replace it is high. And that might be, not just the cost of the asset, itself, but the operational impact of having to replace it. It's exposed to high risk, or it's critical, or any combination thereof. So, those are the kinds of circumstances where you would find it worthwhile to spend the extra time and effort to do the details analysis. Is everybody familiar with the term, heuristics? You all heard that before? Yes, heuristics. Okay, yeah. It's basically just rules of thumb, based on things you've learned, things you've experienced. And that's what you would be using in this kind of approach. You know, t he advantage, as I said, is it doesn't require a lot of time. There are three important disadvantages. One, if the person who is conducting it is not skilled, not knowledgeable. If their heuristics are not sound, you're not going to get a good result. Second one is, likely cuz it's not systematic, that you're going to miss important things. And third, that, because you're dealing with judgement, you know, people have prejudices. And I'm giving you a good example. It's not from the world of IT security, but it's from the world of underwriting. And I think this is kind of funny. A friend of mine, years ago, was trying to write a school district, write an insurance for a school district. And obviously, the school districts had buses. And they had a fleet of buses. So, we went this, to this one particular underwriter who we've thought, for sure, this guy is going to love this, you know? And so, the guy said, sorry, I can't do it. And my, my friend, his name is Bob Fisher. Bob says, you know, I don't get it, you know? They, you know, they practice good safety. The buildings are all in good shape. They've never had any claims. the guy said, well, back in 1957, I had a bus that I insured that went off, and then you keep in mind this is 1997. In 1957, I had a bus that went off a bridge and I paid the claim on that. And I was just starting my career and I walked into a raft of trouble because of that and I've never ridden a school bus since. I mean, that is the kind of prejudice that you can run into. [LAUGH] so, you got to watch out for that. because of the disadvantages for most organizations, this isn't going to work. However, however, that being said, if you can't do anything else, do this. Also, if you're on the board of a non-profit, you're involved with your church, your synagogue or mosque and kind of club that has information assets, you might, if you're going to, if you want to do a risk assessment for them, this would be the way to go. Okay, let's just compare the methods. methods real quick because we've talk ed about a lot and this kind of brings it all together. The baseline approach, basically, what you're going to do is set a minimum set of controls to protect the assets and then, compare what you have with those controls, and try to identify the gaps, or overlaps, and then fix them. The advantage of this one is that it's less cost and time compared to detail. The disadvantage is that it's not as thorough, so you may overlook certain things. The detailed analysis approach uses threats and vulnerabilities for every asset. The nice thing about it, it's nearly complete, emphasis on nearly. the challenge is that it takes a lot of time and cost, and it's very difficult and time-consuming to be thorough. Especially given the dynamic nature of a lot of IT Environments. You could do your analysis today, and something new happens tomorrow that you didn't anticipate and your analysis could be . the combined approach would be using baseline, sort of as the foundation, and then, as you identify things that are particularly either high risk, high value, something like that, you, You would used detailed analysis for those. The advantage of this one is that you focus your resources on the things that are important. The downside is that you need, you still need the skills of someone who can do the baseline and someone who can do the detailed analysis. And as you would imagine, it's probably not necessarily the same, the same people. The informal approach relies on heuristics. It's the least intensive in terms of, of time and resources, expended. But it's highly dependent on the prejudices and capabilities of the people involved. So, it's probably useful in certain circumstances as we discussed but not in most circumstances. Hi, I am Beth Stevens your instructor for this quarter Let's get to know each other a little better. I have the Pierce College Home page here up on the screen and want to make sure you can go to Resources and eCampus login to get to Canvas. If you want to set that as a favorite, go ahead and do that since you will be logging into Canvas do often this quarter - I'll see you there so often. I have been teaching at Pierce College for 11 years and before that I taught at Central Washington University when I was a graduate student. Before that I taught High School English, which actually didn't last long... but that is a long story. I have a very rich family life. I have an amazing partner and two children Janie who is 4 and Hunter who is 10... I am on multiple committees around campus, but the one that I do want to highlight today is is that I am on the Common Book Committee and we'll be reading the Other West More in class this quarter. So, if you don't know much about the Common Book program, please ask more questions, if you are interested. We'll have many events around campus this year focusing on this book from discussions to panelist who come in to talk, to speakers who come in on related topics related to this book. But I am definitely involve in campus life in other ways I am on committees who are trying to smooth out the transition from high school to college level learning, ah, I am applying for research grants for next summer I have for the past three summers been awarded grants through the national Endowment for the Humanities to travel and study different topics. So, I don't really see my being out of school, in the sense that I graduated 13 or 14 years ago from graduates school...something like that... I don't really see that as the end to my learning. It really just kind of was the beginning in a lot of ways. So, hopefully, you do enjoy engaging in inquiry as much as I do. Hopefully, there will be readings and topics and conversations along the course of the quarter that you very much enjoy and want to know more about! That's my hope for you, that's the design of the course reading - its the design of the assignments, so that hopefully, your spirit of inquiry gets tapped into! I hope you have a great quarter. Please let me know anything I can do to help. My office hours are listed in the classroom. My email and my Canvas message availability is really frequent. I check very often. Please don't hesitate to be in touch and let me know how I can help this quarter. I'll end up telling you more about me than you want to know. I'll stop this now and just say, "Happy day!" and I look forward to getting into the work with each of you. Silence... The Karen indigenous peoples of Sob Larn village Sa Merng District in Chiang Mai Province have been dwelling in the abundant forest with their wisdom of living for a long time. Their traditional knowledge has been transferred from generation to generation for decades. But recently, the government declared their land as a national park and called the villagers invaders. The villagers were forced to leave the area At present, some of the villagers feel hopeless as they were displaced from their homeland and became marginalized people in the city But some of them are still fighting with the hope that they can return to their homeland. We are the Karen people, We do not understand Thai language When the forest officers called us for a meeting and informed us in Thai language that they are going to do the land division the villagers felt happy thinking that they can live in their land During the meeting, officers asked us to sign the agreement After that, they used our signatures as an evidence to claim that the villagers agreed to convert their lands into National Park Had we not conducted a farmers" network meeting, we wouldn't have known that they trapped us. The Donpong village also received similar document like us. We still have to identify if there are any more villages with this issue. This is a violation to our rights, right? On 15th February 2013The Northern Karen Farmer Network called for a meeting after they received the document from government . In the northern land, four areas are targeted for national parks. Among the four, only Ob Karn area is not announced as a national park yet So, the area that they are going to announce as national park will cover your village. is it right? If the government announces Ob Karn as a national park, then it would cover four (4) main districts namely Sa Merng, Hang Dong, San Patong and Mae Wang districts In the past my house was built in the mountain We did not have drinking water and we have to walk down to get the water from a distant stream So my dad decided to move down here, close to the stream We have been living here since the time of our grandfather and grandmother I think it's more than 200 years now. Farming is our main source of livelihood We don't do any other thing other than farming Everyday, we just do farming Raise cattle and buffalos There is time for farming, time for harvesting and time for clearing the land Karen people have their own agricultural calendar So how many times do you grow rice? Once a year. This year we got 200 sacks of rice and it is enough to live. To live throughout the year? Yes, for the whole year Didn't you ever think to become rich? Oh ..Even now I'm already rich. You are already considered a rich person even if you only have rice and I'm happy with that Recently this village was declared as part of a forest reserve. How is it different from a national park? I can't read so someone had to read for me They said national park law is stricter than forest reserve When the government announces this area as a national park, they will turn the headwaters here into national water...... or something like that These areas are the water source areas and we call this headwaters forest.. We live here and we take care of this area. We save this area. It is not only for ourselves but also for the society Every stream is flowing to the area of the low land people This area and there and to Ban Mai village and Mae La kam village. It covers many places. Pak Kha village and Nhong Tao village are also included There are egg yolks. People said that these areas have the egg yolk. Egg yolk? What does that mean? Egg yolk means abundant forest And if the government announced the egg yolk area as a national park then people cannot live there People have to move out from the forest So is Sob Larn village an egg yolk yes, it's an egg yolk When Karen people gives birth, we are born with one tree, which is our umbilical cord tree. And when we die, we die with another tree. The tree which is dry or dead tree When we bury dead body or things, we bury together with the dry or dead tree They said the dead tree would take the spirit of the dead person back to their parents in the spirit world How does tightening the umbilical cord to a tree establish the relationship between human and a tree? A person will love his/her tree When we inform them that this is their umbilical cord tree, they will really love the tree They feel proud to have their own umbilical cord tree and they are glad about it. When we grew up, we asked our parents and they told us which one is our umbilical cord tree I'm glad that this is my umbilical tree and I care about it I'm afraid that people will destroy my tree. One day, when you get married and have your own children, will you practice this? I will because it is the most important thing. Everyone born has his or her own umbilical cord tree For the umbilical cord.......,I did not tie the umbilical cord to a tree for my eldest son but I did that for my youngest one. At that time I talked with the doctor and the doctor did not understand I mean the case of my oldest son. I asked the doctor to give the umbilical cord of my eldest son but the doctor asked what I am going to do with that? So I did not want to talk much about it with the doctor. If you talk too much then it seem like you know things better than the doctor. So I did not talk much. But there were many people in the hospital when the youngest one was born. I asked the doctor that if there were many kids babies delivered here whose families did not take their umbilical cords back to tie to a tree The doctor said that we cannot take it back, as the doctor thought that if we take it, then we will not dispose of it properly and it will cause diseases But I told the doctor that in the past there were a lot of births at home but no one got any diseases and I wanted the cord My grandchildren were also delivered in the hospital and everyone got their umbilical cords back and tied them to trees Umbilical cord trees are not allowed to be cut down If someone cuts down the tree, the parents of the umbilical cord tree owner can fine that person They should give a pair of chickens and a bottle of whiskey as the fine And that person also needs to tie the wrist of a person (to pay respect and apologize) who tied the umbilical cord to the tree Sometimes, 4-5 people can tie their umbilical cords in a single tree What type of tree can be used to tie the umbilical cord It can be any kind of tree You have to look for the one that has good leaves, nice trunk and good branches Do not look for the one that is dry It can be rubber tree, mango tree or Ironwood Have you ever heard of the national park declaration? Yes, I have heard of this and I'm afraid We live our lives by farming and if they declared that they wont let us continue our practice ...., will they still give us I'm afraid that they will not allow us to live here. What should we do? I don't" know either... Can you help us? How can I help? Help us by talking with the forest officers. if we cannot live here, our children have to work in the city and our way of life will change As the time passes they will forget how to work in the farm After that if they have to work in the farm, they will get worried and will have difficulty If they work outside, they will have less difficulty I worry about my children. We don't know what their future will be. Where I lived before ...because there was no job in the village. So I had to be a laborer They pay me less than 100 baht per day... They paid me only 80 baht. I worked there for 8 years and then I moved back home I heard that you have to really economize with the expenses. Right? Yes. How was it? I had to divide one egg for three meals Why do you have to really economize ? Because things are expensive. The food in the city is expensive. What kinds of job were you doing? It was a company. Thai glass company what did you do? I have to watch people going in and out of the city hall Sometime the inmate's relative also come and visit there You mean you were a security guard ? Yes, security guard In the Ob Kharn case, the villagers have been living there for ages They are native Karen peoples If they were to be relocated, the State has to provide lands for the villagers to use and the lands have to be in good condition or similar to their previous way of life so they can continue their practices for livelihoods But in the past, the State has never done any forms of peaceful relocation of people It was always eviction They do not allow villagers to live in their homeland When villagers cannot live in their homeland anymore which mean they can't live in the forest they need to move to the city instead Imagine the Karen people whose way of life is always dependent on the forests, mountains and nature but have to live in the city now This is a really big change in the culture which is like turning from forehand to backhand, so this can cause culture shock The villagers won't be able to adapt to the new lifestyle Originally they lived in the forest with sufficiency They work to live and had enough to eat But now, they have to live as laborers, which is a different work which they are not used to A person who loses his/her culture and identity will lose confidence in him/herself This will cause other losses to beliefs, spirituality and mental health We found that many communities have collapsed for these reasons I'm going to work as a garlic collector in Sa Merng Where? Sa Merng How much do you get paid ? It's a daily wage. It's 200 Baht per day And how often is it? Not very often. Only for one time They said only for one day So how many of you are going today? Ten people Have you ever worked in Bangkok or in Chiang Mai town? No , I have never worked there If we offer you to work and stay there forever, will you go? No, I will not go. I will stay at home. If I go there, it would not be easy because we have never lived like that ... I have to go now... When did you hear about the national park declaration? Since the year 1994 But why have they not declared the park yet ? Because we negotiated with them and we objected the proposal all the time If we had not negotiated with them, they might have declared it a long time ago Every time you go to claim, did you ever get any result or did you succeed? They just postpone it. We always don't get what we want. What do you really want? What the Karen people really want is to live with the forest. Without the forest we cannot live our life If you cannot live here and if they announced that you have to move out, what will you do ? I will not go. I will stay here if they declare these areas as a national park, it would cause a lot of troubles The villagers do not have any land titles We do not have the clear land delineation If they declare then we will be in trouble Normally villagers are collecting mushrooms, wood or bamboo in the forest sometimes let their cattle or buffalo into the forest to find their own food I heard that, we cannot pick up a single leaf if they declare our area as a national park because it is considered illegal I heard like that So I'm afraid that they will declare that So what did you really claim for ? I would like to ask you frankly We do not want anything We only need the forest that we could live, take care and use it We would like to do our farming without any problems We don't want to be arrested We don't want to be forced to move out Just like that And have a law that recognizes that people could live in the forests ((March 29th ,2013)) The Karen representatives submitted a paper about their ways of living in harmony with nature. National Human Rights Commission office in Bangkok We lived there before I came here not to find the problem but because people who live somewhere else are trying to make a national park We are not the one who invaded forest but the national forest laws is invading us..... all the time And we are worried We do not want our land to be turned into a national park because Karen people do not live our life just only for farming forest is our cattle area, place for fishing and place for collecting materials for building houses and place where our belief is settled The officers walked around and did the survey in those areas We do not know which area they want to take So we came here to submit our requests to the Human Rights Commission You can help us in checking the regulation under the national park law there are many chapters that the villagers like us do not know and understand about it Few days ago, the district officers also called us for meeting I was worried and did not know what to do If we agree, then the areas they are going to declare should not overlap with our community land and should not cover the areas of our traditional way of life and culture We neither have any lawyers, supportive law or academic or mechanism nor support from government agencies We are only the villagers It was not so easy for us to come here to the Human Rights Commission Selam Aleykum Wa Rahmatullah Alhamdulillah, Astaghfirullah al-Azim wa atoobu ilayh Another Friday came, another week passed, where were we last week? Where are we today? Where we want to be next week? The believer must stop to ask Brother this is not knowledge, let's learn Qur'an, let's learn Hadith, let's memorize things The Qur'an and the Hadith, the Prophets and the books - the purpose is to make a man a believer to think this To understand where he is, where he was, and where he is going to go The Qur'an and the Hadith, it is not there for us to memorize like a robot, like a parrot Or to use that knowledge to start fighting with each other, or to start bragging with each other, fighting with each other and showing off All that knowledge is to make man to understand himself, what is that understanding? Understanding is for us to return to Allah, how are we going to return to Allah? Allah sent us into this world, perfect - isn't it? Allah sent us into this world perfect, without any blemish, without any sin, without any mistake That baby over there, those young ones before they reach the age of maturity, they are protected, they are without a single drop of wrongness, of sin Original innocence, and Allah is saying come back to me in that original innocence that I created you with As pure as you come out from your Mother, come back to Me, to go back to your real mother What is our real mother? Who says? Who can say? The Earth, we were made from this clay, and we are going to go back to this clay, to this world, to this Earth, to this womb And if you go back to this womb, our real mother, the Earth, pure as when we came out like that The Earth is not going to touch us, the Earth is not going to grind us, the ground is not going to grind The flesh of the Prophets and the Saints it is forbidden for the Earth to touch it, there is no corruption, there is no rotting There is no dirtiness because they came back to the presence of their Lord. While there are in this world, clean Because they are concentrating on that, because every knowledge that they're looking at, whether it is knowledge of the Qur'an or the Hadith Or this world or the after world, whatever knowledge that they have, all must link back to the knowledge of Allah And in order to know Allah, like what Holy Prophet says the man must know himself, he must sit down to think where am I? What am I doing here? Who sent me? What does he want from me? Where do I want to go? These questions you don't have to be rich or poor, educated or illiterate, man or woman, white or black, young or old to ask What do you have to have? The heart, which everyone has a heart Intelligence, which everyone has intelligence Haya - modesty, which everyone has that Everyone has these three because these three qualities it is with Adam (AS), it is with his children until the Day of Judgement But, if you choose to lock your heart, if you choose to cover your intelligence, if you choose for your Haya to bury it deep inside and not to practice it If you have lost all these qualities it is not because Allah didn't give it to you It is because using our own ego and the will of our ego we decide to hide it, instead of to practice it We are killing it, and Allah is saying don't kill that, don't kill your faith, don't kill your intelligence, don't kill your Haya Don't kill - you're supposed to bring it out. Because all these qualities will make man to understand himself and to make man understand his Lord Man can go up and down, not 5 times, 50 times a day. But if he is not sitting down to say who am I? Why am I doing this? I am doing all this prayer but I'm looking my anger is still overtaking me, my jealousy it is still there, I cannot control it My stubbornness I am noticing I cannot get rid of it, all these qualities, if power is given to that man, he is going to destroy the whole world It is only because it is not given to us, how many times you hear I was so upset, I feel like killing that person Who does not say that? The feeling is there, now imagine - now we don't have power, imagine if power was given to us Imagine if you have the power over one million lives, and you have the power of controlling whole countries What you are going to do that time when you get upset and there is nobody to control you, you are free to do as you like Which everybody today says, they are free to do as they like. So don't complain when the tyrants do as they like, don't complain Because the tyrants say I'm free too, you think you're the only one who is free, I have freedom too, I want to be free I want to kill, I want to murder, I want to cheat - so don't get upset Because if a man is not understanding and waking up from all this evil characteristics that is inside of him If a man is not controlling all of this, all the prayers that he is doing, it is going to be X, it is going to be gone That's the least, because more than that because a man is praying and doing so many things he thinks he is somebody now He thinks no one can touch him, he thinks I am religious so everything I do, Allah is telling me to do Because he doesn't understand himself, he doesn't understand the evil that is inside of him, because there was no one there to teach him No one there that he is going to submit to, just like these tyrants in these days, they have no one above them They do as they like, so why we are complaining that time We destroyed this Ummah, pulled away that head that is ruling the Muslims for 1400 years Billions of people, millions of square miles, all the way from Istanbul to Indonesia, from Russia to Africa That the Khalifa was ruling, nobody can move and declare their own Lordship, because there is the sword of the Khalifa that is going to come out Now, where is the love to all these tyrants, go preach to them, you're seeing all these tyrants what they are doing to the Muslims, no? Muslims themselves what they are doing to the Muslims, the so called Muslims, they are not real Muslims anyway So now say, go to those ones, that their children like yours are being killed in the streets There mothers and fathers like yours are being raped and murdered Go to them and say you know forgive, Allah is most forgiving, don't be upset, just forgive Don't be overtaken by this anger, just forgive, and go now with this love everyone is talking about So much happiness, love and happiness, really? You have so much love and happiness? We are not feeling the pain? What can we do? Of course everyone is going to say that - that is not the characteristic of a believer By the way if you say, what can we do? No, the believer must say Astaghfirullah, we cannot do anything, Ya Rabbi bring us the Khalifa for us to do something Because now the tyrants are rising, and they are killing the Muslims, they are turning on the faucet of the blood There is bloodshed everywhere And there is no one who is going to be able to control it, except for Sahibul Zaman Yes, except for that one who has the power, except that one who has the sword, that Sahibul Saif, that is going to bring order back into this world How is man going to understand this? How are Muslims or believers? Because the selfishness has entered, you cannot have love for the dunya, if you don't have selfishness You love the dunya, you are selfish, and the man who is selfish, he is not going to think of others He loves the dunya, he can never be generous, if you love the akhirat, and you love Allah, then Allah is Razak, and Allah is Kerim And you are going to be the Servants of Rizq and the Servants of Generosity, and that time you're going to give When you have and when you don't have, not only when you have, so many saying - I am going to be generous when I have something No, when you don't have something, and you don't give, that time when you're generous, when you have more, definitely you're not going to give Because you think it is not enough, generosity is not according to how much you have, generosity is how much you give So it's not how much you have, it's how much you give, you have nothing to give, you give a glass of water You have nothing to give, give a smile, you have nothing to give, give a salam, but in these days Muslims don't even give salams to each other They don't ask about each other, they're not concerned about each other They live with each other, but they are alone in their private worlds We must think, the order is given for us to think, the first ayat given to us, to recite, recite in the name of our Lord that created everything Recite, in the name of our Lord, when you recite in the name of your Lord, when you say Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim Impossible that time that you're not going to think who you are, why you are here, and how to return to Allah in ahsani takwim If you understand that you have to return to Allah in ahsani takwim, the way we were born into this world in ahsani takwim If you believe that, which everyone believes, then you have to understand that this dunya is asfala safileen This is the lowest of the low, this dirty evil dunya, that we must run away from And we are going to start looking for those ones who are following the Prophets one hundred percent, that they're teaching us how to run away from this dunya How to run away from our egos and sheytans, then later to say now you stand there and you have to face them, face the sheytans, face the ego And the bullets, the ammunition, is sohbet, to make the man to sit down and to think, the sohbet is like the juice, the essence of religion This is where everything is squeezed, and everything is taken for you to drink, no longer we're telling you, you are not given the responsibility to plant the tree To watch it grow, to take care of it, to pluck the fruit, to prepare it, to squeeze it, and to drink The sohbet, the holy association of the Shaykhs, not our association, of the Shaykh's associations, he has done all that work He has squeezed everything, giving you the essence, and he says, now drink this, drink this If you are understanding, if you have a drop of faith, you will know what you are drinking is coming from that tree And it is not only that tree, it is one thousand year old trees from the beginning, it is a tree that has a history If you have already killed yourself, and your understanding, your intelligence, your sense of taste, then you are going to say- What is this you are giving me? I want to look at trees, I want to plant trees He said take this and drink, he said - no, I don't want this I can't taste anything - that's right, you cannot taste the sohbets, because you are still looking at the woods Awliya'Ullah they are bringing us the honey, they are bringing us the honey of the religion, they've went and they have collected Like bees, bees they are going to every flower collecting, you think it is easy, that's why Allah (SWT) blessed the bees so much One drop of honey, thousands of flowers it takes, thousands of flowers it takes to produce one drop of honey So much time spent, those ones who went to collect, so much organization needed, to produce that, such a short lifespan also for that honey bee, for that worker bee Because they work so hard, Awliya'Ullah they are doing that, and they produce the honey, and they are giving it in holy associations saying Now take this, this is a medicine for you, take this, it will cure you, take this, it will even cure you of death What do I mean cure you of death? Dying like an animal, it will cure you from that You will start to die before you die, and those who are living for the sake of Allah, when they pass from this world, when they have given their life for Allah They are not dead, InShaAllah Rahman, may we be included amongst those Wa min Allahu Taufiq Al Fatiha Ototo!! Sa! Ikehata on the steering wheel. Today we are heading for Oita Prefecture's Beppu. Saying Beppu, is saying SPA! We're going to a SPA. SPA!! We're also playing live. SPA!! We're heading for Beppu. SPAAAAAAAA!! Today, it's the birthday of someone in here. So I'd like to sing Happy Birthday. Nice cake! "It's a hamburger!" I'd like to give you my album. Today, we came very excited to Beppu when we arrived at the cafe, there was a group of friends soon they came to me and they asked me a favor for their good friend I wish you a great birthday have a lot of fun this year congratulations, congratulations a new year is starting for you from the heart, congratulations I'd like to improvise a Beppu song! yeeeeeeeeeeei!!! Come on! Beppu is great and fun!! Beppu is great!! Thank you very much!! Thanks to: Previous, Moji // Next, Miyazaki Greece is embarked on sales of star assets. This is Piraeus, the main port and industrial centre of Greece, is an jewel in an economic crown of thorns. Like 11 other ports in the land whose people have been sailors for millennia, Piraeus - along with 29 airports - is going to be partly privatised The deal with its rescue creditors is supposed to bring 50 billion euros to Athens from now until 2015. After capital has been pouring out of Greece for years, euronews correspondent Laura Davidescu asked: "How can it refloat its economy when 80 billion euros has left the country since today's crisis began in 2010? The sum total of fortunes that have sailed off to foreign banks and tax havens is well over the 350 billion-euro public debt." Well-known journalist and author in his country Pavlos Tsimas is no more able to answer this than anyone else. He is a He sees the Greek crisis as a continuation of the speculative bubble that blew in autumn 2008, giving all of Europe a toxic splattering. His latest book, "Journal of the Crisis", takes the reader round a spiral encompassing the US, Iceland, Ireland, Portugal and Spain, and of course Greece. He shines a financial light on wealthy Greeks" love for their country. Tsimas said: "Around the late 1990s, when Greece started to hope that it would join the euro, money started to run towards the country, there were a flow of capital towards Greece. "A," because rich Greeks, shipping, construction, whatever, who made their fortunes abroad ...and that for generations kept their fortunes abroad, started to invest in the country. "B," Greece could never tap the financial markets up before 1999-2000 because rates were extremely high. And suddenly rates fell from 19, 18, 20 percent to 4 percent, 3 percent (when the euro was adopted). And I think Greek governments got drunk on loans, on borrowed money." Some civil servants" salaries doubled over a decade. Military spending swelled. Industrial production declined. Everyone, from ordinary workers up to government lived with borrowed money. Restrictive labour laws remained in place, political and business cronyism was not addressed. Modernising the Greek economy and the way the country was administered was not a priority. Tsimas said: "Political life was wrong, government was wrong and the way the economy worked was wrong. We lived in a bubble and people now sense it ... It was a bubble." Almost everywhere in Greece, stone structures from long ago still partly stand, like the Temple of Zeus, symbolic reminders of structural solidity that today is needed to manage consumer and public debt - grown to Olympic proportions. Daisy. I need your help now You want to take your hands off the lady I'm in trouble This is Mansion. He's okay. Fellas, just not really well brought up is all No, I am not The only thing we hate worse than bad manners is a goddamned fascist helmet law. Bare heads 'till we're dead ! Till we're dead Better dead than not I lost my postit Has a nice ride. Fellas, gotta go Some loyal group of people Tidy Motorcycles, they're dangerous. Helmet would haven't helped. little mess. Tidy made a big mess And I moved here from Albany when she broke off the engagement 3 thousand mile down the road and I still can't get her out of my mind No. We were never engaged ! Frank... We were totally engaged I gave you my mother's ring Frank, Sally, please Right. Anyways that's why I feel like a leopard Because you are stalking her? Because I can't change my spots Okay, Millie, I think it's your turn No I just don't really I'm not an animal This was starting to feel familiar, staying on the sidelines, criticizing, cling to the fringes instead of jumping into the fray. It was like watching the escalator run. When would I step on? Okay, Dolores. Well, I guess that, just leaves you Bring us home Well, I always I'm a cat I mean, not like a house cat, not like Marie, Dolores. I'm a stray I wander the street alone Kinda distance and mean. Not a cat you want to pat or bring home to your kids You just don't know where those claws are, you know. I'm a black cat I have many many lives And now you know who I am You think Rube would have a better lock. Color me impressed ! He writes the information on our post-its. He must copy it down from somewhere, right Yeah, but where I check the liquor cabinet, you check everywhere else. No Mansion, this is a covert operation. We need to thread gently@ and cover our tracks Old fossil head Rube@ ! Always have the best booze. They have been drinking long enough, not to mess around with the cheap shit How is that helping ? Take off the edge. I'm on edges all right? Mansion, if he found out we had been rummaging around in here. Put that down Put it down Put that down Okay This was your idea, Daisy I once had to hide for hours in one half this size from a shrew of Mrs. Tyron Powers who was supposed to be in Palm Springs.@ I was forced to urinate in a eyeball glass. What is it with you and them married ones ? Forbidden food That was then@. And I don't know why you're treating this like happy hour. Holly shit So many of them So much more of it Pour me a drink, will you? Just one and only to warm me up. Yeah, we'll loophole. Synapses up a bit@. Make our minds a little more... nimble. We'll keep looking for your post-it We'll keep looking ! Yeah ! Why are you spying on me? I'm not I wasn't saying anything I didn't say that you were. Why are you here then? Why just show up all of the sudden? What has been your experience as to why I show up all of a sudden ? Oh no You have an actual responsibility in this world I know you You are Millie sponsor So devoted ! It's Dolores, right ? And you are Rube Is that your first name or last name Like Cher Like Houdini. Wouldn't it have been fun to have seen him Rube, probably reaped him What brings you out here, Rube? Well, Dolores As much as I'd like to get into that with you, one of the "A" of A.A. stands for... You don't... wanna drink, do you Millie ? Actually, I was referring to the other "A". Dolores, I think I need to go for a walk and get some fresh air. You're on the woods, you're surrounded by fresh air. I just... wanna go for a walk. I need to... commune with the spirits of... the North West. You are a cat, aren't you Alone and mysterious Make sure you make it back for ghost stories and Smores You don't happen to know any ghost stories, do you ? I heard a couple in my days And just as I was comfortable in the circle, death held me away I look like a flaffer. You should have seen me do the Charleston. You are lovely I'm drunk I hate being drunk Funny, I don't mind it ever My godness, you know a man Barry Manilow ! Play me something swinging.@ I wanna dance and forget all this... stuff Oh yeah because you know what ? Somebody is gonna die alone today, aren't they What was on your post-it, Mason ? Now, can I show you the outside storage I'd like to see that, honey In a second, I just wanna get a feel for that house one more time So Reggie What were you watching What do you mean when you said your sister comes back She visits us And you talk to her Not like face to face So, she checks up on you. See if you are okay Yes Are you I don't think you should move here What was her favorite spot in your house She didn't really tell me things I think we should go back to the waffle house If you miss a reap, a wrath will be visited upon you as such will have you writhing in testicles shriveling horror. Why do you drink so much You are so lovely. I love you. You are so perfect, and your skin is just beautiful True, but not what I asked It's all the the people's imperfections that make them so beautiful. Like the black velvet that shows off a little diamond. Those three freckles that show off you alabaster skin.@ Cut the bullshit Masion Daisy, really What in the whole goddamned scheme of things is one more unhappy soul ? Hello. We are going to make a body with four legs. (birds chirping) Inflate a balloon leaving a three inch flat tail. (birds chirping) The first three bubbles you will twist to make front legs. (birds chirping) Twist the first five inch bubble. Twist the second one inch bubble. (birds chirping) Twist the third five inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the chain of this three bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Twist the fourth five inch bubble. The next three bubbles you twist to make the rear legs. Twist the fifth five inch bubble. Twist the sixth one inch bubble. Twist the seventh five inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the chain of the last three bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Twist the eighth soft two inch bubble. Lock both ends of the eighth bubble in one lock twist. (birds chirping) The rest of the balloon is the ninth bubble. (birds chirping) It is the tail. The eighth bubble helps to hold the tail in a fixed position. (birds chirping) Congratulations. You have made the body. You may attach any head with a neck to the body. (birds chirping) Have fun :) There is not continuous success .. Nor continuous failure But self development is what should be continuous.. This lecture is a thanks to everyone succeeded and shared his story with me to spread success among people Nezar Bahabri My Name is Nezar Mohammad Bahabri I am physician Consultant nternal medicine and Infectious Diseases consultant at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Jeddah I thank my lord, I studied in Canada I got both the American and Canadian Board Then when coming back to my home country I thought to utilize my experience and translate that knowledge and experience to the young generation by sharing my story with Success I lecture, then the lecture spread Then I got invitations from many medecine faculties Then I thank my lord, I lectured 6 faculties during the year, or 7 and today it is an honor to close up this year by visiting Al-Khobar again after 11 years Al-Khobar, where I have many memories Not necessarily happy memories! mostly sad memories .. But why I am reminding myself and telling you these stories? Actually, there are 2 reasons: First, I am 40 years old now and in the Holly Quraan, Allah said : "Take the text from source" I ask Allah his forgiveness for all the sins I have done in the past I have grown up Secondly, Allah said in the Holly Quraan in Qaroon story and his nation They did not say give us all what you have from wealth they said please give just as Allah gave you So, I have been given by Allah almighty greatly and the minimal I can do to translate my knowledge that I have been given by any experience even if it was my personal life experience or knowledge you have accure or workshop you have taken which considered paying back to your society because everywhere I see people struggling with failure or already give up! I am not a success instructor I am not an academic person but I am expert I know exactly, what failure means I know exactly, what does F means I fail any test in my life from Driving test (3 times) and cooking test! and so on .. Welcome to the first Cooking with Dog fan event held at Tastemade Studios. We're really happy to have you guys today. Cooking with Dog is the largest Japanese cooking show on YouTube. And perhaps the only show in the world that's hosted by an English speaking poodle with an exotic Japanese accent. Without farther ado, I would like to introduce Chef and Francis of Cooking with Dog. Francis, how are you feeling? Francis: I'm good. I'm good. Chef: Konnichiwa, everyone! Fans: Konnichiwa! We're so happy that so many of you could come out and let us cook for you today! Today we will be making fried asparagus wrapped in pork and eating it fresh from the fry pan. We will also be making pineapple ice cream, which you can find the video for on our channel. We will be eating this fresh as well. First, let's prepare the asparagus. Cut the asparagus to a length of about 20cm (8in). Then peel the outer skin of the asparagus stalks. I always use this kind of peeler. It's very easy to use, so I brought it with me. We have finished preparing the asparagus. Now, we're going to wrap it in pork belly. The tips are cute, so leave them exposed and wrap the pork so the thickness is the same around the whole asparagus. This ensures the asparagus is cooked evenly. Next, when frying the asparagus you roll them in flour, beaten egg, and breadcrumbs, in that order. When beating the egg, add in just a little water to loosen the mixture. When small bubbles form around the panko, it's the right moment to drop in the asparagus. Cut the asparagus into 6 equal pieces. Alright, it's done! Who wants to be the first to try it? So what do you guys say to some ice cream? Yeah! Begin by measuring. 100cc whipping cream. 100g plain yogurt. 40g white sugar. 2 tsp lemon juice. 400g frozen pineapple. Oh! I dropped some! This should be enough. Okay! Not Francis: This is really fresh. Anybody? That's it for the cooking demonstration. Next, we did a casual Q&A with our fans. What kind of food do you like to make the most? I might have said this somewhere else before, but I love noodle dishes. Udon, pasta, ramen... When making udon, you're supposed to wrap up the dough in plastic and knead it with your feet like this instead of using your hands. But when we made udon on the show, I couldn't just get up on the counter and step on it, and plus, I didn't want to show my feet on camera. Francis always sits so obediantly in the vidoes. How do you get him to do that? For some reason, he doesn't really jump or do anything disobediant like that. Though sometimes he gets so tired he almost falls off. He sits on top of a stool only about this big so his movement is limited to looking around here and there. There isn't enough room for him to move around. He only has about this much space. We take him down and let him rest between scenes. He gets tired. He looks sleepy right when we start filming, but when we're setting up he's so excited he just can't sit still. It's like he knows we're going to be filming that day. He looks like he really wants to come over to where I am. Definitely Not Francis: Ohhhhh - I don't want to hear that! Me too! Secret relationship. That's classified information. Sorry about that. At the end of the evening, we invited everyone to enjoy a nice bento dinner with Chef and that guy who sounds like me. Thank you, and good luck in the kitchen! We're back in Be'er Sheva, in the Old City We're not playing the Baraka Club tonight Today we're at a great place called the Youth Center which belongs to the Ayalim non-profit organization. Ayalim helps studaents with grants and accomodation in peripherial towns in Israel in exchange for volunteering work in the community. After my army service I travelled to Cuba In Cuba I was fascinated by the feeling of community, where people knock on each other's doors and take whatever they need, a feeling of one big home I came back to Jerusalem and missed this feeling. I looked for a place where I could live with other people who care about each other and about the community Ayalim was just this place. They help everybody. I know that many kids are happy because of them. Young people come to this neighborhood because of them. Many came here and congratulated them. Imagine a wreck, like you've seen here. We came here, 25 students. Every week we rotated People with hoes and cement We came in here and turned the place into a home. Today, this building houses 17 Ayalim graduates who renovated this building, turning it from a whore house to a students' village. Izhar' how are you? (Izhar) Great! How are you? Fine. The show was a treat! Lots of fun, we enjoyed it a lot! (Izhar) Are you students or next year? We're on a Service Year (Izhar) What does it mean? We volunteer in the community for a year and then join the Nahal in the Army. We have guests from South America who came to Israel to help out. Some of them are making Aliya. Cool. Ayalim let see the show? You bet! These guys do their Service Year in Ayalim They join the Students Village and help out. They're up since 7PM, working with me laying down the mats and cleaning up. I'm a Film student at Sapir College to make Mom happy. To get a College degree. But it's hard to study with all this mess I still have 4 papers to submit... and I'm late. Zvi, if you're watching this on Youtube, please give me a good grade.... SUMMER COURSES. Universitat Jaume I. July, 2012. Mourning is caused by a grief, and it is the natural response to the breaking-off of an affective bond. For this reason, in order to prevent mourning for too long a period, it is necessary to give information and education since elementary school, to facilitate the emotional expression of people who are suffering from it, to let them take part in the rituals and not to reject social support, among other measures. These are some of the rules announced by Amparo Carpi, lecturer at the UJl, in the summer course 'Emotions and Health', codirected by Francisco Palmero and Cristina Guerrero, lecturers in the Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology. Carpi entitled her intervention 'Emotions and Mourning'. -Mourning is a process that we need to go through in order to process our losses. [Amparo Carpi. Lecturer at the UJl.] It is a process of grief. It is not a linear process, but a process with ups and downs that can be more or less lasting depending on the lost object, the suffered loss or the person. Mourning has taken place throughout the human history. Nevertheless, the experience of mourning in the centuries prior to the 20th century was more social, because people shared the grief among them. From the 20th century on -at the beginning or well into the 20th century, depending on the region-, with all the technological advances, diseases control, etc., mourning has tended to be lived more individually when getting it out of home, out of the social environment of the people who surround the acquaintance. Mourning takes place when there is any loss. Usually we think that mourning is related to death. However, the loss of any other thing -a job, an object, a house, etc.- can also set off mourning, because we express the value that these things had for us. When we do not have the object or thing which provides us security, or we have the risk of losing it, we start a period of mourning. After the death of a close relative, all family members go through a mourning process. Logically, it must not be hidden to children. Then, the explanation must be adapted to the child's age -using words that the child can understand-, the possible reactions that the child can have must be allowed and understood, the child's times must be respected and they must be allowed to participate in the rituals and in the displays of grief that the family may have. The economic crisis has influenced the grieving process. With the crisis there is more mourning because we suffer many more losses. In this crisis we have the loss of all our achievements, and all the securities we had achieved are being taken away from us. Thus, people can feel defenceless. What can we do to face this situation? One way to act -comparing it with other kinds of mourning- is to search social support and to solve in group something that is affecting us in society. How can we help? Above all, at the early stages, we have to understand the people's reactions, -as for example, the denial reaction-, we have to stay near them in order to help them understand what is happening, we have to let them unburden themselves so that they can exteriorise their emotions and accept them, and we have to listen to them and offer them social support, security and even orientation in basic things. In the past, when a family member died, there was a relative who took charge of preparing the soup so that survivors did not become weak. Nowadays it is the same. There must be friends and social support that take care of their needs and offer food security -to get that the affected people eat well-, and above all, emotional security because emotions are dulling the process. SUMMER COURSES. Universitat Jaume I. July, 2012. If the people want life, then they'll stand up to defend their rights. No more silence! They exploit our wealth and leave the crumbs for us while so many freedom fighters died on our behalf. This is for all Moroccans. To the free and to those who refuse to be humiliated. To those living in misery and injustice. If the people want life, then they'll stand up to defend their rights. No more silence! They exploit our wealth and leave the crumbs for us while so many freedom fighters died on our behalf. Wake up! Look at the Egyptian people and the people of Tunisia. They're lying to you, those who say, "Morocco, you're an exception." Okay, living is a luxury. Their political brainwashing is calculated. Debauchery and reality television, among other things, are there to distract us. We have no choice but to fight for our rights. Silence won't benefit us. I am the child of the people and I'm not scared! Those who suffered in silence and were dragged through the streets are fed up with going around in circles while our brother [the king] convenes his team to amend the constitution. There's something to go crazy over! Do they want us to take up arms to seize our rights? It's for me to choose whom I want to sanctify. And if you understand us, come live with us. "God, the Homeland, and Freedom" [NOT "God, the Homeland, and the King"] If the people want life, then they'll stand up to defend their rights. No more silence! They exploit our wealth and leave the crumbs for us while so many freedom fighters died on our behalf. It's a problem. It's a problem. We must reformulate the equation. We want a leader whom we can hold to account and not an infallible, sanctified entity. We are told: they'll make you disappear. I shout it loud and clear: they'll make me disappear. Give me my rights or give me death. You speculate on our banks. You sell us at auctions and you did it to us again and again. You share in the spoils and you kiss [the king's] hand. Long live my father [the king], He seized our wealth and as long as I've lived, his children [the people] have not inherited it. You erased our history and you want to bury it with sequins and glitter again. Our king is kind and generous to us, but to whom is he truly generous? Most of our budget is spent on him and his palace entourage. If the people want life, then they'll stand up to defend their rights. No more silence! They exploit our wealth and leave the crumbs for us while so many freedom fighters died on our behalf. I wanted you to hold my hand My heart beats looking at your lips My diary is full of your name Scribbles of your name all over the place Name,name I don't forget your Feeling, feeling and your eyes At night I think about your memories Inside my head I'll REMEMBER U,Please don't forget me(you are my baby) You're Mine You're Mine You're My BABY Come to me and hug me You are my baby You're Mine You're Mine You're My BABY I still remember your words That it will fade away with time But I still remember you You looked great in uniform You were more mature than others I liked you at school But I couldn't tell anyone (My secret secret) I don't forget your Feeling, feeling and your eyes At night I think about your memories Inside my head I'll REMEMBER U Please don't forget me You are my baby. You're Mine You're Mine You're My BABY Come to me and hug me You are my baby You're Mine You're Mine You're My BABY Uh I miss u I need u I want u Uh I miss u I need u I want u I couldn't tell you Because I was too shy Now I want you too Ooh uh (You you) I don't forget your Feeling, feeling and your eyes At night I think about your memories Inside my head I'll REMEMBER U Please don't forget me You are my BABY You're Mine You're Mine You're My BABY Come to me and hug me You are my baby You're Mine You're Mine You're My BABY In this video we're going to look at the momentum method for improving the learning speed when doing grading descent into neural network. The momentum method can be applied to full batch learning, but it also works for mini batch learning. It's very widely used. And probably the commonest recipe for learning big neural nets is to use stochastic grade and descent with mini batches combined with momentum. I'm going to start with the intuition behind the momentum method. So, we think of a ball on the area surface, where the location of the ball in the horizontal plane represents the current weight vector. The ball starts off stationary and so initially it will follow the direction of steepest descent. It will follow the gradient. But as soon as it's got some velocity it'll no longer go in the same direction as the gradient. Its momentum will make it keep going in the previous direction. Obviously we wanted eventually to get to a low point on the surface, so we wanted to lose energy. So we need to introduce a bit of viscosity. That is, we make its velocity die off gently on each update. What the momentum method does, is it damps oscillations in directions of high curvature. So if you look at the red starting point, and then look at the green point we get to after two steps, they have gradients that are pretty much equal and opposite. As a result, the gradient across the ravine has cancelled out. But the gradient along the ravine has not cancelled out. Along the ravine, we're going to keep building up speed, and so, after the momentum method has settled down, it'll tend to go along the bottom of the ravine, accumulating velocity as it goes, and if you're lucky, that'll make you go a whole lot faster, than if you just judge steepest descent. The equations of the momentum method are fairly simple. We say that the velocity vector at time t, is just the velocity vector at time t minus one, time here is the updates of the weights. So it's the velocity vector that we got after mini batch t minus one, attenuated a bit. So we multiply by some number like point.9. Which is really viscosity, or it's related to viscosity. But unfortunately, I called it momentum. So we now call alpha momentum. And then we add in the effect of the current gradient, Which is to make us go downhill by some learning rate times the gradient that we have at time t And that'll be our new velocity at time t We then make our weight change at time t equal to velocity. That velocity can actually be expressed in terms of previous weight changes as it's shown on the slide share. Then I will leave it to you to follow the math. The behavior of the momentum method is very intuitive. On an air surface that's just a plane, the ball will reach some terminal velocity of which the gaining velocity that comes from the gradient is balanced by the multiplicative attenuation of velocity due to the momentum term, Which is really viscosity. If that momentum term is close to one, then it'll be going down much faster than a simple gradient descent method would. So the terminal velocity, the velocity you get at time infinity is the gradient times the learning weight, multiplied by this factor of one over one minus alpha. So if alpha is 0.99, you'll go 100 times as fast as you would with the learning rate alone. You have to be careful in setting momentum. At the very beginning of learning, if you make the initial random weights quite big, there may be very large gradients. You have a bunch of weights that's completely no good for the task you're doing. And it may be very obvious how to change these weights to make things a lot better. You don't want a big momentum. Because you're going to quickly change them to make things better. And then you're going to start on the hard problem of finding out how to get just the right relative values of different weights. So you have sensible feature detectors. So it pays at the beginning of learning to have a small momentum. It is probably better to have 0.5 than zero, because 0.5 will average out some sloshes and obvious ravines. Once the large gradients have disappeared, and you've reached the sort of normal phase of learning, where you're stuck in a ravine. And you need to go along the bottom of this ravine without sloshing to and fro sideways. You can smoothly raise the momentum to its final value. Or you could raise it in one step, but that might start an oscillation. You might think that, why didn't we just use a bigger learning rate. But what you'll discover is that, using a small learning rate and a big momentum allows you to get away with an overall learning rate that's much bigger than you could have had if you used learning rate alone with no momentum. If you use a big learning rate by itself, you'll get big divergent oscillations] across the ravine. Very recently Ilya Sutskever has discovered that there's a better type of momentum. The standard momentum method works by first computing the gradient at the current location. It combines that with its stored memory of previous gradients, which is in the velocity of the ball. And then it takes a big jump in the direction of the current gradient combined with previous gradients. So that's its accumulated gradient direction. Ilya Sutskever has found that it works better in many cases to use a form of momentum suggested by Nesterov who was trying to optimize convex functions, where we first make a big jump in the direction of the previous accumulating gradient, and then we measure the gradient where we end up and make a correction. It's very, very similar, and you need a picture to really understand the difference. One way of thinking about what's going on is in the standard momentum method, you add in the current gradient and then you gamble on this big jump. In the Nesterov method, you use your previously accumulated gradient, you make the big jump and then you correct yourself at the place you've got to. So here's the picture, when we first make the jump and then make a correction. Here is a stamp in the direction of the accumulated gradient. So this depends on the gradient that we've accumulated on, in our previous iteration. We take that step. We then make it the gradient, and go downhill in the direction of the gradient. Like that. We then combine that little correction stat with the big jump we made to get our new accumulated gradient. We then take that accumulated gradient, we attenuate it by some number, like nine. Or 99. multiply it by that number, and we now take our next big jump in the direction of that accumulated gradient, like that. Then again, at the place where we end up, we measure the gradient and we go downhill. That correct any errors you made, and we our new accumulated gradient. Now if you compare that with the standard momentum method, the standard momentum method starts with a accumulating gradient, like that initial brand vector, but then it measures the gradient where it is, so it measures the gradient at its current location, and it adds that to the brown vector, so that it makes a jump like this big blue vector. That is just the brown vector plus the current gradient. It turns out, if you're going to gamble, it's much better to gamble and then make a correction, than to make a correction and then gamble. In this problem, we've been asked to build a simplified Sudoko checker. In this version, we're given an n x n matrix. In this case n equals 3. We're going to insure that every number appears once in every column, and once in every row. In this example, the 1 appears once in this column, once in this column, once in this column, once in this row, once in this row, and once in this row. We can repeat that check for every digit in the grid. Here's our plan of action for solving this problem. We're going to go through each digit, 1 through n. In this case, 1 through 3. We're going to start with 1, and we're going to go through each row and column at the same time, checking to see that that digit occurs once and only once in each row and column. Here we see 1 appears once in the first row and the first column, so we increment our counts by 1. Then we check the second entry in the row and the column and then the third entry. At the end of checking each entry in the row and the column we check our count and make sure that it equals 1 for both. If either one is not equal to 1, then this grid is not correct. Otherwise, if we go through each digit and see that every digit appears once and only once in every row and column, then this grid satisfies our modified Sudoku property, and we return True. Let's code this up. Here's the finished code for this problem. First we extract the size of the grid by looking simply at the length of the list p. Then we start with the first digit and go through each digit, checking each row and column at the same time. For each entry in the row and the column, we see if that entry equals our digit. If it does, we increment our counts. Otherwise, we just move onto the next entry. Once we go through that row and the column, we ensure that the row count and the column count both are exactly 1. If they aren't then we return False and stop, because the grid has already violated our Sudoku property. Otherwise, we keep going to the next row and the column until we've gone through each row and column for that digit. After we are done with that digit, we move onto the next digit. We go through every digit, ensuring the Sudoku property for each digit. We return True, because there was nothing wrong with the grid, so therefore it passes the test. Now I'm going to give you a story. It's an Indian story about an Indian woman and her journey. Let me begin with my parents. I'm a product of this visionary mother and father. Many years ago, when I was born in the '50s -- '50s and '60s didn't belong to girls in India. They belonged to boys. They belonged to boys who would join business and inherit business from parents, and girls would be dolled up to get married. My family, in my city, and almost in the country, was unique. We were four of us, not one, and fortunately no boys. We were four girls and no boys. And my parents were part of a landed property family. My father defied his own grandfather, almost to the point of disinheritance, because he decided to educate all four of us. He sent us to one of the best schools in the city and gave us the best education. As I've said, when we're born, we don't choose our parents, and when we go to school, we don't choose our school. Children don't choose a school. They just get the school which parents choose for them. So this is the foundation time which I got. I grew up like this, and so did my other three sisters. And my father used to say at that time, "I'm going to spread all my four daughters in four corners of the world." I don't know if he really meant [that], but it happened. I'm the only one who's left in India. One is a British, another is an American and the third is a Canadian. So we are four of us in four corners of the world. And since I said they're my role models, I followed two things which my father and mother gave me. One, they said, "Life is on an incline. You either go up, or you come down." And the second thing, which has stayed with me, which became my philosophy of life, which made all the difference, is: 100 things happen in your life, good or bad. Out of 100, 90 are your creation. They're good. They're your creation. Enjoy it. If they're bad, they're your creation. Learn from it. Ten are nature-sent over which you can't do a thing. It's like a death of a relative, or a cyclone, or a hurricane, or an earthquake. You can't do a thing about it. You've got to just respond to the situation. But that response comes out of those 90 points. Since I'm a product of this philosophy, of 90/10, and secondly, "life on an incline," that's the way I grew up to be valuing what I got. I'm a product of opportunities, rare opportunities in the '50s and the '60s, which girls didn't get, and I was conscious of the fact that what my parents were giving me was something unique. Because all of my best school friends were getting dolled up to get married with a lot of dowry, and here I was with a tennis racket and going to school and doing all kinds of extracurricular activities. I thought I must tell you this. Why I said this, is the background. This is what comes next. I joined the Indian Police Service as a tough woman, a woman with indefatigable stamina, because I used to run for my tennis titles, etc. But I joined the Indian Police Service, and then it was a new pattern of policing. For me the policing stood for power to correct, power to prevent and power to detect. This is something like a new definition ever given in policing in India -- the power to prevent. Because normally it was always said, power to detect, and that's it, or power to punish. But I decided no, it's a power to prevent, because that's what I learned when I was growing up. How do I prevent the 10 and never make it more than 10? So this was how it came into my service, and it was different from the men. I didn't want to make it different from the men, but it was different, because this was the way I was different. And I redefined policing concepts in India. I'm going to take you on two journeys, my policing journey and my prison journey. What you see, if you see the title called "PM's car held." This was the first time a prime minister of India was given a parking ticket. (Laughter) That's the first time in India, and I can tell you, that's the last time you're hearing about it. It'll never happen again in India, because now it was once and forever. And the rule was, because I was sensitive, I was compassionate, I was very sensitive to injustice, and I was very pro-justice. That's the reason, as a woman, I joined the Indian Police Service. I had other options, but I didn't choose them. So I'm going to move on. This is about tough policing, equal policing. Now I was known as "here's a woman that's not going to listen." So I was sent to all indiscriminate postings, postings which others would say no. I now went to a prison assignment as a police officer. Normally police officers don't want to do prison. They sent me to prison to lock me up, thinking, "Now there will be no cars and no VlPs to be given tickets to. Let's lock her up." Here I got a prison assignment. This was a prison assignment which was one big den of criminals. Obviously, it was. But 10,000 men, of which only 400 were women -- 10,000 -- 9,000 plus about 600 were men. Terrorists, rapists, burglars, gangsters -- some of them I'd sent to jail as a police officer outside. And then how did I deal with them? The first day when I went in, I didn't know how to look at them. And I said, "Do you pray?" When I looked at the group, I said, "Do you pray?" They saw me as a young, short woman wearing a pathan suit. I said, "Do you pray?" And they didn't say anything. I said, "Do you pray? Do you want to pray?" They said, "Yes." I said, "All right, let's pray." I prayed for them, and things started to change. This is a visual of education inside the prison. Friends, this has never happened, where everybody in the prison studies. I started this with community support. Government had no budget. It was one of the finest, largest volunteerism in any prison in the world. This was initiated in Delhi prison. You see one sample of a prisoner teaching a class. These are hundreds of classes. Nine to eleven, every prisoner went into the education program -- the same den in which they thought they would put me behind the bar and things would be forgotten. We converted this into an ashram -- from a prison to an ashram through education. I think that's the bigger change. It was the beginning of a change. Teachers were prisoners. Teachers were volunteers. Books came from donated schoolbooks. Stationery was donated. Everything was donated, because there was no budget of education for the prison. Now if I'd not done that, it would have been a hellhole. That's the second landmark. I want to show you some moments of history in my journey, which probably you would never ever get to see anywhere in the world. One, the numbers you'll never get to see. Secondly, this concept. This was a meditation program inside the prison of over 1,000 prisoners. One thousand prisoners who sat in meditation. This was one of the most courageous steps I took as a prison governor. And this is what transformed. You want to know more about this, go and see this film, "Doing Time, Doing Vipassana." You will hear about it, and you will love it. And write to me on KiranBedi.com, and I'll respond to you. Let me show you the next slide. I took the same concept of mindfulness, because, why did I bring meditation into the Indian prison? Because crime is a product of a distorted mind. It was distortion of mind which needed to be addressed to control. Not by preaching, not by telling, not by reading, but by addressing your mind. I took the same thing to the police, because police, equally, were prisoners of their minds, and they felt as if it was "we" and "they," and that the people don't cooperate. This worked. This is a feedback box called a petition box. This is a concept which I introduced to listen to complaints, listen to grievances. This was a magic box. This was a sensitive box. This is how a prisoner drew how they felt about the prison. If you see somebody in the blue -- yeah, this guy -- he was a prisoner, and he was a teacher. And you see, everybody's busy. There was no time to waste. Let me wrap it up. I'm currently into movements, movements of education of the under-served children, which is thousands -- India is all about thousands. Secondly is about the anti-corruption movement in India. That's a big way we, as a small group of activists, have drafted an ombudsman bill for the government of India. Friends, you will hear a lot about it. That's the movement at the moment I'm driving, and that's the movement and ambition of my life. Thank you very much. (Applause) Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Text: Matt Vermeere '12 Moline, IL Hello from Western illinois University. I'm Matt. I want to personally thank you for reading my letter and considering a gift this year. Annual gifts from former Supply Chain Management students like you are so important to current students like me. I hope you will join other alumni in lending your support this year. You may choose to benefit one of the Department's scholarships or make an unrestricted gift allowing us to respond to the Department's most pressing needs. Gifts of all sizes are needed and appreciated, but it's your participation that also keeps our scholarships available for students. Thank you for supporting us with your Annual gift. Harlem in the 1970s: An urban war zone with Heroin pushers and junkies on Nearly every corner, a world Where street gangs control the Distribution of drugs and kill In the name of commerce. Ruling these streets were two Gangsters who rose from poverty And made a fortune by feeding Harlem's drug habit. One found his way to the big City from a dirt farm In north carolina. narrator: The other, a native New yorker emerged From the ghetto. narrator: Like their Counterparts in the italian Mafia, both men tried to keep Their distance from the many Violent crimes committed in Their names. they sawed off his head and Hands and threw the torso in The passaic river. they shot him at such close Range that his shirt caught on Fire. narrator: For years, the Authorities were powerless to Stop them. we would try to bring Charges, and mysteriously, the Witnesses would disappear or get Murdered themselves. narrator: Their undoing would Come from within, but not Until they had blazed a trail of Destruction straight through the Heart of harlem. For a generation of kids growing Up amidst violence and heroin Addiction, harlem gangsters Frank lucas and nicky barnes Were their superstars. I didn't see anyone that made The american dream happen for Them and their family through School, you know, just doing It the right way. I didn't see it. You know, when a reporter asks a Nine-year-old kid, you know, "who's your hero, and is Reggie jackson your hero?" He said, "no, nicky barnes is my Hero." narrator: The kids may have Glamorized the gangsters, but There was nothing glamorous About the way these two men Enforced their rule on the Streets of harlem and kept their Dope pushers in line. they would take people to the Base of the george washington Bridge, and they would tell them They're gonna hang them over. Very often, these people would Defecate in their pants. They would bring them back up, And they would make them eat Their own defecation, teach Them a lesson not to short them On the packages. narrator: Such methods of Persuasion came naturally to Frank lucas, a native of rural North carolina who learned early On that terror was a surefire Way to exert control. narrator: The brutality Affected lucas profoundly. narrator: As a teenager in The late 1940s, frank left home And headed up north to new york City. By his own account, lucas met The infamous gangster ellsworth "bumpy" johnson in a pool hall. Bumpy was the italian mob's man In harlem, selling drugs and Running a numbers racket. bumpy johnson operated in Harlem, and he actually worked With la cosa nostra as sort of Their ambassador to harlem. La cosa nostra, they Were all white, and it wasn't A very good idea to be on the Streets of harlem. narrator: To lucas, bumpy Became a mentor. narrator: Bumpy gave frank Access to his rackets, grooming Him as his successor. Frank not only learned how bumpy Did business in harlem but how The italians ran the mob all Over town. The big moment came for frank in July of 1968 when bumpy died of A heart attack. what he told me was, when Bumpy was dying, he was given The choice of taking over the Numbers or the heroin. And he said he thought about It and thought that heroin was The up-and-coming thing, and he Decided to go with the heroin. narrator: By the late 1960s, Heroin addiction was Skyrocketing in new york, and Harlem was suffering the brunt Of it. For the underworld, that meant a Bull market for the heroin biz, And frank was in. Lucas formed a gang named the Country boys. Like other black street gangs, They worked with the italian mob To get their heroin from Overseas. Lucas told some of his family to Come up to harlem from north Carolina and join in the action. narrator: Lucas and the Country boys were an Uncompromising group of Criminals who tolerated zero Disloyalty to their cause, Making money by selling heroin. somebody stole the money, Somebody stole the drugs, Somebody is considered weak, They're executed. You know, somebody will knock on The door, set them up and just Kill them. narrator: As a drug kingpin, Lucas had a fierce survival Instinct and was known for his Quick temper. frank would do things on the Spur of the moment, and he was The one with the temper. You did him wrong, he'd squash You like a cockroach. narrator: According to strike Force detective richie roberts, The country boys carried out Shocking acts of retribution on Behalf of their boss, frank Lucas. on one occasion, someone was Murdered in the basement of one Of the projects. They sawed off his head and Hands and threw the torso in the Passaic river. narrator: One of frank's Associates was this man, Leslie "ike" atkinson. In the late 1960s, ike was in The u.S. Army stationed in Thailand as part of the american War effort in vietnam. Atkinson earned the nickname "sergeant smack" when he began Smuggling heroin from the vast Poppy fields of thailand back to Frank and the country boys. The method was innovative, to Say the least. Using connections on army bases In vietnam, atkinson arranged to Have the heroin placed secretly In the coffins of dead american Gis. a lot of the bodies came back To north carolina. Camp lejeune and the marine Corps base was there, fort bragg For the airborne. And some of the information I Got that there were people There, soldiers, who knew which Body bags and which coffins had The dope in it, and they were Also on the take, and they Separated that and took it out. narrator: Ike was not alone In the coffin scam. This former soldier went to jail For doing the same thing. did you put drugs in the Coffins? of course you put it in the Coffins. Why not? I mean, you're not harming Anyone, are you? narrator: Now that frank Lucas had found his own heroin Connection, he didn't need the Italian mob as much. the money really started Rolling in. at the height of its Activity, he was supposed to Have been transporting 1,000 Kilos a year into the united States. He probably exported more than $400 million worth of drugs. the country boys were taking Over all the top spots in the City from old-time drug Dealers. They were throwing them out. They were beating them out. They were killing them out. narrator: Frank's counterpart On the streets of harlem was a Native new yorker named nicky Barnes. Nicky was born in 1933 and Raised amongst these bleak Tenements. By the age of 14, he was a Runaway and a junkie. Today barnes is in the federal Witness protection program and Has to hide his face and Disguise his voice. narrator: Nicky quickly Realized he also had a knack for Selling the stuff. narrator: But first he had To hone his skills. Nicky spent much of his early 20s in new york's green haven Prison for drug offenses. He made good use of the time. nicky was a sophisticated Individual who learned Management skills and Organizational skills in prison. narrator: When barnes Returned to the streets in 1969, He was clean, but he had come Up with a plan to exploit the Drug addiction festering in Harlem. He created a gang that would Come to known as the council. It was made up of small groups Of heroin dealers who barnes had Come to trust. The council's power grew Rapidly, and by the early 1970s, A government report called it "the largest, most profitable, And most venal drug ring in new York city." nicky barnes was the biggest Heroin dealer on the east Coast, a major figure. Didn't touch the dope himself But was really responsible For its movement and Distribution to the streets. narrator: With enough Business to go around, barnes And lucas respected each other's Corners. Much like lucas and his country Boys, nicky barnes and the Council had little tolerance for Anything that got in the way of Their profits. narrator: Harlem, 1974: Council members go to the Apartment of a junkie and Small-time drug dealer. The man's sister had committed a Cardinal sin. She stole $30,000 from the Council's coffers. narrator: The council decided That if they couldn't find the Sister or the money, the brother Had to pay. narrator: When persuasion Didn't work, the gang gutted him Like a fish on the tenement Floor, all because of his Association with the violent Underworld of drugs. violence is the glue that Keeps the organization going. And if you have an organization, And you are not ready to employ Violence, extreme violence... That means killing people...you Might as well get out of town. narrator: As the body count Grew, the gangs kept getting Away with murder while barnes And lucas raked in millions. All the while, out on the Streets, their heroin was Destroying harlem. Nicky could see it As well as anyone. narrator: Yet somehow in the Biggest city in the richest Country on the planet, the Authorities seemed to have Surrendered harlem to the enemy. narrator: In the earlrlrlrly, Two violent gangs rose to the Top of the heroin racket in new York's harlem neighborhood: Nicky barnes and his council and Frank lucas and his country Boys. There were contemporaries and Rivals but stayed out of one Another's way, each content with His share of a very profitable Market. The cops, meantime, were Overwhelmed. New york's murder rate was Soaring just as a financial Crisis was forcing the city to Lay off police officers. the streets were desolate. The people's hearts were Desolate. There was nothing to do. It became easy to sell drugs. there were a lot of addicts In harlem. Just blatantly, you would drive In the neighborhood, and people Would be nodding out from Shooting up the heroin. narrator: This growing hunger For drugs was making a small Group of gangsters rich beyond Their wildest dreams. And the more money they made, The more they wanted. Even as barnes and lucas were Ravaging harlem, they became Heroes on the neighborhood's Sordid streets. Both from poor backgrounds, they Were black men that had gone on To achieve the american dream of Fabulous wealth. narrator: The admiration felt For these drug lords was not Extended to the local police. Nicky barnes remembers the Conflict residents Of harlem felt. narrator: This distrust of Authority and the belief in the Self-made lords of harlem gave The council and the country boys Free reign to do business on the Streets. Open-air heroin markets Flourished, bringing barnes and Lucas hundreds of thousands of Dollars a day. when you think about that Lifestyle with open-air markets Where hundreds and hundreds of Men in communities walking Around aimlessly, buying drugs, And then the leaders of the Organization with the flashy Clothes, the flashy jewelry, the Women, the cars... narrator: Anyone who got in The way of these spoils, Especially informants, could Expect a fierce reprisal. one of them was a guy named George ford that was Allegedly peddling $12,000 worth Of heroin a day in harlem. narrator: Ford, who dealt Drugs from the counter of his Candy store for lucas, was Caught in a drug sting. In exchange for a lesser Sentence, he agreed to give Evidence against lucas. A few weeks later, ford was Killed with a bullet to the Head. Frank lucas went on trial for The murder. Over the years, lucas would be Charged with multiple counts of Murder, but lack of evidence or Eyewitness testimony Ensured he was never convicted. This time was no different, And the murder served as an Example to anyone who might Think of crossing lucas. It was much the same for nicky Barnes. Even though he was arrested for Bribery, drug dealing, Possession of dangerous weapons, And homicide, none of the Charges ever stuck. Both men earned nicknames in the Underworld. Frank's was "superfly," Stylish and daring as he sat on The streets of harlem, watching His product sell like hotcakes. narrator: Nicky, meantime, Became known as "mr. Untouchable." narrator: Like old-time mafia Dons, lucas and barnes insulated Themselves from gang activity by Using lieutenants to distribute Drugs and dole out street Justice. Anyone within their ranks Suspected of being a rat would Face execution. Lawrence billings was a Low-level associate of the Council. His racket wasn't selling heroin But the quinine used to cut it. Technically a legal drug, but Because it was used by heroin Dealers, buying and selling it In quantity was illegal. In the winter of 1974, the feds Arrested billings, and the gang Decided he knew too much about Their activities. They had a vote on whether to Dispense with billings. His fate was sealed. They decided that a council Member named wally rice would Carry out the hit. narrator: The gunshot tore Billings' face off, but he Lived. Authorities took him into Protective custody, hoping to Keep him alive to testify Against the council. But while he was holed up in the Prince george hotel with Police protection, billings Stole away in the Middle of the night. narrator: Billings was never Seen again. In the early 1970s, just as the Council and the country boys Were making their mark on the Streets of harlem, the civil Rights movement was taking a Militant turn. Groups like the black panthers Were at the heart of the new Black power movement. Nicky barnes and his council Took their cues from these Groups as they took over the Distribution of heroin from Old-time white gangsters and the Italian mob who had historically Dealt heroin in harlem. narrator: The council was Comprised of seven members. All were black muslims and Believers in the black power Movement. Nicky barnes decided that Controlling the distribution and Sale of drugs in harlem was Their right. nicky's organization would Not have whites coming into Harlem to run his business: "you supply me with the drugs I Pay you for, and that's it." narrator: That's the kind of Deal nicky made with the Genovese mafia family, and the Mob was happy to avoid a bloody Turf war with the black gangs. Both sides understood that Heroin was strictly business. Barnes believed in operating his Gang using a corporate Philosophy, with himself as the Ceo. He and his council lived by a Seven-word mantra. narrator: As the profits From their connections mounted, Both lucas and barnes made a Perverse attempt at public Relations. They shared their wealth with The very communities they were Preying on. narrator: Nicky barnes and Frank lucas had finally achieved The status and money they had Sought for so long. They became examples to some Segments of the community of Success. they didn't bow and scrape. Didn't have to. They were heroes in their Community, and we didn't have Heroes in our communities. Most of our heroes were athletes Or musicians. Now you have somebody who's There each and every day and Driving the big cars and Giving out turkeys on Thanksgiving. And someone falls upon hard Times and can't pay the rent, They'll pay the rent for them. They did things...and they were Very visible...that the white man Did not do. narrator: As harlem watched Its black angels climb, there Seemed to be no stopping their Success. But for barnes and lucas, there Was a risk to achieving such a High profile in the underworld. Blinded by their wealth and Power, they never saw it coming. narrator: While watergate Was bringing down the Nixon presidency and america Was losing a war in vietnam, Harlem was crumbling under the Weight of gangs who were making Millions selling drugs in the Community. Frank lucas remembers what life Was like at the top. narrator: Lucas and nicky Barnes, leaders of two of the Most violent gangs to roam the Streets of new york, lived in a Way most harlem residents could Only imagine. even if you didn't see frank, There was an electricity in the Air. People were alive and vibrant, But you knew that he was in Town, he was around. He had his superfly clothes on. He always had a bunch of Good-looking women around. He'd be in the bars, and he'd Spend money, and he was very Loud. narrator: Outside the Limelight, both the council and The country boys saw themselves As serious businessmen. frank lucas the businessman Was...how can I put this? He was a ruthless capitalist. Whoever stood in his way, he Knocked out of his way. He just wanted to make as much Money as he could. narrator: Lucas was presiding Over a sophisticated Drug-handling operation. As kilo after kilo of heroin Made its way through new york's Ports, the purity of the product Was cut from 90% Down to around 3%. heroin doesn't go out in the Street in a pure form. You cut it with either mannite Or quinine, increase the amount Of powder in the street and Thereby increasing your profits. narrator: Quinine, a legal Drug, would give a powerful Burning sensation when injected With heroin. Mannite, a laxative powder, was Cheap and easy to obtain. instead of having 1 kilo at 90%, you'd have 30 kilos at 3%. And if you're making an average Of $300,000 per "ki" times 30... And when you brought in a kilo Of heroin, you don't bring just 1 kilo in; you maybe bring 10, 20, 50 kilos, and the process Would just continue and Continue. narrator: Heroin mills, where The powder was cut and put in Small plastic bags, looked like White powder production lines. narrator: Gangs employed Women to work long shifts at Night in the mills. The women were often forced to Work in the nude, initially to Prevent theft, but later to Ensure they worked quickly. narrator: Once the heroin had Been measured into the bags, They'd be marked with the Dealer's stamp, like frank Lucas' "blue magic." blue magic was a much higher Quality. The quality was, like, 1% to 3%, Though, before frank. When the country boys came in, It could be up to 10%. narrator: Lucas' new High-quality heroin was meant to Blow his business competitor, Nicky barnes, out of the market, Where addicts were desperate to Buy the most potent heroin. Instead, blue magic brought a Deadly backlash. Addicts found themselves Overdosing on frank's product. the problem with the higher Quality was that some people Od'd. A lot of people od'd. heroin was killing people. Thousands and thousands and Thousands of teenagers were Killed. narrator: Lucas' product Might have been good, but there Was still plenty of business to Go around. As nicky barnes saw his empire Expand, he had visions of Starting legitimate businesses Like nightclubs and real estate Investments with the money he Had earned selling drugs. narrator: Barnes had raised Himself up to a level he Couldn't see himself falling From. nicky is the king of strut. I mean, he is the king of the Street. He is the...if you will, the Black godfather of harlem. narrator: In the mid-'70s, Louie diaz went to work for the Council, buying small amounts of Heroin and laundering money. Even though he was white, he Seemed to have promise as a Potential gangster. narrator: But diaz wasn't What he seemed to be. narrator: Nicky barnes and Frank lucas had ruled harlem Like kings, but hidden forces Were preparing To overthrow them. narrator: During the early 1970s, the heroin gangs of Harlem not only controlled the Drug trade; They also had connections in the Nypd. The most notorious was a cop Named elmer morris. His brother-in-law was a top Lieutenant in nicky barnes' Council. He got the council firearms and Martial arts training, and when Anyone informed on the gang, Morris passed his name along. Joseph beechum was one of Morris' unfortunate victims. After morris confirmed beechum Was an informant, a council Member lured beechum to a Meeting in an awaiting car. Once beechum was inside, he was Shot in the face and killed. Though few were as deadly as Morris, many new york police Officers were on the take. Underpaid cops found themselves Being offered bribes that were More than they earned in months. policemen weren't paid a lot Of money. And if you're making $20,000 a year, $25,000 a year, And someone comes along, "$5,000. I know you patrol this block. Don't come by. Patrol the next block." Or, "check this license plate Out. Is this guy an informant?" Or, "who is this guy? $10,000." And you know, you do it once, And now they've got you. narrator: With heroin gangs Seemingly running the streets, The dea intervened. But pinning case on an operator Like frank lucas would be Difficult, as agent jack toal Quickly learned. he ran it as a tight ship. He oversaw what was going on. He wanted to know at each level What was going on, and he Carved out territory which he Kept because of the good Source of supply and Intimidation. narrator: Intimidation seemed To be one of lucas' Self-admitted specialties. narrator: Starting in the Summer of 1974, a dea team put Frank lucas under constant Surveillance. Their goal was to piece together Enough witness testimony to Prove that lucas had been Involved in a continuing Criminal enterprise. Just over the border in newark, New jersey, where frank lucas Was living at the time, richie Roberts headed a strike force That was also watching lucas. He was shocked by the gang's Brutality. one of the m.O.S of the Country boys in newark was to Take somebody up on the project Roofs...usually their own people Who would short them on a Package or steal some money...and Throw them off the roof. narrator: After months of Investigations, the dea's case Against lucas stalled. Then in autumn of 1974, a Surprise witness came forward. It was none other than lucas' Accountant. this fellow was on parole and A former convict. They locked him up. He's facing a lot of time. I remember asking him to Cooperate, and he thought About it. He thought about it. Didn't give me an answer right Away. I eventually got a call, and he Started telling us about what Frank was doing. narrator: As a result, lucas Was arrested for conspiracy to Obtain and distribute large Amounts of heroin. But by christmas 1974, he was Once again acquitted for lack of Evidence. I have always said that if a Guy is a bad guy and he beats You, he'll be back in the System. Frank was back in the system. narrator: In January of 1975, A strike force of dea agents and New york police officers acting On an informant's tip surrounded Frank lucas at his house in Teaneck, new jersey. from what the agents have Told me that were there, they Surrounded the house. And once they went to the door, Frank's wife started throwing Out bags of money, at which Time they grabbed all the bags And brought them in and arrested Frank. narrator: All told, there was Over $500,000 in small bills at The lucas residence that Evening. Lucas was arrested and put on Trial for a series of new Federal charges, one of a Continuing criminal enterprise, Of breaking the Racketeer-influenced and corrupt Organizations act, and several Other felonies that were now Corroborated by eyewitness Testimony. Once lucas had been dispensed With, the dea turned to the Council and its leader, nicky Barnes, mr. Untouchable. nicky was a guy...would Never talk on the phone. He would never handle a package. He would be nowhere around it, So if you made a case on nicky, It had to be circumstantial Evidence. narrator: A young agent from Brooklyn named louie diaz was Hoping to change all that. In the summer of 1976, america Was celebrating its Bicentennial just as diaz was Taking on the riskiest Assignment of his career. He was going undercover inside Barnes' operation. I came up with this scenario That I was a renegade mob guy. I went to california to chill Out for about a year or so, you Know? And I got a little tired of surf City, and I thought it was Time to come back. So when I came back to new york, I wanted to get back into the Heroin trade, but I wasn't Gonna depend on the italians. narrator: Diaz made friends With junior members of the Council and started living in Their world. He was amazed at the power they Had. we were so respected. We would walk into a club, Whether it was the hubba hubba, The cotton club, or jagazzi's, And most guys...you know, like, You'd check in your coat, and They give you a ticket? Well, then they check in your Gun, and they give you a Ticket. narrator: Over the course of Several months, diaz put his Life in grave danger. agents have died. Believe me, many have been Killed working undercover. It was a risky business to Pretend to be a dope buyer and Dealer with people who have no Concern for the loss of life. and my father told me many Things, and one of the things That the told me as a kid was That "never go into fight Thinking what the other guy is Gonna do to you. Never, only what you're gonna Do to him." I never feared for my life. I never thought about it. narrator: Two of diaz's Contacts in the council were guy Fisher and joseph hayden, aka "jazz." Both were vicious, and Especially so when it came to Killing a member of the mob who Had gotten in their way. guy fisher and joseph hayden Whacked a guy by the name of Carmen pugliese. They shot him at such close Range that his shirt caught on Fire. narrator: Working carefully Within the organization, diaz Formed a relationship with jazz Hayden, who had no idea diaz Was a federal agent. narrator: And as jazz talked, Louie diaz was wearing a wire. For eight months, diaz came to Understand how the council Functioned. in order to conduct that type Of organization, you don't do it As an altar boy. There was a lot of murders and Killings involved, and nicky, To some degree, was part and Parcel of those murders, and They were were committed as a Matter of doing business. narrator: In March of 1977, Nicky barnes was driving through Harlem on what seemed to be an Average day. narrator: Barnes was Arrested, but instead of the new York police department, this Time, it was the feds. Frank lucas and nicky barnes Had lived the high life at a Terrible cost to the people of Harlem. Now the full force of the Federal government, right up To the white house, was coming Down on them, but no one was Sure who would win. narrator: In January 1975, Frank lucas, one of the most Powerful drug lords in new york City, went on trial. Lucas was tried by the u.S. Attorney's office in manhattan And convicted of conspiracy to Distribute narcotics. His sentence: 40 years in Prison. Almost immediately, lucas was Then indicted by the state of New jersey, where he lived. Former detective richie roberts Was there for the trial. I had observed him before, But the first time I met him was At the trial. I was sitting at the table, And the courtroom was full of Celebrities. And frank came in with his Lawyers and their paralegals and Their secretaries Like a rock star. narrator: In new jersey, Lucas was convicted of Conspiracy and given a 30-year Sentence for a total of 70 Years behind bars. Lucas was 44 at the time. when we arrest somebody, and If they were in their early 20s or early 30s, you know, they Had that cockiness and that Swagger. "I'll do my jail time." But then when you arrest them, And they're in their 40s and Early 50s, nobody wants to go to Jail. narrator: The gangster who Had once prided himself on Killing anyone who turned Against him now decided to flip. Lucas cut a deal with the u.S. Attorney to have his sentence Reduced, providing information That would assist in the arrest Of almost 100 gangsters. In an unrelated case, lucas' Rival, nicky barnes, was about To go down too. In March of 1977, after an Eight-month investigation, dea Agent louie diaz had gathered The evidence needed to indict Barnes for running a continuing Criminal enterprise. The charge carried a life Sentence. As barnes' lawyers prepared his Case to go to trial, he was Approached by the new york times Magazine for a story, complete With a front-cover photo. narrator: Nicky picked a Red, white, and blue tie to show Himself as an all-american Businessman. that new york times Sunday Article appeared in July, and I still remember the headline And the caption: "nicky barnes. The police say he's harlem's Biggest drug dealer. But can they prove it?" narrator: The photo made the New president, jimmy carter, Livid. president carter called the Attorney general, who was That time griffin bell, who then Contacted the head of dea And the u.S. Attorney, and then Basically said, "I hope we have A good, strong case against These guys, because this is The most important case in the United states of anerica." narrator: But even louie diaz Wondered if mr. Untouchable Would go down. He'd already been tried and Acquitted on various charges, Including murder, a total of 13 times. you just hope that you got The right fruit in that Basket and that the good jury Are gonna eat from it and They're gonna return that Verdict. narrator: To prevent the Jurors from being intimidated by Pressure from the gang, the Judge ensured the trial would Include the first-ever Anonymous jury. narrator: The judge mandated That no one was to know the Addresses or the names of these People on the jury, because Nicky was good at getting to the People. narrator: On January 19, 1978, the jury reached its Verdict. When it was read, "guilty," There was a gasp in the Courtroom. that was a shock to many of The people in harlem, because They didn't think this person Was touchable. But he did get touched, and he Did get put down. turns out what we brought to The table was enough to convict Nicky on most of the counts that Were brought against him. He was convicted of a continuing Criminal enterprise, which Carries a life sentence. narrator: Nicky barnes was Sent to the highest security Prison in the u.S., in marion, Illinois. Even though he was in prison, Barnes was relying on the mantra Of the council: "treat my Brother as I treat myself." narrator: Rumors began to Filter back to barnes that his Second-in-command, guy fisher, Was having an affair with Barnes' wife. For barnes, this was an Unforgivable violation of his Code of honor. It was enough to make him turn On his fellow gangsters. It would be his last act of Revenge against thwho Betrayed him. his wife was going with Someone, disrespecting him, and He just got fed up and pissed Off. And he called up and started Cooperating. narrator: One by one, aided By barnes' testimony, each Member of the council was Convicted of drug trafficking And given a lengthy prison Sentence. By 1984, a majority of the Council and the country boys Were either on trial, in jail, Or dead. The days of these heroin Kingpins were finished. Cocaine had taken over as the Drug of choice in new york and Crack quickly surpassed it as The most lucrative street drug. Today nicky barnes is out of Jail after serving more than 20 Years of a life sentence. He's in the witness protection Program after giving federal Evidence against dozens of his Previous associates. He has a new name and a new Identity, and he hasn't been Back to harlem since the day he Was arrested. narrator: Now barnes works a 9:00 to 5:00 job in a quiet Suburb somewhere in america. narrator: But some aren't so Quick to forget the former life Of nicky barnes. I think my feeling still is That he should be in Prison despite his change of Living habits, the fact that He's a grandfather. There are a lot of grandfathers That have lost grandchildren Because of what he did. narrator: Frank lucas is also A grandfather in his late 70s. He's wheelchair-bound after a Car accident broke his legs and Diabetes crippled his hands. After more than 30 years since His conviction, lucas says he Has no regrets about his years As a drug kingpin and that given The chance, he'd do it again. Hello. It's 2012. Why aren't your household gadgets talking to each other? They really should. Of course, in these days of walled gardens and incompatible standards, getting device A to do something meaningful with thing B requires ingenuity, persistence and a tame geek. Here at Vivalogic, this offends us - so we're determined to do something about it. We have a plan. A plan for world domination. But that's not important right now: in the short term, we're going to concentrate on making devices talk to each other. Of course, unifying every single technology is a big task. So we're starting small. Trivially small. Consider this: for the vast majority of homes, there is no simple way of answering the question "Did I arm the security system when I left the house?". Alarm systems are popular, they've been around for years, and almost all of them can electronically indicate that they've been correctly armed - yet answering this simple question remains inexplicably hard. We are building Glue, a piece of software which will fill the gaps between devices and allow them to be used as a single, unified system. Our first release will run on a small server inside your house, and talk to a wide range of different alarm systems, providing a simple answer to the question. There are rumours that not everyone wants to set up and run a server for their house. We will eventually embed Glue into a plug-and-play box, maybe something like this one, for total ease of use. Before we get there, we need to validate our first release with people of taste, sophistication and enthusiasm: with you, the early adopters. In a moment, you will be directed to a short survey: tell us what you think. Your feedback is vital to our progress, and is the sneaky trick we're using to make sure that Glue is as excellent as possible. Thank you for your time. Leonard Nimoy, what are you doing here? wherever there is mystery, ny mom calls hey spock, que quiere en su salchicha? srpendeme And what does it depend on? What determines weather or not this side, n equals 1, will equal this side, 2. Please pick the best answer. - I'm Joslyn Davis and you're watching ClevverTV. Today we're coming to you from our official headquarters in Beverly Hills. We hear that one of our favorite Disney darlings has a bit of a crush on Justin Bieber....but seriously, who doesn't have a crush on Justin Bieber right now? In a recent chat with teen magazine J-14, Selena Gomez giggled when she was asked about Bieber and all she would say was "cute!" A little later though Selena elaborated on her one-word feelings for Bieber. She said "How do I put 'I wish he was two years older' in one word?' He's adorable, I love him." Talk about a total bummer for Bieber. He is 15 and Selena is 17. But the whole cougar thing is very hot right now so who knows. And one of Selena's bff's Taylor Swift is 20 and she's rumored to be dating Taylor Lautner who is only 17... so anything is possibly when it comes to love. And she pointed to the work on the left to tell me how problematic this image was, as it related, for her, to the idea of how black people had been represented. And she pointed to the image on the right as an example, to me, of the kind of dignity that needed to be portrayed to work against those images in the media. She then assigned these works racial identities, basically saying to me that the work on the right, clearly, was made by a black artist, the work on the left, clearly, by a white artist, when, in effect, that was the opposite case: Bob Colescott, African-American artist; Leon Golub, a white artist. The point of that for me was to say -- in that space, in that moment -- that I really, more than anything, wanted to understand how images could work, how images did work, and how artists provided a space bigger than one that we could imagine in our day-to-day lives to work through these images. Fast-forward and I end up in Harlem; home for many of black America, very much the psychic heart of the black experience, really the place where the Harlem Renaissance existed. Harlem now, sort of explaining and thinking of itself in this part of the century, looking both backwards and forwards ... I always say Harlem is an interesting community because, unlike many other places, it thinks of itself in the past, present and the future simultaneously; no one speaks of it just in the now. It's always what it was and what it can be. And, in thinking about that, then my second project, the second question I ask is: Can a museum be a catalyst in a community? Can a museum house artists and allow them to be change agents as communities rethink themselves? This is Harlem, actually, on January 20th, thinking about itself in a very wonderful way. So I work now at The Studio Museum in Harlem, thinking about exhibitions there, thinking about what it means to discover art's possibility. Now, what does this mean to some of you? In some cases, I know that many of you are involved in cross-cultural dialogues, you're involved in ideas of creativity and innovation. Think about the place that artists can play in that -- that is the kind of incubation and advocacy that I work towards, in working with young, black artists. Think about artists, not as content providers, though they can be brilliant at that, but, again, as real catalysts. The Studio Museum was founded in the late 60s. And I bring this up because it's important to locate this practice in history. To look at 1968, in the incredible historic moment that it is, and think of the arc that has happened since then, to think of the possibilities that we are all privileged to stand in today and imagine that this museum that came out of a moment of great protest and one that was so much about examining the history and the legacy of important African-American artists to the history of art in this country like Jacob Lawrence, Norman Lewis, Romare Bearden. And then, of course, to bring us to today. In 1975, Muhammad Ali gave a lecture at Harvard University. After his lecture, a student got up and said to him, "Give us a poem." And Mohammed Ali said, "Me, we." A profound statement about the individual and the community. The space in which now, in my project of discovery, of thinking about artists, of trying to define what might be black art cultural movement of the 21st century. What that might mean for cultural movements all over this moment, the "me, we" seems incredibly prescient totally important. To this end, the specific project that has made this possible for me is a series of exhibitions, all titled with an F -- Freestyle, Frequency and Flow -- which have set out to discover and define the young, black artists working in this moment who I feel strongly will continue to work over the next many years. This series of exhibitions was made specifically to try and question the idea of what it would mean now, at this point in history, to see art as a catalyst; what it means now, at this point in history, as we define and redefine culture, black culture specifically in my case, but culture generally. I named this group of artists around an idea, which I put out there called post-black, really meant to define them as artists who came and start their work now, looking back at history but start in this moment, historically. It is really in this sense of discovery that I have a new set of questions that I'm asking. This new set of questions is: What does it mean, right now, to be African-American in America? What can artwork say about this? Where can a museum exist as the place for us all to have this conversation? Really, most exciting about this is thinking about the energy and the excitement that young artists can bring. Their works for me are about, not always just simply about the aesthetic innovation that their minds imagine, that their visions create and put out there in the world, but more, perhaps, importantly, through the excitement of the community that they create as important voices that would allow us right now to understand our situation, as well as in the future. I am continually amazed by the way in which the subject of race can take itself in many places that we don't imagine it should be. I am always amazed by the way in which artists are willing to do that in their work. It is why I look to art. It's why I ask questions of art. It is why I make exhibitions. Now, this exhibition, as I said, 40 young artists done over the course of eight years, and for me it's about considering the implications. It's considering the implications of what this generation has to say to the rest of us. It's considering what it means for these artists to be both out in the world as their work travels, but in their communities as people who are seeing and thinking about the issues that face us. It's also about thinking about the creative spirit and nurturing it, and imagining, particularly in urban America, about the nurturing of the spirit. Now, where, perhaps, does this end up right now? For me, it is about re-imagining this cultural discourse in an international context. So the last iteration of this project has been called Flow, with the idea now of creating a real network of artists around the world; really looking, not so much from Harlem and out, but looking across, and Flow looked at artists all born on the continent of Africa. And as many of us think about that continent and think about what if means to us all in the 21st century, I have begun that looking through artists, through artworks, and imagining what they can tell us about the future, what they tell us about our future, and what they create in their sense of offering us this great possibility of watching that continent emerge as part of our bigger dialogue. So, what do I discover when I look at artworks? What do I think about when I think about art? I feel like the privilege I've had as a curator is not just the discovery of new works, the discovery of exciting works. But, really, it has been what I've discovered about myself and what I can offer in the space of an exhibition, to talk about beauty, to talk about power, to talk about ourselves, and to talk and speak to each other. That's what makes me get up every day and want to think about this generation of black artists and artists around the world. Thank you. (Applause) Eric Grimson: Now we've seen black-box testing, designing a test suite based on just pass through the specification. A nice complement to that is glass-box testing. That's where we're going to use the code itself, the implementation, to guide the design of test cases. Obviously looking at the code should give us a more complete handle, if you like, on trying to figure out where there might be possible bugs. So let's think a little bit about what it means. And again, the name sort of suggests it. Glass-box says I can see inside to figure out what's going on. A glass-box test suite, a good one, is called path-complete, if every possible path through the code is tested at least once. Now if you think about it, that's not always going to be possible. If we've got a loop, we might be able to say what happens if the loop is executed once, executed more than once. But to do one, two, three, four, five, up to a billion times, again we may not be able to test all of them. But we can certainly talk about different samplings of test through a loop. Same thing with a recursive function. There maybe arbitrarily deep levels of recursions, where we may not be able to test all of it. But the idea of testing multiple paths through the code. And if possible all paths through the code, is really nice. Notice by the way, even a path-complete test suite can still miss a bug. It will depend on the choice of examples. But if it is path-complete, if we're exercising every path through the code, at least we're more likely to find a bug if it's there. Now let's look at a little example. Here's a simple little piece of code for finding absolute value. Assumes x is an int. It's going to return x, if x is greater than or equal to 0, it'll return minus x otherwise. And since I know that x is an int, I can do some good sampling here. And you can see the code inside. Now, what would a good test suite here be? Well, one sample of a test suite would be to pick the values of minus 2 and 2. It's certainly path-complete, right. If it's minus 2, it's going to take this path. If it's positive 2, it's going to take this path. So it's looking at both paths through the if clause. On the other hand, it's going to miss a case. And it will miss in fact, this case here, of looking at absolute minus 1, which in this case gives me a bug. Because in fact I should have had x less than or equal to here to catch that case. What does that say? It says it's not just being path-complete, but we want to think about boundary cases. And here the code itself gives us a boundary case. Since that's the test, I ought to pick that up as one of the boundary cases. When it's at that boundary, when it's below that boundary, when it's above that boundary. But here's a case where I do explore all the possible paths. I've got a path-complete set of tests. OK, so what can we do with this? Well, here's some simple rules of thumb-- in a second we're going to get to an example-- but here's some rules of thumb for how you do good glass-box testing. First, make sure that both branches of all if statements are checked. I just did that, in that particular case. Similarly, insure that every except clause is executed. We're going to return to this. We haven't talked a lot about except so far, or exceptions. But it's the same idea. Every time I've got an exception, make sure I actually test that. If I have a loop, a for loop, I want to have tests where the loop's not entered, where the body of the loop is executed exactly once, or the body of the loop is executed more than once. As I said earlier, I can't do all possible versions of them more than once. But I can sample those three because they tend to expose places where there are bugs. Same thing for a while loop. Do the same thing I did for for. The loop's not done, done once, done multiple times. But also I want to catch all the cases here where there are different ways to exit the loop. If there are different parts of my loop or I can break out of it, I want to catch all of those. If I've got a recursive function, I want to test what happens if there's no recursive call, it's just the base case. What happens if there's exactly one recursive call? And again, if there's more than one recursive call. And you can see this pattern of none, one, and more, there and here. And that's a common thing that I'm going to want to try and use, as I build different test suites for doing glass-box testing. So we're going to go back to the live web app we were working in before. This is the main file we were using. I'm not going to ask you to follow along with me anymore because I'm going to be writing more code, and it'll be tedious for you to try and keep up. I'll try to type slowly, and we'll quiz as I go. So the first thing we're going to do is adjust this file to work better for our needs. So remember, we we're submitting to a different URL before. We were submitting to /testform. That's when we were learning about multiple handlers. We're going to get rid of that. We're going to get rid of that action parameter, and we're going to get rid of that whole handler. We're not going to be using that anymore. And we're also going to get rid of the URL reference to that handler. We don't need that anymore. So now I've simplified this file quite a bit. We have our simple form that we were using before, and we have our main handler that's mapped to by /. / maps the MainPage. Here's MainPage with a get function. And this get function just prints our form. This is a very simple example we started with from the very beginning. Let's make sure this still works. Here we are in our browser. We've got our basic form. Everything is as we expected it. Okay, let's go back to the Editor. So instead of having this basic form of just a text field, we're going to make a form to ask somebody for their birthday. So we can validate their inputs. So let's get rid of this input. and we're going to ask the user, what is your birthday? We'll have a blank line. Then we'll have 3 inputs--1 for the month, 1 for the day, and 1 for the year. So I'll go ahead and add those. So I've updated our form a little bit. It has a string, what is your birthday?, a blank line, 3 inputs, all of type text and they're named month, day, and year, 2 more blank lines, and then our submit button. Let's check how that looks in our browser. Here we are in our browser. We've got our text, what is your birthday? We've got our 3 inputs for month, day, and year, and our submit button. I made the font a little bigger in the browser, so we could read it better. Now this is not very clear what we're asking for. Remember we have a solution for that though. Let's add some labels so we can see month, day, and year next to our text inputs. So here we are in our Editor again. I'm going to add a few labels. Okay, so all I did is, I added label elements like we did in the previous examples. Here's an opening label, our old month input, some month text to appear next to our text input, and then the closing label. I did that for each of these inputs--month, day, and year. Let's see how that looks in our browser. Okay, here we are in our browser. I've reloaded it, and things are looking nice. Now we can see that we're asking for the month, the day, and the year. Now I'm going to type in some data here, and I'd like you to tell me what you think is going to happen when I click submit. So when I hit submit on that form, what do you think is going to happen? Will the form clear? Will we get an Error 405 because we never added a post() handler to /? We'll see the form values in the URL? Or will the app count down to my birthday? Hi again, welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam. Today, I'm going to help you sound a little bit more like a native speaker, hopefully. Students ask me all the time: "How can I sound like a native speaker?" Well, before I say anything, let me just tell you that it will take time and a lot, a lot, a lot of practice. The best way is to live in an English-speaking country, of course, but of course you can do it anywhere, but it takes time; be patient, practice, practice, practice. So we're looking at pronunciation. Let me start with this word: "pronunciation". Not: "pronounciation". It is not a pronoun. A pronoun is: "I", "me", "my", "mine". Pronunciation is how we speak English. So I'm going to give you three tips that will help you sound a little bit more like a native speaker. We're going to start with connecting words. Now, think about your own language, whether you're speaking Spanish or Polish or Chinese, you do this in your language as well. When you're speaking fast, you're taking words and you're squeezing them together; you're connecting them, so one word flows into the next word. That's what we're going to do here. You can connect consonants to consonants. What this means: when a word ends in a consonant... A consonant is "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", etc. A vowel is "a", "e", "i", "o", "u". When a word ends in a consonant and the next word begins with the same consonant, drop the first one. So for example: we do not say: "black coffee", we don't say: "ke, ke". There's only one "k": "bla coffee", "bla coffee." Okay? Practice that. Now, "t" and "d", these are two different consonants, but according to the tongue and the mouth, they almost sound the same so we do the same thing. "Wha do you do?", "Wha do you do?" But again, another thing you have to keep in mind is when we say it fast, we also don't really say "e", we say like a... Sort of like a small... We don't say "o" - sorry -, we say sort of a small "e". "Wha do ye do?" Practice that. "Wha do ye do?" Strange, huh? No "t", "wha", "de ye do?", "Wha de ye do?" That's how a native speaker would say it naturally. Now, another thing is when a word ends in a consonant and the next word begins in a vowel, make sure you roll it in. Right? Roll the consonant into the vowel and separate the syilable before. A syilable is the vowel sounds in a word. Okay? So nobody, like native speakers don't say: "Not at all. Oh no, not at all." We don't say it like that. We say: "Oh, not-at-all.", "Not-at-all.", "Not-at-all." Right? The "t", so this becomes: "No-ta-tall", "No-ta-tall", "Not at all". Okay? Say it quickly, blend the letters one into the next. But again, practice it. Now, for those of you who are going to be taking a test, an English test that involves listening; IELTS, TOEFL, TOElC, if you're in Canada you're maybe doing a CELPlP test. Okay? This is going to help you on the listening section as well. This is one of the things they're testing. Somebody on the recording will say: "Not-at-all", and you need to cut: "Not at all", you need to understand the separate words, that's part of the test. So practice speaking it, practice listening to it. Another thing we do is we squeeze some words. Okay? Certain words, we don't say all the syilables, we don't even say all the letters. I've heard many students say: "Com-fort-able", "com-fort-able", but native speakers, we don't say this part, we don't say the "or". We say: "Comf-ta-bil", and notice the last sound is like a small tiny, tiny little "i" in there. "Comftabil", "comf-ta-bil", "comftabil". Okay? We don't pronounce the "or": "Comfortable". Nope, don't do that. Another word like that: "Interesting". "In-chre-sting". Find out what the syilables are so: "In-ter" - sorry, my mistake -, "In-ter-rest-ing". If you want to emphasize something, we have a word called: "enunciate". When someone wants to emphasize a word, then they enunciate each syilable; they say each syilable separately. "Oh, that is very in-ter-est-ing." Right? Because I want you to understand that the word is interesting, but in every day speech: "Intresting", "in-tre-sting". "In-ter-est-ing", I have four syilables, when I actually say it naturally, it becomes three syilables and the "t" and the "r" become like a "ch", but that's... We'll talk about that next. Another word: "every". "E-vry". I don't say: "Ev-er-y", I don't say this letter "e", "ev-er-y". "E-vry", "evryone", "evrything", "evry". Okay? Last: squeeze letters. Now, this is particularly true for a few letters. When we have "tr", "tr" together usually sounds like "chr" so we don't say: "country", we say "cun-chry", "cun-tree", like a tree that grows but even a tree is: "ch-ree", "chree". Okay? If you go out with your friends, you go out for a "chreat". Okay? Another one is "dr", "dr" also doesn't really sound like "dr". We don't say: "Hun-dr-ed". Okay? It's too difficult for the tongue to make the quick switch, so this sounds like "jr": "Hundjred", "hun-j-red", "hunjred". Now, this goes with the first idea when you're connecting words, but when you're connecting words and you have a "d" and a "y" together, it becomes like a "j" sound. "Di jou?", "Di jou?", "Di jou?", "Di jou do it?", "Di jou do what I asked?", "Di ja? Di ja?" Okay? So we say it like that; very quick, very mixed and you have to practice these because it's more habit than anything else. Native speakers, we don't think about doing these things; it just rolls off the tongue just like that. Okay? But also, make sure you do a lot of listening; listen to TV sitcoms, listen to the radio, lots of things on the internet, ted.com for example you can hear native speakers all the time. And what you can do is you can try to do dictation and try to listen and cut the words you hear into the actual separate words that they are. Listen to individual words, and try to find their syilables. Okay? But again, it's just practice, practice, practice. And, of course, at www.engvid.com if you go to the search box at the top of the site, we have a few more... We actually, we have quite a few more pronunciation lessons. You can go there and become a more natural speaker of English. Okay? Thank you for joining me today. Please go to the YouTube channel, my channel on YouTube, subscribe. And I will see you again, really soon. Bye. Ladies and gentlemen the colors for this evening's game will be displayed by members of the USS Cole the US MArine Corps, the New york/New Jersey Port Authority and the NY city Police and Fire Department. The Stars Spangled Banner will be signed for the hearing impaired by New Orleans Police Officer Joe Narcisse. And now to honor America, please join in the singing of our national anthem by the Boston Pops under the direction of Keith Lockhart and the biggest selling female singing artist in history Mariah Carey. Oh say can you see By the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the trwilights last gleaming Whose broad stripes and bright stars throught the perilous fight oh the ramparts we watched were so gallantlty streaming. And athe rocketsd red glare, the bombs bursting in air Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh say does that star spangled banner yet wave. For the land of the free and the home of the brave. (cheering) Coming up we'll have a very special coin toss ceremony. Hi, how're you doing? Justin here. Welcome to IM-145, where we're going to be checking out how to do a snare drum hit and add a bit of percussive element to your rhythm guitar. Now the snare drum is normally played on beats 2 and 4, and if you'll excuse my really rubbish beat-boxing, a kind of real basic drum groove goes like: . . . and it's the little "ka!" that we're gonna try and emulate as part of our rhythm guitar. Now if I play it for you, it sounds like this: . . . And you can hear it really kind of brings a bit of life and a bit of groove into your rhythm guitar. If I play it first, but without the little "chuck" . . . It's fine, nothing wrong with that . . . But as soon as you bring that in . . . you'll find that all of your mates are tapping their feet and clapping their hands in no time. Really good if you're doing an acoustic guitar thing at a party or at a barbeque, you'll really find that it makes all of the difference between a regular strumming pattern and a bit of this in it. It really moves things along really well. Now the most important thing here is that you get the technique right. And I've seen a couple of people explain it by kind of relaxing your hand on the neck and hitting the strings, which kind of works, but it doesn't then work for open chords and a lot of the times, if you're in that kind of party acoustic guitar thing, you're going to be using open chords. So it's really important that you learn how to perform this without having any hand on the guitar at all other than your picking hand. So you can do this snare drum hit like this: . . . And it's important too to realize that there are actually two elements. There's two things going on here, which when I'm doing it sounds just like one motion because I am using just one movement. But the two parts are: First of all the hand hitting on the strings, and you get the strings hitting on the wire frets You get this kind of metallic crunching sound. So that's kinda the first part. And the second part is once the hand is on the strings, the pick plays through the strings, and you get a little bit of a "thud" there. So when you're practicing it, you have to learn it by doing it in two motions: Hand, pick. Hand, pick. Hand, pick. Hand, pick. And then, it becomes one motion. And it's really the sound of those two things happening at the same time that gives it that really strong kind of snare drum-like sound. So, let's have a bit of look at a close up at this because it's quite an interesting technique, and if you don't get it exactly right it's frustrating. OK, let's look at these two motions. So the first one, it's the outside part of your hand, after your little finger, -- so that kind of the outer palm part -- that's landing on the strings. And it has to cover all six strings. It's really important that it lands firmly on those six strings, it should be, I don't know, 3 or 4 inches away from the bridge. So somewhere kind of at the back end of the sound hole is where it should be landing. And it's important that you realize that it lands from above because it's part of a strum, really. It's that strumming motion, so practice, first of all, just moving your hand from above, falling down, so it's almost like part of a strum, and then it rolls out and it should just be falling like that with the outside part of your palm. So try and get used to that, first of all, the motion. Now you can hear already the strings hitting against the frets. That's the noise. They're just up here somewhere. The strings are hitting the frets. And you get a bit of that click noise. So that's the first thing you should be trying to work on. It's just trying to get that hit to come down like that onto the strings. Making sure it's not too noisy and there's not too many strings ringing out. Sometimes my little finger is hitting on the finger board there. I can do it deliberately if I want. That's not a bad thing, it just adds to the click sound, so don't worry if you do a little bit of that, it's not really the point, but it doesn't matter if it happens a little bit. Now I'm making my hand go out this way a little bit more than I probably should, just to show you, so normally it's staying a little bit squarer than that, and you can see now that my pick hand is ready to hit the strings. And, of course, now what's happening is the hand is going on and then the pick is roughly at the top and: it picks a few of the strings. It's doesn't have to pick like all of them, but probably the first four, the thickest four strings. Something like that. Four or five, it doesn't really matter. So, try and get used to now : hit, strum. Hit, strum. And practice just getting that motion, again this hand is not doing anything, so making sure because if you cover it like that you can get away with not doing any palm muting, just strumming. So, really, you want this hand not touching the guitar and: Mute, strum. Hit, strum. Hit, strum. Hit, strum. And eventually, you'll find that you can: hit-strum, hit-strum and that, then, it's the point. Now, it isn't something that's gonna get closer and closer and then suddenly you'll get it. You practice going: hit, strum. Hit, strum. Once you feel confident that you're doing that really well, just have a go at trying to throw the whole thing together. And that's when you get really good. And it does sound a little -- well, QUlTE A LOT -- like a snare drum. . . . Next, we have to incorporate it into some rhythm guitar patterns. The next thing we're gonna do is incorporate that now into a rhythm guitar pattern. And probably the easiest one to get going with is to start off with a straight-eight pattern. So if you remember back to our basic rhythm guitar, we had one-and two-and three-and four-and, using down-up, down-up, down-up, down-up. I'll just run through it once so you know what's going on. I'm using a G open chord. It's a good idea to practice this with open chords first, so you don't cheat. If you're using barre chords, you can lift them up a little bit and that's kinda cheating a bit. So, get yourself an open chord -- I'm using G -- you can use whatever you like. First of all, just get that real basic strumming, so: One-and two-and three-and four-and, One-and two-and three-and four-and. Hopefully you've got that one by now, So now what we're going to do is we're gonna add in that hit on beats two and four. So we have one-and TWO-and three-and FOUR-and One-and TWO-and three-and FOUR-and One-and TWO-and three-and FOUR-and One-and TWO-and three-and FOUR-and . . . Just practice it slowly, make sure you've got it right. That's the most important thing, trying to get it smooth, because it should. It really kinda feels like a strum, it doesn't feel like you suddenly have to do something different with your arm. Your arm should still be flowing: . . . I'm not feeling it's any different. I do feel a little bit like my shoulder is coming forward a bit and I'm digging into the guitar a little bit, but it's not changing the way that the strumming feels. Because remember, the hand should not stop moving when you're strumming, or it will kind of throw you off. So, really important then just to practice: Getting it in the groove, getting your hit nice. . . . It's worth practicing as well sometimes trying to get that hit so it's louder than you think it should be. So really try and throw it out. . . . Really try and give it some. Because you'll probably find that you're doing it a bit too quiet. So, if you ever record yourself or get a way of listening to yourself, what you want to do then is trying to even it out, so it's at the right volume level. But that's something you can only do when you hear yourself back. Now, once you've had a go at doing that basic eighth-note one, maybe you'd like to try a sixteenth-note pattern, and probably the one to go for and to start off with again is doing "one-and two-and three-and four-and", but this time using all down strums, so: One-and two-and three-and four-and. All downs. . . . And then adding that snare hit on the two and four. So having: one-and TWO-and three-and FOUR-and one-and TWO-and three-and FOUR-and one-and TWO-and three-and FOUR-and . . . And if you've got that right, you might like to try and add something else a little bit more funky with the sixteenth-notes: . . . It's a really good idea to try to insert this technique into as many different rhythm patterns as you can. You'll find that it works really well in some, and not so well in others, but that's really your call. What you want to do is to get good at it enough, that you can just let it flow and start happening whenever you want. 'Cause really with rhythm guitar, it's not really like: "learn this pattern and learn that pattern" and numbering them and all that sort of stuff, it should just be kind of flowing, going with the groove, and then eventually finding the rhythm pattern that works for that particular song. So, see how many different rhythm patterns you can insert this snare drum hit into. It's lots of fun, hope you've enjoyed it too. See you for another lesson real soon. Take care, bye-bye. Episode #4 A perfect base? Hello everybody. Many of you will recognize this position, which comes from one of the most basic joseki patterns in go. In this episode we will focus on white's base: its benefits and weaknesses. What sort of aji can black still expect to exploit from this classic white shape? And what kind of black moves are good in which positions? Let's go! Depending on the surroundings and the overall board position, black has all sorts of aji moves: from [A] to [E]. These different techniques have different objectives, ranging from pressing white down and making moyo to attacking the base itself. Let's start with option [A]. This move is called the [shoulder-hit]. This technique is especially useful for pressing down a larger formation of your opponent, which in this case would be on the right side. It aims at reducing. For example, imagine white has more stones on the right and lower side. He is threatening to create a large moyo if he gets the chance to jump at [A].. ..or if he simply defends his right side in a more solid way, like [B]. In such a case, [this shoulder-hit] by black is the ideal move to press down on white's formation. It prevents white from making his framework even bigger. Maybe you can remember this move by visualising the meaning of the term [shoulder-hit]. The move is called a [shoulder-hit] since it seems to lean and put all its weight on the axis of white's framework. Its shoulder: [A]. If white does not react and lets black lean on his shoulder even more.. ..the weight becomes too much and white's position collapses. Not only does this move put huge pressure on the three white stones at the top - they are severely hurt - it is also very big in itself in terms of destroying the white territory on the right side. The usual way to respond to this kind of [shoulder-hit] is by trying to push the opponent off your shoulder, by playing either [1] or [2]. White pushes black back in an attempt to get the big weight off his shoulders. This is one way of playing [lightly] and defending the territory on the right side. Another technique. Black succeeds in pushing white down, but white takes a lot of solid territory. Option [A] is for reducing. Let's see [B]. One of the other most frequently used techniques in this shape also involves a pressing strategy. Black forces white to react and defend his base. And then black finishes off his shape by playing this contact jump. This technique aims at pressing white's base down and at the same time creating a wall for black that exerts power towards the left side. To give you a better idea of when to play such moves, let's see another overall board position in which this sequence can occur. In this position black has a big framework on the top side. Here the pressing move of black is extremely effective. Not only does black limit white and press him down, he also creates a huge wall which cooperates with the rest of his moyo. This technique is usefull for [expanding] your moyo. White usually plays here in order to prevent a black hane at [A]. Black has several options now. He can play tenuki, or strengthen his wall choosing from [A] to [D]. We've seen two black moves that press white down from the outside. There's one final pressing option at [C]. Combining the two ideas of black's reducing move at [A] and his moyo technique with [B], creates P10. This move is especially powerful in situations where both players have big frameworks facing eachother. Here both the situations of the two earlier pressing moves of black [A] and [B] have been combined. Both white and black have big moyos on either side of the board. In such a case, [this move] can be very handy. White's most standard answer would be to jump here, protecting his framework on the right. However, now black combines his P10 move with the moyo technique we showed earlier. Black presses white down and forms a magnificent wall at the same time. Black's exchange of [1] for white [2] is ofcourse extremely good for black now, serving the purpose of creating a framework on a large scale. White [2] is relatively low. However, instead of reacting in the most obvious way, white can also fight back. Danger! Tricky road ahead! This prevents the previous variation where white got flattened. Now black will probably play over [here]. A mutual destruction of frameworks will follow. See [bonus sgf file] for a game between [O Meien] and [Kato Masao] where this sequence is played. So far we've seen three techniques that black can use to press white's group down and to make a moyo of his own. But what happens if white's 'perfect base' is pressured from the side? What happens if there already is a stone at [A]? Which variations can we expect? The first major idea is to attach [here]. How does white react? The following variations are taken from "Think like a Pro: Haengma" by Young-sun Yoon 8p, published by Oromedia in 2006. [This] move looks natural, but it's wrong! The main idea behind the contact-play of [A] are the follow-ups with these kind of [cross-cut tesujis] Such a [cross-cut] creates a miai situation for black. Black will be able to atari at either [1] or [2], splitting white into two. This result is very good for black. His territory is huge. This is also usually good for black. This [ko] is a huge burden for white. And white's territory has been hollowed out from the inside. The ko is way more important for white than for black. The other hane, from above, also looks natural. But again, it's wrong. Black's group on the side is already alive. And black can cut! This fight is very difficult for white. Now that we've seen both hane's are wrong for white, let's see the correct answer. [This] is the correct defense. The move looks strange at first, but it's highly effective. If black plays hane, white can block! Miai. White can connect with either [A] or [B]. Instead of the hane at [A], black can play a testing move first. [This] testing move asks what white wants. White wants to block firmly, leading to an atari for black. This result is the best for both sides. White is solid but low. Black gains strength on the outside in sente. He can play [A], [B] or [C], all in sente. Apart form the contact play at [1], black can also choose another [sacrificing technique]. There are many variations that start with this move, showing that there is still a lot of aji in white's formation. We will show you a few of the most standard ideas. Blocking [here] is natural. Playing here immediately is a [sacrificing technique] by black. Black's two stones are captured, but black will [squeeze] and gain something on the outside. White takes the two stones. Playing this atari first is crucial. White has captured the two black stones, but black gains a lot of strength on the outside. Instead of sacrificing the one stone immediately, black can play a [probe] first. Black has this tesuji, leading to a lot of complicated variations. If you like these kind of complicated fights, there is a lot to study here from pro-games. If white blocks the main idea is that black has this tesuji. If black is too strong in the surrounding areas and white wants to keep it simple, he can also play over [here]. This keeps it simple. White secures his base, but black gets a lot of points. We have shown you most of the basic aji that occurs in this white shape so frequently called the 'perfect base in go'. What about this formation in relation to [endgame]? Many of you know that this move is big in late middlegame, or endgame. But how big exactly? According to the book "100 tips for amateur players" by Young-sun Yoon 8p, this move is worth about 14 points. This ofcourse also depends on the stability of both black's and white's group. To give you an idea of the added value of [A]: do you know how big the follow-up at [B] is? This is the normal follow-up. It's huge endgame! This move is worth 12 points. Instead of the usual endgame, black can sometimes play a tesuji that is even bigger. A special follow-up. This can be severe. This move can be played when black has supporting stones around [A]. To end this episode we would like to show you it's always interesting to think outside the box. There was one professional player who played [here]! We think he was scared.. This removes a lot of the aji in white's base, but it's ofcourse extremely slow. You can view this interesting but strange move in the episode's [bonus tab]. We hope that in this episode you have found some inspiration for dealing with 'the perfect base'. Thank you for watching and see you next time! I am here to tell you about my first time. This here is the Trimaker I, a 3D printer. 3D printers are machines that allow us to make things, to build our own objects. I think 3D printers will change the world in the next few years, they will change our lives. As a child I always liked working with my hands. I liked to build my own toys. I remember how the feeling of building my own toy was totally different from having one that was bought. I used dad's tools for this, which were my inspiration. At the age of 6, I remember electrocuting myself for the first time. I was fixing a small Christmas tree. It happened again when I was 14, and it was more powerful. I remember I was fixing granddad's drill. I didn't notice I was barefoot. I plugged it in, and immediately my body started shaking. I felt how the electricity went through my hands, my body, then my feet, and I was thrown to the ground. Somebody helped me. After such a practical lesson, my Italian granddad came and said: "Ma, bambino, siediti qui." "I am going to give you the theoretical lesson." I can promise you I never forgot what the power wire and a ground discharge were. Time passed and I kept building my own toys, but each time a bit more complex. A friend of mine, Dan Etenberg, built this turbine. We loved getting together to do this kind of crazy stuff. He calls and says: "Hey, Maxi, listen: I finished the turbine, I finished solving that thing we had to mill... I'm going to your granddad's! Can you imagine granddad's face when we told him we were putting a turbine in the garden? Granddad shut himself in the kitchen. We were bringing a device this big, that could turn at 130,000 rpm., that needed protection in case the blades went flying out and it also threw a 16-inch flame. And the noise it made... I can't push it out of my mind... It was as if a Sky Harrier was landing in granddad's garden. I think he might have thought that, that a helicopter was landing. I asked Dan afterwards: "Hey, Dan, what can we build now? How about building a laser?" We were good boys, but we enjoyed these things. Of course, a laser beam. We had to be very careful. If we touched that aluminum part in the discharge tube... There were 30,000 volts going through it! But we liked these things and we wanted to do what we enjoyed. That lab was like Frankenstein's. After some time I said, among other things: "Well, I don't want to keep asking for dad's tools, and this time I will build my own stuff, with a milling machine." A milling machine is a Cartesian robot that withdraws material from a plastic or wooden block until it builds what you can see there which can be any kind of object. It was around 10 months of building to obtain the object in 1 hour. We were just watching the machine work. There was an incredible intensity. But there was a question I could not answer myself: Can one live off what's fun to do? Or are entertainment and work like water and oil? Do they mix? Can you mix fun with business opportunity? This is how I started getting into the subject of 3D printers. Because it was a technology that kept me awake at night and that, additionally, I saw as a possible business opportunity. But, I recall I started out saying I was here to tell you about my first time, right? The first time I printed with a 3D printer I made by myself. Let me introduce you: This is Marsi 1. Yes, it looks like an ice-cream machine. But believe me, it was a 3D printer. My first time was disastrous. I tried for 3 months and nothing happened, nothing at all. I remember I had already spoken with investors, I was giving talks at the University of Buenos Aires, telling everyone that I was building a 3D printer that did not print and that the only thing it did was this. I wanted to do a bracelet, all I got was that smashed thing. I wanted to do Star-Wars' Yoda, I got that fried egg you can see there. Every time that happened to me, it felt like being stabbed in the chest. I went to bed very sad. Until one day, I decided not to pay any attention to it any more. This story is 100% true. I would always stand there, watching for two hours, and this would come out. This time I went to the supermarket and left her. As if on purpose, when I came back I found this. You don't know how I felt! I was literally jumping for joy. Imagine arriving and seeing "Venus de Milo" hanging there. It was 2 x 2 x 3 cm, but to me, it was like touching heaven with my hands. It improved, little by little. And we started printing other things. I am going to talk a bit about the technology. Can you see that white pan? A photosensitive resin is placed there. And it is illuminated from beneath, layer by layer, the level surfaces are projected until the morphology one has programmed and designed is built. There you can see my favorite figure, which is "The Clay Bottle." And over there, that green figure, is me. Don't tell, but I want to give it to my girlfriend as a birthday present. Good idea? What we are building with now are different types of rubber and wax components, we are printing in plastic, different colours. Here you can see the "Venus de Milo" keyring. That was the first. It brings good luck, I hope. So you can see that not only about the useless things I just showed you but this technology, nowadays, is changing people's lives. That small girl had parts of her body scanned. An exoskeleton was printed and it was able to alleviate the mobility problem she had. Below that, you can see a jaw. That mandible was built using selective laser melting technology with aluminum powder. It was created for an 83 year-old woman, who can now move her jaw. This is Marina. She is my cousin. In 2006, she had a very serious accident, a car accident. The doctors weren't very optimistic. The truth is it shocked the whole family very badly. She had multiple injuries of all kinds. One of the worst was a head injury. She had lost part of the bone structure in her head. There were 2 options. One was to stick to traditional treatments. It meant taking a kind of bio-compatible coating texture and putting it in place in an almost manual fashion, until the part of the skull that was missing was covered. The second option was taking a CT scan and digitally building the cranium directly from that scan. And afterwards, the part that was missing would be rebuilt in software to be finally printed in 3D. They went with the second option. Today, Marina enjoys a splendid life, she has 2 children, enjoys time with her family and has just run a marathon. I hope that what started out as simply having fun, can help people in the future. This makes me think it is possible to do what makes you happy, and that it's possible to change the world, while feeling like it's the first time. Thank you. (Applause) Well, it wasn't too precise in what I meant by difficulty. You might have chosen different answers than me, but I see that the cleanliness of the water wasn't very important and nor is the temperature. In fact, it's the total weight or total amount of water that we have to lift and the distance we have to lift it that most affected how difficult this task could be. We see this total weight and force we're going to need to supply and this distance we need to supply are both seem to be somehow important concepts. Qualitatively, we know that these are the important concepts, but how can we quantify difficulty? Hello everyone IsoPanzer with you and I want to tell about one amusing tank. This is a German tier 4 light tank Leopard. Long ago this small tank was the best light tank in the game. In those times there were no tier 5 light tanks and Leopard was on a special place. But now the role of Leopard is unenviable. This is just a pass-through tank to the next vehicle - German tier 5 light tank VK2901. To sum up, my impressions of Leopard are not the best. The problem is that for such a light tank, Leopard misses dynamics. His maneuverability is poor. If you are playing in the top of the list then it is quite good. But we can say the same about any vehicle in that game. In the top of the list Leopard can play a serious role in the battle, thanks to its armor and good gun. Anyhow the main role of Leopard is a light scout and it is significantly worse in that sense than such tanks as T-50, for example. I would like to show you few battles with this tank. Regarding modules I have binocular telescope, coated optics and camouflage net. So it is mainly passive spotting of targets. In addition here I have a fire extinguisher, but after playing some time I've understood that it is useless. Leopard dies too fast to extinguish the fire. So it is better to have a gasoline. That's it the first battle on a very convenient map. There are SPGs in my platoon Gleborg and Skyline. That is why I'm going to take a convenient position. I would like to be in the center of the map behind the bush. I want to spot enemies on that direction. Now I will show where I'm moving. So the maximum speed is quite ok, but on place it turns rather slowly. Here I saw IS-3 he has very probably spotted me too. So I immediately hide behind a rock. I do not want to die. The battle is very serious there are lots of tier 10 tanks that is why every shot would mean a journey to hangar. That's it I'm taking such a position behind the bush and all these tanks here on the enemy base are spotted by me. I'm covered by the rock from those tanks that are on the right. I'm showing these heavies that are there, near the enemy base. This is a very convenient for such a maneuver. Leopard is really good for that kind of style and such tactics. Especially with modules that I have equipped. So enemy tanks are coming they are spotted and no one sees me. Thanks to me several enemies are already destroyed here. I think I've already played quite successively in that battle. So at this moment most enemies have been spotted and seems that nobody is going to come in the middle. I have to think what to do next and how to act further. It is clear that it is useless to stay here and I'm looking at that IS-7. I got a nice plan. The thing is that IS-7 has got quite deep into enemy territory and now it will distract the enemy forces. I want to rush behind the IS-7 to the SPGs. For this kind of action Leoprad is not the best tank. The problem is that it has quite tall hull and dynamics is not good enough to avoid shells. To tell the truth ricochets are quite rare too. That is why I'm waiting for IS-7. IS-7 spots Jagdtiger. I do not want too mach attention from the enemy so I keep my position a bit behind IS-7. I see that Jagdtiger has turned Löwe is also distracted by IS-7 and have time to sneak in. I made an interesting maneuver e.g. the enemy was distracted and I get inside the base without any problems. Now I'm moving to SPGs. Perfect, it is almost over. I've reached these SPGs. It is quite hard for Leopard itself to destroy SPGs because it is big and fat. SPG can hit it quite well and with such a gun it takes lots of time to destroy SPG. But to finish for 6 hp it does not take much time so I kill Lorraine155 50. Here I'm just trying to survive just showing the enemy. Everything is clear the battle is done. I just want to survive. SPG is following me and trying to punish. By the way it receives a direct hit from Gleborg for 400 damage. Frech SPG are quite interesting. Often it can not kill its weak enemies in one shot. So that's it the battle is over. In general that kind of tactics on big open maps suits very well for Leopard. So at the beginning passively show enemies somewhere in the middle of the map. Then as soon as you understand that the enemy flank is weaken you can rush in that direction. Good ff you are able to spot someone if not the life of a scout is so short that it ends sometime in a single moment. That is all, it was a good battle and the next battle will be on the map where it is hard to apply the same tactics. The map will be inconvenient for the scout. I will try to show how to act. The next battle and this is Widepark. We are here in a platoon with Astrarx on GWPanther. There are lot of tier 10 tanks against us. This map is not very convenient for SPGs. It is small and it is easy to be spotted. For SPGs it is difficult to shoot behind the buildings. For a scout this map is also inconvenient. Just because light tanks are not required here that much. Every heavy that comes over that railway in the middle can scout half of the enemy team. If you are going to use light tanks for the breakthrough to SPGs than it is really difficult to do. The map is small and concentration of tanks is very high. In most cases the scout that tries to reach SPGs especially at the beginning will be easily destroyed. That is why I'm... I'm scouting in the center trying to spot someone Moving back here I'll wind forward a bit. The situation is such that moving somewhere and trying to breach is a suicide for me. It is the same as to leave battle and go to the hangar. That is why I'm trying to understand on what direction the enemy has weak places. I'm trying to analyze, evaluate the situation but I do not take active part in the battle. Here is a bright example. T-50-2 moved forward and for it the battle is over. At flanks the enemy has enough forces in the middle there are several tanks. It is hard to make a breach somewhere, so what to do in such a situation? I believe that you should keep self-control and wait. Wait for a moment when you will be able to do some good for the team. At the moment I'm useless. I'm moving back and forth and do nothing. The idea is that at the end of the battle when there are few tanks left on the field at that moment every small tank counts. That is why by now I want to keep full hp up to the end of the battle. Now when there are significantly less tanks I can be useful. The first thing I see is T95. T95 is turned in an excellent way. I looks away and with my small gun with 70 damage and penetration 67 I'm starting to shoot T95. In total I've damaged it for a bit more than 300 hp. Here I've realized that T110E4 was looking at me. Immediately I draw back. I was lucky here as I carried away to much in the sniper mode. I've made my small contribution in that battle. Now I see and an excellent target Chaffee. Chaffee at the moment is damaging our Löwe. I can't move forward to Chaffee as T110E4 is here. T110E4 moved away, other enemy tanks are on the other flank and here I need to kill Chaffee fast. Chaffee even with 70 hp can go to SPGs and harm us a lot. My Leopard is accelerating forward and damages Chaffee. Ok, I have dealt 67 damage and now I see IS-4. IS-4 I'm not able to penetrate even in the rear hull. I tried and understood that it is useless. Now I see that T110E4 moves to the center of the map. Our tanks here are keeping enemy forces so now I will go in a such a long detour and my targets are SPGs. My targets are SPGs and now I will dealt with them. T110E4 is spotted exactly where I was expecting. On the other direction the situation is quite unpleasant. We have two tier 6 SPGs and a small Lepard. The enemy has a GW Tiger, T95 with almost full hp and undamaged T110E4. Here I'm trying to detrack the Tiger but my damage is to low. So I decided to destroy it. Good that it does not have armor and I calmly finish it. What to do next? Now I have to run away as it is clear that enemies noticed me. It is clear that T110E4 will go in my direction and my teammate tells me that T95 is going to capture the base. What to do? I'm moving away and going to take a position in the bush near the base. I want to show T95 for our SPGs. People can say that I'm just waiting and instead I should go and kill T95. That I should spin around and damage in the rear hull. The problem is that T95 turns quite good at place. I moves very slowly but turns quite OK. So I got some doubts that I will be able to reach it. So that is why I'm just showing it. SPGs started to damage and at that moment we see that T110E4 is moving to our SPGs. I'm scouting further and we see how T110E4 gets closer to SPGs. T95 has 500 hp left and it moves away I can't see him. What now? Now my teammate decides to move away from T110. He moves not here because T110 will come here and kill us both. That is why Astrarx moves in that direction almost near railways. Now I will change position and I will try to get closer to T95. I do not have a sixth sense, it is common. It is quite hard to get sixth sense on that crew level. I want to get as close as I can to T95 an scout him at the specific moment. Now Astrart is going to appear behind T95. I will show T95 at that moment. This how it stays here now if I'll move out most likely T95 will kill me. Leopard does not have enough dynamics to make super fast moves. So just waiting for my teammate. He comes and I'm showing T95, I'm getting out and here it is. T95 controls the exit and Astrarx aims and knock down 93 capture points. Now T95 is turning, it has notices SPG I'm waiting it to turn more. This shot in side hull was bad. I'm moving out and finishes it for 5 hp. What to do next? T110E4 is already here. It is clear that we won't do anything with it together. The situation is worse that in case with T95. Well, because it has a turret so it is impossible to spin it. I'm shouting: "Kolya," - this is Astrarx, "hold T110E4, do" not allow him to move, I will capture the base." The problem is that there are windows in the house where Kolya is hiding. Through that window T110E4 kills my teammate. Kolya tells me that 110 moves to me. What to do next? I have an opportunity to go somewhere and try to hide. In the best case it would be draw as there are only 4 minutes left. I'm looking around the base and here I'm noticing an SPG hull. And I get understanding that I have a chance. I'm moving to that hull and waiting for 110. 110 is quite fast and the distance is small. So I'm sure that it will be in time. The next an interesting part comes. I'm capturing the base 110 arrives, tries to shoot, but understands that it can not do that. I move a little bit back. The idea is that I'm looking where the gun of 110 is turned. It looks here so I waiting that it will come from that direction. 110 turns and I'm understanding that I do not have time to drive off. The idea is to move in from not in the rear. The rear movement is quite slow. I understand that I have to turn and I'm moving out of the circle. How frustrated I was at that moment. Capture points are lost, 10 seconds more and I would win. I do not surrender I have nothing to do and I'm just waiting. I'm noticing in what direction its gun is turned and make maneuvers. Here was a moment when it could shot me, but the turret of T110 does not turn to the back. I'm moving it turned here so I will move in that direction. I'm turned under such an angle to move in the front. Driving off, it shoots Here I'm deciding to show who is stronger and shoot it in the track. It is useless idea. Controlling it, turning it seems that it can shoot in some moments but but but I'm hiding accurately behind the hull. We have so funny racing here. And that is it, the battle is over. I was driving with 110 for 100 seconds. I thing that it got chances to shoot me. I got Sniper, Invader This battle is shown here for you to understand that every small tank can be very useful If you are at the bottom of the list, you can't scout, can't shoot, can't penetrate Just survive, survive and at the end of the battle you tank can useful. At the end you can win the battle. I hope that these videos are useful for you and thank you for attention! My motivation has gone too soon Good vibrations all over you Act like you mean it, you mean it You've got a story you never tell Down in the delta I'm ringing bells I've never seen it, seen it Back of my mind I'm on my way I see through smiles on every face I don't believe it, believe it 'Cause I'm a supersoaker red, white, and blew'em all away With the kisses unclean as the words that you say I don't mind sentimental girls at times Mister walk away, walk away The flags are flying across the plains I've got a secret picking at my brain I wanna see you, see you The exit sign is on my face Don't know my home, I don't know my place I just wanna be there, be there 'Cause I'm a supersoaker red, white, and blew'em all away With the kisses unclean as the words that you say I don't mind sentimental girls at times Mister walk away, walk away I don't mind sentimental girls at times Mister walk away, oh, oh, oh, oh I don't mind sentimental girls at times I just lay it on the line, on the line I don't mind sentimental girls at times Mister walk away, walk away I don't mind sentimental girls at times Mister walk away, oh, oh, oh, oh Kids get colds. And as a parent, you want to do whatever you can to help them feel better. So your first thought might be to reach for an over-the-counter cough or cold medicine. But sometimes no medicine is the best medicine. Over-the-counter cough and cold medicines don't help your child get better faster and they can be dangerous. Sometimes a little time and non-medicine home remedies can work just as well and they can be safer than giving your child medicine. Simple things like sipping chicken soup can help soothe a sore throat or breathing in moist air from a hot shower can help clear a stuffy nose. Now if these home remedies don't work, and your child isn't feeling better, ask your doctor or pharmacist if there are medicines you can try. Medicines may work differently in kids than in adults, and they may have different side effects. So you need to be careful when you give your child medicines. Remember, your doctor or pharmacist can be a big help. They can help you know which medicine is right for your child, how much to give, and what problems to watch for. Mike C27 Why The Sky Is Blue Have you ever been wondering why the sky is blue? How many say, well it's probably the reflection of the water. All right no go to Minnesota, haha. Now go to Kansas. What's the color of the sky in Kansas? Well it's usually yellow, green right? Come on, what is it gang? It's still blue! Why is the sky blue? (Students answering) A little bit different phenomenon going on here. Let me just tell you about it. It turns out that light, light coming down from the sun, FOOM, showers itself upon the atmospheric molecules. Now we got big ones, we got little ones, we got all sizes up there, okay? And these molecules will scatter off the frequencies of light. It's called scattering. Now what frequencies will be scattered? Let me give you an example! Let's suppose we have a couple of bells here. Here's a little bell and here's a big bell. When I disturb these things they are going to scatter sound off in all directions and what will the sound be, high pitch or low? Let's try the little one right here. Bongggggg. Hear that? Now lets try the big one. Binggggg. (Laughter) Do I have that right? (Students answer no) How many say no I got that wrong? Wrong? Haha (Laughter) No that's completely wrong! It turns out the little bell went bingggg and the big bell went bongggggg. Isn't that true? Guess what behaves the same way up in the sky? The what? Mole.....(Students answer cules) What do you suppose little tiny, tiny, tiny ones will ring, high frequency or low frequency? (Students answer high) High frequency. How about great big ones? (Students answer low) Low frequency, okay? Now what are the size of the molecules in the sky, large or small? Begins with an s. (Students answer small) And in nitrogen and oxygen mostly isn't that true? O2 N2? And when that sunlight comes beating down on those things it scatters off. Light scatters off. And it turns out the color of the sky is the color of all those little bells or all those little optical tuning forks or all those little vibrators. And they are vibrating at mostly what frequencies gang? (Students answer high) High frequency! How many know what high frequency looks like to the human eye? (Students answer blue) Blue! And higher frequency even violet! Let me tell you something, the sky really scatters off more violet than it does blue. Because you know why? We are not so good at seeing violet. We are a lot better at seeing blue. So guess what our eyes tell us the color of the sky is, begins with a b. (Students answer blue) You could have done that without the hint, okay? And it's blue because the tiny, tiny particles are scattering off the high frequency. So we see a blue sky. Okay? Interesting enough? Now you look straight up at the sun, straight up above, you see the sun white! Yellowish white. Okay? Okay a little bit of filtering coming through, but not very much. How about at sunset gang? At sunset! At sunset when you look at the sun it ain't white anymore. How many say, well it's sort of like an orange, but there's probably no reason for that it's just characteristic of sunsets and sun-up's to be orange! How many already see why it is that the sun is kind of orange at sunset? Let's take a look. Here's the earth here. Here you are standing right here. Here's the sun at noon. Sunlight comes down, hits the earth and scatters off your eye and you are seeing what mostly scattered is blue. So you look up and you see blue all around. Well when you look directly at the sun, that white light, VOOOM, overwhelms the little bit of scattering going on and you see a white sun, whitish. Okay? So at noon time, boom, you see the sun white, huh? How about at sunset? What happens at sunset? Can we do this experimentally? We can do this experimentally! We can do this experimentally. I'll tell you what, let's just do it right here. Here's the atmosphere of the world right here. Here's the atmosphere of the world, huh? No let's do it this way. Here's the atmosphere of the world and here's the sun. Now the sun. red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet. Okay? Badinggggg. What do you guys hear? (Students speaking) Well let me just do it now. Do it again! Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet! Badinggg! What do you guys hear? (Students answer) White? You know why? Huh? All the frequencies together give you white. Isn't that true? Right? So you're here, what color is the sun? (Students answer white) Begins with a w ends with an ite. Try it. White! Allright, whitish anyway all right? White sun! All right. Here's our atmosphere down here. The atmosphere! These tuning forks, blue, blue, blue, blue, blue, violet, violet, blue, blue, red, blue, blue, pink, blue, blue, chartreuse, blue, blue. (Laughter) Get the idea? What do you think is going to happen if I ring all of these? Barringggg! Pshhhhh! What do you guys hear? (Students answer blue) Blue. You all heard blue? That's right! Now just a little bit of red in there, yeah? A little bit of green in there, but mostly what, blue and violet? And you heard blue. Okay. Let's try the sunsets. Can I have a volunteer? Okay, Madra! Put your ear, right down here, and I'm going to hit these tuning forks. No right behind. Right behind. I want you to go like that. I'm going to hit these tuning forks. This is the sun one hundred and fifty thousand kilometers away and the sunlight gonna come down to the atmosphere,. FOOM! And Madra is standing on the ground and here is the sky between her and the sun, yeah? Here we go! We do by experiment. One of the beauties of science is you do by experiment, huh? You don't just do it all in your head. Here we go! Badingggg! Oh, oh first of all I should say this, puwaaahh, you guys get the white again! Let me put a reflector here so all this beam energy goes down here and this beam energy going to scatter off here, all right? Okay. Badinnngggg, pshhhh, chu, chu, chu, chu. What color you guys hear? (Students answer blue) Do you hear blue? Do all got it? Good! Madro, what color did you hear? (Madro answers white?) Yeah, yeah, she heard white! Why did she hear the white? (Student answers because she is sitting right next to the..) That's right honey, that's some filtering! Man that sun came right at her! It's a good thing you didn't have your eyes there. (Laughter) Oh, god, no, no, no, no, don't just get your ear, just get your ear okay? You heard a white, isn't that true? Okay, here we go. Get it right like that. Now we are at sunset gang. Sunset! Ahh! All right? Here is thicker, huuh? Badinggggg, shhhhhh, chu, chu, chu, chu, chu. What color do you guys hear? (Students answer blue, white, yellow, orange)(Laughter) Paul would you pass out the Q-tips! Let me remind you we've got blue, blue, blue, blue, red, blue, blue, charteruse, blue, blue, red, blue, blue, pink. All right? Reminder? Huh? (Laughter) All right. Madro put your ear right behind. You can even try, no that's all right! (Laughter) Binggggg, shhhh, chu, chu, chu, chu, chu. What color do you guys hear? (Students answer blue) What color do you hear Madro? (Madro answers orange) Yeah, you got it right! Madro, right here, right here, right here honey! Beautiful! Great! You've been a sport. Hey, is this not neat? Is this not neat?!? At sunset of course you're gonna see orange! Because at sunset that light is coming through many, many, many kilometers of air! And what color is being scattered out all along? (Students answer blue) Blue! Blue is coming... All these people looking up see the blue sky. They're seeing the blue that would have got to you! And by the time that light gets to you honey it's all tuckered out in high frequencies! Almost no high frequencies left! And so what finally gets to you, high or low? (Students answer low) Low! And so it turns out the atmosphere is transferring low frequencies, but not so much to the high. The highs are scattered. And that's why you see the nice colors at sunset. Something wrong, sir? Is something getting you down? Is it that you're the last human being alive with no life, no family, no future, no prospects, no hope? Is it something to do with that, sir? Sum'tin' to do with that, Kryten, yeah. (theme music) Yeah-ouwl! Mister Lister gambled you in a poker game, sir and I'm afraid to report, he lost you. We're all deeply sorry bud, apart from me and him and him. (theme music continues) Look at that! Dreads! Brilliant! Oh look! A bit of popadom! In this and the next video, I'd like to tell you about one possible extension to the anomaly detection algorithm that we've developed so far. This extension uses something called the multivariate Gaussian distribution, and it has some advantages, and some disadvantages, and it can sometimes catch some anomalies that the earlier algorithm didn't. To motivate this, let's start with an example. Let's say that so our unlabeled data looks like what I have plotted here. And I'm going to use the example of monitoring machines in the data center, monitoring computers in the data center. So my two features are x1 which is the CPU load and x2 which is maybe the memory use. So if I take my two features, x1 and x2, and I model them as Gaussians then here's a plot of my X1 features, here's a plot of my X2 features, and so if I fit a Gaussian to that, maybe I'll get a Gaussian like this, so here's P of X 1, which depends on the parameters mu 1, and sigma squared 1, and here's my memory used, and, you know, maybe I'll get a Gaussian that looks like this, and this is my P of X 2, which depends on mu 2 and sigma squared 2. And so this is how the anomaly detection algorithm models X1 and X2. Now let's say that in the test sets I have an example that looks like this. The location of that green cross, so the value of X 1 is about 0.4, and the value of X 2 is about 1.5. Now, if you look at the data, it looks like, yeah, most of the data data lies in this region, and so that green cross is pretty far away from any of the data I've seen. It looks like that should be raised as an anomaly. So, in my data, in my, in the data of my good examples, it looks like, you know, the CPU load, and the memory use, they sort of grow linearly with each other. So if I have a machine using lots of CPU, you know memory use will also be high, whereas this example, this green example it looks like here, the CPU load is very low, but the memory use is very high, and I just have not seen that before in my training set. It looks like that should be an anomaly. But let's see what the anomaly detection algorithm will do. Well, for the CPU load, it puts it at around there 0.5 and this reasonably high probability is not that far from other examples we've seen, maybe, whereas, for the memory use, this appointment, 0.5, whereas for the memory use, it's about 1.5, which is there. Again, you know, it's all to us, it's not terribly Gaussian, but the value here and the value here is not that different from many other examples we've seen, and so P of X 1, will be pretty high, reasonably high. P of X 2 reasonably high. I mean, if you look at this plot right, this point here, it doesn't look that bad, and if you look at this plot, you know across here, doesn't look that bad. I mean, I have had examples with even greater memory used, or with even less CPU use, and so this example doesn't look that anomalous. And so, an anomaly detection algorithm will fail to flag this point as an anomaly. And it turns out what our anomaly detection algorithm is doing is that it is not realizing that this blue ellipse shows the high probability region, is that, one of the thing is that, examples here, a high probability, and the examples, the next circle of from a lower probably, and examples here are even lower probability, and somehow, here are things that are, green cross there, it's pretty high probability, and in particular, it tends to think that, you know, everything in this region, everything on the line that I'm circling over, has, you know, about equal probability, and it doesn't realize that something out here actually has much lower probability than something over there. So, in order to fix this, we can, we're going to develop a modified version of the anomaly detection algorithm, using something called the multivariate Gaussian distribution also called the multivariate normal distribution. So here's what we're going to do. We have features x which are in Rn and instead of P of X 1, P of X 2, separately, we're going to model P of X, all in one go, so model P of X, you know, all at the same time. So the parameters of the multivariate Gaussian distribution are mu, which is a vector, and sigma, which is an n by n matrix, called a covariance matrix, and this is similar to the covariance matrix that we saw when we were working with the PCA, with the principal components analysis algorithm. For the second complete is, let me just write out the formula for the multivariate Gaussian distribution. So we say that probability of X, and this is parameterized by my parameters mu and sigma that the probability of x is equal to once again there's absolutely no need to memorize this formula. You know, you can look it up whenever you need to use it, but this is what the probability of X looks like. Transverse, 2nd inverse, X minus mu. And this thing here, the absolute value of sigma, this thing here when you write this symbol, this is called the determent of sigma and this is a mathematical function of a matrix and you really don't need to know what the determinant of a matrix is, but really all you need to know is that you can compute it in octave by using the octave command DET of sigma. Okay, and again, just be clear, alright? In this expression, these sigmas here, these are just n by n matrix. This is not a summation and you know, the sigma there is an n by n matrix. So that's the formula for P of X, but it's more interestingly, or more importantly, what does P of X actually looks like? Lets look at some examples of multivariate Gaussian distributions. So let's take a two dimensional example, say if I have N equals 2, I have two features, X 1 and X 2. Lets say I set MU to be equal to 0 and sigma to be equal to this matrix here. With 1s on the diagonals and 0s on the off-diagonals, this matrix is sometimes also called the identity matrix. In that case, p of x will look like this, and what I'm showing in this figure is, you know, for a specific value of X1 and for a specific value of X2, the height of this surface the value of p of x. And so with this setting the parameters p of x is highest when X1 and X2 equal zero 0, so that's the peak of this Gaussian distribution, and the probability falls off with this sort of two dimensional Gaussian or this bell shaped two dimensional bell-shaped surface. Down below is the same thing but plotted using a contour plot instead, or using different colors, and so this heavy intense red in the middle, corresponds to the highest values, and then the values decrease with the yellow being slightly lower values the cyan being lower values and this deep blue being the lowest values so this is really the same figure but plotted viewed from the top instead, using colors instead. And so, with this distribution, you see that it faces most of the probability near 0,0 and then as you go out from 0,0 the probability of X1 and X2 goes down. Now lets try varying some of the parameters and see what happens. So let's take sigma and change it so let's say sigma shrinks a little bit. Sigma is a covariance matrix and so it measures the variance or the variability of the features X1 X2. So if the shrink sigma then what you get is what you get is that the width of this bump diminishes and the height also increases a bit, because the area under the surface is equal to 1. So the integral of the volume under the surface is equal to 1, because probability distribution must integrate to one. But, if you shrink the variance, it's kinda like shrinking sigma squared, you end up with a narrower distribution, and one that's a little bit taller. And so you see here also the concentric ellipsis has shrunk a little bit. Whereas in contrast if you were to increase sigma to 2 2 on the diagonals, so it is now two times the identity then you end up with a much wider and much flatter Gaussian. And so the width of this is much wider. This is hard to see but this is still a bell shaped bump, it's just flattened down a lot, it has become much wider and so the variance or the variability of X1 and X2 just becomes wider. Here are a few more examples. Now lets try varying one of the elements of sigma at the time. Let's say I send sigma to 0.6 there, and 1 over there. What this does, is this reduces the variance of the first feature, X 1, while keeping the variance of the second feature X 2, the same. And so with this setting of parameters, you can model things like that. X 1 has smaller variance, and X 2 has larger variance. Whereas if I do this, if I set this matrix to 2, 1 then you can also model examples where you know here we'll say X1 can have take on a large range of values whereas X2 takes on a relatively narrower range of values. And that's reflected in this figure as well, you know where, the distribution falls off more slowly as X 1 moves away from 0, and falls off very rapidly as X 2 moves away from 0. And similarly if we were to modify this element of the matrix instead, then similar to the previous slide, except that here where you know playing around here saying that X2 can take on a very small range of values and so here if this is 0.6, we notice now X2 tends to take on a much smaller range of values than the original example, whereas if we were to set sigma to be equal to 2 then that's like saying X2 you know, has a much larger range of values. Now, one of the cool things about the multivariate Gaussian distribution is that you can also use it to model correlations between the data. That is we can use it to model the fact that X1 and X2 tend to be highly correlated with each other for example. So specifically if you start to change the off diagonal entries of this covariance matrix you can get a different type of Gaussian distribution. And so as I increase the off-diagonal entries from .5 to .8, what I get is this distribution that is more and more thinly peaked along this sort of x equals y line. And so here the contour says that x and y tend to grow together and the things that are with large probability are if either X1 is large and Y2 is large or X1 is small and Y2 is small. Or somewhere in between. And as this entry, 0.8 gets large, you get a Gaussian distribution, that's sort of where all the probability lies on this sort of narrow region, where x is approximately equal to y. This is a very tall, thin distribution you know line mostly along this line central region where x is close to y. So this is if we set these entries to be positive entries. In contrast if we set these to negative values, as I decreases it to -.5 down to -.8, then what we get is a model where we put most of the probability in this sort of negative X one in the next 2 correlation region, and so, most of the probability now lies in this region, where X 1 is about equal to -X 2, rather than X 1 equals X 2. And so this captures a sort of negative correlation between x1 and x2. And so this is a hopefully this gives you a sense of the different distributions that the multivariate Gaussian distribution can capture. So follow up in varying, the covariance matrix sigma, the other thing you can do is also, vary the mean parameter mu, and so operationally, we have mu equal 0 0, and so the distribution was centered around X 1 equals 0, X2 equals 0, so the peak of the distribution is here, whereas, if we vary the values of mu, then that varies the peak of the distribution and so, if mu equals 0, 0.5, the peak is at, you know, X1 equals zero, and X2 equals 0.5, and so the peak or the center of this distribution has shifted, and if mu was 1.5 minus 0.5 then OK, and similarly the peak of the distribution has now shifted to a different location, corresponding to where, you know, X1 is 1.5 and X2 is -0.5, and so varying the mu parameter, just shifts around the center of this whole distribution. So, hopefully, looking at all these different pictures gives you a sense of the sort of probability distributions that the Multivariate Gaussian Distribution allows you to capture. And the key advantage of it is it allows you to capture, when you'd expect two different features to be positively correlated, or maybe negatively correlated. In the next video, we'll take this multivariate Gaussian distribution and apply it to anomaly detection. Amazingly the answer is positive. Let me graph the data--first data point, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth. While my hand drawing isn't perfect, if you're careful you'll find out that they're just linear. What is it? Are you trying to stop me? I have no such intention, but is now the time to be quarreling!? It won't do unless you say things clearly to this woman, you get it? ■ Calm Down ■ It won't do unless you say things clearly to this woman, you get it? It won't do unless you say things clearly to this woman, you get it? Well, hold on. Listen to me... It's fine, just stay quiet and watch. Anyway, you're very strange too. Me?! Do you know the meaning of teamwork? ■ Don't take me for a fool! ■ Do you know the meaning of teamwork? Do you know the meaning of teamwork? What? If you have something to say, just say it. There's nothing to say to someone who hasn't understood things properly. Nobody else is disrupting our teamwork, it's just you. I have no idea what you're talking about. I'll use a method even you will understand... The word people is written in a way where one person supports the other. ■ You're just showing off what you've just learnt! ■ The word people is written in a way where one person supports the other. The word people is written in a way where one person supports the other. Anyway, this is completely taken from a TV drama... Hehe, so you didn't know about that? She has a conceited look, but this is a commonly used line. Anyway, if you don't know what teamwork is, then there is no use helping one another. ■ You temporal thief! ■ Anyway, if you don't know what teamwork is, then there is no use helping one another. You temporal thief...! Hah? What was that? I took precious time out of my prep for exams to accompany you! Could you please tackle the main problem? What were we talking about anyway? Ah! T-That's right! This person! The one in black! With over 1.6 billion people without access to power we need scalable solutions. The name "Fenix" comes from the mythical bird, and it's about rebirth and renewal. We're focusing on renewable energy for frontier markets. Our design process started with need finding. We travelled all around the world, like areas in sub-Saharan Africa. It was a really eye-opening process to look at all the amazing and genius ways people were solving their energy needs. The creativity and spirit of these people are really carrying through. Fenix is hoping to build upon that. We took a lot of learnings from these homebrew solutions and hope to build something that is going to be a tool that opens up new opportunities. The Fenix ReadySet system is a renewable center that can charge from virtually anything. It can charge from solar. It can charge from a bicycle generator that we developed. It can even charge off the grid. It's user friendly. It has two car adaptor ports, two USB ports, and just one button. Distribution is a major challenge and so we're partnering with organizations with massive reach, like multinational telecoms, electronics companies, and NGO and humanitarian organizations. We aim to distribute millions of units, which enables us to distribute this product at a lower cost and reach massive scale, installing megawatts, gigawatts of power in areas that have never had access to energy. An entrepreneur can use the ReadySet system to power a small business. They can charge cell phones, and they can power lights at night so they can keep their stores open longer and generate new meaningful income. And we want to enable people to use technology so they can access the global economy. This is an incredibly creative team, that's thinking in really new and interesting ways to try and bring about solutions to problems that are really difficult. Beyond developing a product, we're hoping to innovate a new business model. We think of ourselves as a triple bottom line company where we're thinking about people, prosperity and the planet. We're hoping to address not just the environmental issues but also take a look at the human component and improve the life of billions of people around the world. www.fenixintl.com Strax! Strax! Strax! Leave me! Go on! You must leave me here to die. You're not dying, Strax! It's fine. Don't worry. It's a glorious thing for a Sontaran to die in battle. The battle was two days ago, you made a full recovery! No, I haven't! We've healed your wounds! You're completely fine! Nonsense! That was definitely a fatal shot, I didn't stand a chance! I think you just fainted. Silence, boy! The station has been evacuated. We are all being returned to our proper times and places. We wondered if you would like to come with us! We're from London! 1888. What of it? Is there something there for me? A welcome? Why? Why? We fought together, didn't we? Side by side as comrades. And we couldn't help noticing... you just seem to be... alone. I am accostumed to the solitude. As are we? Jenny here has been ostracized by her family because of... well... let's just say preferences in companionship? I am the last of my kind as you are the only one of yours. A Sontaran who fought bravely in the best of causes. I thank you for your offer, but cannot accept. As you are putrescent alien filth. Indeed. We thought that would be a difficulty. Come along, Jenny! Time to go home. Although... this planet of which you speak, London... what do you do there? Solve crimes. Protect the Empire. There's quite a lot of running. Some spectacular dresses. And an awful lot of fun! I suppose I can make a preliminary reconnaissance of this London place! It may need to be assessed for... military potential! That's the spirit! Thank you for this opportunity! I look forward to obliterating you both in the name of the Sontaran Empire! I'm not an expert on alien species, but you're both... women ones, aren't you? It has been noted. Don't you need a... man one? No. Am I the man one? No! So! Dressed then! I would like to present some advice on how you can help love bloom forever or how you can delay love's expiration date. I hope that I can inspire you with a couple of surprising suggestions. So let's get started. Partnership is a creative perpetual motion machine. Which means that partnership is creative by its own means. The Swiss partnership therapist Jürg Willi called this kind of creativity "creative co-evolution". That means if things go well there is constant development. But obviously, there are also obstacles. I will speak about these later. In my view, creativity is accessible to everyone. It's not just an artist's thing, but a power that is just there and gives us vitality. Why did I choose this topic, creativity? I've been working for a couple of years with creativity and I have recently started giving classes on creative writing. There is also literature on the subject and there are researchers as well. Part of the literature deals with partnership and creativity. Flow is a term we often use when talking about creativity. By "flow" I mean the flow of the energy. I think it's a measurable phenomenon for instance as far as hormones or muscle tone are concerned. A state of mind and body when one forgets about oneself. We can experience this in sports or through other activities. So, flow is never far away in partnership since it has something to do with love. But as soon as we are over the golden gleam of love, over the first magical sparks, the construction of partnership begins. This can cause a loss of ideas and the loss of openness, and that just blocks the flow. I think, the enemy is in everyday life and daily routines Those processes which never vary. This is the enemy. Here comes a mantra I have developed in order to inspire you, surprise you, and make you ask questions, rather than find answers. "Two..." are the elements in a relationship. Two persons alone can feel pretty alone. It can even result in an égoisme à deux, in the worst case. When they feel as one this may be beautiful for some time, but it can become a kind of seclusion. That's why my mantra says "Two alone is one too few", there is a third element needed. This is a very simple illustration of how it could be. What could this question mark stand for? Well, exactly this: a question mark! A question, a blank space, something completely undefined. Let's explore this more closely ... "Threesome partnership" I'm not a hippie, I was born too late for that. "Threesome partnership", therefore, does not refer to any revolutionary hippie ideas. By using this term, I would like to introduce creativity into your partnership. "Play" is the main expression of creativity. There we find that particular combination of chaos on the one hand, and order on the other. Children are capable of play, many adults have difficulties when it comes to playing and engaging with someone in play. Then we have "room". Room and play have something in common Both room and play need range, room to maneuver, but "room to play" implies also that there's not too much freedom. "Room to play", that's the first two stages the third stage is "create", room to play has to be created, actively Both partners have to be actively involved, both have to really create. Let me be more specific. "Thou shalt not make thee any graven image" This was already clear in biblical times, when talking about God. Swiss writer Max Frisch, applied this to human beings too: You shall not make a graven image of a person. Prejudices cause damage. In a partnership as well. That's where so many things solidify, things we think we know about our partner. Name your partner prejudices, and maybe write them down, You can also simply ask your partner about the prejudices you have about them since they are well aware of the images. The next step is just to forget these prejudices. Because for the sane flow of life, these images we create about other persons are totally superfluous. Therefore, once you have named the prejudices about your partner, write them down, put them in a bottle and throw that bottle into the river. Just forget all these useless images. Then, there is perfection. Perfection is also an enemy of creativity. In a partnership you experience the strangest peculiarities of your partner, all those childish, adolescent, sometimes even baby-like features. This is where the façade really falls down, and if you accept all these peculiarities, there can be a lot more room to play creatively in the intimacy. Let me quote a Leonard Cohen song: "There's a crack in everything, that's how the light gets in" That means, that we are more connected to the universe through our imperfections than through perfection. This is where creativity enters. Partnership could also be a playful game. If you know your preferences, your wishes, what you like and what your partner likes, then you can start to imagine a lot of playful games, games which only you can play. For instance, playing music together or hiking together, whatever it may be. "One can only love what one knows" sounds to me like a conservative, even possessive saying. In my view, the not-knowing is more valuable than the knowing in the realm of partnership. Therefore, I would like to modify the saying. Let the gaps undefined. The question mark in that simple illustration should always play a role. Your partner should always remain, to some extent, unclear. This questioning can be very valuable. If your partner confronts you, you may look at this as a gap through which creativity can enter into the system. Therefore, from a creative point of view, I would say that the rule here on this chart applies. And I wish you all a lot of good ideas in your partnership. [music] Narrator: To most people, there are exactly 24 hours in a day, the ground only moves during an earthquake, and the Earth rotates just like it does on a globe. And generally speaking, that makes sense! But scientists, who like to find out exactly what's going on, know the ground actually moves around quite a bit, days are never quite 24 hours, and the Earth actually wobbles on its axis in a very particular way as it revolves around the sun. Scientists know all this by using a technique called Very Long Baseline Interferometry, which is basically a fancy term for using radio dishes to very precisely measure the Earth's orientation. VLBI was originally developed back in the 60s to take pictures of quasars. Early on, though, someone realized that because quasars never really move, you could use them as reference points, throw the whole process in reverse, and figure out how all the telescopes were moving relative to one another. Basically, when a quasar emits a radio wave, that wave reaches different telescopes at different times. For astronomy, you'd use a computer to imitate a giant telescope and get a good picture of the quasar, but if you instead pay close attention to the time differences, you can use geometry to figure out how far apart the telescopes are. And by making lots of those measurements, you can start to see how the ground beneath the telescopes moves around, when you have to adjust your clock, and that the Earth wobbles on its axis as it moseys around the sun. So, the next time you feel like you've had a long day, or that your house is a few millimeters from where you last left it, you can switch on a bunch of radio telescopes, point them at quasars, and find out just how right you are. [music] [music] [music] [beeping] [music] [beeping fades] [music] [music fades] Dear Money... I won't lie to you, I've met someone new. Her name is Resource Based Economy and I want to spend my future with her. You and I had some good times together, but lately it just didn't work out anymore. The constant fighting... all the things I did for you and you really never cared about my needs. I'm sorry it had to end like this, but it's time to move forward for both of us. Please don't call! Earth =) www.thezeitgeistmovement.com Hi, I enjoy doing a lot of different things in my free-time. Most of them are to do with music. I deejay both in London and internationally and I try to go to concerts and festivals whenever I can. How about you? How do you spend your free-time? My free-time, whenever I have any, is playing golf. I discovered golf eight years ago, I'm addicted, whenever I can, I'll get out there on the golf course. Photography, I like to watch films, really into music. In my free-time, I'm an amateur opera singer and I also run an amateur opera company. I spend my free-time shopping, cooking, going to exhibitions, travelling and going to the theatre. I exercise a lot, I spend lots of time, walking, running and boxing. I play football, I play table tennis, I go bowling, I also do a radio show at my university. Well during my free-time, I read, I watch the news online and watch TV series and go out with my friends. I spend most of my free-time with my friends and just getting together and watching films, listening to music, I like to read a lot and I like to draw and make clothes. How would you spend your free time differently, if you had more time or money, or opportunity? I'd travel more, I'd take my children to see more things around the world. They've travelled a little bit, I've travelled quite a lot. I'd like to take them to see some of the things that the world has to offer. If I had more free-time I think I'd be able to develop my own creativity. Finding maybe a bit more about my heritage, I'm quite interested in that and speaking to my parents about how they grew up and their parents and things like that. I'd spend more time practising music. If I had more time I would travel more. If I had more free-time I'd see more of my friends and people that I don't get to see enough. And I'd probably relax and go to the park a lot. What are the benefits to society of giving people more downtime or more holidays? I think if you had more time off you'd be able to explore your mind a lot more. People would become more educated, more intelligent and more aware of what's going on in the world. If we all had more free-time I think we'd all be able to let ourselves be more creative as opposed to just work work work all the time. I think that the day when people don't work from 9 to 5 so much anymore, I think that more free-time will do everyone a lot of good. As long as you have something to do with it, and you have hobbies and friends to see and so on There'd be less stress I believe, because I think that people are very very stressed nowadays. I think society benefits from giving people more free-time, because it enables them to lead less stressed lives, reduces the pressures on them, and also it increases interests, and I think a society that has a broad range of interests, a broad range of things that they like doing, is generally beneficial. Chord prompts from uplay2.org licensed as CC+COOPY 0-0- 7-7- 9- 97 5- 5- 0-0- 7-7- 5-07 0-0- When I 0find my0self in 7times of 7trouble 9Mother 9Mar7y 5comes to 5me 0speaking 0words of 7wisdom, 7 Let it 5be. 07 0- 0- Kale chips, oh my gosh, my Teenage Daughter loves Kale Chips So I make a bag for her every day for lunch she takes another bag to share with her friends it's really quite quite lovely We're going to show you how to do the oven Kale Chips today But we also can do them in a dehydrator. Let me walk you through some of the ingredients we're going to need to make the Kale Chips Obviously we need Kale We're going to have some powdered garlic powdered sea salt brewer's yeast or nutritional yeast you can also add things like turmeric, black pepper cayenne pepper, to make it a little spicier if you want we'll start out with a normal version for you so this, go ahead and grab it this is lacinato kale, also called dinosaur skin kale it has a lovely blueish green tint and sort of a center rib. It has a little crumply leaves if you feel the leaves they're nice and coarse it's sort of like lettuce on steroids lettuce with cabbage-like features this is the lacinato version, this is curly kale, so the leaves here are very curly, roughly, again there's a big coarse stem down the middle now you help me strip some kale from the leaf so we need to get the leaf away from the stem. I put my fingers on the stemp stem away from you, and pull great. Then we're going to put those right there Now we're going to try with the lacinato, this one is a little trickier I start tearing the leaf away, there you go, then pull it put the leaf in there. Can you make anything with these? We throw nothing away. My Iowa farmer Daddy would be so proud of me. We're going to use everythign. We're going to make a smoothy with this stuff When you make a salad, you can take the stems out and chop the stems, add them back to the salad like a celery, or you can leave the stems in and just mince it finely. Either way works. In general, I just chop them, but when I'm making Kale Chips, I take the stems out, otherwise the stems feel woody and hard. So, now, we're going to take a half teaspoon of salt, and sprinkle that in the bowl here. Do you like garlic? Put a half teaspoon of powdered garlic on here. Can you use fresh garlic? You can use fresh garlic, and I have often used fresh garlic. Would you mince it or put it through a garlic press? Either way would be fine. I could also put a teaspoon of black pepper or a teaspoon of turmeric, or whatever spices you enjoy. The salt will dissolve a bit I like to put in a tablespoon of orange juice I'm going to have you begin massing this, you mix it in, turn it up and down around and just keep massaging. Try and get everything wet, you want to massage it. If you feel like you're having a hard time getting everything moist We can put in another tablespoon or orange juice. Could you use olive oil? You could use olive oil in addition. I like to put in a little lemon juice or orange juice, that helps cut the bitterness a bit It's almost like kneading bread, I'm getting in there, squeezing, mixing as we go. So the bowl is about 2/3rds the size of what it was originally, so we had some contraction. If you don't want to use sea salt you can use gluten free soy sauce, that's another way to get some salt in there and soften the cell walls. Next job is to coat these with a coating of the nutritional yeast. Now you could measure, but I'm too much of my mother's daughter, so the way I measure is I just start shaking it on. Where do you buy Brewer's yeast? You can get brewer's yeast at a health food store, in town that would be the New Pioneer Food Co-Op, you could also get some online from an organization like vitacost, www.vitacost.com. They have a number of nutritional and brewers yeast. The caveat being that you want to look for gluten free. Really it depends onhow much you like Brewer's Yeast ,you could do this without, just sea salt and some cayenne or black pepper, garlic goes in here, you can ground any nuts that you like, walnuts, sprinkle those in, sunflower seeds, pine nuts, and sprinkle those in at this stage. Any of that stuff would be marvelous. Now,simply put these in the pan and bake those at 350 degrees begin checking them at about 40 minutes, and check them every 5 minutes until they get that nice crackly and crunchiness. The Kale's been in the oven for about half an hour. If you pick it up, you'll feel it's crackle, but not completely. There's still some soft limp stuff here, so I think it needs another 10 minutes. You want it to have that nice crackly sound all the way through, so I'm going to just mix it around a bit, stir it up, and pop it back in the oven and check it again in about 10 minutes. Let's try that. Pretty yummy, huh? One could make these in a dehydrator, here I just take the leaves out, then put them on the racks Sort of spacing them out, and then I could stack up to 12 racks in this particular dehydrator. I'll just put the top on Here, you would plug it in so it would dehydrate overnight, sometimes I've done it all day. I dehydrate at the lowest temperature, which here is 95 degrees. So these are some Kale chips I made last night. You can have a little sample Is this garlic? There's garlic, nutritional yeast, and ground nuts. I hope they meet your approval? You know what you have to do. An OYORS Production Director Written by With Don't play games with me! We don't wanna attract attention, do we? I saw how he put this envelope into his jacket. That is the data? That's right. Good work, James. You know what that is, don't you? Our organisation usually crushes people like you at once. Just like... little worms. But we need the information, so who hired you? It's pretty stuffy in here. You should aerate more often. Answer my question. And it also is pretty dark. Get a proper lamp. You don't know in what kind of a situation you are, do you? Answer. What was the question? Who hired you? Right... I don't know. Do you want to tell me that you have something of that importance on you, but you don't know who hired you?! I know what it is about. I know where to go. That's enough. Everything else is unimportant. And where was this supposed to go? Right here. Ok, that's enough! James! Do you understand now? Do you understand now?! This envelope contains dangerous information about illegal arms trade in Africa. Where was this damn envelope supposed to go?! You're worthless. James, eliminate him. You will not longer be needed here, we will probably get the information elsewhere. You think that you can get away with that, but we won't let you live! I just forgot something. Get him! At least we still have the envelope... Whaa-? To be continued... Me and my mate, Uri, what we do is we go out, and we look for good stuff, and today we're going to present to you a cafe, which is unique. It's a cafe where Deaf students work. It's school based, it's the only high school for Deaf children in Vic. And today, it's all about presenting an app, which can be used in order to communicate with a Deaf person via Auslan language, so let's have a look. So this is Tradeblock Cafe, and it's a program that we set up back in 2009, to impact on our student's employability skills. All our students here in Year 11 and 12 also study hospitality, Certificate II in Hospitality, and what we wanted was an opportunity for them to be able to practice all those skills in an authentic cafe. music - Ronan Keating When you say nothing at all Setting out here in the cafe and measuring whether this will impact on our students, and taking it to the wider community so that we can hope that it impacts on the workplace and we can see new employment opportunities for Deaf people. music - Ronan Keating When you say nothing at all What I'd like to say is that in the future I'd love to work in a cafe, that's really a dream of mine to work in hospitality. And having been involved in this cafe, I've learnt a great deal, and I've really enjoyed working in the cafe, but last year I did work experience at Subway and it was great being able to communicate with customers but I really appreciate this new app, and the greater dexterity it gives me, the greater depth it gives me to be able to communicate automatically with customers, in my natural language, and also encourages that natural communication. And I'll hand over to Shannon to just talk you through and he's going to make an order as a hearing customer coming into the Tradeblock Cafe, using the app for support. Was to help me, or anyone else who's hearing, order a coffee or anything from a cafe and actually learn Auslan at the same time. I want a cappuccino... cappucino Sorry, what's that? Ah, yeah, sugar. One, please. Umm, hang on... is it... take away? Perfect, thankyou. They'll say 'apple' and then they'll fingerspell the type of apple it is, so it's sort of, again, different from English where I would say, 'a red delicious apple' So the sign language will goes into the specifics of describing the type of apple. When needed, yes. The idea is that, this isn't about replacing the communication to Rebecca, it's about you trying to learn Auslan and then understanding how it works. So I might go one cappucino. We're trying to learn, practice 'flat white' We see this as a bigger part of a bigger future and lots of different environments could use an app like this to help them employ Deaf people, supermarkets, hotels, transport environment. Basically anywhere where there's a common vocabulary, this app could be used. Some of the aims are that we really want our students to get part-time work, and that's a very hard thing to do, even for a hearing student, it's very competitive. We're not sitting in a language classroom, struggling with English, what we're doing is we're creating food and coffee and we're communicating and we're getting constant feedback from customers and that sort of thing about the work that the students are doing. music - Ronan Keating When you say nothing at all I used to be afraid of giving up The road was just too tough Out here on my own My path was so alone But now I see clearly Everything within me Is reaching up to the sky I can see the world with open eyes You can't let it pass you Just take hold and grasp it Now's the time to take a chance With the strength of a thousand men Climbing to my feet again Dry those tears from your eyes And everything will be alright You know the rainbow's just in sight Dust your wings off as you rise If your heart feels overwhelmed Just know you're never by yourself Put your hand in mine, hold your head up high And together we'll rise Never lift your head up to the sky And find yourself asking, "Why?" Never see them eye to eye With the hardships of life But faith is where my heart is Let energy replace my doubts Won't let my trials get the best of me I'm marching forth towards my destiny You can't let it pass you Just take hold and grasp it Now's the time to take a chance With the strength of a thousand men Climbing to my feet again Dry those tears from your eyes And everything will be alright You know the rainbow's just in sight Dust your wings off as you rise If your heart feels overwhelmed Just know you're never by yourself Put your hand in mine, hold your head up high And together we'll rise Together we can do anything We'll rise We can make it through anything We'll rise Together we can do anything We'll rise, we'll rise, we'll rise You can try to hurt me Doubt me and desert me I'll feel the will of kings With my mind I'll plant a seed And you know a tree will grow And take me in To safety's arms I will descend Dry those tears from your eyes And everything will be alright You know the rainbow's just in sight Dust your wings off as you rise If your heart feels overwhelmed Just know you're never by yourself Put your hand in mine, hold your head up high And together we'll rise Together we can do anything We'll rise We can make it through anything We'll rise Together we can do anything We'll rise, we'll rise, we'll rise Together we can do anything We'll rise We can make it through anything We'll rise Together we can do anything We'll rise, we'll rise, we'll rise Subtitles by Ruchir Previously I talked about computing an efficient portfolio that achieves a target return. You know, another portfolio that we're interested in is the Global Minimum Variance portfolio. So if we're solving for the global minimum variance portfolio with no short sales, then we, we eliminate one restriction, right? So the min, the minimum variance portfolio just minimizes the variance subject to the weights summing to one and all the weights being positive. So there's no target expected return when we solve for the minimum variance portfolio. So then, the restriction matrices, we just have one equality restriction. So the AQ matrix is just A prime is just one prime, and BEQ is equal to one. And then the inequality matrix is just the identity. And then the B vector for the inequalities is a vector of O. So that when we use the soft QP function, our restriction matrix, the first row was one transposed. And then we have the identity matrix. And then our B vector looks like this. So this is what we ask to solve QP. So now lets look at R. So the first thing I'm going to do is remind you the example if we solve the global minimum variance portfolio where we allow for short sales. Okay, I have this R function called global min. Portfolio and this just implements the matrix algebra solution that we had before. And notice that the minimum variance portfolio is 44% Microsoft, 36% Nordstrom and nineteen% Starbucks. Notice that none of these assets are sold short. So here's the who's buried in Grant, Grant's tomb question. So if we maximize, if we try to minimize portfolio variance imposing the restriction that all the weights are positive what is the solution? It's the same thing right? So notice that the constraint that the portfolio weights are positive is not binding because the unconstrained optimization gives you the solution where all of the weights are positive. So if we impose the restriction it doesn't matter, we'll get exactly the same solution and again, it's, hopefully that should be obvious by you know when we go through and run the quadratic programming problem we will get the same solution. Now, in R, to solve for the global minimum portfolio with no short sales, we have to set up the restriction matrices, so essential what we're doing is we're just building this mathematics in R, and that's simple. So the D matrix is two times sigma, the D vector is a bunch of zeros. The A matrix remember, has the transpose, you know, again, this is the a matrix, not the transpose of the of the a matrix. So, the A matrix and column binding a one vector and the identity matrix. So, when I transpose this, I'll get the one vector on top and the identity matrix on the bottom. The B vector is, okay has one in the, first position and then zeros. And so if we look at what is the D matrix this is two times the covariance matrix. Here's our D vec. Here's our A matrix so we have one and then the identity, and so when you transpose this you'll get one on the top, and the identity on the bottom. And then the B vector just looks like, this. Okay. The sum of the weights add to one, and then all the weights have to be greater than or equal to zero So now we're gonna use the function solve Qp to this. So the solve QP is very simple. Right. It takes us arguments so actually here's a little bit of a another side. This is a very useful function in oracle args. So here the function like solve Qp and you want to know what are the arguments of this function. You can just type args and just the name of the function and most of the time it will give you, you know essentially the. Function definition with, with, with the arguments specified here. So solve qp is gonna take dmat. Little d vec, a mat, b vec. Then there's this MEQ. Any Q is telling us how many equality constraints are there right. And so this, this is very important that you set this correctly. If you don't set this correctly than you'll get a funny result. And then factorizedfalse equal to false, don't worry about that. Okay. So I'm gonna call this now. So I've, I've set up my DMAP, my DVAC, My Amap, My Bvac on the previous page right. And then for the Global Minimum Variance Portfolio there's only one equality constraint right. The portfolio weights sum to what. So we set any Q=1. Okay, so you run this thing, it's this very fast, you know, it'll find, if there's a solution, it, it will find it very quickly. Now what you get is a list. And, the names of the list are the follows. So, there's a component called solution. And the solution's gonna give you the portfolio weights. And then value is the value of the objective function. It's gonna give you the variance of the minimum variance portfolio. And then the unconstrained solution, so if none of these equality or inequality constraints are imposed, what is the solution? How many iterations it took, you know, Lagrangian, and so on. So if we look at the solution, it's, 44% Microsoft, 36% Nordstrom, and nineteen% Starbucks, and, you know, that's exactly what, we had for the unconstrained problem. So, again, if there's, if you, if you did things right, then, then, you, you should get the, the, the same solution. And, and you do. So those are the portfolio weights. And then we know the portfolio weight's sum to one. And the portfolio weights are positive, so you know, the equality and inequality constraints are satisfied. And then this value q-p-dot-out-dollar-sign-value.005, that's the variance of this portfolio. So, we can do our own calculations. So, if we want to compute the mean, the variance, and the standard deviation, so we can extract the weights, you know, call it wgmean.ns. So, these are the portfolio weights, give them names. So, here is my weight vector. Then the expected return is just w prime mu. So, the global mean and variance portfolio has an expected return of 2.5%. And then, the variance of the global mean and variance portfolio, as you know, w prime sigma w. And, And so that's.0052. And notice that that's the same thing as this value down here. And then the, standard deviation of this portfolio is 7.2%. All right, so any questions on using solve QP to, to do a nor, no-short sales portfolio? One quick question, what do you use [inaudible]? Oh it's because when I do this, this, this, cross product here the result is actually a one by one matrix. And I don't want, I want a, I just want an, an a numeric. I just want a number, so I wanna I wanna get rid of the dimension attributes. And so that's what as numeric does. It essentially, eliminates the dimension attributes, and gives me a number. Because when you print it out, you know, there'd be another one up there. It's also one of these things in aura as well, when you have a one by one matrix and you do certain computations it might not work. Because when, when you have a matrix it has to satisfy the rules of matrix algebra of being conformable in, in doing things, so that So if you're not careful, you can get, you know, funny results, and so that's why it's If you want something to be a number, then using [inaudible] will, will guarantee that, that you get a number When I was seven years old and my sister was just five years old, we were playing on top of a bunk bed. I was two years older than my sister at the time -- I mean, I'm two years older than her now -- but at the time it meant she had to do everything that I wanted to do, and I wanted to play war. So we were up on top of our bunk beds. And on one side of the bunk bed, I had put out all of my G.I. Joe soldiers and weaponry. And on the other side were all my sister's My Little Ponies ready for a cavalry charge. There are differing accounts of what actually happened that afternoon, but since my sister is not here with us today, let me tell you the true story -- (Laughter) which is my sister's a little on the clumsy side. Somehow, without any help or push from her older brother at all, Amy disappeared off of the top of the bunk bed and landed with this crash on the floor. I nervously peered over the side of the bed to see what had befallen my fallen sister and saw that she had landed painfully on her hands and knees on all fours on the ground. I was nervous because my parents had charged me with making sure that my sister and I played as safely and as quietly as possible. And seeing as how I had accidentally broken Amy's arm just one week before -- (Laughter) (Laughter ends) heroically pushing her out of the way of an oncoming imaginary sniper bullet, (Laughter) for which I have yet to be thanked, I was trying as hard as I could -- she didn't even see it coming -- I was trying hard to be on my best behavior. And I saw my sister's face, this wail of pain and suffering and surprise threatening to erupt from her mouth and wake my parents from the long winter's nap for which they had settled. So I did the only thing my frantic seven year-old brain could think to do to avert this tragedy. And if you have children, you've seen this hundreds of times. I said, "Amy, wait. Don't cry. Did you see how you landed? No human lands on all fours like that. Amy, I think this means you're a unicorn." (Laughter) Now, that was cheating, because there was nothing she would want more than not to be Amy the hurt five year-old little sister, but Amy the special unicorn. Of course, this option was open to her brain at no point in the past. And you could see how my poor, manipulated sister faced conflict, as her little brain attempted to devote resources to feeling the pain and suffering and surprise she just experienced, or contemplating her new-found identity as a unicorn. And the latter won. Instead of crying or ceasing our play, instead of waking my parents, with all the negative consequences for me, a smile spread across her face and she scrambled back up onto the bunk bed with all the grace of a baby unicorn -- (Laughter) with one broken leg. What we stumbled across at this tender age of just five and seven -- we had no idea at the time -- was was going be at the vanguard of a scientific revolution occurring two decades later in the way that we look at the human brain. We had stumbled across something called positive psychology, which is the reason I'm here today and the reason that I wake up every morning. When I started talking about this research outside of academia, with companies and schools, the first thing they said to never do is to start with a graph. The first thing I want to do is start with a graph. This graph looks boring, but it is the reason I get excited and wake up every morning. And this graph doesn't even mean anything; it's fake data. What we found is -- (Laughter) If I got this data studying you, I would be thrilled, because there's a trend there, and that means that I can get published, which is all that really matters. There is one weird red dot above the curve, there's one weirdo in the room -- I know who you are, I saw you earlier -- that's no problem. That's no problem, as most of you know, because I can just delete that dot. I can delete that dot because that's clearly a measurement error. And we know that's a measurement error because it's messing up my data. (Laughter) So one of the first things we teach people in economics, statistics, business and psychology courses is how, in a statistically valid way, do we eliminate the weirdos. How do we eliminate the outliers so we can find the line of best fit? Which is fantastic if I'm trying to find out how many Advil the average person should be taking -- two. But if I'm interested in your potential, or for happiness or productivity or energy or creativity, we're creating the cult of the average with science. If I asked a question like, "How fast can a child learn how to read in a classroom?" scientists change the answer to "How fast does the average child learn how to read in that classroom?" and we tailor the class towards the average. If you fall below the average, then psychologists get thrilled, because that means you're depressed or have a disorder, or hopefully both. We're hoping for both because our business model is, if you come into a therapy session with one problem, we want to make sure you leave knowing you have ten, so you keep coming back. We'll go back into your childhood if necessary, but eventually we want to make you normal again. But normal is merely average. And positive psychology posits that if we study what is merely average, we will remain merely average. Then instead of deleting those positive outliers, what I intentionally do is come into a population like this one and say, why? Why are some of you high above the curve in terms of intellectual, athletic, musical ability, creativity, energy levels, resiliency in the face of challenge, sense of humor? Whatever it is, instead of deleting you, what I want to do is study you. Because maybe we can glean information, not just how to move people up to the average, but move the entire average up in our companies and schools worldwide. The reason this graph is important to me is, on the news, the majority of the information is not positive. in fact it's negative. Most of it's about murder, corruption, diseases, natural disasters. And very quickly, my brain starts to think that's the accurate ratio of negative to positive in the world. This creates "the medical school syndrome." During the first year of medical training, as you read through a list of all the symptoms and diseases, suddenly you realize you have all of them. (Laughter) I have a brother in-law named Bobo, which is a whole other story. Bobo married Amy the unicorn. Bobo called me on the phone -- (Laughter) from Yale Medical School, and Bobo said, "Shawn, I have leprosy." (Laughter) Which, even at Yale, is extraordinarily rare. But I had no idea how to console poor Bobo because he had just gotten over an entire week of menopause. (Laughter) We're finding it's not necessarily the reality that shapes us, but the lens through which your brain views the world that shapes your reality. And if we can change the lens, not only can we change your happiness, we can change every single educational and business outcome at the same time. I applied to Harvard on a dare. I didn't expect to get in, and my family had no money for college. When I got a military scholarship two weeks later, they let me go. Something that wasn't even a possibility became a reality. I assumed everyone there would see it as a privilege as well, that they'd be excited to be there. Even in a classroom full of people smarter than you, I felt you'd be happy just to be in that classroom. But what I found is, while some people experience that, when I graduated after my four years and then spent the next eight years living in the dorms with the students -- Harvard asked me to; I wasn't that guy. (Laughter) I was an officer to counsel students through the difficult four years. And in my research and my teaching, I found that these students, no matter how happy they were with their original success of getting into the school, two weeks later their brains were focused, not on the privilege of being there, nor on their philosophy or physics, but on the competition, the workload, the hassles, stresses, complaints. When I first went in there, I walked into the freshmen dining hall, which is where my friends from Waco, Texas, which is where I grew up -- I know some of you know this. When they'd visit, they'd look around, and say, "This dining hall looks like something out of Hogwart's." It does, because that was Hogwart's and that's Harvard. And when they see this, they say, "Why do you waste your time studying happiness at Harvard? What does a Harvard student possibly have to be unhappy about?" Embedded within that question is the key to understanding the science of happiness. Because what that question assumes is that our external world is predictive of our happiness levels, when in reality, if I know everything about your external world, I can only predict 10% of your long-term happiness. 90 percent of your long-term happiness is predicted not by the external world, but by the way your brain processes the world. And if we change it, if we change our formula for happiness and success, we can change the way that we can then affect reality. What we found is that only 25% of job successes are predicted by IQ, 75 percent of job successes are predicted by your optimism levels, your social support and your ability to see stress as a challenge instead of as a threat. I talked to a New England boarding school, probably the most prestigious one, and they said, "We already know that. So every year, instead of just teaching our students, we have a wellness week. And we're so excited. Monday night we have the world's leading expert will speak about adolescent depression. Tuesday night it's school violence and bullying. Wednesday night is eating disorders. Thursday night is illicit drug use. And Friday night we're trying to decide between risky sex or happiness." (Laughter) I said, "That's most people's Friday nights." (Laughter) (Applause) Which I'm glad you liked, but they did not like that at all. Silence on the phone. And into the silence, I said, "I'd be happy to speak at your school, but that's not a wellness week, that's a sickness week. You've outlined all the negative things that can happen, but not talked about the positive." The absence of disease is not health. Here's how we get to health: We need to reverse the formula for happiness and success. In the last three years, I've traveled to 45 countries, working with schools and companies in the midst of an economic downturn. And I found that most companies and schools follow a formula for success, which is this: If I work harder, I'll be more successful. And if I'm more successful, then I'll be happier. That undergirds most of our parenting and managing styles, the way that we motivate our behavior. And the problem is it's scientifically broken and backwards for two reasons. Every time your brain has a success, you just changed the goalpost of what success looked like. You got good grades, now you have to get better grades, you got into a good school and after you get into a better one, you got a good job, now you have to get a better job, you hit your sales target, we're going to change it. And if happiness is on the opposite side of success, your brain never gets there. We've pushed happiness over the cognitive horizon, as a society. And that's because we think we have to be successful, then we'll be happier. But our brains work in the opposite order. If you can raise somebody's level of positivity in the present, then their brain experiences what we now call a happiness advantage, which is your brain at positive performs significantly better than at negative, neutral or stressed. Your intelligence rises, your creativity rises, your energy levels rise. In fact, we've found that every single business outcome improves. Your brain at positive is 31% more productive than your brain at negative, neutral or stressed. You're 37% better at sales. Doctors are 19 percent faster, more accurate at coming up with the correct diagnosis when positive instead of negative, neutral or stressed. Which means we can reverse the formula. If we can find a way of becoming positive in the present, then our brains work even more successfully as we're able to work harder, faster and more intelligently. We need to be able to reverse this formula so we can start to see what our brains are actually capable of. Because dopamine, which floods into your system when you're positive, has two functions. Not only does it make you happier, it turns on all of the learning centers in your brain allowing you to adapt to the world in a different way. We've found there are ways that you can train your brain to be able to become more positive. In just a two-minute span of time done for 21 days in a row, we can actually rewire your brain, allowing your brain to actually work more optimistically and more successfully. We've done these things in research now in every company that I've worked with, getting them to write down three new things that they're grateful for for 21 days in a row, three new things each day. And at the end of that, their brain starts to retain a pattern of scanning the world not for the negative, but for the positive first. Journaling about one positive experience you've had over the past 24 hours allows your brain to relive it. Exercise teaches your brain that your behavior matters. We find that meditation allows your brain to get over the cultural ADHD that we've been creating by trying to do multiple tasks at once and allows our brains to focus on the task at hand. And finally, random acts of kindness are conscious acts of kindness. We get people, when they open up their inbox, to write one positive email praising or thanking somebody in their support network. And by doing these activities and by training your brain just like we train our bodies, what we've found is we can reverse the formula for happiness and success, and in doing so, not only create ripples of positivity, but a real revolution. Thank you very much. (Applause) [music] Murray Sidman: Hello. I'm Murray Sidman. About a year ago, Davidson Films asked me if I would help them to prepare and narrate a film about the life and accomplishments of B.F. Skinner. He taught us that we are what we do. But more to the point, he taught us that we can change what we do for the better. B.F. Skinner: I remember when I first started working with rats, in my first experiments. I would arrange a experiment, and I would expect to get a certain shaped curve. I wouldn't get that, and I would get so furious. "Why don't you do what you're supposed to do?" And then I realized finally, nature to be unanimously obeyed (?). The rat is always right. Murray Sidman: Skinner, at Harvard, was soon putting his mechanical skills to work. Skinner proposed that the critical relation between behavior and environment can be conceived of as a contingency of reinforcement. "Contingent" means "dependent on." It defines an if/then relation. If the pigeon in this chamber pecks the lighted disk, it then gets food. This pigeon's behavior has been shaped into ringing the bell by requiring closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving it food. The second things Skinner realized was that the sequence of events here was just the reverse of what happened in Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlov got his dog to salivate in response to the stimulus: the metronome. Pavlov and Watson's work led to a stimulus response psychology that many have recognized as too simplified and mechanistic to account for the great variety of human behavior. Skinner got his animal to peck a disk, not by presenting it with a stimulus beforehand, but instead by presenting a consequence afterward. The important event here was the food that came after the animal pecked the disk. This was no longer stimulus/response psychology. If anything, it was response/stimulus psychology. By adding the this term, "discriminative stimulus," to the reinforcement contingency, along with "response" and "consequence," Skinner greatly broadened the applicability of Operant Conditioning. The three-term contingency is the basic unit of operant behavior. Now, Skinner's work was about behavior, initially that of lab animals, but with more and more applications to humans in ever-larger groups. Although the focus of his science was always on individuals, his later writings dealt with how we, through understanding our own behavior, could restructure social systems to improve life for our ourselves and for the planet Earth. Skinner's interest in how environments shape human interactions and how human life can be improved by the application of behavior analysis, can perhaps best be seen in his own environment, a basement study, which he designed to support the writing that was the focus of his life. He was his own best human subject. [music] Balloons are full of helium, and so is every star. Stars are mostly hydrogen, which may someday fill your car. Iron is a metal, you see it every day. Oxygen, eventually will make it rust away. Carbon in its ordinary form is coal. Crush it together and diamonds are born. Come on, come on and meet the elements. May I introduce you to our friends, the elements? Like a box of paints that are mixed to make every shade, they either combine to make a chemical compound, or stand alone as they are. Neon's a gas that lights up the sign for a pizza place, the coins that you pay with are copper, nickel and zinc. Silicon and oxygen make concrete bricks and glass; now add some gold and silver for some pizza place class. Come on, come on and meet the elements. I think you should check out the ones they call the elements. Like a box of paints that are mixed to make every shade, they either combine to make a chemical compound, or stand alone as they are. Team up with other elements, making compounds when they combine, or make up a simple element, formed out of atoms of the one kind. Balloons are full of helium, and so is every star. Stars are mostly hydrogen, which may someday fill your car. And who let in all these elephants? Did you know that elephants are made of elements? Elephants are mostly made of four elements, and every living thing is mostly made of four elements: plants, bugs, birds, fish, bacteria and men are mostly carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and... oxygen. Come on, come on and meet the elements. You and I are complicated but we're made of elements. Like a box of paints that are mixed to make every shade, they either combine to make a chemical compound or stand alone as they are. Team up with other elements, making compounds when they combine or make up a simple element formed out of atoms of the one kind. Come on, come on and meet the elements, check out the ones they call the elements. Like a box of paints that are mixed to make every shade, they either combine to make a chemical compound or stand alone as they are. Good evening, everyone. I ask you to bear with me as I use a memory aid. It's important, because if I say something that I shouldn't, it could cost my life. These are the images that I grew up with. They are the fruit of policies that, since Nixon, have intended to put an end to a culture, the consumption of hallucinogens, by way of brute force through a declaration of war against drugs. This prohibition has allowed drug lords to have an enormous military and economic capacity, as well as a capacity for corruption, to defy and threaten democracy throughout Latin America and the world. All drugs cause different effects and damages. Alcohol and tobacco are also considered drugs and they both kill millions of people each year, millions more than all those who die by overdose and at the hands of a drug cartels put together. My father made a lot of poor people millionaires. Nowadays, ground glass is added to cocaine to maximize profits at the cost of consumers' health. Prohibition has made drugs worse than they already are. They are more dangerous and are even worse for our health. The huge profits of this industry end up in the consumers' and arms traders' countries, not in our countries, those of the producers. Sadly, we only have blood left. My father's office was always full of people. Nobody came out of it with empty pockets. The prohibitive legal framework allowed him to create a business and create, within the drug trafficking structure, something similar to an insurance company. With his fortune, he guaranteed the success of any drug operation in the world. Can you imagine the level of corruption he had under his control, to be able to make such guarantees of success for their business to so many people? My father's cruelty is well known but people don't speak of the corruption and the complete absence of morals that permitted his success. I haven't come here to point my finger at anybody. I've come to reflect on what has happened in this history. The drug business worldwide has changed very little over time. I received nothing but love from my father. I don't judge him. He told me to be grateful for everything I had. I had access to education. Education in Colombia is still a privilege, not a right. My father applied for university twice. He wanted to study law or journalism. How different would my nation's history be if access to a higher education had been available to just one person? I don't know. And I am not here to speculate about the past. When you're a child, you don't judge or parents as good or evil. You simply love them unconditionally. I was was surrounded by luxuries, power and flattery and I am not proud at all of those ephemeral moments of pleasure and violence. Success in drug trafficking requires a huge amount of complicity between countries of production, transit and destination. This shows that there is an unparalleled network of corruption and a global crisis of human values. Dad did not measure the consequences of his acts. He threw violence like a boomerang and indeed it came back to us with even more violence. We were all exposed, our lives were worth nothing and it is a miracle that I am here with you today. I was big critic of my father. In private I had the opportunity to tell him I did not agree with his violence, his methods, or his attitude towards life. I don't know whether my words touched his heart at some point and allowed him to surrender to justice and thereby, publicly dedicate this surrender to his 14 year old pacifist son. I was witness to the beginning of drug-related terrorism in the world; a 700 kg dynamite bomb knocked on our door on January 13th,1988. It was 5:13 in the morning. For you to have an idea, the bomb's shock wave destroyed the windows of every house in Medellín within a 1 km radius. Like I said, it is a miracle that I am here today. I have no wounds or scars to show you. My father responded to the attack with unparalleled ferocity. More than a hundred bombs exploded after this, the first drug-related bomb in Colombia, had exploded against his family. I am not here to justify that act of violence. I believe violence begets more violence. I almost died of starvation while I hid with my father, and we were surrounded by millions of dollars in cash. I remember when my school principal hid me under his desk because the authorities came in search of me for the crime that I have talked about today: carrying my DNA. I was only 7 years old and I was terrified, seeing those boots from under the desk, Generals asking my whereabouts. I didn't understand where they wanted to take me, or the motives they had to be searching for me, but my dad's name was always on their lips. An exile of 20 years saw me move to Argentina. From there I could comprehend and look towards my future. There, I walked away from violence and from the violent world I was born into. If I had stayed in Colombia I would not have had any choice but to continue in my father's footsteps. There was no other way to survive. Just ten minutes after having uttered these threats I visualized the destruction that I would cause with them. All the terror.... I was horrified and scared to realise what I was capable of and the power I held at just 16 years old. So after 10 minutes of reflecting I said the following in a declaration that would change my life forever Q: "...and I confirm that the law is not looking for you, and you are calm now, what would you like to say?" A: "Personally, I want it to be clear that I will not avenge, I will not take revenge for my father's death, because the only thing that matters to me right now is the future of my family, that has suffered very much. I'll fight to help them move forward and to educate them, to be good people. And if I ever have the opportunity to do something for peace to reign in my country for centuries to come, I will do it". I was the first one who had the chance to follow on the footsteps of my father, Pablo Escobar. I was the first teenager who said "no" to that life, "no" to that violence, "no" to that war. I was persecuted as though I was as much of a criminal as my father was. I know he was not a saint but the home I grew up in with him never, ever lacked love. I wrote my will when I was 16 years old when I was invited to a meeting with my father's enemies, from which I was sure I wouldn't come back alive. I don't know how many of you would be on time to a date with death; I was there 24 hours early. I respect, I am grateful for and I value that my father's enemies let me leave that meeting alive. When I'm afraid, for example of standing in front of you on stage today, I always remember those moments to fill myself with courage and remember that I have been in much harder places. I am grateful there are no guns in here, and I hope if there are any, no one takes them out. (Laughs) The son of a drug lord, I chose not to become one. It's so easy to destroy and that's why I studied to create, to build. I am an Architect and Industrial Designer and I thank Argentina for the opportunity it gave me to have an education, which my father never got. Today I have tools, I have opportunities to build my life without harming anyone. I loved him and questioned his actions; the love I had for him did not affect my ability to recognize the violence he exerted I also saw many good things he did. It all depends on whom you ask. 40 years of uninterrupted violence and growing exponentially clearly show that policies being developed since the last century, are still being used today, on the XXlth century. I don't know about you, but I don't believe that the same formula will bring about different results. I believe democracy has an enormous debt to society, and it is to declare peace with drugs. I believe it is time to evaluate different alternatives that stop guaranteeing the war and violence like Mexico sadly is witnessing now. I came here today to tell this story. My wife, my lovely wife, is Mexican. What is happening here today hurts me just as much as what is happening in Colombia or in any other country in Latin America or the world. And it's for my son, soon to arrive here on earth, and for his generation, that I come here to share my story, to try to stop history from repeating. I am not proud of my father's sins but I cannot hate him. I grew up in a culture that prays "honor you father and your mother". My father might have been the most famous drug lord but he was not the biggest. The media has used his image to promote the absence of social responsibility, absolute dishonesty, and incite others, usually the youth, sadly, to follow in his steps, as someone who many see as a hero. For me, he was my father and as such I don't judge him. I would not betray him either. I sleep in peace because I never betrayed him despite not agreeing with his ideals; but he taught me the value of loyalty, he taught me the importance of not losing sight of those most in need. He had been a very poor man. He never had the privileges that I did and perhaps that does not justify his violence but it does allow us to understand just how much policies and laws are moulding citizens. It explains why drug lords keep rising, and keep falling. I don't know about you but I have lost count of how many have fallen since my father's death but a replacement is always found, almost immediately. There is so much hunger in this world, there is so much need, that in countries like Colombia or Mexico you find people who are willing to do anything because they don't have many options to survive. They are willing to push to every possible extreme for a chance to get ahead in life, apparently. A culture of "easy money" has prevailed, even though it's not so easy. But a peasant earns more from his land sowing a coca plant than any other crop. It is difficult to demand a cultural change if we do not give fair and decent opportunities to people. I believe public health is a basic foundation to confront this problem which to me is a public health problem that is being dealt with in a military way. If it had been given to medical communities I doubt they would have suggested using machine guns to combat the illness what are we living with today. I desperately want to find a peaceful solution for this sea of blood in which I have lived, and in which I see Mexico sadly repeating, literally, the story of my family. I don't see any differences, I just see the same story produced by the same laws, by the same reality. The lack of information and education about drug abuse also allows us to keep an absolute ignorance about what happens within our bodies or in our family circle. In schools there is no drug education -well, I'm not sure if there is in Mexico- but this is a problem that has already arrived at the doors of our schools. Our children are not educated about drugs I was educated by my father at the age of 8, I knew everything about them. He showed me drugs in their totally, its effects and damages. He effectively took away all my curiosity for them. I always felt that drugs were within reach in my world and that they were legal, but I stayed away from them because of the education I received from my father. What a paradox: my father sold drugs but he knew the danger they presented for me and for society. Many benefited from his business and, like I said, they speak a lot about his cruelty, but not of the corruption that allowed him to get that far. Do you remember another bandit who was able to build his own jail and change his country's constitution to get what he wanted? Where do we expect to go with the same policies that propose the exact same solution? The state is spending more money on in expanding prisons than in educating its citizens. I believe that education is a fundamental aspect, a preventative measure, to avoid the temptation of drugs. I do not believe we can educate societies at gunpoint. I believe we all learn from a place of love, and that that's the only place from where we can transform our reality. To what point can the government tell us what to smoke, eat or drink? I don't know. I wouldn't want a State to tell me I have to drink one thing or another. I believe in the individual, I believe in respect for others; I also believe in privacy. To what point can we prohibit the intimate desires of the imperfect beings we are? I tell you again, I do not know the solution but I do know the effects of this violence. I have lived it, and sadly I watch it being repeted in the streets of this beloved country. I am a man of peace. I've learned that through forgiveness we can find the only human way to reach peace. If we can envision it and find it beyond uniforms and political differences our future will be truly prosperous and full of hope. The love for my family is the future and they are the fundamental pillar to recover these human values we've lost in this war. All of us are family to each other, including those who are outside. Insecurity is directly related to prohibited acts. This is already the future. If we need guns to support our ideas, then we need to think about changing our ideas. Thank you very much. (Applause) CoachingBadminton.com Drive Drills Straight Drive The Key Point Every single shot should be made with total focus with feet movement 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 20 go 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 one more 4 5 6 8 9 20 Cross Drive 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 20 switch 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 CoachingBadminton.com Lee Jae Bok This session is a review session for Module one. If you feel comfortable with all the content that we have covered in this module, you don't need to attend today's class. What I want you to do in that case, is simply go to the Coursera site, and test yourself on the practice problem that we have posted there. We have posted the practice problem as well as the solution for the practice problem. Then, go to the homework assignment for this module. Now, practice problems are not graded, the homework assignments are. To take the home work assignments, just go to the PDF file. Take the assignment at your own leisure. And use the consumer interface to submit the answers. Those will be auto graded. And it's gonna be part of your overall score for this course. The purpose of today's session is to review the content of this module. And to help you practice solving problems. We will do this at the end of each module. Now, these sessions will take a little longer, because I'm gonna read you a lot of content. And so, please be prepared that this is not gonna take the usual ten minutes. But it might take longer than this. You can fast forward, you can skip. And as I said, if you feel comfortable with all the material, today's class is entirely optional to you. Here's how we going to do this. I will post a problem to you In the fall, usual lecture format that we have had all through this module. And you're gonna test yourself, taking these questions. Simply pause the video, and just crunch through the question. Once you're ready to see the answer, fast-forward and look at how I am gonna solve the problem. We do this for typically two, three, four questions per module. And, again, it's there to give you feedback and to improve your learning. Think of those really like a TA office hours, or a recitation session at a regular university curriculum. Let's move to the first question. The question describes a situation of a caregiver, who is infusing electrolytes to patients or to athletes. Please don't think about cycling, don't think of Lance Armstrong here. Is infusing electrolytes using five steps, five activities, and you see the processing times per athlete or per patient over here to the right. It's not that there are five workers in this process. In fact, there are only three nurses, and the first nurse does activity one and two, the second nurse does activity three. And the third nurse does activities four and five. What I suggest we do is you just pause the video here. And whenever your ready you get a sense of how I'm gonna solve the problems. But, you really get much more out of this exercise if you try to tackle these questions here, question one to seven on your own. Okay. So pause me here and whenever you're ready press on play on the monitor again. Now the way I want l-, do you get started with this process analysis, really was almost all process analysis I can think of is draw the process flow diagram. This is a process that ultimately has three resources, first nurse, second nurse and third nurse. The first nurse has a processing time of twenty minutes Per customer, Or per athlete. That is because there are two activities, one taking seven and one taking thirteen minutes. The second step has a twelve minute processing time and the third one has a total processing time of 35minues. So where is the bottleneck? To find the bottleneck we have to look for the resource with the smallest capacity. That would be one over twenty, one over twelve, and one over 35. And so we see that the third step. Is gonna be the bottleneck. Again, we find the bottleneck by looking at the resource with the lowest capacity. It's also in this case, the resource with the longest processing time. But, be careful, if we had two nurses or three nurses staffed at the last step here, this would have the longest processing time, but it would still not be the bottleneck. So, go for the lowest capacity to find the bottleneck. Now what is the process utilization here? What is the utilization of this entire process, assuming, as you can see on the previous slide, assuming that we have unlimited demand? Well, if we have unlimited demand, the flow rate. It's going to be driven by the process capacity. The process capacity in turn is driven by the capacity of the bottleneck which we said was one over 35 athletes per minute. Now the utilization is then simply gonna be 100 percent because again the constraint is the bottleneck not demand. This is different if you want to compute the utilization for a nurse at station number two. For station number two, we look at the utilization as a ratio between the floor rate and the capacity. The flow rate, and the capacity are as follows. Flow rate which I said will look, unlimited demand, we can only get patients through the process, that is the flow of one patient every 35 minutes. And, we divide this by the capacity of station2, which is one over twelve athletes per minute and the gets me a twelve divided by 35, that's gonna be my utilization. What is the cycle time? Well, remember the cycle time is one over the flow rate. It is measuring and one. Pace or, what, intervals athletes are leaving the process. And so you can see here, by just looking at the processing times it says an athlete coming out here, assuming unlimited demand, every 35 minutes. Well, formally we set the cycle time was one over the flow rate, our flow rate was one over 35 and so our cycle time is 35 minutes Between customers. What is the idle time per unit at nurse number one? Remember, the idle time at a resource is the difference between the cycle time and the processing time. So is a processing time. This here, PRT stands for processing time. So the cycle time here, we said, is 35. We have a, excuse me. The cycle time here is 35. We have a processing time of, twenty. And so that gives us fifteen minutes between customers as the idle time at nurse #one. The average labor utilization. Remember, the average labor utilization. Is the ratio between the labor content and the labor content plus all the idle time. The labor content, in this case. Well, the labor content, recall, is the sum of the activity times. So that is twenty. Plus twelve, plus 35, and so that's a total here of 67 minutes per athlete. Divided by the labor content, 67, plus all the idle time. Well there is idle time at station one, which we already found as fifteen minutes. And then there's idle time at station two which we can find as 23 minutes. Why 23 minutes? Because we have a cycle time of 45. 35 cycle time minus twelve processing time gives me an idle time at station two of 23. And so, that gets me 67 minutes divided by 105 minutes as my average labor utilization. And then finally to find the cost of direct labor. We look at the wages divided by the flow rate. So wages divided by the flow rate the wages here $30 for nurse one for per hour, $30 for nurse two, and $60 for nurse two. So we're paying $120. We have to divide this by the flow rate. The flow rate we said was one. Actually, it's every 35. And this is, now careful with the units, this is customers per hour, to multiply this with 60 minutes in an hour. And that gives me then, a total of seventy dollars per customer. Okay, next question. I just returned from a lovely vacation, in, The Bavarian Alps in Germany. And had the pleasure to spend some time in the German city called [inaudible]. And so, this, this city here, I estimate, has about a 1,200 hotel beds. That are especially, you know busy, during winter season. And so, we, we see here that the average guest stays in [inaudible] for ten days. As before, I want you to pause my video right now and then work through these questions that you see listed below. Alright, how do we figure this out? This is a little small question We have a situation, in which we know how many skiers there are in the village. Because we know that all these beds are booked out. And so I know that I have 1,200 skiers. I also know that, that they're staying, on average, for ten days. Little's Law now tells me, that, if I solve this equation here, where the flow rate R, that there are going to be 120 tourists or skiers. Per day, flowing through the village. And that means that these guys, you know, 120 are arriving and 120, different skiers of course, but 120 are leaving. All right, so that was Part A. Part B. So let's figure out. The revenues of the local revenue, of the local restaurants here. Let's figure out their revenues. And for that, we have to keep in mind that every day they are, as we figured out just on the part A there, there are 120 guests per day that are arriving, and so these folks, the question indicates are spending 50 bucks. Per night. Now there are another 1,080, so those are the 1,200 minus 120, there are 1,080 patient, pa-, people. Why do I say patients? Hopefully, they're skiers and won't become patients. 1,080 skiers, and these people are staying, going out for dinner but it's not their first dinner, so they're only paying 30 bucks. And so if you add this up, you're gonna get 38,000. $400 per day. Now, how does this change, when, the, the, the business change when, when, the, the shorter Stay of the skier kicks in. Well, inventory equals flow rate times flow time. The place continues to be booked out. So you have 1,200 skiers, but now the, The, the T here is gonna go down to five days, and that means that the flow rate everyday now, there are 240 people coming to the village. And that's actually good for the restaurants, right?'Cause now you have 240 skiers come and spend 50 bucks, plus now 1,200 minus the 240, 960 skiers who are on their non-first evening. And there continue to spend 30 bucks, and that is now a higher number, and according to my math that gets me 40,800. Dollars per day. So the extra revenue that we're gonna get here is We're gonna get an extra of 2,000. And 400 dollars per day extra. There's another way you can see this, by the way, if you think about the kind of, dollars per night. If you think about the old world, the guest would give you 50 dollars on your first night and then for nine days he would give you 30 dollars. So, nine times 30 and so that gives you a total then of 320 dollars. And they would do this, over ten days, and so, per day You would get, on average, you would get $32 per day. In the new world, you have the guest come for the first dinner, and then they give you four times 30. And so every guest is leaving you $170 in the village, restaurants. But that is not only over five days, and so on a per day basis per day this is now 34. And so, you basically, out of each guest you're making an extra two dollars per day. And, since there are gonna be 1,200 beds, and out of each skiers for the average day, you're gonna make an average two dollars you're gonna get the same $2,400 per day that we computed below. Alright, ready for the next question. This question is called Summer Sweets, and it's about a small gelato store that is having a revenue here of $4.3 million, and cost of $2.6 million dollars. The first question asks you to compute the inventory turns, and the second question asks you to compute the amount of inventory that just needed to run this business. Take some time for yourself and then we'll tackle this together. Alright, for the first question remember that the inventory terms. Is driven by One over the flow time T. So, if the inventory spends 30 days in the process, we speak of one turn a month or twelve turns a year. Now, in this case, we notice that The inventory only stays four one-half days in the system. And so the inventory turns, one over T, is simply one over 4.5. Now, we have to be careful here with the, the units because if 4.5 is expressed in days. If we want to express this in terms of yearly turns, then we have to multiply 365, and we're going to see that we're turning, per year, we're turning this inventory 81.4 times. The second question asked you to compute the inventory, and remember Based off Little's Law, Which is really at the heart of all this inventory turns calculation, I equals r times T. Now in most settings that I have discussed in the lecture, for those three variables I've given you inventory. And I've given you the flow rate. So when you look at the flow rate, just as a reminder, always please look at cogs. Do not use revenue for the flow rates. So, as I said, typically, I've been giving you the inventory. Of course, companies kind of typically know how much inventory they have in their system. This question here has given us a, The days of supply or, as we computed in the first question, the inventory turns. And so, you know, it's the same equation, it's just, you know, you have two different variables this time that you know already. And you're solving this time for I instead of in the other settings we tackled this question we solved for T. Is this practically meaningful? I thought on situations like this where you have R and T, those tend to be situations where you are planning for a business expansion or even an entirely new business. And those are situations where you want to figure out I to compute the working capital. In an existing ongoing business, chances are you know your I. So is this question realistic? Yes typically if this is a chain that is growing and is making predictions for capital needs in the future. So I equals R times T, we've said that the R here, the flow of money through the organizations cost is 200. $2,600,000 per year. We said that T, If we wanna express this in years now, it's 4.5 divided by 365. And then we gonna get, if we multiply this all out, we gonna get I and inventory of 32,000 And, $54. Alright, the last question in this module review is about the Department of Motor Vehicles. You have In the Department of Motor Vehicle in my example here, you have 400 people who are arriving and want to have an application. Make an application, excuse me, make an application for a driver's license. About one percent of them fail because of cannot f-, they're not able to produce an appropriate identification. Fifteen percent then go on and fail the written exam. And 30 percent then fail in the driving test. And, if you buy me a drink at some point, I'm happy to share with you my experience In the driver's license test in California some long time ago. Anyway take your time. Read the question. As you can expect, you're asked to find the bottleneck in this question. Take your time and then press on play again whenever you're ready. Alright. The, the way we wanna start this question is just drawing the process flow diagram. The first step here, is the, you know? The identification of the, customer. And some people fail, right? One percent fail to, do this appropriately. The question says, we have these 400 people a day arriving. So 400 flown in. One percent failing, so there's f-, four people a day that, that fail to do this and that leaves 396 who are arriving at the second step, the written examination. So the second step then, examination, we said you know, 85 percent are, are, are able to do the written exam, and fifteen%, fifteen percent of those 396 are failing. So 396 times fifteen%, if my math is correct, is 59.4, which then leaves us with 300. And 36.6 people who actually wanna take or allowed to take the road exam and from those we said 30 percent would fail and so that's about 101 a 100.98 to be exact that are failing this and from those. Excuse me, from those, then 235.62 will be passing the exam and they would be good to go. And so that really gives us the answer to the first question. If there's unlimited capacity, we are able to serve all these demands, all of these 400 customers and just because of the attrition loss, this will give an output of 235.62 applications per day. Now that is a big if, right? That's assuming that we have unlimited capacity. And so that's most likely not gonna be the case. And so we wanna do a separate calculation for the case where we wanna find the bottom x. So let's do this one next. Alright. How do we figure out the station that is the bottleneck in this case here? Well, guess what? There are exactly three candidates who could be the bottleneck. The one is the identity check, the, written exam and the road exam. It's gonna be one of the three. And we now have to figure out which one it is. So let's start with, the processing times here. The processing times are as follows. The processing times are five minutes then they are three minutes per application for the exam and twenty minutes for the road test. There is a hidden assumption in here, I have to reveal that, we will be assuming there are enough computers, so that the computers will never become the bottle neck. And, so we can focus just on the three minutes, that it takes people to administer the exam and get the people ready. The next one is the number of people, or the number of resources at each of the three stations here, that would be four then there will be a two, and then there will be fifteen. And that allows us to compute the capacity. And remember capacity is the number of resources, divided by the processing time. Now careful here that this is expressed in applications per minute. And if we wanna get to the capacity in terms of applications per day, we have to multiply this with the 60 minutes that are in an hour and the eight hours in a day that they work. So that would be this cell here times 480 minutes in a day, which gets me a daily capacity of 384. Alright the next thing I have to figure out is demand. Right. So demand is we know for the identify check there are 400 people showing up to get their demand checked excuse me their identity checked. We have on the process flow diagram a moment ago identified that there would be 396 coming to the written exam and then the course of failure in the written exam there would be 336.6 people showing up for the road test. Okay. And so that allows us now to compute an implied utilization. Remember the implied utilization, as the ratio between demand and the capacity. And that is 104 percent here. 123 percent here and 93 percent at the last step. So you might now say, well look, wait a minute. You know really, the identity, The, kind of the capacity shortage at the identity check is really keeping the flow from these people to the written exam. Because you have already have a capacity constraint upstream to the written exam that doesn't matter for the implied utilization. Implied utilization is demand by capacity at the most binding constraint on this process is where the implied utilization is at its highest, and you see that, that is at the written exam. So this is gonna be the constraint on the system. That means that the system can only handle 320 Applications per day, that are gonna be processed at the written exam. Okay, so 320 folks can take the written exam. And we know from the case, we know from the question, that, 85 percent of them will succeed and show up for the driver's test. And then up to 70 percent, again, will succeed of, passing the road test. And that leaves a total of 190 point four people who will succeed getting their license, acknowledging though that there is a capacity constraint. All right. That concludes the review session. You saw these four types of questions that I think I can, you know, ask you in the homework and the exam, and, I hope I also reviewed the basic calculations and definitions that we covered in this first module. Silver Lion Venice International Film Festival 1953 Daiei Productions Presents UGETSU MONOGATARI Produced by NAGATA Masaichi From Ugetsu monogatari by Ueda Akinari Screenplay by KAWAGUCHI Matsutaro & YODA Yoshikata Cinematography by MlYAGAWA Kazuo Art Direction by ITO Kisaku Music by HAYASAKA Fumio Cast KYO Machiko as Lady Wakasa, MlTO Mitsuko as Ohama TANAKA Kinuyo as Miyagi MORO Masayuki as Genjuro, OZAWA Sakae as Tobei AOYAMA Sugisaku as the Priest KAGAWA Ryosuke as the Village Chief, MORI Kikue as Lady Wakasa's Nurse AMANO Ichiro as the Boatman, SAWAMURA Ikio as Genichi Directed by MlZOGUCHI Kenji Ugetsu monogatari by Ueda Akinari continues to enchant modern readers with its mysterious fantasies. This film is a new refashioning of those fantasies. Early Spring, 16th Century The Age of Civil Wars North shores of Lake Biwa in Omi Province What could that be? They must be executing Shibata's spies. I need to sell all this before the fighting starts. Can you sell it in Nagahama? I hear business is booming there since Lord Hashiba's forces arrived. - Can't I go with you? - No, no women. There's no telling what lawless soldiers will get up to. Besides, you have to stay and take care of little Genichi. Go, then, if that's what you want! Some samurai you'll make, you fool! How high can a man rise without big dreams? Ambition must be as boundless as the ocean. You must be dreaming! You can't even handle a sword. You should stick to the trade you know or you'll regret it. Just wait until I'm rich. I swear by the god of war, I'm tired of being poor. Genjuro, please take me with you. Still at it? Forget your foolish dreams. - Let me pull the cart. - Stop it, you fool! He's delusional, he thinks a big future awaits him in Nagahama. What an idiot! Back soon, Miyagi. They're too greedy for their own good. And not just Tobei. Genjuro, too. I tell you, quick profits made in chaotic times never last. A little money inflames men's greed. They'd do better to prepare for the coming war. - Tell Genjuro that when he returns. - I shall. Thank you for your advice. Your father's back! Welcome back. Here... Look! - What's this? - What do you think? You got that for your wares? Feel the weight of it. Never seen so much, have you? I hurried back just to show you. That's what I call trade! Now do you understand? What about Tobei? He came across a fine-looking samurai in Nagahama. I tried to stop him, but he insisted on following the samurai. I beg of you, sir! I beg of you! Please, I beg of you, sir! Let me be your vassal! I'll serve you unto death, sir! - Accept a beggar as a vassal? - Get some armour first! - Armour and a spear! - Get lost, beggar! Then can I be a samurai? Get lost! Not you again? Get some armour and a spear! You look so nice! Happy now? Very smart indeed. It's like the Bon festival and New Year's all rolled into one. For years I've wanted to buy you a kimono but I could never afford it. Now I finally can! Just look at your face. You look so happy! It's not the kimono but your kindness that makes me so happy. As long as you're with me, I want for nothing in life. Just look at all this... Dried fish, oil, flour, arrowroot and rice cakes. Money is everything, see? Without it life is hard, and all hope dies. Well, your father's got work to do. Up we go. I will earn even more. I'll try and make as much pottery as I can. That last small batch brought in three silver coins. That's enough talk of money. We have plenty now. The village chief says Lord Shibata's troops could be here by tomorrow. We should be careful... Nonsense! War's always good for business. Just look how much I made! You were fortunate once. You may not be next time. - If anything happened to you... - Stop imagining the worst. Oh, Ohama... - Brother... - You mustn't worry. No samurai would hire a peasant dressed in rags like him. Don't you worry, he'll be back. Have something to drink, here. You fool! Have you come to your senses? You look like a beggar. You've become the village idiot! Keep it turning, come on. Get him out of here! He's in the way. We won't make it if we don't hurry. Stay out of the way, now. Go and sit down. Mother, I'm hungry. What a pest! Come on, come on, a few more turns! You're a different man now, always so irritable. All I want is for us to work in peace as husband and wife, and for the three of us to live happily. That's all I wish for. You really worked hard for me this time. I have a plan, that's why. Let's sell this new batch in Nagahama. We'll make a fortune. - Will I get a share? - Of course. A third of all we sell. I can't wait...I can't wait to get my hands on that money. I've never seen those two work so hard before. They've thrown everything into this kiln, their strength, their souls, everything. I don't know what will become of them if it all fails. Living together as a happy family is enough for me. But he insists on taking this risk. Men just won't listen, will they? Genjuro was always so level-headed before. War changes people, doesn't it? At least they're trying to bring in some money. I wonder what that is. Wake up, dear. Wake up. The rumour was true. They must be Shibata's troops. See anything, Tobei? The villagers are scattering like spiders! - What now? - We must keep the kiln burning. I'll be damned if I let that fire go out. They're pillaging houses and rounding up men. Genichi! It's Shibata's army! Hurry, run! Hurry, hurry! Hurry! Halt! We're taking men for forced labour! Don't try to resist! This is terrible! Run for your lives! Lord Shibata's troops are here! They're stealing everything! Hide your valuables! - Don't let them get your women! - Hurry! They're taking all men into forced labour! - They're requisitioning everything! - They're like a pack of wolves. If only they'd waited one more night! Hurry, let's run. It's too dangerous here. Hurry! If we lose this batch, I won't get my share of the profits! You'll lose your life for that kiln! Come on! Come now, quickly! Boil some rice. We'll need it in the mountains. Ohama! Ohama, come quickly! Mother! Trying to hide, eh? Come out, damn you! Help! Please! Help! Please have mercy! Don't take them! Don't leave us to starve! We're begging you! No, please! No! Out of my way! Out of the way, fool! Help! It's ready. Here... Thank you. Hurry and eat. - What's happened to him? - Hopeless fool! - Have you seen my husband? - No, I haven't. Who's there? It's really quietened down. The guns are almost silent. Where are you going? It's too dangerous. Wait until the soldiers leave. Wait. It's best to wait. I can't wait! I have to go! - Please don't go! - I can't let the fire go out! Forget the kiln! What if you're caught? - I can't let the fire go out! - We can always make more pots. Silence! I can't let the pots be ruined. Ohama! Ohama! Damn it!The fire's gone out. - Dear... - Too late. The fire's gone out. Damn, it's empty! - What was that? Is someone hiding? - Could be something hidden in there. Have a look. Nothing but pots. Let's go. They're done! Look! They're fired! Thank goodness they're done! They're done! Thank goodness. Are they done? Yes, they are! And very nicely, too. - Hurry and load them up. - So we're off to Nagahama, then? We can't now. We'll row across the lake. Ohama's a boatman's daughter. You do the rowing, okay? - Can we get to the lake safely? - We'll take a shortcut to Onoe. Will we find a boat? There are always abandoned ones there. Hurry, let's unload the kiln. In the waters of Azuchi A little boat floats along All are asleep Slumped over the rudder... We've got to be careful, the fog is thick. Genichi, this is the lake. Isn't it beautiful? We're finally out of danger. I'm glad we decided to go by boat. If we'd gone over land, we'd probably be dead by now. We'll reach Omizo by morning. That's where Lord Niwa has his castle. The town's even more prosperous than Nagahama. You and I will be rich men, and our wives will be wealthy women. I'll build a warehouse in our village. And I'll buy a suit of armour. Another boat! It's a ghost! No... I'm not a ghost. I'm a boatman from Kaizu. I was on the way to Azuchi with my cargo, when I was attacked by pirates. Water... Give me water! Thank you. Wherever you're headed, be on the lookout for pirates. If they see you, you'll lose your cargo and your lives. Take care of your women. Your women... Merciful Buddha! Buddha have mercy on his soul. Let's turn back. This is a bad omen. Let's return the women to shore. We'll continue alone. - Please don't go. - I'm staying... to keep my eye on him. - They kidnap women. - I'll risk it. I'll go wherever you go. Please take me with you. - You must look after Genichi. - Take me with you! Ohama, take us back to shore. Quickly! Tobei, take us back! We'll be back with the money soon. We'll return within ten days. Wait for us. Don't try to fight if pirates overtake you. I know, I know. Don't take the main road. Remember what I said and take the mountain path. And don't go back home right away. Understand? These misfortunes will soon be over. Just be patient. Tobei, Ohama, please look after him for me. Don't worry, we'll be back soon. Take good care of Genichi. You'll be surprised at all the silver we bring back. Father! Please be careful! Come back safely! - Father! - Please be careful! Father! Buy our wares! Buy our wares! Tea bowls! Tea bowls! This? Here you go. Many thanks. - Sake flasks and cups, too! - Buy our wares! - I'd like that vase, please. - This one, yes? And that sake flask and those cups. And can we also take those rice bowls, plates and jars? Yes... rice bowls, plates and jars. We live at Kutsuki Manor. Please deliver them there. We will pay you then. Thank you. - The castle guard approaches! - Make way for the castle guard! Don't look! You'll only get your crazy ideas again. Shut up! If I had armour, I could be a samurai. Sword, spear, armour... Don't throw away our hard-earned money. - Leave me alone! - Brother! - Tobei! - Let go of me! Next time we meet, I'll be a great samurai. Please stop him! Tobei! Tobei! That got rid of her. - May I help you? - A suit of armour, please! Tobei! - Do I look like a samurai? - Yes, and a fine one. - But you need a spear. - I'll take one! Here you are. How much? One silver piece. Pretty, isn't she? Let me go! What are you doing? Damn you! Murderers! There's some money for you. Bastards! Look what's become of me. Satisfied now, Tobei, seeing your wife reduced to this? What do you care, anyway, now you think you're a samurai? Tobei, you wretched fool! You fool, Tobei! Would you watch over my stall until my partners return? - Of course. - They should be back soon. Thanks. Sir, how much is one of these? Are you looking to buy? Depends on the price. They're too luxurious for the wife of a man like you. I've got money. Excuse me. We thought you might need us to show you the way. That's very kind of you. Please follow us. Please come in. Well... Thank you, but I should be getting back. Lady Wakasa is waiting for you. Please come inside. You say "Lady Wakasa"... Are you referring to the young lady? Yes, she is the daughter of the late Lord Kutsuki. Now please come through. No need to stand on ceremony. Many thanks. Come through. Please... Please, come. You are Master Genjuro of Omi province, are you not? How does your ladyship know my name? When I saw your ceramics at the market, I could hardly believe my eyes. The blue glaze on your pots gleamed as brightly as crystal. My father taught me a certain appreciation of such things. I wanted to meet you, to ask how you manage to create such beautiful objects. But perhaps it is a trade secret, not meant for outsiders? No, my lady, there is no special trade secret. But it takes many years' experience to handle the clay and apply the glaze. The fruit of experience is beauty, but only a master craftsman can create such beauty. Thank you, my lady. These are my wares, aren't they? I wanted to taste sake from your cups. You're fortunate, my little ones, to catch this noble lady's eye. I'm a farmer, so the pottery is just a sideline, but I feel for my creations, as if they were my own children. That such a noble lady would look kindly upon them is a great honour. To see them in such a grand residence, graced by the touch of so beautiful a lady, is like a dream come true. Not at all. They must be saddened by the touch of one fallen on hard times, such as myself. Please, take a cup. My wares have never looked so beautiful. The value of people and objects truly depends on their setting. My wares must be at a loss to find themselves in such a noble manor. Your talent must not be hidden away in some poor, remote village. You must strive to deepen and enrich your gift. And how might I do that, my lady? By swearing your love for Lady Wakasa, and pledging your troth to her at once. The finest silk Of choicest hue May change and fade away As would my life My beloved If thou shouldst prove untrue Our vow to love for a thousand years... Is sealed with this cup... His voice sounds overjoyed! That is the voice of my late father. The entire House of Kutsuki was wiped out by Oda Nobunaga, that detestable Oda Nobunaga. The only survivors of the purge were her ladyship and myself, her nurse. But the spirit of the late daimyo lingers in the palace, and it sings like this every time her ladyship dances. Is it not a splendid voice? He's expressing his delight at her ladyship's impending marriage. Whenever I hear the voice of my late father... It's too early to rise. Please sleep as long as you like. What am I doing here? What a thing to say... ...as if you'd forgotten everything. Is my lord awake? Lead your husband by the hand to the spring and bathe him. I won't intrude upon you any further. You have such a look of distrust on your face. You think I'm some kind of enchantress, don't you? But you're mine, you belong to me now. From now on, you must devote your entire life to me. This love This love of ours has driven me to madness... Even if you are a ghost or enchantress, I'll never let you go. I never imagined such pleasures existed. This is exquisite! It's paradise! Help me! Help me! Somebody, please help! Someone, help me! See any food? Quickly, quickly! Pull yourself together. Come with me. Come quickly! - Take these rice cakes and this. - I'll never forget your kindness. You'll be all right if you take the back road. - To the left. - Many thanks. Be careful. Here! It's mine! - Hey... you got any food? - We're starving to death. That food's for my son. Please don't take it! Do me the honour of beheading me. I've brought you a head! A head! A general's head! Please, my lord! - What is it? - Please look at this! You found the head of a great general. No, I didn't find it, my lord. I killed him with my spear! Who'd believe a warrior like Fuwa Katsuhige would let a mere foot soldier kill him? A lucky find, but you'll be rewarded all the same. What would you like? A horse, armour and vassals. Very well. You shall have them. Thank you, my lord! You're a clever one, aren't you? He looks like a fine samurai. What clan does he belong to? - He killed Fuwa, the great general. - What's his name? Tobei of Nakanogo, one of Lord Niwa's top men. Pay homage, that you may be so lucky. Beautiful girls are waiting for brave warriors! We have the finest sake and fish! Please come inside! I can't let you pass, sir! Come and look. We have beautiful girls inside. - What's going on? - Chief, perhaps we can rest here. No, I'm heading directly home. I have someone waiting for me, and she must see me in all my glory. Chief, why not let us celebrate your triumph? - Your men are looking forward to it. - I see. Very well. I, Nakanogo Tobei of Lord Niwa's army, will rest here. - Prepare some tables. - He'll rest here. Show your gratitude. Thank you, sir. Make way! Clear the way for Master Tobei! Welcome. - Which one is this Tobei? - Him, over there. Him? I heard of his great exploits. May I drink from your cup so your luck rubs off on me? Me, too! How did you manage to kill such a great general? Yes, tell us, so we may do as you did! A guide for future action! There's nothing much to tell. First, you need brains. You need knowledge. Then, a strong arm. Skill on the battlefield. Martial artistry. Speed to seize the moment. The ability to see life in perspective. Then you'll be wise as Kongming, the great Chinese military strategist. But above all, keep a clear, discerning mind. - Got that? - Indeed. For military tactics, study the Kusunoki and Koshu schools. For firearms, Kanamaru school. For the spear, Otsubo school. Next you need to know fortifications and fortresses. Then defensive tactics, V-formations and the like... Hey! My money! Let me go! Crazy bitch! - Someone stop him! - Hey, what's going on? - Let go of me! - He's trying to run off like a thief! I don't give money to wenches like you. Scoundrel! Making a plaything of me. This will do just fine, thanks! Ohama! Ohama! So you're the big man now? You've finally become the great samurai of your dreams, eh? While you've made your way to the top, I've made quite a name for myself. In my fancy kimono and make-up, drinking fine sake, I bed a different man every night. Some success for a woman, isn't it? Happy now? This is what you wanted. Success always comes at a price, and we pay in suffering. I may be a fallen woman, but your success wipes the slate clean. Come! Be my customer tonight and we'll celebrate. Buy this fallen woman with your money! Ohama. Without you, my success means nothing. That's a lie! My fate meant nothing, as long as you became a samurai. No, no, no, you're wrong. Ohama! I thought you'd be proud if I made good. I never dreamed you'd be brought to this. I'm a defiled woman. And you're to blame! - Can you restore my honour? - I can. - Otherwise, I have to die! - I can! I swear I'll restore your honour. How many times I've wanted to die, but I had to see you first! I hated myself for it, I hated myself, but I couldn't die without seeing you first! I couldn't die... I couldn't die! This... ...and this. Thank you. I don't quite have enough. Could you lower the price? In that case, I'll take this back. I really wanted that. Come to Kutsuki Manor and I'll pay you the rest. - Kutsuki Manor? - Yes, at the foot of the mountain. Take it all, and go away! Keep your money, too. Just go away! - Wait. - How can I help you, Priest? I sense something evil... an ill omen. - What is it? - Let me look closely at your face. - My face? - Yes. We can't talk here. Please follow me. Very well... The shadow of death is upon your face. Has some strange apparition crossed your path, perhaps? No, not at all. Have you no home, no family? If others depend on you, you must return to them at once. If you remain here any longer, you will forfeit your life. Return home quickly. But why? Do not ask the reason. Your life is at stake. But I spend my days happily with Lady Wakasa at Kutsuki Manor. - She is a spirit of the dead. - What nonsense. This love of yours is forbidden. Do you not love your wife and child? Would you forsake your life and abandon them, too? Wait! Go then, if you must, but I cannot let you walk into the jaws of death. I will exorcise this ghost. Come. When you realise how terrifying this spirit is, you'll come to your senses. Oh... how beautiful! Such lovely jewellery! You've made me so happy! How thoughtful of you, sir. I'm so relieved. You were so late in returning that I grew terribly worried. But you look troubled, my dear. What has happened? What is it? You must not leave here again. Since the fall of our clan, people have treated us with nothing but contempt and slander our name. What a wretched world! Genjuro, I want you never to leave my side again. Let's leave this manor and return to my native province. Genjuro, you are my husband for life. You will accompany me, won't you? Please forgive me. I've been... I've been lying to you. I have a wife and child. I left them back home in the chaos of the war. You must leave all that behind you now. Please let me go! No! I refuse to let you go. So, you will come with me to my native province... ...immediately. What is it, my lady? - He has something on his skin! - His skin? Genjuro, did you...? - Did you...? - On your skin? You must wash away what's on your skin! Why did you wed her if you were already married? I don't know... How could I have made such a terrible mistake? A mistake for a man perhaps, but for a woman, it's far worse. Please forgive me. Let me go. Certainly not! Wipe off those Sanskrit prayers to the Buddha and that curse, or we will never forgive you! Genjuro, how could you even think of doing something so dreadful? All I wish is to remain forever by your side. For all eternity. Lady Wakasa departed this world without ever having known love in her life. It grieved my heart to see her so sorrowful. I wanted her ladyship to enjoy fully the pleasures of a woman's life, so I chose to return with her, to wander this world. Our hopes were fulfilled when she met a good man like you and found a love that occurs only once a lifetime. And now, when she has at last found joy, you speak of returning home, never to see each other again. Does it not pain you to know that you may ruin her ladyship's only chance of happiness? Do you feel no remorse? Master Genjuro, you must banish these dreadful thoughts and stay by her side forever... Please forgive me! Forgive me! Genjuro! This is the man! Hey, you! Get up! - What are you doing? - You shameless thief! You stole a sacred treasure from the shrine. - You're wrong! I didn't steal it. - Silence! This sacred sword disappeared a month ago. That can't be! It belongs to Lady Wakasa at Kutsuki Manor. - Kutsuki Manor, you say? - That's right! You must've been dreaming. This is where it stood before the clan was wiped out. He's lying through his teeth! Where in the manor did you find the sword? He's suspicious. Search him. That's my money! Give it back! Silence! In peace time, we'd throw you in jail, but Shibata's army burned it down. Be thankful for that, you lucky bastard. The finest silk Of choicest hue May change and fade away As would my life My beloved... Miyagi. Miyagi! - I'm sorry I was gone so long. - You're back! I knew you'd be worried about me. But you're all right... I'm so happy to see you're all right. - Genichi? - He's asleep. Let me hold him, let me hold him. Genichi... Genichi, I'm back! I'm back! Your father's returned. Let me hold you, let me hold you... I wanted to bring you back fine presents, but this is all I have. I... I made a terrible mistake! Don't say another word, my dear. You've returned safely to us. I realise now how right you were. My mind was warped. Let's not speak of it anymore. You must be exhausted. I have some sake prepared. And there's a stew ready in the pot. I feel so relieved. Sake never tasted so good. It's so peaceful here. Come, Genichi. I'll put you to bed. I haven't had a moment's peace since I left here, but I'm home at last... home at last... Home at last... home at last... Is someone in there? Open the door! Is someone in there? Open up. - Village chief! - Genjuro! You're back? Yes. Thank you for all your kindness in my absence. Oh, there you are, my boy! I was worried, I didn't know where you'd gone. What a relief. The boy must have heard you were back. Hey, Miyagi... Miyagi! Genjuro... Are you dreaming? Dreaming? Miyagi was killed by soldiers of the defeated army. Killed? She'd have been so happy to see you back safely. Poor thing. Merciful Buddha... Ever since Miyagi died, I've been looking after your boy in my house. I was so afraid when he suddenly disappeared last night. The bond between parent and child is strong. But how could he have known that you'd returned? To hell with this... and this... ...and this! I told you so, but you were too stupid to learn except through misfortune. The war drove us mad with ambition. Don't let my suffering be in vain. Pull yourself together and work hard. Why did you have to die? Miyagi, why did you have to die? I did not die. I am at your side. Your delusion has come to an end. You are again your true self, in the place where you belong. Your work is waiting... What a beautiful shape! Helping you spin the wheel is my greatest pleasure. How I long to see it when it's fired. The firewood is cut and ready. The rampaging soldiers are gone. So make your wonderful pottery in peace. So many things have happened. You've finally become the man I had hoped for. But, alas... ...I am no longer among the living. Such is the way of the world. You must be tired. Rest a while. Here, Genichi. It's delicious. Eat it while it's hot. Brother, eat before it gets cold. The President: Well, let me; first of all, say how grateful I am for all of you being here, and how much we appreciate everything that you've done. I know that there are a lot of people here who have been so engaged in the campaign, have sacrificed so much, people who've been involved back since 2007. (applause) And so I want all of you to know how appreciative I am. And I know many of you came here today for a campaign event. I was looking forward to having a fun conversation with you about some really important matters that we face as a country and the differences between myself and my opponent in this election. But this morning, we woke up to news of a tragedy that reminds us of all the ways that we are united as one American family. By now, many of you know, many of you have heard that a few miles outside of Denver in a town call Aurora, at least 12 people were killed when a gunman opened fire in a movie theater, and dozens more are being treated for injuries at a local hospital. Some of the victims are being treated at a children's hospital. We're still gathering all the facts about what happened in Aurora, but what we do know is that the police have one suspect in custody. And the federal government stands ready to do whatever is necessary to bring whoever is responsible for this heinous crime to justice. (applause) And we will take every step possible to ensure the safety of all of our people. We're going to stand by our neighbors in Colorado during this extraordinarily difficult time. And I had a chance to speak with the Mayor of Aurora as well as the Governor of Colorado to express, not just on behalf of Michelle and myself, but the entire American family, how heartbroken we are. Now, even as we learn how this happened and who's responsible, we may never understand what leads anybody to terrorize their fellow human beings like this. Such violence, such evil is senseless. It's beyond reason. But while we will never know fully what causes somebody to take the life of another, we do know what makes life worth living. The people we lost in Aurora loved and they were loved. They were mothers and fathers; they were husbands and wives; sisters and brothers; sons and daughters, friends and neighbors. They had hopes for the future and they had dreams that were not yet fulfilled. And if there's anything to take away from this tragedy it's the reminder that life is very fragile. Our time here is limited and it is precious. And what matters at the end of the day is not the small things, it's not the trivial things, which so often consume us and our daily lives. Ultimately, it's how we choose to treat one another and how we love one another. (applause) It's what we do on a daily basis to give our lives meaning and to give our lives purpose. That's what matters. At the end of the day, what we'll remember will be those we loved and what we did for others. That's why we're here. I'm sure that many of you who are parents here had the same reaction that I did when I heard this news. My daughters go to the movies. What if Malia and Sasha had been at the theater, as so many of our kids do every day? Michelle and I will be fortunate enough to hug our girls a little tighter tonight, and I'm sure you will do the same with your children. But for those parents who may not be so lucky, we have to embrace them and let them know we will be there for them as a nation. So, again, I am so grateful that all of you are here. I am so moved by your support. But there are going to be other days for politics. This, I think, is a day for prayer and reflection. (applause) So what I'd ask everybody to do, I'd like us to pause in a moment of silence for the victims of this terrible tragedy, for the people who knew them and loved them, for those who are still struggling to recover, and for all the victims of less publicized acts of violence that plague our communities every single day. So if everybody can just take a moment. (moment of silence) The President: Thank you, everybody. I hope all of you will keep the people of Aurora in your hearts and minds today. May the Lord bring them comfort and healing in hard days to come. I am grateful to all of you, and I hope that as a consequence of today's events, as you leave here, you spend a little time thinking about the incredible blessings that God has given us. Audience Member: We love you, Obama! (applause) The President: Thank you very much, everybody. God bless you. God bless the United States of America. (applause) I told you to wait bit i ignored you a long time Just wait a little longer the day will come someday I know what you want to say I know how long you've been waiting But I tell you now Don't cry lift your face up laugh now I will give you happiness and always stay by your side forever <3 everything will be alright now Federal agency for culture and film Pilot Big animation studio Krok International animated film festival present We live in Russia. Our coat of arms is a golden two-headed eagle. On its chest is a shield with Saint George slaying the evil dragon. Our flag has three colors: White, blue and red. Our capital is the city of Moscow. Russia is a multicultural country. Many nations live here. For example, there are many Ukrainians. Ukraine is our closest relative and neighbor. Its climate is warmer than ours. And its land is very fertile. Where the broad Dnieper River falls into the Black Sea, in the steppe, there lays a wonderful national reserve, over a hundred years old. It is called Askania-Nova. A lot of different rare animals live there. Golden Chinese Pheasants, African Ostriches, Zebras, Wildebeest, Flamingos and American Buffalo. Common Ukrainian animals and birds also live there. It is their native land. We can meet different animals in the Ukrainian fairy tales. And each of the fairy tales is like a precious gem. Mountain of Gems The fox and the thrush An Ukrainian tale Once upon a time a cheeky fox lived in our woods. And this fox had made up his mind to treat himself to a chicken. - What? - Where? - Ai! - Quiet! - Oh! There!... - Damn! - Oh, damn! - Grab him! Hold him! - Oh! Phew! - Well... Hey, what's your... Thrush!... - What are you doing? - What am I doing? I am building a nest. - And I will wag my tail, chop the tree and break your nest, if you don't get me out of this pit! - Oi, just don't. Hold on! - Hey, you, Thrush! What are you doing? - What am I doing? I am building a nest. - What for? - I want to get married. - Well, well... And I will wag my tail, chop the tree and break your nest. And I will, excuse me, eat your Thrushess, if you don't feed me right now! - Oi, don't! I'll be quick! Hold on! Follow me! Sst! - Oh, you poor birdie! I'll bring you to the market. Someone might buy you for their children to have fun. You... you.... Oh, terrible! - I'll just nibble a bit on what I can't eat completely. - Shoo, you evil spirit! Oh, you beast! Bad scran to you! I wish you'll get thrown to the ground! - Hey, Thrush, what are you doing? - What? I am building a nest. - What for? - What for?!... I want to get married. - Why would you need to get married? - My Thrushess will lay eggs. - Eggs? I see... I will wag my tail, chop the tree, break your nest and all your eggs, and eat your Thrushess, if you don't get me a drink! - Oh, well, follow me. - Giddyup! - Hey, you, Thrush! - What now!? - What? What are you doing? - I am building a nest. I want to get married. The Thrushess will lay eggs and baby birds will hatch out of them. - Baby birds? If you don't make me laugh right now, I will wag my tail, chop the tree and I will just gorge your nest, your babies and your Thrushess, your tree and everything. There! - Okay then, let's go! - You... Now I'll... - Oh! Are you nuts?! - There is a bird. - Where? - Now I'll get it. - Hey! Are you raising your hand against your father? Oh! Here it is. I'll... I'll... I'll... - What are you doing, pop? - No, what are you doing!? - Shame on you! - Shame on yourself! - Oh! The damn bird is on your head again. Hold on. - It's right there, dummy! - What are you doing, pop! - Oh my! I can't believe you... You're hilarious, Thrush! Hey, Thrush! - Again!? - Did you get me out of the pit? - I did! - And did you feed me? - I did! - And did you get me a drink? - I did! - And did you make me laugh? - I made you laugh! - And now scare me or I will... - OK... I know... I know... I know! Don't go anywhere! - Hey, what's going on?! - Well... It's not real scary... - Hold on, now... - Damn! Oh! Scary, scary. This is scary! Oh, scary. That was scary! The thrush did finish building his nest and got married. He and the Thrushess got five baby birds. All of them are in good health and they already can fly. And the fox still lives in that tree. He eats insects. He has actually gotten used to everything, except he is still afraid of birds. Very afraid! And all mushroom-pickers are amazed at how huge the squirrels in our woods are. written by Alexander Tatarsky director Natalia Chernysheva artists Natalia Chernysheva, Edward Kirich composer Leo Zemlinsky sound engineer Vladislav Tarasov voice artists Yu Kovalenko, E Kirich, E Nazarov animators Lyudmila Tkachikova, Marina Koroleva, Igor Lengo, Yaroslava Rudenko-Shvedova operator Alexander Cherkasky producer Igor Gelashvili, Irina Kaplichnaya The end - 2005 - Subs by Eus after existing festival subs Woody, are you all right? Yeah, yeah, I'm fine, Buzz. Okay, here's your list of things to do while I'm gone. Batteries need to be changed. Toys at the bottom of the chest need to be rotated. Oh, and make sure everyone attends Mr Spell's seminar on what to do if you or part of you is swallowed. Okay? Okay. Good, okay. Woody, you haven't found your hat yet, have you? No! And Andy's leaving for cowboy camp any minute, and I can't find it anywhere! Don't worry, Woody. In just a few hours you'll be sitting around a campfire with Andy... making delicious hot Schmoes. They're called S'mores, Buzz. Right. Right. Of course. Has anyone found Woody's hat yet? Keep looking, men! Dig deeper! Now, it's mine, all mine! Actually, it isn't. We borrowed it for a few hours. These ten bars are worth between about 300,000 pounds or around 300,000 pounds. But the interesting thing is that last Friday, they were worth 340,000. It's still a huge lot more than Gordon Brown managed when he sold off much of the National Reserve at the lowest price in 20 years. Since then, it has soared in value as a supposed safer place to keep your money. In recent days, people seem to have fallen a little bit out of love with it. Why? Journal [..] reports. Some people like to live in or drive their wealth, others like Datta Puj from the Maharashtra province in India like to wear theirs. This garment has a value 250,000 dollars. Well, it was worth that much last week, it might be worth a paltry 220,000 today. Mr.Puj's shirt may appear to be a little bit gauche to you and me but is in good company. From Mr. T to John McCririck, Goldy to Lady Gaga's wheel chair, gold has been a potent symbol of public consumption for centuries, even though its practical use is limited. Despite that, gold is always seen as a safe haven, a place to store wealth in the event of economic crises. The price of gold was pretty uneventful in the 15 years up to 2007, hovering around 350 dollars per ounce. But when the shine came off global banks and the European single currency, gold rose by a glistening 250%, reaching an all-time record high of 1,920 dollars in September 2011. But it's been in retreat ever since and last week, a major sell-off began which continued into this week when it lost 9% on Monday alone, its biggest ever one day fall. So why is gold taking a cold shower? Well, many people feel that it was overpriced in the first place and needed a correction. Another reason is rising prices or inflation. Gold was always seen as protection against that. But of late, global inflation has been tame. Then there's the optimistic reason. Apart from Europe, the global economy is starting to recover and gold may no longer be needed as much as a safe haven. As for the trigger for the most recent gold sell-off, euros might be to blame again and EU reports suggested that tiny Cyprus might have to sell some reserves to pay its debts and while Cyprus's 14 tons of bullion are negligeable, a potential fire sale of gold in equally troubled but reserve-rich Portugal, Spain or Italy, appears to have spewed the markets. Italy with 2,500 tons is the world's third largest. I think there are two broad reasons. One is: gold went too high in the first place. It was a function of that mad panic of 3 or 4 years ago when people thought that the world was coming to and end, there would never be a recovery, there will probably be war, people got out of hand. The second reason is, I think, over the last 3 to 4 months, people have started to realize that, actually, the world economy is recovering. The conspiracy theorists have, you guessed it, a rivaled theory for the big sell-off. Rumors have circulated that a massive short bet was placed against gold last week which forced prices down. If 500 tons or 60 million ounces had been sold short, then the gold price fall was artificial and gold could resume its climb upwards. I think it's just a bleb, because I don't see any factors which affect the fundamentals for earning gold and for its price to keep on rising. The macro-economy hasn't fixed itself despite the few percents we keep hearing about GDP or employment. People are suffering on their money in their bank, they still say it's being devalued, currencies are still being debased through quantitative easing and other monetary printing measures. I don't particularly see that the man on the street suddenly thinks "Oh, great, the economy is fixed and I don't need to start worrying about my money in the bank." So, in this era of austerity and cutbacks, perhaps Britain should consider selling off some of its gold reserves. But, alas, there's not much left to sell. That's because between 1999 and 2002, the then Chancellor Gordon Brown sold off almost half of Britain's gold reserves at an average price of 275 dollars per ounce. If the government had waited an extra decade, it could have sold off 400 tons for 7 times that price. Whilst 2.3 billion pounds was a lot of money back then, oh how the current Chancellor could have used 16 billion pounds. Sadly, these aren't ours. They are a loan from Bullion by Post other firms also supply. The biggest owners of gold bricks are the world's central banks who have been the largest losers from the gold price fall. It's ironic because it's been the sustained printing of new money or QE by central banks which forced many investors to buy gold in the first place. We're joined now by true believer in gold, the financial commentator Max Keiser, and by the gold skeptic Daniel Knowles from The Economist. Are you buying or selling? I am a buyer, big buyer, very bullish on gold. I think if you look at the context of the sell-off, it doesn't change the story of gold, so I'm a buyer. So that implies you think it will not only recover after the recent drop but it'll carry on. Absolutely, Jeremy. I think if you look at what happened the last couple of days, it started in Japan. Gold reached a 40-year high in yen terms which set alarm bells ringing in central banks around the world. Because they're trying to manage their currencies against gold and gold is a barometer that tells them that they're doing a bad job. So once gold spiked up in this way, panic bells rang and they went after gold. Sure, but explain this, either way we abandoned the gold standard years ago. We did,the thing about gold is that the only reason it has value is that it always has. People buy it because other people buy it. Of course it has some uses, jewelry and so, but for the most part, it's a kind of investment that's a bet on civilisational collapse. Let's talk about that gold standard question for a second because since 2009, central banks have been buyers of gold for the first time in decades because they don't trust each other. And Cyprus, to get out of their constraints, are talking about selling their gold, same thing for Greece. So although there's not a formal gold standard, there is emerging an informal gold standard and the central banks are saying "the only way that we can keep our price parity with these other fiat currencies, is by keeping that price of gold down." And we saw that on Friday, 500 tons of gold, paper gold sold, panic selling. But you would agree that, we've got some over there, we're never going anywhere without it. But that is just a bit of shiny metal, that's all it is. It has no objective value. Then why are the central banks tripping over themselves to buy gold? They don't trust each other. The central bank thing is a conspiracy theory. No, they've been buying it heavily since 2009. Last year more than ever before. Hundreds and hundred of tons. I'll tell you two countries in particular that are interested in gold right now are Russia and China. Because they see that in the U.S... This isn't the story, it's not central banks who've been selling it recently. That's right, they're buying it. The thing that's been driving gold up is things like exchange traded funds. People have been seeing the fact that gold's been going up and they've been buying it as an investment, because they've been buying it as a speculative thing. There are all sorts of financial innovation which allow you to buy gold in your pension fund or whatever and all of a sudden people are panicking. The big sell-off of the last 3 days have been... The minds outside gold-buying shops and all across Asia today are along. People are taking advantage of this discount and running to buy gold. Meanwhile, private firms are selling it. They're being forced to sell in a lot of ways... This great big drop in price is not caused by central banks... ...and the other funds are being forced out by forced selling through manipulation of futures contract in many instances. Why is it a good way of storing wealth? Why do people believe it to be a way of storing wealth? Well, there's not very much of it. It's quite easy to carry around, I mean if you see a block like that we've got over there is worth several thousand pounds. And you can divide it up, it's easily measurable, I mean historically, there were good reasons why it was used as currency but I just think as a civilisation, we've had to move past that. There's another factor here, Jeremy, which is that the central banks and the too big to fail banks don't trust each other. That's why they're not landing into this marketplace because they want to hoard that cash. The British government is engaging quantitative easing and the banks are simply hoarding that cash. They're not landing into the marketplace because they don't trust each other anymore because they know the ballot sheets to these banks the too big to fail banks in the UK are horrible and they'll probably require another huge bailout. So they're looking to buy gold to hedge themselves against what they see as an emerging crisis... So it is a bet against collapse? It's a bet on collapse, in fact. It's an asset that has no counterparty risk. All these banks have counterparty risk. The ballot sheets of the big four banks of the UK are highly questionable, highly questionable what those assets are truly worth. There is something, there is objective fact that we can start feeding in here, isn't there? I mean, if you live in a society in which a bank may be ordered by governement not to pay out money that is your money, may no be allowed to give it back to you without applying a certain charge as has happened in Cyprus then of course gold becomes pretty attractive, doesn't it? If I lived somewhere like Afghanistan in 1979 and I were leaving and that Soviet tanks were radiative, If I lived in Germany in 1939... This is central Europe. It is happening is Cyprus, I just don't believe this argument that... Jeremy, this man is a paperbug. He's a paperbug, he believes in paper at any cost. He doesn't want to look at the reason. Let's just address this question of the insecurity that people feel about money. That is why gold goes up in times when people are slightly less trusting of governments and it is true that in the last few years as the recessions hit, there have been reasons to worry about the state of the financial system and that has pushed it up. But I think we've had five years now, the euro still hasn't collapsed, I think we can safely say that these have been overblown. Do you understand, leaving this whole economic question about banks aside for a second, what is it about gold, the feel of gold, the look of gold, the luster of the stuff that appeals so atavistically to us? It's a shiny metal. Because back to Aristotle who declared gold is suitable as money because it fulfilled certain characteristics. So it's simply it's financial value, its transactional value, it's not to do with anything intrinsic to its color or its feel? This is the amazing point you hear in debates like this. They'll say, especially in this network, that gold after all has no intrinsic value and yet the very essence of gold is its intrinsic value there's no counterparty risk... ...it's something that's come out of the ground... People accept gold in any situation, in any crisis, they'll never say "I'm not going to accept gold" however, they might say "I won't accept your British pounds" "I won't accept your US dollars" because that's just paper that says it's backed by the governement and that government is in crisis but they won't say gold, it has value. Yes, but that is not because it has intrinsic value it is because they believe it has value. It is rare, it is an intrinsic value. It has rarity, it has scarcity, it is fungible, it has all these properties and is considerable for money... It is a socially constructed value as any currency is. It all has the weight of history. Here the British pound, its value is being debased every single day, When Mark Carney... Hang on, the British pound has got a lot more valuable relative to gold in the last few days. Is that why prices are up 8% in the last few years? Alright you two, that's it. That's it, that's it. There's obviously something in the water tonight I don't know what it is. Anyway, thank you all very much, both of you it seems like about twelve but thank you very much. I'm here for Her Highness. Where is she? She's left the palace to attend the culture festival. What? Your Highness, what are you thinking? Hijae, you remember the oath I swore when I first came to the palace. I kept my vow when I was crowned queen. And I swear I will never lose it. Let the rite begin. Your Highness. The mulberry leaves. So ends the sacred rite. Your Highness, long life and happiness. Your Highness, long life and happiness. Your Highness, long life and happiness. I'll do anything, Hijae. Even risk my life, if I must. Yes, if that's what it takes to keep my throne. Your Highness, may you be blessed with happiness. Thank you. I dare say you're even lovelier today. Now then, shall we? Your Highness. Your Highness. Your Highness! What? The Queen is in critical condition? She sipped tea at the culture festival and collapsed. What..? What happened exactly? We can't be sure just yet but there may have been poison in her tea. And the Queen? How's the Queen? - Prepare the licorice root antidote. - Yes, doctor. Hijae, what now? What if the worst happens? She did what she had to do. What? How do you mean? She attended the festival knowing her life was at risk? Why? What reason could she have? That girl. Huh? It's all because Dong Yi has touched the King's heart. No... But I won't stand for it. I won't let Dong Yi get away with this. Madam. Well? Did you see him? - Actually... - Out with it. Chunsu and the chief aren't at the police bureau? My steward went to give them news of you but they'd left some time ago. That's not all. Things are much worse. Worse? C'mon already, what's taking so long? Coming, coming, coming! With all that's happened you're worried about your clothes? It'll be days before we can leave the palace. I need underpants. How can I sleep if they're icky? NOW you're Lord Spic-n-span? What is with the palace anyway? Always somethin'. It's only starting. Huh? Think about it. The ax is gonna fall over this Queen business, just you wait. Where will the ax fall exactly? Not... not on Inhyun? Now about the Queen. Tell me everything. The doctor acted quickly. She's out of danger. I'm glad. That's a relief. But Your Highness, that's not terribly reassuring. How do you mean? Lady Ahn is right. This will open you and the Westerners to attack. Attack? Then you think this was a plan to frame me and the Western faction? So to really get a sense for these objects nothing is better than an actual tour luckily a virtual tour to a black hole. Our tour guide is Andy Hamilton of Colorado University who has generously let us use these beautiful simulations he's made. So we're, we're er, going to approach this Little system of stars we got a 60 solar mass blue main sequence star with some other e smaller stars and orbiting in a binary system with this blue star is a 30 solar mass black hole, which of course we can't see and 30 solar masses tells us that its Schwarzschild radius is 30 times the sun mass, three kilometers. And this is an image of our trajectory. We are going to be in free fall, so we're going to be accelerated towards the system and fall into an unstable orbit at, two Schwarzschild radii. That is a zero energy orbit, so you can actually freely fall without any engine power into that unstable orbit. You don't want to miss, because if you miss by a little bit, you either could fly, flown back off to infinity or fall into the black hole. of course since it's virtual, we'll manage to survive it either way. But let's start by approaching this system from a distance and see what the effects are of coming close to a black hole. So, I start the simulation and we are falling from a 100 million kilometers. As we approach at about a 100 Schwarzschild radii, the lensing of the black hole produces what is called an Einstein ring. The hole, a doughnut-shaped image of the blue star, which is formed by light lensing and bending all around the black hole. And as we get nearer we see multiple lensed images of all of the stars, because remember we are now at The, this clip ends at three Schwarzschild radii, the last stable orbit. deflection of light is significant and we see these multiple lensing effects. Notice that on the bottom, on the horizon itself the animator has superimposed this nice red grid for us. Of course the actual horizon does not have a red grid on it and if it did you would not be able to see it. But this just tells you where the Schwarzschild horizon is, and the interesting property is that because of the deflection of light note that you can see both poles of the horizon. So you can see all the way around it because light is so greatly deflected. anA so that was us at the last stable orbit, at three Schwarzschild radii, but that is for sissies. We are heading down to two Schwarzschild radius orbit. We are now orbiting the black hole at two Schwarzschild radii. We see all of the enhanced lensing effects that I was talking about. We see multiple images of all of the stars, in the cluster. forming and disappearing. If you want to know the proper time period of orbit is about four milliseconds. first to someone viewing us from far away, it's a factor of two. Note what a two Schwarzschild radii. The gravitational redshift factor is a square root of two, but there's another square root of two because we are moving at about 0.7 times the speed of light to maintain this orbit at two Schwarzschild radii. You can compute both of those things. So looking from afar, we would appear to be orbiting at every eight milliseconds, where in fact we think we're orbiting every four milliseconds. The tidal forces at this point are I believe a thou- a 100 times G. So your feet are pulling on your head with 100 times their weight. You're getting a little bit uncomfortable, I should think, and then these white dots are a probe that is being dropped conveniently, 400 kilometers ahead of us. down onto the surface of the black hole from rest, and as we approach it we see it falling down cuz it's dropped ahead of us in orbit and we see it falling down. And what we see is A, this probe is a sphere and we see this tidal force stretching it out till it's no longer anything like a sphere. And second of all, we see there as it would fall, as it approaches the Schwarzschild horizon, it is reddened and slows down. The bit that is closest to the horizon appears to stop falling first, and eventually, it turns red, and merges with the horizon. We can't see it because the red shift is infinite, even between the Schwarzschild horizon and the orbit at two Schwarzschild radii where we are. And now, well this is unstable, but not dangerous enough for us. We're not here for the tourist version. We're going all the way. We're going to fire the boosters slow ourselves down slightly and land on, well not land, but penetrate through the surface of the black hole. We just cross the horizon, and at the point that we cross the horizon within about a tenth of a millisecond, we are going to be in the, hitting the singularity for a 30 solar mass black hole. The g-forces at the Schwarzschild of radii, radius for this 30 solar mass black hole are a million g. So we have long since been decomposed, and as we fall through the horizon, we will meet anybody who fell through just before us, and we have a tenth of a millisecond to have a deep conversation with them before we hit the singularity and everything ends. So this was a quick tour of a black hole. And you lived to tell. Now that we know a little bit about the formation and enthalpy change, and what enthalpy is, we can talk a little bit about Hess's Law. And what this tells us is that the energy change of a process is independent of how we get from one state to another. And really, that's a by-product of the fact that energy is a state variable. Whether we're talking about enthalpy or internal energy, they're state variables. And we've talked multiple times that it's independent of how many steps it takes to get there, or what path you happen to take. But how is that useful to us when we're dealing with everyday reactions? So let me just make up some reaction where I have A plus B yields, oh, I don't know, let's just say this yields C plus D. And I wanted to figure out what was the change in enthalpy of this reaction? Or essentially, how much heat is absorbed or released by this reaction. I don't know what it is. I haven't measured it. And all I have are the heats of formation. So all I know is, how do you go-- so I know the heat of formation of A-- so let me call that the heat of formation. Remember, H isn't for heat. Even though we kept calling it heat of formation, it's actually the change in enthalpy. And it's the standard change in enthalpy. But the change in enthalpy we know as heat. So it's heat, change in enthalpy of formation was the same thing as heat of formation. This little naught sign tells us it's a standard heat the formation. We can look up that in a table, and let's say that that's some number. And then we have our heat of formation of B-- delta heat of formation, let me call it, of B. This Is heat of formation of A, and it's a standard heat of formation. And we could look up in a table that heat of formation of C, which is change in enthalpy. And then the heat of formation for D. So all of these things we can look up in a table, right? And we'll do that in a second. Now, what has Hess's law tells us is that the change in energy, the change in-- and enthalpy is what we're measuring here-- the change in enthalpy here is independent of what we're doing. So instead of saying this reaction, we could say hey, let's go from this reaction, and go back-- let me do it in a different color. Let's go back to our constituent products, so kind of the elemental form of these. So you know, if this was like carbon dioxide, you'd be going back to the carbon and the oxygen molecules. So you'd go back to the elemental form. And how much energy, or what's the change in enthalpy, as you go back to the elemental form? The heat of formation is what you get from the element of form to A, or the elemental form to B. So to get A and B back to the elemental form is going to be the minus of those. You're going to take the reaction in the other direction. So this change is going to take minus delta-- the heat of, I guess, of forming A, or it could be the minus the heat of deconstructing A, you can almost view it. And it would also be minus the same thing for B. And then, this is just the elemental form. And now we can go from the elemental form back to the products. Because we have the same atoms here. They're just rearranging themselves into two different sets of molecules. So now we can go back from the elemental form and go up here. And we know what those are. We know how much energy it takes to go from the elemental form to C and D. That's their heats of formation. So Hess's Law tells us that delta H of this reaction, the change in enthalpy of this reaction, is essentially going to be the sum of what it takes to decompose these guys, which is the minus heat of formations of these guys, plus what it takes to reform these guys over here. So we can just write it as delta H of formation for C plus delta H of formation for D. So the heat of formations for these guys minus these guys. This is what it took you to get to the elemental form. So minus delta heat of formation of A, minus delta heat of formation of B. And then you'll have the heat of the reaction. And if it's negative, we would have released energy. And if this number is positive, then that means that there's more energy here than on this side, so we would have to absorb energy for this reaction to happen, and it would be endothermic. So this is all abstract and everything, and I've told you about Hess's Law. Let's actually apply it to some problems. So let's say I have this reaction right here, where I start with ammonia. And it's ammonia gas. And I'm going to react that with molecular oxygen to yield some nitrogen monoxide, 4 moles of it, and some water. So what's the heat of this reaction right here? So what we do, is we just look up the heats of formation of each of these. So let's just look them up. Let's start with the ammonia. What's the heat of formation of ammonia? And it's always given in kilojoules per mole, so they'll say to form one mole of ammonia. So to form 1 mole of ammonia-- let's look up here. This is all cut and paste from Wikipedia. And am I starting in the gaseous or the aqueous state? Well, I think I just-- see, I'm starting the gaseous state. I've added that G there. So ammonia in the gaseous state has a heat of formation of minus 45.9 per joule. So what is that going-- so minus 45.9 kilojoules per mole. That's just for one mole of ammonia, the heat of formation. It's in kilojoules. I'll just look them all up right now. Now what's the heat of formation of oxygen? And I'm not going to look it up right now, because oxygen is in its elemental form. So if you see something in the form that it just always takes, before you do anything to it, its heat of formation is 0. So if you see O2, its heat of formation is 0. If you see hydrogen, if you see H2, its heat of formation is 0. If you see carbon by itself, heat of formation is 0. Carbon in the solid state, heat of formation is 0, at standard temperature and pressure. Now what about nitrogen monoxide? Let's look that up. I have it right here. Nitrogen monoxide. Heat of formation. It's positive, 90.29. And finally, what's the heat of formation of water? Well, let me see. Liquid water. Minus 285.83. Now you might tempted to say, OK. Hess's Law says that if if we want the delta H for this reaction, we just take this plus this, and subtract that. And you'd be almost right, but you'd get the problem wrong. Because these are the heat of formation per mole. But we notice in this reaction, we have 4 moles of this, plus 5 moles of this, yields 4 moles of this plus 6 moles of that. So we have to multiply this times the number of moles. So here I have to multiply this times 4, 4 here, and I have to multiply it times 4 here, and I have to multiply it times 6 here. I don't even worry about multiplying 0 times 5, because it's just going to be 0. So now we can apply Hess's Law to figure out the delta H of this reaction. So the delta H of this reaction is going to be equal to, 4 times the heat of formation of nitrogen monoxide-- so 4 times 90.29, plus 6 times the heat of formation of water. So plus, I'll switch colors, 6 times minus 285.83. And just as a side note, given that the heat of formation of nitrogen monoxide is positive, that means that you have to add heat to a system to get this to its elemental form. So it has more energy than its elemental form. So it won't just happen by itself. And water, on the other hand, it releases energy when you form it from its elemental form. So in some ways, it's more stable. But anyway let me-- So these are the heats of formations of the products. And then we want to subtract out the heats of formation of the reactants in our reaction. So here it's 4 times 45.9-- Let me make sure. It's a minus 45.9. Right? That ammonia had a minus 45.9 heat of formation. So what did we end up with? Let me get the calculator out. So I have-- let me make sure I put it over here. I have to be able to read it. Well, I'll just do it off the screen, because my screen is getting filled up. So I have-- let me just do it here. 4 times 90.29 plus 6 times 285.83 negative is equal to-- so so far, we're at minus 1,353. Does that sound about right? That looks about right. And now we want to subtract from that 4 times minus 45.9. So we want to subtract-- so minus 4 times 45.9 negative is equal to minus 1,170. So our delta h of this reaction is equal to minus 1,170 kilojoules for this reaction. And all we did is, we took the heat of formation of the products, multiply it times the number of moles, and subtracted out the heat of formation of the actual reactants. There you go. Let's do one more of these. Let's say I had some propane. I had some propane, and I'm going to combust it. I'm going to oxidize the propane to yield some carbon dioxide in water. Well, it's the same drill. What's the heat of formation of propane? Look it up here. It is amazing how exhaustive these lists really are. Propane is down here in its liquid state. Heat of formation minus 104.7. So let me write that down. Minus 104.7. Heat of formation of oxygen in its elemental state. That's how you always find oxygen. So it's just 0. Heat of formation of carbon dioxide-- Let's see. Carbon dioxide, and as a gas, minus 393.5. And water. We already figured that out. It's minus 285.83. So how much heat is formed when we combust one mole of propane right here? So let's see. We have to figure out the heat of the products, the heat of formation of the products-- so it's going to be 3 times this. Because we formed 3 moles of this. For every mole, we release this much energy. And then plus 4 times this, and then subtract out 1 times this. So what do we get? We get 3 times 393.5 and that's a negative, is equal to that. Plus 4 times 285.83 negative is equal to minus 2,300 kilojoules, roughly. And then we have to subtract out 1 times this. Or we could just add 104.7. So let me just do that. So plus 104.7 is equal to minus 2,200. So here my heat of this reaction, is equal to minus 2,219 kilojoules as we go in this direction. For every mole of propane that I combust, I will actually produce this much energy on the other side. Because this right here has roughly 2,200 less kilojoules than this side right there. So I could actually rewrite this reaction where I write all that, and I could have added-- actually, let me do it. I could rewrite this reaction is C3H8 propane, plus 5 oxygens, yields 3 carbon dioxides plus 4 waters plus 2,219 kilojoules. That's actually what's released by this reaction. It's exothermic. This side of the reaction has less heat than this side, and that-- it didn't just disappear. It got released. And this is where it got released. Now sometimes you'll see a question where they say, hey. Fair enough. You figured out the heat of this reaction. How much heat is going to be released if I were to hand you, I don't know, let's say I were to hand you 33 grams of propane? Well, then you just start thinking, oh, well, how many moles of propane this is. Because if I combust one mole of propane, I get this much heat. So how many moles of propane is 33 grams? Well, how much does 1 mole weigh? The 1 mole of carbon weighs 12 grams. 1 mole of hydrogen weighs 1 gram. So 1 mole of propane is going to be 3 times 12-- so times 3, because we have 3 carbons there and 8 hydrogens, so times 8-- so it's going to be equal to 36 plus 88. So it's going to be 44. So this is going to be 44 grams per mole, right? This is, let me write that down. 44 grams per mole. Now, if I give you 33 grams, how many moles am I giving you? Well, 33 grams times, I guess we could say, 1 over 44 moles per gram-- I don't have to write the whole gram there. And then the grams cancel. I'm giving you 33 over 44 of a mole, or I'm giving you 0.75 moles. So if one mole produces this much energy, 3/4 of a mole is going to produce 3/4 of this. So we just multiply that times 0.75. And you get 1,664. So times 0.75 is equal to 1,664. So if I were to give you 1 mole of propane, and I were to combust it with enough oxygen, I'll produce 2,200 kilojoules that's released from the system. So this side of system has less energy left over. But if I were to only give you 33 grams, which is 3/4 of a mole, then you're going to release roughly 1,600 kilojoules. Anyway. Hopefully you found that helpful. Alright, what I love about UAA is that it's very diverse. There's plenty of opportunity on campus. Plenty of things to do. I'm a transfer student and I just love it. I think this is the best place to be right now. And I love UAA! The teachers are friendly, they have many things to do on campus, many resources. It's just fabulous. Oh and my name is Kumba. In this problem, we have to determine that if we have some code that does some stuff, and we have a list, and we compute some solution, that if I insert this call to the function "proc" 1, 2, 3, or 4 as we'll go through them that this code behaves exactly the same no matter what else it does. So let's get to it. In this first procedure, there's only one line. We set the first value of p to equal its second value. This is going to change the elements in p. I mean, if we had in a list [1, 2] executing proc1 would then change it to [1, 2]. Obviously, that can very well effect how this could execute, so this isn't right. This one can be a little tricky, so let's work through it. We know that p is a pointer to a list--let's say it's 1, 2, and 3. Now we're reassigning what p points to to the original value of p, which is this, concatenated with the list 1. This is going to create a new list, because that's what the plus operator does with lists. We want to create a new list. Now p points to this. We don't do anything with p. But most importantly the original list has been left unchanged. The end result is that this is good. We can go through this problem like we did the previous one. We start with a variable p that points to a list. We then create a new variable "q," which points to the same thing as p. On p we append 3, and then on q, which is the same list, we pop 3. The end result is the same list we had before. Here we create a new list called "q," which is an empty list. There's nothing there. While p is not empty, we append onto q what we pop from p. If we remember, the pop is going to take the last entry in p and return it. It's going to pop off 32, and then we're going to append that on the q. This is going to continue until we have the reverse of the previous list here and p is empty, which I'll just symbolize with that. Then we're going to reverse the process here. If I undo what I just did, the end result is we have the original list, and we have the empty list. Although, this doesn't matter. The main point is that we still have our original list. This one is good. We're in problem number seven. Let me switch colors. The average of the weights of 14 books is p pounds. In terms of p, what is the total weight of the books in pounds? So this comes up all the time in the SAT. The average of weights of 14 books is p pounds. So if you had weight 1, plus weight 2, plus-- if I were to add all 14 books, that's just the weights of all the 14 books, and I were to divide by 14, that is equal to p. This is just the definition of average. You add up the weights of all the books, divide by the number of books, and you get the average. Well, if you multiply both sides by 14 you get w1-- you get the sum of all of the weights of the books is equal to what? p times 14. And what are they asking? In terms of p, what is the total weight of all of the books? Well, this is the total weight of all of the books, right? I just take the weight of the first one, plus the weight of the second one, and keep adding until I get to the weight of the 14th, and that is equal to p times 14. And that is choice E. 14p. Choice E. Next problem. Problem eight. Draw the axes. This is x and y. And then they draw-- let me do it in a different color. They have point A, which is 2, negative 1. So it's 2 comma negative 1. So this is the point x is equal to 2. If we were to go down, this is y equal negative 1. And then they have point B, which is k,t. And then they have point C up here-- C is 2 comma 5. So it's 2 comma and this is 5. Point B is the midpoint of AC. So point B is this midpoint of AC. So this distance is the same as that distance. What is the value of t? So what's its y value? We know what k is, k's going to have to be 2. So what's the y value? So the y value's essentially just going to be the average of this y value and that y value, because it's right in the middle of the two. So it's going to be 5 plus minus 1 over 2, which is equal to what? That's equal to 4 over 2, which is equal to 2. So this point, right here, is going to be 2 comma 2. And all I did is I took the average of the y values. The other way you could have thought about it is, what is this total distance? What's the distance from 5 to negative 1? Well, that's 6. So this distance would be 3. And what's 5 minus 3? It's 2 as well. But the easiest way is just to average this y value and this y value, and you'll get the y value for the midpoint. And that is choice C. Next problem. Problem nine. So far I didn't have to draw anything, this is pretty good. If k times 2x plus 3, times x minus 1 is equal to 0, and they also tell us that x is greater than 1, what is the value of k? So let's see, if for this times this, times this to equal 0, at least one of them has to be equal to 0. Maybe more than one, maybe all of them. In order for this term to be 0, what does x have to equal? Well, for x to be 0 here-- for this term to be 0, sorry-- x would have to be equal to 1. How did I get that? I said x minus 1 is equal to 0. Add 1 to both sides, x is equal to 1. Well, they told us that x is greater than 1, so x cannot equal 1. So this cannot happen. That cannot happen, because x is greater than 1. So we know that this is not 0. This term is not-- this might not equal-- that's not equal to 0. What has to be a value for x for this term to be 0? 2x plus 3 equals 0. Subtract 3 from both sides. 2x is equal to minus 3. x is equal to minus 3/2. Once again, they tell us that x has to be greater than 1. If x is greater than 1, we know that x cannot be minus 3/2, because obviously this is less than 1. So once again, we know that this term does not equal 0. So if this term doesn't equal 0, this term doesn't equal 0. But when I multiply all three of these terms I get 0. This k has to equal 0. This is non-zero, this is non-zero. If I'm getting 0 when I multiply them, k has to be 0, and that's choice B. Next problem. Problem number 10. Let's see if I have enough space to do it. I should just clear it every time. If all men in the Williams family are over 6 feet tall-- that's not true of my family, of the Khan family; maybe one day if we eat right-- which of the following statements must be true? If all of the men in the Williams' family are over 6 feet tall, which of the following statements must be true? Choice A, no man under 6 foot tall is a member of the Williams family. Sure. That sounds good to me. Choice A, no man under 6 feet tall is a member of the Williams family. For example, I am 5 foot 9. If I was a member of the Williams family, then the first statement could not be have been said, that all men in the Williams family are over 6 feet tall. So that makes sense, all men in the Williams family are over 6 feet tall. So that means that no man under 6 foot tall is a member of the Williams family, because if there were then you couldn't have said that all men in the Williams family are over 6 feet tall. That probably required the most talking and the least writing on my behalf, but hopefully that's a convincing answer. Problem 11. Let me know if it wasn't. What is the radius of a circle that has circumference of pi. So we know that circumference is equal 2 pi r. And they're telling us that the circumference is pi. So pi is equal to 2 pi r. Divide both sides by 2 pi, you get pi over 2 pi is equal to radius. Divide the numerator and the denominator by pi, you get 1, 1. So you get 1/2 is equal to the radius, and that is choice B. Pretty straightforward, eh? Problem 12. If y is directly proportional to x squared and y equals-- OK, so when I say directly proportional, that means y is equal to some constant, we don't know what it is, y is equal to some constant times x squared. That's what directly proportional means. It means it's some constant times x squared. y is directly proportional to x squared, and y is equal to 1/8 when x is equal to 1/2. So y is equal to 1/8 is equal to k times when x is 1/2. So when x is 1/2, that's all we're saying. So what does this tell us? That means that 1/8 is equal to k times 1/4. Multiply both sides by 4, times 4, you get 4/8 is equal to k, because this cancels out. And 4/8 is the same thing as 1/2. So the relationship is, y is equal to 1/2 x squared, and now what are they asking us? What is the positive value of x when y is equal to 9/2? So they're saying when y equals 9/2, let's solve for x in the positive value. 9/2 is equal to 1/2 x squared. Multiply both sides by 2, this 2 cancels here, this 2 cancels here. I was multiplying. So you get 9 is equal to x squared. So they want the positive value of x. So x is equal to plus or minus 3. And they want the positive value, so x is equal to positive 3. And that's choice D. Choice D. Let me do the next problem in the next video. I'll see you soon. >> Daniel: Oh here there folks! Today I got my netbook here. The hard drive in this has some mechanical issues, and it keeps failing. So, I got a solid-state drive. This was about $25 on ebay. So right now I've taken out all the screws, lots of little screws that hold it together. Gonna pop the old hard drive out. There's the hard drive right here, it's buried down inside there. This would normally be the top panel here, there's the keyboard. Yeah the hard drive is really buried down in there. So here's how the motherboard would normally sit in the computer. This is the SSD all mounted inside of it. And, this is the old hard drive. Installing Linux Mint 10 LXDE on the solid-state drive now, booting off of a SD card. [typing] There we go; no one saw my password, right? And there we go, booted. >> (singing) My bologna has a first name. It's... um, let's see... hmmm.... >> (singing) It's O-S-C-A-R. My bologna has a second name... >> (singing) It's M-A-Y-E-R >> (singing) Oh I love to eat it every day and if you ask me why I'll saaaaay... >> (singing) aaaaaay... >> (singing) aaaaaay... >> (singing) aaaaaaay... >> (singing) Cause Oscar Mayer has a way with B-O-L-O-G-N-A >>Oscar Mayer. Still the first name in bologna. Disrespect and Lack of Humility that occurred towards Mahatmas Those whom we have reverence for; towards the people close to us, alternatively in the worldly life,(sansar) before, due to ignorance of the Self (agnan), we may have appointed someone as our master (guru) Then, today, we will remember all of them and ask for forgiveness (pratikraman). The inner intent of insolence [viradhak bhav] towards the guru we had reverence for them and then we find faults in them, we criticize them, we speak ill of them to others [ninda], we see their negatives We speak ill of them to others. And this is a grave danger (jhokam) So, garbage of insolence from previous lives may arise. This may happen But now we will become alert! And another thing is that if someone says something negative to us and we become emotional "they are all like that" By doing that... the people we have held in reverence once then we should never have any adversity for them. And should this happen, due to evidences and evidentiary instruments (nimit -naimitic) then do pratikraman again and wash it out. At that time, do lots of repentance [tell File 1] "Even a witch leaves one house alone therefore, why are we holding onto this negativity? So, in this place we too don't want to have any negative thoughts for them not even one word of negativity for them" And for having had negative thoughts, ask for lots of forgivness (pratikraman) have lots of remorse (pashtava) Ask for lots of strength. We want to clear this because for infinite lives of all the mistakes this is the gravest mistake of all. One becomes very close [to the guru] and earns 1000 and makes a loss of 1200. While the one who is at a distance, earns 200 everyday and progresses ahead. And this one comes closest and incurs the most losses The one who is close has the maximum scope of earning the most. And also the one who is close has the scope for losing the most. That is why Dada used to say that "this Niruma has stayed with us but she has never ever seen one negative [of ours]" He used to say that, "I don't keep anyone near Me in seva And if We keep [anyone near] and they see [Our] negatives, then they will take a huge fall." That is why [Dada] didn't let many people come near. It is like this... Come to general satsang, sit, chit -chat But Niruma received all types of seva But then Dada says that "She has never seen one negative of Ours throughout the whole life". She has never digressed from absolute humility to humility. Because for one who digresses to humility, then there is no guarantee when they will digress to being disrespectful (avinaya). "She [Niruma] has never digressed from absolute humility (param vinaya)!" And we need to bring our devotion and dedication (aradhana) to that level not even one negative.... And we have this Science of the elements We are not supposed to see the faults of a person ignorant of the Self even if the person is acting in the worst of ways; whether he is pick pocketing, or whether he is beating another person, even then, we are to see that person as faultless (nirdosh). Then [these mahatmas] are at least two degrees higher than us. Compared to us, they have some understanding of Gnan, and all the mahatmas... and compared to the vision with which we have become acquainted with Dada, others have known Him in a far better way. And in this way, by setting this understanding that everyone has some kind of a beautiful vision has some kind of an elevated viewpoint (drashti) and he has been touched by some experience of Dada's in a certain way therefore, compared to us, the person is at a higher level in this way remain in such a humble disposition. Then we will not have any need to see faults. And despite this, If our intellect (buddhi) due to someone's worldly interactions (vyavahar) or due to their conduct (vartan) or due to their speech (vani) or based on some conversation if some news comes to us, then we don't want it to take a stronghold on us We want to see them as faultless (nirdosh) and we don't want to let our inner intent of devotion [for them] breakdown and we should just put a seal on this one place. Just like, we don't see the faults of our mother, we don't see the faults of our father, For me, my parents, are God!, Then no matter what type of worldly interactions (vyavahar) they engage in for me..... If someone were to say "your mother is like this and like that" "your extended family [kutumb] is like this and like that" "Don't speak about my mother like that" How strong are we in this matter? in the same way, you should remain strong for the Gnani For Gnan, For Niruma, Or for Dada, Even for Deepakbhai, you must keep this [firmness]. No matter what type of speech, thought, conduct [occurs by them] we don't intend to see any of that. the essence of Dada's speech, that they are conveying to us that alone for us [is beneficial], that internal message [of Dada] is of benefit to us. We don't want to see any negatives of the external [behavior]. anyone... That is we don't want to talk about this [with anyone]. If such [negative talk] reaches us via someone else, then we want to ward off such talk. And we don't want [such negative talk] to take root within us. Because this is a very big [downfall]... In 1975, Dada told me, "Do you ever see Niruma's faults?" [I replied] "Usually I don't, but if someone is really at it,... It would happen during that time when everyone is there is the worldly interactions (vyavahar) and if someone continues to go on about her negatively then it would affect me a little". [So Dada said] "We are giving you an agna not to see even one fault [of Niruma] Otherwise the ladder by which you have climbed up [progressed], if you see their mistake, then, you will drop down to zero [in your spiritual progress]." Because during that time, more than Dada I was attached with Niruma in vyavahar And even otherwise, I would ask her about matters pertaining to satsang. Dada Bhagwan was equivalent to the Vitrag Lord [fully enlightened Supreme Being] He was Parmatma (Absolute Self) whom I would view with devotion (darshan), I would sit there and write His speech (vani). Conversations [with Dada] occurred very rarely. Dada would occasionally call me, talk to me and ask He would know where I was standing internally.. so he would immediately pick up on something He would ask me something and it would all spill out when it spills out, he would clear it for me [He would guide me by saying], "don't hold on to this, this is fine". but the point is that If you keep someone above you [as a master], no doubt, above Niruma, Dada is there And he is even higher And of course my vision for him [Dada] would be higher but He had said, "that which you have got through Niruma you will fall completely [if you see her faults]. So don't see even the slightest fault [in her]". And this law applies to everyone For anyone whom we have even the slightest inner intent of reverence Considered them to be 2 degrees higher [than ourselves] and really, as pure Souls, everyone should be considered as higher than us. Then there is no reason to see anyone's faults. And sooner or later, we want to reach such a state where we see everyone as flawless all the time Then why wouldn't we start the real spiritual effort from now? All our mahatmas, Despite their prakruti [relative self] Because, the prakruti bound due to ignorance of the Self (agnan) today, can be seen as ignorant in conduct but within they are Self-realized (gnani) mahatmas. The knowledge of pure Soul, even though it is of two degrees, they are stilled called Gnani Mahatmas. And as they discharge their stored karmic baggage (bharelo maal) As they settle files with equanimity (sambhave nikal) and become pure Then they will reach a very high state of being, some day. After one or two more lifetimes They will stand as complete [purna] Gnanis. And will also become Keval Gnanis (absolute enlightend beings), upon going to God [Simandhar Swami] So if they are going to reach this stage in one or two more lifetimes then why wouldn't we see them with an elevated vision starting now? And this is the vision... I see everyone with this vision That, all these mahatmas are very elevated, and will go to moksha in one or two more lifetimes. And the prakruti is such that If someone were to throw some itching powder on a person and that person begins itching everywhere that doesn't mean that that person has become spoilt these are the effects of the circumstances internally, he is with Gnan. That is how we should see it. That no matter what kind of garbage comes out in the prakruti despite that we want to see him in the form of the Self and the awakened Self (potey) who is repentant for his prakruti exists within. sooner or later... And we've noticed that within 2-4 months, or 6-12 months, that a person is repentant at his own faults. Each and every individual whatever mistakes or errors that may have occurred So we should understand that he will verily wash his mistakes inside and that is the reason we don't want to see his faults. And we will take this [in samayik] today that even though they are two degrees higher than us for each person, for any negative for any disrespectful intent [viradhana] disrespectful intent means negative intent then whether it is to speak negatively [of that person], to gossip or speak ill of them to others If others are speaking ill, and we agree with them. we want to get rid of all these lack of understandings. One wrong, One negative, One mistake, One insolent intent, Or adverse intent Or the intent to critize negatively (ninda) Or having a negative intent For any person We don't want it to happen for any person that is close to us. And there are those who are giving service (seva) And we become the receiver of that seva. Then the person [giving the seva] is higher than us. then if we find faults with the giver of the seva, will bring veils of ignorance over the Self And every living being has a Soul within them In the relative, this worldly interaction has arisen But in the end, the accusation ultimately reaches the Soul within. And as a result will ultimately bring about veils of ignorance on our Self. That is why we want to remain alert (jagrut). regarding negative talks.. If someone is speaking negatively... then [we should say] "We shouldn't speak like this" [If they retort back] "Why are you walking around holding the yardstick of truth" If they speak to us rudely, we will remain silent. But [set that] "I am not in agreement with this talk". We should show that, That, "this is my opinion I don't want to get involved in any negativity. I don't want to see anyone's faults. I don't want to be involved in anyone's gossip [ninda]". And really everyone is interacting [vyavahar] as per their own prakruti. So who will you blame? Prakruti is subservient (aadhin) to vyavastit (scientific circumstantial evidence). So who will you blame? in this way we will set gnan and up until now any insolent intents that have arisen. or if we've seen any faults of others. Or if we've spoken negatively [about others] Then we will especially wash this out. Dada says "When I realized myself has being viradhak (insolent), after that, is when I got gnan" See, and his [Dada's] viradhak intent was not like "he is right and you are wrong". But rather.. "Why are you guiding people astray from the path of the Vitraag [lords]?" So, he would get extremely frustrated, and his inner intentions would become adverse. And on top of that, He would also do pratikraman that even one word of ours [should not hurt anyone"... He would do this before getting gnan and also after [gnan]. Many a times, his speech would come out negatiely [regarding this]. [He would say] "In my speech, this kind of stuff is coming forth, I am aware that it is opposite to the path of moksh... I know that what I have said, is opposite to the universally acceptable speech It is a mistake. But in my understanding (samjan) and experience (anubhav), the other person is faultless. But it is coming out in word form. and that too, because in my past life I had bound that "We will not tolerate any wrong doing in religion (dharma). We will speak to him about the clear path to salvation [moksh]" and when it was even slighty, contradictory to the path to moksh, He couldn't bear it. In those days, he had accumulated this kind of stock, so now it was coming forth. In 1975, even I have heard Dada saying "I have to do so many pratikramans, I would do pratikraman for nights after night. Not one wrong word should come out. yet, it would still come forth". People like that would come as well, and ask about the Jain religion and the speech would come forth And Dada would say "We do so many pratikraman" And in the end, he said that "this speech too will come to an end". And we saw that after two or three years, those words would not be uttered in His speech anymore. Why? Because for Dada everything has been cleared So for us If we have such thoughts arising within us, Or we become evidentiary instruments (nimit) to hear such [negative speech] Or we become a nimit of talking [negatively] through our speech Despite that, if we do a lot of pratikraman and wash it out then our insolent (viradhak) intentions will get cleansed and only after that, will the revelation of Gnan happen. Because to disrespect anyone, is to disrespect our own Self disrespect Dada Bhagwan and it is disrespecting Absolute Gnan (keval Gnan) itself. That is what we have to clean. So, today we will strongly take this in samayik. We will clean our insolent inner intents. And for those whom we've considered to be two degrees higher than us, whosoever it may be we don't want to form any adverse intents for them In other words, we don't want to have any adverse intents for even one mahatma. We don't want to have any negative intent. We don't want to have flawed vision [for anyone]. Keep that kind of strong determination (nischay). This will be our goal forever. That this, should never happen in our life. Because if it arises... One man will speak recklessly and pick a fight with us And then we get together with everyone and discuss it, That "see he is like this and like that and his gnan..this and that..." Even this kind of a discussion will be considered as insolent intents. Yes, we e will take all measures to solve it but we don't want to miss out on washing it internally. He is a nimit and it is not the poor guy's fault. His baggage of karma from the past life is coming forth. As a pure Soul, he is Dada's mahatma. And internally he is a Gnani mahatma. This internal part and the stored karmic baggage (bharelo maal) one will have to do some medication for it So for medication we can even take him to the doctor Give injections and put him on drips we will do everything But the vision that he is a pure Soul and that our vision that we are pure Soul We don't want to miss out on that. And even if we discuss the matter for the purpose of finding a solution Then too we will still have to erase it. We don't want to see even one fault. By determination (nischay) he is pure Soul and by relative he is faultless (nirdosh). And this type of interaction that has taken place thus is due to the stored karmic baggage, but he is not at fault And if maintain this internal vision of seeing flawless, then the speech will be superfluous and dramatic and will be one, showing adjustments for obtaining solutions And speech where the other person is guilty is at fault the negative speech this type of speech won't come forth. So when interacting with people or in the worldly dealings or when involved in service (seva) or when we come into interaction with mahatma's But if we, ourselves in any worldly interactions with mahatma's if we see their faults or see their negative or spoke something negative about Gnan as well or we talked negatively about someone with someone else. or we came to hear negative talks. Then for all of this, today, with lots of repentence, we will ask for forgiveness (pratikraman) and make a firm resolve and determination never to repeat the mistake, And we will be very alert for the future that we don't want to fall into any negative. Then there will be a great revelation of our gnan within. Come, let's do vidhi Repeat Oh Dada Bhagwan, Oh Shri Simandhar Swami Prabhu, give me the strength to do a samayik with pure applied awareness of the Self (shuddha upyog), During the worldly interactions with mahatmas For those mahatmas who are two degrees higher And after having considered them worthy of worship (pujya bhaav) For any negative that may have arisen Ninda (gossip) that may have taken place or if anyone has been viradhana (disrespectful) And if one had been in agreement with that the inner intents of insolence may have occurred for all these kinds of faults with the awareness of separation during the samayik may I, with a lot of repentance, wash this out And again, in the future for any mahatma, ever [May I] never do avarnavaad (not to tell it like it is), do aparadha, (cause gross hurt), do avinaya (disrespect)) May mistakes of viradhana (insolence), ninda (gossip), negativity, not occur Please grant me the strength to see such a samayik [I surrender] my mind-speech-body All the illusory attachments associated with my name Bhaav Karma (charge karmas) Dravya Karma (subtle discharge karmas) No Karma (gross discharge karmas) Oh Dada Bhagwan (Absolute manifest Self) At Your lotus feet I surrender I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul, I am pure Soul Jai Sat Chit Anand If we are in competition, we keep seeing negatives of those who are above us So it is our own inner hidden enemies of anger, pride, deceit and greed (kashays) that are showing us negatives or mistake of others So we will focus on our own kashays ultimately And for all these mistakes that have occurred we will do pratikraman and pratyakhyan Let's go deep and do samayik right now. (line rings) Robert: Thank you for calling Lexmark.com. My name is Robert. How may I help you? Hank: I'm looking for a tap and die and some WD-40. Robert: I'm sorry, you're looking for what? Hank: I'm trying to buy a tap and die and some WD-40. Robert: A tap and die and some WD-40? Hank: Yes. Robert: Well, I'd be more than happy to try and assist you. Umm, is this for a typewriter? Hank: Yes. Robert: It is? Okay. Well, umm, you've reached Lexmark Online Store and we actually primarily just sell printers and cartridges here. But what I can do is provide you with the telephone number to another company of one of our retailers that we use that would have that tap and die and they may also have that WD-40 as well. Hank: Yes, yes, alright. Robert: Okay, and would you like that number? Hank: Yes. Robert: Okay, the number is 800-250-7426. Hank: What is that chinging noise? Robert: I'm sorry? Hank: What is that chinging noise? Robert: Uh, I don't hear any noise. I do apologize if you hear a noise that's bothering you, but I don't really hear a noise in the background. Hank: Nah. So, are you Chinese or Japanese? Robert: I'm, uh, neither. Hank: Where's the hardware department? Robert: The hardware department? You mean the service parts department? Hank: The hardware department. Robert: We actually don't have, uh, a department specified as the hardware department. But you reached our online store where we do sell hardware products, such as printers and cartridges. Hank: Maybe I'm not getting through to you. Let's say I want a hammer. Do you know what a hammer is? That's what I want, a damn hammer! Now, where in the hell would I go? Robert: You would probably want to go to one of the local stores like the Home Depot or Lowe's. You've actually reached Lexmark. We sell printers and cartridges. Hank: You understand what I'm saying? Robert: I'm sorry? Hank: You understand what I'm saying? Robert: Yes, I do understand what you're saying. Hank: You gotta figure out what you want to do with your life. Robert: Well, sir, I really do apologize for any frustration you may have, but I really don't know what you're trying to get at at this point. Hank: I'm Hank Hill. I sell propane and propane accessories. Well, I'd like to tell you what Strickland can do to meet your energy needs. You see, at Strickland, the customer comes first. It's kinda interesting the word "customer" begins with "C-U". Well, we don't "see you" as just another sale, but as a member of our team. Robert: Hello? Hank: Yes. What's the point of arguing? Robert: Is this a recording? Hank: No. I apologize for yelling at you. I just hate these big emotional scenes. Robert: And may I have your name please? Hank: Say what? Robert: May I have your name please? Hank: The name's Hank Hill. Robert: Okay, spell your first name, please. Hank: I'm Hank Hill. Robert: Okay, thank you. Okay, so did you want to try to purchase a printer or a cartridge today? Hank: Yes. Robert: Or did you want a service part or typewriter? What type of printer would you like to purchase? Hank: Say what? Robert: What type of printer would you like to purchase? Hank: What are you talking about? Robert: I'm trying to find out what it is that you want in the cold floor. Hank: Do you understand what love means? Robert: For quality purposes, this call is a prank call. For quality purposes, this call is a prank call. Hank: Nah. (line disconnects) THE PRESlDENT: Good evening. I am honored to join you here today, and I want to thank Prime Minister Manning, the people of Trinidad and Tobago for their generosity in hosting the Fifth Summit of the Americas. And I want to extend my greetings to all the heads of state, many of who I am meeting for the first time. All of us are extraordinarily excited to have this opportunity to visit this wonderful country -- and as somebody who grew up on an island, I can tell you I feel right at home. (Applause.) It's appropriate and important that we hold this summit in the Caribbean. The energy, the dynamism, the diversity of the Caribbean people inspires us all, and are such an important part of what we share in common as a hemisphere. I think everybody recognizes that we come together at a critical moment for the people of the Americas. Our well-being has been set back by a historic economic crisis. Our safety is endangered by a broad range of threats. But this peril can be eclipsed by the promise of a new prosperity and personal security and the protection of liberty and justice for all the people of our hemisphere. That's the future that we can build together, but only if we move forward with a new sense of partnership. All of us must now renew the common stake that we have in one another. I know that promises of partnership have gone unfulfilled in the past, and that trust has to be earned over time. While the United States has done much to promote peace and prosperity in the hemisphere, we have at times been disengaged, and at times we sought to dictate our terms. But I pledge to you that we seek an equal partnership. (Applause.) There is no senior partner and junior partner in our relations; there is simply engagement based on mutual respect and common interests and shared values. So I'm here to launch a new chapter of engagement that will be sustained throughout my administration. (Applause.) To move forward, we cannot let ourselves be prisoners of past disagreements. I am very grateful that President Ortega -- (applause) -- I'm grateful that President Ortega did not blame me for things that happened when I was three months old. (Laughter.) Too often, an opportunity to build a fresh partnership of the Americas has been undermined by stale debates. And we've heard all these arguments before, these debates that would have us make a false choice between rigid, state-run economies or unbridled and unregulated capitalism; between blame for right-wing paramilitaries or left-wing insurgents; between sticking to inflexible policies with regard to Cuba or denying the full human rights that are owed to the Cuban people. I didn't come here to debate the past -- I came here to deal with the future. (Applause.) I believe, as some of our previous speakers have stated, that we must learn from history, but we can't be trapped by it. As neighbors, we have a responsibility to each other and to our citizens. And by working together, we can take important steps forward to advance prosperity and security and liberty. That is the 21st century agenda that we come together to enact. That's the new direction that we can pursue. Before we move forward for our shared discussions over this weekend, I'd like to put forward several areas where the United States is committed already to strengthening collective action on behalf of our shared goals. First, we must come together on behalf of our common prosperity. That's what we've already begun to do. Our unprecedented actions to stimulate growth and restart the flow of credit will help create jobs and prosperity within our borders and within yours. We joined with our G20 partners to set aside over a trillion dollars for countries going through difficult times, recognizing that we have to provide assistance to those countries that are most vulnerable. We will work with you to ensure that the Inter-American Development Bank can take the necessary steps to increase its current levels of lending and to carefully study the needs for recapitalization in the future. And we recognize that we have a special responsibility, as one of the world's financial centers, to work with partners around the globe to reform a failed regulatory system -- so we can prevent the kinds of financial abuses that led to this current crisis from ever happening again, and achieve an economic expansion not just in the United States but all across the hemisphere that is built not on bubbles, but on sustainable economic growth. We're also committed to combating inequality and creating prosperity from the bottom up. This is something that I've spoken about in the United States, and it's something that I believe applies across the region. I've asked Congress for $448 million in immediate assistance for those who have been hit hardest by the crisis beyond our borders. And today, I'm pleased to announce a new Microfinance Growth Fund for the hemisphere that can restart the lending that can power businesses and entrepreneurs in each and every country that's represented here. This is not charity. (Applause.) Let me be clear: This is not charity. Together, we can create a broader foundation of prosperity that builds new markets and powers new growth for all peoples in the hemisphere, because our economies are intertwined. Next, we can strengthen the foundation of our prosperity and our security and our environment through a new partnership on energy. Our hemisphere is blessed with bountiful resources, and we are all endangered by climate change. Now we must come together to find new ways to produce and use energy so that we can create jobs and protect our planet. So today, I'm proposing the creation of a new Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas that can forge progress to a more secure and sustainable future. It's a partnership that will harness the vision and determination of countries like Mexico and Brazil that have already done outstanding work in this area to promote renewable energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Each country will bring its own unique resources and needs, so we will ensure that each country can maximize its strengths as we promote efficiency and improve our infrastructure, share technologies, support investments in renewable sources of energy. And in doing so, we can create the jobs of the future, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and make this hemisphere a model for cooperation. The dangers of climate change are part of a broad range of threats to our citizens, so the third area where we must work together is to advance our common security. Today, too many people in the Americas live in fear. We must not tolerate violence and insecurity, no matter where it comes from. Children must be safe to play in the street, and families should never face the pain of a kidnapping. Policemen must be more powerful than kingpins, and judges must advance the rule of law. Illegal guns must not flow freely into criminal hands, and illegal drugs must not destroy lives and distort our economy. Yesterday, President Calderón of Mexico and I renewed our commitment to combat the dangers posed by drug cartels. Today, I want to announce a new initiative to invest $30 million to strengthen cooperation on security in the Caribbean. And I have directed key members of my Cabinet to build and sustain relations with their counterparts in the hemisphere to constantly adjust our tactics, to build upon best practices, and develop new modes of cooperation -- because the United States is a friend of every nation and person who seeks a future of security and dignity. And let me add that I recognize that the problem will not simply be solved by law enforcement if we're not also dealing with our responsibilities in the United States. And that's why we will take aggressive action to reduce our demand for drugs, and to stop the flow of guns and bulk cash south across our borders. (Applause.) And that's why I'm making it a priority to ratify the illicit Trafficking in Firearms Convention as another tool that we can use to prevent this from happening. And I also am mindful of the statement that's been made earlier, that unless we provide opportunity for an education and for jobs and a career for the young people in the region, then too many will end up being attracted to the drug trade. And so we cannot separate out dealing with the drug issue on the interdiction side and the law enforcement side from the need for critical development in our communities. Finally, we know that true security only comes with liberty and justice. Those are bedrock values of the Inter-American charter. Generations of our people have worked and fought and sacrificed for them. And it is our responsibility to advance them in our time. So together, we have to stand up against any force that separates any of our people from that story of liberty -- whether it's crushing poverty or corrosive corruption; social exclusion or persistent racism or discrimination. Here in this room, and on this dais, we see the diversity of the Americas. Every one of our nations has a right to follow its own path. But we all have a responsibility to see that the people of the Americas have the ability to pursue their own dreams in democratic societies. There's been several remarks directed at the issue of the relationship between the United States and Cuba, so let me address this. The United States seeks a new beginning with Cuba. I know that there is a longer -- (applause) -- I know there's a longer journey that must be traveled to overcome decades of mistrust, but there are critical steps we can take toward a new day. I've already changed a Cuba policy that I believe has failed to advance liberty or opportunity for the Cuban people. We will now allow Cuban Americans to visit the islands whenever they choose and provide resources to their families -- the same way that so many people in my country send money back to their families in your countries to pay for everyday needs. Over the past two years, I've indicated, and I repeat today, that I'm prepared to have my administration engage with the Cuban government on a wide range of issues -- from drugs, migration, and economic issues, to human rights, free speech, and democratic reform. Now, let me be clear, I'm not interested in talking just for the sake of talking. But I do believe that we can move U.S.-Cuban relations in a new direction. As it had already been noted, and I think my presence here indicates, the United States has changed over time. (Applause.) It has not always been easy, but it has changed. And so I think it's important to remind my fellow leaders that it's not just the United States that has to change. All of us have responsibilities to look towards the future. (Applause.) I think it's important to recognize, given historic suspicions, that the United States' policy should not be interference in other countries, but that also means that we can't blame the United States for every problem that arises in the hemisphere. That's part of the bargain. That's part of the change that has to take place. That's the old way, and we need a new way. The United States will be willing to acknowledge past errors where those errors have been made. We will be partners in helping to alleviate poverty. But the American people have to get some positive reinforcement if they are to be engaged in the efforts to lift other countries out of the poverty that they're experiencing. Every nation has been on its own journey. Here in Trinidad and Tobago, we must respect those differences while celebrating those things that we share in common. Our nations were all colonized by empires and achieved our own liberation. Our people reflect the extraordinary diversity of human beings, and our shared values reflect a common humanity -- the universal desire to leave our children a world that is more prosperous and peaceful than the one that we inherited. So as we gather here, let us remember that our success must be measured by the ability of people to live their dreams. That's a goal that cannot be encompassed with any one policy or communiqué. It's not a matter of abstractions or ideological debates. It's a question of whether or not we are in a concrete way making the lives of our citizens better. It's reflected in the hopes of our children, in the strength of our democratic institutions, and our faith in the future. It will take time. Nothing is going to happen overnight. But I pledge to you that the United States will be there as a friend and a partner, because our futures are inextricably bound to the future of the people of the entire hemisphere. And we are committed to shaping that future through engagement that is strong and sustained, that is meaningful, that is successful, and that is based on mutual respect and equality. Thank you very much. (Applause.) Ok, we're running a little bit low on time. But I'll show you the Scanner Pro app really quick. There was some interest in that. So, I've got a really cool book here, the dictionary. That we found in our office, left behind by some former faculty. So, if I open up Scanner Pro, down here at the bottom is where you really start. There's two buttons here. Two buttons at the bottom, the camera and the picture. The picture will take a picture you've already taken that's in your camera roll and take it into Scanner Pro. In most cases, you'll want to pick the camera. So, here we go. It's just a matter of holding your iPad over the page that you want to capture. Holding it still, and hitting the little camera button on the right side. Says "hold still to take a picture," tap it again, and it captured the image. Now, it does this thing where it finds the borders and the quality varies widely. So, I have to do a lot of work here to adjust this. But I just grab onto one of these blue dots and move them to the edges of this page, roughly. Alright, going to hit "done" and it will crop it, and I can always adjust the brightness or the contrast over here. To make it look better. Then I hit done. And I can capture additional pages too, so if I just keep going, just do one after the other. Look, I cropped out some of that page earlier. There we go. Just adjust these guys. Done. It adds a second page. So, once you're done, I have two pages, up at the top you see the little arrow which you see in pretty much every app? To share or get something out. Tap it, and you'll get options to email, upload, send it to Photos, and once you pick one, you can pick the type of document you want. So, if I'm in an archive and I'm scanning these things, but I don't have Internet, will it save these? Sure, yeah. At the top you can go back to Documents and it asks me to name this here, so...I'll name it "dictionary". See, it adds a little document library here, so you can always get back to these whether you export it or not. When I don't have Internet access and I want to send things, will it automatically save the (draft) emails? You can probably save it as a draft email. I think if you were to leave this, it would save it as a draft. Here we go, "Cancel, Delete, or Save as Draft" - that's what you want to do. It's noon, do you guys have any questions? How do you print? Printing varies on where you are, really. We talked yesterday about AirPrint. AirPrint is the technology that iPads use to print. It's wireless, but there are some caveats. Only certain printers support it, or you have to instally something like AirPrint Activator to turn your Mac into a sharing point for a printer you already have set up. I'll cut to the chase, there is no print service on campus where iPads currently can print. As far as I know, it won't happen. Send it to your desktop and print from there. Email it to yourself, get it to your desktop and print it from there. There's no other way to do it on campus just because of the technology. At home you can set up something, but not on campus. It's in the same category of why we don't have the ability to do AirVideo on campus. It has to do with the way...it's a long discussion, but suffice it to say that right now there isn't a solution. Our World My name is Suren, I'm 18 years old, and I will be a speaker at TEDxKids@Yerevan. I have been caring for different kinds of animals. I'm going to talk about my pets and what I have learned from them. My name is Sarineh Karapetyan, I'm 15 years old. I will be a speaker at TEDxKids@Yerevan and will talk about life. I will focus on the fact that life has lost it's simplicity. And how people restrict themselves to living only by society's "rules." We have undertaken a research project about TV series. And found that during a one hour program, 45% of the content is violent, and 36% is aggressive. And 16% of the language contains insults and vulgarity. I am going to talk about this research so that we can finally address this issue. My topic is the apple. I decided to focus on the apple because it appears in many different areas as a sole element. I would like to encourage people to think differently. And perhaps if we think of everyday things a bit differently we can learn something new about them. I am going to speak at TEDxKids@Yerevan about children who are facing health challenges. After spending time with them, I realized that there is a wall between us, I want to bring down that wall and create a unified world for all children. I will speak at TEDxKids@Yerevan about a new web platform we are creating. Because books are slowly losing their importance, they need to be looked at from a new angle. I am Anahit and I will speak at TEDxKids@Yerevan about the bicycle. And how riding a bicycle may be compared to the stages of life. As Albert Einstein said: "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance, you must keep moving." I will speak at TEDxKids@Yerevan about parkour. Parkour is a discipline which focuses on efficient movement around obstacles. We believe that spreading great ideas can inspire the youth and give voice to their dreams. We believe that a country in which our dreams are heard and recognized, is a country where those dreams can become a reality. Yes? I was just wondering what advice you would give young people who are considering careers as writers? I guess we should buy your book. Well, I think you ought to read a lot and I think you ought to write a lot. And those are really the two major things. You can't put it off. You have to really do the work. You have to be well-read. I don't have any patience with people who say,... ..."Oh man, I wanna be a writer but I don't have time to read." But if you don't have time to read, you can't be a writer. You've got to read just about everything. So, I think that's the most important thing... ...and then you have to read. I mean, you have to write in order to develop a style and create a style of your own. When it comes to the reading part of it, there's a magic moment... ...a really magic moment. If you read enough, it will always come to you if you wanna be a writer... ...where you put down some book and say... "This really sucks." "I can do better than this." "And this got published!" I'm supposed to scare you, because it's about fear, right? And you should be really afraid, but not for the reasons why you think you should be. You should be really afraid that -- if we stick up the first slide on this thing -- there we go -- that you're missing out. Because if you spend this week thinking about Iraq and thinking about Bush and thinking about the stock market, you're going to miss one of the greatest adventures that we've ever been on. And this is what this adventure's really about. This is crystallized DNA. Every life form on this planet -- every insect, every bacteria, every plant, every animal, every human, every politician -- (Laughter) is coded in that stuff. And if you want to take a single crystal of DNA, it looks like that. And we're just beginning to understand this stuff. And this is the single most exciting adventure that we have ever been on. It's the single greatest mapping project we've ever been on. If you think that the mapping of America's made a difference, or landing on the moon, or this other stuff, it's the map of ourselves and the map of every plant and every insect and every bacteria that really makes a difference. And it's beginning to tell us a lot about evolution. (Laughter) It turns out that what this stuff is -- and Richard Dawkins has written about this -- is, this is really a river out of Eden. So, the 3.2 billion base pairs inside each of your cells is really a history of where you've been for the past billion years. And we could start dating things, and we could start changing medicine and archeology. It turns out that if you take the human species about 700 years ago, white Europeans diverged from black Africans in a very significant way. White Europeans were subject to the plague. And when they were subject to the plague, most people didn't survive, but those who survived had a mutation on the CCR5 receptor. And that mutation was passed on to their kids because they're the ones that survived, so there was a great deal of population pressure. In Africa, because you didn't have these cities, you didn't have that CCR5 population pressure mutation. We can date it to 700 years ago. That is one of the reasons why AlDS is raging across Africa as fast as it is, and not as fast across Europe. And we're beginning to find these little things for malaria, for sickle cell, for cancers. And in the measure that we map ourselves, this is the single greatest adventure that we'll ever be on. And this Friday, I want you to pull out a really good bottle of wine, and I want you to toast these two people. Because this Friday, 50 years ago, Watson and Crick found the structure of DNA, and that is almost as important a date as the 12th of February when we first mapped ourselves, but anyway, we'll get to that. I thought we'd talk about the new zoo. So, all you guys have heard about DNA, all the stuff that DNA does, but some of the stuff we're discovering is kind of nifty because this turns out to be the single most abundant species on the planet. If you think you're successful or cockroaches are successful, it turns out that there's ten trillion trillion Pleurococcus sitting out there. And we didn't know that Pleurococcus was out there, which is part of the reason why this whole species-mapping project is so important. Because we're just beginning to learn where we came from and what we are. And we're finding amoebas like this. This is the amoeba dubia. And the amoeba dubia doesn't look like much, except that each of you has about 3.2 billion letters, which is what makes you you, as far as gene code inside each of your cells, and this little amoeba which, you know, sits in water in hundreds and millions and billions, turns out to have 620 billion base pairs of gene code inside. So, this little thingamajig has a genome that's 200 times the size of yours. And if you're thinking of efficient information storage mechanisms, it may not turn out to be chips. It may turn out to be something that looks a little like that amoeba. And, again, we're learning from life and how life works. This funky little thing: people didn't used to think that it was worth taking samples out of nuclear reactors because it was dangerous and, of course, nothing lived there. And then finally somebody picked up a microscope and looked at the water that was sitting next to the cores. And sitting next to that water in the cores was this little Deinococcus radiodurans, doing a backstroke, having its chromosomes blown apart every day, six, seven times, restitching them, living in about 200 times the radiation that would kill you. And by now you should be getting a hint as to how diverse and how important and how interesting this journey into life is, and how many different life forms there are, and how there can be different life forms living in very different places, maybe even outside of this planet. Because if you can live in radiation that looks like this, that brings up a whole series of interesting questions. This little thingamajig: we didn't know this thingamajig existed. We should have known that this existed because this is the only bacteria that you can see to the naked eye. So, this thing is 0.75 millimeters. It lives in a deep trench off the coast of Namibia. And what you're looking at with this namibiensis is the biggest bacteria we've ever seen. So, it's about the size of a little period on a sentence. Again, we didn't know this thing was there three years ago. We're just beginning this journey of life in the new zoo. This is a really odd one. This is Ferroplasma. The reason why Ferroplasma is interesting is because it eats iron, lives inside the equivalent of battery acid, and excretes sulfuric acid. So, when you think of odd life forms, when you think of what it takes to live, it turns out this is a very efficient life form, and they call it an archaea. Archaea means "the ancient ones." And the reason why they're ancient is because this thing came up when this planet was covered by things like sulfuric acid in batteries, and it was eating iron when the earth was part of a melted core. So, it's not just dogs and cats and whales and dolphins that you should be aware of and interested in on this little journey. Your fear should be that you are not, that you're paying attention to stuff which is temporal. I mean, George Bush -- he's going to be gone, alright? Life isn't. Whether the humans survive or don't survive, these things are going to be living on this planet or other planets. And it's just beginning to understand this code of DNA that's really the most exciting intellectual adventure that we've ever been on. And you can do strange things with this stuff. This is a baby gaur. Conservation group gets together, tries to figure out how to breed an animal that's almost extinct. They can't do it naturally, so what they do with this thing is they take a spoon, take some cells out of an adult gaur's mouth, code, take the cells from that and insert it into a fertilized cow's egg, reprogram cow's egg -- different gene code. When you do that, the cow gives birth to a gaur. We are now experimenting with bongos, pandas, elands, Sumatran tigers, and the Australians -- bless their hearts -- are playing with these things. Now, the last of these things died in September 1936. These are Tasmanian tigers. The last known one died at the Hobart Zoo. But it turns out that as we learn more about gene code and how to reprogram species, we may be able to close the gene gaps in deteriorate DNA. And when we learn how to close the gene gaps, then we can put a full string of DNA together. And if we do that, and insert this into a fertilized wolf's egg, we may give birth to an animal that hasn't walked the earth since 1936. And then you can start going back further, and you can start thinking about dodos, and you can think about other species. And in other places, like Maryland, they're trying to figure out what the primordial ancestor is. Because each of us contains our entire gene code of where we've been for the past billion years, because we've evolved from that stuff, you can take that tree of life and collapse it back, and in the measure that you learn to reprogram, maybe we'll give birth to something that is very close to the first primordial ooze. And it's all coming out of things that look like this. These are companies that didn't exist five years ago. Huge gene sequencing facilities the size of football fields. Some are public. Some are private. It takes about 5 billion dollars to sequence a human being the first time. Takes about 3 million dollars the second time. We will have a 1,000-dollar genome within the next five to eight years. That means each of you will contain on a CD your entire gene code. And it will be really boring. It will read like this. I understand you've not always been in agreement with some of the details of PBlS, but I hope you recognize our efforts to catch you doing good things, and rewarding that behavior, and building a culture and climate of mutual respect. We have built a great tradition of high expectations, and living with integrity in a short time as Mustangs. We can still improve our decision making in regards to respect for self, others, and the community. We will continue our efforts in that arena. With only a short time left together, please work to finish strong. We have had a great school year, and certainly put Metea Valley on the map of excellence and a special place to be in just three years together. Thank you to all for your contributions. On behalf of our MVHS community, it's been a great run, Go-Go Mustangs! (Crashing sounds and beeping) (Music) I'd say Metea L.I.F.E. is respecting yourself and the people around you and just having good values as a person. Um, Metea L.I.F.E means to me that you know you just have to live with integrity, you know just do the right thing at all times, you know. Let people know what's like really going on, maybe if somebody isn't on the right track, you know, put them back on the right track. Ok, what does L.I.F.E. mean to you? Metea L.I.F.E is just being yourself. You know, you a rapper, you a dancer, go ahead and do what your gonna do. Make this money, and stay educated. Straight up, on my momma. On my momma. I'm serious, I'm serious. Oh ok, he's not playing any games. Not disturbing any people in class. Help teachers, helping out other people. Just being a nice person. Metea L.I.F.E is being a nice guy, like me. Are you a nice guy? All the time. Metea L.I.F.E is what gives our school a positive atmosphere and like brings the classes together. I think Metea L.I.F.E. is expressing your true colors, and letting your personality and your aura of a person show for everyone. I mean Metea L.I.F.E. I mean to me it means to show respect to everyone but also to like to live your life, kind of, you know be who you are. I feel like no one should try to be someone else. I want to give a shout out to Mr. Riddle: Your the best math teacher ever Mr. Riddle, I love you. I love Metea. (Music) Probably foster positive relationships because if you have good friends, your like set for life. L.I.F.E. is my favorite. I try. No other school is having a large couch and a DJ cuz who does that? Yeah who does that, besides Metea alright? Hello. We are going to make a parrot today. Inflate a balloon leaving a three inch flat tail. The first two bubbles you twist to make the head. Twist the first three inch bubble. Twist the second three inch bubble. Fold the the bubbles together. And lock both ends of the chain of the two bubbles in one lock twist. Twist the third one inch bubble. It's a neck. The next three will make the bird body wings and body. We will make them using bird body fold or bird body twist. Twist the fourth five inch bubble. Twist the fifth five inch bubble. Lock both ends of the chain of the last two bubbles in one lock twist. You have made the wings of the parrot. Twist the sixth four inch bubble. Lock the free end of the sixth bubble between the fourth and the fifth bubbles. Pull the fourth and the fifth bubbles apart. And roll the sixth bubble between them. You've made the bird body twist or fold. The next four bubbles will make legs of the parrot. Twist the seventh one inch bubble. Twist the eighth one inch bubble. Twist the ninth one inch bubble. And the tenth one inch bubble. Lock both ends of the chain of the last four bubbles in one lock twist. The rest part of the balloon is the eleventh bubble. It's the tail. You have made the parrot. Use the permanent marker to draw the face and wings of the parrot. Congratulations, you have made the parrot. You also have learned the bird body twist or bird body fold. You will quite often use this twist to make many other animals, bodies, hats, faces and anything else your imagination will come to. There would be just little differences in the size and proportions of the bubbles. Have fun. Is anyone home? Hello! Goose,goose,goose.... "..Expend thou neck so that you can sing upwards.." "...White feather float on the water..." "..And You red beak creating gently ripples in the water.." Is that easy to remember? Yes.. Good! Come! Okay. The frist row will recite. Ready? Let's try again. Goose,goose,goose.... "..Expend thou neck so that you can sing upwards.." "...White feather float on the water..." "..You red beak creating gently ripples in the water.." Excellent! The second row will recite now. Follow me! Ready? Let's try again. Goose, goose, goose. "..Expend thou neck so that yo can sing upwards.." "..White feather float on the water..¨ "..You red beak creating gently ripples in the water.." The second rows did very well. Now, it's the third row turn. I don't want to swim!( shake body) Why? Too childish! It's just too embarrassing. Sheng Xiong, how could it be embarrassing. By doing this, I... Hello? Didn't tell you that, I'm on leave for half of the day? What data? Oh, that.. It should be.... in the right side cabininet in the third drawer. Alright, that's fine for now. Okay, bye! What was that about? Come with me. Wen Di, the teacher took your daddy away. Daddy made the teacher angry again. There's really nothing to do. Teacher Fang, During class time, what did you bring me out here for? You want to go out with me,right? Tang Xiang Xi, Mr.Tang. For the previou misunderstandings, and having a bad attitude towards you. And last time saying those stupid things in the office. Now,I formally apologize to you. I'm sorry. Huh? But please don't disrupt my class, and turning off your phone in class. It's one of the more basic things. Even kids know that. Could it be that you never graduated from kindergarten? Teacher Fang, please watch your attitude! Then how to say, I'm part of the parent's committee. I can.. So what, if you're part of the committee? Because you're part of the parent's committee, You should be a good example. If you want to read along,okay. If you want to keep an eye on me, that's fine. If I'm not teaching well, then please correct me. But please don't interrupt my class. To be educated is a student's right. Aren't you a lawyer? Yes, It's a right. In Taiwan, under Article 21 of the Constitution Okay,stop...whatever... No matter.. You can't interrupt my student's right... ..RlGHT.. Anyway,I... What's so funny? You...You are such a pain in ass!Odd-fish! What?! You just said,I am a Pain in ass? Odd-fish?! That's right. I'll yelling at you,so what? You want to file a complaint on me? Go ahead! Daddy! Wen Di, you ran all the way over here. Daddy, stop bullying the teacher or I'll tell Papa. She's right. Daddy wasn't bullying, you little telltale! No, I didn't, Daddy is the bad one. Okay!Daddy won't be bad. Daddy will smile,okay? Teacher Fang, about these past issues. I'm sorry! From now on.I'll leave Wen Di in your care. Huh?! I once thought you were impulsive,without judgenent, and only cared about the parents" thoughts. But now I realize. That you truly like to teach the kids, even going against the parents. So now I don't have to worry and can let you take care of Wen Di. What do you mean? So you did it on purpose? Wen Di, Daddy has to go to work. You have to behave and listen to the teacher. Don't doze off in class, okay? And Daddy, you have to be good and go to work, Or I'll tell Auntie Ying-Fan. Oh,No, Daddy's so scared. Give me a kiss. Behave go to class. Teacher Fang. (means" Goodbye! " for formal ) That...Mr.Tang.. (Said very softly,) Wen Di, please close your eyes and cover your ears. (Shout abuse...)You think it's alright now? You're a pain in ass.Jerk! But...He just said I'm a good teacher? What nonsense! Wen Di, Let's Go to the class. Hello! Huh? Xiang Xi! You're here. Wen Zhen Hua, why are you standing there? No, what are you doing? Go in, go in! So stinky! you go in. I can't go in The door is open and you can't go in. What are you saying? Whatever. Just go in quickly, go in. I'll go in one condition, help me wash socks for a week. You.. Wait! , fine! OK! Okay! I will wash them, go in! Go in quickly, Fine! I go. Oh, gosh.. Superb smelly! Smells so bad. Here.This is basically a garbage dump. Do you see anyone there? I don't see anyone? But I see someone is using mountains of garbage as scenery. What's that? Go! Take a look... It should be a woman. Really? Is she still alive? Let me see! She's still alive. How can she even live here? You think everyone is the same as you, Mr."Clean over the top",so clean all the time. Hey! If without me, our house can to live in ? Ok..ok..Thank goodness that we have you. our house can to live in, and we can survive. I'm so hungry. That...That can talk. Well, she's still alive. Tang Xiang Xi! hurry up! Come here! Help me to open the door. Wow,what are you doing? You just finished biochemical war, did you? Hurry come in. Stop!Don't make fun of me.Hurry up! Put some newspapers on the floor, from here until to bathroom. Hurry! Ok.Wait. That Miss "bacteria",She was simply doing a bacteriological weapon research in the house. This is really too exaggerated! Her kitchen simply is a large petri dish of bacteria. Did you know that? Sh..sh..sh.. (Quiet! She is here) (astonished) You..(Bastard!?) I..(What am I doing wrong?) Why did you bring her into our house? She's about to starve to death. I couldn't just leave her alone. Oh, gosh! You let her sit in my chair? Well, it's better than sitting your daughter's chair, don't you think? She can sit in yours! My chair? I have to sit in my own! You...(Idiot!?) Forget it! Whatever. I'm going to take a shower. Good idea!Your body have a lot of bacteria, go quickly and take a bath, and you worn the gloves should be.. I directly destroy it. Give me the garbage bag, quickly! Ok, here. Hey! When she left, should I help you to destroy your chair ? I don't even care, leave me alone! Get away! Sometimes, I really think that guy is just like my old mother.Did you kown that? This woman is in her own world. Hello, miss Wu. I'm the community of chairman,My name is Wen Zhen- Hua. Since you owed ​​unpaid management fees, so... To keep things simple, he's the debt collector. Money? Oh, I have it. I have to go home to get it. Oh, go..go,talk to her. What do I have to? You go! You're the one in charge of this. I.. Oh, you go. Mr. chairman. I don't have time to contact with alien. I.. I got to go. Where are you going? I got to go to work. As the chairman of the community unable to pay mortgage,right? No... Then what do we do about her? She.. The alien just leave for NASA to handle it. Aren't you taking a shower first, then go out? And those clothes are dirty. Don't just throw then in the washmachine. Ok, you just take care of this. Goodbye! Miss Alien. Next episode preview: This is Wen Di's drawing. Last time we met I said those words to you. I want to deeply apologize. Teacher Fang,I really want to thank you. This is for you. Don't get the wrong idea. This doesn't mean anything. It's just showing gratitude. Do you mind I received his flower, or just jealous I received his flower? He is mine. They must suffer unfair than others. I will protect Wen Di and also Daddy Wen. How can you be a teacher? A student doesn't show up at the school and you don't contact the parent? (The two fathers ending theme) Lyrics: Happiness is not a love song Singer: Rene Liu Your anxiety and emotional ups and downs, I also have all experienced You aren't an isolated island there someone smiling on you. Some of personality isn't suitable for each other, still have to respect each other's character. Once been together, right now, how much do you appreciated it in your Heart? Happiness isn't a love song! Not finished singing even if the end. Not a lesson, Sometimes tears to flow continuously, you can't think of the bitter Happiness isn't a love song Not occasionally come to visit, , can not be predicted It is very true, warm your at each moment. Happiness isn't a love song. Not finished singing even if the end. Not a lesson Sometimes tears to flow continuously you can not think of the bitter Happiness isn't a love song Not occasionally come to visit, can not be predicted It is very true! Warm your at each moment...... [♪ soft music playing ♪] Welcome to a March of Dimes Minute. Did you know that the RDSP has a significant number of benefits to people with disabilities. I love the fact that it makes use of the federal government money. I love the fact that it has tax-deferred growth; You don't pay taxes until money comes out of the plan. It will not affect your entitlement to ODSP benefits. And it can actually supplement the use of a Henson Trust. Money from the RDSP may even be available before money from the Henson Trust, since the trust requires the passing of a parent. And this has been a March of Dimes Minute. [♪ soft music playing ♪] Prof: All right. Now last time we were giving examples of what might happen if one takes seriously that extraordinary eleventh footnote in Wimsatt's "The Intentional Fallacy" in which he says that the history of words after a poem was composed may well be relevant to the overall structure of the poem and should not be avoided owing simply to a scruple about intention. Essentially, that's what Wimsatt says in the footnote. So I went back to the great creator raising his plastic arm and suggested that, well, maybe after all there might be some good way of complicating the meaning of Akenside by suggesting that the modern, anachronistic meaning of "plastic" would be relevant to the sense of the poem. This by the way--just because one can make this claim and, I think, make it stick in certain cases, doesn't mean that the proposition is any less outrageous. Just imagine > a philologist being confronted with the idea that the meaning of words at a certain historical moment isn't the only thing that matters in understanding the meaning of a poem. So I just wanted to give another example a little closer to home in the poem of Yeats, the 1935 poem "Lapis Lazuli." I began talking about it last time. It's a poem which begins, "I have heard that hysterical women say / they are sick of the palette and fiddle-bow, / of poets that are always gay..." The storm clouds of the approaching war are beginning to gather. A lot of people are saying, "Enough of this kind of effete culture. We need to think about important things, particularly about politics and the social order"-- by the way, a very powerful argument in 1935. In any case, Yeats was on the other side of the controversy and insisted, after all, that there is a continuing role for art, as indeed, on the other hand, there may well be even in such times. So he's sick of everybody saying they don't want to talk about painting, they don't want to talk about music, and they don't want to talk about poets who are "always gay." All right. So then the poem continues. It involves a stone, a piece of lapis lazuli that has a kind of a flaw in it, which is like a "water-course," and where one can imagine a pilgrim climbing toward increased enlightenment. As the poem goes on, Yeats talks about the way in which civilizations crumble-- that is to say, all things fall apart, but then it's possible to build them back up. He says, "All things fall and are built again / and those that build them again are gay." Now, as I said last time, needless to say, Yeats was not aware of the anachronistic meaning that we may be tempted to bring to bear on the poem. Yeats is thinking of Nietzsche, he's thinking of a word, froehlich, which probably is best translated "joyous, energetically joyous." He is just borrowing that word from the translation of a book by Nietzsche. Well and good but, if you were a queer theorist or if you were interested in making not a weak, but a strong claim for the importance of queerness in our literary tradition, you would be very tempted to say, this enriches the poem-- not just, in other words, that they are energetically joyous as creators, but also that in our contemporary sense of the word they're gay. Now this again, as in the case of Akenside, may or may not raise the hackles of the philologists, but there's a certain sense in which from a certain point of view, it's difficult to deny that it doesn't lend a certain coherence, an additionally complex coherence, to the nature of the poem. All right. Then we have Tony the Tow Truck. You're probably beginning to wish I would refer to it, so why don't I? In the second line of Tony the Tow Truck, we learn that "I live in a little yellow garage." Now of course, the denotation of the word "yellow," as Cleanth Brooks would say, is that the garage is painted a certain color. The connotation, which undoubtedly the author had no notion of, wasn't thinking of--this is a book for toddlers-- the connotation is that somehow or another there's the imputation of cowardice, possibly also the derogatory imputation of being Asian. Maybe Tony is Asian. Well--okay. This has nothing to do with the text, we say, and yet at the same time suppose it did. We could interrogate the author psychoanalytically. We could say, "Hey, wait a minute. Okay. So you say it was painted yellow. Why don't you say it's painted some other color?" We could begin to put a certain amount of pressure on the text and possibly, as I say, begin to do things with it which are kind of a five-finger exercise-- we'll be doing a lot more of that sort of thing-- but which might work. All right. These are examples of the extraordinary implications of Wimsatt's eleventh footnote, and also, I think, perhaps in advance of today's discussion, clarify to some extent the importance for critics of this kind of notion of unity. In some ways, everything we have to say today will concern the idea of unity. In other words, a connotation is valuable and ought to be invoked even if it's philologically incorrect if it contributes to the unity, the complex building up of the unity, of the literary text. If, on the other hand, it is what Gadamer would call a "bad prejudice"-- that is to say, some aspect of my subjectivity that nothing could possibly be done with in thinking about and interpreting the text-- then you throw it out. So the criterion is: is it relevant to the unified form that we as critics are trying to realize in the text? That criterion, as I say--not just for the sorts of semi-facetious readings we can do with Wimsatt's eleventh footnote but also for readings that may at least have some marginal plausibility-- this sense of unity is what governs interpretive decisions of this kind. All right. Now a word or two about the antecedents of the New Criticism: In the first place, the thirties and forties in the academic world bear witness to the rise of a canon of taste largely introduced by the great Modernist writers, particularly by T.S.*Eliot. You may notice that Brooks, for example, has a kind of Donne obsession. He gets that from Eliot's essay "The Metaphysical Poets," which is a review essay of a volume of Donne's poems edited by somebody named Grierson which made Donne overnight, for a great many readers, the central poet in the English tradition. Brooks is still, as I say, very much under the influence of this. Well, Eliot, in "The Metaphysical Poets," says some rather interesting things that had far-reaching consequences for the New Criticism. He says, "Poetry in our own time--such is the complexity of the world we live in--must be difficult." He says that poetry has to reconcile all sorts of disparate experience--reading Spinoza, the smell of cooking, the sound of the typewriter. All of this has to be yoked together in the imagery of a good poem, particularly of a metaphysical poem, and this model of complexity is what matters both for modern literature and for literary criticism. Now by the same token, other Modernists like James Joyce are also contributing to this idea of the independent unity of the work of art. In "Stephen Hero" or "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man," you remember Stephen in his disquisition on form and Aquinas and all the rest of it argues that the work of art is something that is cut off from its creator because its creator withdraws from it and simply pares his fingernails, in the famous expression. It's very interesting. You remember that in the Wimsatt that you read last time, Wimsatt argues--I think probably thinking about that passage in Joyce-- that the work of art is "cut off" from its author at birth. This is an umbilical cord he's talking about. It has no more connection with its author from birth on and roams the world on its own. Ideas like this, as I say, are taken from the aesthetic and practical thinking about the nature of the work of art that one finds in Modernism. In the meantime, let's consider the academic setting. In the 1930s, when Ransom in particular is writing his polemical manifestos, The New Criticism and The World's Body, and attacking most of what's going on as it's being done by his colleagues, he has two things in particular in mind: in the first place, old-fashioned philology, the kind of thinking about the literary text that would insist that "plastic" means what it means in the eighteenth century-- and a lot of that was being done. This was the golden age of the consolidation of the literary profession. Standard editions are being created. The great learned journals are in their early phase. Knowledge is actually still being accumulated having to do with the basic facts of the literary tradition. We didn't know a great deal about certain authors until this period of the flourishing of philology in the very late nineteenth and early twentieth century took hold and pretty much created for us the archive that we now use today in a variety of ways. So although the New Critics were fed up with philological criticism, I don't mean to be condescending toward it or to suggest that it didn't play a crucially important role in the evolution of literary studies. Now the other thing that was going on, and here--I don't know, depending on one's viewpoint, perhaps some measure of condescension might be in order, but these two were spectacular figures-- the other thing that was going on was that there was a vogue for what might be called "appreciative teaching." That is, the contemporary and colleague of I.A. Richards at Cambridge was the famous "Q," Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, whose mesmerizing lectures had virtually no content at all. They were simply evocations, appreciative evocations, of great works of literature. I have to say that at Yale, exactly contemporary with "Q" we had a similar figure, the person after whom Phelps Gate is named: the great William Lyon Phelps, who would enter the classroom, begin rapturously to quote Tennyson, would clasp his hands and say that it was really good stuff, and the students were so appreciative that they gave hundreds and thousands of dollars to the university ever after. In other words, this was valuable teaching, > but again > > the New Critics were fed up with it. This was the atmosphere they found themselves in, and what they wanted--and this anticipates the atmosphere that you'll see the Russian formalists found themselves in when we turn to them next week-- what they wanted was something like rigor or a scientific basis or some sort of set of principles that could actually be invoked, so that the business of criticism could become more careful and systematic, less scattershot, less effusive and so on. So this is, in effect, the backdrop in which in the American academy-- influenced, as we'll now see, by certain trends in the British academy-- arose in the thirties and in the forties. All right. Now the first figure I want to talk a little bit about, and the first figure whom you read for today's assignment, is I.A. Richards. Richards, before he joined the English department at Cambridge, was actually a psychologist, trained as a Pavlovian psychologist, so that when you read in his essay about "stimuli" and "needs," you see pretty much where you stand. His sense of the way in which the mind reacts to the world, to its experience, and the way in which it's an uncomplicated reaction, a resisting reaction, or an adjusting reaction, all has very much to do with Pavlovian principles. These govern to some extent Richards' understanding even of his literary vocation during the period when in 1924 he wrote Principles of Literary Criticism. For Richards, reading is all about experience--that is to say, the way in which the mind is affected by what it reads. And so even though his subject matter is literature, he's nevertheless constantly talking about human psychology-- that is to say, what need is answered by literature, how the psyche responds to literature, what's good and bad about psychic responses, and so on. This is the intellectual focus, in other words, of Richards' work. Now another aspect of his having been and continuing to be a scientist is that Richards really did believe, seriously believed, in reference-- that is to say, in the way in which language really can hook on to the world. Verifiable and falsifiable statement is for Richards the essence of scientific practice and he cares very much about that. He does not, in other words, share with so many literary critics-- perhaps even with Brooks, who follows him in making the fundamental distinction I'm about to describe-- he does not share with the majority of literary critics and artists a kind of distaste for science. This, by the way, is also true of his student, Empson, who was a math major before he became an English major. Both of them take very seriously the notion that there can be a scientific basis for what one does in English or in literary studies. So another aspect of it for Richards is-- because he takes science so seriously-- is that he actually reverses the idea that we talked about last time in Sidney, Kant, Coleridge, Wilde, and Wimsatt. He actually reverses the idea that it's art that's autonomous. If you look on page 766 in the left-hand column, you'll find him saying that science is autonomous, and what he means by that is that scientific facts can be described in statements without the need for any kind of psychological context or any dependency on the varieties of human need. It is autonomous in the sense that it is a pure, uncluttered and uninfluenced declaration of fact or falsehood. Then he says: To declare Science autonomous is very different from subordinating all our activities to it. [Here's where poetry comes in.] It is merely to assert that so far as any body of references is undistorted it belongs to Science. It is not in the least to assert that no references may be distorted if advantage can thereby gained. And just as there are innumerable human activities which require undistorted references [scientific activities] if they are to be satisfied, so there are innumerable other human activities not less important which equally require distorted references or, more plainly, fictions. Here you see Richards' basic distinction between what he calls "scientific statement" and what he calls "emotive statement," the distinction between that which is truly referential-- that which is incontrovertibly verifiable or falsifiable on the one hand, and that which is emotive on the other. Later on Richards changes his vocabulary, and he no longer talks about scientific and emotive language. Even more dangerously, from the standpoint of anybody who likes poetry, > he talks instead of "statement," meaning science, and "pseudo-statement," meaning poetry. You are really out on a limb if you're going to defend poetry-- as Richards kept doing--as "pseudo-statement," but of course "pseudo-statement" is just another expression for what he calls here "fiction." Once we sort of settle into this vocabulary, and once we get used to this clearly unquestioningly scientific perspective, why on earth do we need pseudo-statement or fiction at all? We know very well, by the way, that there are scientists who simply cannot stand to read poetry because it's false, right? Just as Richards says, there's always something kind of archaic or atavistic about poetic thinking. It's not just that it's not trying to tell the truth, as Sidney said--"nothing lieth because it never affirmeth." It is in fact, Richards goes so far as to say, following Plato, lying. Poetry is constantly getting itself in trouble in all sorts of ways--on page 768, for example. He says, sort of toward the top of the right-hand column, page 768: It is evident that the bulk of poetry consists of statements which only the very foolish would think of attempting to verify. They are not the kinds of things which can be verified. In other words, they're a pack of lies. It usually follows from this that somebody like this points out that whereas we all know that a democratic society is the best society to live in, poetry prefers feudal society: it makes better poetry. Whereas we all know that the universe is of a certain kind-- we can't even call it Copernican anymore-- poetry has this odd preference for Ptolemaic astronomy. In other words, everything about poetry is atavistic. It's a throwback to some earlier way of thinking. There is some kind of latent primitivism in poetic thinking, and Richards seems cheerfully to embrace this idea. That's what he means by "fiction" or "pseudo-statement." So why on earth do we want it? We want it, according to Richards, because it answers needs in our psychological makeup that science can't answer. In other words, we are a chaos of desires. Some of them involve the desire for truth-- that is to say, for what we can learn from science-- but a great many of our desires have nothing to do with any notion of truth but, rather, are needs that require fanciful or imaginative fulfillment, fulfillment of other kinds. The reason this fulfillment is important and can be valued is, according to Richards, that these needs-- unless they are organized or harmonized so that they work together in what he sometimes calls a "synthesis"-- can actually tear us apart. Literature is what can reconcile conflicting or opposing needs, and Richards cares so much about this basic idea that in another text, not in the text you've just read, he says, shockingly, "Poetry is capable of saving us." In other words, poetry is capable of doing now what religion used to do. Poetry, you remember--this is a scientist-- is no more true than religion, but it can perform the function of religion and is therefore capable of saving us. And so even despite the seeming derogation of the very thing that he purports to be celebrating in books like The Principles of Literary Criticism, Richards does hold on to an extraordinarily important feeling for the mission of poetry to harmonize conflicting needs. That's the role of poetry and that's what it does, simply by evoking our wishes, our desires-- irrespective of truth--in their complicated, chaotic form and synthesizing them organically into something that amounts to psychological peace. It's a little bit like Aristotle's idea of catharsis, which can be understood in a variety of ways, but Milton at the end of Samson Agonistes understands it in one way when he says, Now we have as a result of this tragedy "calm of mind, all passion spent." That could be the motto for Richards' work. The experience of art, the experience of poetry, and the reconciliation of conflicting needs results in a kind of catharsis, a "calm of mind, all passion spent". All right. Now Richards had a student, an undergraduate student, William Empson, who had, as I say, been a math major who decided he'd switch to English. He went to Richards and he said he had an idea about ambiguity. He said he felt there was quite a bit that could be written about it, and so he wondered if Richards would mind if maybe he worked on that. Richards said, "Fine. Fine. Sounds terrific. Go do it." So a few months later Empson brought him the manuscript of one of the greatest books of criticism in the twentieth century ,and one of the most amazingly surprising: Seven Types of Ambiguity. The brief excerpt you have in your photocopy packet-- I trust that you have picked it up by this time at Tyco [copy center]-- from Empson is taken from Seven Types of Ambiguity. I think Empson is the funniest person who has ever written literary criticism. I think that his deadpan way of bringing things down to earth when they get a little too highfalutin' involves the skill of a genuine stand-up comic. His timing is perfect. He has, in other words, all of the attributes of a great comic writer. I've enjoyed reading him so much that when I was asked to write a book about him, I agreed to do so. I've always been like that. Byron was the only person I enjoyed reading during the nail-biting and tense period of studying for my orals. So I wrote my dissertation on Byron as a result of that--nothing complicated, no deep reason for doing these things. But Empson I hope you enjoy. He's a page-turner, and his extraordinary brilliance as a critic is really just part of the experience of reading him. I'm particularly interested in the excerpt you have and what he does with his notions-- because this is his way of responding to "enthusiastic" or appreciative criticism. One of the tricks of "Q" and Billy Phelps and all the other sort of authors and lecturers in this mode was to say that they read for "atmosphere," that there was something that one just felt along one's bloodstream or in the pulses when one encountered great literature, and their purpose as lecturers and as critics was to evoke the atmosphere of things. So Empson says, Well, atmosphere, certainly that exists and we can talk about it in all sorts of ways; but after all, what is the use of atmosphere? What is the use of any aspect of literature if, as good scientists, we can't analyze it or can't somehow or another account for it? If there is atmosphere in the passage I'm about to quote from Macbeth, it must be atmosphere of a certain kind and there for a certain reason. What follows, it seems to me, is one of the most staggeringly beautiful, wonderful, amazing riffs on a passage of literature that you can encounter. I'm sorry if I sound a little bit like Billy Phelps, but I do get excited. He quotes the passage from Macbeth. As Empson says, the murderers have just left the room, and Macbeth is sort of twiddling his thumbs, hoping it's getting dark because it's got to get dark before Banquo can be killed. So naturally he looks out the window to see > how the time is going, and this is what he says: … Come, seeling Night, Skarfe up the tender Eye of pitiful Day And with thy bloodie and invisible Hand Cancel and teare to pieces that great Bond That keeps me pale! Empson doesn't mention this word, "pale," but in juxtaposition with the crows and rooks it strikes me that it itself is an interesting moment in the passage. Light thickens, and the Crow Makes Wing to th' Rookie Wood. Empson italicizes that because while he has something to say about every part of the passage--which all good criticism by the way should do. If you quote something, say something about all of it. > Okay--but Empson italicizes these particular lines because it's going to be the true focus of what he'll say later. Good things of Day begin to droope, and drowse, While Night's black Agents to their Prey's do rowse. Thou marvell'st at my words, but hold thee still [Lady Macbeth has come into the room]; Things bad begun, make strong themselves by ill: So prythee go with me. All right. So Empson is fascinated by this passage, and then he gives you, in the next few paragraphs, the amazing variety of grounds for his fascination. He says, Look. This is what people mean when they talk about atmosphere. It's not just something you feel on your pulse. It's something that can be described, something that can be analyzed. And I just want to touch on the last part of it. He says, "Rooks live in a crowd and are mainly vegetarian…"-- Empson's the person who says that the ancient mariner shot the albatross because the crew was hungry. He points out that in the 1798 edition of The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, biscuit worms had gotten into the hard-tack, so naturally, he says, "The particular kind of albatross that the mariner shot, I am told, makes a very tolerable broth." > > This is the mode of William Empson. So he begins here: Rooks live in a crowd and are mainly vegetarian; Crow may be either another name for rook, especially when seen alone, or it may mean the solitary Carrion crow. This subdued pun [this ambiguity--remember, this is a book about ambiguity] is made to imply here that Macbeth, looking out of the window, is trying to see himself as a murderer and can only see himself in the position of the crow: that his day of power now is closing; that he has to distinguish himself from the other rooks by a difference of name, rook-crow, like the kingly title, only; that he is anxious at bottom to be one with the other rooks, not to murder them; that he can no longer, or that he may yet, be united with the rookery; and that he is murdering Banquo in a forlorn attempt to obtain peace of mind. I'm not at all sure there's anything more to be said about that passage, which I think lays it to rest. It does so by insisting on a complex mode of ambiguity that governs the passage--not atmosphere. Sure, call it "atmosphere" if you like, as long as you're willing to subject it to verbal analysis, as long as you're willing to show how and why the atmosphere is exactly of the nature that it is, and that it arises, in other words-- and here is the relationship between Richards and Empson-- out of a complex state of mind; that poetry, the poetry of this speaker, this speaker/murderer, is attempting desperately to reconcile and harmonize, just as he is attempting desperately to be reconciled and harmonized with the society from which he has alienated himself and, of course, is failing. Macbeth is not Shakespeare. Shakespeare is representing him in poetry, attempting to do something which in the immediate psychological circumstances poetry can't do, but in the process evoking an extraordinary complexity of effort on the part of the mind to be reconciled through the medium of language. As I say, this is the sense in which Empson follows Richards. But at the same time, there's something rather different between the two. First of all, Empson doesn't really kind of settle into a sense that it's all about the reader-- that is to say, that it's all about the reader's experience of the literary. Richards is actually an avatar of figures like Iser, like Hans Robert Jauss and Stanley Fish-- whom we'll be discussing later in the syilabus-- who are interested in reader response: that is to say, in the way in which we can talk about the structure of reader experience. Empson is sort of interested in that, just as he's fascinated by the texture of textual evidence itself. He is also very interested--much more so than Richards, and certainly more so than the New Critics from whom he sharply diverges in advance in this respect-- interested in authorial intention; that is to say, for him, literary criticism is always an appeal to authorial intention. Mind you, he ascribes to authorial intention the most amazingly outrageous things that other critics threw up their hands in despair about, but nevertheless it is for him always still an appeal to authorial intention. At bottom, Empson doesn't really settle into the rigorous consideration of the author, the text, or the reader as if they were separate functions. For Empson, there's a kind of a fluid and easy movement back and forth between what for hermeneutics are three very different phenomena: author, text, reader. For Empson, it's a kind of synthetic mélange that's ultimately an appeal to the author, but certainly involves both working on the text itself and also understanding its effects on the reader. So all of this distances Empson from Richards to a certain extent, but the most important difference, I think, between Empson and the other figures we're discussing-- a difference which makes it even a little bit complex to say that he's a precursor of the New Criticism-- is that Empson very rarely concerns himself with the whole of a text. He isn't really interested in the unity of "the poem." He is simply interested in saying as much as he can about certain local effects, certainly with the implication, possibly, that this has a bearing on our understanding of, let's say, the whole of Macbeth; but he doesn't set about doing a systematic reading of the whole of Macbeth. He always zooms in on something, thinks about it for a while and then goes away and thinks about something else, leaving us to decide whether it has a genuine bearing on the entirety or on the literary wholeness or unity of Macbeth. Empson is interested in the complexity of local effects. Another thing to say about Empson's perspective, which makes him differ sharply, I think, from Richards and from the later New Critics, is that Empson is perfectly willing to accommodate the idea that maybe-- just as in the case of the psychology of Macbeth the character-- that maybe poetry doesn't reconcile conflicting needs. Maybe, after all, poetry is an expression of the irreducible conflict of our needs. The last chapter of Seven Types of Ambiguity, his seventh ambiguity, is actually, as Empson said, about "some fundamental division in the writer's mind." There, you see, he diverges from his teacher, Richards. He's fascinated by the way in which literature doesn't unify opposites or reconcile needs but leaves things as it found them, but exposed in all of their complexity. Paul de Man more than once invoked Empson as a precursor of deconstruction, not of the New Criticism. For this reason--for the reason that he's not concerned with unity and that he's not concerned with the idea of the reconciliation of opposites-- Empson, I think, can rightly be understood as a precursor of deconstruction, if only because deconstruction follows the New Criticism, of course, in being a mode of close reading; and there has never been a better close reader than Empson. Before turning away from Empson, whose influence was widespread despite this divergence, it needs to be said that his purposes for close reading are actually very different from the purposes of the New Critics-- the American New Critics, particularly Brooks whose preoccupation with unity is something he freely confesses and something that-- well, we've got ten minutes, so I shouldn't rush ahead prematurely-- but something that you can see to be at the heart of what Brooks is doing. Here Brooks, in The Well-Wrought Urn, Modern Poetry and the Tradition, and the other books for which he's well known, uses a variety of different words to describe the way in which the complexity of literature is placed in the service of unification. In the essay you're reading here, he uses the word "irony." He admits that maybe he stretches the word "irony," but he tries to argue that the variety of effects that he focuses on in his essay have to do with irony. In another great essay, the first chapter of The Well-Wrought Urn, he talks about paradox. Obviously, these are related ideas, and elsewhere he takes up other ways of evoking the way in which complex feelings and thoughts are brought together. Empson's word, "ambiguity," continues to play an important role in the work of the New Criticism. It is--at least, it puts itself out there as a candidate to be an alternative term that one might use if one got tired of saying "irony" or "paradox." > There are a variety of words, in other words. Another word given by the poet and critic Allen Tate, one of the founding figures of the New Criticism, is "tension"-- that is to say, the way in which the literary text resolves oppositions as a tension; that is, a holding in suspension a conflict experienced as tension. So there are these varieties of ways for describing what's going on in a text. It's interesting I think that if one thinks of Tony the Tow Truck one can think of-- when you go home and study it, you'll see what I mean-- there's a complex pattern of imagery, as it were, between pulling and pushing. There's a tremendous amount of pulling and pushing that goes on in Tony the Tow Truck. We'll revert especially to the notion of "pushing" in other contexts later in the course, but for the moment you can see the way in which there is a tension between that which pulls and that which pushes, which is one of the motive forces of the story. That, I think, is an example also: if it is ironic that Tony is now stuck and instead of pulling needs to be pushed, if it is in some Brooksian sense ironic that that is the case, we can understand that as irony or as tension or ambiguity. Now there's one way in which Tony is probably not a good proof text for the New Criticism. You remember that in "My Credo," the little sort of excerpt that you get at the beginning of the Brooks section in your anthology, Brooks says, "Poetry should be about moral things but it shouldn't point a moral." Obviously Tony the Tow Truck points a moral and so would be subject to a kind of devaluation on those grounds by the New Criticism-- even though there are ways of reading Tony, as I've been suggesting, New Critic-ally. All right. Now the idea of unity for Brooks, and for the New Critics in general, is that it be complex, that it warp the statements of science, and that it bring to bear a tension between the denotation and the connotation of words. The word "yellow" in the second line of Tony the Tow Truck-- its denotation is that it is a certain color, the color that Tony's garage is painted. The connotation, I have suggested, is of the variety of kinds that one might gingerly approach in thinking about complicating the texture of the story. In any case, the tension between denotation and connotation is part of the way in which irony works. So the question again is--and the question it seems to me raised in advance by Empson-- why should these sorts of tension, these movements of complex reconciliation, result in unity? It's very interesting. Brooks's reading of "She Dwelt Among Untrodden Ways," the wonderful Lucy poem by Wordsworth, emphasizes the irony of the poem. Brooks feels that he's on very thin ice talking about Wordsworth and irony at all, but at the same time does bring it out rather beautifully, talking about the irony of the poem basically as the way in which you can't really say that Lucy can be a flower and a star simultaneously. She's a flower, she's perishable, she's half hidden, and she's ultimately dead and in the ground-- whereas a star would seem to be something that she just can't be mapped onto if she is this half-hidden thing. But at the same time, Brooks says, "Well, after all she is a star to the speaker," and he's just saying, "She's a star to me; she's a flower half hidden, unnoticed to everyone else." The relationship between the depth of the speaker's feeling and the obscurity of Lucy in the world is the irony that the speaker wants to lay hold of and that reconciles what seem like disparate facts in the poem. Well, now I just want to point out that close reading can always be pushed farther. That's the difficulty about close reading. It's all very well to say, "Look at me, I'm reconciling harmonies, I'm creating patterns, I'm showing the purpose of image clusters and all the rest of it," but if you keep doing it, what you have yoked together becomes unyoked again. It falls apart, or at least it threatens to do so. A contemporary of Brooks's named F.W. Bateson wrote an essay on this same poem, "She Dwelt Among Untrodden Ways," in which he points out-- the poem's on page 802--that the poem is full of oxymorons, contradictions in terms: "untrodden ways." A "way" is a path, but how can there be a path if it's not trodden? What is the meaning of an untrodden way, or of "there are none to praise" her but "very few to love"? Why call attention not so much to the difference between "few love her" and "none praise her" as the notion that none praise her? This is palpably false because here's the poet praising her, right? So what does he mean, "none"? Why is he calling attention, in other words, to this logical disparity? "She lived unknown and few could know"--how can she be unknown if few know anything about her? In other words, the poem is full of complexities, but who says they're being reconciled? They're just sitting there oxymoronically, not reconciling themselves at all. So Bateson's argument is that Wordsworth is calling attention to a conflict of emotion or feeling that can't be reconciled, hence the pathos of the ending, "[O]h, / the difference to me," and so on. This, as I say, is a different use of close reading. It's close reading which is not in the service of unity or of unification but recognizes that the very arts whereby we see a thing as a unified whole can just as easily be put to the purpose of blasting it apart again, and of calling our attention to that which can't be reconciled just as the speaker can't be reconciled to the death of Lucy. Now the New Critics can, I think, be criticized for that reason. The aftermath of--the historical close reading aftermath of-- the New Criticism does precisely that, if one sees deconstruction as a response to the New Criticism. It's not just that, as we'll see, it's a great many other things too. The deconstructive response consists essentially in saying, "Look. You can't just arbitrarily tie a ribbon around something and say, 'Ah ha. It's a unity.'" Right? The ribbon comes off. > "Things fly apart," as the poet says, and it's not a unity after all. There is another aspect of the way in which the New Criticism has been criticized for the last forty or fifty years which needs to be touched on. The notion of autonomy, the notion of the freedom of the poem from any kind of dependence in the world, is something that is very easy to undermine critically. Think of Brooks's analysis of Randall Jarrell's "Eighth Air Force." It concludes on the last page of the essay by saying that this is a poem about human nature, about human nature under stress, and whether or not human nature is or is not good; and arguments of this kind, arguments of the kind set forth by the poem, "can make better citizens of us." In other words, the experience of reading poetry is not just an aesthetic experience. It's not just a question of private reconciliation of conflicting needs. It's a social experience, in this view, and the social experience is intrinsically a conservative one. In other words, it insists on the need to balance opinions, to balance viewpoints, and to balance needs, precisely in a way which is, of course, implicitly a kind of social and political centrism. In other words, how can poetry in this view--how can literature be progressive? For that matter, how can it be reactionary? How, in other words, can it be put to political purposes if there is this underlying, implicit centrism in this notion of reconciliation, harmonization, and balance? That has been a frequent source of the criticism of the New Criticism in its afterlife over the last forty or fifty years. There's also the question of religion. There is a kind of implicit Episcopalian perspective that you see in Brooks's essay when he's talking about the Shakespeare poem, in which, under the aspect of eternity, inevitably things here on earth seem ironic. > There's always that play of thought throughout the thinking of the New Criticism as well. Naturally, one will think of things in ironic terms if one sees them from the perspective of the divine or of the eternal moment. Based on a study regarding the current world status in 2010 For each tank that is manufactured in the world... 131,000 stuffed animals are made For every stock market that shatters... There are 10 versions of "What a Wonderful World" For each miscreant... There are 8,000 donating blood For each wall that exists... 200,000 welcome mats are placed While a scientist develops a new type weapon... There are a million moms baking chocolate cakes In the world more Monopoly money is printed than actual U.S dollars. There are more funny videos on the internet... than bad news in the world. LOVE has more search results than FEAR. For each person that says things will get worse... There are 100 couples seeking a baby For each weapon sold wordwide... 20,000 people share a Coca-Cola. There are reasons to believe in a better world 125 years of sharing happiness Hey all, Kermit the Frog here and this is a mystery box. You see, if anybody can guess from the clues I give what is in this box, then they can keep what is in the box. Is it cookie? No it is not a cookie Byebye. But wait a second cookie monster. There are clues. Who care' about clues without cookie.Me want cookie No cookie, no guessing game from clues. Arreviderci, frog! Wait a second! Waht? I tell you what. If you guess what is in the box, I'll give you a cookie! It a horse, it a cow, it a xxx, it a yyy, it a romproll, it a moose. Nonono! Those are wild guesses. Me wild about cookies! Ya, but haven't guessed right! Maybe if you listen to the clues! Me all ears. OK! What's the first clue? The first clue is, that it is something to eat! It's a cookie! No it's not a cookie. Not a cookie... Give me a second clue. The second clue is that it is something round! A cookie! No it's not a cookie! Not a cookie. So a third clue. Third clue. Just thought it might be cookie. Not it's not, The colour of this thing is orange. Something to eat. that is round and orange. It's a cookie! No it is not a cookie!!! Just thought., One last chance, you know? No it's not a cookie. OK! Ahhhr, aarh, me give up. What? How can you give up?. It's something to eat, it's round and orange It's an orange! It's an orange! Me like that fourth clue! Is it an orange? Of course it's an orange. I've just told you that it is an orange! Me guessed right. me get cookie. Give a cookie! No you don't get a cookie. I told you what it was. I told you it was an orange. You didn't guess it right! Frog! What? In the life, life not all guessing games, frog. Sometimes we have to care about friends. Especially friends who love cookies! Friends that love cookies so much that they play silly guessing games because maybe, just maybe, a frog, a very handsome frog , who has cookie will give best best friend who know can't live without cookie Give that best friend a cookie! But, if friendship mean nothing Ok ok ok. Here's, here's your cookie. One measely cookie? Speach like this deserves 5 cookies! I only have one cookie! OK, in that case we settle. hammmmmhammmmhammm. I bring to you a message from tens of thousands of people -- in the villages, in the slums, in the hinterland of the country -- who have solved problems through their own genius, without any outside help. When our home minister announces a few weeks ago a war on one third of India, about 200 districts that he mentioned were ungovernable, he missed the point. The point that we have been stressing for the last 21 years, the point that people may be economically poor, but they're not poor in the mind. In other words, the minds on the margin are not the marginal minds. That is the message, which we started 31 years ago. And what did it start? Let me just tell you, briefly, my personal journey, which led me to come to this point. In '85, '86, I was in Bangladesh advising the government and the research council there how to help scientists work on the lands, on the fields of the poor people, and how to develop research technologies, which are based on the knowledge of the people. I came back in '86. I had been tremendously invigorated by the knowledge and creativity that I found in that country, which had 60 percent landlessness but amazing creativity. I started looking at my own work: The work that I had done for the previous 10 years, almost every time, had instances of knowledge that people had shared. Now, I was paid in dollars as a consultant, and I looked at my income tax return and tried to ask myself: "Is there a line in my return, which shows how much of this income has gone to the people whose knowledge has made it possible? Was it because I'm brilliant that I'm getting this reward, or because of the revolution? Is it that I write very well? Is it that I articulate very well? Is it that I analyze the data very well? Is it because I'm a professor, and, therefore, I must be entitled to this reward from society?" I tried to convince myself that, "No, no, I have worked for the policy changes. You know, the public policy will become more responsive to the needs of the poor, and, therefore I think it's okay." But it appeared to me that all these years that I'd been working on exploitation -- exploitation by landlords, by moneylenders, by traders -- gave me an insight that probably I was also an exploiter, because there was no line in my income tax return which showed this income accrued because of the brilliance of the people -- those people who have shared their knowledge and good faith and trust with me -- and nothing ever went back to them. So much so, that much of my work till that time was in the English language. The majority of the people from whom I learned didn't know English. So what kind of a contributor was I? I was talking about social justice, and here I was, a professional who was pursuing the most unjust act -- of taking knowledge from the people, making them anonymous, getting rent from that knowledge by sharing it and doing consultancy, writing papers and publishing them in the papers, getting invited to the conferences, getting consultancies and whatever have you. So then, a dilemma rose in the mind that, if I'm also an exploiter, then this is not right; life cannot go on like that. And this was a moment of great pain and trauma because I couldn't live with it any longer. So I did a review of ethical dilemma and value conflicts and management research, wrote, read about 100 papers. And I came to the conclusion that while dilemma is unique, dilemma is not unique; the solution had to be unique. And one day -- I don't know what happened -- while coming back from the office towards home, maybe I saw a honey bee or it occurred to my mind that if I only could be like the honey bee, life would be wonderful. What the honey bee does: it pollinates, takes nectar from the flower, pollinates another flower, cross-pollinates. And when it takes the nectar, the flowers don't feel shortchanged. In fact, they invite the honey bees through their colors, and the bees don't keep all the honey for themselves. These are the three guiding principles of the Honey Bee Network: that whenever we learn something from people it must be shared with them in their language. They must not remain anonymous. And I must tell you that after 20 years, I have not made one percent of change in the professional practice of this art. That is a great tragedy -- which I'm carrying still with me and I hope that all of you will carry this with you -- that the profession still legitimizes publication of knowledge of people without attributing them by making them anonymous. The research guidelines of U.S. National Academy of Sciences or Research Councils of the U.K. or of Indian Councils of Science Research do not require that whatever you learn from people, you must share back with them. We are talking about an accountable society, a society that is fair and just, and we don't even do justice in the knowledge market. And India wants to be a knowledge society. How will it be a knowledge society? So, obviously, you cannot have two principles of justice, one for yourself and one for others. It must be the same. You cannot discriminate. You cannot be in favor of your own values, which are at a distance from the values that you espouse. So, fairness to one and to the other is not divisible. Look at this picture. Can you tell me where has it been taken from, and what is it meant for? Anybody? I'm a professor; I must quiz you. (Laughter) Anybody? Any guess at all? Pardon? (Audience Member: Rajasthan.) Anil Gupta: But what has it been used for? What has it been used for? (Murmuring) Pardon? You know, you're so right. We must give him a hand, because this man knows how insensitive our government is. Look at this. This is the site of the government of India. It invites tourists to see the shame of our country. I'm so sorry to say that. Is this a beautiful picture or is it a terrible picture? It depends upon how you look at the life of the people. If this woman has to carry water on her head for miles and miles and miles, you cannot be celebrating that. We should be doing something about it. And let me tell you, with all the science and technology at our command, millions of women still carry water on their heads. And we do not ask this question. You must have taken tea in the morning. Think for a minute. The leaves of the tea, plucked from the bushes; you know what the action is? The action is: The lady picks up a few leaves, puts them in the basket on the backside. Just do it 10 times; you will realize the pain in this shoulder. And she does it a few thousand times every day. The rice that you ate in the lunch, and you will eat today, is transplanted by women bending in a very awkward posture, millions of them, every season, in the paddy season, when they transplant paddy with their feet in the water. And feet in the water will develop fungus, infections, and that infection pains because then other insects bite that point. And every year, 99.9 percent of the paddy is transplanted manually. No machines have been developed. So the silence of scientists, of technologists, of public policy makers, of the change agent, drew our attention that this is not on, this is not on; this is not the way society will work. This is not what our parliament would do. You know, we have a program for employment: One hundred, 250 million people have to be given jobs for 100 days by this great country. Doing what? Breaking stones, digging earth. So we asked a question to the parliament: Do poor have heads? Do poor have legs, mouth and hands, but no head? So Honey Bee Network builds upon the resource in which poor people are rich. And what has happened? An anonymous, faceless, nameless person gets in contact with the network, and then gets an identity. This is what Honey Bee Network is about. And this network grew voluntarily, continues to be voluntary, and has tried to map the minds of millions of people of our country and other parts of the world who are creative. They could be creative in terms of education, they may be creative in terms of culture, they may be creative in terms of institutions; but a lot of our work is in the field of technological creativity, the innovations, either in terms of contemporary innovations, or in terms of traditional knowledge. And it all begins with curiosity. It all begins with curiosity. This person, whom we met -- and you will see it on the website, www.sristi.org -- this tribal person, he had a wish. And he said, "If my wish gets fulfilled" -- somebody was sick and he had to monitor -- "God, please cure him. And if you cure him, I will get my wall painted." And this is what he got painted. Somebody was talking yesterday about Maslowian hierarchy. There could be nothing more wrong than the Maslowian model of hierarchy of needs because the poorest people in this country can get enlightenment. Kabir, Rahim, all the great Sufi saints, they were all poor people, and they had a great reason. (Applause) Please do not ever think that only after meeting your physiological needs and other needs can you be thinking about your spiritual needs or your enlightenment. Any person anywhere is capable of rising to that highest point of attainment, only by the resolve that they have in their mind that they must achieve something. Look at this. We saw it in Shodh Yatra. Every six months we walk in different parts of the country. I've walked about 4,000 kilometers in the last 12 years. So on the wayside we found these dung cakes, which are used as a fuel. Now, this lady, on the wall of the dung cake heap, has made a painting. That's the only space she could express her creativity. And she's so marvelous. Look at this lady, Ram Timari Devi, on a grain bin. In Champaran, we had a Shodh Yatra and we were walking in the land where Gandhiji went to hear about the tragedy, pain of indigo growers. Bhabi Mahato in Purulia and Bankura. Look at what she has done. The whole wall is her canvas. She's sitting there with a broom. Is she an artisan or an artist? Obviously she's an artist; she's a creative person. If we can create markets for these artists, we will not have to employ them for digging earth and breaking stones. They will be paid for what they are good at, not what they're bad at. (Applause) Look at what Rojadeen has done. In Motihari in Champaran, there are a lot of people who sell tea on the shack and, obviously, there's a limited market for tea. Every morning you have tea, as well as coffee. So he thought, why don't I convert a pressure cooker into a coffee machine? So this is a coffee machine. Just takes a few hundred rupees. People bring their own cooker, he attaches a valve and a steam pipe, and now he gives you espresso coffee. (Laughter) Now, this is a real, affordable coffee percolator that works on gas. (Applause) Look at what Sheikh Jahangir has done. A lot of poor people do not have enough grains to get ground. So this fellow is bringing a flour-grinding machine on a two-wheeler. If you have 500 grams, 1000, one kilogram, he will grind it for it for you; the flourmill will not grind such a small quantity. Please understand the problem of poor people. They have needs which have to be met efficiently in terms of energy, in terms of cost, in terms of quality. They don't want second-standard, second-quality outputs. But to be able to give them high-quality output you need to adapt technology to their needs. And that is what Sheikh Jahangir did. But that's not enough, what he did. Look at what he did here. If you have clothes, and you don't have enough time to wash them, he brought a washing machine to your doorstep, mounted on a two-wheeler. So here's a model where a two-wheeler washing machine ... He is washing your clothes and drying them at your doorstep. (Applause) You bring your water, you bring your soap, I wash the clothes for you. Charge 50 paisa, one rupee for you per lot, and a new business model can emerge. Now, what we need is, we need people who will be able to scale them up. Look at this. It looks like a beautiful photograph. But you know what it is? Can anybody guess what it is? Somebody from India would know, of course. It's a tawa. It's a hot plate made of clay. Now, what is the beauty in it? When you have a non-stick pan, it costs about, maybe, 250 rupees, five dollars, six dollars. This is less than a dollar and this is non-stick; it is coated with one of these food-grade materials. And the best part is that, while you use a costly non-stick pan, you eat the so-called Teflon or Teflon-like material because after some time the stuff disappears. Where has it gone? It has gone in your stomach. It was not meant for that. (Laughter) You know? But here in this clay hot plate, it will never go into your stomach. So it is better, it is safer; it is affordable, it is energy-efficient. In other words, solutions by the poor people need not be cheaper, need not be, so-called, jugaad, need not be some kind of makeshift arrangement. They have to be better, they have to be more efficient, they have to be affordable. And that is what Mansukh Bhai Prajapati has done. He has designed this plate with a handle. And now with one dollar, you can afford a better alternative than the people market is offering you. This lady, she developed a herbal pesticide formulation. We filed the patent for her, the National Innovation Foundation. And who knows? Somebody will license this technology and develop marketable products, and she would get revenue. Now, let me mention one thing: I think we need a polycentric model of development, where a large number of initiatives in different parts of the country, in different parts of the world, would solve the needs of locality in a very efficient and adaptive manner. Higher the local fit, greater is the chance of scaling up. In the scaling up, there's an inherent inadequacy to match the needs of the local people, point by point, with the supply that you're making. So why are people willing to adjust with that mismatch? Things can scale up, and they have scaled up. For example, cell phones: We have 400 million cellphones in this country. Now, it is possible that I use only two buttons on the cellphone, only three options on the cellphone. It has 300 options, I'm paying for 300; I'm using only three but I'm willing to live with it, therefore it is scaling up. But if I had to get a match to match, obviously, I would need a different design of a cellphone. So what we're saying is that scalability should not become an enemy of sustainability. There must be a place in the world for solutions that are only relevant for a locality, and yet, one can be able to fund them. One of the greatest studies that we've been finding is that many times investors would ask this question -- "What is a scalable model?" -- as if the need of a community, which is only located in a space and time and has those needs only located in those places, has no legitimate right to get them for free because it's not part of a larger scale. So either you sub-optimize your needs to a larger scale or else you remain out. Now, the eminent model, the long-tail model tells you that small sales of a large number of books, for example, having only a few copies sold can still be a viable model. And we must find a mechanism where people will pool in the portfolio, will invest in the portfolio, where different innovations will go to a small number of people in their localities, and yet, the overall platform of the model will become viable. Look at what he is doing. Saidullah Sahib is an amazing man. At the age of 70, he is linking up something very creative. (Music) Saidullah Sahib: I couldn't wait for the boat. I had to meet my love. My desperation made me an innovator. Even love needs help from technology. Innovation is the light of my wife, Noor. New inventions are the passion of my life. My technology. (Applause) AG: Saidulluh Sahib is in Motihari, again in Champaran. Wonderful human being, but he stills sells, at this age, honey on a cycle to earn his livelihood, because we haven't been able to convince the water park people, the lake people, in [unclear] operations. And we have not been able to convince the fire brigade people in Mumbai -- where there was a flood a few years ago and people had to walk 20 kilometers, wading in the water -- that, look, you should have this cycle in your fire brigade office because you can then go to those lanes where your buses will not go, where your transport will not go. So we have not yet cracked the problem of making it available as a rescue device, as a vending device during the floods in eastern India, when you have to deliver things to people in different islands where they're marooned. But the idea has a merit. The idea has a merit. What has Appachan done? Appachan, unfortunately, is no more, but he has left behind a message. A very powerful message Appachan: I watch the world wake up every day. (Music) It's not that a coconut fell on my head, and I came upon this idea. With no money to fund my studies, I scaled new heights. Now, they call me the local Spiderman. My technology. (Applause) AG: Many of you might not realize and believe that we have sold this product internationally -- what I call a G2G model, grassroots to global. And a professor in the University of Massachusetts, in the zoology department, bought this climber because she wanted to study the insect diversity of the top of the tree canopy. And this device makes it possible for her to take samples from a larger number of palms, rather than only a few, because otherwise she had to make a big platform and then climb her [unclear] would climb on that. So, you know, we are advancing the frontiers of science. Remya Jose has developed ... you can go to the YouTube and find India Innovates and then you will find these videos. Innovation by her when she was in class 10th: a washing machine-cum-exercising machine. Mr. Kharai who is a physically challenged person, one and a half foot height, only. But he has modified a two-wheeler so that he can get autonomy and freedom and flexibility. This innovation is from the slums of Rio. And this person, Mr. Ubirajara. We were talking about, my friends in Brazil, how we scale up this model in China and Brazil. And we have a very vibrant network in China, particularly, but also emerging in Brazil and other parts of the world. This stand on the front wheel, you will not find on any cycle. India and China have the largest number of cycles. But this innovation emerged in Brazil. The point is, none of us should be parochial, none of us should be so nationalistic to believe that all good ideas will come only from our country. No, we have to have the humility to learn from knowledge of economically poor people, wherever they are. And look at this whole range of cycle-based innovations: cycle that's a sprayer, cycle that generates energy from the shocks on the road. I can't change the condition of the road, but I can make the cycle run faster. That is what Kanak Das has done. And in South Africa, we had taken our innovators, and many of us had gone there share with the colleagues in South Africa as to how innovation can become a means of liberation from the drudgery that people have. And this is a donkey cart which they modified. There's an axle here, of 30, 40 kg, serving no purpose. Remove it, the cart needs one donkey less. This is in China. This girl needed a breathing apparatus. These three people in the village sat down and decided to think, "How do we elongate the life of this girl of our village?" They were not related to her, but they tried to find out, "How can we use ... " They used a cycle, they put together a breathing apparatus. And this breathing apparatus now saved the life, and she's very welcome. There's a whole range of innovations that we have. A car, which runs on compressed air with six paisa per kilometer. Assam, Kanak Gogoi. And you would not find this car in U.S. or Europe, but this is available in India. Now, this lady, she used to do the winding of the yarn for Pochampally Saree. In one day, 18,000 times, she had to do this winding to generate two sarees. This is what her son has done after seven years of struggle. She said, "Change your profession." He said, "I can't. This is the only thing I know, but I'll invent a machine, which will solve your problem." And this is what he did, a sewing machine in Uttar Pradesh. So, this is what SRlSTI is saying: "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world." I will just tell you that we are also doing a competition among children for creativity, a whole range of things. We have sold things all over the world, from Ethiopia to Turkey to U.S. to wherever. Products have gone to the market, a few. These are the people whose knowledge made this Herbavate cream for eczema possible. And here, a company which licensed this herbal pesticide put a photograph of the innovator on the packing so that every time a user uses it, it asks the user, "You can also be an innovator. If you have an idea, send it back to us." So, creativity counts, knowledge matters, innovations transform, incentives inspire. And incentives: not just material, but also non-material incentives. Thank you. (Applause) Sometimes I say ...this universe...this world 'IS NEVER' what you think it is, and, this universe 'IS' what you think it is. This world 'IS NEVER' what you think it is. This world 'IS EXACTLY' what you think it is. Can you understand this? Since I arrived in Tiru, I stayed at Ramana Ashram. I could recognize all thought...all feelings ... are not the true 'I' because in one second they could disappear. And they do. If I could just recognize this ... a huge, endless, formless, peacefulness happened. It's the Self ...the true 'I'. It is the true freedom. Some minutes later I recognized another thought and then let it go ... and then... the Self. If I continue this practice, the 'I' thought will disappear. I mean the sense of individuality will disappear completely ...then question mark is there. So the question is "if I continue to practice, the 'I' thought will disappear" "I mean will the sense of individuality disappear completely?" Yes, and it sometimes is still there, like a soft shadow. It is said that sometimes in daytime you can still see the moon, in full daylite, we can see. Sometimes in the full presence of the sun, the moon can be seen, but then nobody pays much attention to it. When no sun, we write poetry to the moon. But when the sun comes, sometimes you can still see the moon, but nobody pays attention to it. Sense of individuality ...I don't know ...In the inner experience of this, what this question is asking ...in the inner experience of this, people may speak to you about personality, but inside you will not have a way of understanding what it is ...this personality ...what it means? ... it has no meaning at all. When we are really in the believe with the mind, it feels like, ah yes, your personality...my personality....well it's just ... but in the state of freedom, such words, they have no meaning. What is personality? I don't know. Your life is more like a verb than a noun. It's not a fixed thing. For a long time we are really perceiving ourselves like we are an object ....referring to your body like 'you'. But as your mind also is merging in that heart, Infinite Heart, you don't feel like an object at all. It's as though your existence is experienced like it is space moving in space. You are like a form of space moving about in space. There is a lightness ... a transparency ...a purity. When that belief ...the 'I' belief' ... when that is thinned out and only that radiant consciousness is remaining then all these things we speak about will become known to you spontaneously, you don't have to learn them. You don't have to go study them in a book anymore because they are revealed in you. And this is why I am sharing with you ...reminding you ...you don't have to study so much. They way in which 'mind' studies, it accumulates information, but you are the information-less Being. So, I say, don't worry about studying all these things, unless you want to impress people with them. Find THAT and BE THAT. And what needs to be known arises spontaneously. What needs to be done arises spontaneously in you. The needs ...the true needs of the moment get satisfied. Appropriate actions come ...appropriate responses come. Where from? Out of the depth of your Being, they come. And in a moment. You can go anywhere ...in any climate ...in any culture ... you may not be able to speak their language, but you'll still be in tune with the Presence there. You will speak to people who have a discipline that you don't know anything about, but just being present as Presence, you will converse and they will have the sense that they are speaking to someone who is in their discipline. All of this is inside your own Being. So, don't lose energy studying individual things. Find that thing, which when found, you won't have to be asking others questions anymore. If something is to be known, it will arise out of the depth of your own Being. I speak to you from that common ground. Not from the place of multiplicity and differences. Differences really are superficial ...they are unreliable ...momentary. Enjoy. Don't be afraid. Naturally our Beingness is not a fearful Being. We learned fear. But it's instinct in us to trust. "if I continue to practise" this person says ... What is the practice? Best practice ...remain as the Self. Keep identifying 'I AM THE SELF'.. What does it mean "the Self'?' That which perceives everything else that is taking place in It's presence. It is the Seer. Both the actions, reactions, interactions are ocurring spontaneously in your Presence. If you don't touch the thought that 'I am the doer - I am the one that makes things happen', because if you touch this thought with belief, then you'll believe it into existence and it will become your experience. This is how the world works, by the way. Sometimes I say, this universe, this world 'IS NEVER' what you think it is and, this universe 'IS' what you think it is. This world 'IS NEVER' what you think it is. This world 'IS EXACTLY' what you think it is. Can you understand this? If you believe ... we are perceiving what we are conceiving. If you are a person, this world will seem full of persons. When you are Being you will not feel bound. You will know every Being ...look in the eyes of every Being ...and you'll know ...you'll recongnize your Self.. These things are not poetry. They are simple truths. And you will experience them and confirm them for your Self. You will confirm them. In your Heart they will be confirmed. You see, when you're something The life you want It takes you on You seem so heavy I find you sulking if you won Don't want to be the messenger Ohhhh-ohh You see, when you're something You're eyes are open and you're on I'm here and I'm ready For a time, so take it if you want Who wants to be the messenger? Ohhh-ohh Who wants to be the messenger? We could look on Ohhh-ohh Ohhh-ohh Who wants to be the messenger? Who wants to be the messenger? We've got to-- Ohhh-ohh (get it) Who wants to be the messenger? Ohhh-ohh We've got to-- Ohhh-ohh (get it) The greatest challenge in studying human population dynamics is that people make choices that affect their birth and their death rates. Each choice is in turn affected by social, cultural and economic context Human beings are unique in this regard. For almost all other species, instinct, ecology and other external factors determine the rates of birth and death. Accordingly, in order to understand human population dynamics, it is important to understand how social, cultural, and economic contexts effect demographic behavior. [inaudible] was on the first to recognize the linkages between social, economic, and cultural context on the one hand, and demographic behavior and population dynamics on the other hand. He proposed that population resources and the economy were linked in a feedback system. When population exceeded available resources, birth and death rates adjusted because living standards fell. As they adjusted, the population birth rate changed and population came back into balance with resources. Whether birth or death rates were more important in making the adjustment depended on social and cultural context. In some societies when population grew too quckly and living standards fell, people delayed marriage or gave it up entirely, resulting in a lower birth rate. In other societies, death rates rose when resources were not sufficient for the population. And again, which of these two mattered depended upon cultural context. While [inaudible] views remain controversial. And, in fact, are often misunderstood. They ignited an important debate that continues to the present day. Much contemporary research focuses therefore, on how social, cultural and economic context affects the choices that people make that affect, in turn, their birth and death rates. For example, much recent work has been devoted to understanding why it is that as economies develop birth rates tend to fall. In the west, birth rates fell dramatically in the late nineteenth century, in the early twentieth century, as the industrial revolution proceeded. In many developing countries, birth rates have fallen dramatically in the recent decades. Again, as economic development has proceeded. A number of hypotheses have been advanced to explain why this might be the case. Some have argued that as economies develop. Children become more expensive. They have to be schooled. They have to be fed at a higher standard. They have to be clothed at a higher standard. Now, as the expense of children rises, parents choose to have fewer of them in order to concentrate on the ones that they do have. Others have hypothesized that birth rates fall because parents are no longer as worried as they were in the past about having someone to care for them in their own age. In a modern economy, people can rely on pensions and other forms of social support when they are older. Of course, vigorous debate continues over the relative importance of these and other factors in accounting for the reductions in birth rates that occur as economies develop. (Applause) I'm going to start by conducting a scientific experiment that involves everyone. So follow the instructions carefully. I'm going to ask you a question & you have to answer by holding up two hands when I say GO And the answer is going to be a number between 0 and 10. And the question is, "When you were in kindergarten, how good were you at painting or some other creative art?" 0 is "nothing" and 10 is "I was Picasso". Ready? Everybody GO! So we have a lot of kindergarten Picassos. I guess average about 8. Now, 2nd question : "Today if you were to judge yourself as a painter, 0 to 10, what would you be?" GO Right. Now we are down to average of about 3. So the experiment obviously, everyone knows we are talking about innovation. But creativity is important for innovation. So what happened between kindergarten and today that made you 5 points worse at painting or other creative arts? Obviously you are getting older and a lot of things happen. I think today's society, today's education & all these conferences; We have been talking to those, what I call 'positive deviants'; the people in society who have figured out a way not to get programmed into being uncreative. But even you, the audience here today, who are probably most creative people, still find themselves, somehow, self-limited by society, education ... So, somehow we have to fix this because we know in the old days maybe the point was, to get to factory on time & do as you were told & get the widgets out. But today we realize that we need innovation & for innovation we need creativity. I want to talk a little bit about how I thought about it. Very very different approach. But I want to talk a little bit about my background. So, I'm an internet guy & I changed when internet happened to me. So I think of the internet as a fundamental component of the evolution of man. We are in the age of the internet. So, in the old days BI (stands for before internet), life was simple. It was like Newtonian. You could predict what was going to happen. Life didn't change. When you became an adult you would just repeat the same thing over and over again.. and you would produce. And as a child you would learn. After internet, the world became complex & unpredictable. You found out that Newton's laws were local ordinances that didn't apply anymore. Suddenly the world became unpredictable, complex and scary actually. I have come up with 9 principles. I'm actually writing a book with my friend Jeff on this, about the principles of Al, what happens after internet, how do you have to think about it. Let me give you a few examples. So this is my bathroom in Japan, circa 1990 something. This is the 1st commercial internet service provider in Japan. The internet, when it was created, was competing against a lot of different standards, by telephone companies & Govts. But the reason that the internet won was because - It was a triumph of distributed innovation over centralized innovation. It was a triumph over this kind of scattered, small pieces loosely joined seat of the pants innovation over heavily funded, heavily controlled innovation. Internet is not a technology. It is a philosophy of innovating without asking permission. Just like you should paint without having to ask yourself for permission. What the internet did was lower the cost of collaboration and created a network... that connected everyone together. And when you add that to Moore's Law, which everyone I think knows which is that "Computers have been accelerating geometrically & speed & lowering prices" And when you put those 2 together, we have low net cost of the networks. So, cheap distribution, cheap collaboration & cheap cost of computing, You get "low cost of Innovation". So what does that mean? In the old days, I still remember, before Internet (Bl) when you wanted to write a piece of software, When you wanted to do a project, you would have to get this MBA guy to write a business plan, So that you could raise the money & then you would hire the engineers & they would make all the stuff & then you would create the project, it would cost millions of dollars. But it started out with a business person & ended up with the engineers. This is the old days. Today, what happens? You get Google, Facebook, Yahoo. Bunch of students, engineers, build the thing without any permission. They connected to the internet at no cost & the things start to go. And then they get the money. After they get the money, they figure out how do we make money? What's the business plan? It's the opposite. Old days was - think of the idea, write a business plan, get the money, build the thing. It's build the thing, get the money, then think about what to do about it. I am an investor in Twitter, if you look at Google, none of these guys had a business plan Or a business model before they got the money. So fundamentally different world where, You actually do not have the MBA first. You have the engineer first. In these principles, it's systems over objects. First of all because they are about, How does what you do fit into the entire system? It's disobedience over compliance. No one starts a new business by being told what to do.They come up with their own ideas. It's emergence over authority. It's not who is important or who is authoritative. These guys were the guys on the edges. These people are the people who are disobeying and coming up with their own ideas. And practice over theory. It's not about coming up with some grand theory of the world or Some economic theory & then figuring out what to do. You just build it and then you figure out what it means. So practice over theory. The other thing that this fundamentally changes is 'the nature of Risk'. In big company's person's head everybody is worried about the downside risk Because there are so many ways to lose money. But in Venture Capital, my average investments are $100,000 per investment. So, the most I will lose on every deal is a $100,000 that I invest in you. But, for any of these companies I just talked about, if you had invested a $100,000 in the 1st round, You would have become a billionaire or at least a 100 millionaire. So what you do is, you try to bet on a bunch of great ideas. I never read business plans. I look at the people. The good ones you help, the bad ones you let them go. It's a completely different way of thinking about taking risks. This is really about taking risk, understanding risk over safety & resilience over strength, Which basically means power to bounce back over power to resist the idea. Which ties to this idea of agility. Agility is the ability to move quickly. Youtube, 2005. I am male seeking everyone between 18 and 45. Upload video. It was the video dating site. Bad idea. If this had taken years to make, They would have kept trying this for a long time. But because they didn't spend so much time making it, they quickly pivoted to Flickr with video. And then MySpace video. But this agility from the lack of assets. Every line of code, every piece of hardware, every Intellectual Property piece lowers your agility. All those assets that we thought were prized assets are actually liabilities when it comes to agility. This is also Compasses over Maps. Don't try to plan everything. Have a strong compass. You have to have value but figure it out as you go along. That's agility. And Pull over Push. You also have to embrace Serendipity. This is luck but it is also the stuff that you see around you, the Pattern Recognition. If you are hunting mushrooms, you can't focus on finding the mushrooms. You have to fade out of the focus & then the mushrooms hop out. When you focus, we all cherish focus and execution. But the minute you do that, you plan everything, you can't be lucky. And you need a lot of luck. The power of Pull. This is John Seely Brown (in the image) This is a great idea which is the idea of pooling the resources as you need them. The example I will give is, when the earthquake happened, I was in Boston. I was worried about radiation for my family. Within weeks, I had every expert in the world on radiation monitoring & hardware, just using the internet!, So we started from not knowing anything, to knowing so much, that we created a non-profit with volunteers & 3.5million points of data. More data than any Govt database publicly available. And, all plans of the Govt failed but this ad hoc group that we had by just pooling the resources that we needed succeeded. And this is really about the world of internet. It's not stalking lots of stuff. It's you can pull the stuff as you go along. We invented a new bag accounter, made an open source hardware. You can download & build it yourself. Just like the cost of innovation & software went down, so all the energy went to the start ups. Now this is also happening in hardware. This is also going to happen in biotechnology, where the cost of innovation is going nearly to zero. At the Media Lab, we are working very much at disobedience over compliance. You don't get a nobel prize by doing what you are told. We are 'learning' over 'education'. I don't like the word 'Education'. Education is what other people do to me. Learning is what you do to yourself right? So we focus on that. And practice over theory. We have a degree in Media Arts & Sciences, which is Arts & Science, Design & Engineering & this is our building. And we just did a faculty search & we put as a requirement that the faculty had to be anti-disciplinary. I'm lucky that MlT allows to do this. This means that, if you can do what you want to do in any discipline,You don't belong at the Media Lab. You can only come to the Media Lab if we are the only place you can do what you want to do, Whether you are a student or a faculty. And the way we measure our success is 'Uniqueness', 'Impact' & 'Magic' And we have a very ..... model i.e. we don't sit around & talk about things. We just build things. And I just joined about a year ago. The big change that I'm trying to do is, I'm trying to change the Media Lab from a container into a network & today I'm going to announce That we are trying to work very closely with Laksnmi & the INK community to connect our networks together (Applause) So, starting next year we would like to have a Media Lab event inside of INK. We are going to try to tie up our Fellows network. We are trying to do a lot of exchange. We'll figure it out as we go along. Again it will be practice over theory. But Lakshmi & I have decided that we are going to connect strongly so we hopefully, We will see a lot of us here and we will see a lot of you over in Cambridge. Thank you very much! (Applause) SPEAKER 1: All right, let's begin by building a tool chest of our analysis techniques. But before we begin, it would worth while asking the question, what does it mean to analyze a circuit? Well analyzing a circuit simply means find all the element v's and i's. In other words, find all the branch variables. And so what are these branch variables? Well if you look at element R1, I can write its branch variables as plus minus v1 here, so the voltage across R1. And I can assign a current i. And for R4, as an example, I can say there's v4 and there's i4. And in general I'm pretty free to assign voltage and currents in any direction. But you will notice that I'm going to follow a discipline where I'm going to draw the current entering into the positive terminal. And I will show you why in a quick second. So as another example, I can define the element value for v for the voltage source. The branch variables here would be v0 and a current i0 going here. And so on and so forth and I can do the same for all the elements. So analyzing a circuit really means go find all the element v's and i's for the circuit. Now we're ready to start with our analysis techniques that will go into our tool chest. The first method that we will look at is called a very basic KVL, KCL method of circuit analysis. And as I mentioned earlier, our goal with circuit analysis is to find all the element v's and i's. The KVL, KCL method is extremely simple. In the first step in this method, you take your circuit and you write down for each element their v-i relationships. Then, the second step, you pick all the nodes and for each node you write KCL. Then as a third step, you go through the loops one by one and you write KVL for each of the nodes. Notice that each of these equations is a very simple equation containing simple algebraic expressions of the currents and the voltages. Now you'll end up with lots and lots of equations and you will have lots of fun solving them. Let's take a look at an example. So our goal, as I said earlier, was to find all elements v's and i's. Now before we go in and do an example of using the KVL, KCL method, I want to spend 30 seconds telling you about a couple of ideas on how to label element v's and i's. So for example, here's an element, the Element e in some circuit. And notice it has a v and an i. In general, what we're going to do is we are going to follow a little discipline or a little convention in how we assign the voltage and currents. Specifically, we are going to take the current to be positive going into the positive voltage terminal So in this case, here is the positive voltage terminal of the Element e. And so we're going to be assigning currents to be going into the positive voltage terminal. Now you can do whatever you want, it really doesn't matter. You can go and assign currents and voltages any which way and reverse them and KVL, KCL will simply work. It just turns out that in a lot of what we do in circuits and electronics, it is useful to follow conventions so that you don't make silly algebraic mistakes. So whenever you have a choice of being able to do something 10 different ways, it is just good to be disciplined and use one technique all the time so that you just don't make mistakes. Now one benefit of taking the current to be going into the positive terminal of the element is that the power consumed by the element, which is given by vi, is positive. So if you choose your convention of the current going into the positive terminal, then the power consumed by the element, vi, is going to be positive. So this way, or this convention, of assigning voltage and currents as the branch variables is called the associated variables discipline. And again, as with all disciplines, it's something we impose on ourselves, it's a convention. We just follow this convention to simplify our lives and to reduce the chance that we're going to make mistakes. And if you don't like this, don't worry, go ahead, make my day, pick different convention for v and i, just be careful. If you follow this convention, it is less likely you will make mistakes. Now before we actually begin the KVL method, there is one more thing that I need to quickly cover which is a few elements relationships. So you have seen resistors before. So for a resistor with the resistance value R, the v-i relationship is simply given by v equals iR. Where if this is my voltage v, and the current i, v equals iR. Next, for our voltage source, let me draw out a voltage source with voltage V0 in this case. And let me assign branch variable, v plus v and v, and the current i. Then the element relationship, v is given by V0. One of the places where I find students getting confused is the difference between element values and the component value itself. So if you look at a voltage source of this sort, V0 is a property or this voltage source. So if it's a battery, it might supply a voltage V0 of 1.5 volts. However, when I take this voltage source and I put that into a circuit, with the circuit it's going to draw some current i and there will be some voltage across it. If there's a resistor, it will be some of the voltage. But if I put an ideal voltage source with internal voltage V0 and I stick that into a circuit, then the branch variable v associated with that will also be equal to V0. But in general, that doesn't have to be true. Next, let me go to a current source. In this case, I would define my current source like so. I can also apply branch variables v and i. And the equation, if the current source supplies a current I0, then the element relationship for this is given by i equals I0. So these are three examples of element relationships for resistors, voltage sources, and current sources. OK, we are done with the preamble. We are now all set to dive into method one of circuit analysis, the KVL, KCL method. So let's apply this method to the demo circuit that we used earlier. And let's see how we can find out all the element v's and i's. Now recall, the KVL, KCL method said, in fact circuit analysis said, that solving a circuit involves finding all the element v's and i's. So why don't we start this example with labeling all the v's and i's for our demo circuit. OK, so let's get started and very quickly label all the branch variables. And I'm going to to follow the associated variable discipline in doing that. So let me start by labelling all the branch variables. Let me call this v0, current is i0 coming in here. Let me call this v1 and let me say this is current i1. Let me say this is v4, current i4. Let me say this is v3 and current i3. Let me then say that this guy here is v5 and current is i5. In this case, it's v2 and the current is i2. So I have a bunch of branch variables assigned. And I also have these branch variables involved with the currents and voltages. And notice here that in this example I have used the associated variable discipline, that I have assigned all my currents flowing into the positive terminal of each of the assigned branch voltages. So here I get 12 unknowns in all. If we count v0, v1, v2, v3, v4, and v5, that's 6. And i0 through i5, that's another 6, so I have a total of 12 unknowns. Also notice that is a is a node, b is a node, c is a node, and d is a node. And so those are my nodes. I will be writing KCL for those nodes. And then I have a bunch of loops. So what are my loops here? So I have a loop L1, I have a loop L2, I have a loop L3. Now I claim there is one more loop. Like let me pause here for a second and have you think about where that fourth loop is. PAUL JAY: Welcome to The Real News Network. I'm Paul Jay. On March 18, Bosco Ntaganda, accused of being a war criminal for his activities in the Congo--he's a warlord and, as we understand it, working mostly with Rwanda. He's of Rwandan descent. Any rate, he walks into a U.S. embassy in Rwanda and gives himself up. He's then flown to the Netherlands. And he's going to face charges for war crimes before the International Criminal Court. So just why did he give himself up? And does this reflect any change in Rwandan policy towards the Congo or U.S. policy? Now joining us to talk about all of this is Maurice Carney. He's the executive director and cofounder of Friends of the Congo. He joins us from Washington, D.C. Thanks for joining us again, Maurice. MAURlCE CARNEY: Hi. It's a pleasure being with you, Paul. JAY: So tell us a little bit about this guy. And then why on earth would he give himself up? CARNEY: Yeah. The claim that Bosco Ntaganda gave himself up is dubious at best. However, the best way to look at the situation is that Bosco represents the third high-level Rwandan proxy who have committed crimes in the Congo and then fled back into Rwanda. Back in 2004, you have a gentleman by the name of [aZu.@mutubisi] who committed crimes in the Congo, and as a result of pressure fled back into Rwanda. In 2008, end of 2008, start of 2009, you had Laurent Nkunda, who headed up the National Congress for the Defense of the People. There was global pressure put on Rwanda for its support of Nkunda and his rebel militia inside of the Congo. And Rwanda basically took him off the playing field, put him under house arrest, and--. JAY: Give us a brief history of Ntaganda and just why he is considered a war criminal. CARNEY: Well, he's got seven counts of charges against him by the International Criminal Court for abducting of children, making them child soldiers, forms of slavery in terms of enslaving girls to be booty in his rampage in the east of the Congo. He's committed heinous crimes. One example in 2008, for example, in a place called Kiwanja, he pretty much moved in with his troops and wiped out the entire village. So he has a long history, dating back over a decade, of committing heinous crimes in the Congo itself. He's a former or a veteran of the Rwandan Patriotic Front, fought with the Rwandans in 1994 when they took power in Rwanda, fought with Rwandans when they invaded Congo in 1996, and then subsequently he served as a rebel proxy militia inside the Congo from mid-2000 to the present. JAY: Now, just to put this in some big context again for people who aren't following the story, we've talked about this before. The Congo is perhaps one of the greatest deposits of natural riches on the planet. And Rwanda and Uganda, more or less in alliance with the U.S. policy, have been sponsoring these rebel groups in the Congo. And Ntaganda himself, he hasn't been at odds with Rwanda, right? So why hand him over? CARNEY: Yeah. He was handed over largely because of global pressure. As you stated, Rwanda and Uganda, with the full backing of the United States, since 1996 have invaded the Congo twice. They've fought each other--that is, Rwanda and Uganda fought each other on Congolese soil. And they have supported proxy militia in the Congo for the last 16 years. And what happens is whenever there's global pressure put on Rwanda for its support of the elicit network that's in the eastern provinces of the DRC, the way Rwanda responds is to remove the leader of that militia and replace him with another leader. So, as I shared a little earlier, in 2004, [Zu.mutubiti], a Rwandan proxy inside of the Congo, pressure came on, and he fled back into Rwanda, where--he's still there today. In 2008, 2009, Laurent Nkunda headed up the rebel militia called the National Congress for the Defense of the People. Pressure was put on Rwanda as a result of UN reports and other documentation of Rwanda's complicity in destabilizing the Congo, and Laurent Nkunda was put under house arrest by the Rwandan government. And the Rwandan chief of defense or defense minister, James Kabarebe, replaced Laurent Nkunda with Bosco Ntaganda, and Bosco Ntaganda took over the leadership of the CNDP. Now, today, we have pressure put on Rwanda again for its continuing destabilizing of the eastern provinces of the DRC, and Bosco was taken off the playing field, ostensibly to be replaced by another rebel militia, named Sultani Makenga. JAY: Now, hang on. Bosco says he's not guilty. He says he gave himself up, but he also says he's not guilty. He says, I'm just a soldier. So isn't Rwanda a little worried that when Bosco gets in front of the ICC he's going to point the finger at Rwanda and say, I was just a soldier for them? CARNEY: I don't think Rwanda's--that's what many analysts are saying, but I don't think that's a major concern of Rwanda. Paul, there is no dearth of evidence in terms of Rwanda's complicity in war crimes, crimes against humanity, the destabilizing, the pillaging of the Congo. So there's just an abundance of evidence. The evidence of Rwanda's complicity in the Congo is not the issue. What is the issue is that in spite of Rwanda's crimes in the Congo, it continues to get cover from the United States, from the United Nations, from the United Kingdom. And this is where the problem lies. There's a lack of political will on the part of the world powers that are protecting Rwanda to act against Rwanda. When I say act, I mean sanctioning Rwanda at the UN. Rwanda's violated UN embargoes. Putting high-level officials, Rwandan officials, on the sanctions list--they've been identified and named for their role in destabilizing the Congo. So this is where the issue lies today. That illicit network that Rwanda has in the eastern provinces of DRC is still intact, and that's where we really need to focus. If we focus on Bosco at the Hague and what he's going to say and what he's not going to say about Rwanda, we'll be missing the ball. We need to dismantle that illicit network that is in place in the eastern provinces of the DRC destabilizing the region, pilfering the resources, and--. JAY: Right. Now, didn't President Obama as senator--we've talked about this before, but didn't he actually sponsor a bill that would require the United States to sanction countries like Uganda and Rwanda--and actually that's what they had in mind was Uganda and Rwanda--for interfering in Congolese affairs? So as president, what's been the followup? CARNEY: Until June 2012, he hadn't acted. It was in June 2012 that United States finally withheld $200,000, which is a pittance in terms of what the U.S. gives to Rwanda each year, in some exceeding over $200 million a year. So there has been a lack of action on the part of the Obama administration. And that's why we say we need to keep the pressure up. It's important to note the administration is represented by Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Johnnie Carson and the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice. They acknowledge the role that Rwanda has played. In fact, Susan Rice is quoted recently, within the last couple of weeks, as saying Rwanda's played a negative--or is negatively involved in the Congo. When asked, well, why don't you do something about it, then she says it's complicated. The reason why it's complicated: because this is a U.S. ally that is sponsoring war crimes, war criminals inside the Congo, and the United States is reluctant to act. So that's where the problem lies, the reluctance on the part of the United States, the lack of political will for the U.S. to act against a proxy or a client state in Rwanda. JAY: Now, where's the Congolese government in all this? They're not innocents in all of this. CARNEY: No, no, they're not. And the Congolese government is a part of the problem, because it's a government that lacks legitimacy among the population. It's a government that appropriated the last elections and really doesn't represent the will of the people. And for all intents and purposes, its diplomatic effort has been lackluster. So you have a situation where you have aggressive neighbors in Rwanda and Uganda destabilizing the Congo, a weak and inept government that's headed up by Joseph Kabila. So that leaves the Congolese people to their own devices with little protection at all. And this is part of the reason why we see the United Nations having so much of a say in Congolese affairs, because of the weakness of the Congolese state. Just this past week, the United Nations proposed what they called a intervention force, made up of about 2,500 troops, that would ostensibly go after rebel militia inside the Congo. In addition to that, they appointed Mary Robinson, the former Irish prime minister, as special envoy to the Great Lakes region to carry out a peace framework for the region that was signed by 11 African nations and some of the regional bodies in late February. So really you're seeing a situation where for all intents and purposes Congo is under tutelage by the United Nations and members of the international community. And that's been the crux of Congo's problems from day one, in that the people of the Congo haven't been in control and haven't been able to determine the affairs of the Congo, and Congo has been kept weak, Congo has been kept dependent, and Congo has been kept impoverished, and all this happening in the heart of Africa, which is vital to the future of the African continent. So if you have this type of weakness in the heart of Africa, it doesn't bode well for the continent as a whole. JAY: And in terms of international mining companies that are active in Congo--and I assume many would like to be there or be there more--do they benefit from the instability, which some people have argued, because it's harder for the Congolese people to assert sort of any kind of sovereignty or regulatory environment or get royalties? Or would they not benefit from a somewhat more stable environment because, you know, chaos isn't always good for business? CARNEY: No. Well, we can look at the evidence. The United Nations from 2001 to 2003 named some 85 companies that are illegally exploiting Congo's riches. We have companies such as Banro Corporation out of Canada. They have gold concessions in the very area where the fighting is taking place that's valued over $10 billion. And they own these concessions outright--100 percent ownership of these concessions, a ten-year tax holiday. So they've definitely benefited. We have another company, AngloGold Ashanti, for example--. JAY: Well, back up for one sec. So how would this company mine when there's, you know, militias and fighting taking place? I mean, are they essentially having private armies that protect these mines? What do they do? CARNEY: Well, in the case of Banro, in the area that they have, they are protected. They don't have to be concerned about the militia. Militia are not infringing upon their concession at this stage. In the case of AngloGold Ashanti, for example, Human Rights Watch had published a report entitled, around 2005, The Curse of Gold, where you had AngloGold Ashanti officials paying off militias in order for them to get access and control the areas where AngloGold Ashanti wanted to do the gold mining. So you have a situation where these international mining companies have worked with militia groups. And eventually, at a certain point, once they get up to production levels--The Toronto Star had run a piece on Banro where they indicated at some point they're going to have to have some kind of security, private military corporations or some security to protect their investments, because you have a situation where they're displacing local Congolese population in order to get access to those mineral resources for industrial mining. And that doesn't sit well with the local population. So they're going to have to protect their investment not just from militia, but also from the local population, who may have grievances because they've been displaced and not properly compensated for the land that they've lost. JAY: So a weak Congolese government and chaos in the countryside, if you can afford your own army, ain't so bad. CARNEY: Exactly. It's good for business. JAY: Alright. Thanks for joining us, Maurice. CARNEY: Alright. Thank you. JAY: And thank you for joining us on The Real News Network. Many of the differences between JavaScript and Python are similar to the differences between American English and British English. Sometimes the spelling changes a bit, or the pronunciation changes a bit, but in general, they are mutually intelligible. It should look very similar, but with 1 or 2 extra letters. JavaScript is big on curly braces. Python is big on tabbing. JavaScript is big on semi-colons. Python not so much. JavaScript really loves parentheses. Python could take them or leave them. Python could have these, could have these, but doesn't have to. They're somewhat optional. And in some sense, preferring one over the other is a bit like preferring Brutus to Caesar. I've heard that Brutus is an honorable man, or at least so Mark Antony told me. They're both entirely reasonable from our perspective. Is this a dagger I see before me? I guess this one must be Brutus, and this one must be Caesar, and you know which one is which because of these convenient labels. Here I've written a new JavaScript function called "ironcrutchli." This one is not recursive, but it takes a formal argument x and then does some reasoning based on x and returns values as a result. I want to make sure that you're following along with JavaScript, so I'm going to have you tell me what this function evaluates to based on a few different inputs. In this fill-in-the-blank quiz, for each one of these inputs, imagine we're calling ironcrutchli on 0, so this 0 is bound to the value of x. What would the output be, similarly for 1, 2, and 9? Sweet disposition Never too soon Oh, reckless abandon Like no one's watching you A moment of love A dream, a laugh, a kiss, a cry Our rights, our wrongs A moment of love A dream, a laugh A moment of love A dream, a laugh So stay there 'Cause I'll be coming over While our blood's still young It's so young, it runs Won't stop 'til it's over Won't stop to surrender Songs of desperation I played them for you A moment of love A dream, a laugh, a kiss, a cry Our rights, our wrongs A moment of love A dream, a laugh A moment of love A dream, a laugh Stay there 'Cause I'll be coming over While our blood's still young It's so young, it runs Won't stop 'til it's over Won't stop to surrender Won't stop 'til it's over Won't stop 'til it's over Won't stop 'til it's over Won't stop to surrender Let's work with Algebraic Simple Manipulation. For example, let's solve the following equation for F. Right now, we have C as equal to something, and we want to manipulate this equation to get F is equal to something instead. And we'll begin by multiplying both sides of the equation by 9/5 in order to get rid of this fraction here. That is, we have, 9/5 * C is equal to 9/5 * five-ninths * F - 32. And 9/5 * five-ninths is one, so these fractions will cancel, which leaves us with 9/5 * C = F - 32. And now, we'll add 32 to both sides of the equation, which gives 9/5 * C + 32 = F - 32 + 32. And -32+32 will cancel. They add together to give us zero, which leaves us with F = 9/5 * C + 32, which would be our answer. By the way, these are the equations that we used to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures. Alright, let's see another example. Let's solve the following equation for y. What we can do is we can start by multiplying both sides of the equation by this denominator here, y - three, which gives us x * y - three = 3y + two / y - three * y - three. And now, the y - 3's on the right will cancel. And we are assuming here, of course, that y does not equal three, which leaves us with, x * y - three = 3y + two. And now, let's distribute this x to both of these two terms which gives us x * y - 3x is equal to 3y + two. Now, remember that we want to solve this equation for y. So, let's bring all the y's to one side and everything else to the other, which gives us x * y - 3y = two + 3x. And now, we'll factor a y out of both terms on the left, which gives us y * x - three = two + 3x. And now, let's divide both sides of the equation by x - three. And the x - 3's on the left will cancel and we're assuming here, of course, that x does not equal three, which leaves us with our answer y = two + 3x / x - three. And this is how we algebraically manipulate an equation to solve for a variable. Thank you and we'll see you next time. Jaeurazn Presents : SPlCA - Potently Translator : popgasa Please don't try to deceive me with obvious lies This isn't just once or twice - why are you doing this? Your nervous eyes and your trembling voice I knew it all along and just pretended not to know (I don't need your love I don't want no more) I won't hold it in anymore, I won't believe you anymore (I don't need your love get away from my life) I hate your fake face - I won't ever see you again I want to potently leave you, I will dump you I can't forgive you - you will regret everything Stop playing around with me with the same lies Just watch, you will be in more pain than me - get away Did the love I gave you seem too light? This isn't just once or twice - really, why are you doing this? Who you're seeing and where you went and what you did I knew it all along and just pretended not to know (I don't need your love I don't want no more) I won't hold it in anymore, I won't believe you anymore (I don't need your love get away from my life) I hate your fake face - I will really erase you I want to potently leave you, I will dump you I can't forgive you - you will regret everything Stop playing around with me with the same lies Just watch, you will be in more pain than me - get away Your words that I hate so much Are your words saying that you loved me Don't play with me, don't joke around Look for a girl who will believe those words I liked you a lot, I loved you a lot I'm so angry - will you give it back to me? I will give you back all the scars that I have I want to potently leave you, I will dump you I can't forgive you - you will regret everything Stop playing around with me with the same lies Just watch, you will be in more pain than me Will you please vanish from my memories, will you please leave? I can't forgive you - you will regret everything Stop playing around with me with the same lies Just watch, you will be in more pain than me - get away Thanks Everybody And now, now we have a sense of the beauty of black holes, is there any astronomy to this? Do they exist? Can we see them? Well technically, of course, we can see them cause no light gets out besides which the star has not yet collapsed past its horizon. But, black holes produce no light so you can't actually see a black hole because they're black. what we can see ss a very dense, massive object. So, we can see we need something to be orbiting it. Something to be influenced, to be nearby, to be influenced by the intense gravity of solar mass, or five, or ten solar mass object such that matter can orbit it within 300 kilometers. at that distance, you get very intense gravitational effects. And so if only something would orbit it, indeed, the way we discover black holes is when they are surrounded with something else. And for a stellar collapse black hole, that typically requires that our star was part of a closed binary so that there is stuff around from the other member of the prime binary. And the best way to have that happen is have a close binary with mass transfer. And then, we have mass transfer, then the matter falling onto the black hole forms the usual accretion disk where it waits to lose its angular momentum to jets driven by magnetic fields in the disk in the standard way that we don't quite understand but have grown familiar to saying. the interesting thing is this disc extends all the way into three shroud shaped radii. And there's nothing orbiting inside that, because there are no stable orbits. But three shrouts of radii from a several solar mass black hole, that's extremely intense gravitational field. There's intense compression and heating material is heated to millions of Kelvin. The radiation that it emits are x-rays. And so, the way to detect black holes, at least initially, was to look for x-ray sources. And one of the first discovered, and the most famous, is Cygnus X-1. You can guess what constellation that sits in. That's an x-ray binary which is some x-ray source in close binary orbit w ith a typo super giant. So, we can see one star and we can see from it's spectrum that it's orbiting something, and there are x-ray flickers that are clearly too energetic, too hot, and also too rapid to be emitted from anything as large and flabby as a type-O super giant. And using the standard Doppler measurement technology when you see a binary, spectroscopic binary, you can estimate the mass of this partner to the type-O super giant. And the mass estimates depending on how it's done, it's not a easy business, come in between ten and twenty solar masses. But there's, at least, ten solar masses in this partners. So, that's not very much for a star, maybe there's some dead star there that we don't see that has a dense star producing so many x-rays, and well maybe neutron stars produce x-rays. But a neutron star can't have a mass of bigger than two or maybe optimistically, three solar masses. What could produce x-rays and have a ten have ten solar masses. Well, what nails it is that these x-ray signals are seen to flicker on very small timescales. it flickers in as little as a millisecond thousandth of a second is the time it takes for these xray flickers to turn on and off. And that gives you a limit for the size of an object that can, that can, flicker in that time. Because for the, for some object to decide to turn on or off altogether, takes at least as long as it takes for light to traverse the object from side to side because no one information can transmit, can travel faster. So, if something is flickering in a millisecond, it cannot possibly be larger than 3,000 km across. And that's huge for a neutron star, but it's tiny for a star. You can't fit a star in 3,000 kilometers. You cannot even fit a good white dwarf in 3,000 kilometers and something has ten solar masses. The only option that we know is a black hole, and we have very good reason to believe that Cygnus X-1 and many x-ray sources that have been found since are in fact accretion disks around black holes. If there's a black hole around and nothi ng is falling on it, we really will not disco, detect it. And so, here is a nice recent Chandra Observatory x-ray image of Cygnus X-1. So what we're seeing is not the blue super giant, but the x-ray emissions from the accretion disk around the black hole. Which is not resolved, we're not seeing a disk, we're just seeing the x-ray image. this is the x-ray spectrum by energy of the photons and the peak is characteristic of ionized iron. And it's broadened by the, you would expect, intense pressures in the accretion disk around this very compact massive object. And then, for another astronomical fun black hole, this is a recently detected one in the Andromeda Galaxy, and this is a black hole that has x-ray flares. Its disk is apparently undergoing violent changes, and periodically its x-ray luminosity increases. And, for the first time, the radio image over here on the right is the, the contours in the middle are detecting for the first time. The radio emission of gases, compressed, and heated, and glowing by the, the, collision of the polar jets that come out of this accretion disk which we expect to happen when you have a black hole. So essentially, where black holes, stellar mass black holes are not common because large stars, massive enough to produce the massive cores that collapse into black holes are rare in the stellar population, but in a galaxy with a trillion stars, there's black holes all over the place. We see the ones that happen to have binary partners or some source for matter from which they are accreting. And as far as we know, there's no mass limit for a black hole. In fact, we see black holes with masses of ten, five, twenty, a hundred solar masses. And then, there's a gap and then we see big holes with masses of millions up to billions of solar masses. And the issue of intermediate max black holes, things that have masses between say, a hundred solar masses and a million solar masses is a brand new thing. We think we have some recent discoveries but people are still trying to understand where t hese objects come from. They certainly didn't start out as stars. Neither did these million solar massive black holes. Where do they live? Well, they live in the center of galaxies. The image here over on the right is a beautiful movie taken of, from images over a few years of the proper motions of stars near the center of the galaxy, near a famous x-ray source known as Sagittarius A Star in the constellation Sagittarius which is the direction to the center of the galaxy from us. And it's amazing, you can see stars faraway from the center barely move but the stars around the center are really whipping. You can use just their motion to measure using Kepler's laws the mass that the object are orbiting, and you find some tens of millions or ten million or a few million solar masses. the size of the object is limited. If only by the size of these orbits it is clear that it is a very compact object. We also see jets and x-ray ignitions from a big accretion disk around it. we are absolutely confident that at the center of the milky way galaxy sits a relatively minor four to ten solar mass black hole. the black hole in the center of N-31, the Andromeda galaxy, is probably ten times at least more massive. And so and is more characteristic black holes of masses betwe- of 100 million up to a billion solar masses have been found and seemed to be in the center of most massive galaxies. When we talk next week about galaxies, we'll ask the important question, does a black hole collect a galaxy around it? Or does a galaxy produce a black hole? The answer to that like many questions about galactic evolution is, Hello, and welcome back. This week we are gonna be talking about image and video inpainting. In contrast with the topics that we described last week, where we performed a description of fundamental tools to solve a number of problems, like an isotropic diffusion, active contours, and even image inpainting. This week is about a particular problem. It's not about tools for multiple problems, it's about solving one particular problem in image and video processing. Of course, some of the tools that we are gonna be using for this might be used for other techniques, and we often learn from the solutions of a problem towards another problem. But it's a very important difference between providing for the mental tools for solving multiple problems, and solving one particular problem. So what is image and video inpainting? And let's start with image inpainting. Image inpainting is basically the art of changing an image in a non-detectable form. So here we see a painting that has a lot of degradation, and here is the restoration of that painting. This was of course done by professionals manually. It's a painting, it's not a picture, was not done in the computer, although the computer can help as well, as we're gonna see it later on. When you go and see this picture in the museum, you'll believe it's the original picture. Some experts actually might be able to notice the difference, and be able to see the regions that were actually inpainted or filled in with information from different regions. But the basic idea is that in inpainting, we show you an image or a video, and we make you believe that's the original one. In this case, it's to solve degradations. Inpainting, it's sometimes also called fill in, because we're filling in the regions of problems, the regions of deterioration with informations from this surrounding. And we are gonna see that, sometimes, with fill in with information from the near areas sometimes with information from far away areas from the whole image. There's even techniques that do image in paintin g using database of images where you look for similar things. So, this is one example of what image in painting needs to be done. Remember, it's modifying an image in a non-detectable form. And when we say non-detectable, we say at least by the non-experts. Here is another example. A lot has been done to this image, basically to transform it into this one. Of course it has been inpainted, you see these regions have been filled in. But also there were color corrections and other things, but this illustrates yet another example of image inpainting. Look at all these regions that have missing information and that were basically restored, inpainted, filled in with nice information that looks like natural in the surrounding region of the image. Of course, it's natural to extend these to regular photography, in particular when we were talking about pictures, and not digital pictures, but analog pictures, and here we see examples. Some of examples like here have a few additional restoration techniques, but we see these. For example, the picture was turned into two pieces, then was put together and to repair that, you basically see that it was inpainted. A region of missing information or undesirable information was filled in with other types of information. We see here the same. There is a scratch. Now the scratch is gone. And here there is a similar example like this. Basically, the picture was folded, and when you unfold it, you see this kind of scratch in the middle and then here its gone. So, these are all examples of image impending to restore basically the image to a much nicer looking image. Of course, this is an example that we saw in the first week, where image inpainting is done with a completely different target. In this case, and this illustrates the idea of modifying an image in an undetectable form. In this case, we see nothing, nothing wrong with this image, that we know, if you remember from the first week of class, that basically this was the original image. So what was inpainted now is the object that the user wants to remove from the image. So basically, this region becomes the region of missing information that we are gonna inpaint in, and we need to recover the water, and we need to recover the column. So we need to recover texture, we need to recover structure, straight lines and water that is basically non-straight lines. So very different types of informations need to be filled in, inpainted, in order to solve this problem of removing objects. And we discuss in the first week, this is used all the times in the movie industry, I show you a few examples of objects that need to be removed in the movie industry. Here is yet another example from this era, where basically we see here, a picture of Lenin, and a picture, and next to him there is Trotsky. And here, basically, Trotsky has been removed from the picture. So once again an object has been removed from the picture. And, yeah, you can have multiple examples of these. For example in this website, or the website that was linked in the previous slide. So again inpainting in order to remove objects that from the image or from the video. I wanna explain something that inpainting, in its basic form, cannot do. I don't wanna, you have the wrong understanding that inpainting is an extremely smart technique that can fill in with whatever you want. So let me use this example to illustrate that. Here, this person was removed, and then it was inpainted. So when you look at this image, it holds everything that inpainting is about, modifying the image in an undetectable form. But look what happened here. When the person was removed, two chairs were brought in. This is done by an expert. It's not done by the computer. There's no way for the computer to understand that what you want here are chairs. Maybe in a very, very advanced technique, when you basically provide a lot of side information, you could, in the computer, with programs like Photoshop, cut chairs from here and put them here. And this is the kind of stuff that was done here. So it's a cut and paste, and we are gonna see how to do that. But basically, inpainting, does not have that high level knowledge of what needs to be there. The computer and the user can interact to basically bring that into the scene, as we're gonna see later on. But if you don't interact, if you just say, do something with this region, the computer does not know what is that you want, why is that you want chairs there, and not, for example, green, not, for example, some of the background. But with interaction with the user, we might be able to do this, kind of a cut and paste. So, this is about image inpainting. In the next video, I'm gonna show you that we are actually familiar, in nature, with image and video inpainting, and that's actually very interesting. See you in the next video. Thank you very much. Something must be up if the discussion is still taking place. There must be a lack of balance, the balance must have shifted. You see, if you treat a poem... It has been bestowed upon a poet by nature woosh!, a bucket of inspiration is poured unto him. And then the poet is considered the author... If you try to use the same regulations and treat the same companies that mess with genes and afterwards consider them authors of those genes, so that they can sell you seeds, but seeds that have been copyrighted, as they have changed those genes. Or even discard certain natural medicines only because you cannot patent them and therefore you cannot benefit on the copyright to the plant's DNA... Well, then there's something wrong in my understanding. We take all those things... Well, the lawmakers may try to take all those things, the greed of companies and mix them up them with the problems of pianist, guitarist or a singer which may have a large audience, which are popular among generations but who can also not afford to get new teeth when the old ones wear out. Not to mention going on a educational trip, if he decedes to learn something new, or just making a living. So your question encompases many issues, and a couple of issues in which copyright applies. Personally, I'm a supporter of the copyleft movement. If I ever upload anything to the net, then it is always copyleft. I don't participate in the debate. If someone would invite me I might talk with Tomek Lipiński for instance or Wojtek Konikiewicz, both of which participated in the debate when ACTA errupted. Maybe even with Zbigniew Hołdys, who was very strict when it came to the issue. From their point of view... I think they acted as decieved artists. It's easy, people consume the fruit of their creativity taking it for free... As in stealing, in a way thinning their... Well, there must be a serious issue here, but I suppose that... As in any other matter we see the general view but it's made from smaller details and those details often come from different worlds, and only afterwards they come together as a whole. So, you know, As Wiesław Dymny Said The thin ones will be made thinner, the fat ones... No, wait. The thin ones will be made fatter. The fat ones - thinner. The tall - shorter and the short - taller. So that it all may be same. In my opinion you can't... No man should be called "illegal", no thing should be called "illegal" unless it acts to hurt another being or to exploit. With respect I cite Mickiewicz, Marley, Lao Tse and if someone should tie my hands, if my voice was restrained if I couldn't quote anyone without calling for permission to Jacek Kleyff or somebody else... Well, this would be madness. It's it not a world in which I would like to participate. And my trips outside this clearing would become less and less frequent... Hello everyone. The third eye is a term we use for the sixth chakra. A chakra is a vortex point where the stream of consciousness from your higher self, which is energy which we call Prana, feeds into the physical human form. The body organ systems will arrange itself according to the blueprint of the energetic chakras and meridians. And the sixth chakra, also called the third eye, is located right here, just above the eyebrows. Although every chakra is involved in extrasensory perception, the six chakra is the Chakra which is referred to as the seat of intuition. It is the chakra which is associated with clairvoyance, precognition, out-of-body experiences, the ability to see auras, recognition, imagination, visualization, dreaming, perception, and extrasensory perception. Because of this, the third eye is the chakra that is associated most closely with psychics. The reason we call it the third eye is because it is the chakra that allows us to be clairvoyant. In other words see beyond ordinary sight. This is why psychics, whose third eyes are open, were called Seers. When we are learning to focus into the third dimension, we limit ourselves to only seeing the third dimension. A baby is born seeing multiple dimensions but learns to focus on the third dimension by ignoring the other dimensional realities. It is said often that we may close our third eye so we may learn to see with our two physical eyes. In order to activate the third eye we are going to reverse this process. Learning how to activate the third eye is the key to experiencing higher more multi-dimensional aspects of consciousness. It is extremely important that when we are learning to develop our psychic skills, that we spend some special time getting to know our shadow sides, our fears. Because our fears are the number one thing that is going to cloud any of these intuitions, from flowing through us. And many of you are familiar with the idea of projection or the idea that your own perspective, your own fears, your own trappings could color the truth of whatever you are perceiving. It's true that there is a lot of room for mistranslation between the truth of what the universe feeds to you, and what you are ultimately able to perceive based on your individual perspective. We are each individual perspectives within the totality at the unified perspective which we call Source or God perspective. And any information you will be receiving you will be translating through your perspective. And so, the more aware you are of yourself, especially of your own fears, the less likely itʼs going to be that you will misinterpret that information or color it through the lens of what you are capable of believing. So now let's get to the meat of this discussion. What do we do to activate our third eyes? The recipe is fairly simple. Step 1: Eat a spiritually oriented diet. This diet is a vegan or raw diet. Foods that are grounding will bring you more into third dimensional reality. Whereas foods that are ungrounding allow you to expand your consciousness multi-dimensionally. Avoid fluoride, this affects the pineal gland. Some things to add to your diet when learning to activate the third eye are: My personal favorite... raw cacao, chaga mushroom, lemons, raw apple cider vinegar. All berries, especially goji berries and blueberries. Lavender, Mugwort, poppy seed, grape juice, chlorella, spirulina, blue green algae, iodine, zeolite, ginseng, bentonite clay, chlorophyil, cilantro, honey, coconut oil, hemp seeds, seaweed, and noni juice. Number 2: It's best to eliminate your dependence on your physical vision, through these two eyes when you are working to activate your third eye. What that means is, you want to either close your eyes, or better yet, find a place of total darkness, free from electronic equipment, screens or any sources of light. When you are in total darkness, the pineal gland which is the first organ which is the manifestation physically of your third eye, darkness stimulates the pineal gland to produce melatonin. And Melatonin plays a really key role in getting your brain into a state where it is able to experience, where you are able to experience heightened states of consciousness which are not limited to the third dimension. That is why melatonin plays such a key role in sleep which is in fact an out-of-body experience. You want to sit either with your back straight or lie down on a bed with your arms over your head or straight at your sides. You want to begin by watching the breath. We want to let the breath be the doorway between other dimensions and the third dimension between states of consciousness. So you are observing the breath in and out. You want to make sure you breath in the nose and not the mouth. And you want to watch your thoughts. We don't want to resist your thoughts because if you resist a thought, you focus on the thought, you fuel the thought, and more thoughts come. So, you are just observing your thoughts and when they come up you are just allowing them to flow past. You will start to get in a kind of rhythm with this. Then I want you to focus all of your attention on the tension that is in your face, neck and especially behind the ears, here. You will notice how much tension you carry in your head specifically, but that kind of tension is going to be a real deficit when it comes to allowing that energy to flow through like it has to for you to open your third eye. So, you want to focus on that tension and intentionally release the muscles around your eyes, around your ears and any other place on your head, your scalp, where they might be tension. For this next part you want to take a deep breath all the way in and you want to hold it for as long as it is comfortable. And then you want to create a small part in your bottom jaw and top jaw, just enough to fit your tongue in between your teeth. And on the exhale you want to create a very specific tone. Your pineal gland, your third eye, is very sensitive to tones so we can use tones to help activate the third eye. So once you breathe in and you have held your breath for as long as comfortably possible, you want to create the sound "T-H-H-O-H-H" like T-H-H-O-H-H it should sound like this.....(Teal demonstrates with her voice) You want to try to keep your tongue in between your teeth for that process so it's sort of vibrating between your teeth as you do that exhale. You can play around with the pitch and tone of it so you find something which really vibrates your body. You want to do this six times in a row. I do want to warn you though, that, this activity can cause headaches because you are activating a portion of your brain which isn't used to being used. So you might experience headaches, migraines, detox symptoms, dizziness sometimes or you may start to hear noises inside your head like popping or crackling. That is totally normal. So if it doesn't bother you too much continue to the second part of the exercise. Next you want to breathe in deeply and you want to hold your breath for a count of 6. Do this three times. And then, just like we did in the last exercise you want to breathe all the way in and hold your breath. But this time we will make a different tone which will accelerate your activating the third eye even further. This is what the next tone is going to be: "MAY" kind of like the month of May but it should sound like this: (Teal demonstrates with her voice) I want to explain though that people are affected by different tones. So even though we are all using the word "MAY", we can experiment with what tone specifically, starts buzzing this chakra. That is what you want to feel for. So this is how it should look.... (Teal demonstrates with her voice ) What I was doing just then is finding the tone that I could feel vibrating right here in my head area, in my third eye area. Whatever tone that is for you is the one you want to hold for this exercise and you want to repeat that six times, for the duration of a very slow out breath. As you hold this tone you might feel the sensation of buzzing move from your centre of your forehead deep into the centre of your brain, and up into the crown of your head. That is totally normal. All that is, is you are activating your third eye to such a degree that you can now feel the channel, which is a natural channel which brings extra sensory information from non-physical energy in through physical to the third eye. That is all you are feeling is that channel. Next, with your eyes closed, imagine your third eye. Imagine that it is closed just like you would close your physical eyes. Now imagine it opening as if from sleep, slowly. If you're having a difficult time, you may need to direct your eyes with lids closed toward the third eye and keep them there. So this is how it would look like: even though my eyes are closed, I can rotate my eyes behind the eyelids, straight up to be looking right here at this point in the forehead. It might feel as if your eyes are straining a bit. But this can help you to open your third eye and to activate your third eye. So this is up to personal preference, some people don't have to do that step and other people do. What do you see to see? Do you see images? What do you feel? Do you feel sensations? At first they may be blurry. You may only see patterns, colors or outlines. Your feelings might be very faint or confusing. Observe what you see or feel with no judgement. When you are born into the physical world, this world was blurry, and indistinguishable to you. Now this will be the same. In time you will learn to see what is extra dimensional with as much clarity as you learn to see the physical dimension. When you feel ready to come back to third dimension, you want to focus back on the breath which is your doorway, to and from the physical dimension, and then you want to open your eyes and you want to make sure that you write down the exact impressions which you received or saw. I want you to repeat this process every day for three weeks. And then you can begin to guide the process. When you are in the phase where you have opened your eye and you are beginning to look at and perceive the things which are extra dimensional, you can start to say any affirmative statement, such as, "clarity now". They will tell that dimensional reality to organize itself in a way that you can perceive it, in a way that you can translate it and understand what it is that you are seeing. We have to understand that we are interacting with the forth dimensional reality when we are just activating our third eyes. And a forth dimensional reality is immediate. An immediate time space reality means there is no buffer time. It's not like here, where you think a thought for so long and then it manifests. Basically, you can sum it up like this: Outside of this dimension, think it and it is so. After a few times of doing this you can amp up these sessions by deliberately going looking for things you want to see. So, you could ask the universe a question or else you could ask to be able to see something that you haven't seen before. For example, you might open your third eye and say: "Show me my mother when she was my age". You want to mess around too with different perspectives, because you are only limited to your own individual perspective in this reality. Outside this reality you can experience other perspectives. That means... let's take a given event, letʼs say you want to go back and experience Hiroshima. You could experience what it was like to be a small boy being bombed, what it was like to be a soldier dropping bombs. You could experience Sourceʼs mind, what Sourceʼs perspective of that event was at this time. There is no perspective which is off limits to you. So you can start experimenting with it in this way. After every session you want to take your hands and rub them together until they heat up, and then you want to hold them over your third eye area and your physical eyes. Think of this kind like doing a hard workout. If you do a hard workout, sometimes it feels good to warm your muscles. This process of using the energy and heat from your hands, will help you to integrate this new experience, the new things you are requiring your brain to do. There is no limit when it comes to the third eye, so it's not like you are limiting yourself purely to things which are perceived through sight. Think of the Third Eye more as a doorway to getting out of body. Pretty soon you will not even need to sit down and open your third eye to activate and use it. It will remain activated all the time. What that means is you will be a living, walking, breathing, channel for extra dimensional information to come into the physical dimension. But you will experience even in between sessions, especially in between sessions, some very key symptoms which are the result of activating your third eye. Some of the symptoms are: Clairvoyance, Clairaudience, Clairsentient experiences. You may even begin to channel, changing sleep patterns, intensely vivid or even lucid dreams. You may feel a tense heat or tingling like electricity in your hands, spine, neck and head. Sudden waves of emotion which are unexplainable. Unhealed issues and bad memories coming to the surface. Changes in your weight and especially eating habits. Most people who are active in the third eye develop extreme food sensitivities. You may suddenly find yourself being repulsed by certain foods or gravitating towards foods you never want to eat before. You will experience an increased sensitivity in all of your senses. You may be sensitive to loud noises, to certain smells or textures that never bothered you before. You may begin to see energy, things you look at like air or walls may begin to look like moving static. You may experience detox symptoms like skin eruptions and headaches. This is just a byproduct of your increasing frequency. You can no longer be a match to some of the toxicity which is stored in your body. You may experience surges of inspiration where you could not hold yourself back, even if you tried. Increased creativity levels. You may begin to experience events that completely alter your life, positive or negative. The perception that time is accelerating. Teachers will begin to show up everywhere as if the universe is speaking to you directly through everything and everyone. You may begin to see or feel thought forms, beings that are not physically manifested. Numbers will begin to show up and repeat themselves for you such as 444,1111, 355. Electrical and mechanical equipment may malfunction. You may experience dizziness or vertigo, faster hair and nail growth, heart palpitations or irregularities. These heart palpitations or irregularities happen as your heart comes into coherence with your increasing frequency. There are of course more symptoms, but these are some of the main symptoms that are the byproduct of opening your third eye. Everyone receives extra sensory information in different ways. The 4 main ways are: 1. Physically 2. Emotionally 3. Spiritually or 4. Mentally That is why we have these four major categories for psychics. The mental psychics are the ones that activate the third eye the most. They are the ones who are able to see clairvoyant images. The emotional intuitives are the ones that feel. We associate these people as the intense empaths of our time. The spiritual intuitives just know, they don't know how they know, they may not even get any kind of clear physical or mental images. They just know. And physical intuitives feel things through their body, through actual physical sensations which their body interprets. You have a primary language through which the psychic information comes to you. So what you'll notice when you activate the third eye, is that the particular sense, which is your highest psychic sense. It will be activated and it will get bigger and bigger and bigger. You will receive more and more information through it. And then there's a spillover effect, where once that one faculty, of bringing information from extra dimensional places is exhausted, it will spill over to the next. So a mental intuitive, when they open third eye, may see more and more and more and more images and then suddenly they'll start feeling things from other dimensions as well. I understand that all of us have all of these abilities, meaning that you experience some degree of all of these ways of pulling in extra dimensional information. But, you do have your specific ones, which are the most primary to you. So if you identify yourself as an empath who experiences this information, through your emotional centers, it's likely that when you open the third eye, that will actually heighten, it will get more and more. And when that spills over, you will begin to see the images. And then you will begin to just know, and then you may begin to get physical sensations. So it's not as if opening the third eye, only affects our ability to be clairvoyant. Allow this to happen. It's not always comfortable to come into alignment with awakening. It's not always comfortable to see what this universe wants to show us. But if you feel resistance cropping up, itʼs normal, all of us go through it. It's just time to release resistance. And don't worry, you are the one that is deciding to open up and allow this information in, which means you are the one deciding to do it, which means you are the one in control. In the future, I will be doing a video and how to ground yourself in the third dimension, so you can really have control over whether you are allowing yourself to exit the third dimension or come into the third dimension. And until then have fun with this exercise. Have a good week! :) Minecraft is a video game that has a lot to offer. At it's core it's, it's very open-ended. If you want to have an adventure, you can have an adventure. If you want to build something you can build something. If you want to talk to your friends, you can talk to your friends. If you want to kill monsters, you can kill monsters. So the game appeals to a lot of people. It makes a lot of sense to take a game that is already fun, that, that is proven to be enjoyable to kids, and, and, and try to find a way to bring it into the classroom. See, look here, "Minecraft Edu. Launcher." Oh! That should be it. Lori, look how pale I am. Imagine how long this took Brandon to make. Oh, God. I know. Oh! He just drops you from all the way up there. You know, my school as well as many others have been struggling with the issue of how to teach digital citizenship, which is internet ethics, online safety, privacy, research, I mean it's, it's everything. Because, as our kids are getting into Middle School and High School we had a lot of, you know, frankly ugly incidents happen, and so, you know the school's administration, along with the computer department decided we really need to start teaching these concepts earlier. You know, we're gonna treat the game world as part of the classroom. It is a classroom it's just in, in the digital space, and almost every single kid finally kinda came around and sort of, and, and got it. Go ahead and let's start off by getting in, following the instructions that are up onto the board. Okay? You are students. Pick your avatar. Pixel pushers as uh, student project here at the ETC is working with Minecraft Edu. to develop a series of, of software features for their software. So our programmers have been working on a quiz block and a lesson review tool to include in the Minecraft Edu. software, uh, while we're also working on researching, you know, how and what you can best teach with Minecraft. You can really teach a wide array of things that aren't immediately obvious. The kids have to think it's fun. Otherwise, what's the point? There's plenty of educational games out there, and frankly very, very few of them have ever been very satisfying for me. Um, I never wanted to use them in my classroom, because it, it smells like school. Make sure you're using the right material. Make sure you're not using gravel for the, the parts that are in between the pillars there, because the gravel will fall. Let's check out group two. Oh nice, you finished, uh, you're almost done with one of the harder shapes, good job. In our research, we started out asking, "What can Minecraft teach?", as we actually started play-testing with students we found that, that might be the wrong question, and that it's, it's more interesting to ask, "How can Minecraft teach?" The virtual world of Minecraft, I think is, is, is, is fun and powerful, you know for these kids, and I think they, they get it in a way that, I think some of their teachers don't sometimes. I think the most important thing for someone coming to Minecraft from an educational perspective is to just play the game. Just get a feel for how the game works, and then perhaps even more importantly, let the students play the game. You have to think about where twenty-first century kids are living, I mean they come here in schools, but they're texting each other on the way home, and then they're on Facebook, and then they're playing games together, it's all a continuum, they don't separate the conversations that they have typed into Minecraft with the ones that they have in the lunch room. There's such excitement around this game. Getting that excitement into schools all over the world. The more voices we have coming up with ideas, and creating content, and sharing content, the better. A local hospital recently conducted a blood drive where they collected a total of 80 pints of blood from donors. The hospital was hoping to collect a total of 8 gallons of blood from the drive. Did they meet their goal? How much more or less than their goal did the hospital collect? So really, they collected 80 pints. We just need to figure out how many gallons that is, and then say, well, is that going to be more or less than 8 gallons? So we start with 80 pints. And we can take it step by step. You may or may not know how many pints there are per gallon, so let's just go straight to quarts first, and then from quarts we can go to gallons. But if you know right from the get go how many pints there are per gallon, you could go there. So let's convert this to quarts. So we have 80 pints, so what are we going to multiply or divide by to get quarts? Well, one way to think about it, you're going from a smaller unit, pints, to a larger unit, so you're going to have less of that larger unit. So you're going to divide. This number's going to be smaller when it goes into quarts. And it's going to be smaller by a factor of 2 because you have 2 pints per quart. You're not going to multiply by 2. You're not going to have more quarts. You're going to divide by 2. So you could say, times 1/2. This is the same thing as dividing by 2, and we'll make sure that the units work out. We have one quart for every 2 pints, or you can view this as 2 pints per quart or 1/2 of a quart per pint. Either way, the units work out, and you're essentially taking 80 and dividing by 2, or multiplying by 1/2, and you get 40 quarts. And I want to make sure that your brain does it both ways. Because when you're just doing it, you don't have paper, you don't have the units around, you should just think, hey, 80 pints, there's 2 pints per quart. I'm going to have half as many quarts. I'm going to have 40 quarts. But when problems get a little bit more complicated, it is nice to make sure that the units cancel out in this way, so that you know, OK, 1 quart is 2 pints. Pints in the denominator, pints in the numerator, cancel them out, and I'm just left with quarts, and 80 times 1/2, which is 40. So we have 40 quarts now, and now we can convert this to gallons. We know that there are 4 quarts per gallon or that 1 gallon has 4 quarts. And once again, we're going to go from a smaller unit to a larger unit, to gallons. So we know there's a factor of 4 difference. Since you're going to a larger unit, your brain should say, hey, I'm going to divide by 4. I'm going to have a factor 4 fewer gallons because it's a larger unit. And to make sure that units work out, you just remember, well, we have quarts up here in the numerator, you're going to want quarts down here in the denominator. And we care about converting into gallons, and 1 gallon is 4 quarts. And this will work out. The quarts will cancel out. And notice, you're also dividing by 4. 40 times 1/4 is the exact same thing as 40 divided by 4, which makes sense. We're going to a larger unit. So 40 times 1/4 is 10, and the units left are gallons. So the 80 pints of blood that the hospital collected is 10 gallons. Their goal was only 8 gallons. So did they meet their goal? Yes, they met their goal! How much more or less than their goal did the hospital collect? Well, their goal was 8, they collected 10. They collected 2 extra gallons than their goal. The power of the Nine-Tails... It's responding to Naruto's rage. Do you hate me? Do you still think people can truly understand each other? Your actions are justified. But know this... My pain is far greater than yours! Let's go! Is that all you've got? Not bad. This chakra... I've felt it before. What's going on?! Lady Hinata went out to save Naruto. Don't tell me she's... A Sealing Jutsu? He broke the Seal... He's fast! Almighty Push! Impossible... He withstood my Almighty Push! Naruto... Universal Pull! What's that?! Oh my God...what is that? How is Naruto doing? How can I put it... Naruto is showing six tails right now. At this rate he might turn into the Nine Tails! Six tails?! Six...it's much worse than last time! Lady Katsuyu, please tell everyone to evacuate immediately! Now what? The Hidden Leaf Village is destroyed beyond recognition. You must all evacuate as far away as you can! This is due to Naruto's Kyuubi powers. I know because my clone is attatched to Naruto. He's in the Nine Tails? Yamato and Kakashi should have placed a Sealing Jutsu on him! How did this happen?! It was Hinata. She tried to protect Naruto and was taken down right in front of him. And then Naruto.... So that triggered it? Yes, probably. Where is Yamato? What is he doing at a time like this? Did you find Kabuto? Yes. Good. Don't let him spot you. Wh-what?! What is it? It can't be...he undid the Sealing Jutsu on his own! Six Tails?! That's insane! There's an emergency. Sorry, but I must return to the village! The power of the Nine-Tails... How magnificent. Both Naruto and Pain are moving away from the village. What? It seems Pain is fleeing from the Nine Tails Naruto. Serves him right! This is no time for laughs. We have to make sure Hinata is ok. Then do something about Naruto. The way he is now, he'll attack anyone in sight. I have to get a hold of Captain Yamato. >> Question. Derive the equation for the Laffer curve in the same economic setting under the following assumption. If individuals do not adjust their labor supply in response to the tax on their labor income. Now, the goal of this problem is to get you to think about what is the role of that behavioral response on the Laffer curve. You may wonder, this is totally ridiculous, how can it possibly be the case that people don't adjust their labor supply? Well, if you need a motivation, imagine that the government has enough information that it knows what the labor supply of every individual is in the absence of taxes, and introduce a very large penalty if people supply any other amount of labor. That will give you this kind of policy setting. Actual virtual actual is an idea from Williams and Alkalimat. It paraphrases the actions of technology users. For instance, persons in the actual world log in and interact in the virtual world, and this engagement in turn affects the actual world. Yea! An example of this process may be seen in community movements like that of the residents of Stuttgart, whose individual protests to the proposed demolition of the parks and area around their train station, were connected and united in the virtual world which led to actual world protests of the demolition. This is an important concept because it provides evidence of the importance and power of the virtual world without ignoring the needs of the actual world. This concept is also proof of the fight for power that surrounds the virtual world. Let's give a base line algorithm for sentiment analysis. The task we're going to use is sentiment classification of movie reviews and I have drawn the work of Pam and Lee and their collaborators in this lecture. So, their task was what's often called polarity detection, simple, positive, or negative. No complicated sentiment issues and they're gonna apply this to movie reviews from the IMDB website. And they've released some data that's, that's often used in research called Polarity Data 2.0, which is a set of IMDB movie reviews that have been text normalized, and I have pointed you here at the URL for that. [sound] Here are some examples of movies from their database. Take a look and see if you can decide which one's positive and which one's negative. Hopefully, you decided that the first one is positive and the second one is negative. And the way you would decide that is words like aggravating and unbelievably disappointing for negative, and cool for positive. So these are words that are going to help us in the classification task. In the baseline algorithm itself has a number of steps, we're gonna start by tokenizing the words, in the, review itself, then we're gonna extract features and the features we're gonna look at mostly are words themselves and then we will take these features and apply them in a classifier. And we have talked about naive Bayes, and so we're gonna use naive Bayes in today's lecture but in practice, we might, just as often or even more often use a maxent classifier, which we will talk about in the future, or SVM classifier, really any classifier, works fine. Sentiment tokenization a lot of the same issues come up as any kind tokenization we've talked about earlier. In sentiment you are likely to be dealing with websites, so you're going have to deal with html and xml mark up. You might be dealing with twitter, so you'll have to deal with hash tags and twitter user names. Capitalization, which in many other kinds of text normalization isn't so important. Often it's we get rid of capitalization we might in sentiment want to preserve at least some of it. Perhaps words in all caps people are often shouting by using capitalization. We're gonna want to normalize phone numbers and dates and we, it's very important in sentiment tokenization to, to recognize emoticons so I'll show you here a set of. Regular expressions for detecting emoticons from Chris Potts. So here we have one long regular expression for recognizing an optional half followed by an eye, an optional nose, an optional mouth and so on so you can see each of that either in positive or reverse orientation. And this set of regular expressions come from a whole sentiment tokenizer that I pointed you at here, and there's other tokenizers like Brendan O'Connors twitter tokenizer you can also go look at. So. A number of issues come up in extracting features for sentiment classification. One is negation. It's very important to detect, negation in a word like didn't, so we know that I didn't like this movie. We should be able to detect that it's quite different, than I really like this movie. So we're gonna need to deal with negation. And we also have to deal with the question of which words to use. We might wanna use just adjectives. We might wanna use all the words in the text. It turns out that, at least on this imdb data, and maybe in general, that looking at all words is better than looking at just adjectives. Because, often verbs or nouns or other words give us a lot of information about sentiment. So how do we deal with negation? Here is the simplest algorithm first proposed by [inaudible] and [inaudible] and used very frequently after that. We simply take the four letters, n-o-t under bar, and we, we prepen them to every words between the negation word, and then the following punctuation. So we have a, a phrase like didn't like this movie comma, but I. And we turn that into didn't, not like, not this, not movie. So now we've essentially doubled our vocabulary size. Every word could be itself, or the, the word with not under-bar prepended, and we're gonna learn that these not under-bar words we've created words for negative sentiment, or for flipping the sentiment. Let's remind ourselves about naive Bayes. The most likely class according to [inaudible], is that class out of all classes which maximizes the product of two probabilities, the prior. The probability of the class, and, the product over all positions in the document of the likelihood of the word in that document given the class. So how likely are we to see a positive movie review times for every position in the document, how likely is that word to have been expressed by a positive movie review and the same for negative, and we pick whichever one, positive or negative, has highest probability. Or if we're doing three, we're doing neutral as well, we can have three classes. And, in practice for sentiment analysis, and lots of other text classification tasks, we use, simple Laplace or add one smoothing with, naive Bayes. So, the way we're computing this likelihood, probability of a word, given class, it just by adding one to the count, and then the vocabulary size to the denominator. For sentiment and other text classification tasks, we often use a slight variant of the [inaudible] base algorithm called binarized or bullien multinomial [inaudible]. I mean, the intuition of this algorithm is that for sentiment and for other text classification tasks, we care more whether a word occurred or not than exactly what its frequency is. So, for example, the occurrence of the word fantastic tells us maybe a lot that, that we have a positive review, but fantastic occurring three times or five times may not tell us a lot more than just occurring once. So with [inaudible] multinomial [inaudible], we simply click all the word count in each document. Had a count of one. So instead of using the full term frequency, we'll just use a count of one for each document. So if we look at our original learning algorithm for multinomial naive Bayes. Here, remember, we extract our vocabulary. And now we're gonna calculate our priors, remember the priors? By looking for every, how many documents, occur with a particular class over the total number of documents. So there's our prior. And for the likelihood terms, for each word, for each class, we roughly counted how many times this word. The count of this word over the count of all words in a class. That gives us the likelihood of a word in a class and then we did some add one smoothing. Now we're going to do the exact same thing. With bullion with one extra step. Before we do our concatenating of all the documents into one big document, and counting all the words in it, we are gonna remove duplicates. So for each document, for every word type, we're just retain a single instance of that word. So if a word occurred five times, we'll keep only one copy of that word. And then we'll concatenate all these documents and then we'll doing out counting, and, and our add one smoothing as we did before for Naive Bayes. So that's our training algorithm for naive base in the bullion form. The testing when you're doing bullying multi Naive Bayes we do the exact same thing. We remove, from the test document all the duplicate words. So if a word occurs, five times we, we keep only one copy of it. And then we use the same, Naive Bayse equation that we've been using before, on this, slightly reduced test document. Let's look at an example of bullying, multinomial Naive Bayse, and here we put up the little document that we saw when we were talking about Naive Bayse originally. So we have here, four training documents, and one test document. And so the word Chinese occurs in class C, three documents are in class C. So it occurs four times. One, two, three, four, oh five, sorry, five times. So the count of Chinese is five. [sound] And it occurs three times in our test document. Chinese equals three. And so on, and so in our base equation we're going to be using this count to compute the likelihood, the probability of Chinese. Given document class C. But in the [inaudible] format, we're simply gonna p reprocess the document to remove all multiple copies of a word. Here's our [inaudible] version now. So you'll notice that there's only one copy of the word Chinese in document one, one copy in document two, one copy in document three. So now our counts in the C class in training for Chinese, the count of Chinese. Now the count of Chinese is going to be three instead of five, and in the test set here, the count of Chinese is only one. So it turns out that this version of naive base binarized bullion feature multinomial naive base works better than the full word counts And I wanna note that, for those of you who know about, that's there's an alternative version of naive Bayes called multivariate [inaudible] naive Bayes. Using binarized [inaudible] features in multinomial naive Bayes is not the same as multivariate [inaudible] naive Bayes. In fact, multivariate [inaudible] naive Bayes doesn't seem to work as well for sentiment or other tasks. So we generally use, [inaudible] words, rather than the full word counts. Although, some researches like Remial have suggested that maybe something in between the frequency and just one word, like maybe looking at the log of the frequency which is smaller than the frequency, but maybe different than using just one maybe a useful thing to try. And if you're interested, you can read the literature on this whole question of which version of naive base is most useful. As we introduced last time, Pang and Lee in our baseline classifier. We're gonna use, cross validation. So cross validation, remember, we break up our data into ten folds. I've shown only five folds here. And inside each fold, let's say we might have the same number. Let's say we have fift-, half positive and half negative in our data. So we have, let's say, four. Positive and four negative in our test set. Then we're gonna have, also, let's say we have, 500 positive, and 500 negative in our training. So we're gonna, we're gonna make sure that our test set has the same distribution of positive and negative as our training set. And then we're gonna rotate our test set through our data. And each time, we're gonna train a classifier. So classifier one, classifier two will train on this training data, test on this test data, and compute an accuracy. So we'll have accuracy one, accuracy two, accuracy three for each of these classifiers and Will, compute these performances of these classifiers, so of five different or in our example here, nine Each time we're training on a, on a fold, and computing, our accuracy. We'll take the average of all those, and we'll import the average of these ten runs, each one training on nine folds, and testing on one test fold. So, and in general, it's nice if we also add a final test, test. It turns out that other kinds of classifiers max in and s b m often do better than naive base it depends a lot on your data set and the size of the data. But you'll want to take a look at all kinds of classifiers when you are doing naive base. Now this baseline algorithm has a lot of problems. One problem is that cinnamon is just a hard task in general. So here's some examples from Penn and Lee. Take a look at them. If you?re reading this because it is your darling fragrance, please wear it at home exclusively and tape the windows shut. So that's a negative review of a perfume, but very hard to find just by using positive and negative words. Or the famous, [inaudible] by Dorothea Parker, on Kathryn Hepburn, she runs the gamut of emotions from a to b, again quite difficult to detect. Another problem that often occurs in sentiment is called the thwarted expectation problem has to do with ordering effects so. Here we read this first review, this film should be brilliant, sounds like a great plot, actors are first grade, lots of positive things goings on, but at the end, the reviewer says, can't hold up. So, seems like a positive review, but it's not. Similarly, in this sentence, the very talented Lawrence Fishburne, not so good. So here we're setting up, I expected the movie to be good, and it wasn't good. So this kind of ordering effect is something that we're gonna have to deal with in any kind of more advanced sentiment algorithm. So that's the basic baseline algorithm that we can see, for sentiment analysis. Look around you. Look to your neighbor. These are the people who are digging their hands into the dirt. And they're going to begin to take the first step: independence from a corporate industrial food system. Take the first step towards community-based regional food system that focuses on the health of our bodies, the health of the planet, the health of the soil, and respects the farmers and the food for the precious gift that it is. This is not a new idea. This is where we were in 1943, right? San Francisco had one of the best victory garden programs in the country. We had hundreds of urban productive gardens like this throughout the city. That's how you start to solve the food crisis; by digging in. If food isn't brought to the forefront, the people are going to bring it to the forefront because people are asking questions. They're getting involved in organizations. And you get those little bubbles in the water, a few minutes later the water is boiling over. The bubbles are in the water. I got involved because I saw the immediate needs of people who hungry. The people here in this country are already seeing that the system the way it is, is not working. What are you going to do as an alternative? There are other models out there -- ways in which we are going to make our systems more socially just, more economically viable, more environmentally sound and more important than anything, more resilient. You could compare it to if you're painting or trying to mix colors to get a certain new color. I think we're trying to get a more intense color for the good food movement right now. And by linking up all the different people, it's giving us more colors to work with. Richer colors. And I think more power in the system. It's a challenge for everybody to look deeper and see that the issues are really complicated. They're not black and white. And we need to look at every element as it is now. And really look forward and see, well where do we want to get to and how can we get there? Every neighborhood would have a corner store that sold fresh, healthy, affordable, local food. And those stores would be owned by the people who live in the neighborhood. We need to look at putting new community institutions into place that are part of the solution rather than part of the problem. All we can do is change course. Right where we are, stop and shift and do things differently We were put on this earth to eat. That's it. And we just added all this. Whoever created this said ok, let me, let me put some happy people on this planet and giv'em some good food to eat and let'em go. It seems to me that people get it when I put it this way. The twenty-two year old has lived through 54% of all the oil ever burned. The ten-year old has lived through a quarter. Now that points out the speed that this is coming on. The solution then was bring more fossil fuel to bear on agriculture. Step up production. More monoculture. more pesticide to support the monoculture, more chemical fertilizer to support the monoculture. Drive down the price of food. And it worked. We have been eating oil for thirty years, forty years. When we began industrializing agriculture we were taking labor out of the farm and replacing it with fossil fuel and technology. Most of the big innovations in agriculture were fossil fuel products. And they were very much the products of World War Il. We took the munitions -- ammonium nitrate fertilizer is bomb fuel -- and we converted that to fertilizer. The same factories that were making bombs one day and nerve gases, which became our pesticides. What those technologies allow you to do is monocultures -- very large fields of the same thing. Moving from diversity to this monoculture allowed you to greatly increase production. Monocultures are also supremely vulnerable to pests. So you can't have a monoculture without pesticides to defend them. And this has been our policy. We have rewarded farmers for planting monocultures. If you are a corn farmer, we'll give you money to grow corn and soy. But if you want to put in a row of broccoli, that land is permanently ineligible for subsidies. It is illegal for you to diversify your farm. For the past maybe fifty, sixty years our society has viewed food very much as a commodity. And it's been mostly valued in terms of the economics of it. And it's also seen as fuel for our bodies that we have to gas up and then we can go a few more hours and we have gas up again. Eat so that you can do the thing that you are supposed to do; you can be productive. There is something really, really missing. There is this hole where the hearth should be in our society. And yet in our society we somehow think that this fuel can come in like a little paper bag out of a window in a drive-through. And we can gobble it up and then we can move on. It's not just destroying our health, that kind of fast-food culture. I think it creates unhappiness and stress and you start looking for what's that thing that going to make me feel better? You're this prime target for advertisers to say, "oh, here's what's missing!" I really just think our bodies are just chronically deprived of the nutrients that they need. The food system is slowly poisoning all of us. It's almost like a silent, self-administered genocide for the population. And we don't notice. If we just ate real food most of the time, we'd probably be a whole lot healthier. But then you have to figure out, what's "real" food? And what's "real" food doesn't come from concentrated animal feeding operations and it doesn't come from the big poultry companies. I think people have to realize that we are in a deep crisis here in this country, not only economic, but ecological, and cultural and social. And food. There is a food crisis here in terms of the quality of the food. There is a problem of obesity so there are a lot of people that are eating too much and there's a lot of people that are eating very little. The problem is that the crisis is hidden by all the subsidies, the bailouts, and the printing of money that is coming out. It's hiding the crisis -- postponing it. So people don't feel it like the people in developing countries feel it. When you're poor, you're poor down there. Nobody is going to hide that poverty from you. Nobody is going to dump subsidies or bailouts or anything like that. It is a dysfunctional food system for the majorities, which works very well for a few corporations and works very poorly for the majority of the people of the world. And is beginning to work worse and worse for the people here in the United States. So the fact that we are up against it is actually the most hopeful thing. Because there are short-term problems -- the price of oil, water shortage. Problems that are much faster than the long-term problems of climate that we are going to have to wrestle with. And we are fortunate that the solutions to the short-term problems are solutions to the long-term problems. This is a lot easier of a problem because 7 times 2 X is just X minus 6. So I would like for us to talk about Chapter 12, but also I know you guys have been behaving better than I've ever seen you behave so I will share the bunnies with you guys. Yay! So I only have 5 bunnies so that means every other person. Can I get one fifth of all these bunnies? Well, not in this form. Aw. Haha. Yay! I grew up different, but I think that made me question the world because I think that when people approach me they see me as someone who can't do something or having limits that are their projection. I often break people's perceptions of what they think can be done with just a few fingers. Get the gloves. You want the gloves? You don't need no gloves? You got some hand sanitizer? Don't step on it. Walk on the side. Huh? You got some hand sanitizer? Yeah you can go to the bathroom and use the soap in the bathroom. That's the hand sanitizer. [Laughs] Why do you think we are weeding? Why do we have to get this grass out of here? So it won't kill the strawberries. Exactly. So the grass eats up nutrients that the strawberries need to grow. Many hands make light work. Y'all heard that before? Anybody? Nope. Never heard of it. Serious. You know what I'm talking about though right? Yeah. What I love about strawberries is you don't have to plant them every year. You just plant them one time and they come back. They love you. Hey what's with the language!? I love these peas. I used to hate these as a kid. Then I started growing them and I developed a taste for them. I learned how to do this in Mexico in a garden program. It was all organic. They liked organic because it cut their costs down and raised their yields, which is the exact opposite of what you hear here in the United States. Most of the farmers that I still work with today are organic farmers. I don't think any of them are certified. It's much too expensive for them. They're not interested in an export market anyways. They are interested in feeding their own people. I think it's good to get your hands in the dirt. The vision is huge and to accomplish it is huge. Baby carrots. Except we don't whittle ours down with a machine. Because we cannot change the economic system as it is right now, we said, well let's try to take food out of the economic system a little bit and go back to self-sufficiency as a concept. The woman who I'm working for she just decided that she wanted to use her backyard to grow vegetables. And so it turns out we can have enough to serve probably twenty people out of this backyard. When I first got to Alemany it was basically just five feet high in annual weeds. In those first eight months to ten months, Alemany Farm was kind of a gorilla garden because we didn't have permission from the city, who owned the land. I actually didn't know very much about farming at all. It was mostly due to my friend Justin, who was also involved. He was basically teaching the rest of us, who were all amateurs, how to do what we were doing. We just started going there and just tried to figure out, ok how are we going to do this now? So right now we're going to go over to the dining hall where people can come get served a meal. It's probably for some people it's the only meal they are going to receive for today. I was hungry one day and I said, free dining hall!? And I said ok let me go over there and look. So I ate that day and I said well, how can I not just get served, but now I can serve. And you're going to always deal with unless you create the paradigm shifts, the larger systems. Only thing that connects everything -- you know food systems. Because everybody eats. I had sort of made a decision that I wasn't going to have children. You kind of have these abstract ideas about population and the question is, "is it ethical to add another person to the planet?" And also is it ethical to offer this planet to this person that you care about so much. But then I got pregnant and am now just completely in love with my baby. It gives you a different sense of urgency about what you see going on around you. Everybody out there is somebody's baby. And we all need these things. We all need good food to eat. We all need clean water to drink. We all need clean air to breathe. These things aren't optional. They're really not optional. My greatest hope is that we'll actually learn how to farm with nature. And now is the moment when that struggle over the future is being understood. Food production is the most impactful human activity on the planet earth probably. I mean in terms of landscape impact there is nothing like agriculture. Because we have a generation of farmers who weren't taught those methodologies and that frame of mind -- that we're going to work with nature - they were taught to basically battle with nature. But we understand more now because humans are evolving. Our knowledge is evolving. Our understanding of nature is so much greater now than it was even thirty years ago. I think it's the greatest challenge that human's face now -- how to actually produce food and not destroy the base upon which civilization exists, which is the natural world. The Bay Area is my place. I grew up here. So this is a place that is deeply written into my cells and into my soul. My grandfather, he had a corner store and an apartment on top and he raised a family and made a living and there is something very fundamental about that I think appeals to me. The more supermarket chains and the more concentration there is in the food industry, the fewer opportunities there are for people like my grandfather in today's world to do what he did. I think that the way our international, industrial food system works is destroying local economies not just in the flatlands of Oakland, but all around the world. If we can't fix things in Oakland and we if can't fix things in the flatlands we have absolutely no business trying to fix things anyplace else. Honestly I said to a group folks the other day, we have to start thinking like squirrels about our food and the food system that we have here in Oakland. Meaning that we should have little micro-distribution points in our neighborhoods where there is always fresh food available. We should have like mad gardens like this that are in their various stages of development growing food and giving food to people and to educate people about food. As long as we are thinking about food and it's part of our conversations in our communities, I think that over time those sources will be there. People will think more wisely about how they treat the earth and how they interact with people because all of that, it's all connected. A friend of mine calls my chickens "chicken Prozac." She says they really soothe her when she looks at them and sees them scratching in the soil. And I think that seeing happy animals and the thrill they get when I throw them some snails that we find in the garden -- it's enjoyable to see them have a pleasurable life. Chickens have basically been bred to be little egg bazookas that just shoot them out. Poof. Poof. Poof. My great grandfather was born on a pig farm in these hills. He raised a lot of livestock on small plots like this. My great grandfather fed the family during the depression so they could survive during that harsh economic time, which we may be on the precipice of right now. I hope not, but the world does seem kind of precarious. Because depression is coming. We ain't fooled. And when it comes, city's that have not put infrastructure like that in are going to see anarchy. You're going to have poor people who can't afford food and if they could afford it, the shelves are going to be bare. This generation is not built for a depression. So when that pressure hits, people react in all sorts of crazy ways. I think there is plenty over on that side. Did you get the broccoli? Did you want to weed the broccoli? Sure! You want this out, right? Yeah the big radish. Here I'll show you where the broccoli is. In about 2004 I was really intrigued by this notion of peak oil and the fact that our food system and most of our systems are based on cheap fossil fuel energy. And I was really concerned with how I personally and my community were going to respond to increasingly expensive foods. Clearly a lot of it was on this macro-level that I felt like I had no control over -- the federal government, even our city governments -- things that they could do. But really what I thought is my experience is working grassroots with people and having people change their existence through direct action. And so what I felt like was out of all of the issues -- transportation and energy and all these things -- that food was something that people could really do. Alemany is an interesting place because to one side is the neighborhood, The Excelsior, and to the other side is Vernal Heights, both of which have long been working class. And then right at the bottom there is the low income housing projects, situated of course right next to the freeway. It's just rough out here. It's real rough out here. Sometimes people can't come in and out of their doors. Sometimes just to live out here, to get along with people -- sometimes you have to blend in with the community. Even though at times you don't want to. But you can get trapped. I was really focused on, ok I want to start a food-growing project somewhere. And what I realized was that the space next to my Mom's house was abandoned and didn't have anyone there and was a perfect location to do it. We were trying to do organizing with the community to figure what were their needs, what did they want to see there. And for the most part what we heard was jobs. It's not something we as young, punk anarchists who were looking to grow food had an ability to offer. They want to work. And that's what would help keep these kids in school, get good grades. They want to work. It took a little while until we started meeting with people in the community and also got in contact with people in the rec and park department. Eventually we got funding to have a youth program where kids from the community were actually being trained in ecological horticulture, learning those different systems of irrigation, how to plant, landscaping, and all that stuff and getting paid to do so. We also do environmental education. And so there are school groups. People come out from all parts of the city even sometimes people from outside the city who come out and work a few hours doing whatever tasks need to be done. And then at the end of the day we harvest all the produce that's available and distribute it to all the volunteers. We also have a free CSA program. Twenty or so families get a bag of produce twice week. It's a farm in the city. We got a little country in the city. You ain't even got to go down the highway. All you got to do is walk up here in the farm in San Francisco. The garden projects that are going on in San Francisco and all the major cities in the nation that are creating food for neighborhoods are vitally important in terms of transforming the way people think about food, vitally important in shaping consciousness. The only country where urban agriculture is massive is Cuba where you have fifty thousand hectares of urban agriculture. That's about one hundred thousand acres of where they produce about 33% of the food that they eat in the major cities. And this came about because of the crisis of Cuba. Cuba is a very interesting case because Cuba allied itself with the Soviet Union and adopted Soviet style agriculture, which is basically industrial agriculture. It's very similar to U.S. agriculture. You know the large state farms, which were all mechanized, used tremendous amounts of fertilizer and pesticides, were all monocrops. The basic industrial model. And that fell apart when the Soviet Union fell. And Cuba had no more access to cheap petroleum. When you are confronted with a situation where you don't have petroleum, no matter what you produce in the rural areas, you cannot bring it into the urban areas. That was one of the big problems they were facing. Just as that "special period," it was called, was taking off and Cuba was on the brink of starvation, they couldn't turn to the west. They certainly couldn't turn to the United States because there was an embargo. And so they turned to their old farmers, their peasant farmers. And they said, you've got to feed us. Teach us again how to plow with oxen. Teach us again how to fertilize with manure. Teach us again how you manage and cultivate the old seeds. And luckily Cuba still had those farmers. The farmer-to-farmer movement sent some farmers from Mexico and from Nicaragua over to Cuba and they put on some workshops. They had all kinds of demonstrations. They taught about agricological approaches to food production, sustainable agriculture, organic methods. And it exploded in Cuba. Across the country the farmer-to-farmer movement grew to about one hundred and fifty thousand in the space of five years. It took twenty years to grow that much in Central America. But in Cuba, right away. Which produces today on average about 16-20 kilos per square meter per year. That is a huge productivity that I haven't seen any garden anywhere in the world that can have that level of productivity only with organic methods and ecological horticultural methods. I think the Cuban example just tells us that changes happen when you confront crisis -- a deep crisis. Oakland is divided by 580. We have the flatlands, which is here. This is East Oakland all the way to West Oakland. 95% of all homicides occur in this area. Obesity, diabetes, chronic illness, you name it. I would love to be able to do something on this parking lot to start off. And to get the youth involved in the community so that the city sees that this is a viable spot to do something. So what's the agenda here? Well the agenda is to bring some folks who haven't seen the store before to see the store. And then to talk about some ideas about how this could be a fresh, healthy, affordable, local food store. I have a question. How long will the process take to get this place running? We need the support of the people. They're putting pressure to demolish this whole store. They haven't bought into the idea of a community run store yet. If the city wants to demolish this what's going to happen to this place? They'll fence it off and they wait for a developer who come in and build some housing. No I think it would be better to build a community store here with organic produce. You need this store here, but the only problem we're going to have is that we have to work out something with the food bank because the food bank provides this neighborhood with food four times a week. Free food. And most of the people in this neighborhood are Latino and they like organic food. I think they have experience in the field, they know that all those little pesticides don't do your food any good. Doesn't do your body any good either. In Oakland we have what some people call "food deserts" and other people call "food apartheid" because you have huge areas -- neighborhoods, complete neighborhoods -- which basically can't get good food. They can't get fresh vegetables. They can't get whole grains. They can only get this cheap, processed, packaged food, which is actually expensive. They've got to travel miles and miles to find a supermarket and oftentimes those supermarkets don't have the best food either. We need to bring in healthy foods so that we can start having choices and fight the health problems that have been going on. So that that murder rate can go down. I grew up in a neighborhood like that. I can remember at the age of 5, my friend Crystal, her father was a known drug dealer and his brains got blown out when I was what, seven years old, in the middle of the street at nine o'clock at night. My brother, who sold drugs with the neighborhood drug dealers down the street and who eventually died from drug overdose, he learned all of this stuff from these guys and ultimately he died from that. People who experience stuff like that, they don't want to come back. I joined the Air Force. It was when I went to Kuwait in 2000 that I was able to understand the connections between the military industrial complex, what's that's all about, and how it affects communities of color all around the world. The reason why I came back is because I learned about all those connections. I wrote on the destruction of 7th street in West Oakland. How BART, when building the overpass -- where the train goes from West Oakland to San Francisco, that whole area -- how it destroyed those four thousand black-owned businesses that were on that street. People were doing well there. People owned land. People were making money. People were taking care of their families, but when BART was built there it wiped out business for lots of people. It wiped out whole communities. If I'm going to do this anywhere in the world I better start in my own neighborhood. I better start where I grew up and that makes the most sense. How we doing everybody? Alright. Everybody here? Yeah. Is everyone here right now? Yeah! We're here! Alright. My name is Jason Harvey. I am a long-time resident of Oakland. I grew up at 9303 E street down in alphabet city. Folks know where that is? Yeah. Sure do. Tonight is just a big overview of what the Hope Collaborative is about, what we hope to achieve, some things like that. So we just want to give you a lot of information at once. We found that people travel 20-40 minutes one-way to get to a supermarket. And most people do shop in supermarkets. People outside of the neighborhoods do not know this. They think you do not cook. They think you do not eat healthy food or care. How many people don't care about what they eat? Thank you. How many people here cook meals at home? Thank you. How many people want fresh, healthy affordable food? How many people here like what you find here in the corner stores? Thank you. The point is, corner stores as you already know don't have much fresh food. No they don't. And what they sell is expensive. Yeah it is! Embarrassing! What happens when the husband has to go to work and there is only one car? Where does the mother go to get milk? The corner store. Right. So we want to make sure that that corner store has healthy, affordable food. So what can we do? What solutions can we find? And that's what we're all searching for. The amount of land that is available in Oakland -- where you have the most food insecure people, where you have the highest concentration of liquor stores, where they don't have access to any fresh food, not even Safeway -- there's 200 hectares, that's about 400 acres of available land. Well that land should be given to the people so that they can produce food. It really did come out of just living in this community, seeing the conditions. There are no grocery stores here and there is a wealth of corner liquor stores. I saw that and I also saw that there is all this vacant land, there are all these empty lots that are just sitting here. So as a person with a background in gardening, those empty lots to me looked like, "wow, gardens!" You want a strawberry? You want to go help her set up the eggs? It was responding to what seemed like people wanted. Oh what are these? Greens? Oh, turnips. Yeah. We started growing food here and then it wasn't enough. And so then we said ok let's see if we can borrow some more empty lots. And that wasn't enough. And it always flowed. It was never difficult. People would always ask us how did you do outreach to the community. And we never did outreach. It was word of mouth. Mmm. Seeds for arugula. That's the best part of growing a garden is collecting the seeds. We are really about how can we really significantly grow produce in the city? How can we do that while involving our community? In 2007 I quit my job, went to UC Santa Cruz Farm and Gardening Program and I got a certificate. I learned how to farm organically and grow food organically. And I wanted to take that knowledge and that skill and pass it on to the students here at the alternative high. People at Berkeley High have determined that they can't fit in somehow at Berkeley High and they send them here. That says to me they need more. If they're not making it in mainstream -- in the Berkeley High -- and you separate them out, well you give them more services. It's just the opposite. They give them less. And five years ago they didn't even have any food. They didn't even have any lunch. We're going to do bean soup today. Now remember last week I was talking about how vegetables can be used for breakfast. There's nothing wrong with vegetables for breakfast. There's nothing wrong with soup for breakfast either. When you eat Lucky Charms and they got a pink charm in it, where do you think that color comes from? Artificial flavors? I mean colors. Open up your mind. Try things. Don't just say, oh I've never done it before and I feel funny doing it. You always feel funny doing something the first time. Alright, I'm here. Yay! Joy! Hi Joy! Joy! In 1978 I was a single mom and my daughter was having health problems. And she developed petite mild seizures. She wasn't sleeping properly. She had behavior problems. She wasn't doing well in kindergarten. All of the products on your tables have lists of what's in it. I want you, as a group, at your table, to come up with how many grams of sugar are in the products at your table. I took her to the doctor and they said, we don't know what's wrong with your daughter, but we're going to give her Ritalin to control the seizures. And I was like, no. I mean if you don't know what's wrong with her how do you know what you're giving her. 120 grams of sugar in this can. No, 126. Excuse me. 126. Let me make sure we get it right. We realized that she was getting severe allergic reactions to processed foods. Particularly petrochemicals, artificial color, artificial flavor, and preservatives that have petroleum as their base. So we changed the way we ate. From that day to this. My whole family actually. And it took about two weeks -- a little more than 2 weeks -- and all of her symptoms all went away. And I realized there was a difference in me. You know I was different. Learning how to read labels was my first food awareness exercise in my life. So this heightened my awareness about food -- the importance of food. And to think that something you put in your mouth can affect your behavior. It was a very revolutionary idea. So this is an all fruit smoothie. It doesn't have any yogurt or anything. How many of you have ever been to Jamba Juice? Oh yeah! All the time! Jamba Juice is my favorite! You like Jamba Juice? Yeah I love it! Well I think this is better than Jamba Juice. That's just my opinion. Well then give me a double. No, I ain't given you no double. So this is what I'm loving about the smoothies. It's a premium. You guys all come in and try to scam smoothies out of me. I got a witness. He worked, but he didn't work double. I made an announcement. Didn't I? Didn't I make an announcement? Whoever weeds with me gets double smoothie. I made an announcement. This is what I do, I say oh my goodness! You guys like the smoothies? Smoothies are great! We'll have strawberries in the smoothies this summer before you get out of here. We'll have some strawberries. But we won't have some strawberries if you don't get out here and weed this garden right now. And so it's always back to the strawberries or something that they can relate to and value right at this moment and understand. And I'm trying to connect the importance of farming and gardening to their stomachs directly, to the table, to their experience, and then of course to their behavior. So what are some of the vitamins that are in the fruit that we are eating? What are the fruits? Anybody remember I put in? I saw you putting the oranges in. Yep. Vitamin C. Absolutely. Now what is vitamin C good for? Your immune system. Immune system. Absolutely. Who else? You can get up in the morning, make a blender-ful, drink some of it, put some in a container or a thermos and bring it to school. I'd make a 40oz! Messing with me. 40oz, ok. That's a lot Food for me, it should be a subject at school. Period. Not somebody who's going to be pre-med student or a nutritionist. No. Everybody learns about nutrition just as part of their daily day. And that does happen when you have a garden. The good gardener is also talking about the importance of nutrition. How do you harvest this food? How do you prepare this food? What does it do for your body? What's the essential vitamin in it? If people get to know that and appreciate that, that sort of sets the appetite for lunch. Oh my god! It's good! What's it taste like? Oh my god, I was like...I can't eat that stuff in the morning. It's really good. Just try it. It's delicious isn't it? You didn't even try it. No. Man, I should have told y'all people anybody who don't eat my soup don't get smoothies next time. You know I always try everything you bring. Every time. As long as you try it. I didn't say eat it. I said as long as you try it. Alright you want me to try it? Will it make you happy if I try it? Yeah. Ok then I'll try it. Too late. Alright y'all let's go do smoothies. Sweet. My favorite part of the day. If they have that skill and that knowledge then it would be passed on to the next generation this would be a healthy family that's producing healthy kids. Now we've got a healthy community. Oh my god we've got a healthy nation. When I was 7 years old I had a garden on the side of my house. When I was 10 years old I worked with elders who lived in our neighborhood, who were really into gardening and would grow 10lbs cabbage heads and all these different fruits and vegetables. I started to think about that; I did that as a kid. In high school, at Castlemont, I worked with setting up a school garden there. I said wow, I've been doing this for my whole life, but I'm just now starting to connect the pieces in my adulthood. I see canneries here in Oakland. I see all this fruit that's dropping on the ground. I see youth out there gathering it up. I see them working with adults and canning and preserving that food. I see that food being distributed. I see this whole food system being connected here in Oakland. And I see the people leading that charge. Imagine if you will, if you owned the store within a five-block radius of your house. Every time you go to that store you receive a profitary check. Imagine that for a second. Right now we're going to other people's stores, buying stuff and that money goes out. Now through the collective power of a community that money stays in and recycles because you're receiving a profitary check every month or every quarter or every year. Imagine that for a second. Now you got people who have hope. Local ownership, that's the key. Local ownership, where the neighbors own the store. All the profits of the store goes out to the residents, which then recaptures the wealth. You're looking at 150,000 potential people who can be brought online. People who have never even heard of the stock market would now be stockowners. When people have ownership, they have a future they can give to their children, that makes them get involved and want to participate. And communities can come together around that. And it's not just the stores, but the whole delivery system -- from the farming networks to the processing and distribution centers. That creates a whole new economy. Misa, financial report. So in spite of our all difficulties last week we did really, really well. We had 360 orders for $25,023.72. So our adjusted gross is $22,968.47. The whole idea of the community-supported kitchen was to create a model that would be replicable throughout the country. Anybody can come down and see how things were made. We're not about hiding recipes. We're about sharing information. That kind of accessibility into a kitchen is very unusual. That not only can you see, but you can actually come in and do it. Here's an apron. Here's a knife. Let's chop some broccoli. We're a worker owned cooperative. So there's 5 worker-owners and we all have an equal share in the business. We ended up financing the kitchen through loans from members of the community, rather than -- we never had a bank loan and we didn't go to a bank. We are very committed to supporting local farms and providing the kind of nutrient-dense food for families that they can't get anywhere else based on traditional diets. One of the things that we do a lot of in the kitchen is we make bone broths. Bone broths are throughout the world known to be incredibly nourishing. They're incredibly rich in minerals that you're body really needs -- calcium particularly. The term is nutrient dense and they are. Every calorie is packed with nutrients. That's the idea of nutrient-density. So if you eat a lot of broth, you need less meat. Your body needs less protein. And so this is a way that traditional cultures throughout the world nourish themselves economically and ecologically. The idea was not the boneless, skinless chicken breast or the meat patty. You use the whole animal -- you use the organ meats, you use the fat, you use the bones -- you make broth. Making food this way -- processing food this way -- is really a lost art in our society. But at Three Stone Hearth we're trying to rediscover those arts. Butchering an animal for me always is a very mixed emotional time. I feel a lot of sadness and then I feel also a certain amount of respect for that animal and a responsibility. But also I feel a certain connectedness to that animal. It's always tense and difficult. And I usually try to get the animal to be calm and relaxed. I use a pellet gun and get a pellet into the brain so that it's brain is scrambled immediately and so it's an instantaneous changing. I meet a lot of meat eaters who are freaked out that I have such a connected relationship to the animals that I eat. They say, oh I could never do that. And I think that's a representation of our alienation in our society that people don't really know where their meat is coming from. And as I talked about injustices in the world and people looking the other way, I think people also do that with meat. They want to eat meat, but they don't want to know where it came from and I think that's wrong. So I feel like as a meat eater it's my place to try and educate people where does meat come from. And yes this bunny is meat and those boy baby goats back there are meat and that's where it comes from. And people should face that or consider being a vegetarian. Nature is cruel and kind. It's beautiful and ugly all at the same time and we need it to survive. I definitely think of myself as a city person primarily. After this experience living rurally, it's kind of been more defined for me. It taught me a lot about my own work ethic -- my own interest in farming. And I realized that what I liked more than anything else was the knowledge of it -- was understanding it, was practicing it to know more, to get feedback from the actual experience, but not to spend my entire life doing it. My personal goal and desire is to be a catalyst to help start projects and organizations and businesses that will train new farmers in the city environment. ...spot where we want to do heavy agricultural production -- that's usually more when you get into floatation. You know we just want to make sure we're not growing the same thing over and over. And in a small scale like this... My thoughts right now are really around how do we scale up the work? We reach hundreds of people and for those individuals what we're doing is extremely significant. But we need to really look at thousands of people -- there are 30,000 people in West Oakland -- we really need to reach them. If I had a million, two million, three million dollars right now, I would bring our backyard garden program to the whole city of Oakland. These projects are springing up everywhere. I took about 2 months with a friend of mine where we traveled around the state interviewing people -- farmers, activists, non-profit workers, people who lived in farmworker communities -- all these different people who had something to do with what I was considering the sustainable food system. If we roll down these roads - these country roads - we see these other dairies and it looks just like a poop stew or something. It is. It's a monoculture of manure. And my goal was to really get a sense of who was the system? What was it? And what were the main challenges to actually making a sustainable food system more mainstream? So the water pollution, the extinction of the species, the extinction of the salmon, the air pollution quality, the cancer rates, are all yields of your design. You're just not booking them on your balance sheet. And so how do we look to becoming eco-literate and go into the university of deep wisdom, which are native ecosystems and emulate that with our agricultural endeavors. Just feeling like I really am part of a movement -- there are people all over who are doing very similar things. And we have a lot of very similar values. Sometimes there are different approaches. So I'm always interested in how you get people to see themselves as more than consumers; to see themselves as political actors in every aspect of every day of their lives. I feel like people in this country act like the only thing you can do to be political is vote for a new president every four years. And that's why having a garden - or participating even better in a community garden where you're working with other people - that's directly engaging in that struggle. You're directly growing food. Making this positive change. As well as challenging the things you don't like. The only way that change has ever really happened has been when people create these grassroots, alternative movements combined with actually putting political pressure on the system as it is. We're right now in the midst of writing a memo for the USDA and we'd love to bounce that off you because what I'd love is to have us echoing each other so that the USDA is getting the same kind of data you're giving to the White House. I would say that 10% of my job is trying to figure out how rich changes to an organization could work. 30% of my job is networking, meetings, making new connections. 60% of my job is writing. If we're going to be a movement, we have to think about the language. The language becomes a way of seeing the journey to a new place. We're working to combine the NGO, the Dept. of Ag. In California, the Dept. of Health and the Dept. of Education to bring to bear about ten million dollars of money from -hopefully the CDC -- in order to really leverage and get more good food to low income families, to the farmer's markets because we're doing this double voucher program. When you change your paradigm you have to re-conceptualize it. You have to think differently to create the world differently. The other big piece is to bounce the thinking off people. And that happens in the meetings. So what I have here is basically is our port that grew out of the policy that was created for San Francisco, which is a regional food policy in which the city is going to commit to buy regionally with it's buying power. It's going to develop up to 40 urban farms in the city. Talking about an idea. The struggle over what do we really mean by the reintegration of human beings into the natural world as manifest to the food system. But that has to be bounced off other people. If it just stays up in one person's head or a bunch of people in their own silos, then it doesn't mean anything. You have to bounce the ideas and create synthesis in the way people think. Connect at a local level. And I think that we probably have a sympathetic audience over there. So I'll give it a good pitch. That would be great. And then they get to have the conversation at USDA and then their going to have it with the Congress. Eventually all that thinking, which begins in all those different rooms on peoples' computers, ends up being written into law over time. That's the system of how society changes, I think. That's how I conceptualize it anyway. There are possibilities in this city. Oakland has high unemployment in a lot of these neighborhoods. And as I said, there is tremendous spending power there, that if captured could be put into jobs -- local jobs in the community. And one of the key challenges that we've experienced in terms of barriers is this issue of scaling. How to actually scale the models that we see beginning to work at the ground level? That are starting to take root. That are starting to integrate into a more comprehensive solution. When we looked at our performance as one single, small organization, we found that over almost seven years of work, time, effort, blood, sweat, tears, budget and staff, we had met less than 1% of demand in the community. Less than 1% of total demand in the community. And that was for me a very significant wake up call to the imperative of scale. That there are grassroots innovative models that need to get traction - that need to get bigger. But we've hit the ceilings as practitioners at the grassroots level. We've hit the ceilings again and again and seen oh, policy is major. You know we're doing all this work for sustainable agriculture. And it works. And yet, these are still small islands of sustainability. Even if you're more resistant, more resilient, more sustainable, spread the wealth better, feed more people, employ more people, it won't make a difference if the food system is not democratized. It's not enough just to be a good farmer. In fact you also need to be an advocate and an activist. And you need to create the political will in order to make the changes that you need. It's a political change. It's social and political. And the only people that are going to change that are social movements -- massive social movements. We're open to a dialogue to deal with this and get them to approve it. And support us. Please support us because this is for you as well. In other words, you need to have control over the food system so that the people who are doing the things that work can actually have a chance. And the other people who say, hey that's great, let's do that, actually have a voice. We are the 99! We are the 99! That's where it comes a new concept, called the "Food Summit" concept, which is developed by the Via Campesina in the developing world. It's basically a concept on not only food security, not only access to food, but also to provide all the resources that people need in order to have food. That is land. That is the seeds of the crops that are not patented -- the local seeds that have been preserved. The water. The education and the human capital. Everything that is needed -- all those components have to be present. This isn't something one legislates even though it entails legislation and policy and what not. It's something that is socially learned. And that means sharing our knowledge, sharing our experiences. As people move towards food sovereignty, they not only have to share amongst themselves, they have to share with others. How did they do this? How did you do that? By educating people, by engaging in discussion, by promoting more awareness of what's going on in other parts of the world maybe people can see that if in other countries it's possible, it is also possible here. This is concretely happening in other countries. And I think it's time now for the North-South exchanges. Not just the North always teaching the South, but the South has a lot to teach us today in terms of alternatives to the system. Farming is the kind of work that people are really, really hungry for. Anyone can do this. Anyone can find a place that is misused or unused and get a group of people together and go and start using it to grow food and empower your community to connect to each other and be themselves. The struggle to preserve this land, I think, needs to continue. Focusing on closing the gap between production and consumption is perhaps the most revolutionary act that can happen today because then it will also have implications in terms of energy use, in terms of greenhouse emissions, in terms of resilience to climate change, and in terms of food justice. I like to refer to the "Occupy Moment," not the "Occupy Movement" because I think that we've all been working towards different projects. The food justice projects that have been happening before Occupy, they're going to keep going. And now they are just inspired and influenced by the tactics and the models and the rhetoric of the Occupy Movement. Now we're at this Occupy Moment where we're able to take that opening, where people are actually having to have to discuss these issues and confront them. Even people in power who don't want to discuss these issues are having to deal with them. We have an opportunity to actually bring this up and to combine the Occupy Moment -- the Occupy Movement -- with all our values as the food movement. And that's what I think is happening here. Things are happening. It's like seeds being planted. The mass population doesn't know there is this bubbling coming up. And the longer this goes on, the more people will join and see the common cause that we all have. We're not going to be able to just wait for the senators to realize that food justice is important or for the president to decide that Monsantos' dollars for his campaign are not as worth it as his constituents' voice. We can't wait for these things to happen because they never will happen. We know where power really lies. Power lies in people. And we intend to start slowly, but certainly taking back the power we know we have from those who have been deciding arbitrarily that they are the ones who know what's best for us. We're doing it with diverse communities - trying to do it openly and transparently. And hopefully create some of the structures that we want to see exist in our future, democratic, ecological, economically just society. But also have a good time while we're doing it. Grow some food for some people. Be out in the sun working together. I think there are so many ways in which this kind of action defines both the opposition to the things that are wrong and the creation of what's right. This is lateral and it's growing outward and there's more and more people involved every time. Everybody having a say, everybody being involved. And so this is just a small microcosm of what I hope can grow into a bigger political system in this country. Am I too lofty? Yeah. Too idealistic? So what. I love it. I love the way it feels here. So we're talking about social movements that are not necessarily revolutionary, arm struggle movements, but are movements that can make changes because of the pressure that they are putting on their local politicians. And also they are putting their own politicians in power -- like the MST in Brazil. The MST in Brazil is a movement of landless people -- 10 million people -- that already took over more than 10 million hectares of land -- that's the size of Italy. Regardless of what the government says. And the government has to negotiate with them and explicate the land in order to give it to them. We're not alone. We're not the minority. We're not the fringe. We're the cutting edge. And there are cutting edges all over the globe. I need to constantly remind myself that the world has always been crazy. That people have always lived in crazy times because you look around and it seems nuts. I went from the peak oil, I am going to escape to the country, I just need to learn how to grow food first, to the only place we're going to solve these issues is the city. I feel like I'm part of a large group of people who are trying to steer a boat through an incredible storm. And there are a lot of people in mainstream agriculture and organic agriculture and industrial food systems. Even in those places I come across lots of people who see the same problems and want to deal with it. And so I have lots of hope when I see that. So, it's good. We have to find lots of ways to rediscover that food can connect us to the earth, to animals, to plants, to our families, to our friends, to the farmers, to all the hands that bring that food to us. It's just assumed in so many societies that you won't eat without acknowledging that whole web of connection that every plate of food has. We've changed it all. And I think that the basic tenet of life is to wake up in the morning, work really hard growing food. Share the work and the experience with your community and your family. Come home, prepare a harvested meal -- a great, well-cooked meal -- and have fun and laughter. That's the day. That's the life. That's what it was about. And we've added too many things to it. And that's why a lot of us are ill. We don't take care and eat the food that we're supposed to eat. That's a huge mushroom boy. There's an old saying, if you keep doing what you're doing, you're going to get what you got. And that's what society is going to happen to society. We're going to keep having this crazy cycle of violence, crazy cycles of disparity, inequity, injustice. But when you try to do the right thing -- when you forsake your interests for the betterment of your fellow man, that's a proper cause. That's how you fight the bad with the good. You fight evil with love. So that's what we're trying to do. I'm going to catch this ride ok. Ok thank you Leon. Ok c'mon. Stand. Stand. It's amazing the amount of denial around the problems on this planet. Or our potential to screw this planet up. I hope the world doesn't go all Mad Max on us. It could happen. Ok, let's go. C'mon. Hup, hup. C'mon let's go. C'mon. Let's go. What? What is that? Goats. Goats, huh? Yep. I hope that sustainable living could be one of the things that could allow people to disengage from the destruction around them and engage in building something and communities here in the city. I hope that we're like a seed of possibility that might sprout. This is the tip of the iceberg right here - all of the vegetables and things like that. But the massive underside of it is thousands of worms and decaying matter. And all sorts of interesting microbiological activity happening down here that just blows my mind the more I learn about it. You just take these little bulbs and you just stick'em all around and hide them in the garden. Make sure you get them right under the soil. You put them down like maybe an inch in the ground. This thing already got one Mr. Harvey. Oh it's cool. You can just make sure that goes to the bottom because that's where the roots go out. I put garlic in my sicket. I put garlic in my eggs too. Oh yeah, that's hecka good. Some old gentleman who lived around the school came over and we were talking about the garden. We were excited about it. And he said, oh baby we did this before. We had a garden here. Y'all just don't know we had a garden here. We had a victory garden here. Gardening is a tradition here at Malcolm X. I'm so glad to see you back. And I was like this is the history. We thought we were doing something new and should have known that the history of the school's been there a hundred years - somebody had a garden there. This is not nothing new we're doing here, but it is a renewal in a way if you think about it. Because what have we done in our society. We have added iPods and technology and communication and cars and telephones and texting and sexting and all these things. But we've forgotten why we're here. What's the most important thing? You can't text, iPod, sext, or anything without good health. This is hard work, but it's fun too. It can be. So I'm doing the Zen meditation -- this is what I call it. So I'm telling them in the classroom, you guys want to go out and do some Zen meditation? And their like yeah, yeah what's that!? And I'm like, it's gardening. It's weeding. I think it's a real opportunity to truly understand and feel -- you know physically, emotionally feel -- the fact that we're not separate. That we have to come together in communities in order to deal with the messes that we've created. Good afternoon! Buenas tardes! Buenas tardes! Como estan? Bien! How are you doing? Is everybody having a good time? Bienvenidos! Come estan pasando? This is a very special event. We are blessed today to have Ollin Yolitzli, which is an Aztec dance troupe. It is a way to bless the community and this garden project and this area. The dance is going to be a blessing dance. Whoo! Listen to that. That's the wind. That's the spirit. Es el viento. Y los spiritu. I thought, so why don't we start a culinary class -- get people job skills they needed. So we started the culinary program. And I was in that coach class to see how it went. And now they're about to go out and do their thing. It's what you can be and what you can do in this moment. Italy does not represent a risk. Of course, there is a debt of 1900 millions... ...that we have inherited from the past... which is exposed to the eyes of the international community. We tried to impose serious and brave solutions... ...in July and August. We are sure that we will be able to cut our deficit... ...by 2013 and hence... ...it will be possible to start cutting our public debt. It might happen even earlier... ...if we manage to get out in the market... public property assets. It's his house Reggie, I need to get a move on early tomorrow morning. So you are gonna have to Don't you knock Wow, you look like a young woman Please get out I'm out Thanks Matzoth balls are nice tonight Do you care if people like you Do I act like I care? No Nobody likes cops anyway But they're sure@ happy to see us when the shit hits the fan. Eat your soup@ before it's cold. Jesus Those are some enormous balls. Excuse me Good God You have to help me. This man wants to go to his own funeral He died naked Smashed into a diving board. With his balls? Stunning, isn't it? Tell him the rules, Mason. No funerals. I tried that Rube, the thing i The thing is what, Mason You know that, you are good at that thing thing that you can... you're better at... You know... talking Well said Please, Rube, his name is Theo This is too much ball. Now he's put me off my soup. So you see what I'm saying? I don't see what you are saying Mason I do Oh god Der Waffle Haus. I remember when the first one of these went up,war wwas over. Didn't go so well in the beginning Betty and I were on our fifth date. She had waffles Thanks Thanks a million. Come on, Theo. Let's chat. Look at the love birds Kiss her, you putz. This way Theo Give me that soup That's just gross Haven't seen many of them, have you ? My first pair They're not all like that. Some are worse Poor Betty Who is Betty No one How does this guy not care if people see him like that ? He just doesn't Do you care if people like you? Why ? Somebody said something about me ? Is it Daisy Did she not like me? I have to go I can't believe it. What? Has Daisy said something about me? That old man is your reap, Mason. So bloody what You never met a problem you couldn't run from You are the one who needs some balls Did she me ? She can And she will never be the same for it You know, Theo death has its own protocol@. It's like a train You don't wanna be late for your train. Exactly what the Mason guy said, except prettier Thank you Why do you want to go to your own funeral No. I'm just I'm just curious. I'll see who'll come, hear what people have to say I lived a long life, stories will be told Worried somebody might make a joke or two at your expense ? I don;t know I was a loud mouth Betty always laughed at my jokes Theo, you strikes me as a kind of guy who was not a lot of bullshit You were the kind of guy who didn't give a shit about being liked. That's why people like them How long ago did Betty die? 7 years this November I'm sorry, I'm a bit confused, I mean isn't she the one that you really want to see And I'm thinking she's not gonna be at your funeral Yup. I miss her Kinda miss my wife I don't think we should keep Betty waiting any longer Let's go find her then Come on Rube, do you think Daisy is upset with me for a reason ? Can't imagine why she would be. Come on already, I'm freezing my balls off here Sorry I wouldn't want to keep you waiting "How much more lovely "the dull gray block upon which we walk "when interrupted, broken "and torn at the corners "Showing instead a patch of earth "How much more lovely these old red bricks "Found ever framed by oak and beech and cherry "How much more lovely to walk out of your door "and bid good morning first to the walnuts and maples "Because the sun is still struggling to make his way "through their loving arms "And the dreamy haze of promise that accompanies each day "How much more lovely." MALE STUDENT 1: I was walking through academic quad. That perfect moment where you see all the sun's glistening through the trees. You see students walking and meandering through these different paths. It felt like, at that particular moment, I belonged. We have this history where Super Bowl winning quarterbacks, presidents, have walked these same sidewalks, and I was one and the same with them. Miami really is unique in wanting you to design your education to get what you want out of it. FEMALE STUDENT 1: I expected there to be some type of blueprint for what I was supposed to do in college. And the thing is, there is no set way to do things. One, two, three. (COUGHS) (SlNGlNG A CAPELLA ) (SONG ENDS) (CHEERlNG AND CLAPPlNG) MALE STUDENT 2: There's so much more here at the school. You will get out of your education what you put in. You have faculties that are fighting for you everyday to make sure that you have the resources that you need. A good teacher listens well. A good teacher understands what a student needs. FEMALE STUDENT 2: Because they show that they care, it makes students want to learn more. It makes us want to create that connection. College wasn't easy for me, and I don't think it's easy for anybody. Especially if you don't know all the ins and outs of it. FEMALE STUDENT 2: Whatever advice I need, he's always there. I don't know if he knows how much he's affected so many of my friends and myself, at all. And I think he does it because he truly cares. FEMALE STUDENT 3: I want to be a teacher because of the teachers I have. This is what I wanna do for the rest of my life. DR. DAVlD C. HODGE: Miami students are an amazing group of people. They really attack life. They're involved inside their classes. They're involved in many kinds of collaborative initiatives. And they combine these skills in the most amazing way. FEMALE STUDENT 4: I really wanted to be in engineering because I wanted to be a role model for young girls. Showing that we can do what other men can do. Miami, they allowed me to take classes outside my major. FEMALE STUDENT 5: Learning is like a continuous spectrum. It's not just sitting in a classroom, learning one thing, but you have to apply it to everything. There's always something that makes you wanna be a part of Miami. Fun moment? Every moment, every weekend. Miami, grades come first, but at the same time, this is college. You have to have fun. FEMALE STUDENT 3: You can't wrap your mind around what it's like to live in the dorms and know that there's 250 other people right in your spot. If there's a night that you wanna go out, there's always someone willing to go out. FEMALE STUDENT 6: After a week of staying up until 2:00 in the morning doing homework, I think you're allowed to stay up until 2:00 in the morning doing other things. Come on! (CHEERlNG) (BELL TOLLlNG) (INTERVlEWER READlNG) That's a good question. It's come to mean a lot more to me. MALE STUDENT 3: Over 90% of students in the architecture department study abroad. It can offer a way to travel and go to a unique place like Ghana, Africa. When we first struck ground is when I really started to understand why I was there. You're living and working in a small village outside the rainforest. You look to your left, and there's the site that you're building on. And you look to your right, and then there are the kids that are eventually gonna be enjoying the building that you building. Before I studied abroad, I felt like after I graduated, I'd either go to graduate school, or I would work in an architecture firm. And then, all of a sudden, I go to Africa and experience something that is so much broader than anything that all these people do at school. It really helped to shatter the notion that I had to do what everyone else was doing. "Love and Honor" is a phrase that comes from our fight song. (STUDENTS CHANTlNG INDlSTlNCTLY) It has a lot of meaning as a part of a way to cheer and celebrate. But when you say "love and honor" to another individual, to another Miamian, it's about intellect, it's about character, it's about heart. It makes us a special place. (STUDENTS CHEERlNG) FEMALE STUDENT 7: People know each other. People are there to help each other and support one another. I've had the ability to make a difference. We're working with different people here, and engage and interact. And that was when I realized that this is why I wanna be here. People might come in here with their own stereotype, but Miami's what you make it. Going to college is less about the degree that you get and more about the experiences that got you that degree. Go outside your comfort zone, take chances. Step into situations where you could be vulnerable. Now are they gonna fail sometimes? Absolutely. You're not gonna succeed every single time. But that's part of the process. Being able to fight back... Getting beyond... MALE STUDENT 2: ...move on and accomplish it. That's the heart of Miami. I could be who I was, where I was, and I needed that. I really needed that. There are so many experiences that Miami offers that I feel like you just can't have anywhere else. And the fact that they're situated on this campus, and with these people, makes it so much more special. I mean, it's been the best years of my life. Good day viewers. In this segment we'll talk about the history of the Internet. We'll cover many different Internet protocols during this course, but before we get there, I'd just like to tell you something about where the Internets come from so you have some context. So this slide gives you a rough timeline for the development of the Internet. we already talked about the Internet as being an astounding artifact that these days has more than a billion nodes, so it connects to a significant fraction of the planet. It also has tremendous social and economic impacts on the world today. this graph shows something about where it came from. Now, the history of the Internet is obviously very rich, but if I had to boil it down into a capsule summary for this lecture, I would pick just three phases. The first phase is the ARPANET, the precursor to the Internet where it all began. The second phase in the middle is the NSFNET, where NSF stands for the National Science Foundation, this is really a period in which the Internet grew up. And the third phase is what we just might think of as the Modern Internet & Web, where the Internet emerges in a form which is much closer to the one we know today. You can see this progression took place over, what's that, yeah, 40 years. So, each of this phases lasts more than a decade and there is a, there is a tremendous amount of growth here too, as we go up. You can see in each of these phases, the size of the Internet is increased by roughly a factor of a thousand. These are obviously very rough numbers, so take any exact numbers here with a grain of salt, but it should give you a sense of how the Internet's developed. In the beginning phase, the Internet was actually not the Internet at all, it was an earlier network called the ARPANET. The ARPANET was a US DoD network. it was originally motivated by the need for resource sharing. At this time, computers were large facilities that existed in a room, and if you wanted to share it amongst a group of people who were widely separated, a n etwork was a great idea to do it. The early ARPANET started with just four nodes in 1969. It connected together some sites and sent packets, so it was a very modest experimental facility. Nonetheless, it was quite exciting, it was revolutionary in some ways for the time and it began to grow very quickly. Interestingly, you, you might know of this, but one of the killer apps, actually the first killer app for the Internet, was really e-mail. This was not an originally envisioned usage, but it quickly grew to become a very popular form of using the Internet. There are two really key influences in this period, during the 60's before the ARPANET was constructed, one of these was packet switching, which was pioneered with Len, by Len Kleinrock of UCLA with much of his theoretical work and Donald Davies of, of England with some prototype networks. packet switching is very different than circuit switching that's used in the telephone network, telephone networks were the kind of network that existed before the Internet. Packet's that data traffic is very bursty, so if you send packets over a telephone line you don't intend to use that line very well. Packet switching was a new kind of way of using the network in which different users would all share the same bandwidth and they would just get to use it whenever they send packets. And some of this early work suggested it would be a good way to design networks and so that was one key influence. The other early influence was Paul Baran at RAND, who pro who came up with designs for a network that had really, very decentralized control structures. This is where some of the lines about the Internet surviving nuclear attacks came from. In this new architecture, since it was decentralized, if you knocked down any portion of it, the rest of it would just keep on going on. This figure here shows the geographical map for the ARPANET. This is in December, 1968, and so that's almost ten years after the ARPANET has started. You can see that it's grown significantly. it's, it's now do zens of nodes scattered across the United States. It's a, a fairly modest network by modern standards. You can see here the links, they run at 50 kilobits per second, that was fast at the time. That's now the speed of a slow computer modem using the telephone. And this nodes, many of these nodes were called IMPs and they are the precursors, they're the earliest form of routers, so this is what the network looked like. In the second phase, the NSFNET emerged, and the Internet really began to grow up into a more recognizable form. After the Internet sorry, after the ARPANET, there was a lot of excitement around packet switch networks and many similar networks began to appear, but they mostly served separate communities or they were for particular purposes. The NSFNET which started in 85' broadly supported the educational community and allowed many of these different networks to be connected. Originally, the NSFNET was to provide access to different supercomputer sites for the academic community, but soon, because of its policy of allowing anyone in a academic institution to connect, it became the backbone for the Internet which is, you know, that some of the key glue which held together connectivity between different portions of the Internet. It's during this phase of the Internet that the classic protocols that we know today emerged. For instance, TCP/IP in its modern form was deployed in, I think, nineteen, 1983. It was a flag day, one of the last flag days when the protocols and the ARPANET switched from earlier protocols, TCP to TCP/IP. The, the DNS, the domain name system, which we use for distributed administration of names emerged in 1983 also. Before that it was just a table, a flat table stored on a computer. and also Berkeley sockets, the API we talked about and saw earlier emerged in 1983. It, it proliferated in 1983 with the deployment of the BSD 4.2 Unix. Work on the Internet routing schemes also evolved and BGP, which is the main Internet routing protocol used across organizations, began to be prototyped, and by 93,' it was in widespread use in the Internet. This is really a period of, of growth. it, it's somewhat different than today if you just back to what existed during the 80s'. not the modern computers that we have today. In fact much of the growth came from early forms of the personal computer as they took off and people began to in, in fact, buy computers and they would connect them to the Internet. Ethernet LANS or local area networks really began to take off in this period, too. Ethernet, the most popular form of local area network today, actually, maybe wirelessness today, at the most popular Wiphone, but is invented by Bob Metcalfe in the early 70s', about 73, but it wasn't until the 80s' that it really began to take off. Ethernet was used in campuses to connect together a lot of machines in a department, and then in companies to connect all of their computers together and eventually at home. So there was really a lot of growth during this period, and by 1993, you can see there were more than a million hosts in the Internet. Here is a picture of the early Internet architecture with the NSFNET. the feature I point out to you is that it's quite simple. It's a hierarchical structure and the way routing worked is you just routed as high up as you needed to, to, to reach the destination. So these customer networks might be at a local university, and if you wanted to talk to another university, well the, these customer networks were connected to regional networks, which in turn were connected to the NSFNET as the backbone network. If you wanted to send a message between computers, you might send a message out through the regional network down to another university. If you had to go a long distance, your packet might be routed up to the backbone, and from the backbone down to another university over the other side of the country. So it was a fairly simply architecture. the, the growth in the size of the network is also reflected in the growth of the networking technologies, the speed at which individual I inks run. You can see here that the links of the network started at 56 kilobits per second when it was first commissioned in 1985. They rose three years later. They were replaced with 1.5 megabit per second links and then only three years later again, 45 megabit per second, links were folded into the backbone. So this is three orders of magnitude, increase in speed in, in six years. The internet was really moving along and that brings us to the final phase of growth, the modern Internet and the birth of the web, which is much closer to the Internet as we know it. If I just had to pick two changes which summarize this sort of phase I would pick a change in the architecture and the birth of the web. The change in the architecture is that after 1985, there was no single NSFNET backbone with a great deal of foresight. The NSF when they retired their network, they replaced the, the, the backbone of the Internet, the structure by which large ISPs could compete with one another to carry traffic from different organizations. So this really got the Internet off on a commercial footing. Of course, if your customer networks connect to different ISPs, you're going to need to be able to get traffic between them. If you, if your customers are on different ISPs, then so all of these transit, large transit ISPs connected at what is called Internet exchange points, facilities for interconnection. And much later on, the large content providers emerged, such as Google these days or Netflix, something like that. The web also burst on to the scene which changed our usage in 93', and it really took off quite quickly. Its growth stressed the internet and that lead to development of content distribution networks, as well as ICANN, which is a body to control the naming by use of the Internet. Naming became very controversial, you know, as everyone went after different domain names. Now as we've grown, most of our content is actually video, the majority of bytes are video. And, we're very close to the majority of bytes coming from wirele ss devices on the edge. So content is very much driving the Internet. and here, finally, is a diagram of the Internet architecture, the modern Internet architecture. This is really to contrast with the earlier diagram. You can see that it's different in a couple of key respects. The main one is there's no longer a single backbone, there is instead these parallel transit networks, which are providing connectivity. So, if we want to send a packet between one customer and another, it may well be the case that you know, the different customers will be on different, different transit ISPs. Let me just pick a couple of customers. Let's just say this customer and this customer on either end. So it's a different transit ISPs and connected at facilities are called Internet exchange point. That means that a packet that's being routed through the Internet might go something like this. It might go up to this transit ISP, because it's gotta get to the customer somehow, then out through an IXP. From that IXP to another transit IXP, it might be carried over through that transit IXP, and then down to the customer. This I'm trying to draw this drawing behind because all of these transit ISPs exist in parallel. The other difference, they said, there are now also a content providers. These content providers might even source a movie, which might go over the IXP to a transit network and down to another customer. You can get an error that way. so the Internet has gotten a lot more complex in terms of the many business arrangements which effect the flow of traffic, the connectivity between things. In other respects, it's really quite similar. It's still quite decentralized. All of these different networks are operated independently and they can run largely without one another beyond an initial step of simply registering identifies to get going and onto your Internet address space. After I visited here, I realized I loved the big school feel while also still have a great education. When I came to visit, I really felt at home. Cause it's great school and I love the academics Cause we have a lot of different programs in all different subjects Joining a fraternity and getting involved in club hockey and Lacross Meeting a lot of different and new people The opportunities and the beautiful campus The Farmer School of Business is great and in the top 25 programs. And they have great alumni connections. Miami had the best program for Speech Pathology. Mainly because Miami is better than OU and I really want a job after graduation. welcome to you to make celica function series number for me if you want to download this workbook info along click on my youtube channel Is ( -1, 7) is solution for the equations below. The first equation is x + 2y =13, second equation is 3x - y = -11, Inorder for -1,7 for solution for the system it needs to satisfy both equations. x = -1 and y = 7, need to satisfy both equations to be a solution. Lets try with the first equation. If x=-1 & y =7 we will test if it satisfies this equation. So we have -1 + 2x7 = 13 ?I put a ? because we don't know if it satisfies. -1 + 14 = 13 So 13 =13, so it satisfy the first equation. Now lets us look at the second equation. We have 3 ( -1) - 7 = -11 ? Put ? as i don't know if it satisfies. -3 - 7 = -11? -3 -7 = -10. So we get -10 = -11, no It is not true. So x = -1 & y=7 does not satisfy the second equation. This over here is not a solution for the system. The answer is No as it satisfies the first equation, but not the second. Good evening. Thank you very much for coming. My job is to narrate stories of my own and of others, and today I will try to recount and share with you some of my personal thoughts and stories. Starting with my name. My name is Gazmed Kaplani. Does anyone here know Albanian? This is what is like to not know foreign languages, correct? (Laughter) (Applause) I was born in Albania in August of 1967, when the communist regime of Emver Chotza was at the height of its paranoia and religion was banned by law. Religious names were banned, therefore my parents and other parents who gave birth to childern during this period -because thankfully life keeps up even in a tyrannical regime- they had to create a new name. My parents therefore created the name Gazmed, which is a compound Albanian word, the 'Gaz' which means joy and the 'med' which means spirit, therefore I am a joyful spirit. Kaplani, as you may have heard, is a common international last name. One may trace it in Greece, or in Albania, with the Turks, Serbs, Bulgarians and a bit further, in central Europe, with the Polish, you find it even further with the Arabs, also with the Jewish. With a quick search of the word's etymology on Google, between all the others, I discovered that 'Kaplani' means tiger. By the way my sign is Leo, therefore I carry the whole jungle inside me! For those who know and read the fine Greek literature, Kaplani will perhaps remind them of something, Kaplani from "Wildcat Under Glass" by Alki Zei, where the facts that are narrated by Zei in the book, occurred in dictatorship, but of the fascist kind. Amongst others there is a segment, where the grandfather, presents a set of humanity's struggles to his granddaughters and he says: "However, dictatorship is the worst." And me, since I outlived it, I feel this phrase under my skin and I think that it is the worst, because the dictatorship loathes personal freedom and the freedom of creation and tries to implant in people's mind, not the courage to create, but the courage of catastrophe and self-destruction. To me that I have experienced a dictatorship, it is impossible for me to think of courage of creation, without the freedom of creation, Because the desire of our freedom makes more creative and many times the need to create gives us more freedom. To have the honor to find myself in front of you all here today, I had to pass the borders that deprived us from freedom, back 20 years ago. I passed them not far from here, and whoever crossed them in that era, found in front of them solders, who were holding Kalashnikovs, and found themselves in front of wire-fence. They didn't know if the solders would shoot them or not. Therefore the crossing of the borders was an act of freedom. Οn the other side of the borders luckily there were no soldiers with AK-47's and wire-fencing, however there was a very difficult freedom. Because freedom is difficult, when it comes from a lack of freedom, because a lack of freedom exhausts you, you get exhausted. Secondly, you find a very different world from that which you have built in your isolation. Thirdly, because when you enter like this, you are often incomprehensible and undesirable. We people are strange beings and thankfully we are, because us authors wouldn't have jobs. We are strange beings, because we search for freedom, but when we have it, it scares us. We want to flee or search for an authoritarian father to relieve us from the weight of personal freedom, of the personal responsibility towards freedom. Those who remember the movie: "The Shawshank Redemption" will remember perhaps what the condemned do when they leave prison. Sometimes they commit suicide, because they lose their grounding, freedom is unbearable. I say this because personally -and I do this with the heroes that I write about in my books- when I found myself in front of this unbearable and difficult freedom, I had not only the physical temptation to commit suicide -thankfully- but the societal temptation to commit suicide, and by this I mean to close myself in a shell, confront everyone as an enemy, to play the victim. It is very convenient to play the victim, it is a very convenient position, a great temptation, but you will never find the courage to create, if you comfort yourself in the victim's position. Because creation, in my opinion, has a necessary requirement, to tell yourself: "I am the only one responsible for my fate and my actions." Now, since we started on immigration, when I speak with readers, who ask, "But did immigration change you?" I think that I would be an unsuccessful person, if I did not change. There is a book by Bertolt Brecht, "Stories of Mr. Keuner", where Mr. Keuner meets after many years someone he knows and he sees him and says "Mr. Keuner, how are you? You haven't changed at all." And Mr. Coiner, writes Mr. Brecht, went pale. Because there isn't a bigger insult than to be told, after years and travels, that you haven't changed at all. Only statues and tombstones remain the same. To not change, means to not expose oneself and whoever does not expose themselves, does not create, because they don't take risks. Now, I have the impression that perhaps some of you want to ask me specifically about the subject of immigration, what I think of it. I personally dream, after so many years of immigration and after so much research, I dream of a world without migrants. I don't want you to misunderstand me, because I like very much to travel, I like very much for people to travel, however to travel as equal citizens, to travel as tourists, to travel curiously, even adventurous. Because when you travel like the Greeks did at the beginning of the 20th century, or as the Afghans did at the beginning of the 21st century, or as others do, you are by definition in a weak position and the weak people in this world, may have others feeling sorry for them, but no one respects them. How many things do you lose, when you live in a country as an immigrant. You lose so many things and many times you lose the best things. At the same time though, I do not believe a world without migrants is feasible, because that means the world would be free of tyranny and poverty and the world would be free from the desires of people to improve their fate. The bottom line is, the history of humanity is a history of migration and impurities. So, when someone asks me: "would you take this journey again?" I would answer: "A thousand times YES!" Το me it was a very productive journey. When you take this journey, you enrich your identity, One gets to obtain different insights and not just one single insight, cultural or not. This way you understand that the largest virtue of humankind does not have to do with genes or skin color. It has to do with the ability to learn and to change. It has to do with the courage to create. You learn that the secret of creation is so simple and so difficult. To not be bored to live. You learn that others, deep inside, are a mirror, where our nightmares and virtues are projected in large scope. When you feel good with yourself, you feel good with others. When you feel creative, you build a creative relationship with others. When you feel like a failure and unsatisfied, you will see contact with others as a historical accident and you will make yourself and others miserable. Now, authorship itself is a form of migration, in terms of travel. Because those who write, know that you know where to start, but you don't know if you will ever conclude, it is a risk. Either you start to end up at some destination and you end up being in uncharted waters. You become a hostage of the heroes that you created. Also, to me, one becomes an author rather than to be born an author. The English have a saying about authors that says: "The writer who waits for the inspiration to come, is not a writer, he is a waiter." Talent is a spark, the rest is very hard work, creation doesn't exist without hard work. What happens though when you write in a language that is not your native language, as it has happened for me, that 24 years ago, no, 21 years ago I didn't know a single word in Greek. A lot happens, and for this I have written my second book, but I would like to dwell on two instances, it happens when it doesn't come to you, when you lack inspiration, talent, when you are not creative, you accuse the foreign language of being the reason you cannot write. It becomes your scapegoat. On the other hand though, because it is a language you weren't born with, you obtained it, with a lot of trouble, zeal and passion, the relationship with it is always open, unending. It is a relationship that never ends, it never becomes routine. You search for it and it searches for you continuously and it has a reward, meaning that not only does it raise your adrenaline to write, but you also don't become arrogant, as many times a native risks becoming, who believes that the language rightfully belongs to them. You don't become arrogant and you don't become a know-it-all. Because you know, know-it-alls are incapable of creation, know-it-alls know only how to give directions. So... As I told you, 21 years ago I didn't know a word of Greek and there are some books, which I read a lot, of which I took the unknown words, and among these books there is one that I especially love, It is the book by Yiorgos Theotokas, "The Free Spirit" and if there were ever a book that I would put on the top of the list, of the books that gave me the courage to create in an unknown country and in an unknown language to me, I would put that one on the top of the list and I would like for you to humor me for a couple more seconds so I can read you a segment from the book. I'm not used to reading segments, but I think I will read this one: "We need to tell the young people, with every opportunity, in the world of spirituality, nothing good ever happened and cannot happen without freedom. We need youth with strong backs, that take life seriously, that feel happy with toilsome work, in abrasive battles, dangerous travels, that love challenges, because they have the strength to be wasted. The challenging and disruptive era that we live in goes well with these types of people, it offers them an exhaustive walk of beautiful action." I had 18 minutes to say all this, there are still two remaining, though, I have finished, So what should I say... I'll tell you an anecdote. Do you remember there was... (Laughter) a racist anecdote in the beginning of the 90's that goes: "Why does an Albanian go at the theatre?" You know why, to steal the show. (Laughter) (Applause) Thank you very much. Those who create therefore, that is what they try to do, to creatively steal the show. Good luck going forward. (Applause) That is exactly what I am saying, in fact this applies to any kind of business - any home-based business - in 2013, regardless of their products. It may as well be an online product or some sort of material. It must virtually attend in both arena... Those Businesses that drop the use of online methods will simply loose against the ones that are using them. Why? I will tell you why! It is actually very simple; We, and others as well, do have a large number of qualified professionals but these people aren't able to reach to go everywhere! Now that I introduced it the beginning of last week, how I am using the Video Autoresponder to make my Automatic Education System; Look! People leave feedback - not to me, because it is not me on the video -, but to the person in the video - although we received some as well -, saying how good it is. People went like: "Wow, this IS great!" When I started the Online Presentations, using the other conferencing room - only, they disconnected two different web offices of mine within one day (talk fusion - mrk.) in an effort to try to keep me from making online presentations. This is funny in it self, seriously, did they really think that I would quit doing online presentations? Anyway, that was when I went over to start using the iWowWe facilities. And simply said: IT WORKED! People understood, that a person living in Győr could send a person who lives in Szeged to take a look at the first presentation online. And the person upon attending, registered with a Premium package. And it worked. People became excited. Yes, I believe you cannot skip it anymore. iWowWe has a severe advantage - I have had the opportunity to look into the functionality of both companies - that it is completely "White-Labeled" (No mention of iWowWe), it is Network independent. It is not mentioned anywhere, whose Conference Room it is, etc... It is very easy to use, no technical problems, and there is a large scale of development in progress, and not just "Coming Soon" being repeated all the time, but things actually do happen. Price-Value ratio is without the doubt the best - you don't need to pay $815 to be able to get your own Conference Room. It is obviously a whole lot less expensive and you all need to take advantage of that because there is an emerging need. We, who do this business, we will be unbelievably successful. There is no question about it, it is 100%. And one of the main, major cornerstones of this success is going to be the online... And that is why people will ask: "What was the Secret of the Success?" - and they WlLL ask because it is going to happen, And then they will understand, that we have an online Education System, automatic trainings, morning video emails, everything that you can imagine... And who knows what else iWowWe may develop; we will use all that, too. And then people will say: "Wow, yeah, we need to utilize this tool, too" This is where you come into the picture, you simply HAVE to tell people about this. Especially when you got such a "high ball" from your competition, that they started to charge $815 for their Video Conferencing suit. This is a really, really, really good argument in your favor. I make myself available, if you want me to! I can make a video where I will tell anyone why this tool is so good, why we use it, how we use it in Organo Gold, etc. If you want me, I will be your Marketing Figure, and we will do that, using the iWowWe system. Thank you. (English sub: Ferenc Fézler) Does anybody here happen to be interested in other dimensions? (Applause) Alright. Well, thank you all for your time... and your space. (Laughter) Good, I'm glad that one worked here. Alright. Imagine a world whose inhabitants live and die believing only in the existence of two spatial dimensions. A plane. These Flatlanders are going to see some pretty strange things happen; things that are impossible to explain within the constraints of their geometry. For example, imagine that one day, some Flatlander scientists observe this: A set of colorful lights that appear to randomly appear in different locations along the horizon. No matter how hard they try to make sense of these lights, they'll be unable to come up with a theory that can explain them. Some of the more clever scientists might come up with a way to probabilistically describe the flashes. For example, for every 4 seconds, there's 11% chance that a red flash will occur somewhere on the line. But no Flatlander will be able to determine exactly when or where the next red light will be seen. As a consequence, they start to think that the world contains a sense of indeterminacy, that the reason these lights cannot be explained, is that at the fundamental level nature just doesn't make sense. Are they right? Does the fact that they were forced to describe these lights probabilistically actually mean that the world is indeterministic? The lesson we can learn from Flatland is that when we assume only a portion of nature's full geometry, deterministic events can appear fundamentally indeterministic. However, when we expand our view and gain access to the full geometry of the system, indeterminacy disappears. As you can see, we can now determine exactly when and where the next red light will be seen on this line. We are here tonight to consider the possibility that we are like the Flatlanders. Because, as it turns out, our world is riddled with mysteries that just don't seem to fit inside the geometric assumptions we have made. Mysteries like warped space-time, black holes, quantum tunneling the constants of nature, dark matter, dark energy, etc. The list is quite long. How do we respond to these mysteries? Well, we have two choices: We can either cling to our previous assumptions, and invent new equations that exist somehow outside of the metric, as a vague attempt to explain what's going on, or we could take a bolder step, throw out our old assumptions, and construct a new blueprint for reality. One that already includes those phenomena. It's time to take that step. Because we are in the same situation as the Flatlanders. The probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics has our scientists believing that deep down, the world is indeterminant. That the closer we look, the more we will find that nature just doesn't make sense. Hmm... Perhaps all of these mysteries are actually telling us that there's more to the picture. That nature has a richer geometry than we have assumed. Maybe the mysterious phenomena in our world could actually be explained by a richer geometry, with more dimensions. This would mean that we are stuck in our own version of Flatland. And if that's the case, how do we pop ourselves out? At least conceptually? Well, the first step is to make sure that we know exactly what a dimension is. A good question to start with is: What is it about x, y and z that makes them spatial dimensions? The answer is that a change in position in one dimension does not imply a change in position in the other dimensions. Dimensions are independent descriptors of position. So z is a dimension because an object can be holding still in x and y while it's moving in Z. So, to suggest that there are other spatial dimensions is to say that it must be possible for an object to be holding still in x, y and z, yet still moving about in some other spatial sense. But where might these other dimensions be? To solve that mystery, we need to make a fundamental adjustment to our geometric assumptions about space. We need to assume that space is literally and physically quantized, that it's made of interactive pieces. If space is quantized, then it cannot be infinitely divided into smaller and smaller increments. Once we get down to a fundamental size, we cannot go any further and still be talking about distances in space. Let's consider an analogy: Imagine we have a chunk of pure gold that we mean to cut in half over and over. We can entertain two questions here: How many times can we cut what we have in half? and: How many times can we cut what we have in half and still have gold? These are two completely different questions, because once we get down to one atom of gold, we cannot go any further without transcending the definition of gold. If space is quantized, then the same thing applies. We cannot talk about distances in space that are less than the fundamental unit of space for the same reason we cannot talk about amounts of gold that are less than 1 atom of gold. Quantizing space brings us to a new geometric picture. One like this, where the collection of these pieces, these quanta, come together to construct the fabric of x, y and z. This geometry is eleven-dimensional. So if you're seeing this, you already got it. It's not gonna be beyond you. We just need to make sense of what's going on. Notice that there are three distinct types of volume and all volumes are three-dimensional. Distance between any two points in space becomes equal to the number of quanta that are instantaneously between them. The volume inside each quantum is interspatial, and the volume that the quanta move about in is superspatial. Notice how having perfect information about x, y, z position, only enables us to identify a single quantum of space. Also notice that it's now possible for an object to be moving about interspatially or superspatially without changing its x, y, z position at all. This means that there are 9 independent ways for an object to move about. That makes 9 spatial dimensions. 3 dimensions of x, y, z volume, 3 dimensions of superspatial volume, and 3 dimensions of interspatial volume. Then we have time, which can be defined as the whole number of resonations experienced at each quantum. And super-time allows us to describe their motion through super-space. OK, I know this is a whirlwind, a lot faster than I'd like to do it, because there are so many details we can go into. But there's a significant advantage to being able to describe space as a medium that can possess density, distortions and ripples. For example, we can now describe Einstein's curved space-time without dimensionally reducing the picture. Curvature is a change in the density of these space quanta. The denser the quanta get, the less they can freely resonate so they experience less time. And in the regions of maximum density, and the quanta are all packed completely together, like in black holes, they experience no time. Gravity is simply the result of an object traveling straight through curved space. Going straight through x, y, z space means both your left side and your right side travel the same distance, interact with the same number of quanta. So, when a density gradient exists in space, the straight path is the one that provides an equal spatial experience for all parts of a traveling object. OK, this is a really big deal. If you've ever looked at a graph of Einstein curvature before, space-time curvature, you may have not noticed that one of the dimensions was unlabeled. We assumed we took a plane of our world and anytime there was mass in that plane we'll stretch it; if there was more mass, we stretch it more, to show how much curvature there is. But what's the direction we're stretching in? We got rid of the z dimension. We blow over that every single time in our books. Here, we didn't have to get rid of the z dimension. We got to show curvature in its full form. And this is a really big deal. Other mysteries that pop out of this map, like quantum tunneling - Remember our Flatlanders? Well, they'll see a red light appear somewhere on the horizon and then it'll disappear, and as far as they're concerned, it's gone from the universe. But if a red light appears again somewhere else on the line, they might call it quantum tunneling, The same way when we watch an electron, and then it disappears from the fabric of space and reappears somewhere else, and that somewhere else can actually be beyond the boundary that it's not supposed to be able to get beyond. OK? Can you use this picture now? To solve that mystery? Can you see how the mysteries of our world can transform into elegant aspects of our new geometric picture? All we have to do to make sense of those mysteries is to change our geometric assumptions, to quantize space. OK, this picture also has something to say about where the constants of nature come from; like the speed of light, Planck's constant, the gravitational constant and so on. Since all units of expression, Newtons, Joules, Pascals, etc, can be reduced to five combinations of length, mass, time, ampere and temperature, quantizing the fabric of space, means that those five expressions must also come in quantized units. So, this gives us five numbers that stem from our geometric map. Natural consequences of our map, with units of one. There's two other numbers in our map. Numbers that reflect the limits of curvature. Pi can be used to represent the minimum state of curvature, or zero curvature, while a number we are calling zhe, can be used to represent the maximum state of curvature. The reason we now have a maximum is because we've quantized space. We can't infinitely continue to go on. What do these numbers do for us? Well, this long list here is the constants of nature, and if you've noticed, even though they're flying by pretty fast, they're all made up of the five numbers that come from our geometry and the two numbers that come from the limits of curvature. That's a really big deal by the way, to me it's a really big deal. This means that the constants of nature come from the geometry of space; they're necessary consequences of the model. OK. This is a lot of fun because there are so many punch lines, it's hard to know exactly who's going to get caught where. But, this new map, allows us to explain gravity, in a way that's totally conceptual now, you get the whole picture in your head, black holes, quantum tunneling, the constants of nature, and in case none of those caught your fancy, or you've never heard of any of them before, you've definitely just barely heard about dark matter and dark energy. Those too are geometric consequences. Dark matter, when we look at distant galaxies, and watch the stars that orbit about in those galaxies, the stars out at the edges are moving too fast, they seem to have extra gravity. How do we explain this? Well, we couldn't, so we say there must be some other matter there, creating more gravity, making those effects. But we can't see the matter. So we call it dark matter. And we define dark matter as something you can't see! Which is fine, it's a good step, it's a good start, but here in our model we didn't have to take that kind of a leap. We took a leap, we said space is quantized, but everything else fell out from that. Here, we're saying, space is made up of fundamental parts, just the same way we believe air is made out of molecules. If that's true, then an automatic requirement is you can have changes in density, this is where gravity comes from, but you should also have phase changes. And what stimulates a phase change? Well, temperature. When something gets cold enough, its geometric arrangement will change, and it will change phase. A change in the density here, at the outer regions of the galaxies, is going to cause a gravitational field, because that's what gravitational fields are, they're changes in density. OK? Totally skipped through all that. And now we'll go to dark energy, in 15 seconds. When we look out into the cosmos, we see that distant light is red shifted, OK? That it loses some of its energy as it's traveling to us for billions of years. Now how do we explain that red shift? Well, currently we say it means the universe is expanding. OK? All of our claims that the universe is expanding come from this, from measurements of how the red shift changes, out of this distance to this distance to that distance. OK? And also we measure the expansion that way. But there's another way to explain red shift. Just like there'd be another way to explain how if I had a tuning fork tuned to middle C, and I went in a tunnel and you could hear... a B note. Sure, you could say it's because I'm moving away from you inside the tunnel, but it could also be because the pressure of the atmosphere is decreasing while the sound is traveling to your ear. Here, that seemed a little far fetched because atmospheric pressure doesn't decrease fast, but when we're talking billions of years of light traveling through space, all we need are the quanta themselves to have a small amount of inelasticity and red shift is imminent. Alright, there's a lot more to explore in this, because if you're interested, feel free to check out this website and give all the feedback you can. We're out of time so let me just say, that this blueprint gives us a mental tool, a tool that can expand the reach of our imagination, and, maybe, even respark the romanticism of Einstein's quest. Thank you. (Applause) (music) (crowd murmuring) Well, you are witnessing one of the very first orientation sessions of the Open High School of Utah. They're meeting the counselor and checking their schedules. They're getting their student pictures taken. They're signing in and doing their forms and their fees We've walked them through how to sign into their classes so that next Monday they'll open up those computers and have everything that they need to be able to be successful students of the Open High School of Utah. I'm Rachel, and I chose coming to Open High School because there'd be a lot of flexibility and a lot of interaction with teachers. So, it was different from what else was out there and I thought that it would be a good fit and it is. So, I started skating when I was eight and now I just travel for contests. The best part's been just being able to travel and skate, without having the hassle of school and to take it with me. My older daugher went to it last year and she's in China this year working in an orphanage and she was able to take her computer with her and do her classes in China. So that's awesome. (music) Open High School first crept into my mind during a conversation with a doctoral student of mine who was involved with the charter movement in Utah. Essentially, he dared me saying "You're always doing this great talk about Open Education Resources and access to education. You should probably either shut up or put something on the table." We're actually the first secondary school that we know of globally that is using and creating their own open source curriculum. I hired teachers to go ahead and write the curriculum under the instruction of our curriculum director. So, the first thing that they do is just gather content. There is so much OER out there. Once they have that gathered, then they go through it and they start aligning it to the state standards. Then they start beefing it up, and adding in the screencast, and we use Skype, ... and Blabberize, and it's like a foreign language, all of the tech tools that we are able to use. The thing that I really like is having it more interactive, and being able to have math applets on your thing where they're actually able to play math games and you're actually able to see things happening which you couldn't see in a textbook. With the open source content, you can modify it and meet your own student's needs. So, when I found some stuff, I tried it in my class. It didn't work I threw it out. Tried something else that I found and it worked. And, so, that's what I love about open source and not having a textbook is that "Can't just tear out that chapter in the textbook," but with open source you can. And one of the first things a teacher will go to to look at things is obviously her gradebook. In a gradebook, you can actually go to individual assignments. And so, I'm going to take a look at this test right here. And we can not just look at grades, but we can look at the scores on individual questions. And then I can take a look at all these different items over here to give me more information to try to decide "Was it a valid question?" "Do I need to examine the content that the students learned the question from?" "Do I need to look at the question and rewrite it?" So all of these different levels of data and data analysis are available to our teachers that really aren't available to a teacher in a brick and mortar, unless they have a have a program like this that is doing the math for them. I love brick and mortar schools. So I'm still, you know, tha.. another time,but it was alot harder. We always talked about wanting to make it data-driven. But it was hard when you're correcting all these paper tests to be able to go through and actually analyze each question and what each question was, whereas here it's at our fingertips. Here, you know, the kids who need help can come to you, or you can come to them when you notice they need help, and they really get that one-on-one interaction that some students need and, you know, other students may not need it and they're just really smart and they can go through their classes. And that's great. But the kids who really need it get it and they get a lot more of it at Open High School. There are 250 this year, 9th and 10th graders. Trying to open up an entire curriculum in one fell swoop would be very difficult. So we did 9th grade last year, 10th grade this year, and then we build the curriculum during the school year for the next year to be rolled out. So, next year we're actually far enough ahead with our curriculum building that we'll be adding 11th and 12th grades next year. There's no reason this model can't be replicated other places. You know, Moodle is open source, our curriculum is Creative Commons licensed, and we're releasing it each year, both in a browsable way but also as Moodle packages that you can grab and stick straight into your Moodle. So before August is over this year, all of our 9th grade curriculum will available for people to download and use. A success and what it should be for public education across this nation, needs to be that we have prepared our students to succeed in a 21st century global economy. Even talking with businessmen in the technology sector who get technology, they know it's coming, that it should be in education, and we'll still hear things like "But I'm still concerned about socialization. I don't see how somebody can be in an online school full time, and have socialization." There's a lot of socialization. It just looks different. In fact, it looks a lot like what our kids are involved in outside of the classroom. Those are the tools that they use. They're already prepared to utilize them to their fullest. They know how to collaborate online. Online education is not just a fad. These tools that we're using are the exact same that people are using in the workforce. Our workforce is becoming very mobile, it's becoming very flexible, and this is the direction that education is going to be going and I'm so excited to be a part of Open High School where we can be on the cutting edge of bringing this into the K-12 market. Because it's online, because of our teaching model, because of all of these great things, we're able to produce a fabulous open educational resource curriculum. I can't imagine going back to copyrighted materials after using open source. (music) Let me tell you, who to blame. Blame the boy lying at your feet, his body oozing life through the hole in his stomach where the bullet tore him apart Blame him for challenging you For not looking away and not backing down when you pulled out the gun Blame your Mother For bringing you into this world when she was but a kid herself; And for dragging you up, not bringing you up blame society for not giving you hope Blame your father for not being there The man who looked after himself instead of looking after you. Blame the gun in your hand for making you a target for making you more likely to be picked on Blame the dead boy, blame your mother, blame society, blame your father blame the gun Blame anyone but yourself, for not being strong enough to put down the gun To Break the Cycle. Put down the guns. Hear ye! Hear ye! A month ago... 28 February 2011 Should NATO intervene in Libya? Could there be such absurdity? What business does NATO have in Libya? How should they intervene in Libya? Look, as Turkiye, we said we are against this! Such a thing cannot be suggested. Cannot be considered! 21 March 2011 NATO should go into Libya to "determine" and to "register" Libya for the Libyans! [audience applauds] On July, 2012 High Energy Physicists announce the most important scientific achievement of all times. The discovery of a new particle. A very peculiar particle that we call The Higgs Boson And, on that day, physicists around the world celebrated, we got excited, we were moved to tears even those who knew what would be announced on that day. We were on the cover of the most important magazines, for example: Science magazine But, I think what's more relevant is that we were on the front page of the most important newspapers around the world. I think seldom in the history of mankind the entire world celebrated a scientific achievement. And what's even more relevant is that the entire world took an interest on why this new particle is so important for the advancement of human knowledge. I have no doubts that one more, we proved that the building block of knowledge is human curiosity. Because physicists came this far trying to find the answers to very simple questions but also very fundamental such as: what are we made of? How does the universe work? We could say that for almost a hundred years physicists tried to identify the building blocks of matter the fundamental particles and forces that put these blocks together, that these particles get together to build up atoms, molecules, all the matter in the universe. It interesting that to get to the bottom of all matter, in order to single out the different layers of matter we need high energies. High energies to see the minuscule particles but at the same time, when we produce high energies in the lab we are peering into the universe's infancy. It was a very small universe, a very simple universe with a little amount of particles and of forces. A universe extremely energetic Then, we can say that a century of team work, of theorists and experiementals end in this collection of fundamental particles. We have here twelve particles of matter named: quarks, leptons If we look at the first column of this table we can see the U and D quarks the U and D quarks biuld up protons and neutrons that in turn, if we add the electrons we have the atom. All these particles interact with each other by the fundamental forces of nature. The four fundamental forces of nature The first one: the force of gravity, which doesn't need much introduction we know that it is fundamental to define the structure, to the define all that has to do with massive objects like galaxies or stars. Nevertheless, this gravity force isn't considerable in this microscopic world in this subatomic world It isn't as strong as other forces such as: the electromagnetic force which hold electrons around atoms nuclei to build up the atomic structure in order to build up atoms and molecules It isn't considerable if we take the weak force which is the force that relates to particular forms of radioactivity: the degradation of particles and nuclei. It isn't significant if we take the strong force which keeps the U and D quarks inside protons and neutrons and keeps protons and neutrons inside the atom's nucleus. In this subatomic universe, in this universe of high energies and extremely small distances the most accurate and convincing way we have to unravel these forces between particles is precisely by the exchange between particles. This way we have, for example in an electromagnetic interaction between two electrons repulsion between two electrons this can be understood as the exchange by another particle in the case of the electromagnetic force it is called a photon For the weak force, mediators weren't creative enough we call them Zs and Ws and the carriers of the strong force are called gluons. Perhaps, the concept that better describe science's beauty in this subatomic world, in this world of fundamental particles is that of symmetry. In fact, symmetry dominates in this subatomic world but we also have so many examples of symmetry in nature This gorgeous flower is an extraordinary example of radial symmetry around an axis through the centre. Now, let's imagine that I pick each petal off of this flower and I give it to you but you've never seen a flower before so, I tell you: these are parts of something which was once whole you could build up different configurations but if I explain to you that it has a radial symmetry around an axis through the centre this piece of information narrows down the number of configurations and the simpler one would be that of this flower Clearly, these types of symmetry play a central role in all the theories that we use to describe all of nature's fundamental processes The fact that nature is symmetric under certain circumstances tells us about the forces from which these particles interact with each other and besides, it necessary implies the existence of these carriers photons, Zs ,Ws , gluons. Precisely, in the 60s, from extremely elegant theories based upon considerations of symmetry, it was developed the now-called Standard Model of Fundamental Particles and Interactions In this model, the electromagnetic and the weak force are united in a single force that we call electroweak force which means that electricity and magnetism certain types of radiation, of radiactivity are different manifestations of a single unified force in high energies and this was experimentally proved To us, this image has in some way the same beauty as the flower In the y-axis we can see increasing energies the blue line represents the electromagnetic forces between particles the red one, the weak force between particles and look how with high energies they become indistinguishable If we add also a timeline from the Big Bang until today 13.7 billion years went by and see how this electroweak unity happened 10 to the minus 12 power after the Big Bang it means that in the lab we are now reproducing the conditions of the Big Bang the conditions in our universe's infancy 10 to the minus 12 seconds after the Big Bang The issue here is that these carriers the Z and W bosons in order for this unity to work mathematically they have to have zero mass and this is true for the photon. Photons are light particles, it travels at light speed and has zero mass. But this isn't the case for Zs and Ws For Zs and Ws, we have measured their mass in the lab and they have a mass almost a hundred times that of protons so, anyone could say: Well, if in this model, based upon considerations of symmetry I need masses to equal 0 but I see that their masses aren't zero I state that mass is a property of particles but if mass is a property of particles these symmetries that led us to these theories that allow us to predict all nature's processes doesn't hold water, this symmetry that must be maintained , it breaks down A solution to this problem was brought about precisely by Peter Higgs and other physicists and the idea was that: 10 to the minus 10 seconds after the Big Bang the universe expands and cools down, It expands and reaches a critical temperature below which, the universe suffers a change of phase Just like when we drop the temperature to 0º we have a phase change from water into ice but this phase change ocurrs in the fabric of space-time of the universe Then, the universe is filled by a field that we call the Higgs field It is an invisible energy field but these particles "see" this field, interact with it, and as a result of this interaction, they gain energy and it is precisely this energy what we call a particle's mass It was Einstein who taught us that E=mc2, that means that energy and mass are opposite faces of the same coin. So, if we have for example a photon travelling through this field as photons have zero mass, it doesn't interact with this field but Zs and Ws interact very much with this field and electrons, which have a small amount of mass, interact less with this field. I want to stress the importance of this issue the relevance of the solution, particularly, not of the problem because if the electron had no mass, we wouldn't have solid structures, we wouldn't have chemistry, biology, we wouldn't have a patter of life, we wouldn't be here, we wouldn't be. So, you could say: Well, but this is a figment of my imagination this field and so on. In quantum mechanics, each field has a carrier and each carrier has a field, so, this Higgs field has a carrier which is, precisely, the Higgs boson That is, the Higgs boson is the visible manifestation of this invisible energy field Now, we have a problem: How do we find the Higgs? Where is the Higgs? The Higgs isn't present in our everyday life The Higgs, if it existed, was present split seconds after the Big Bang. There were Higgses in our universe's infancy but if these theories, if these ideas are true, then, we should be able to produece a Higgs in the lab It was with these ideas that many physicists, engineers and scientist around the world thousands, got together to build the Large Hadron Collider the most powerful particle collider ever built. This is a proton accelerator, protons are injected in this series of pre-accelerators and in turn, injected in the Large Hadron Collider which is a hundred meters underground It has 27 kms of circumference There, protons travel in both directions in a a ring of vacuum pipes These protons travel sometimes at speeds near the speed of light so they complete 11,000 laps per second in this ring And there, there are certain places in this ring where these protons collide We make them crash and in those places where they collide, we place huge detectors as you can see here which collect all those particles produced by these collisions. Every time they crash and they crash 40 million times per second 40 million times per second every time they crash, we are recreating the conditions a split second after the Big Bang And then, we can produce particles that we don't have nowadays, but were in our universe's infancy This is one of those huge detectors There are two which are the most important Atlas and CMS This is called Atlas and is where the Argentinian scientists work It is a true work of technology Look at the the dimensions it is 46 wide, 25 high, it weights 7 thousand tons, it has 100 millions of networks which collect data from all particles that are produced in each event We have here, in this well-known photo isn't it? Of Atlas. We always show it because this was during the building process and it shows the vastness the enormity of this cathedral of technology, as I like to call it Since we first started to collect data in the LHC This was just over two years ago we have collected a billion million quarillion collisions but the Higgs appear just in a few thousands So, we have to analyse a vast amount of data But for that, we have a lot of scientists around the world We are thousands of colleagues from all over the world But also, as you can imagine there isn't a single computer or a super computer that can process this amount of data. So, CERN is the laboratory where the Large Hadron Collider is located and scientists and computer experts from CERN developed new technology called grid computing in order to handle large amounts of data And I have no doubts that this grid computing it's going to be the second revolution of this society of information and knowledge as it was the first, as you know, the WWW, developed also by CERN physicists to fulfil the need of high energies physicists, to communicate and inform which was pass on to society, open and free and it has changed our life, the way we communicate the way we educate ourselves, the way we get information But well, back to the Higgs What can we do to find in all these collisions those which have Higgs and those which don't? The Higgs is a very special particle and when it appears, in less than 10 to the minus 22 seconds it disintegrates into other particles. So, it instantaneously dissapears now, taking into account the Higgs properties and its quantum numbers it just can disintegrate into a pair of photons, a pair of Zs, a pair of Ws a pair of leptons, a pair of quarks. But and this is a big but the issue here is that there are a variety of other nature's processes that also has as final stage, a pair of photons, a pair of leptons a pair of Ws. So, what we do, in a nutshell is to count the number of pairs. If the number of pairs is bigger than we expect from other nature's processes that do not produce Higgs then, we calculate the energy of that collision and we convert it into the mass of the particle that originated those pairs that we have in excess. To see this more vividly, we have this animation which I like very much because it shows in a way, the patience that high energies physicists need to have This shows, what's running are the days, days go by, then months and two whole years of hard work has passed and what we have here is all the pairs that had two photons all the events that had two photons, two pairs of photons in the final stage So, what we do is, from those pairs, we calculate the mass of the hypothetical particle that could have decayed in to this pair If this hypothesis is false, and they didn't come from a new particle then, we should a distribution that goes like the blue line See how this matches all the range of matter that we have investigated except a little region in 125 giga-electron-volts A mass of 125 GeV is something like, 130 times the mass of a prroton So, there we have an excess, this excess comes form the accumulation of pairs of this new particle that came in this case, from the Higgs So, different groups, different teams investigated pairs of photons or pair of Ws, or pair of Zs and, almost without talking with each other, in order to make a blind investigation, we all found the excess in the same place in the same mass. So, what we did was apply complex statistic methods to be able to combine all the excesses and study, then, why the excess is relevant When we found that the relevance of this excess is so great that we have a one in a million chance that this excess is simply a fluctuation of data on that day, we toast, and cheer and announce, then, the discovery of this new particle The Higgs boson Now we know that the Higgs boson exists there exists that invisible field and I want to stress that this isn't another particle of matter We haven't been going deeper in layers of matter Neither, is a particle of force, a carrier of a new force this particle is telling us that we understand how particles gain mass It isn't an intrinsic property of a particle, but an acquired property of a particle. It tells us in a way, why the universe is the way it is. And this mark the beginning of a new era, the beginning of an era that we sometimes call the era of Higgs' Phyisics Well, we can't even imagine what nature will show us next that why, as we, high energy physicists, always do we ask nature and we are asking all the time with the LHC and we will ask again in 2015 when it will be back with more energy and even more power. NAOMl: Jonesie, what happened to you? Here's your stuff. Did you get in a fight with him? No, I'd have liked to as well as not. Let me see that. I just happened to get my head in the way of a piece of flying tree. Anything there you can use? The aspirin might help break the fever. I'm sorry, Ida Katherine, I ain't no hero. Well, I guess from the look of things you won't be going anywhere for a little while. Get me some water, Kate. Well, I've got some in my canteen. Thank you. Just remember. I still have a gun. Mama. Mama. Nothing to do but wait. How come you married a man who can't do nothing right for nobody? Get some sleep, Kate. ( speaking in Spanish ) FrúŒ? FrúŒ. SE ( speaking in Spanish ) ( dramatic theme playing ) ( woman speaking in Spanish ) ( dramatic theme playing ) You have no idea who it was? No. Now, I gotta tell you something, and you'd better listen. This man is my prisoner, and anyone who tries to help him will be charged with aiding a convicted murderer to escape. That's a very serious offense. And attempting to kill an officer of the law is even more serious. Is that clear? I'd better check the girl. ( dramatic theme playing ) You throw a mean pitchfork. I don't know what you're talking about. What do you expect me to do? That man's going to take you to the electric chair. Besides, it's not as though I was trying to kill him or anything. I just figured that maybe if he couldn't walk for a little while, you could get away. Kate, promise me you won't try again. But he-- Promise me, Kate. All right. I promise. But what about the others? ( wind blowing ) ( men speaking indistinctly ) I suppose I should thank you. Don't bother. What you did, uh-- It didn't surprise me. You know I'll try to get away if I can. That doesn't surprise me either. ( dramatic theme playing ) ( wind blowing ) * At the outlaw's heels * * The sheriff rode * * With a gun strapped To his side * * And the ever-running man * * Lived the outlaw's code * * Take love but never a bride * * So the chase went on * * Both day and night * * With the sheriff Gaining some * * Till they didn't give a hang * * Who was right or wrong * * Just when the end would come * * And it's a sad, sad song * * That I am singing * * It's a sad, sad tale * * I tell * * About a love That a poor girl * * Is bringing * * To a man who Is destined for hell * Jonesie, why don't you shut up? All right, Harry, I'll check with you later. Out. Larry, we got them all over at the Bracken ranch. I guess they'll be okay there. Say, what about the lieutenant from Indiana? He hasn't showed up here yet. Oh, he must have holed up till it's over. You think they're still at the Crawford place? Well, we won't know that until we get the phone lines in. Guess we'd better figure it that way. It'll be hours before we can get a car out to them. Well, they're as safe there as any place tonight. That's not saying much. With all this exposure, half these people are going to catch pneumonia or typhoid, maybe. Unless this place falls in first. You're a good assistant, Kate. I'm just good with you. Mike, after the storm's over, what are you going to do? About him? I don't know. He's got a gun and he's mean. He'll shoot you if you try to run. Let's forget about him for awhile. I'd like that. I'd like to forget the whole thing ever happened. I can see you now, sitting in your office, driving your big car, living in your fine house. Mike, tell me about your wife. What was she like? It's getting hard to remember. She fitted in in that world, didn't she? I can remember when I was little, we would drive through the nice neighborhoods and I would watch the other kids playing out in front of their houses. Mama used to tell me to envy was a deadly sin. Still, there was nothing-- Just nothing I could do to take away that feeling I had inside of me. It looks like I haven't licked it yet. Senor Doctor! What I want to do in this video is find the area of the region in the first quadrant right over here that's below the graph of y is equals to square root of x, but above the graph of y is equal to x squared. So we're talking about this region right over here. And we know what the two endpoints are. The two endpoints are when these two functions equal each other. So x squared is equal to square root of x at x is equal to 0 and at x is equal to 1. So how do we think about this? Well, one way to do it is just to think about, well, what's the area between y is equal to square root of x and the x-axis? So that's going to be, and we're going from 0 to 1, so this is the area under square root of x from 0 to 1 dx. So this is literally denoting this entire region, right over here, all the way up to this boundary point. And then from that, subtract out this region. The area underneath y is equal to x squared, but above the x-axis. So from that, we could subtract from 0 to 1. That's the interval we care about. The area under x squared dx. And this would be completely legitimate. And you might say, hey, look, I have the same boundaries of integration, I have dx right over here. Couldn't I have also written this as the definite integral from 0 to 1 dx of square root of x minus x squared? And if you asked that, I would say absolutely. And this is actually a different way of conceptualizing it. Here, you're taking the area. And instead of, if you conceptualize dx as the width of each of your rectangles, now the height of the rectangle isn't just a function between the x-axis and the function itself. The height is the difference between the two functions. So in this case, this would be the width of a rectangle, and then the height would be the difference between the two functions. And then you would have another rectangle right over there. All of them have width dx, and then the height is the difference between the functions. And then as you take the limit as you have super thin, as these rectangles get thinner and thinner and thinner, and you have more and more and more them, you are essentially approximating the area. So this is one way of conceptualizing it. Or just using, I guess the tools we already had, the area under the curve of square root of x. Subtracting from that the area under the curve of x squared. These are completely legitimate ways of conceptualizing it. But now let's evaluate it. So what's the antiderivative? We know from the second fundamental theorem of calculus, we can say that this is right over here is just going to be the antiderivative of the square root of x. Well, square root of x is the same thing as x to the 1/2 power, so we just increment it. So we say x to the 3/2 power, and then divide by 3/2. So that's the same thing as multiplying by 2/3. And we're going to evaluate that from 0 to 1. And from that, we subtract the antiderivative of x squared, is x to the third over 3. And we're going to evaluate that from 0 to 1 as well. Now this first expression, if we evaluated it at 1. 2/3 times 1 and 3/2. That's just going to be 2/3. And then from that, we're going to subtract this thing evaluated at 0, which is just 0. So we're just left with 2/3. And then we're going to subtract this thing evaluated at 1, minus 1/3 third. And then, also, we're going to subtract this thing. Well, just to be clear, we're going to subtract this thing evaluated at 1, and then from that, it evaluated at 0, which is just 0. But this whole thing simplifies to just subtracting 1/3. And there you have it. We get our answer. 2/3 minus 1/3 is equal to 1/3. So this area right over here. Whatever units we're using is 1/3 square units of area. "How Tumors Use Meat to Grow: Xeno-Autoantibodies" We are now finally able to understand how tumors are able to trick our immune system to feed them with inflammation. When we're born and grow up, we have immune cells that attack everything but us, because the ones that recognized us were eliminated. Cancer cells may be mutated, but they're still our cells, so how do they get the immune system's attention? Presumably, any B cell that would recognize us was killed off before our birth. That's where xeno-autoantibodies come in. "Xeno" means foreign, as in xenophobia. "Auto" comes from the Greek autos, meaning self, as in automobile, a self-moving vehicle—no horse required. But how can something be both xeno and auto, foreign and self? Though many tumors, like breast cancer, thrive on inflammation, thrive on this low-grade immune-response, the problem for the tumor is that since it originated from normal breast tissue, it doesn't look foreign to the immune system, so the tumor isn't able to evoke the response it needs and wants. That's where Neu5Gc can come in. Evidence for a human-specific mechanism for diet and antibody- mediated inflammation in carcinoma -- cancer -- progression. See, "Neu5Gc incorporation by the cancer confers a selective advantage to tumor cells that are best at accumulating Neu5Gc." By actively accumulating this foreign meat and dairy molecule coming from our diet into the tumor, the cancer may use it to trick our immune system into producing autoimmune antibodies— anti-neu5GC autoantibodies, which leads to the release of inflammatory compounds that enable the cancer to grow faster. The combination of tumor-associated Neu5Gc and our circulating anti-Neu5Gc autoantibodies promotes tumor growth, by inducing weak inflammation, causing infiltration of inflammatory cells and enhancing angiogenesis, enhanced blood flow to the tumor. Our own tumors use what we feed on to get what they feed on. So, as I talked about before, since cancer, in a sense, may be now considered an autoimmune disease, what are the dietary implications, given the fact that most animals produce this tumor promoter? Well, we don't make Neu5Gc—-at least we haven't for a few million years—and neither do plants, so to undermine our tumor's sneaky strategy, I guess it comes down to either cannibalism, or a plant-based diet... or both, I guess. "Importantly, these data are congruent with the decreased cancer risk associated with veganism." I want to review a little bit of what we did in the last video. And maybe draw a larger, more spread-out diagram. Because I think in the last video I started to cram things on the right-hand side here. And this is a very important concept, so I want to do it nice and spread-out in a way that we can breathe. And maybe in the process I can fill in some more blanks. So let's go back and draw the membrane of a thylakoid that's sitting inside of a chloroplast. I'm going to draw this same membrane here. So let me draw it nice and spread out. So let me draw a nice big membrane like that. That's the inside of the membrane. So you can imagine that this loops around and that would form the thylakoid. On this side of the membrane we have the lumen. And on the outside of the membrane we have the stroma, where all the fluid that fills up the choloroplast. So this is the stroma right there. And this is just a kind of standard membrane that we see in a lot of organelles. But this is actually a membrane within an organelle. And then maybe there will be a phospho-bilipid layer. And I just say that, or I'm pointing that out because I want to think a little bit about, in this video, how protons can actually get across this thing. How do we use the energy from these electrons going to lower energy states to actually pump protons across this membrane. So you know when you have these bilipid layers, your outside is hydrophilic. And of course, it's hydrophilic because it operates well in a polar environment. And then the insides are non-polar or they're hydrophobic and you have these tales. So I could draw the whole membrane like that, but I won't do that. It will take me forever. But let me draw some of the components that I did in the last video. So we have these complexes that span across this membrane. And the place we started off with was the photosystem II complex. And then later on we have the photosystem I complex. And let me draw the ATP synthase right here. So ATP synthase also spans across it. Then it has little motor part of it. And the hydrogens go through and it spins the motor and it crams the phosphate groups into the ADP to make ATP. I'll talk about that in a second. But the first thing I want to point out is, as I said in the last video, the first place where the electrons get excited is in the chlorophyil and photosystem Il. And then it gets less and less and less excited, it gets headed off from one complex to another complex. And eventually ends up in photosystem I. It gets excited again. Then it gets handed off, handed off, the whole time that energy is being used to transfer hydrogen protons from the stroma into the lumen . But the first question that I would ask is, why is this called photosystem Il, while this is called photosystem I when we're starting over here? And the reason is, this was discovered first. Even though in the light reaction it actually comes into use, or it comes into play, second. This was discovered first. That's why they call it photosystem I. But the reality is photosystem II is where everything starts from. Now in some textbooks you'll also see this written as P680. And you'll see photosystem I written as P700. And these numbers come from the wavelength of light that is best absorbed by the chlorophyil in these photosystems. So 680 corresponds to 680 nanometers. That's the wavelength of light that this absorbs the best. 700 corresponds to 700 nanometers. That's the wavelength of light it absorbs best. Now what I want to do here is draw a little diagram below here to kind of talk more about the electron energy states. I just kind of handwaved it a little bit in the last video. So I'm going to draw a little diagram here. And over here I'm going to write the different things that the electron can be a part of. So right now the electrons can be part of H2O. It could be part of chlorophyil A. It could be a part of-- I'll talk more about this in a little bit-- pheophytin And then you have all of the molecules or the complexes it can become a part of. I'll actually write them down here. So let me write. I don't want to take up too much space. Plastoquinone and then there's a cytochrome B6F complex. I'll just write B6F. Then you have plastocyanin . I'll just write as PC. You don't have to memorize these. You'll forget them in a week if you do. But unless you're studying photosynthesis, then it might make sense to memorize them. And this is in photosystem Il. Then you have chlorophyil in photosystem I. And then you have some other, you know you have ferredoxin I'll just write FD for ferredoxin Some other molecules, you keep going and then you have your eventual electron acceptor NADP plus. Which, once it accepts the electron, becomes NADPH. Now, electrons are very-- so this is, if we go up that's a high energy state, down it's a low energy state. So electrons are already very comfortable. in water. And in chlorophyil A they're even more comfortable. At least this is how I view it. But left to its own devices, this electron will never leave chlorophyil A. But we know what happens. A photon comes in from 93 million miles away. You could imagine photons as little light packets or you could view it as a light wave. Either way. And it excites-- not necessarily directly the chlorophyil A. It might excite other antenna chlorophyil or other pigment molecules. And then through resonance energy, you can imagine them vibrating, and it eventually will excite the photophorylation A directly. Or excite the electrons in chlorophyil A directly. And this dude right here gets excited. Let me do that in a brighter color. So it goes to a high energy state. So the electron here is in a high energy state. Ignore that lumen right there. It has nothing to do with this electron. And then it goes-- and actually when it goes to the high energy state, maybe I should draw it like this, it actually shows up in pheophytin. That is the primary electron acceptor. And it's actually a chlorophyil A molecule. Actually, let me show you what a chlorophyil A molecule looks like. This is what a chlorophyil A molecule looks like. In general, it has a hydrocarbon tail. You see that right here. And it has a porphyrin ring. Or porphyrin head, I guess you could call it. This little group right here is called a porphyrin. And right in the center of it, you have a magnesium. That green right there, that's a magnesium ion. And when the photon comes in or when the resonance energy comes in from some of the antenna molecules, electrons in the double bond sitting here in the porphyrin head get excited. Those are the electrons that we're talking about. And they get excited. And the first electron acceptor is this pheophytin that I just talked about. Pheophytin. It actually looks just like a chlorophyil, but it has no magnesium ion in the middle. And maybe I'm getting a little bit into the weeds a little bit too much. But the pheophytin, you actually see in this diagram right here. It's part of this photosystem complex. So the electron, you can imagine, jumping from the chlorophyil to the pheophytin that does not have that magnesium in the center. And when it sits in the pheophytin it's at a very, very, very, very, high energy state. And then it keeps being transferred from the pheophytin. It goes to the plastoquinone So maybe we go to a slightly lower energy state here. We keep using the electron in green. Then it keeps going to a slightly lower energy state in the cytochrome B6F complex. And then you have the plastocyanin complex, lower energy state. And then eventually it goes into photosystem I at an even lower energy state. Maybe slightly higher than the energy state that it was originally in the chlorophyil A molecule in photosystem Il. Another photon or another set of photons comes and hits photosystem I. Maybe its antenna molecules, through resonance energy, that excites the electron. It might directly hit the chlorophyil in photosystem in its reaction center. And then this gets excited again. And so once again we have an electron with a high potential that can keep going to, from one molecule to another as it gets more and more comfortable. And this releases energy that can drive the proton pump. And it eventually ends up in the NADPH. At a fairly high level of energy still. This electron can still be transferred to other things and release energy. And we'll see that when we talk about the light independent reactions. Now the whole point of me showing you this is, I wanted to kind of depict graphically that the electron is starting off at a pretty low energy state. And the only way this happens is by energy from light. This would not happen on its own. Going from a low energy state to a higher energy state. And I touched on in the last video, you have this electron going here and it gets transferred from one molecule to another. Gets excited again, then keeps going all the way, eventually being accepted by the NAD plus to become NADPH. And you're like, where did that H come from? You could say, well that H is a proton. It gets that electron and then they merge together and you have NADPH. But either way. But the question is, what replaces this electron? And that's where that amazing thing that I talked about in the last video happens. Water gets oxidized. Oxidizing is losing electrons. OlL RlG. So water gets oxidized by the water oxidation on photosystem Il. And that electron ends up and replaces the electron in the chlorophyil. So once again, that's an amazing idea, that you're oxidizing oxygen. So the net effect of what happens is, is you're using energy, using this photon energy right here, to essentially strip electrons off of water. And as you know, when it's on water it's spending most of its time on the oxygen. So it essentially strips electrons off of oxygen and put them in a higher energy state and have them end up on NADPH. And in the process, it had gone to an even higher energy state. And then as it goes down to NADPH, you are pumping protons across the membrane. We learned in the last video, through chemiosmosis, eventually goes through the ATP synthase channel, turns around this part of this protein complex or enzyme complex and actually generates ATP. ATP from ADP and phosphate groups. And in the electron transport chain video, when I talk about cellular respiration, I give a visual concept of how this actually might happen. How you could, as these go through, you actually can jam together the ATP and the ADP. So that's another question in my head is, we talk about these electrons going from one molecule to another. But how does that actually pump hydrogen through? And I'm just going to do a very gross oversimplification. I'm sure it's much more complicated in actual plant cells. But you could imagine that we have our pheophytin right here that has that electron on it right there. Maybe it has its electron right there. This is a gross oversimplification. And then you have your plastoquinone right here. That's the next acceptor. Now maybe on this protein complex right there, the point that wants to accept the electron is right there. And let's say that there's another point on it that can accept a hydrogen. Maybe it accepts a hydrogen proton there. So you can imagine when it's on this side of the membrane, a hydrogen can become attached right there. And this guy will want to be attracted to that. So he'll rotate around. So you can imagine this-- if this is kind of a wheel-- this attraction. Because the electron wants to go into a lower energy state right here. It'll rotate around. That'll allow, essentially, this hydrogen as it rotates. As this molecule, as this protein rotates around this hydrogen will be able to cross the barrier. And then once this guy and that guy meet, then the hydrogen will be on the other side. And so it can freely go away again. So that's, at least in my head, how I imagine the electrons going from a high energy state to a lower energy state, how that can actually drive a reaction. Remember, the electrons want to do this. So they'll attract the different parts of the molecules together. And as those molecules turn and rotate and move, that can help facilitate hydrogen going from the stroma, the outside of the thylakoid, to the inside of the thylakoid. That will drive the chemiosmosis later on. Now there's one other point I want to touch on here. Everything I've described so far, we started with an electron in water. And obviously when water loses its hydrogens, it loses both the hydrogen protons and electrons associated with it. You end up with just water. So you start off with hydrogens and then you end up with just O2. And then the hydrogen protons-- the electron got taken up by the chlorophyil. When you start off with that, we've seen already that you end up with the electron sitting in NADPH. The electron sitting out here in NADPH. At some point you have NAD as the final acceptor. Let me do it in the right color. You have NAD plus as the final acceptor. And it becomes NADPH. You can imagine it accepts maybe a hydrogen proton from out here. It accepts the electron from this electron transport chain in photosynthesis. And it becomes NADPH and that travels in the stroma, which is where the dark reactions occur that actually produce the carbohydrate. But this idea of an electron going from water to NADPH, this is called non-cyclic photophosphorylation And it's called non-cyclic because you're not reusing the same electrons over and over again. The electrons start off, and depending how you view it, in the chlorophyil or the water. And they end up in the NADPH. Now there's another type of photophosphorylation and you might guess what it's called. It's called cyclic. Cyclic photophosphorylation We'll see when we study the dark cycles or the Calvin cycle or the dark reactions or the light independent reactions, that it uses a lot of ATP. Actually ATP in disproportion to the amount of NADPH it uses. It uses both, but it uses a ton of ATP. So cyclic phosphorylation only produces ATP and actually does not oxidize water. So what happens in that situation is this electron, after it gets activated or after it gets excited in photosystem I, it's the electron, it eventually ends up-- instead of at NADPH, it ends up at photosystem Il. So instead of this guy having to be replaced by electrons from water, this guy, in cyclic photophosphorylation ends up-- well, maybe I should do it from here-- ends up getting replaced by the original electrons. It gets excited here. It goes from molecule to molecule, lower energy states, hydrogen gets pumped into the lumen. Gets excited again in photosystem I and it enters lower and lower energy states. But then ends up again in photosystem Il. That is cyclic photophosphorylation. So you can imagine in this situation, since the electron never ends up at NAD plus, you don't end up producing NADPH. And since you're replacing this electron from the photosynthesis or from the electron transport chain directly, you don't have to strip the electrons off of the water. So you're not going to produce your oxygen. So, in this situation-- so this non-cyclic phosphorylation, which is kind of what most photophosphorylation, is what most people associate with photophosphorylation, this produces O2 and NADPH. And of course it produces ATP. While cyclic photophosphorylation, because it doesn't have to strip electrons off of water and the electrons don't end up at NADPH, only produces ATP. So I think we now have a very good understanding, hopefully, of the light reactions in photosynthesis. We're now ready to take the products of this. Now let's remember what the products were. Well, the oxygen just gets eliminated. We don't need the oxygen anymore. But that goes into the atmosphere and you and I can breathe that and we can use that for cellular respiration. But in the photosynthesis context, we've now generated a bunch of ATP. And now we have a bunch of NADPH. And we can use that in conjunction with carbon dioxide to produce actual carbohydrates in the stroma. Outside the thylakoids, but we're still inside of the chloroplast. And I'll cover that in the next video. ♪ ♪ Early explorers feared that the very edge of the world lay in the uncharted waters of the Atlantic. That there was a great abyss that would swallow ships whole, plunging men into a living hell of nightmares and mythic monsters. So, when Columbus stumbled onto the New World, when he came to places like Panama in 1502, he was surprised to discover seeming paradise. Seeming paradise. But, in a way, the old stories were true, for there were monsters in this paradise. There were frustration, disease, and broken dreams. And conquering those would be one of the greatest achievements of the 20th century. It started with the incredible motion of challenging the planets natural balance by linking the two greatest oceans on Earth. To slice a waterway across the continental divide of Panama, and bypass the navigational gauntlet of South America. There was more at stake than improved shipping lanes. This would be mother natures last stand. People would have to declare dominion over the very form and function of the land. It was the most important engineering project of its time, involving the largest earthen dam ever built, the the largest man-made lake ever created. The epic effort was accomplished only through the grueling labor of 100,000 works equipped by the ambitions of powerful men who enjoyed breaking all the rules. In the end it would cost billions of dollars and claim thousands of lives. The Panama Canal. And the world still ponders the profound implications of this modern marvel. ♪ Panama has always attracted explorers and adventurers. In 1534, Spanish engineers surveyed the Isthmus and proposed a plan for a canal that would link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It was a bold idea that was quickly discarded. The jungle was too dense, the weather too oppressive, the task too enormous for the limited technology of the time. But a seed had been planted in the imagination of explorers which would bear bitter fruit for the next three and a half centuries. Ambitious projects demand ambitious men. There was nothing meek about Ferdinand de Lesseps, a celebrated entrepreneur who promoted the French effort to carve the 105 mile Suez Canal in 1869. De Lesseps celebrated success in the middle east was the pride of France. So, ten years later when he focused on building a canal to span the 50 mile width of Panama, there was no doubt that he would, again, succeed. But there were two problems with his plan. One: De Lesseps was a great promoter, not a great engineer. Two: He had never been to Panama. Unlike the Suez, Panama was a savage, tropical terrain. A swampy overgrown land that would not easily bend to the will of man. But, with the support of the French people and millions of dollars in investment capital, De Lesseps and his team of eager young men began their nine year exercise in futility. Problems began immediately. Due to a eight month rainy season the jungle grows at an astounding rate with razor sharp grasses and ferns which easily cut through the skin. This all had to be cleared by hand. And the jungle was home to a savage variety of insects: Spiders, ticks, mosquitoes, poisonous snakes. The French engineers and their laborers from local Caribbean islands were dying in rapid fashion. 75 percent of all workers who entered the hospital for treatment of small pox, typhoid, yellow fever, food poisoning, or snake bite died painfully, prematurely. Most of the illness was blamed on malaria which the French believed was caused by deadly vapors seeping from the rotting jungle. Despite solid medical evidence, the French refused to accept the fact that many tropical diseases are carried, primarily, by mosquitoes. De Lesseps and the French had the will, but not the way. Their plan to carve a sea-level canal had never been practical. The unstable earth of the Panamanian Mountains is prone to sudden slides and could never be tamed by the primitive French construction equipment. By 1889 the Europeans had run out of money. They left behind rusting hardware and the corpses of more than 20,000 men. Those who survived were credited with causing the worst financial failure of its time. A 300 million dollar catastrophe which nearly toppled the French government. But, the dream of building a Panama canal was not dead. Robert Dill: Every man had a job to do, and he was to do it to the best of his ability, because the French had failed, and we were determined to make a success of building the canal, not only for ourselves but for the United States government and for the president. Narrator: At 104 years of age, Robert Dill was the last member of the American team that built the Panama Canal. When he arrived on the Isthmus in 1911, the canal symbolized Americas emergence as a world power. And President Theodore Roosevelt was the embodiment of that spirit. Teddy's advice was to speak softly and carry a big stick, but he never spoke softly. His mythic image had been forged in 1898 during the Spanish-American War, when, as assistant secretary of the Navy, he had led the Rough Riders on a bloody charge up San Juan Hill. The public applauded the victory, but Teddy was upset that badly needed support from west coast battleships was not available for his Caribbean campaign. He saw an immediate strategic need for a canal that would facilitate a two ocean navy. After the fighting, Teddy became vice president on the winning Republican presidential ticket in 1900. A year later when William McKinley was shot to death by an assassin, Roosevelt became president. His first order of business was the Panama Canal. News reels acclaimed his early addresses to Congress where we declared "No work which remains to be undertaken on this continent is of such consequence to the American people as the Panama Canal." The Isthmus of Panama was the northern province of Colombia. And Colombia had no interest in granting the US the right to build a canal. So Roosevelt encouraged the handful of prominent Panamanians who started a revolution in 1903, and declared the region independent. The bloodless coup took less than 24 hours, and to be certain it wouldn't fail, Teddy sent US battleships to the Isthmus with orders to shoot down any Colombian effort to keep its territory. Roosevelt denied any involvement with the revolution until relentless questions from reporters provoked him into saying "I took the Isthmus." Those four words were to prove costly. Colombia demanded 25 million dollars from the United States as reparations for the illegal seizure. But Teddy could finally build his canal thanks to a hastily drawn agreement in which the United States would give the new nation of Panama 10 million dollars for the right to build and operate a transcontinental waterway. No Panamanians ever signed that agreement. Still, preparations for building the dam began. In 1905, John Stevens became the chief engineer of the project. Robert Dill: I would say that Stevens was really the architect because when we took over building the canal in 1904, they still didn't know whether it was going to be a sea level canal or just what they were going to do. Narrator: Stevens convinced Roosevelt of the plan to dam Panamas mightiest river and create, what was then, the worlds largest man made lake. Then use a system of lock to raise and lower ships 85 feet, to the level of the lake, for their transit across the continental divide. But problems still lingered. How would Stevens protect his work force from the ravages of disease, which had already claimed 20 thousand lives during the French effort? The answer was a combination of cunning and common sense. At the turn of the century, Panama was a death trap. For Robert Dill it was also an opportunity to forget the past. Robert Dill: Because I learned that my fiance had gone out with one of her former boyfriends. So, instead of joining the foreign legion or jumping off of a bridge, I decided that I would go to Panama and work on the canal. I lived in Gorgona in the bachelor quarters that were provided by the canal commission. There were two of us in one room and the buildings were built for circulation of air. The aggravation, I might say, would be that due to the dampness, the humidity, we would get up in the morning and open our clothes closet and find that our shoes were full of mold. Narrator: Most of the men who built the canal were not Americans assigned to bachelor quarters, but tens of thousands of desperately poor workers from impoverished Caribbean islands who were housed under far more primitive living conditions and worked for far less money. Robert Dill: The labor was paid 90 cents a day and their meals were nine cents. Their quarters were provided. And the rest, of course, was up to them whether they saved it or spent it. Well, my pay as a machinist, I think, started out about 38 cents an hour. And I received four promotions in five and a half years. Narrator: There was only one thing equal between the Americans and the massive black labor force: The possibility that tropical diseases would claim their lives. It was a reality that Roosevelt had faced during the Spanish-American War. Robert Dill: 13 times of the men that were killed during the battle had died from malaria fever, from disease. So when Teddy Roosevelt knew that we had a sanitation problem to solve, Dr. Gorgas was the man for the job. He was the man that eradicated, is the word, the malaria fever and typhoid in Cuba. He felt that in addition to the health situation we had to build streets because some of the streets were drainage ditches. And he called off all the work on the canal until they got in a sanitary condition to where the men could feel free to work. That had to be done first. Narrator: Drainage ditches were cleaned of standing water where mosquitoes breed. Swamp grass was trimmed to allow small fish to feast on the insect larvae. Ponds and puddles were sprayed with a film of oil to kill the newly hatched insects. Living quarters were fumigated and insect screens were attached to windows. As the environment was being controlled, massive shipments of sanitation materials arrived. 120 tons of insecticide, 8,000 pounds of soap, thousands of buckets, brooms, and rakes. In a few months, the men had accomplished the impossible. By Christmas of 1905, yellow fever had been eliminated in Panama. But health did not come cheaply. Every mosquito killed cost the United States government ten dollars. But the government went even further to protect the workers. The men were prescribed regular rations of quinine. Robert Dill: They would have a man with liquid quinine. The person that would go around to the shops, the gangs, wherever there was activity and men working, and you would take the required amount of liquid quinine. Narrator: But quinine was distributed to workers in a racially segregated way. American men were labeled as gold employees, and the black Caribbean laborers as silver employees. Robert Dill: And the gold would drink out of the gold cup and then all the non-Americans, of course, would drink out of the silver cup. Narrator: When canal construction began full force, new dangers surfaced. The hardest work was in the Culebra Cut, where whole mountains were removed to carve a path eight miles long, 300 feet wide, 50 feet deep. This man made gorge would later be filled with the cool waters dammed from the Chagres River. Until then, the men worked in 120 degree temperatures to blast away sliding hillsides and dig 200 trainloads of earth, every day. 50 to 60 steam shovels were operating at any one time in a choreographed dance with nonstop locomotives. Robert Dill: So they arranged the timing that the train would move very slowly. The steam shovel would come over and put a load. And then it'd take a load, and the train will have moved far enough ahead to put the second dipper there. In other words, there was no lost motion of either steam shovels. Narrator: Special devices allowed the trains to be unloaded with one giant sweep, depositing millions of tons of soil to create a huge earthen dam, one and a half miles long, a half mile thick at the base. It would take that much volume to hold back the water of the huge, man made lake. Meanwhile, in the Cut, 61 million pounds of dynamite was the primary tool for moving earth. The explosive force was equal to all the firepower used in all the wars the United States had fought up until that time. Often the tropical heat would make the dynamite unstable. It would explode unpredictably. A sudden blast killed 27 men in a single, blinding instant. Other workers were killed, or injured, by flying debris. Funerals were as regular as rain. Sometimes the blasts sparked deadly fires. A Panamanian fire department was formed to respond, but was largely untrained in the techniques of fighting fires. Roberts Dill: The Panamanian fire department, instead of going around, you know, and fighting it back, they just followed with it. And when it exploded I think there were six or seven firemen that were just blown to bits. Narrator: It was not uncommon for workers to be ground under the wheels of the speeding trains caught unaware due to the deafening noise of the site. But Teddy Roosevelt was pleased with the progress. The American effort was digging in a single day what the French had taken a month to match. In 1906, Roosevelt decided to see the work for himself, and arrived in Panama for an inspection tour. The first time in history a president had left the United States while in office, and the first time a world leader had ever posed for photos in the seat of a steam shovel. Robert Dill: It was in November, which was the worst month of the rainy season. And when he saw the conditions under which the men were working, their sincerity, their determination to get the job done, he felt that they should have a tin, or a badge, or something. So, he had French junk sent to the Philadelphia mint. And there were over 7,400 medals that were struck and were given to those who had served two years or more doing the construction. Narrator: The medals struck from the steel of discarded French construction equipment featured a cameo of Roosevelt. Robert Dill: My medal numbered 6726. There's a lot of history between number one and 6726. Narrator: Digging the waterway through the Panamanian mountains was a monumental feat. But that was only part of the construction process. The locks which would lift and lower ships from the elevated canal were equally mammoth structures. Their jobs would be to raise the worlds largest ships to the height of a seven storey building. Built in 36 foot sections, they were the largest concrete structures on Earth. 1,000 feet long, 110 feet wide. Each of the six locks could hold an object the size of the Eiffel Tower. They were designed to fill with water flushed in from the lake through pipes the size of railroad tunnels, with two valves, weighing ten tons each. Even though the lock doors weighed 700 tons, they were so perfectly balanced that their opening and closing required only the power of a 40 horsepower motor, the same power used by many industrial lawnmowers. The locks operated exclusively from electricity - A radical new technology for the time. And their power was to be generated from Gatun Dam, a one and a half mile long earth barrier made from the soil of the Culebra Cut. Because of the enormous volume of water in the man made lake, the dam is designed to process in a single day the water equivalent of two Niagara Falls. The Panama Canal represents the perfect balance between technology and teamwork, dreams and determination. It was born of a unique convergence of men, might, and money, which defined a defiant age. Robert Dill: I think I should mention what it meant to work on the Panama Canal and the actual experience of working together with a closeness that you never felt when you were alone. And if you were working with a group, if for some reason one man fell out, then there were others right there to take on his part. There was no such thing as saying "Well, that's his job." This is our job. Narrator: The epic nature of the Panama Canal inspired a spirit of comradery among the workers. But the project could test the strongest of men. In February of 1907, for personal reasons, Chief Engineer John Stevens resigned his post and left Panama. It disheartened the crews, but it enraged the president. President Roosevelt was set on appointing a new man to head the effort who could not leave his post. That man was George Washington Goathals. He was regular military, demanding, authoritative, and, best of all, if he tried to quit he could be court martialed and sent to prison. Robert Dill: Every day was a work day. And, of course, Sunday we were all supposed to observe the Sabbath. But, there was always necessary work to be done that couldn't wait for Monday. Narrator: The military regime pushed the project over the top. In the end, 12 million cubic yards of concrete were set in the locks, and enough dirt was hauled from the Culebra Cut to equal three and a half times the volume of the Suez Canal. On May 20th, 1913, Joseph Kirk in shovel 222 met DJ McDonald in shovel 230 at the bottom of the excavation. The digging was done. The canal was prepared to be filled. Four months later, workers placed the final dynamite in a small dike that held back the Chagres River. Robert Dill: We were very, very proud to be successful and when the canal was completed, and when they blew up the dike at Gamor, [explosion] I'll never forget the applause and noise, and whistling and the yelling and all that everyone made, that were standing on the banks of the canal, when the dike was blown up. Narrator: The water started flowing, the locks were filled, and when the level had risen, a tug boat was draped in flags and sent to make the first trip through the greatest engineering accomplishment of its time. Thousands cheered the triumph, but the cheering did not last long. By the time the steamship Ancon officially opened canal operations on August 15th, 1914-- ten years after the work begun-- the story of the Panama Canal was buried on the back pages of newspapers because just days before, Europe had erupted in war. At first, America was determined to stay out of the conflict. Instead of fighting, we put on a fair. The spectacular Panama Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco celebrated the ingenuity and magnificence of America and the canal and marking the emergence of the United States as a cultural and technological world power. But the rest of the world didn't have time to celebrate. [explosion] The United States finally entered the war and with the passage of the Pacific fleet through the canal in 1919, Teddy Roosevelt's dream of a two-ocean navy became a reality, but Teddy never lived to see the triumph. He had died a few months earlier. After the war the United States disassembled a third of its battleships in the collective cause of world peace. The navy's use of the canal dropped off and a worldwide depression was having a negative impact on the canal as well. George Muller: There were periods of time traffic became so slow, so low, so minimum, that there were layoffs and I recall once, my father was working two different jobs. Joan: If they were laid off they would have to go back to the states and what would we do there? Stand on street corners selling apples and pencils? Narrator: George Muller and Joan Marie Ridge Degrummond are canal brats, children of canal workers who lived in the American zone and often grew up to join the workforce themselves. Against the backdrop of Panama, they developed their own way of making it through the depression. Joan: This is on GitHub as well. We'll let you guys check it out. But yeah, we've got demos of Google Maps, Twitter APl, couple others actually written with Dart using those stateful [INAUDlBLE] and JavaScript APls. JJ BEHRENS: So the one thing I want to point out about the JS, Dart, interrupt if you look at this closely it's not trivial. Certain languages they compile to JavaScript and there's no disconnect at all between those two languages. And so you might wonder, well why does it seem a little bit harder in Dart? And that's because we want to support the Dart VM. We want to have things like faster VM performance. We want to run way faster. We want those things like snapshots. And getting two different VMs to work together is not so easy. There's some cross VM garbage collection issues. And so, yes it is a little bit harder than some certain other languages. Not impossible. SETH LADD: Well here, so let's go to the computer screen. You can see an example of Google Maps. And I actually think it's pretty straightforward. you're right, it's not like a config script integration. But with a couple, I would almost say wrapping functions, there's a way to declare what the scope is of some of these JavaScript variables. There's a way to create a Dart proxy of a JavaScript object. But that's just the boilerplate set up. When you're actually dealing with the actual business logic, which is the majority of the code, this is the part that I've highlighted right here. It's Dart code. JJ BEHRENS: It's invisible, behind the scenes, proxies. It's not difficult, but I just want to point out with the Dart VM we're going to get all these additional benefits. SETH LADD: We need to work in a multiple VM world. JJ BEHRENS: Dart wants to push the web forward, and so this is us pushing the web forward. SETH LADD: One of the other huge additions to the platform is our package manager. All big successful programming ecosystems, if you will, have a great package manager. JJ BEHRENS: That went live, what, like an hour ago? SETH LADD: This is part of the release. We call it Pub because you play darts in a pub. So let's do a demo of that. So we have the ability to publish packages on a centralized hosting pub, the dartlang.org. Soon you, as external developers, will be able to upload and publish your own packages. And today you can use those packages hosted at Pub. So I think I have an example of that here. This is one of my favorite demos. JJ BEHRENS: That's awful. SETH LADD: OK, so let's start here. So on the computer screen here you've got-- it's a simple app. But it's referring to three different packages. And I'm going to get these from Pub. And of course, my Editor here doesn't know anything about them, because I haven't installed them yet. But thanks to our integration with Pub into the Editor, I can just go up to Tools and run Pub Install. It helps if I choose the directory. Let's do that. So now it's running out to Pub and various sources declared where to get the packages from. And it pulls them down and creates all the necessary symlinks so that my local application understands where these different packages are. And it's all relative to the project. So let's hope this finishes here. JJ BEHRENS: Ahh, the demo gods. SETH LADD: Uh-oh. JJ BEHRENS: So we launched Pub today at, what is it? Pub.dartlang.org. So we already have a long list of packages, but over the coming quarter we're hoping to really, really increase that. So if you have a library that you could import to Dart put it on Pub and then everyone will benefit. A lot of people-- I talk to a lot of kids and they're like, oh I want to get into Google. And I always ask, well do you have any open source contributions? Now is a really good time. Import a library, get it up on GitHub, get it up on Pub, and become famous. And it's done for a profit, I think. SETH LADD: Well if I can get the demo back I will go back to it. But we've got a lot of good questions from the community. So let's go back to Gilad. I want to start with-- let's set the record straight, I think. is Dart out to replace JavaScript? JJ BEHRENS: Why do you hate JavaScript so much? GlLAD BRACHA: Oh, you're not interested in why I hate or love anything. Dart is not out to replace JavaScript. This is something that, I guess, various commentators jump to that conclusion. And once that happens, no amount of denials will help. I mean not that I personally-- I mean, there's a long list of programming languages I personally would eradicate. But that's not what Google is trying to do here. We compiled a JavaScript. I mean one thing about people at Google, whatever people may say of us, I don't think they often say that we're stupid. And so the idea of getting rid of JavaScript is quite unrealistic. And we have no interest in doing that. We're compiling to JavaScript, because we see JavaScript as a substrate that can enable languages and multiple languages. Dart, of course, but potentially lots of other languages. Just like x86 or any other part of the ecosystem. The question is, do you want to work with it directly? And I don't think so. SETH LADD: So it just builds on the existing lingua franca infrastructure of the web. JJ BEHRENS: And we have a lot of people at Google who really, really love JavaScript. Those Angular guys, man, they love it. SETH LADD: Good framework. JJ BEHRENS: Yeah, it is good framework. SETH LADD: So this I'm really curious about. So you've seen a bunch of Dart code get written the past year, and iterations of spec. What is some of the best feedback you've received? GlLAD BRACHA: The best feedback is feedback that tells you about a problem. Right? So I'm trying to do this with a library, because I have Dart HTML and it's too big and I want to show people only a part of it. Generally feedback that tells you about a problem someone's trying to solve, as opposed to feedback that tells you I want this thing from my favorite language. That is prescriptive solutions. Because the prescriptive solutions aren't very useful to me. They're not likely to actually work in a different setting. If they do they'll bring the exact same problems that they had in that setting. And so you really want to listen to people tell you about their problems not the solutions. JJ BEHRENS: This is definitely a good case why languages designed by committee, with the exception of Haskell, don't always work out so smoothly. GlLAD BRACHA: Umm. Please go on. SETH LADD: So what I'm hearing is we love the feedback that's more about use cases. Tell us what you're trying to do, and what was difficult, and we'll help come up with a solution. GlLAD BRACHA: Right. SETH LADD: Well, M1 is a stabilization but we're not done. GlLAD BRACHA: Oh, by no means. SETH LADD: We've got a couple things coming down the pipe. Can you give us a little hint about what you're thinking about? GlLAD BRACHA: So mix ins is something we already-- I think we last spoke about it already at Google I/O and mentioned that we'd do that. So that'll be coming at some point down the pipeline. I'm very excited about that. Again, that's something that helps you structure things better. There are very concrete scenarios. That's one of the reasons libraries will be heavily impacted by that, because you'll be able to organize things in a way that'll let you share code more effectively and so forth. Then of course mirrors, it's not really a language construct, but it's more a magical library that lets you do things with the language. And so right now we have introspection in the VM. But we don't have support for all this stuff in dart2js. So we're warning people about that. We don't want anyone playing with it in the VM and then suddenly realizing that it's not going to work for them in dart2js. And there's a lot more to mirrors beyond the current introspection support that we'd like to do. Adding and changing code dynamically, debugging support, making things like [INAUDlBLE] trivial, making fix and continue debugging trivial. That sort of thing. JJ BEHRENS: I'm really looking forward to that. GlLAD BRACHA: And of course, this is complicated in the Dart context because of these issues of you don't really download all your code. Or your code gets mangled, minified, whatever. And having mechanisms to control that. So we don't want a situation where just because you used mirrors suddenly all bets are off and suddenly your download explodes. Because we want to give you a relatively fine grained mechanism using metadata, which is another new feature that has just come in, to specify well I'm going to need this stuff reflectively. Even though it isn't actually being used right now so please keep it. Preserve that information for me. Things like that. SETH LADD: I love to see the language continue to evolve. This is great. JJ BEHRENS: Yeah. SETH LADD: All right, we're going to try this demo one more time. Here we go, everyone cross your fingers. So we're back at the computer screen here. And I restarted the Editor. The errors still exist here in the simple app about missing packages. But let's go ahead and see if we can run Pub again. OK, it wasn't meant to be. That's all right. JJ BEHRENS: It wasn't meant to be. SETH LADD: That's OK. It worked for me yesterday. That's a typical response from programmers, right? Or it worked on my machine. JJ BEHRENS: Yeah, I'm so sorry about that. It's funny. It always works. Pub is not one of those things that causes me a lot of problems. SETH LADD: OK, so it looked like it worked. It just, no, nevermind. We'll come back. JJ BEHRENS: OK, sorry about that. SETH LADD: But we're only M1 right? So it's OK we're allowed one bug. JJ BEHRENS: One bug. Until M2 right? GlLAD BRACHA: Then we'll have two bugs. Yeah, actually probably a lot more. That's another thing, when we say that the language is stable you have to take that with a grain of salt in the sense that we have no intention of making any more breaking changes unless we've really screwed up. And the other thing is, from the end developer's perspective, the fact that the spec says well this is the way it is and we don't intend to change that. Obviously there are going to be bugs, so people will still have to adjust to things working differently than the way they work right now. And library changes are just as important, if not more so. And there will be additions, but those additions we don't see them impacting what's already there. It'll be a way of wave breaking them. So the main message is we're past the radical language reshuffling phase. JJ BEHRENS: I think that if people want to stay current on these things they should just follow the blog. I mean, every time we're discussing upcoming things it's on the blog. SETH LADD: Right. Another big change coming down is web components. JJ BEHRENS: Web components. SETH LADD: Web components are a future spec really made available today thanks to our compilation step. So it's an encapsulation model around the structure, and the behavior, and the style of elements that you would typically just lay out on your page. Thanks to web components you can encapsulate them up into new elements and compose your page out of more true elements. And the Dart team has been hard at work, again open source on GitHub, to make the web component model a reality today. And we've already got some demo apps like to do MVC. So I expect to see more of those. And along with the library updates, and language evolution stuff, but also a lot more with web components. So stay tuned for that. JJ BEHRENS: Web components are big. SETH LADD: So you alluded to the news and update service we have. So this is a lot of stuff we just presented here, and the train is going to keep on rolling. What are some good ways that people can get involved and or follow along with Dart? JJ BEHRENS: Well, you could start by going to dartlang.org. You could download the Editor. There's a mailing list that moves crazy fast. I can't read as fast as it moves. But if you have questions about specific things you're stuck on in your Dart code, I think you should post questions to Stack Overflow. And remember, if you ask a question and then Seth or me answers it you've got to +1 it. Because my salary is directly connected to the little green check marks. SETH LADD: We're now an officially sponsored tag on Stack Overflow for Dart which I'm really happy with. A lot of good community involvement there. Great. And then, dartbug.com. JJ BEHRENS: Dartbug.com, so my favorite thing is I come up with some random crazy feature because I wake up in a cold sweat in the middle of the night. The first thing I do is I whip out my Android phone and I go to dartbug.com/new and I create a new feature. And then the next day Gilad says, JJ stop doing that maybe. SETH LADD: But it is great. Your bugs and feedback we love. It's really helped evolve the language and libraries, the platform, to where it is today. And I'm hoping to see the community continue to grow. So thanks for supporting Dart up to M1. We look forward to hosting more packages on Pub and seeing more cool Dart libraries and apps out there soon. JJ BEHRENS: Absolutely. Gilad, thanks for joining us. GlLAD BRACHA: Thank you. SETH LADD: Thank you very much Gilad. JJ BEHRENS: Thank you all for watching this episode of Dartisms. SETH LADD: Yes, thank you. See you next time. hope you enjoy the film hope productions next how are you doing today mam i want i asked how are you doing today i am doing what is the purpose to visit united state Good morning, everybody, how are you doing? Well, everybody's dream here, at least, is to transform education and somehow bring innovation into teaching systems, into school systems. That is an obviously rather complex reality, multifactorial, multifaceted, and there are some impossibilities and obstacles, but as every dynamic system, it won't be easy to achieve this. Dreams as it is. But we can encapsulate dreams. Encapsulate dreams in the shape of mantras that guide us along a path that makes it feasible to change systems and seek innovation. What I want to discuss with you today is about how we are, in co-authorship with a lot of people and through listening adolescents and children, encapsulating dreams in mantras. The causes of the obstacles in the transformation of systems of education are certainly very many. I'd like to point at a very reduced group of these which is what we will be able to discuss today. The systems of education are very concerned with the focus on a mission that seems their one mission, which is to teach. With teaching methods extremely turned to a monological and expository version of what would be a teaching environment. And with a structure that's called for by the sistematicity of the curriculum which is extremely unengaging from the students' perspective and the teachers' perspective. So the focus on teaching, on the monological expository method, and the absolutely unengaging and dull method, makes the teacher, for example, Prof. André Neves spend a year without going to school, the speaker before me had all the considerations he has on university. What I'm going to suggest in that reflection is a mantra that encapsulates a dream of transformation of the educational systems that I call: Learning through Dialogue and Fun. A mantra built by collaborating and listening to a lot of young people and children with whom I have worked in the last decades, in research on Education and Cognitive Psychology, in collaboration with a lot of co-authors. That's important, the encapsulation of dreams, because dreams and innovation share the same interface. Dreams, like innovation, are movement from the fantastic and different realities. And the idea that we build that in co-authorship is because innovation, as co-authorship, is a process grounded on the multiplicity of voices. So the production of listening and the production of dialogical and engaging learning settings, what I call the encapsulation of a dream which brings innovation and produces transformation in the educational systems. To exemplify this, as I have tried to produce a fence around the impossible, and trespass the fence with innovation, I've brought 3 examples: one produced here in our school, at UFPE, in the Psychology department, where I teach in the problem-solving class. Problem-solving class was taught by presenting problems to the students and the history of the Problem-solving studies, and that was clearly not working, it resulted in students without reflection capacity and without problem-solving practice. I changed all that based on the mantra Learning through Dialogue and Fun so as to create scenarios where students could listen about places, people and social arrangements in search of relevant problems which affected those communities. This here is very brief example of one of the studies, with an impact, a prototype and an impact on the real life of those communities, a study about the maintenance of the pavement in middle class Recife neighbourhoods, a job interestingly called "Cocô ao Redor" (Poo Around), a paraphrase of a very famous film, recently launched, by Kleber Mendonça Filho, where students identified a huge quantity of dog poo along the pavement for which they produced a solution that made... actually very interesting, remember the little balloons of TEDxUFPE, but here they were used to mark the excrement along the pavements. So that produces a very interesting visual effect that made people turn back to pick up the excrements and, also, it cheered the garbage collectors a lot, as you can see them smiling in those pictures. A lot of other jobs were produced which were related to that listening by means of research, prototyping and assessment in diverse places and social settings, with senior people, medicine adherence, the search of books in libraries, anyway, a quite large group of things for which psychologists and Psychology students could collaborate together with designers, architects, engineers, etc. The use of the mantra "Learning...", creating learning environments for a Problem-solving discipline has impacted, along the last decade, on 100 people per year, who are the Psychology students that study the discipline annually. A second example was about how to take to more people and middle school youngsters, for example, the dream of transforming teaching into learning environments, of transforming monological systems into dialogical systems within the school, and about how to really engage youngsters in the production of something important to them. So, working with that perspective of creating a dialogue between the digital game user in media language that was more important to these youngsters and the game developer, we took part in the creation of a game pedagogy in 2 middle schools called NAVE, (Advanced Nucleus of Education), there's one in Pernambuco, one in Rio de Janeiro, in collaboration with o SESl, the Institute for the Future and other institutes, which has recently been awarded by Microsoft as one of the 33 more innovative schools in the world. The production of that dialogue has helped one thousand people a year, one thousand youngsters and teachers a year, to understand teaching as learning, as the possibility to build an exchange. That was made possible in other enterprises such as Plugminas, in the state of Minas Gerais, where I helped to build a pedagogy and an architecture of learning scenarios that today allow 10.000 people a year to catch a glimpse of the school from another perspective, from a perspective that establishes dialogues among vocations, different vocations, results in the world of work and social participation and different experimental productive and formative activities. So the idea of encapsulating dreams in mantras and make those mantras be guides for the transformation in education, flowed into a dialogue in Porto Digital that fellow André Neves has already mentioned and with which we worked together, in the development of a 'gamified' social platform that allows students and teachers to produce dialogues and new scenes in the school environment as an engagement and an immersion in the learning world that otherwise you rarely see. What we do is an articulation between the game world and the school world, in a way that is the discipline's, its curricula, that turns the narratives of the diverse worlds that we go through and the paths we go along in the game mechanics. So, the tasks, for example, are mirrored in the lessons these kids would have in physics, chemistry and maths, they're adventures that they have to embark on in 'gamified' platforms. So tasks or homework turn into the challenges they have to face on that platform. That produces an enchantment world in which those young people can dream again with a school where learning is more important than teaching, where a conversation is more important than a lecture, where engagement produces another social arrangement, in a school which is otherwise absolutely ruined, from a point of view of structuring that architecture of lessons and lectures and monologues. So much so that when those kids are playing they enter the social network of the platform and chat about the game that deals, in the case of this slide, for example, a situation in chemistry. So the game as a place for an off-class debate about strong and weak chemical bonds among carbon atoms, carbon molecules and hydrogen. Unusual dialogues that make us call those games even conversational games, instead of educational games. Conversational games reproduce, try to reproduce and mirror, again, the mantra: Learning through Dialogue and Fun. We've engaged 100.000 people in the last 4 years and we want that to make 100.000 people a year. So you see I have here a progression of the number of people being engaged in each of those environments. That can also be something important if you think from the point of view of how that can turn viral in society and truly transform school and academy in environments that are favorable to the construction of the person and their dreams. Dreams, innovation and co-authorship. Co-authorship requires echo, imitation, too. So with a lot of humbleness I'm going to close this brief dialogue with you by replicating and echoing here a poem that Ken Robinson used in one of his talks. Ken Robinson is a TED star, his talks are watched by millions of people and he closed one of them, one of his talks, with this poem by Yeats: Had I the heavens' embroidered cloths, Enwrought with golden and silver light, The blue and the dim and the dark cloths Of night and light and the half-light, I would spread the cloths under your feet: But I, being poor, have only my dreams; I have spread my dreams under your feet; Tread softly because you tread on my dreams. That's what our children and teens do at school and the academy everyday when they arrive, they spread their dreams, we have to cure those dreams, in a tenderly way, shelter them. That's the message of the kind of mantra that encapsulates dreams and makes a good guide to transform and innovate education. Shelter the dreams of teens and children that come to those learning environments we build. Thank you very much for your attention. (Applause) Michael Okun: Your brain controls everything. Kelly Foote: And we can control your brain. (Laughter) MO: Now, you might be wondering why a neurologist and a neurosurgeon are talking together. Most people that know the traditional roles of neurologists and neurosurgeons, they know that there's not much chance we're gonna talk at all. But it turns out, what we're gonna tell you about today, it takes a "we", it takes a team. And in fact, there is a whole bunch of people that have to stand behind us to do what makes this happen. KF: So, we are going to start a little bit by talking about the brain. Your brain is a living super computer. As we learnt earlier, there are a hundred billion neurons in the brain. And each one of those neurons has the capacity to fire. That is to say, to send an on signal -- we call it an action potential -- to other neurons that it's connected to. Neurons have two states, on or off. Your brain speaks a binary language just like your computer. These neurons are interconnected with living wires called axones and dendrites, and at those connections, which are called synapses, it's estimated that there are 100 trillon synapses in the human brain. So, we're up to speed. The neurons in the brain tend to be clustered in functional units called nuclei, and then those nuclei wire together in functional circuits, and those functional circuits control everything you do and everything you are. MO: Now, when those circuits, become disfunctional, what happens? Bad things happen. That's when patients come to see us, Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, tremor... and there's a lot of really smart people out there who've tried to figure out what happens to cause these diseases. Maybe there's a piece of the DNA that gets left out, maybe there's a chemical that's out of wack, maybe there's a protein that is accumulating in the brain. Whatever the reason, we actually can't see the dysfunction in this set of diseases. We can point to an MRI scan but we can't see a problem because it's not structural. So, what we need to do is we need to find that circuit that's misfiring and we need to apply electricity in something that's called Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). KF: So, why on earth would we put an electrode in someone's brain and try to control it? Are we mad scientists? Maybe, but we'll come back to that question. First, let me show you what we are talking about. This is a gentleman in our operating room, who has essential tremor. There are a group of neurons in his brain that control the movement of his hand and that are firing in synchrony in a pathologic way; and, this is what it produces. When we can identify those neurons in his brain, deliver electrical stimulation to that place and interrupt that malfunctioning circuit... this is what happens. MO: Let me show you another example. The next woman that we're gonna show you, she has multiple sclerosis. She is trying to hold that arm still. She says that it's useless to her. This is quite embarrassing, and in fact the neurons in the brain that are causing this, there's so much dysfunction that we'll actually have to put two of these DBS leads into the brain. We'll insert two wires into the brain to get this. How cool is that! (Applause) KF: So, how fun is our job! (Laughter) If you think that's fun, let me tell you the story of another one of our patients that will blow your mind. This young woman from Devenport, Iowa, who has the same disease as Howard Huges died of, called Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or OCD. She is obsessed with fears of being contaminated, everything out there is dirty to her and she is paralyzed by these fears. She won't touch anything. In fact, when she came to see us the first time, she refused to sit down in our psychriatrist's office for her first interview. Let me tell you about her life. She's had Obsessive Compulsive Disorder for a long time. But when she got pregnant, her symptoms got a lot worse. And of course everybody said, you know, "it's the hormones, I'm sure when you deliver the baby everything will be OK." Well, it wasn't. It got a lot worse. And then, two years later, Child Protective Services is threatening to take her 2-year-old daughter away because she can't stop washing her. Her baby is red and scaly and tender. Now, here is the cruel thing about Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: these patients have insight. She knows that she is hurting her baby, she knows that her obsessions are irrational, she knows she is driving away the people that love her... and she has no power to stop these behaviours. If you can imagine, her husband is pretty tired of it. Let me tell you about his experience. He goes to work, he comes home from work, he pulls his car into the garage, closes the door behind him so that he can strip naked and launder his "contaminated clothes" in a special laundry facility that she's set up outside the house. And then, he walks into the house and takes a "decontamination shower" with a special soap that she has deemed acceptable, so that he would be allowed to walk into his home naked and clean. She can't leave the house, so he does all the shopping. He comes home from the grocery store, and, of course, all the packages at the grocery store are "contaminated". So there's the ritual of opening every can of soup and every box of cereal and transferring the content of those packages into some clean container that she says is OK to bring into the house. So, as you might imagine, this is a marriage that is strained. So... she is desperate and she's tried everything. She's a smart lady. She's taken all the medication, she's been through in-patient behavioural therapy programs, nothing's working. She heard about our research and she contacted us. And we implanted two deep brain stimulators in her brain in the area of the brain that we thought would be likely to help quiet these obsessive thoughts that are plaguing her. And, to make a long story short, this is her today. It worked and it was pretty damned exciting to us. (Applause) Now, I have to say that at one point she did call me in a panic. She said, "Dr. Foote, something is terribly wrong, my DBS have stopped working because I was at the movie theater last night and I was walking across the floor and it was really sticky and I was completely grossed out." (Laughter) And I calmed her down and I said, "Woh, wait a minute. Number one, you were at the movie theater last night, and number two, that really grosses me out too! (Laughs) I think you are gonna be OK." So, to me, the most intriguing thing about this case is that we are moving beyond using deep brain stimulation to treat movement disorders like Parkinson's disease and tremor, which now we know we can do, and it looks like we are gonna be able to address malfunctioning other circuits in the brain like limbic circuitry that cause problems like depression and OCD. MO: You know, Kelly, let me take that idea just maybe one step further. I'm gonna tell you something that's gonna blow your mind. There is a place in the brain called the nucleus accumbens, and a lot of scientists believe this is the final common pathway for where pleasure lives. It's the reward center, it's the motivation center. If you take a heroine addict and you put him in a functional MRI scanner, a fancy MRI scanner, you give him his drug of choice, this area lights up, the nucleus accumbens. If you take a graduate student and you put her in the scanner, and you give her chocolate or you tell her, "Why don't you pretend like you're having a sexual fantasy?" This area lights up, the nucleus accumbens. So, it turns out in these patients that had OCD, we're stimulating very close to that area. And what I'm gonna show you next is a patient with OCD, where we're gonna tickle that area inside the operating room and see what happens. (Video) Man: [unclear] next condition is now... (Girl laughing) Oh, man! Man: Describe what you're feeling right now. Girl: I feel happy. (Laughter) MO: I - feel - happy. Now we've done it. Now we've crossed into that territory where some of you are beginning to feel uncomfortable in your seats. Is this something -- is this a technology where we can actually disrupt your thoughts? Your emotions? We can control them? KF: Should we control the way you feel? (Laughter) Maybe we are mad scientists. (Laughter) Well,obviously, this is powerful stuff and we're excited about it. But hopefully just as obviously, we need some ethical guiding principle to guide us on this journey into the electric brain. And we're gonna propose one in a minute but first Mike has one more patient story. MO: Let me introduce you to Chris. Chris is a young man who was normal two years before this video was shot. And now, his muscles have turned against him. He has a disease called Distonia, where the muscles fight against each other, and often leave him to suffer in these abnormal and uncomfortable postures. Now, if we take Chris and we try to find the region in the brain, that circuit we talked about that's causing the disruption in his motor loop, in the motor area that's causing his muscles to do this; if we take Chris and we put DBS electrodes into him, and we turn them on... nothing happens. But, if we wait, if we wait, and we let the electrical stimulation set in, what we're gonna see is that very slowly, over time, over days, weeks, months... KF: Long, long time. MO: Long time (Laughter). KF: We may have to wait a long time. MO: Centuries! What we're gonna see is, slowly, that electrical stimulation is gonna begin to work on that circuit. His hands are gonna become loose, he's gonna be able to tap his fingers. Suddenly he can move his arms with fluidity. His neck is starting to loosen up, his back is starting to loosen up, he is even looking at his hand saying, I'm not sure how my hand can do this. Very slowly the brain is reprogramming, it's reorganizing this circuit in response to the electricity that's coming out of that implantable electrode; it's remodeling Chris's brain. Now, one day Chris is gonna wake up. He's gonna tell his mum, "Mum, I think I can walk again." And he will... KF: And he did! (Applause) MO: So, what've we learnt? KF: Well, we've learnt that the brain is a super computer, and that we can tweak it with Deep Brain Stimulation. MO: You know, I think we can summarize this in three points: identify, intervene and personalize. Identify the abnormal circuit in the brain, intervene with Deep Brain Stimulation, and personalize the approach, tailor the approach to the symptoms of the sufferer. KF: And we should point out also that I believe we're just scratching the surface here. This is powerful technology and if you think about it, any malfunctioning circuit in the brain that's causing a problem for a human being, if we can figure out where that mulfunction is, there's the potential for us to modulate that mulfunctioning circuit to help that person. So, let's come back to that question that we posed earlier -- not the mad scientist question, the question about an ethical principle, and the question about why on earth would we implant an electrode in someone's brain to try to control it? And the answer is, and should always be, to alleviate human suffering. Your brain contols everything. MO: And we can control your brain. (Laughter) (Applause) The perimeter of a rectangular fence measures 0.72 kilometers. The length of the fenced area is 160 meters. What is its width? Now the first thing that jumps out is that they're giving us different units. They're giving us the perimeter in terms of kilometers and the length in terms of meters. I am assuming that they want the width in meters because that's what they're giving us the length in. Convert the perimeter into meters. So we have the perimeter P is equal to 0.72 kilometers which I'll write km for short. Kilometers. 1000 meters. That's what the prefix "kilo" means. And so we can say that for every 1 kilometer we have a 1000 meters. And you might say so how do you know to multiply it by a 1000 instead of divide by a 1000? One way to think about it and this is probably the best way to think about it is a kilometer is a huge bunch of meters, its actually 1000 meters. So if I am converting kilometers into meters I should have a much larger number whatever my number is in kilometers it should be a much larger number in meters. And also if you care about Dimensional Analysis, the dimensions cancel out here too. We have km in the numerator, km in the denominator. So you multiply it, you have 0.72 times a 1000 m and to multiply anything times a 1000 or any power of 10 if I multiply it by 10 I'll move the decimal to the right one space that would be multiplying it by 10 , it would be 7.2, multiplying it by a 100 would give us 72. If we are multiplying by a 1000 that would give us 720. So this is going to be equal to 720 m. So that is the perimeter. Now let's remind ourselves what the perimeter even is then hopefully we can figure out the width. And they tell us that the length is 160 m. So let's say that that's this dimension over here. The length (l) is 160 m. Its a rectangle so these sides are both the same length. And our width is what we need to solve for so that's our width (w) and this is also our width. And the perimeter is the measure going around it. So the perimeter is going to be this length plus this width plus that same length again plus that width over there. Or the perimeter (P) is equal to the length (l) plus the width (w) plus the length (l) plus the width (w) We know what the length is so then the perimeter would be equal to 160 m plus w plus 160 m plus w. And then we know what the perimeter is. That's actually 720 m. So 720 m is equal to 160 m plus w plus 160 m plus w. Now there's a bunch of different ways to solve for w. One way is to just add the width plus the length once, that's going to add up to half of the perimeter. So if I just go half way around the rectangle that's going to add up to half the perimeter. So w plus 160 m should be equal to one half of the perimeter which is one half times 720 m. Or w plus 160 m is equal to 720 divided by 2 which is 360 m. And so now you have w plus 160 m is 360 m. So we could now subtract 160 from both sides to solve for it. Something plus 160 is 360, you could in your head say, well, that something must be 200. 200 plus 160 is 360. The width (w) is 200 m. Or if you want to do it a little bit more formally you subtract 160 m from both sides of this equation and you are left with the width (w) is equal to 200 m. We've solved the problem. The other way is you could actually go straight from this equation. So we get 720 is 160 plus 160 (320) and width (w) plus width (w) or 2 times the width (2w). Anything plus itself is just 2 times that anything. Now if this plus 320 is equal to 720, what plus 320 is 720? Well this thing must be equal to 400. Or, formally, subtract 320 from both sides of this. And you would get 400 is equal to 2w. So if 2 times something is equal to 400 that something must be 200. Or you can divide both sides of this equation by 2. Either way you will get the width is equal to 200 m. When I run this, we remember that this is the or operator, so we get the set that is all of the elements-- tomato, carrot, apple, orange, and broccoli. Great. Now I think you have a good understanding of what sets are. This is a powerful programming tool, and we're going to use it throughout CS212. There are other set operations, which you can read about in the link below this video. [Thrun] Here is a very early example of structure from motion by Carlo Tomasi and Takeo Kanade. They used Harris corner detectors to find corners in the image of this toy 3D house, and they were able from a number of images to fully recover the 3D structure of every single corner point, as shown in this video. So as they then take this 3D data set and turn it in arbitrary directions, you can see the full 3D structure was recovered. This is work in 1992. It used principal component analysis to solve the problem and is one of the most amazing pieces of early computer vision research. Carlo, who used to be a Stanford professor for many years, then scanned his kitchen and with the same Harris corner detector was able to reconstruct a 3D structure of his kitchen, as shown over here. Again, this is one of the most impressive early computer vision research results I've seen. Here is a flight video of flying over the hills of Pennsylvania. As you can see, using the same technique he was able to recover the 3D structure of the outdoor terrain and build elevation maps, as shown over here. Marc Pollefeys, who presently teaches at ETH Zurich, came up with a beautiful solution to the structure from motion problem, here imaging different buildings in his hometown. From this video you can see multiple snapshots of a single building where the different perspective distortion has an effect on the appearance of the building, quite obviously. Using those images he was able to reconstruct the 3D shape of the building facade, as shown in this video. Again, at the time it was one of the most impressive results ever achieved in structure from motion. You can see amazing detail as he zooms in to his building model. He then moved on to map entire cities, and here is an example of a map that he produced from an entire city block. You can see how he reconstructs the building facades in unprecedented detail. There's also a lot of occlusion gaps where the original imager wasn't able to see anything. Those show up in black, and they look a little bit disturbing in this image over here. But in reality, your camera can't see everything. So even if you do a perfect job with structure from motion, it's really hard to reconstruct every single inch of the environment. Still, this stands out as one of the most impressive results ever in what I would call the Holy Grail of 3D computer vision. I mean lets face it you are a bit like the post office. You have never had a child? You have basically destroyed a very small part of my significant self-esteem! Have a drink? Tequila Tequila... I make a mean screwdriver You can be my surrogate mummy! You can have my baby! The only thing you are going to get out of this is Stretchmarks! Stretchmarks... What if I had given you away?!?! It is alright... I have got the baby Don't worry... You will get rid of it soon... You will have your old figure back Well... Almost... - Kane and Judas! - DlY is only option! - You can have my baby! - Given you away! - Not your parcel not your parcel! - Mike! - Hey What are you doing up? Just so many things running around in my head How about you? Do you want some milk? I am having those nightmares again. Really... another one! I don't know Just thinking about so much you know Thinking about... The way I brought into this world and... And the choices my parents made How they... Didn't always work But you are not necessarily going to be like your parents are you... Yeah but I just think about this... Choice we've made This huge choice we have made for this kid You know... Is it selfish? When he goes to school is he going to get bullied for having two dads? As long as you both love him... That is the most important thing You are going to be a great dad I hope so... I know so! You doing alright? You and the little one? Yeah... Well to be honest I am terrified I understand I can't imagine what it is like for you... You are going to give your little bundle away yeah........ But I am giving it to you guys though aren't I Yeah Scary nightmare? You don't want to know... Oh my god... guys... I am so relieved you are here! I ... I I I don't know if it is because I had this really stressful nightmare Where a Chris Evans was going to dump Billie Piper for me... But I could really murder a carrot right now Professor John Merriman: So, the subject is drink and in particular drinking too much. And I want to make a very obvious point that drink and drinking, for better or for worse, often for the latter, is closely tied to the economy, political life, culture, and social life, sociability, of France, and that this has always been the case as a wine producing country and a country that, in the course--over the centuries produced lots of other alcohol as well. So, let's get going on that. Here I've drawn on the work of an old friend of mine, Susannah Barrows, who studied aspects of this, and lots of other people as well; and in addition some probably a firsthand experience, not about drinking too much, of course, but about living in France. In 1934 the President of France, a quite forgettable character called Albert Lebrun, said that wine "does not only confer health and vigor to those people who are drinking it, it has soothing properties that both ensure the rational equilibrium of the organism and create a predisposition to harmony among men; in addition it can be, in difficult times, it can pour confidence and hope into our hesitating hearts." One of course thinks of Pétain increasing the rum ration at Verdun in 1916 and the regular rounds of doing shots before you went over the trenches, the hesitating hearts soon dead hearts. There has been in France, a very long time from about the 1880s really into the early '90s, 1990s, a denial of the problem of drinking. This is not only France, Poland, of course, which has even a higher rate of alcoholism--I spend a lot of time in Poland these days, and it's really kind of amazing--and in Russia as well. But, because of the identity of France and its national identity with products of quality, with fine wines, with fine Bordeaux, with fine Burgundy, this denial became rather easier and the people who drank too much were not drinking fine Burgundies and fine Bordeaux, nor are they today. In 1875 Barrows discovered that the Grand Dictionnairen du XlXe Siècle informed its readers that, in quote, "in our country although drunkenness is not unknown, it is far from having a character as repellent and as nefarious as in England and as in America." Now, one of the reasons why a dictionary consulted by so many zillions of people over the ages could throw out such a line is because there's been a close identification with people drinking too much in, particularly the lower classes, in Britain, with drinking hard liquor, gin--that is in Hogarth and the prints--and not just getting wasted on beer. And the United States, as Louis-Philippe himself found out, the drink of choice was bourbon and various whiskies, as in Scotland. So, wine seemed to be okay. And in England where the Temperance Movement closely tied to organized religion was terribly important, and in the Scandinavian states, and in Germany the Temperance Movement was but a small dike put up against the waves, the hurricane like waves of drink. Now, wine has always been produced in France for centuries and centuries. There is a wine called Cornas, c-o-r-n-a-s, that's produced down here in Ardèche, quite near the Rhône, that's a very dark costaud, en français, a very hearty red wine that has to be sat down for a long time, that one of the Roman poets discussed in some Roman century, B.C. century. In that particular region people had to produce wine, most of it was bad wine, in order to trade the wine for something to eat because the region, that particular region, called the Vivarais--it doesn't matter--couldn't produce very much at all because of the rocky soil, and so they would trade their rather bad wine for lentils, for example, produced around Le Puy, higher up--it doesn't matter, the details don't matter. So, wine had always been produced. But wine was fairly expensive and so people, as we'll see in awhile, began to drink other things. Bordeaux wines were well known in England, and thus in Britain they refer to red wine as a claret and the reason that Burgundy wines were not well known in Britain is fairly easy, just look at a map. Bordeaux, dangerous trips across--around France, around Brittany, would end up wines arriving in British ports; whereas, for example, in Belgium when people drink great wines or very good wines they tend to drink Burgundies because of the way the lay of the land works. But what's interesting about, and what fits right into what we're talking about, is where people drank, because obviously the role of the café is so fundamental in French economic, political, social, and cultural life. There's just--any aspect you think of modern France, particularly in the Third Republic, is closely tied to that institution. Impressionist painting, for example, the role of café-concert where you could go and be entertained as you drank, is important in Impressionism; or paintings of the coast, of the Normand coast by Morisseau and lots of other people. Drink is totally prevalent, and Degas and all of the other ones, there was just the preoccupation with absinthe, for example--more about that in awhile--which has just been made legal again, within the last couple of years. Cafés are where deals did used to get done and where deals still get done; or, if you're living in a large city, in a world of apartments, people will tend, the first time they'll invite you will be to a café, often not to their own home. But just as restaurants--which I'll talk about at the end, if there's time--cafés themselves are relatively, in French history, a recent phenomenon. Even the word café, a café, what is café? Well, café is coffee, and it is with the arrival of coffees from the new world that becomes the real rage, the real hit of the eighteenth century and the emergence in Britain of the coffeehouse where politics is done. We use, and I use today, café to be a generic place where one drinks, but in fact in the period that we're considering, at the end of the nineteenth century, people were clever enough to realize that--and aware of their surroundings enough--to know that the cafés are where the wealthy people went, on the big boulevards of Paris or on the Rue de la République in Lyon, or in the fancy neighborhoods of almost every large city, and ordinary people went to drink in places where they did not often serve café because it was so expensive, and if they did it was a fairly rare thing because café was expensive; drink, as we'll see in awhile, cost absolutely nothing. And even the names--I just picked a few, six or seven, and nobody's responsible for this, except maybe the French people would like to think about this--just kind of describe where people go to drink. It varies from region to region often, but let me just go through this briefly. A café, well I've already said that, and how they change because the days of the flipper machine are all gone, the pinball machine and all that, it just changes, and my God, now there's Starbucks--I have nothing against Starbucks, do I?--I don't know--but have arrived in Paris now, and that's as much of a shock and, dare I say, blow as the arrival of McDonalds all those years ago. But, anyway, a cabaret, when you think of cabaret you think of the cabaret, and you think of people dancing, and you think of Berlin in the 1920s or something like that. But a cabaret was a place where ordinary people went to drink, that's what a cabaret is. An estaminet is simply a word for the same thing, but in the north of France an estaminet you wouldn't go to Agen, you wouldn't go to Marseille, and ask for the local estaminet. A guinguette is sort of a rural place that you would drink, and again I'm thinking of Impressionist paintings that you might have seen with the role of people going out there on Sunday, both males, unattached males looking for unattached females and families going out, along the Marne, which in the 1920s and '30s, outside of Paris, was a real hot place to go--a guinguette was very rural. A bouchon, the word in French bouchon means a cork; it also means a traffic jam, as a cork in a bottle is a traffic jam, nobody can get through because it's bouchonné, or a wine can be bouchonné, too. But, anyway, a bouchon is a rural drinking place, and when I think of bouchon I think of a place where you go with your friends and maybe play a little boule, along side of that, and it's sort of identity with leisure but seeking the outside of the city, to find some greenery on a Sunday. And you think of Lyon, for example, of the all the Lyonnais at the end of the nineteenth century going across the Rhône River to a working-class faubourg called La Guillotière, and then going further out in these places like Brotot--it doesn't matter--but where it's just full of places to drink. Or chambrays, a chambray is a form of a place of male sociability; women did not go there usually. It was sort of a club where you drank essentially tax free booze on the sly, and it's more, it's identified particularly with a department called the Var, v-a-r, which is-- you don't have to remember, obviously, that--but which is where Toulon is and Saint-Tropez. And they were important because in the Second Republic, that is 1848 to 1851, this is one of the places where politics sort of came to very ordinary people. So, but what you have is an expansion of these places that's simply phenomenal. And it's hard to say--I guess it's more accurate to say that the expansion in the production of wine helps generate the expansion of places to drink, along with the expansion of the population itself. Between 1840 and 1875 the amount of wine produced in France doubled--now, this is the same time as the population is stagnating--and in part this is because there are better roads and there's railways to carry wine that's produced to far off places. But regions that hadn't traditionally produced much wine, for example, Corbières and Roussillon, way down here, that is north of Perpignan, around Perpignan and then north of Perpignan, begin producing lots of wine; and Languedoc, that is this region down here becomes a massive producer of wine, that is around Montpellier and all that. So, more and more people are dependent upon wine for getting by. And, as a matter of fact, there are lots of people who worked, who worked the fields during the various harvests, are paid in wine as part of their salary, as opposed--and have to take those kinds of conditions. And then of course you can't carry a lot of wine with you, so you end up getting--drinking a lot of it wherever you can. And then of course what comes along, and this is part of these blows against the rural economy in the Third Republic that helps also explain why the rural population begins to depopulate, why rural France begins to depopulate--remember two-thirds of the départements have smaller populations in 1939 than they did in 1871--is along comes the phyiloxera disease here, the phyiloxera disease, which starts in the late 1870s. And it comes after another disease, it doesn't matter the name, the pébrine which attacks the silkworm production. So, it just devastates, it devastates particularly this part of France. But there isn't any place that produced wine that isn't affected by the phyiloxera. And Louis Pasteur, a name of whom you've certainly--you've heard of Louis Pasteur, he does a lot of his work trying to study the origins of this wine blight as well as the origins of the silkworm blight, that are these little--begin as little taches, they're little spots on the silkworm; and phyiloxera is basically a disease that attacks the sap, that attacks the kind of roots of--in the vineyards. And ironically what resolves the problem is they started planting American roots, plants, that are resistant to the phyiloxera. And somebody told me recently that California wine is now facing phyiloxera. I'd heard that. I don't know much about California wine. But what this does is it just absolutely devastates wine production in France. And one of the results is that when the wine crops begin to bounce back, in the 1890s, that many places that produced wine simply stopped producing wine because it's not rentable, you can't make any money on it. I'll give you a couple of examples. Brittany, it's hard to imagine wine being produced in Brittany, outside of a very ordinary wine called Muscadet, a white wine, right on the edge, and some just god-awful reds also. But basically that all stops, the production of wine up in the north stops, wherever is possible, with the big exception obviously of Champagne, here, and in other places the production of wine is really cut back. But this is a big blow to the rural economy and lots of people abandon their fields, or they're converted to other things. But wine bounces back and takes its place again as one of the real dynamic forces in modern French life. But what's incredible is that the number of cafés continues to expand exponentially. And this suggests--an obvious point is that people drank more than just wine--more about that in a minute. Let's give you some suggestions, some ideas, some figures. 1790, Paris only had 4,000 cabarets, 4,000 cabarets in a town then of about 600,000 people, more or less. In 1830 places that had licenses to serve alcohol in France, 282,000 in France. Now, let me add one thing though, having a license to sell alcohol, one of the things that really basically no longer exists anymore but existed until the 1960s was places where you did other things but you could also buy a drink--well, I mean I still--I've been in grocery stores that still are cafés, or cafés that are converted into grocery stores as well. But let me give you a ghoulish example. I'll talk later about Oradour-sur-Glane, about the massacre there on the 10th of June, 1944, by the SS and where they simply kill everybody in the village. And when you go to this sacred site to see what they left standing, which was everything--you'll notice there are all these places that were barbershops that were also part-time drinking places. I had a barber, my barber in Paris--I don't go to the barber that much, but he was kind of a buddy and he was on the Ile on Saint Louis, and you had to get to him early because if you got there late he'd already had five, six, or seven, or maybe ten beers, and you kind of look even more damaged than I do. I tried to outfox him once. I made a rendezvous for 8:30 in the morning, because he starts at nine, and I got there and he was already-- he'd been at that bar quite a long a time, a bar that we called the Annex, because that was sort of the annex of his shop. But, anyway, when you see this horribly ghoulish place, because of what happened there, and they left everything the way it is, you see these part-time half grocery stores, half drinking places, half barbershops, half drinking places. A bougnat, I can remember in the Marais, the center part of the Right Bank, I can remember right down the street from a place that we lived for a long time, and not even that far from our apartment, the last bougnat of the quarter and you bought coal there, coal, and you bought drink there. So, these places that are licensed to sell drink cover all sorts of things, they're not just your basic café with the red sign or whatever, the big flashing neon sign or the small ones you can barely read; but the number is incredible. Okay, 1865, this does not count places in Paris, this is in France, a country that's the size of Montana, a little bigger, slightly more populated of course. 1830 there are 282,000 in France; 1865 351,000; 1900 435,000; and then they count Paris the first time the next year, 464,000; 1937 half a million places to drink; and in 1953 a mere 439,000. Now, this represents for every man, woman and child one bar for every ninety-seven inhabitants, one place, a bar, a generic bar for every ninety-seven inhabitants, counting babies, counting old ladies who could put them down too--maybe more about that in a minute--compared to one for every 225 for Italy; one for every 273 for Germany; and one for every 425 for England. Now, also just an aside, I got to concentrate on going ahead or I'll just--every time I'll go off on an aside, but if you go to Alsace, you don't find cafés in the French sense, they're really some of more like wistubs, they're sort of drinking places and they look like German drinking places, they're more influenced by the culture there. So, this is a huge number of places to drink. But it's also regionally specific. Oh, here's another good word for you, for those people, in French, and I'm not trying to exclude the others at all, but it's just kind of fun to talk about. This is more of--well it's a Parisian but--I'll go to my zinc to have a drink--zinc means zinc, like the metal, and because in a poor cabaret or a poor bar it's not copper or something like, ladi-da like that--those were things like the Café American and the sort of sense of luxury being associated in the 1890s with the British and American world. Mon zinc is my sort of grungy bar where I have my place at the bar, which is, depending on how long you've been there, will be near where the patronne, where the woman working the cash register is. We used to go to a place for ages, in fact that's where I was married, I was married here in, what's that place, Dwight Hall. And then we went--we had the reception here and then we went to France and the café that we'd been going to--I'd been going to for a very long time closed the café and had a little reception for us, right across from the National Archives. And I'd been in there so long that I moved up the ladder. So, when I went in there my place was right next to the--no, I'm not saying I was drinking a lot of stuff, I was just there for conversation. You know me well enough already to know that was the case. But there's this sort of hierarchy there that has to do with your association with that particular place. And that was a very typical place in that the couple were from Auvergne, that is in central France, born in misery, la misère, thirteen children--I mentioned them before once--and twelve in the other case, and they had got the money together because they had a neighbor who had no children that loaned them the money to get on the--kind of the equivalent of the Web in those days, and to buy a café from another person from Auvergne, and then they worked there every day from five in the morning until nine at night. Now they're gone and it's sort of a chic and ridiculous place. But these places, these zincs were ones that you had. And you never went to the one across the street, never, never. I would go to another place in the Marais and I used to start--I started going there because Jean Jaurès went there, and because Trotsky had been there, and it was called La Tartine, and it's still there, and that's a very different one because all the--now it's also become very chic, very bougie, very ridiculous, and with the Bush dollar unaffordable for almost anyone. Anyway, so, but it's regionally specific. In the Nord, which you already know about, there was one bar for every forty-six inhabitants. That's amazing. And you compare that to Elboeuf, which is a town in Normandy, one for every sixty. Béziers, way down in the south of France, which had a lower alcoholism rate, by the way, Béziers, there was one for every 120 people. So, it tends to be very specific. But again this is babies too, and of course everybody has heard those horror stories about young mothers in the 1950s, and the 1930s, and the 1890s, their baby is crying all the time; well, you get a little baguette, a little piece of bread, and dip it in some brandy, and stuff that bread in the baby's mouth, and there's a smiling happy baby and they get some sleep. Is that disastrous, or what? It's absolutely terrible, and they have to have these huge campaigns against all this. But basically babies didn't drink. Older people did for sure. There's this woman that used to come into--even the terms of what they would drink. You'd go down in the morning--I have my coffee before I go to work at the Archives and really a coffee, nothing else--and there'd be this rather elderly lady in there, une mémère, comme on dit en français, and she would be tossing down a petite blancette, which is a little glass of white wine, and she would call the drink her gloria--now, that's mocking the church, because a gloria, what you sing and what other people were singing in the Mass I guess, gloria in excelsis dei or whatever they sang, and she would have her gloria, right there at her zinc, and she'd knock a couple of those babies down and go off with her little shopping bag, maybe lurching and trying to avoid the sixty-eight bus as it roars by, and she was out of there. Again, I said, I'm making fun of this a little bit but it's sad because you'd see all these people just blotto. There was a guy at our bar called Jean, and he was kind of a marginal guy, and he disappeared. And, so, people in the bar--I wasn't there then, I was down working at another place--but people went out and tried to find him, because he was on the Spree, as you say--that's a term that comes from Berlin, I guess when soldiers would get all drunked up during the occupation and they'd go on the Spree, which was the river and get all--and drink way too much of these spirits. So, how much did people drink? It's scary; it's just scary. If the consumption of wine per person, per baby, per old lady, per you, per everybody--I hope not per you--was in 1790 was 61 liters per year. By 1850 it was 75 liters per year. By 1895 it was 113 liters per year, but that's only wine. Now, also remember people drank at work. We have a former neighbor who was an alcoholic who stopped drinking; he's also moved away. He was a wonderful guy. He worked at EDF, which is a big gas factory, electrical factory in Lyon, and he would drink six or seven liters a day, a day, because it was so hot where he worked. And you see the difference between American construction industry and French construction industry. As you know--sometimes you go, and they're standing--they're out directing traffic and they've got a bottle in their hand as they're directing you along there. It was part, unfortunately, of the culture of daily existence. Now, that's just wine. Then you have to add these other things, and the other things, the numbers are just phenomenal. If you add distilled liquor, per capita consumption of pure alcohol, in other words all distilled and fortified liquors, fifty-proof and above, it was, the average was 1.2 liters a year--that's again counting every old person and every baby--and in 1880 it doubled to 2.24, and by 1890 it was 4.35 liters. So, that's plus all the wine on the average. And what about beer? Now, beer was not drunk in France until quite late. Again, then here we go back to myth, but the myth is that it came back with soldiers of Napoleon's armies returning from the German states, just as the myth that the consumption of vodka, which is very--now there's a big problem because they sell, these companies sell this pernicious vodka stuff mixed with fruit juice, and the lycée students get wasted with it. But the taste for--pas les miens, mais quand meme--but the taste for vodka supposedly came to Montmartre with the first Russian restaurant opened up by occupying soldiers in 1815. But the big problem among--well, among other problems--but one of the big problems is absinthe, absinthe. And that's worth retaining. Absinthe is made from wormwood. It used--it was made illegal. It's physiologically addictive, it is addictive--well, drinking's addictive, too; but, this is physiologically addictive, it's bad stuff, and they banned it in 1915 because of the war. And I had some absinthe--we have friends in Besançon who don't drink very much, but they had some absinthe and of course I was willing to take a shot at that and drink that. And then it became legal again, and now you can produce it, and you can drink it, and it's more of a southern drink. It's rather like--no, it's sort of like pastis, it tastes sort of like pastis. Pastis is pastis, it's sort of licorice tasting and you mix water with it, hopefully lots of water and a little pastis, and people in the south, in Corsica, and Marseille, and Balazuc, and Ardeche, if they're playing boule on Sunday or something like that, and stuff that'll tourner la tête, a couple of pastis. And it's not very good for you, it actually damages your brain cells in rather major ways--you might have noticed, I don't know. But, anyway--no, I don't drink very much pastis at all. But absinthe became one of the focuses of even some of the Impressionist paintings of café life. I think it's Degas who has The Absinthe Drinker where you see a woman sitting next to a man, and you don't know their relationship. They're anonymous in the café, you've kind of figured it out. And in this painting, which I should have brought in but I forgot, Degas brings you into it by not having any table leg, and so you wonder, "where's the table leg?" And then you reach the glass and you see the glass. And it's simply called Absinthe. And it's always on the cover of Emile Zola's, which I'll come to now, Emile Zola's L'Assommoir, inevitably in the translation. Zola realized, among others, that France seemed to be drinking itself to death, and this came at a time when there was fear about the French population, which I've already said, that the French population is not reproducing itself, and so they're afraid of that. L'Assommoir, briefly, is the story about the decline, the fall, I'assommoir--really you can't even translate it, it's never translated, and I'assommoir would mean- well assommé would be just completely get wiped out, but also if you went to a place, a bar, every day instead of coming to class, the place that you went that caused your ruin would be the place of your fall, sort of, so it's got--but, anyway, it's just translated it's the dive--that was a bad translation once somebody did--or just the bar, I'assommoir where things are going wrong. And it's the story about a woman called Gervaise and her "family," in quotes, and is part of this long series of novels, and they all basically drink themselves to death, and when she dies on a bed of straw at the end of the novel--one of the amazing scenes--and the doctors are looking at her partner who's this completely raving alcoholic, it touched many, many people, and the upper classes were saying well there they go again, they're drinking because they're the drunken commoner, while they were putting away their apéro; an apéro, by the way, is a drink, or two, or three that people would have before dinner. And, so, Zola published this in 1877. And what it was, according to Barrows, and other people, it was a call, a cry of alarm for parliament to do something about that. He was a man of the Left, he defended Dreyfus, against the church and against the Army and all that, as you know. But it was a non-political, it was an apolitical statement. He just wants somebody to do something about the fact that the French seem to be drinking themselves to death, and if you didn't believe that all you had to do was to go up to Montmartre, or as today, and see all the people--and a lot of them are sort of sad sacks who've had terrible things happen to them, but the problem is just simply, absolutely amazing. Now, this book, L'Assommoir, there was thirty-eight printings of the book in one year, after, that year of its publication, again 1877. And by 1882 over 100,000 copies had been sold. Let me give you an example that Barrows also found interesting, of the influence of the book, even in the way that the first psychologists or the first sociologists, the first anthropologists described crowd behavior. There was a guy called Gustav Le Bon, l-e b-o-n, who wrote a book called The Crowd, and because France was the France of revolution and strikes, Decazville and these other places, these other scenes that you know about from Germinal. He was interested in the way that crowds behaved, and he described them in ways that reflected three of the kind of cultural/intellectual preoccupations of the period, of the Third Republic before World War I. First, he describes crowds as flighty, that they'll go from one place to another-- think of the women in the castration scene in Decazville--and that was reflective of the fact that women were supposed to be flighty and not rational, and what does that fear reflect? The fears reflect a feminism of people like Michelle Perot and of women putting forward claims for the right to vote and for other things as well. Secondly, crowds were supposed to be able to be manipulated by people on a big white horse, like Boulanger; that crowds didn't have minds of their own, but the rationality would sort of be sucked out of them by the moment. And what does this reflect? It reflects the first interest in hypnosis. Charcot, whom you've read about in Chip Sowerwine's book, Charcot, c-h-a-r-c-o-t, whom Freud went to visit, to pay homage to, when he went to Paris. And third, crowds were supposed to lurch like drunks, and the image of the drunken commoner, this sort of upper class view that the Commune was the work of the people who had nothing to eat but found plenty to drink in Paris, in the caves of other people's fancy apartments, that the drunken commoner was capable of inflicting the same kind of harm on the upper classes as had been the case, or in many cases the imagined case, in previous revolutions. And, so, the impact of drink itself can be seen in the origins of crowd psychology, of a very primitive nature, et cetera, et cetera. And in the novel, which you've not read, they read it in the other--the first half of this course, but he puts--focuses the novel on a street called--which I will write on the board, it's still there--the Rue de la Goutte d'Or, and he picks this, the golden kind of taste, he picks this because it was on the edge of Paris, it's near the Station of the North, the Gare du Nord, and they had produced wine there, at one time, a "fine" wine that was--"fine," in quotes--that was offered to the king once a year. But it was a street that was very identified with very ordinary people, with workers in the big new industries but also these old artisans. And Gervaise starts her own laundry, and then everything just goes wrong that could possibly go wrong in her life, and they all get wasted together, and basically they all die. But this was, this image of this street, was something that fascinated upper class readers. And, in fact, it's only about fifteen years ago that during one of the elections that Jacques Chirac went to that same street, which is now identified with immigrant populations and still has this same sort of lightening rod effect on the upper classes, and said something like, "God, it really smells here." And just, it was almost like when Sarkozy referred to the racaille, the people in the suburbs as scum, two years ago. And so these are still sort of-- these images are very, very powerful. And Zola knew what he was doing, and this was the effect that he wanted to make. And what these people drank--you can follow it if you read L'Assommoir; it's a great paper topic--they drank almost everything they could. But in addition to absinthe, the regional production of fortified eau de vie, both liqueurs which are sweet, and eau de vie which is fairly sweet, which is extremely, powerful, it's like a brandy. If you look at a map of alcoholism in France today, very--the same thing, really, since the middle of the nineteenth century, since you first have statistics really from the 1870s. The big regions of alcoholism are not in wine producing areas. Now, here again you can say--the wine producers say "yeah, we have that healthy drink, baby, don't get us confused with these heavy drinkers in those other places"; which is complete nonsense, as you know. But, basically the big alcohol rate is there, it's in Paris and its immediate surroundings, it's in the north which is in the Pas-de-Calais because of all the economic disadvantage in those regions--these are not wine producing areas at all--and in Brittany, above all in Finistère, which is the most western department in France. And they're not drinking wine there. What are they drinking? They're drinking brandy, apple brandy, in that case. Calvados is the name of a département in France, Calvados, the capital is Caen, c-a-e-n there; Bayeux, the Bayeux tapestry; and Deauville, a god-awful place, and all this stuff there. But Calvados became named after that département, and it is basically apple brandy. There's old Calvados which is extremely good and very, very expensive, but there's just your kind of rot-gut Calvados also. But it's not just that, at that particular fruit, there's almost--if you think of Alsace there you have this pear drink called poire, which means pear in French, and it's eau de vie that's made out of pear; and you also have eau de vie that's made out of raspberries. There's eau de vie that's made out of strawberries, there's eau de vie that's made out of prunes, there's eau de vie that's made out of almost any kind of fruit you can imagine, out of kiwi, out of anything. And everybody in France still has the right to produce I guess it's about half a bathtub full a year, of that, untaxed, at no expense. And, of course, now in more refined times is that true or not? Who knows, but the idea--more about this in a minute--that those kinds of alcohols are what you would drink after dinner, as digestives. But that's not what they were doing at the time of Zola, and that's not what they were doing in the 1930s, and the 1940s in Lille, and that's not what they're doing in the 1960s and 1970s in all sorts of places. You go to--Sunday morning, while women were in church the men were out getting totaled, knocking down this stuff. And not all the women went to church. But all of this, it tells you two things, that they're drinking, well, obviously way, way, way too much, but an unbelievable amount of alcohol, which cuts back on life expectancy, to be sure; but, also that these, all of these, these alcohols become part of regional identities in France, that--Champagne is the classic example. Champagne is still obviously the fanciest drink. It's ordered for big occasions and champagne is extremely expensive. There are other equivalents that are less expensive that are produced in places like Die, the Clarette de Die, or there's--they're all over the places--produced in Alsace. But champagne, Champagne is basically this region here, and that becomes not only part of the identity of Champagne, which is a region, but with French national identity. And there's a book on how that happened, how Champagne becomes to become seen as a drink that you really celebrate, for big birthdays. We have a friend who just hit eighty and we left him--before we went we left him a bottle of really good champagne, because that's something they couldn't possibly afford; and the symbolism is really there. But Bordeaux, Bordeaux wines profit enormously from--I think it's 1855 (or is it 1857? I don't remember), where they classify them according to the great wines. And of course now a bottle of Chateau Petrus or something like that, which is the most famous Bordeaux, along with Chateau Yquem, would go up to a thousand dollars. It's just incredible, those big kind of a Bordeaux. We took as a present to somebody a Bordeaux that's now $500.00 for the bottle because we bought it about 15 years ago, and these prices they hold their own. But for all the corruption, for all of the trafficking too that has gone on in Bordeaux-- Burgundy, it's the same thing; how closely the production of burgundy wines like Vosne-Romanée, and Gevrey Chamertin, and really the great ones that I could never possibly afford to taste even, like Richebourg, how those are identified with the region is still very important. And another drink came along too, that's identified with the region, that some of you may know about, and I hope if you're under 21 you've never drunk, and that is called a kir, k-i-r. You look at the k, and you think, "well, that's an Alsatian or Breton name," because there aren't words in French that begin with k. But actually Kir was, he was the mayor of Dijon, I guess, in about the 1940s and '50s, and he came up with the idea of putting--somebody else had had the idea but he drank a lot of these things--of putting this sort of black currant into white wine. And, so, then the kir becomes part of the sort of regional identity of Burgundy. I remember, I was about your age, seeing this great big posters saying--of some sort of imagined Burgundian person, proud of being a Burgundian, and he's tossing down a kir. But all this fits together to create almost the impossibility of doing anything about the big problem of drinking. And when Pierre Mendès-France, whom we'll meet later, when he tries to run for president--he was the greatest politician who never held--was never president of France and a great, great man--he tried to start a "drink milk" campaign in 1954 and he was toast, or French toast, if you will, because they absolutely--they just destroyed him, the wine lobby just destroyed him, they just went after him. And you could still--I remember when these drunken guys would park their big trucks on hills, and not put the brake on, and they'd go--and they'd come back after about ten drinks and these things would crash out of control and kill a bunch of people. Again, even ten years ago they started this campaign against drinking too much. I must say now the last five or six years they really have made it harder because they have not gone the Swedish way, but they have--it used to be you could have an aperitif, you could have three glasses of--a big ballon, a ballon is a big glass of wine, and maybe a little calva afterward, and the guy said, "blow into this"-- what do you call those, those ballons, and he says, "well see you, allez-y, pas de problème." And that's not the case anymore, and that's really hurt rural restaurants. We had a guy in our village who had a restaurant in the summer, and he had this little teeny waiter, this guy who was a tiny, tiny little guy, and at the end of his job he had one beer, and he went out on the road and bam; you go there, you turn the corner and there's all these guys in big orange jackets, and all these lights, and say, "soufflez, monsieur," blow into the little balloon. And he had to pay a fine he couldn't have afforded, and he wasn't drunk at all, but he was a very, very thin guy and it was that kind of count. I went to a--why am I telling these stories?; but, they're interesting. I went to a place, people we know produce pretty good wine, so I went there with this guy who's a friend of mine, and he makes me look like a dwarf, the guy's probably about oh, 280,290 pounds, a very big guy. And he brought his friend from work, ironically in a halfway house for alcoholics, and this guy made my friend look like a skatback, look like this tiny little guy, and this guy's at least about, I'm serious, about 350 pounds. And it was our village so I'm not driving anywhere, I'm going to go home, go back to reading my book. And so this guy he hits the road. He lives about an hour and a half away. And he got controlled twice, twice. They said, "blow into the balloon; no problem, see you." That's because the guy weighs about, literally, about 380 pounds, and it's out of there. But, they've done a very good thing in trying to control drink. And the problem is that--see, it used to be when you started out as--we're leaving the subject, we're not leaving the subject--it used to be when, and when our kids were growing up in France it was the same thing, even when they were two or three years old, if you know them you can ask them, but you'd put a--you'd go to someone's house and you'd put a little symbolic drop, and they would never drink it but it was a sense of participation. And then when they got to be 12 or 13 they'd put a little bit of champagne there, if they wanted to drink it they could drink it. But they grew up with it. And it wasn't like in high school, when we first discovered that stuff, and then you're just chugging it down and you see people staggering around and vomiting their lungs out. And part of it I really truly think is that because it was so part of the culture, for both good and for bad, and I emphasize the bad, but it was a sense of participation. And that's what came to this sort of elaboration of meals and occasions for sociability, that's where it becomes part of the culture. The whole idea of a meal where you--how are we doing here? we've got to roll--a meal where we have to--where you start out with a little something to drink, and then you have white wine with a fish course, or with oysters, or something like that, and you have a certain kind of red wine with duck, or whatever, and then a little red wine with cheese, but you can also have white wine with goat cheese, and maybe a little eau de vie at the end of it. This is something that's recent. Most people could never afford to eat like that. They did choucroute, they ate whatever they could; they couldn't afford to have wine. But this is something that comes out of the evolution of a restaurant culture. The first restaurants were created--a really good book by Rebecca Spang about the origins of the restaurant--were created in the eighteenth century, basically; because remember the chefs worked for the nobles, and you'd have bouillon, which was supposed to make you better if you were sick, so you'd go to a place to have bouillon. And then the chefs are all out of work--this is a short version of a long subject--and they start setting up restaurants. But it's really only in the late nineteenth century that the elaboration of meals, and Michelin, and grading meals, and grading what is a good restaurant--that's first 1900, the Michelin; they're not grading yet, they're simply saying to people on the road--and Michelin makes tires, so they're the first ones that say you have to have signs on roads saying how far it is to get to Vierzon, or wherever. And, so, this is part of this elaboration, that keeps food and drink in people's assessment of the French and the French of their assessment of themselves. And regional identity has, to an extent it's disappearing-- more about that in a tirade sometime, but not now, because we're out of time. But one can even argue that whether Michelin with its regional guides, and with the guides to restaurants, and Gault Millau, and the other guides have not kept alive in some useful way a sense of what--that one is from one region as opposed to another, and where you eat certain things in one region that you don't find specialties in another, and where we all started, that you drink some kinds of wine in some regions and not in others, but above all that you not drink too much. I'll pick up that theme again when we get to the Belle Époque, because I won't be able to resist it. based on the short story of Rogério Salgado Martins The Dog I have a confession to make. When I was invited to come and speak here, I felt honored, I felt joy and the next day I felt bewilderment. And the reason I felt that bewilderment was because when we agreed on the title of the speech, I said to myself, how is it possible for me to talk about something so self-evident to me. Usually the hardest things are the self-evident ones, aren't they? It's like someone told me, come and talk about the importance of oxygen in life. Come and talk about the value of your mother's love for you. Or freedom's. I considered it very self-evident. And if I had just myself across from me, this one slide would be enough. I would say that science is an inner need, a panhuman trip we all want to make, we all have a thirst for knowledge anyway, some more, some less, but we all have it. And usually we're just looking for the right channel and this event today is such a channel and today's speakers are the guides. So I would stop there, but I don't want to stop here, obviously. I want to talk about more practical results that we'll have if we put more science in our life. And I have some points I want to elaborate on and later I'll also talk about how I believe the communication of science should take place. I'll start with this nice gentleman, do you recognise him? (Laughter) He's the actor, I can't remember his name, from the movie "My Big Fat Greek Wedding", of the Greek-American Nia Vardalos and the reason why I put him on the first slide is that whenever I think of science and how much it defines our life - we live in a scientific world - I remember that this gentleman had this thing. He was the typical Greek immigrant restaurant owner, in ancient-Greek kitsch, he didn't want his daughter to marry a foreigner, and he liked to tell Americans, "Give me a word" "Give me a word, give me a word and I will show you the root of this word is Greek". Ok, I sound like Borat now. You've heard him. That's how I feel about science. Show me an aspect of your life, one of your activities, a time of your day that isn't flooded with science. So since we live in a scientific world, we have to make a lot of decisions together about how, when, and for how long will this tool called science be used. I think it is inconceivable to talk about nuclear energy, for example, about a catastrophe that happened in Fukushima two years ago, and journalists running to get a statement from Remos and Mazonakis. We must all be informed about what nuclear energy means and the scientists out there must be the first to talk about it. And this is a good example, nuclear energy. Imagine if tomorrow or the next day we said that for our energy needs we want to build a nuclear plant. And the Turks, for example, have talked about it. Our neighbours in Bulgaria already have one. Can you imagine what would happen? Just for a landfill all hell broke loose. Imagine that we said we are beginning talks on nuclear energy. Greenpeace, political parties, local communities, business interests. It would be a madhouse. I don't think there would even be a discussion. So we he have to put more science into our lives, because we have to be trained and to understand that we can't base our decisions, that we'll make tomorrow or the next day about our energy, our environment, our food, on emotional reflexes or misinformation by journalists who, ok, can't know everything to the maximum degree. So more science to make more dialogues when we have to. In fact, the gentleman in the movie believed that with glass cleaner he could cure all skin conditions. So that brings me to my second point. To develop critical thought. Kostas mentioned something earlier about chemtrails. I'm sure that if I ask each one of you, anyone who wants to can come and discuss with me during the break, and I ask him "Are you a rational person?" He will answer "Yes". "Do you respect western science?" He will answer "Yes". "Do you respect the way western science works, do you trust it completely?" He will answer, "Yes, of course. I'm a rationalist." That's what everyone will tell me. But if I make a list - ok, chemtrails is a bit more extreme - zodiac signs, let's see, tarot cards, quantum-psycho... We paste some scientific words and supposedly give... If I give you a list of 10 things that western science does not accept, considers arbitrary, at least one - ok let's not hide - you probably believe in at least one of them, don't you? Out of courtesy I have to say that I do too. (Laughter) I'll give you a quiz. What's this in the middle. What am I trying to show with the little glass in the middle. Come during the break and tell me if you found it. So at school they taught us that we had to develop critical thinking, to doubt things, and know how to tell apart the arbitrary from the reasonable. The pointless, from what makes sense, right? And that critical thinking, which was never developed at school, the truth is that they cultivated memorization, will protect us from other things, as well. It will protect us from populists, from hypocrites. And the reason we are all victims in this country of hypocrites is because we never developed critical thinking in other things too. So more communication of science, more science in our lives. Ok, it won't be a vaccine, the results won't be visible the next day, but it will be something like a long term cure. Technology doesn't sprout. What do I mean by that. The next time you have an ultrasound, to see if your baby is alright in the womb, that you put a pacemaker in your father, that you have eye laser-surgery, so you can see, and say "How nice science is, it gives quality of life, it gives us so many things", then ask yourselves what can you do, so that we can continue to have this production of technology. The next time you're sorry for young Greek scientists leaving abroad, again, ask yourselves, "Ok, I'm sorry, but what can I do?" The most important thing you can do is to support politically. Forget parties, forget ideas, ideologies, signs, forget all that and say, which one of the politicians will really talk about the protection of researchers and scientists in this country. Because we'll rely on them if we want to talk about development. We can't talk about fires and ignore the firemen. And no country ever advanced financially without technological development. (Applause) But for all this to happen, the new generation has to come as well. In most scientific professions there is a decline in the young people that follow them. And for good reason. Because the scientist stereotype we have is the one you see. Google the word "scientist". You'll get a caricature. You'll get that crazy 65-year old with fluffy hair who has a glint in his eye and wants to destroy the world. Not all scientists are like that, although I've met a few of them. But they are also scientists, these girls. And I'm not pointing at them because they're women, and because we consider science to be dominated by men. They are the winners of the 2012 L'Oreal awards. Meaning they are at the top of their professions. So let's also change the stereotypes. And this brings me to the second part of my presentation. What I want to tell you is this. 80% of Europeans state that they are interested in science. That's what surveys say, I've got a link up there that shows it. While 65% are interested in sports. So why -and this is the large paradox- so why since we all say "But yes, obviously I'm interested in science". But why do we run to stadiums, theatres, movies, anywhere, except science. There is a large strugle to pull in people, to make science popular. This is the paradox. And that's the mistake that all educators make. This is my message to the communicators of science, and to the teachers and educators of universities and everywhere: "Learn to tell apart the interesting from the attractive." For people to come close to science they have to have a good time as well. That's why they go elsewhere, because they have a good time. They say, "You're doing a fine job, when you find the cure for cancer, let us know. Until then PAOK-Aris is playing." (Laughter) So the reason that science isn't yet popular is because that's where all of us, who call ourselves educators, fail. And communicators. And we have to separate that. We have to change our mentality and with some of my own actions I have discovered that in the recent years. for example I did science theatre with some of the young scientists here, that I met through a contest. And the response I had was amazing. That was the first revelation for me. I saw children of every class, and it'a very difficult to hold the interest of a class of 100-200 people, children. I saw adults, I saw families go crazy with what we showed them. Why? Because they had a very good time and at the same time they learned. Of course science must become open and democratic and accessible, but efforts are being made there. Where there isn't much effort being made yet is in this part. To make science pleasant and fun. There are a lot of ideas, and science theatre is something that I have worked on. In England, pubs fill up to hear maths. Because people like Matt Parker do stand-up comedy with maths. People have a good time and learn. Mark Lewley next door plays the guitar and talks about string theory. Let's learn to make it fun and attractive. The fact that something is interesting and you have it in your mind as interesting doesn't mean that everyone else will run to listen to you. These are some of the ideas I show out there, I do it more so that you get inspired. Because I'm sure that you can bring many of your own ideas. Apostolos Doxiadis, who is a writer, wrote best-seller mathematics books. How did he do that? Because he put in them elements from other things which are fun, elements which are in a classical novel. Like with the "Sophie's world". It made philosophy popular for the first time. Because we put in there heroes, mystery, humor. So take something that's already popular and that people like and use it as your vessel to communicate what you want. Even the contest through which I started το intensively occupy myself with, that's why it succeeded. Scientific contests are abundant. Especially in America, every school and university has its own contest. But this one worked because it took on the format of other contests, the well known talent shows, that focus on arts, artistic activities. It took this format and miraculously, millions of people started watching Fame Lab. So this is what I hope for. I hope that we find inspiration, that we find new motives, that we find new reasons for more science in our lives, it will protect us from a lot of things, and things we haven't thought of, even political and social. I hope for a time when Q is the charming hero, the gadget-man. With the purpose of making society, our society but others too, from a society of prejudice, to a society of information. From a society of injustice and foolishness to a society of remarkable. Thank you very much. (Applause) This is a bare-bones tutorial on how to create a course with the new P2PU. Once you've created an account, log-in. You'll be taken directly to your dashboard which is the central hub of activity on the site. To create a new course visit the study group page. There'll be a button there that will allow you to start the creation process. 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If you're interested in finding out where we're at and what's to come, visit our tracker (lighthouse.p2pu.org). You can also report any bugs you find there. I'm sure there'll be one or two. We're really excited to work with you and learn from you at P2PU. Remember, you can ask for help at any time. P2PU.org The simpler things are the best! For example, a tasty and quickly made brunch for your friends There's texture, flavor, spices, influences, shades of taste Then you must consider boiling time, ways to cut vegetables, what type of wine it goes with, how long it needs to stay in the oven at how many degrees you need to set the oven The conclusion is that the simpler things are the best but it seems a bit difficult to cook something that's easy to cook... I'm here with Bogdan Albulescu, who in a few weeks is going to open a restaurant together with his wife Bogdan is going to be a chef...no...adviser chef-adviser or...adviser-chef adviser-chef And I'm convinced he will prove to me that cooking is not as hard as it seems Bogdan, what's the plan? The important things is NOT to have a plan! You go by feeling! Let's see what we can find at the market especially since the place where we'll cook is not exactly set up and we'll have to improvise. We'll try and cook some summer food: tomato soup Something light Something light, exactly! Super! Let's see what we have here! Tell me what do you think is essential when you open a restaurant I think that the place needs personality It's very important for you to define your food concept To be different from the others and we managed to bond the restaurant with our proffesion (they're actors) How are you going to name your restaurant? Theater Pub InLight And this means you're going to host theatrical evenings Theatrical evenings, music performances... it's a concept which should work in this area Well, it's not that hard to cook! << yes it is >> It's easier to just have fun! If you're in Bucharest this weekend, don't be afraid, you have plenty to choose from On Saturday we have Summer Well's second edition, at The Stirbey Manor Also on Saturday, on the Kiseleff Street you can witness a great show filled with sports and adrenaline Or you can go to Baneasa Shopping City at the Summer Fashion Sport & Mix event On Sunday, you can either continue with The Summer Well Festival or you can go in the Green Hours club and attend Fierbinteanu Digital Pop Duo's concert Also try the experimental show Room 1306 at The Intercontinental Hotel Outside Bucharest you can go in Amara at the Taraboi Fest or at The Artmania Rock Festival, in Sibiu If you're at the seaside you can see Lala Summer Band live in concert at the Farul Constanta Stadium or you can go in Vama Veche and Mamaia to enjoy Piratii Comediei Comedy Show Also this weekend are the last days of The Anonymous Film Festival in Sfantu Gheorghe. I wish you an inspired weekend! In the last video, we saw that a system could do work by expanding. And in the situation we drew, we had a situation where the ceiling was movable. We had this piston and we, like in our process video, we had a bunch of pebbles. We removed a pebble, so the pressure in our system, if we assume that it was just so small that the pressure was constant, it pushed up on the piston with some force. We figured out that that force, since pressure is force per area, we just multiplied pressure times the area of our piston, and we got the amount of force we're applying. We apply that, and then we multiply that times the distance that we push the piston up, and then we get the amount of work that it did by expansion, or the expansion work. We said, well, you know we could have rewritten that. If you said pressure times our area, times our distance, we could instead write that as pressure, times the area, times the distance. And the area times the distance is the change in volume. And so we came up with a neat little formulation, that the work done by a system could be written as the pressure times the change in volume. So in this case, I wrote the internal energy formula, where it's the work done by the system. So I did a minus, right? Because when you do work, you are giving energy away to someone else. So in that situation, we did a minus. And so instead of writing work, we could say, minus the pressure, times the change in volume. And remember this is a quasi-static process. And we're doing it at very small increments. We're assuming that this change in volume is very small, and that the pressure is roughly constant while we're doing this. And of course that's not the case, right? If we did this, if this was a large change in volume, or if this happened all of a sudden, if these were really big pebbles, then our pressure will change as we expand. So it's hard to say what the pressure times the change in volume is. But if we assume things are really, really being done in very, very small increments, we could say, OK, let's say the pressure was constant over that small increment, and then we can multiply it by the change in volume. Now let's see how this can relate to some of what we've done before with the PV-diagram. And so far, all we've seen the PV-diagram, or what I used it for, is to kind of help explain the difference between quasi-static processes, or to say when macrostates are defined. But let me now do something more useful with it. And this will give you an idea, or start giving you an idea of why people who study thermodynamics love these so much. So before I did anything, when my canister was just here, I had all the pebbles on it. And we were in a state of equilibrium. I could describe all of its macrostates, its pressure, its volume, its temperature. I could describe its internal energy as well. So let me draw it here. So let's say I was at this state. This was state number 1. State number 1 was right there. And then, let's say I just start removing pebbles. Remember, if I just remove all the pebbles at once, the system's going to go into flux. We wouldn't be doing a quasi-static process, or a reversible process, which isn't always the same thing. But for our purposes, we wouldn't be in equilibrium the whole time. And we would have to wait to get to equilibrium. And at some point we'd have some pressure and volume that's down here. This is if we weren't doing it as a quasi-static process. Now we are, what I showed in the last video, we are doing it as a, or we're trying to get close to a quasi-static process, because we're doing it in small increments, with these little pebbles. And if these aren't small enough for you, you could do it in smaller pebbles. So we're moving incrementally. So, for example, in that last video, we maybe moved from there. We removed one pebble and we got right there. You remove another pebble and you go right there. You remove another pebble and you go right there. And the benefit of doing these quasi-static processes is you really get a path going from one state to the next. Let's say when you remove all but one of the pebbles, just, you know, this describes our path. So let's say we are in state 2 and we've removed all but one. Let me draw that. So state 2 will look something like this. I'll draw it really quick. So that's our container. That's our piston. We only have one pebble left on top. And then of course we have the gas now. Let me write this down. This is state 2. And let me write state 1 was something like this. State 1, the ceiling was lower. We had a bunch of pebbles on top of it. And we had a smaller volume, and so the gas was bumping into the ceiling and the walls and the floor a lot more. I'll just draw the same number. So we had a higher pressure. So pressure was high and volume low. Now in state 2-- so this is pressure high. This pressure is this axis. This is volume. So we had high pressure, low volume. And we got to a situation after removing all but one pebble. And we're doing it slowly, so we're always in equilibrium. So we have a path. This is after removing each of the pebbles, so that our pressure and volume macro states are always well defined. But in state 2, we now have a pressure low and volume is high. The volume is high, you can just see that, because we kept pushing the piston up slowly, slowly, trying to maintain ourselves in equilibrium so our macrostates are always defined. And our pressure is lower just because we could have the same number of particles, but they're just going to bump into the walls a little bit less, because they have a little bit more room to move around. And that's all fair and dandy. So this describes the path of our system as it transitioned or as it experienced this process, which was a quasi-static process. Everything was defined at every point. Now we said that the work done at any given point by the system is the pressure times the change in volume. Now, how does that relate to here? Change in volume is just a certain distance along this x-axis. Along, more like I should call it the volume-axis. This is a change in volume. We started off at this volume, and let's say when we removed one pebble we got to this volume. Now, we want to multiply that times our pressure. Since we did it over such a small increment, and we're so close to equilibrium, we could assume that our pressure's is roughly constant over that period of time. So we could say that this is the pressure over that period of time. And so how much work we did, it's this pressure over here, times this volume, which is the area of this rectangle right there. And for any of you all who've seen my calculus videos, this should start looking a little bit familiar. And then what about when we could take our next pebble? Well now our pressure is a little bit lower. This is our new pressure. Our pressure is a little bit lower. And we multiply that times our new change in volume-- times this change in volume-- and we have that increment of work. Once again, this is the area of this rectangle. And if you keep doing that, the amount of work we do is essentially the area of all of these rectangles as we remove each pebble. And now you might say, especially those of you who haven't watched my calculus videos, gee, you know, this might be getting close, but the area of these rectangles isn't exactly the area of this curve. It's a little inexact. There's a little error here. And what I would say is, well if you're worried about that, what you should do is use smaller increments of volume. And if you want to have smaller changes in volume along each step, what you do is you remove even smaller pebbles. And this goes back to trying to get to that ideal quasi-static process. So if you did that of, eventually the delta V's would get smaller and smaller and smaller, and the rectangles would get thinner and thinner and thinner. You'd have to do it over more and more steps. But eventually you'll get to a point, if you assume really small changes in our delta V. In calculus world, that infinitely small changes, you write it as dV. So if you take a sum of all the pressures, times the dV's you get the area under this curve. So the way to think about it when you're looking at this PV-diagram, if someone says, you're going from this point to this pressure and this volume, to this pressure and this volume. And they say, how much work did you do? You say, oh, well I just had to figure out the area under this curve. If you want to know the real math behind it, if you could get your pressure as a function of volume-- and if you haven't watched the calculus videos you can ignore this little aside I'm going to do here. This is this curve right here. If you could write it this way, let's say you could write pressure as a function of volume. When you're in algebra, you learn a curve is, you know, y is a function of x. But here, y is the pressure and x is volume, so its pressure is a function of volume. So the area under this curve is the integral of the pressure as a function of volume, that's the height at any point, times our very small change in volume. So times our very small change in volume. And you take the sum from our starting volume, so volume initial to volume final. And we'll do this in the future, especially when we start touching on entropy. But this is a neat result. Even if you don't know the calculus, or if this confuses you, if you've never seen an integral before, you could ignore it. But you could look at this intuitively and see the work I did is the area under this curve. Now, let me ask you one more thing. Let's say some work is being done to the system. So we start adding some marbles back. So let's say-- actually, let's say we're going from this direction. Let's say we start at state 2 and we go in that direction. So direction matters. So let's say we go in that direction right there. So I should put some arrows. And I'm overloading this picture so much. Actually let me just do a new picture, that's probably the best thing to do. So it's pressure, volume-- I'm actually going to do two. Let me just do pressure, volume. I'm going to do two graphs here. All right. So in the first one it's pressure, volume, pressure, volume. We started here at 1, and we went here to 2. So our system was essentially pushed up on the piston. And it could be a curve or a line, I'm not going to get too particular right now, but it was going in this direction. And so we can say that the work done was the pressure times the increase in volume at any moment. So the work done was the area under this curve. Now, if we started at position 2 and we go to position 1. 2 to 1. Now what's happening? Now we're compressing. So if we're going in that direction, you might say, oh OK, maybe the work done by the system is still the area under the curve. Well you'd be close. Because what's happening now? We're now compressing the system or adding the marbles back. We're putting energy into the system. So if we do that, remember, your work done by the system was pressure times an increase in volume. Now it's going to be your pressure times a decrease in volume. So when you go back in this direction, the area is not the work done by the system, it's the work done to the system. And maybe I'll do that in a different color, so green for work done to the system. Now let me throw you another little interesting idea. And this is actually a key idea. It's good to get the intuition here. So let me just draw a very simple PV-diagram again. So let's say we start at some state here. State 1. And I do something, you know, I'm in a quasi-static process and it, you know, it's doing something weird, and I get to state 2 here. And it's going in this direction. So my volume is increasing. So in this situation, what is the work done by the system? Easy enough, it's the area under this curve. Now let's say that I keep doing some type of quasi-static process, but it takes a different path. I'm doing something else, other than adding the marbles directly back. So my new path looks something like this to get back to state 1. So these arrows are going back. So now what is the work done to the system? well my volume is decreasing, so it's the area under the second curve. The area under the second curve is the work done to the system. So if I want to know what the net work the system did, going from state 1 to state 2, and then going back to state 1-- remember, this is a pressure and volume diagram-- what is it? Well the work that the system did was this whole area under this brown curve. And then it had some work done to it, which is the area under this magenta curve. So the net work it did is essentially the white, the whole area, minus this red area. So the net work it did would be essentially just the area inside this loop. And hopefully you don't have to know calculus to do this, although calculus you would actually use to compute these areas. But I just want to give you that intuition, that the area inside this closed loop is actually the amount of work that our system has done. And what's important is the direction that it's going. So it increased volume, then decreased volume, so it's kind of this clockwise motion. This is the work that our system has done, which, I don't know, to me is a pretty interesting thing. And later we can use this notion to come up with some other ideas behind our state variables I'll make one little aside here. Remember, our state variable pressure volume, we did stuff to it then we went back to that state. That stayed the same. And I want to say another thing. For our purposes, when we're dealing with ideal gases, where the internal energy is essentially the kinetic energy of the system, if we go and do all sorts of crazy stuff and come back, our internal energy hasn't changed. So the internal energy is always going to be the same at this point. So if I said, I did all of this stuff and came back here, what is my change in internal energy? It's 0. The change is 0. Now if I said I went from here to here, I would have a different internal energy and my change would be something real. But since this is a state function, it doesn't care how I got there. If I took all these loops and got back there, it just says, look, if I'm at this point in the PV-diagram, my internal energy is the same thing. So if I start at this point, and I finish again at this point, I have had no change in internal energy. And we'll talk more about that in the next video. But I just wanted to leave you there and get you this intuition behind the areas under the curves in the PV-diagram. That's unbelievable. Danielle just called me. She cancelled our dinner for tonight She claims she had her wisdom teeth removed. This is not a lie, Mike, I just saw her an hour ago. We are talking big cheeks, numb lips, lotsa drool. So, She's up and around## It's unbelievable. Look at me. My first Valentine's day alone in this harsh world. Is it so wrong that I want a little female companionship? If you really want it, I can set you up with someone Yes, I want Fine, I'll call Susan, no..you know what? She does this twirly*** thing with her hair that I know would drive you up the wall. Maybe Veronica, although this being your first date back, Veronica might be a bit too aggressive, you know sexually speaking. I've got it! Katie would be perfect. She's cute. She's the sweetest thing you'll ever meet Tell me more about Veronica. Mike, listen, is it alright if I come out a little late tomorrow, Because tonight I got plans with Claudia. We have to sleep in a little. Know what I mean? You can come in late** As long as you promise not to tell me promise what you mean Wait a minute, why am I setting you up. I don't even have a date yet You are always welcomed to join me at the bar I'll be reancting my traditional black holiday ritual. It involves a good book and a big bottle of chianti. No expectations, not disapointments Forgive me, but when I close my eyes and try to envison the Valentine's day, you are usually bound and gagged in a shed somewhere. You know, Nikki, sometimes the perfect date is right under your nose### You know what, you are right. This is not a tme for pride. I need to start calling old boyfriends Well. I am no longer desperate and alone this evening. Spence called, he wants to see me. Spence is the guy who dumped you twice, Spence I prefer just Spence That can only mean one thing he wants you back? Come on. Spence and I are over. Tonight is merely friendly little extention of the olive branch. Is that a euphemism? Please. Tonight is totoally causal, Mike, if your date doesn't pan out##, feel free to stop by, Spence is bringing a friend of his, a woman Sounds great. Thank you Carter. Good plan B Plan B? You are going out with the friend of mine tonight, buster. How immature are you I'm not immature. Just in case she is an uggo Glad Nikki thought of setting us up. I mean we just met, and already I'm feeling comfortable. It's unusual, you know, sometimes this thing can be pretty awkward I can tell within 15 minutes whether or not I'm gonna have sex with a guy. Really? I have an aunt, who can guess people favorite colors Come on, everybody's the same way. At least I have the guts to admit it. So,when do my 15 minutes start? They already did Sorry, I can handle pressure. I deal with it every day. Thrive on it. 14:58 Can I get some wine. Hurry Coming Spence Kamer! How are you doing Carter Okay, got through that Come on in Sit down I miss### this couch You got the stereo. I got the couch I didn't say I wanted the couch. I just said I missed the couch White wine, okay? Sure, thanks You look great. You too. I like that goatee. Seem pretty hip, but you get a few strayed hair growing in the wrong direction you start to look like Count Chocula And that's not good. Where is your firend? Is she coming. I thought you said she was coming, Not that I'm not glad to see you... I am babbling It's okay, though, actually I kinda miss### that. I asked him to stop by a little later. I'd like spend sometime alone, with you first if that's ok. Okay. Whatever Just relax, ok? Drink the wine, breathe the second hand smoke, and think about the emptiness of your life Don't you think that's a little dark? Sit down Everyone'll wine up here eventually. They always do No, not Nikki. She's out with Kevin. Right now, she's probably laughing at his little jokes, laughing at his story. What does he do He's a comedian. You know, she'll fall for the guy And I'll get to hear it about it everyday until my ears bleed I hate this Paul. This is so sexy You are telling me and watch your feet This is gonna be the best Valentine's day of your life, darlin Im so sorry Are you alright Okay. Honey I know this is not the best place to dance. It just I wanted to start our evening in the room where our lips first met Paul. sweep me off my feet right now, and I'm yours forever Tango Take me Tonight, Cupid's arrow will strike sharply and precisely.### Open Sorry. I should have taken out the thorns For In Motion, I'm Curt Parker. It sits quietly on a granite slab at the crossroads of foot traffic, on the first floor of McAllister Building. Spanning six feet in every direction, many would agree that it is quite the majestic sight. This piece of art, called the Octocube, is the handiwork of Dr. Adrian Ocneanu, and while some would view this as just a work of art, Dr. Ocneanu sees it as more. The sculpture is a representation, like a map of the surface of a four dimensional object, of a 4 dimensional regular solid. Until recently, there are no good methods to represent four dimensional bodies, and this is probably the first good way to do it, either in a virtual form, or as a solid object. When we speak of dimensions, we usually talk in terms of length, width, and depth, those being the parameters for the three dimensions. In mathematics, a shape can be plotted on a grid, where x is the horizontal, and y is the vertical. Geometric shapes can be plotted by formulas that are applied to this grid. Say, for instance, we plot x squared + y squared = 1. You'll end with a circle. If we add another dimension, or plane, to our grid, we now have depth. When we add the new dimension to our equation, we get this: x squared plus y squared plus z squared = 1. And that is what we call a sphere, a 3 dimensional object, represented in a 2 dimensional space. To go one step further, what if we added another plane? Most would say that's impossible, because we visually perceive in 3 dimensions. So to start, we must understand that the fourth dimension is a purely hypothetical undertaking. Just as we added a plane when we took our 2 dimensional object to 3 dimensions, for the sake of abstract thinking, why not add another? Just like the Earth, which is a 3 dimensional body, is a 2 dimensional surface which we can map, in an atlas or sheets, we have 2 dimensional sheets, we can try to do the same from 4 dimensions to our 3 dimensional space, so we can take the surface of 4 dimensional body, this surface is 3 dimensional, and we can try to map it. Now a good map is a map of a sphere, just like a map of the Earth, and in fact if you want to map the whole Earth, the way you can do it is to put a lightbulb at the north pole, then project the whole surface on the floor. By shining a hypothetical light at the north pole of our hypothetical object, a shadow, or projection, is created that can be plotted mathematically. Dr. Ocneanu then took his plot and sought to build a representation of the 4 dimensional object, in a 3 dimensional world. Well, I had quite a while ago, wire models of 4 dimensional bodies, but the problem with those what that you couldn't see the rooms. The work on this started really when I realized that you could make the walls, these windowed walls, and moreover that there was a way, using a computer, to open the walls of such a room up, and give a cutting pattern for the wall. So I wrote a software for this, and with it I made a cardboard model about a year ago, and I started to look for a place to have it made. One day I met a neighbor who is an aerospace engineer, and I asked him where they make their flying objects, because somehow these curved surfaces suggested a wing of an airplane. And he told me about a great engineering shop that we have on campus, and people there were very enthusiastic and extremely competent, so they were really artists in steel, and they worked for almost one year to put it together. This mathematical work of art will also serve as a teaching tool to encourage students to think past the constraints of the world around us. If you get the time, visit the octocube on first floor McAllister Building, for a peek into the fourth dimension. For In Motion, I'm Curt Parker. I've noticed something interesting about society and culutre. Everything risky requires a license, so learning to drvie, owing a gun, getting married. There is a certain... That's true in everything risky except technology. For some reason, there's no standard syilabus, there's no basic course. They just sort of give you your computer and then kick you out of the nest. You're supposed to learn this stuff how? Just by osmosis. Nobody ever sits down and telss you, "This it how it works." So today I'm going to tell you 10 things that you thought everybody knew, but it turns out they don't. All right, first of all, on the web, when you're on the web and you want to scroll down, don't pick up the mouse and use the scroll bar. That's a terrible waste of time Do that only if you're paid by the hour. Insted, hit the space bar. The space bar scrolls down one page. Hold down the Shift key to scroll back up again. So space bar to scroll down one page. It works in every browser on every kind of computer. Also on the web, when you're filing in one of these forms like your addresses, I assume you know that can hit the Tab key to jump from box to box to box. But what about the pop-up menu where you put in your state? Don't open the pop-up menu. That's a terrible waste of time calories. Type the first letter of your state over and over. So if you want Connecticut, go, C,C,C. If you want Texas, go T,T and you jump to right to that thing witout even opening the pop-up menu. Also on the web, when the text is too small, what you do is hold down the Control key and hit plus, plus, plus. You make the text larger with each tap. It works in every computer, every web browser, or minus, minus, minus, to get smaller again. If you're on the Mac, it might be Command insted. When you're typing on your Blackberry, Android, iPhone, don't bother wsitching layouts to the punctuation layout to hit the period and then a space and then try to capitalize the next letter. Just hit the space bar twice. The phone puts the period, the space, and the capital for you. Go space, space. It is totally amazing. Also when it comes to cell phones, on all phones, if you want to redial somebody that you've dialed before, all you have to do is hit the call button, and it puts the last phone number into the box for you, and at that point you can hit call again to actually dial it. So you don't need to go into the recent calls list,\ so if you're trying to get through to somebody, just hit the call button again. Here's something that drives me crazy. When I call you and leave a message on your voicemail, I hear you saying, "Leave a message," and then I get these 15 seconds of frickin' instructions, like we haven't had answering machines for 45 years! I'm not bitter. So it turns out there's a keyboard shortcut that lets you jump directly to the beep like this. Unfortunately, the carriers didn't adopt the same keystroke, so it's different by carrier, so it devolves upon you to learn the keystroke for the person you're calling. I didin't say there were going to be perfect. Okay, so most of you think of Google as something that lets you look up a webpage, but it is also a dictionary. Type the word "define" an then the word want to know. You don't even have to click anything. There's the definition as you type. It's also a complete FAA database. Type the name of the airline and the flight. It shows you where the flight is, the gate, the terminal, how long till it lands. You don't need an app for that. It's also a unit and currency conversion. Again, you don't have to click one of the results. Just type it into the box, and there's your answer. While we're talking about text, when you want to highlight -- this is just an example. When you want to highlight a word, please don't waste your life dragging across it with the mouse like a newbie. Double click the word. Watch 200. I go double click. It neatly selects just that word. Also, don't delete what you've hihlighted. You can just type over it. This is in every program. Also you can go double click, drag to highlight in one-word increments as you drag. Much more precise. Again, don't bother deleting. Just type over it. Shutter lag is the time between your pressing the shutter button and the moment the camera actually snaps. It's extremely frustrating on any camera uder 1,000 dollars. So that's because the camera needs time to calculate the focus and the exposure, but if you pre-focus with a half-press, leave your finger down, no shutter lag! You get it every time. I've just turned your $50 camera into a $1,000 camera with that trick. And finally, it often happens that you're giving a talk, and for some reason the audience is looking at the slide instead of at you! So when that happens, this works in Keynote, PowerPoint, it works in every program, all you do is hit the letter B key, B for blackout, to black out the slide and make everybody look at you, and then when you're ready to go on, you hit B again, and if you're really on a roll, you can hit the W key for whiteout, and you white out the slide, and then you can hit W again to unblank it. So I know I went super fast. If you missed anything, I'll be happy to send you the list of these tips. In the meantime, congratulations. You all get your California technology license. Have a great day. I have a question here asked on lockergnome.net. What are the benefits of virtualization? And we're not talking about virtual life necessarily. It's likely implying virtualization of software or operating systems. So, virtualization isn't emulation. It's actually using the computer hardware to run an operating system within an operating system, potentially with an operating system in an operating system. It's a way to run umptin dozen operating systems at the same time with out rebooting. Each one of these operating systems can be doing something completely different. So if one crashes, one goes down, everyone of the other operating systems stays running. That's the beauty of virtualization. It works really well, even for home users. Now, I don't have umptin dozen running at one time. I usually only have one, I guess, virtualized operating system, that's windows 7. I have it running on my imac here constantly, it's how I interface with windows primarily. I have notebook computers and pc all around. When I want to get something quick I just use a VM, virtual machine. Parallels, VM ware, virtual box. The list goes on and on. I have coupons for the ones that aren't free. And, of course, you're welcome to make your own recommendations for everyone else. The benefits of doing that, beyond what I've already stated, if I want to try something I can take a snap shot of the operating system in a virtualized state, that virtual machine, take a snap shot and try something. If it doesn't work I can always role back to the recorded snap shot. So, it gives me a chance to "sand box" any type of potential rogue element. Normally, you just download stuff and install stuff willynilly on your computer. And what do you have to do every six months for windows? That's right, reinstall the operating system. That sucks. And you still want to download and install software right? You can do that, but do it inside your virtual machine. Keep your primary operating system as clean as humanly possible. Keep every bit of testing and downloading inside the virtual machine until you know it's safe. That's my recommendation. That's the number one reason you want to use virtualization. Specifically if you have a hardware that was built for it because the feature could be toggled in the bios in newer platforms to make it even better, your computer to work at a more optimum level with virtual machines and the idea of virtualization. So, on a grander scale, it's great for people who want to run a lot of stuff at any time and keeping everything "sand boxed" from one another. But for you, the average user, if you are the average user, the benefit is that you can test things in the environment. If things don't work you can rollback to a snapshot that was perfectly clean. So that is my number one recommendation for anybody. Some people say, "Why do I keep getting infected with spy ware?" I tell them stop downloading stuff. "Well I want to download stuff." I say, "okay fine. Download stuff but do it inside a virtual machine." Keep your primary platform clean, keep it safe. By and large that will make you happy. So if you haven't gotten into virtualization yet, no time like the present to start. It's really not that difficult, and it's kind of fun. He's Norway hope! Everyone is sort of in love with him. Long live Alexander! Go nicely. For the most there it has been a joy. I can't understand that it is allowed to happen so much good things for you in one year. Sometimes I guess that - shit now - I do think there is a balance in the world, and to compensate for the last two years, I now have to suffer for the rest of my life. You know what I mean. One year has passed since Alexander Rybak was welcomed by a huge crowd of people at Gardermoen Airport after winning a historic victory in the Eurovision in Moscow. I didn't know - I thought it might be only a 20 to 30 persons. The basis of all-time historic victory in the music competition was made in Nesodden in young age. First and foremost, it was my dad who knew that I would become a musician when I was 5-6 years. And then it was in a way no choice. When parents goes for something like that... yes. But I was happy for it eventually. I got a violin in my hand, I showed that I was good at it. And I played, practiced well maybe 3 hours each day when I was little. Now a day Alexander is practicing for his new tour, which starts this summer. With him is the violinists Moa, Kathrine and Maria, whom he picked out himself. As thanks for their help Alexander has also written a love song to each of them. It is - well here you should not show favoritism. I've been in love with all three of them. But now we are just friends. What is it like to work with Alexander? It's very fun. We have a great time on the exercises. He is very strict, so... No, I do not know. It's fun. You don't have so much time there, girls. He's very talented. He reminds me in many ways about his father, Igor. He gives so much of himself. It is like 100%. - You sit there as a sensor and listen. - Mmm! Say something nice then. It is the most amazing I have ever experienced in my whole life. Satisfied? Oh! Is it? So good. How is it to be touring with him an entire summer? I think it will be one of the funniest summers I have had. Alexander came from Belarus together with his parents when he was 4 years. One year after he started with classical music, and 10-year-old, he was learnt violin at the prestigious Barratt Due Music Institute. Artist! Then you dedicate your life to the art. I not feel that I do that... But... - What do you do? - What? What do you do? Experiment a little here and there. What happens if I buy a dog? What happens if I sign up for Eurovision? There were many who were very surprised that I'm doing something else. But I think it's much more fun. It began with "Kjempesjanen". No, it started with Idol, you know. It's almost a little embarrassing. It began with Idol. How do you think it would be if you hadn't won or not signed up? Then I had continued to practice the violin, and then I might have been good. The man who will keep track of Alexander Rybak career in the future, is his neighbor and longtime friend Kjell Arild Tiltnes. Alexander is choosing the single cover and album cover that is just finished. Kjell Arild, it's here we work at the moment, he has helped me the last 4 years. So, he's probably the business man that I work with, which is the one that has endured with me the longest. And I am eternally grateful for that. Good! He is good in taking quick decisions. And then I regret it afterwards. I'm a little too fast. Camera Ready! Childhood Buddy Thomas Waernes rapper on Alexander's self-irony "Fela igjen". Thomas is also one of the songwriters on Alexander new album, and the two have known each other since childhood. We had classrooms in the upper room to the right, what's it called? Others on the left, I think it's called. Despite the huge pressure, he is very good in taking care of his friends, and very good to keep in contact even if he does not have time really. And this is his best attribute. How did you get to know each other? It was because... I will not say we were frozen out, but it was in a way us two who were togehter. We were very, very good friends, and stood together through thick and thin. And even though we argued sometimes, we knew we had each other. We did not fit in completely. We were - he was a TV geek, and I was the Belarusian with violin. We were certainly not the popular boys in the class, but we became very good friends eventually. We used to... Is it really allowed to say that on TV? We used to play truant school... - To sit at home? - To play, and he played the violin. I have always been the one who talked most quiet. On holiday in southern Norway, we have a tradition that we go there every summer, and there we were some buddies who bathed together and stuff. I was about 9, maybe 10 years. The others were a little older than me, and they just relax on the beach, while I was out in the water bathing. Suddenly I realized that - for some reason I panicked and was about to drown. The other guys still talked together, and suddenly they heard me very, very quiet saying: "Excuse me, do not mean to interfere". But they didn't hear me. I'm said it a little higher, "Excuse me, I think I might drown here." I dared not to disturb them somehow, it was important to be polite, as mom and dad taught me. But it did not work, in that situation. - Are you going to play here? At the end? - Yes. - When? - Come over here. Now you are recognized wherever you go, on the street, in shops, on the boat, and all over. Do you get used to the attention? Yes, I think it's very cozy. I do not like people who say "Oh, is it not tiring for you?" People should not pity me because I'm being recognized. My God! Imagine how much I get paid. Not that much, but I get a little more money than a plumber. So, I do not only enjoy me, and get paid, but also have to provide lots of energy to people. Not only on concerts. It's a way of life. The wreckage left when an earthquake has torn apart homes and lives. Chinese rescuers sprinting to help survivors. Before time runs out. To anyone who is in search run in the aftermatch of the devastating earthquake in 2008 this scene is horribly familiar. But this time it's a training exercise. And the Chinese are doing it because because they are doubling the size of their international search and rescue team. This year the number of these specialist personnel will sort some 220 to 500 the aim is not just do do more to help people at home but also to help people overseas. And this is where they get to pracise. The simulated disaster zone at the state of the art training centre in North West Beijing. None of it comes cheap. The government will pour in an extra 10 million pounds this year. But intensive training and expensive equipment is the only way to master in use these skills. Fabruing the injures from collapsed buildings, and cautiously putting survivors free. from the tinest of spaces. Specialist paramethics treat victims in site. Many of these personnels have already served abroad in disasters such as the Pakistan earthquake and more recently Haiti. They say they came to do more. Rescuing has no borders. We will send the greatest force to major disasters. Help more people, use our expertise to save more lives from the wreckage. That's our duty. I have been too busy the last two weeks to film. Here are the tents and the sleeping bags. Everything is in full preparation for leaving to La Havre. Is it a hard day at work? What are you doing Willemse? - I am packing my crate. I see clothes, racing overalls, underwear and a pillow Tools everywhere and brand new. From who did you get al does brand new tools? - Harrems Tools, from Toolspecial A box full. - They really helped us out with these tools. And everything on time Air for the compressor. It is al clean now, but when we are back from Dakar there is going to be sand and grease everywhere. Are you also bringing all this oil from Valvoline with you? - Yes, most of it. Do you think everything is going to fit in those crates? - I am not sure yet. I forgot filming for the last week, because I was so busy. How is it going? - Almost done. Are you in the nightshift again? - Yes. A few things need to be done here. The Dodge is ready. Still a lot to do? - Almost done, we are packing our stuff right now. Hey how are you doing? Is everything's under control? - Yes everything is going well. Just a few more hours Martien? - Yes, but then it is finished. Willemse, do you like working here at Harskamp, at night? - Boot camp. Good morning Gerard. Is this the last equipment what needs to be packed? Yes, but we have to make choices, we can't bring everything with us. Do you have to open the door flap at the inspection. - I don't hope so. Ready for the big journey. The aggregate didn't work right? - Yes they told me. I gave it some oil and it started running right away. Valvoline motor oil? - Of course. Good morning. You had a nice sleep? - Yes great. You really had some sleep? - Yes what do you think, about three hours. Long enough. This is Jan Mulder, a loyal supporter. Jan, do you have something to tell on this Real Life Soap. Hey Martin, I see that there is Valvoline NextGen on this truck, what is that? Valvoline NextGen is recycled oil. They are promoting that next January, but they already asked us if we wanted to put that on our truck ... and also use it for our engine. We are going to promote this in South-America and Europe of course. Are you already using that oil for your truck? - Yes they did that last night. We had a long night to prepare... everything and last we put the oil in the truck. So now we are driving with a green engine! This is Evers, our aggregate mechanic. It was broken and is not coming with us? What? Is it running again? - There was no motor oil in the aggregate No motor oil? Are your kidding me? - No, for real. Arjan, they are gone now. And now what? - No we have to relax a little. Are you stuck what to do now? - Yes, from a lot to nothing to do. And now? Are we all stuck what to do now? - I hope I am going to be stuck in bed for a while. What are you doing? - I am installing the GPS-system. Do we have all the stamps yet? - Almost, we only need a stamp for the car, but we are getting that soon. My friend, I am leaving you now, I wish you the best and see you soon in Buenos Aires. Now you have time to start a new project. Tomorrow we have to clean here and after that they bring us the first cabins for a new truck. What are you going to do in December? - Sports and working. You are not taking a holiday? - No. You are going straight to work for 2013. We have the business right on track, but we have to cross some t's and dot some i's. The guys did some hard work the last couple of months. So these are the thing we put some extra attention into. And next is that Arjan, Erwin and Aard are going to be around here. I expect the rest of team members are going to be here regularly as well. I'll make sure that there is enough work to start the project for 2012. It never stops. It is an addiction you can't get rid of. I hereby decree that Prime Minister Cao Cao, ...lead the Imperial Army, ...to pacify the rebels Liu Bei and Sun Quan. Thank you, Your Majesty. These people are loyal to the Han Empire. They followed us to escape Cao Cao's regime. If we do not protect civilians, ...then what is the meaning of this war? An alliance will strengthen us both. When a loser joins forces with a coward, ...what can they accomplish? What the Southlands need is unity! My decision to fight is final. Anyone who dares mention surrender... ...will end up like this table! You need to fight this war. I am not afraid of him. I have been waiting for this day! We shall fight, not waste time with words. Make camp there! On the bank facing Red Cliff. Tomorrow we may be enemies. If that day ever comes, ...it will be each man for himself Cao Cao has no experience in naval warfare. He must rely on Admirals Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. If I can eliminate them, ...his navy will be powerless Nice play! Goal! These little monkeys are getting quicker! The Prime Minister's order to practice Cuju... ...has toughened these kids up. Follow closely. Carry him inside quickly. Follow me. Just my stomach growling. Yes! Goal! What do you think? Not bad, right? Block him! Yeah! Yeah! That pot isn't wide enough. You would miss no matter how wide it was. Pitch pot is a game for aristocrats... ...not for soldiers in wartime. Your Honor, how'd you throw that bull's eye? Concentration. When the enemy is over-confident, ...we must double our concentration. With concentration, you can kill a giant with a pebble. Your Highness, Zhou Yu's army is small. He'll have to resort to guerilla warfare. That last puny victory... ...has made Zhou Yu cocky. He's no guerilla warrior. He will confront us face to face. They are readying for battle. We need a strategy to counter them. Cao Cao wants to surround us... ...without breaking the basic rules of strategy. The first army to the field will be rested. The second army will arrive exhausted. Attack where the enemy is least prepared. Strike where they least expect it. We must concentrate all forces... ...on their strongest position. Naval victory depends on... ...Admirals Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. We are loyal to Your Highness until death. Cao Cao underestimates us. He will never expect us to hit their navy. What is your name? Private Sun Shucai. You are an outstanding player... ...and a good soldier. From this day forward... ...you are promoted to battalion commander. Thank you, Your Highness! Everyone must practice hard at Cuju. Only with tough bodies can we win this war. Once the Southlands are subdued, ...your families will be exempt from taxes for three years. Thank you, Your Highness! What are you doing? I'm... setting these birds free. That's very kind of you. You're leaving? By your accent, I bet you're a Southerner. That's right. Southerners are warm-hearted people. Northerners are free-spirited. I'm kind of dumb. People say my entire life... You're not dumb, just too honest. You're good at Cuju. Thanks for heading the ball. What's your name? My name is... Look at the size of me... My mother calls me Piggy. Piggy? So you can play Cuju right? You kidding? I only know hacky-sack. Congratulations on your promotion. So does a commander get bigger meals? You're a big officer now. You can eat as much as you want. Are you fighting just to fill your stomach? Mother says my stomach is a bottomless pit. My family's too poor to feed me. We're Pit and Piggy! What a pair! The new environment has made our men ill. They are weak from a long war... ...and have lost all immunity. So typhoid quickly... Can it be cured? Yes... ...but not overnight How many have died? Over a hundred. In a few days, it will be out of control. We must bury them right away. No burials! We must cremate. Cremation is the only way to stop its spread. - Ready the funeral pyres. - Yes, sir. Hold on. <i>Epidemic outbreak.</i> The climate has weakened Cao Cao's army. Disease is rampant Great. Your Honor, let's seize this chance and attack. The navy is still healthy. We must not act recklessly. Your Honor, this is the time to attack! Yes! This is a battle of honor. Even war must be fair. Your Highness... ...isn't this a bit inhumane? Cast off the soldiers of the dead! What's the matter? Pull the boats here. Look, what is that? Pull it here. Pull the boats here. - Go report this to the general. - Yes, sir. Pile weapons and armor here. Put the corpses there. Yes, sir. Get away from here. Don't touch them! They died from typhoid! Move! It's contagious! Move! Don't touch anything! Get out of here! Everyone must leave! Escort these people away! This is for your own good. This place is infected. Leave here immediately. Cao Cao is truly ruthless. Those soldiers have touched corpses. I've quarantined them... ...so they do not infect others And the villagers? I fear many have already been infected. Cao Cao has stooped to evil tricks. This is psychological warfare. He's attacking our morale. How to dispose of the bodies? These are the bodies of our enemies. Feed them to the fishes. No, we must lay them to rest. No burials. We must cremate them. I lift my drink and sing a song. For who knows if life be short or long? Man's life is but the morning dew. Past days many, future ones few. The melancholy my heart begets. Comes from cares I cannot forget. Who can unravel these woes of mine? I know but one man... the God of Wine! Disciples dressed in blue. My heart worries for you. You are the cause. Of this song without pause. Across the bank a deer bleats... ...in the wilds where it eats. Honored guests I salute. Strike the harp! Play the flute! Bright is the moon's spark. Never ceasing, never dark. Thoughts of you from deep inside. Cannot settle, cannot subside. Stars around the moon are few. Southward the crows flew. Flying with no rest. Where shall they nest? No mountain too steep. No ocean too deep. Sages rush when guests call. So at their feet... ...the empire does fall! Take your time. Careful, it's hot. More fall sick every day. You have enough medicine? Cassia trees are scarce here. Our men will keep searching. Can cassia cure typhoid? It will ease current symptoms. But a true cure requires other ingredients. Let me take a look. Hurry! Carry our men out! Move it! Stand up, let's go. Stop! What do you think you're doing? What are you doing? General, what are you doing? These patients cannot be moved. Hurry! Put our men on the horses. Please, these men must not leave. They are still ill. You're leaving? Viceroy, this epidemic is beyond our control. I have barely twenty thousand men. If this continues, I might lose everything. I must retreat and reformulate my strategy. You withdraw at a moment like this? You proposed this alliance. Now with our lives at stake, you flee? This is betrayal. You can't say that. We are men of our word. But look what has happened to our men. So our men count for nothing? - Selfishness. - Who is selfish? - Zhang Fei! - General! My Lord, the battle is set. - How can you... - Zhu-ge Liang I have seen over a decade of defeat. I cannot endure another setback. Even soldiers must obey the law of survival. We must not lose our allies' trust. I know you feel strongly. But in chaotic times, you cannot live on justice alone. It's time I let others fight the tough battles. One day you will understand this. Liu Bei. It was an honor to fight alongside your men. We believed in the same goal. Achieving it will not be so easy after all. Take care. Take care. We shall meet again. Aren't you leaving? A man must honor his promises. If I start something, I see it to the end. Anyone who talks like that is insane. Then we are all insane. Your Highness, tea is ready. Brother, scouts report... ...the typhoid was successful. The Southlands are in chaos. - Good. - One more thing. Liu Bei has left with all his men. Good. Their alliance is broken. Excellent. Swift as the wind. Gentle as a forest. Fierce as fire. Firm as a mountain. If you hate war, ...why can you quote "The Art of War"? To understand you, ...I must sneak glances at your books. A thousand books cannot equal a cup of your tea. I'm happy so long as you enjoy it. I wish we could invite Cao Cao for tea. Forget the war and just enjoy the scenery. Wouldn't that be great? I doubt he appreciates the art of tea. You wield your sword... ...like you know a way to beat Cao Cao A way as mysterious as darkness. And as powerful as thunder. It is time for us to act. Greetings, Your Highness. How goes the naval training, Admirals? Very well, Your Highness. We're using iron beams to join the fleet. Our men are Northerners and new to naval battle. Now our ships shall be stable as solid ground. Not even a storm will make our men seasick. - Can they be separated? - Of course. Men, separate the ships. Unlocking the iron beams separates the ships. The fleet will move into pincer formation... ...ready for battle. You truly are naval experts... ...to invent this tactic. Thank you, Your Highness. - Jiang Gan. - At your service, Your Highness. You grew up with Zhou Yu, right? Yes, we were childhood friends. Cross the river. Urge him to surrender. Surrender? Zhou Yu's loyalty to Sun Quan runs deep. I'm afraid he won't... The Southlands are falling apart. Liu Bei has fled. Now is the time to ask Zhou Yu to surrender. Yes, Your Highness. Piggy. Scared you didn't I? These guys keep tailing me. How can I have any fun like this? You're battalion commander. They have to follow you. Listen up! Everyone go practice Cuju. Yes, sir! It worked! - Let's have some fun! Great - Okay. - What should we play? - Let's play... Let's play Ride High. OK. Come on. You really are heavy. Your mother gave you the right nickname. This isn't high enough. Let's go up there. Watch your balance. Be careful. This high enough for you? Yeah. Stay still. - That itches. - Itches? Here, let me scratch it. Much better. Turn left. What's so interesting there? It's just the fleet. Don't move. My Lord. Cao Cao has several hundred thousand soldiers. We have only thirty thousand. We are totally outnumbered. How can we fight like this? This will decide the fate of the Southlands. We must fight even if we cannot win. How many arrows do we have? Not even fifty thousand. Liu Bei took forty thousand when he fled. Without those arrows, we cannot fight. The arrows are my responsibility. As well they should be. Your Lord took them. We need one hundred thousand arrows. You still think you can handle it? Fine, if I cannot come up with one hundred thousand, ...you may take my head. We only have food for ten days. I give you ten days' time. I don't need ten, just three. We soldiers do not joke. You said you'd eliminate Admirals Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. If not, then what? You may have my head. By night, the Milky Way. By day, snaking clouds. You were here all night. What are you up to? See for yourself. Wind and water converge here. The feng shui is excellent. Glad you're relaxed. You are worrying me to death. The twenty ships with crew... ...you requested are ready There's only one day left. Where are the arrows? You haven't made even one. You should be in a nervous sweat. My sweat is of no concern. But see if the tortoise is sweating. It is. As I predicted, fog is coming. What fog? The only fog here is around my head. What is this plan of yours? Nature's secrets cannot be revealed. Old cow plows the paddy's rows. Young calf munches on what grows. You really are something. Back then you were just a kid who loved to sing. Who'd have guessed that kid would be a Viceroy. Planting rice is the old man's chore. We were ten when you clubbed that bandit from behind. He spun around and somehow the club was in my hands. He gave me the beating of my life. In the sedan chair the young boy snores. To this day I still don't understand... ...how that club got into my hand You're too slow. You remember that time? I wrote on the tutor's exam book in your handwriting... ..."Senile idiot!" That's right! He gave me twenty swats across my butt. Back in those days, ...there was no prank we didn't pull. I can trick any man I meet. But with you, I always play the fool. Bring my sword! Marvelous! You are a fine sword dancer. Are you here as Cao Cao's emissary? Me? I can barely speak for myself. How could I speak for Cao Cao? I'm not as clever as you... ...but I know what song you're singing. You do not give me enough credit. I'd never disrespect a talented Southerner... ...but to serve Cao Cao is wrong. You have your Lord and I have mine, but... No matter. A few days from now... ...someone will lay Cao Cao's head at my feet. You believe me? Yes, I do. Your Honor, urgent news! Can't you see I have a guest? I know we've no arrows. If Zhu-ge Liang fails to get more, ...I'll have his head Maybe our friends across the river can help. They have a more important mission. Admirals Cai Mao and Zhang Yun report... ...Cao Cao's head cannot be taken just yet. I fear... Do not underestimate them. Here is their message. Excellent! Mr. Jiang. What are you doing here alone? Mrs. Zhou? Come sit inside. Xiao Qiao, bring more wine. Any more and you'll be drunk. Come on, we'll drink more upstairs. Drink more? Why end a good time? I heard Cao Cao invaded the Southlands all for your wife. Is that so? Cao Cao has a reputation for stealing men's wives. You're drunk More wine. More? Where? "We surrendered to Cao Cao... ...not for profit but out of desperation. We now have the Northerners entrapped in camp. Soon we will deliver his decap... ...his decapitated head. Further reports to come. Admiral Cai Mao. " What are you looking at? Just one of my tricks. You do love to play tricks on me. I'll trick you again... ...and again. Not this time you won't. Scarecrow, you're more of a man than that fellow. That fellow doesn't tell me a thing. You're a better drinking buddy. Cheers! Scarecrow. Why are we heading for the enemy camp? You're not surrendering, are you? The enemy! The enemy is approaching! Separate ships. Send the left flank to intercept the enemy! Faster! Scarecrow, stop drumming! What if Cao Cao's men come for us? They wouldn't dare. A heavy fog might hide an ambush. Oh, so you've decided to talk to me. Ready all archers! Shoot at first sight! Ready! All ships line up! This is a plot to turn us against each other. We're not fools. Would Zhou Yu use such an obvious trick? Sometimes the simplest trick... ...is the best way to lead someone to their death. Shoot! Shoot.! Your Highness, whether this is a trick or not, ...we should proceed with caution. What if their navy mutinies? That would be a disaster. Shoot! Besides the letter, ...I heard them mention... ...friends here would get them arrows. Don't worry. Scarecrow will protect you. Cease drumming! Call Admirals Cai Mao and Zhang Yun in for questioning. They are out training the fleet. If they are not here, then their handwriting is. Bring their letter of surrender. Ready, all ships about-face! What? Drum in unison. Give them a target to shoot. Aim for the drums. Shoot! Drink up. Watch your seat. Fire at will! The handwriting is a perfect match... ...and full of the same mistakes. This must be the work of Cai Mao. Shoot! We return home victorious! Cheers. Nothing but scared mice. Return to your positions! Return to your positions! Thank you Prime Minister for your gift. Thank you... Marvelous! Mr. Zhu-ge! Look... How did you know the fog was coming? A clear Milky Way and snaking clouds... ...signal fog is near. If you know how earth, sky, yin and yang change, ...then the sun, moon and stars; ...the wind, forest, mountains and fire... ...become soldiers at your command. So you can read Mother Nature's moods, huh? We lost one! - What a shame... - Hey, come back! A small victory hardly deserves such a reception. Your Highness. A small victory? How many men did the enemy send? Fog covered the river. Impossible to see. If you could not see, how did you repel them? Firing at will forced retreat. Firing at will? How many arrows is that? About one hundred thousand. About one hundred thousand! And why didn't you pursue them? Fog meant possible ambush, Your Highness. So... Again with the fog. Seems like you are hiding something in that fog. Look, a boat is floating this way. Pull it in... Your Highness. Can't you tell a soldier from a scarecrow? One hundred thousand arrows? You're mighty generous. Please forgive me, Your Highness. I deserve death, Your Highness. Today it's arrows... Tomorrow it's my head, am I right? Zhou Yu is turning us against each other. No spy is stupid enough to... Silence! I trust and honor talented men. But I abhor deceivers and traitors. Guards! Your Highness, we have trained day and night. Take them away and behead them. We swear our loyalty to Your Highness. Didn't I surrender to a benevolent ruler? We have trained night and day. Wait, Your Highness. If you kill them, who will lead the navy? Halt! Ninety-three thousand eight hundred. Ninety-four thousand. Ninety-four thousand two hundred. Ninety-four thousand six hundred. We'll shoot Cao Cao with his own arrows. This battle will be interesting. Concentrate! No mistakes. Wait. Don't interrupt! Two hundred per person. There'll be no mistakes. Mr. Zhu-ge, what is this new invention? A rapid-fire crossbow. It shoots ten arrows without reloading. Here, watch. Great. Ninety-nine thousand four hundred. Ninety-nine thousand six hundred. Impressive! You know a trifle about weapon design too. Knowing a trifle about everything gives life more color. Your Honor. Did he reach one hundred thousand? The total is ninety-nine thousand six hundred. Now what? Well... Your Honor, it's only four hundred. Short one is still short. The law is firm as a mountain. That's right. So what does the law say? The law prescribes beheading. Garbages! What took you so long? Hurry and bring them over. Thank god! The total is one hundred thousand two hundred. Mr. Zhu-ge has completed his mission. Seems like my head is safe where it is. How about yours? You want my head? Mr. Zhu-ge. We're just joking. When I lost, was he joking? Of course not. Looks like you haven't lost after all. Cao Cao has executed Admirals Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. I think we've been duped. Steal the enemy's weapons then destroy their moral. Your strategies worked together brilliantly. Cao Cao must be going crazy right about now. In two or three days, he will try something desperate. But this will not be good for Jiang Gan. I've lost an old friend. Honored guests... Zhou Yu is just showing off his cleverness. He undoubtedly thinks I have gone crazy. Tell me, do I look crazy? Not at all... Come, let us root out the traitor... ...then we can sleep easy. Cheers! - Jiang Gan. - Yes Today you were of great service. Please drink. Thank you, Your Highness. Sir! Sir! Are you... Your stupidity was trivial. But you brought your stupidity upon me. Hear this! In two days, our army shall cross the river... ...and take Red Cliff! Yes, Your Highness! All hear this! In two days the army will cross the river. What's going on here? There's a spy! Catch the spy! Halt! Don't let him escape! Grab him! Piggy, why do they want to hurt you? - It's a misunderstanding. - A misunderstanding? What's going on? He's a spy. Nonsense, he is my friend. Friend? Are you stupid? Come on, they're beating up the commander. A fight! Pit. Pit. Piggy, are you all right? I have to go. Piggy! Where are you going? My mother is sick. I must go home. That's very kind of you to visit her. You should go home too. No, I'll return after the war. Fighting means no taxes. That means more food on the table. Hurry, go visit your mother. I will come back to see you. Ride high. Don't let him escape! He's just going to see his mother. In eighteen years of battle, ...I have never lost If I fail to capture this tiny cliff, ...I shudder to think what historians will say. Yes. Your Highness. How are things? Worse than expected. The disease's spread has not slowed. At this rate, ...it will take a month to control. I respectfully request you delay the assault. Stop! Lie still - Your Highness. - Sit up. You are ill and must recuperate. Man Tun, how can you be ill? You were always in perfect health. What is on your mind? Go ahead. I want to go home. I too have not been home for a long time. I want to see my youngest son. He is only thirteen. Younger than you even. He is kind-hearted and bright. He has been frail since birth and is often sick. Yet in front of me, ...he pretends everything is fine. Whatever the illness, he endures. He never complains to me... ...I swore at the start of this war... ...to cleanse the world of warlords. We must seize Red Cliff and storm the capital. Then bring the mud of this land back home... ...and tell our families we were victorious. We were victorious! So you all must be strong... ...as must I... ...because I must bring you back home. Victory... Greetings everyone. Sorry for the wait. We're glad you're back safe. Did you have any problems? No. I just fell into the mud... ...jumping the stockade. Shang Xiang. You're always causing trouble. Where have you been? They are ready to attack. Shang Xiang. You're back. Xiao Qiao. Shang Xiang? Xiao Qiao... ...please help me pull this. Go ahead, pull it. This is a map of Cao Cao's camp. This tower here... ...is Cao Cao's headquarters. Their best troops guard it. The barracks are here. East and west are well-defended. The rear hill is weakest. It's like a tiger that stares ahead... ...but forgets its tail. The navy is here Put this on. - You'll catch a chill. - I'm not cold A third of their forces... ...are onboard ready for assault. Warships lead the smaller boats. Transport ships are in the middle. This is an interlocked naval formation. I'm fine. Every ship is ready for attack or defense. I was wrong to scold you. If you were Zhou Yu, ...how would you attack? He only has enough men for one assault... ...an all-out attack on our fleet. They will want to attack with fire. Fire? I doubt it. Without manpower, they need strength. Where can they get it? Fire of course. This is a standard rule of war. Too bad it won't work. A northwest wind is blowing. If they attack our fleet with fire, ...they will be fighting the wind and burn themselves. We are the ones who should use fire. Yes, load the ships with brimstone. Tomorrow, we shall burn Red Cliff to the ground! The map shows. Cao Cao's army has finished deployment. Tonight may be the decisive battle. This is a fight to the death. Win or lose, we must fight with everything we have. Shang Xiang. What are these lines between the ships? It sounds funny. They've locked their boats together... ...to stabilize the fleet... ...so the Northerners won't get seasick. Enough talk. What is your strategy? Cao Cao made camp in a bad location. It is hook-shaped. This makes return difficult. If their assault fails, they cannot fall back. We should use fire. The terrain is in our favor. If we can burn the fleet's vanguard, ...they will be trapped and vulnerable. Yes, a fire attack! Just give me ten fire ships. Two will hit their left and right flanks. The remaining eight will ram the center. We'll burn an opening here! Next, you follow closely and rush in. No matter how great their numbers, ...we will crush them. If only we still had Liu Bei's cavalry, ...then we could attack their camp at the rear. Then victory would be assured. This wind is to Cao Cao's advantage. A northwest wind is blowing. Sailing into the wind will burn our own fleet. Cao Cao knows the wind is on his side. He will also think of using fire. Why are you so quiet? What are you looking at? Look, those dark clouds in the east... ...are enshrouding the sun. Isn't that rather unusual? Zhu-ge Liang, what does that mean? The winds will change. I know from farming. If during a warm winter clouds enshroud the sun, ...then along the Yangtze River... ...an unseasonal wind will blow. What do you mean unseasonal? A warm southeast wind. It blows from southeast to northwest. What if Cao Cao knows this too? Only Admiral Cai Mao would know and he is dead. Zhu-ge Liang. Can you predict when it will change? Tonight or tomorrow morning. History shows the timing of weather is key. He who can predict it will win. We must delay his attack. Only then will we have a chance at victory. Greetings, General. Terrific, just terrific! This fish oil is perfect! - Bigger. - Yes, General! No good. Bigger! Yes, General. No good. Bigger! Just how big do you want it? Go. That's about right. Yes! This is it! See how strong this northwest wind is? It will never shift. We'll never get near their navy. Your Honor, I can fake a defection. Invent some excuse... ...to punish me with fifty lashes. I'll fake a surrender in anger. That way Cao Cao is sure to believe me. Then I can sail my fire ships in range. How can you fight after such a beating? I could never treat a general that way. Do not lose heart. The east wind will come. Your Honor... Terrible news... Our Lady has disappeared! My dear husband, by the time you read this, ...I will be on the way to Cao Cao's camp. I will be cautious... ...and only act when the moment is right. Yet I hope the east wind will come early. Where there is faith, there is hope. The clear waters of the Yangtze... ...the emerald leaves of the mountains... ...the birds returning to nest... ...the fisherman singing his evening song. This is our home, ...our beautiful native land. Our people gladly give their lives for her sake. I cannot stand idly by. I have been carrying our child Ping An for three months. I did not tell you... ...fearing it might distract you. We cannot in caring for our child... ...and forget the children of the Southlands. I want to see them grow up together... ...to have a future where they can play, ...swim, pick flowers... ...and plant rice in peace. "Your child Ping An " "Pregnant " "Do not fear... ...I shall bring Ping An home. " Some traditions still carry great meaning. For example, rice flour and sugar... ...stick together like a family at reunion. Over here! Bring the cart here! There are sweet rice dumplings for everyone. Today is winter solstice, a time for reunion. Everyone have some rice dumplings. Two or three per person! Eat up! Officers and soldiers alike, come on! Two or three per person! Eat up! Come on... Give me a bowl! Zhang Fei, you're making them too big. Do you want us to choke? Fine with me. I couldn't be happier. Zhao Yun. Has your wound healed from combat practice? So long as I can fight, a wound means nothing. Guan Yu, how many times have you read the classics? If a man of learning does not understand brotherhood, ...isn't his learning worthless? My Lord, what are we doing here? Waiting. Waiting for what? Waiting for Zhu-ge Liang. Waiting for his return, so we can go home. Do we still have a home? Sons of the Southlands, listen. Today is the winter solstice, ...a day for family reunion. Yet thieves encircle our home. How can we celebrate like this? I say let us drive them from this land! Then we shall have our celebratory family meal. Here! My Lord. Though I sometimes disagree with you, ...I have never said a word against you. But this is a choice between right and wrong. I acted for the good of us all... ...yet you lecture me for being unrighteous You have followed me so long and for what? I just want to ensure we live on. There are some things I value more than my life. Zhou Yu, may your plans come to fruition. We will fight the good fight. Zhou Yu's wife is here. She came alone. Zhou Yu, ...we must alter our plan of attack Consider your wife's safety, ...I will send our best men... ...around back to rescue her. No changes. All our forces must be focused on frontal assault. We cannot divide our strength. Your Honor, we stand alone on the battlefield. Without allied support, ...the chance for victory seems slight. I have never given up on my dream. Victory cannot rest on dreams alone. When will the east wind come? Based on new observations, ...at around one o'clock. If at that time you still trust your friends, ...light a lantern for a signal. If misfortune befalls Xiao Qiao will you still fight a war of honor? I saw you once in the back of your family's estate. Though young, you were already a great beauty You were studying the tea ceremony... ...and liked catching butterflies. Did you launch this war for me? You believe that? My father was very fond of you. At that time, Cao Cao believed in justice, ideals... ...and loyalty to the Han throne. He was a young hero. How else could he have become Prime Minister? By killing many people. I heard many Southland soldiers have fallen ill. Yes. I heard Liu Bei has fled... ...and the alliance is broken. Yes. Then Zhou Yu must be a lonely man. Did he send you? This was my idea. Why are you here? Please withdraw your troops. Victory is yours. What need is there to fight on? No. Zhou Yu shall kneel before me in surrender. What is this? I am not here for my husband... ...but for the people of this kingdom. Please end this war. And if I refuse? Stop playing. You must witness how I defeat Zhou Yu. What's on your mind? Just thinking of a silly friend. The times make the hero. After this battle, ...I will have time to savor your tea. Just one cup? It'll help you relax. Fine. No one's ever given us respect. So what? Who cares so long as we respect ourselves? Listen up! Our boats will soon charge Cao Cao's fleet. No man jumps ship until their ships burn. Yes, sir! Any problem with that? No, sir! That's what I thought. Have you all written to your families? Yes. Don't rush. Appreciate the tea's color and bouquet. Oh. Why is the Prime Minister waiting to attack? The wind is behaving strangely. I know. He is drinking tea with that woman. Tea? What makes brewing tea so difficult? Leaves, heat, water, and utensils... ...all demand study. Yet the hardest is boiling water. Boiling water? Look! The wind has stopped. At first boil, bubbles his and resemble tiny fish eyes. At second boil, the edge simmers like a fountain. This is when tea is finest. At third boil, the water seethes and spurts. Any further and the water is past its prime. Your Honor, the wind seems about to shift. It's time to attack What are we waiting for? Our allies. What allies? Liu Bei fled days ago. This is all part of Zhou Yu's plan. Some plans are best kept quiet. Enough! It is full! Your Highness... ...don't you see your true self reflected in this tea? Your heart is overflowing with ambition. It's too full to let other people in. You've carried this full heart to Red Cliff. Someone here shall pour that heart onto the floor. Your Highness. You do not understand the art of tea. Your Honor, tell us what we must do. At two o'clock, ...the ten fire ships will ram Cao Cao's fleet... ...burning through their vanguard. With the fleet broken, ...Zhao Yun will hit the east gate... ...to divert their attention. Liu Bei, Guan Yu, and Zhang Fei... ...will overwhelm Cao Cao's camp from the west gate. Doctor! Your Highness! Call Doctor Hua Tuo. My head aches. Your Highness, Hua Tuo has left. - What did you say? - Hua Tuo is gone. Cast off! What is this wind? It's an easterly wind, Your Highness. It shifted? Impossible! Enemy ships approaching! General, enemy ships approaching! Hurry, separate the ships! Separate ships! What is that? That is their lanterns, Your Highness. Forward. Zhou Yu. I have done all I can. Tonight will decide the fate of the empire. There must be no mistakes. Zhu-ge Liang, ...you weren't lying after all! Report! Boats are approaching fast. Separate ships immediately. Separation has already begun. Light the fires! Forward. Hurry over here! All speed ahead! Hurry, separate the ships. Faster. Retreat! Protect the main gate! Faster, toward Cao Cao's flagship! Strike as powerful as thunder. Charge! Go ahead. Charge! Follow me. Shoot! Launch catapults! Hurry, the enemy is approaching Look, over there. Your Highness! Terrible news! They have broken through the stockade! Why are you panicking? Do not forget you are a general. I... Reinforce Zhang Fei! Move! Your Highness, the rear gate is under surprise attack. It is Liu Bei's allied forces. Liu Bei? Free the horses! Pull! Shoot! General Gan, ...we must save energy for inside. You must break down this gate... ...so we can join our allies... ...otherwise all is lost. - No problem. - Good luck Halt! Tear down the barricade! Shoot! Forward. Attack the main gate. Come on soldier! Hang in there. General Gan! Individual bombs aren't strong enough. Run! The fire is coming! Give me all your fire bombs. There's only three left. No retreat! No surrender! This is it! All forces attack! Shoot! Your Highness. The navy is lost. East, south, and west... all three sides have been sunk. It seems like they went up in flames too. Yes, Your Highness. All is quiet below. The fire is too fierce! Stay together at all costs! Don't get separated! Your Highness. Perhaps retreat is best. Retreat? With our best soldiers still remaining? They would give their lives for me. Even if all would die, they must fight. This is military power. All together! Charge! Fight me if you dare. Come back here! Come on, you traitor! General! Don't give up, my brother. Guan Yu! Where is Liu Bei? All speed ahead! Break formation! Launch spears! Forward! Crush them or die trying! Hang in there. I oversaw the end of every warlord. I saw the end of one here and one there. The end of all but here... Just in time. I knew you wouldn't let me down. I said we would meet again. Gan Xing sacrificed himself. But not in vain. The fire is approaching! We must save Xiao Qiao now! First find Cao Cao. We have lost... ...all because of that accursed woman. She ruined our chance to attack. I'll kill her. Kill her. Come no further. Don't let the enemy through. That way, quickly... Protect the Prime Minister! Get them! Pit? Pit! It's me, Piggy. It's me, Piggy. Piggy? Piggy. You came to see me. I said I would. Piggy... Still want to play Ride High? I'll kill that witch. Don't move! Zhou Yu. Viceroy Zhou. - The traitor Cao Cao. - Silence! You shall call me Prime Minister. I never guessed I'd lose to a gust of wind. Because you don't understand the Will of Heaven. I never dreamed I'd be defeated by a cup of tea. For you, war was just a tea ceremony. Such a pity! You never knew what you were fighting for! I come by order of the Emperor... ...to subdue rebels like you. We are not rebelling against the Emperor... - ... but against you. - You pest! Little boy... This has been quite an enjoyable hunt. What do you want to hunt? Tiger. By the looks of you. You are a far cry from your father. Shoot! I am prime Minister of the Emperor's court. Death is too good for rebels like you. If you declare allegiance to me, ...I can pardon you. Kneel down, all of you. Your time is over. Lay down your sword. Your Highness, kill them! Kill them all. Xiao Qiao! Are you both safe? We are both fine. We lost! All because of you! Kneel down before me. Kneel to me and I will spare Xiao Qiao. We won't let you harm her. "We"? You mean"them"? That motley troop? They are my friends. War knows no friends. Tomorrow, they shall be your enemies. General! Push her off! Die! Your Honor! Are you both all right? Let's go. I promise I will take you home. Go. Go back to where you came from. There is no victor here. Meng Meng. Go on now, go. Meng Meng. From division comes unity, and from unity, division... ...Liu Bei won't stand being second best. One day, we will face each other on the battlefield. No man can tell the future. The world is full of heroes. But you're the one I most fear offending. You would be an opponent I truly fear. Me? I'd best return home and get some sleep. Are you a good farmer? I planted lotus flowers once... ...but none lived long. Do not be humble. You have brought peace to the land. In this alliance, I found true friends. No matter what may happen, ...this experience is engraved in my heart. I too will not forget. Zhu-ge Liang, ...when Meng Meng has grown, do not make her a war horse. Don't worry. These hands helped birth her. I shall always cherish her. Today we're talking about weird materials that we use in space, in robots and in your mouth. I'm talking about shape memory alloys. Like the name says, these are metals that remember different shapes. To understand how these metals work, we've got to talk about atoms and organizing. Let's talk about atoms first. Atoms are tiny bits of matter that you cannot see with your eye yet they make up everything in our world, from the chair that you're sitting on to your cell phone. Atoms have some surprising ways of behaving too. We'll talk about that shortly. Now, how big is an atom? Well, imagine pulling one of your hairs out of your head and whittling it like a stick 100,000 times. One of those shavings would be the width of an atom. They're that small. Now let's talk about atoms and organizing. You may not know this, but atoms arrange themselves similar to the way we humans arrange ourselves. Sometimes they sit in rows, like we do on a bus or an airplane. We call that seating arrangement a phase. Other times they sit diagonal from each other, sort of like seats in a movie theater or sports stadium. This is another phase. When atoms move from one seating to another this is called a phase change. Phase changes are all around us. You may already know about water's phases: solid, liquid and gas. Many other materials have phases like that too. Some of them have several solid phases. OK. Back to those shape memory alloys we mentioned before. When we say that the metals remember their different shapes, what we're really saying is they remember different seating arrangements of atoms. When the atoms rearrange, the metal moves from one shape to another. Let's look at a phase change in action. Here I have a metal wire that is made out of nickel and titanium. This metal wire is a shape memory alloy, and I'm going to make it switch between its different shapes using heat from a lighter. Watch this. I'm going to wrap this wire around my finger and then heat it. Amazing! That wire returns to a straight line, when I heat it. Let's try that again. I'm going to wrap it around my finger, and heat it. Yep, that's still amazing. Not only is it amazing, this is weird, because metals generally don't do that. Here's a paper clip. When I heat it, I get nothing. What we're seeing is the shape memory wire changing phases when it gets hot. When the wire is cold, atoms are in a diagonal arrangement, like the movie theater seating, we talked about before. We call this a monoclinic arrangement, and scientists will call this phase martensite. When I heated up the wire, the atoms moved into columns like airplane seating. This is a cubic arrangement. Scientists will call this phase austenite. So when we added the heat, the atoms shifted positions seamlessly, and they'll do this forever. They have this coordinated motion, just like members of a tireless marching band. Each makes a small shift, but all together those small shifts create a totally different pattern. So that's pretty cool, but where do we use these materials? Well, if you look in the sky tonight, shape memory alloys are at work - on Mars. They're used to move panels on the Mars rover, so that it can study the environment. Like our metal straightened when it was heated, the metals holding the panels will move when electrically heated. When we stop heating the shape memory metal, the panel will return back, due to an opposing spring. Back on Earth, shape memory alloys are used to open up clogged arteries as stents, which are small collapsible springs that force open passages. Shape memory alloys are also used to move robots, toy butterflies, teeth in braces, and for a perfect fit every time, shape memory wires are used as underwires in bras. Now you know Victoria's secret. By popping a bra into the dryer, it'll be brand new every time. So whether it's on Mars or in your mouth, small atomic movements can create huge changes, and understanding the way atoms behave allows us to make materials that make our world a better place. Alright. So, let's continue on with the return computations. Now the examples I did previously for calculating returns I specified that the asset that they were investing in say, a stock, it didn't pay any dividends during the, the time you actually held the stock. Now you know, when you buy a stock in a publicly traded company the, the company may decide to share some of its profits with the shareholders. If it decides to do that, then it could pay a dividend to each shareholder of the stock. And public companies they have meetings every quarter, every three months when they make a decision, you know, are they going to pay a dividend or not. And so, some types of stocks are, pay dividends regularly and are often, you know, by public utilities or various established companies you know, every quarter you get a dividend payment and so, in, in that respect, a dividend-paying stock has a future very much like a bond. Other stocks, for example, stocks like Google, which are, you know, young companies that are growing fast they don't want to share their current income with the shareholders. They want to plow it back into the business and make the business grow. And so, companies like Google typically don't pay dividends and you buy the stock primarily for price appreciation purposes. You think, Google's going to continue to go up in price. And you'll make money based on the, the, the change in price. Whereas, if you have an established company, the stock price might stay pretty much the same over time. But, if you receive a month a, a dividend every quarter, then you know, you make money, essentially by the dividend payment. So, it's important in calculating returns to account for any dividends if the stock is paying them. So, when so DT is going to represent any dividend payment between minus t - one and t. So then, when we do the return calculation, we include the dividend income stream and the rate of return. So, that, what's c alled the total return is the price you sell it for at month t plus any income in terms of dividend that you receive between months t - one and t minus the price you paid for it divided by the price you pay for it. Now, we can break this total return into the purer percentage change in price without the dividend. This is called the capital gain. And then, we have the dividend payment divided by your initial price. This is called the dividend yield. So, your total return is capital gain return plus dividend yield. Now, when you have a, a growth company like Google, you don't have the dividend and so your return is essentially pure capital gain. And if you have a, you know, invest in a public utility or something like that, essentially the price never changes and but it pays a regular dividend, so your return is essentially a dividend yield. And then, total returns are, are the sum of these two. Okay. And so one plus the total return is this, okay? So, we do an example with Microsoft. So for a long time Microsoft didn't pay a dividend, you know, it was a growing company and so on. And about five years ago, it decided to pay dividends. Now and our computation of PT - 185. The price at time t is 90. And let's assume Microsoft pays a $one dividend between months t - one and t. So then, the total return is the price you sell it at 90 + $one dividend minus the price you pay for it divided by 85. So, your capital gain component is 5.8%. You dividend yield is one / $85. That's roughly one%. So, your total return now has gone up from 5.88% to seven%. And this extra rate of return comes from the payment of the dividend. Hi, I'm Anna Lee. On this video we will take a look at a selects for budgets. And the overhead cost variances. When we look at overhead cost variances, we must understand standard costing first. Understand our costing, we trace the red cost to a output units. But for overhead cost we allocate them. We allocate overhead cost on the basis of the standard overhead cost rates. Multiplied by standard quantities of the allocation bases allowed for the actual output produced. That means we must know what allocation bases we're going to use. Budgeted variable overhead cost rates. How do we develop budgeted variable overhead cost rates? First we must choose the period to be used for the budget. Then we select the cost allocation bases. The next step we identify the variable overhead cost associated with each cost allocation base. Finally we compute the rate per unit of each cost allocation base used to allocate variable overhead cost to output produced. Let's look at this diagram. This diagram demonstrates how variances are generated. First you see down below. You have the first level total variable overhead variance. That is either over or under allocated variable overhead. And then you move one level above. A second level you see you have flexible budget variance. That is between your actual cost incurred and your flexible budget costs. Then you further drill down, the third level you see you have spending variance and efficiency variance. Spending variance is determined by calculating your actual input multiplied by actual rate. Then compute that amount with actual input multiplied by budgeted rate. So, actual rate compared with the budgeted rate, you will have a spending variance because your actual input is constant, that does not change. So you are comparing the rate. Then look at efficiency variance. The efficiency variance is calculated by, use that same actual input multiplied by a budgeted rate. Then compare that amount with budgeted input allow this for your actual output level multiplied by budget rate. So the budgeted rate stays constant. Then you are comparing the actual input with the budgeted input allowed for the actual output level. Let's look at how did they write variable manufacturing costs in the budget? Earlier I mentioned we have standard cost. When you use a standard costing method, you will have a standard cost sheet. In that standard cost sheet you have the quantities of each input required to produce in unit of output. You also have the budget of the unit price for each input. Keep in mind, any cost has two parts, that's quantity and the price. Lets look at example. The red materials. In this example, let's assume to make one picture frame requires four pounds of the red materials and the price per pound of the red material is $0.55. The red labor, each unit requires 0.05 of an hour of time. That means three minutes. And the rate per hour is 20 dollars per hours. So you understand the direct material cost for one frame is two dollars 90 cents. Simply multiply four pounds by 55 cents per pound. A standard direct labor cost per unit is $1. That is 0.05 of an hour of time multiplied by $20 per hour. Keep in mind, those costs are trace, because they are direct costs. Now, we go look at variable overhead costs. Variable overhead quantity. Allocation base is direct labor hours, meaning that is what is being used to apply variable overhead. We use direct labor hours to apply variable overhead. If variable overhead is applied at the rate of $12 per direct labor hour, then variable overhead cost per unit is $0.60. That is 0.05 of an hour multiplied by $12 per hour. Variable production cost! In this table you can see you have direct material, add $2.20 we just calculated it, then you have direct labor, a dollar for the output and then you see variable overhead, and the 0.05 hours. That's the standard quantity of input per unit of output and you have $12 per hour, that is standard input price or the rate per unit of input. The result is $0.60 for a standard cost per unit of output. For your picture frame. Therefore your total variable manufacturing cost is $3.80. But in this video we mainly focus on variable overhead, that is 60 cents. Let's look at a variable overhead variance. In this example, your actual cost is 53,680 dollars. That is calculated by actual price multiplied by an actual quantity. In this example actual quantity is 4,400 hours. You spend 4,400 hours to produce your output, your picture frames. Then you use that amount compared with the actual inputs and the standard prices. That is, use the same actual quantity that is 4,400 hours multiply by standard price. Standard price is 12 dollars. So you can see you overspend by 20 cents per unit. Before your actual input at the stand up prices is 52,800 dollars. Because you are comparing actual price with the stand up price, your price variance is the difference between $53,680 compared to $52,800. So you have $880 unfavorable price variance. Efficiency variance. They use that same $52,800 compare with your flexible production budget. You use a standard price, that is $12 per hour multiplied by a standard quantity, that is 4000 hours, for your output level. The flexible budget allow you to use 4,000 hours only, not the 4,400 hours. Therefore, you overspend. You overuse the 400 hours. So your total flexible production budget is $48,000. You efficiency variance is the difference between $52,800 minus the $48,000. You are comparing actual quantity with the stint of quantity allowed for your upward level. Therefore, it is unfavorably $4800. You actually spend more than what did you allow to spend by $4800 unfavorable. So your total variance is $880 as price variance plus this $4800 unfavorable efficient variance. That equals $5,680 unfavorable total variance. Let's develop the budgeted fixed overhead cost rates. We have the same four procedures or steps. First you must know the period we use for the budget. And then you select the cause allocation basis to use and allocate your fixed over head cost. Then you identify the fixed over head cost related to your cost allocation base. Finally, you computed the rate per unit of each cost allocation base use to reallocate fixed overhead cost to output produced. Let's look at this diagram for fixed overhead. In this diagram, we pay attention to actual cost incurred. And then we're looking at the flexible budget. We also need to look at an allocated budgeted amount. That's the budgeted input allowed for actual output multiplied by budgeted rate. So when you compare actual costs incurred with allocated budgeted amount for your output level. You will have a total fixed overhead variance either over or under. Then you analyze that the total amount, you divide them up into flexible budget variance and the production value variance. Flexible budget variance is simply comparing actual costs incurred with a flexible budget amount. That's the amount that's supposed to cost you at your own production level. And then you have a production value variance. And refer to analyze this level two analysis. And we will see we have a spending variance. Production value and variance is the same here. Because fixed costs stay the same when activity changes within the relevant range. [NOlSE] Budgeted fixed cost are the same in the master budget and the flexible budget. The difference between your actual fixed cost and the budgeted fixed cost are not coming from activity level. It is coming from price difference, because in that same relative range your production level, activity level will not make any difference. So, only difference has to be coming from price. Such as, you pay less insurance cost. Or you might have to pay less rent. Price variance or spending variance is the difference between budgeted and the actual fixed overhead. For example, if your actual cost is $195,500 and your budgeted fixed costs is $200,000. We have $4,500 favorable variance because your actual is less than your budgeted amount. Let's look at the production volume variance. Production volume variance arises because your actual production differs from your budgeted production. Let's say, you actually produce 10,000 units, but you budgeted to produce 12,000 units. Your production is under by 2,000 units. Therefore, the production volume variance is the difference between budgeted and applied fixed overhead. Let's look at the example. Budgeted fixed overhead was $200,000 and master budget was to produce 100,000 units. The predetermined overhead rate was $2 per unit. If 80000 units were produced and the fixed overhead was applied at a rate at $2 per unit, you would only apply 160,000 fixed overhead costs to your production output. The difference between budgeted and applied overhead is $40,000. The question is, is this $40,000 favorable or unfavorable? You may think it is favorable but let's look at it. If this is a fixed cost and the company produce fewer units than budgeted. What happened to the cost per unit? You all know you use the same dollar amount divided by less units, unit price will go up. Therefore as activity goes down, the fixed cost per unit increases. So producing 80,000 units rather than producing 100,000 units cause the fixed cost per unit to increase. Take this amount, this will cause profit to decrease, so the 40,000 production value variance is actually unfavorable variance. Let's look at the summary of the calculation. You have $200,000 budgeted cost divided by 100,000 budgeted units. Therefore you get $2 per unit. $200,000 budgeted cost minus $160,000 applied cost. That is 80,000 units of actual production multiplied by $2 per unit. The result is $40,000 unfavorable production volume variance. Let's look at a fixed overhead variance analysis. This is from your book page 272. In this book example, you have actual cost incurred at $285,000. Your flexible budget is $276,000. That is calculated by using 0.4 hour per unit. Multiply by 12,000 units, that is budgeted units of output. Then multiply by 57 dollars 50 cents per hour direct labor rate. Therefore you have 276,000 dollars. 285,000 dollars minus 167,000 dollars you overspent 9000 dollars. That is unfavorable spending variance. Then you use that same 276000 dollars, compared with allocated by the end of the input quantity. In this case, it's that same 0.4 hour per unit multiply by 10,000 units. That's how many units you actually produce. Multiply by 57 dollars, 50 cents per hour. Direct labor rate, you have 230,000 applied to your fixed overhead. So, 276,000 dollars minus 230,000 dollars. We have a $46,000 unfavorable production value variance. Your flexible budget variance is $9,000. That's comparative. Actual cost incurred was flexible budget. That's the same as the spending variance, actually. Let's look at production value variance diagram. You see $276,000 as budgeted fixed overhead. You also see $230,000 as applied fixed overhead. Therefore, that $46,000 is the production volume variance, unfavorable variance. Then you take a look at this slope, this line, that is $23 per output unit. How do you calculate that? You use that 24 hour per unit, multiplied by $57.05 per hour direct labor rate. You will have $23 per unit output. That is your budgeted fixed overhead cost per output unit. This demonstrates the important concept of production value and variance. This is Anna Lee. Thank you for watching. I will see you on the next video. In talking about specific body fluids, which can pose a risk for infection, let's mention some of those different types of body fluids that we need to be aware of. Body fluids, such as, cerebrospinal fluid, which is the fluid that surrounds the brain. We have synovial fluid, which is found lubricating the joints. We have peritoneal fluid, which is the abdominal lining fluid. Pericardial fluid, which is the fluid around the heart. We have amniotic fluid, which is the fluid that surround the baby inside the uterus. We have other types of fluids, as well, that maybe aren't even looked at as a body fluid, but a body product, such as semen, vaginal secretions, urine, or feces. Now, these products, in an of themselves, are not blood or blood product, but they can contain blood, whenever we have an infection or a traumatic injury. It's important to look at all of these body fluids as potentially infectious materials, and handle them as though they can cause us to become infected with HlV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C. The primary ways that we get infected as people, are the following. We can become infected when a sharp object pierces our skin and introduces the virus into our bodies. We can become infected when it gets into a mucus membrane, like our eyes, nose, mouth, or other mucus membranes, and is absorbed into our bodies, or there's non-integrated mucus membrane that's already injured or disrupted, and it absorbs it that way. We can get it through a blood transfusion. But the primary way that people are getting hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HlV or human immunodeficiency virus, is through sexual contact and through illegal IV drug abuse. High tide, mid-afternoon People fly by, in the traffics boom Knowing , just where you're blowing Getting to where you should be going Don't let them get you down Making you feel, guilty about Golden rain will bring you riches All the good things, you deserve now Climbing, forever trying Find your way out, of the wild wild wood Now there's no justice You've only yourself, that you can trust in And I said, high tide mid-afternoon People fly by in the traffics boom Knowing, just where you're blowing Getting to where you should be going Day by day your world fades away Waiting to feel, all the dreams that say Golden rain will bring you riches All the good things, you deserve now, and I say Climbing, forever trying You're gonna find your way out of the wild wild wood I said you'€™re gonna find your way out of the wild wild wood >> Welcome back, everyone. If you recall in our last lectures, we talked about nutrient fates and flows in an agricultural setting. Today I want to talk a little bit about taking that information to the next level and seeing what kinds of things we could do with that information. That will help us devise methods that we call BMPs to manage those nutrietns on the farm. So we've indentified the fates of nutirients right, in our farm and in our landscape. How can we use this inforamation? What can really with this knowledge about wehre the for example, where the nitrogen might be at any one time on the farm. And how can we use this information to hopefully improve our farming efficiency. So the approach that people are working on now is called the Nutrient Mass Balance. So what is a Nutrient Mass Balance? It's really simply an analysis of the pools of nitrogen. For example on the farm. Where those pools are, in what quantities, and what are the likely,ah, fates of those pools. So it involves a quantification aspect, it also involves an analysis aspect, because we want to minimize the amounts of nutrients leaving the farm. Especially those that end up in the environment, and we also want to help the farmer maximize the efficiency of the nutrients that the farmer purchases and brings on to the farm to grow the crops. So we've got two components. We have this return on investment aspect That we're all interested in because we want to help the farmer stay as profitable as possible and produce high quality crops. And we also want to help the farmer do that in a way so that nutrients that they are using on the farm do not end up to any large degree in a place where we do not want them. If you think back to some of the fates of inputs and. Sources and outputs that we talked about over the last couple of lectures you might be able to find some of those in this particular picture. This would be a flow nutrient flow and in a water system or a watershed that's dominated by agriculture. So, for example see how many of them of our sources and[INAUDlBLE] and flows that you can pick out. For example, you've got fertilization going on. Over here, you've got the potential for loss, gaseous losses happening here. This is obviously a farm that's producing animals, so manure is going to be in the question. We're pointing out run-off in another area. So, many of the, the fates and flows that we talked about previously are dipicted on this picture. So, if we take it to the next step, the obvious question would be, can we quantify the amounts of nutrients, particularly in this case, nitrogen and maybe phosphorous that are associated with these various sources and inputs. I like to think of nutrients being found in four pools in the environment. There are nutrients that are imported to the farm. For example, fertilizer, manure. If we have an animal operation, we're probably bringing in feed to a certain extent. And if we have water bodies flow across our farm. Those might potentially be sources of nutrients that would come on to our farm. There are nutrients also on the farm, that are cycled, or built up in our soils. For example, when we apply manure to our crop fields, that manure Needs to be mineralised, as you might recall from one of our previous lectures. Those nutrients that are made available to the crop, the crop takes up the nutrients. And some of those nutrients would probably be returned to the soil after we harvest for example the grain in a corn crop and leave the, the plant behind. So, some of these nutrients that we bring onto the farm ultimately end up in a sort of a cycle on the farm. Nutrients can also be lost from the farm and here I like to divide the losses into two categories. One I call exported this isn't a bad loss to this, to this farm. Because these are the nutrients that are associated with the crops that the farmer producers and would sell off the, The farm or the animals that are produced on the farm, and sold off the farm. In both cases, there are nutrients that are associated with those products that then leave from the farm situation. There are also nutrients however, that do get lost to the environment, for example, leeching or runoff, And there are also gaseous losses as we, as we pointed out several times. So there are pools, these four pools inputs or imports, those nutrients that enter into some kind of cycling or reutilization sometimes some people call it build up on the farm and then also two ways that nutrient can be moved or taken off of the farm. So in a mass balance approach we try to quantify these pools. And we try to figure out how much nitrogen would be associated with the crop that's taken off the farm or fed to the animals. The amount of nutrients that might be returned to the soil, through crop refuse. The amount of nutrients that might be applied to the fields and fertilizer and manure. And if we can, we would like to quantify the nutrients that might potentially be lost. For example, in leaching and runoff we've already talked about lysimeters and scientific approaches to quantifying some of these losses. Gaseous losses, nutrient losses through runoff and leaching are very challenging to do because it does take. Some sophisticated equipment and some time and resource investment. So we try to determine these quantities and then we try to look at the relationships and figure out what amounts are in the various pools. And are these nutrients where we would expect them to be? And how are they in proportion to each other? For example, we would like as much of our fertilizer to go into the crop. To be taken up by the plant and result in yields, so that we have optimum yield. And we're also interested though, in figuring out how much of the nutrients might be subject to losses through leaching or runoff. So for example, we might have two major inputs on our farm, might be fertilizer and manure. And some major outputs from a farm. We hope one would be plant uptake and export. We may have some leaching or run off, and we may have some gaseous losses. So, one we quantify some of these pools or at lease estimate them, we can then figure out which ones are important by their size and by their threat to either the profitability of the farm. Or the environment. And that's we can set uh,a path to develop practices to minimize losses. So crop uptake as far as these budgets has been is relatively straightforward and easy to do. And most budgets youfind in the literature do involve an analysis of. Nutrient inputs in term of fertilizer or manure. And the outputs measured by how much of the nutrients are actually taken up by the crop and exported off the farm. Other types of exports, or losses, are more difficult. To determine and there are still many studies in the literature, but they are not as numerous as simple input crop uptake analyses. So these other losses are sometimes very difficult to find good studies, in the literature that have actually directly measured leaching or gaseous losses, but there is a lot of interest, in this particular area and research is starting to increase. We have these drainage lysimeters that we talked about before that we can quantify leaching so if we were really interested in a particular farming scenario where leaching might be hypothsise to be a seroius potential contributor to nutrient losses We might install some drainage lysimeters to research that idea and to test and see if there are nutrients that are lost below the roots, the roots of them. If we find them then we can sit down with the farmer and determine some of the strategies that might be A well to institute to, to reduce the amounts of nutrients that are lost. We've done a lot of work with drainage lysimeters all over Florida particularly in Northern Florida on our antisolves that are highly prone to leeching. These are some drainage lysimeters that we installed on a, on a, row croft farm, to take a look at the potential for nutrient losses in these soils. So in these nutrient mass balance approach, we're trying to quantify parts. And of these four major, pathways. The budget, is the groundwork. What I refer to as the budget. That's really the, the quantification or the math, to understanding nutrient fates. And developing strategies. So, the budget part is to partition. The pools of nutrients on the farm into pools that we can then quantify. The balance then in my estimation is the analytical part. We have the budget. We know some of the major pools. We know something about the proportion of the nutrients. That can be found in those pools and now we need to, to analyze those pools and determine which are, which are important, which have the most amounts of nutrients in them and are likely candidates for at least sitting down and double checking about our production practices so that we can look at them and determine whether or not we might need to make changes. So we want to ask questions about how these balances, how these pools relate to each other. Which ones are larger? Which ones are small? Which ones are easy to, to deal with? Some of these pools of nutrients for example, the gaseous losses may be very difficult for the farmer. To deal with. So we need to make this kind of analysis. And, we're really looking again at two approaches. We want to help the farmer reduce the losses of nutrients, because that's money, off the bottom line. And, we also want to identify those. Lost pathways that might be, potentially negatively affecting, the environment near that farm. And both of these are very. Of, of strong interest to everyone, in that watershed. And I just want to remind us that this does involve, some analysis through the triple bottom line approach. Because economics, the environment. And what society, wants, is very important to consider as we go through this. This mass balance analysis. Mass balance is not real, not new. In fact Boussingault as, as far back as the middle 1800s set up some of the first nutrient mass, balanced studies. In France. He was fertilizing various types of crops, both legumes and non-legume crops with menure. And he found out that rotations that involve legumes were, were some of the more productive, and so he knew that the rotations with legumes were contributing more nitrogen to the system. And he theorized that this extra nitrogen came from the air. But he had to wait a few more years for a biological nitrogen fixation to be described. But I thought it was very interesting that a study this old and scientist was able to partition out the various sources of nitrogen. The manure the various crops that he was growing on the, on the farm and calculate up how much nitrogen was associated with each of those parts of this budget. Let's look at some nutrient mass balances, for today's world. Here's one that would involve an integrated farm. This might be a dairy, farm, and you can see that the green, on the left, those are inputs. So you can see the various kinds of inputs that in a budget you would want to quantify. Irrigation water even, there are some places in the world where there is a significant amount of nitrogen in the irrigation water so if the farmers using irrigation it would be logical to want to quantify the amount of nitrogen that's coming to the crops through the irrigation water. Then the outputs, the yellow, in this particular case their called managed outputs but these are equal to what I call export. So if we're selling meat or milk off the farm or crops or maybe selling the manure off the farm those are nutrients that are leaving the farm. And then the red are Pathways where nutrients are lost. They're either stored in the soil or they might they might cross the farm boundary as run off or, or leeching. So you can visualize a farm and all of the nutrient fates and flows in this fashion with inputs and exports and losses, and potentially recycling or, or build up on the farm. At the watershed level, you can expand this out. And to do a good job on budgets and, and balances, you really need to define the perimeters of the area that you're working with. Is it a farm? Is it a small watershed? A big watershed? Or is it even just a crop production system, perhaps, just a field. So, you can take this approach to just about any level that you want. So, how do we measure? How do we get the numbers? How do we quantify these parts of the budget? Well, there's lots of different sources out there, and sometimes it's easy to get the numbers out of already published sources without having to go to the effort or the cost of recreating or actually, directly measuring. So, existing databases are. One good source about soil types, about nitrate content in the soils, maybe even stream flow and loads of nutrients that are in a particular stream, the atmosphere deposition You can find databases that will tell you how much nitrogen or phosphorus is being deposited on the land from the atmosphere. Farm records are an excellent source if you're working with farmers that are used to keeping close records on fertilizer purchases or manure inputs and application rates, they know. To the drop, how much water they put on their crops how much feed they brought onto the field. They can tell you their crop yields the amounts of products that are sold off the farm. If you can get access to those kinds of numbers those are excellent sources for information in a budget becasue they're real farm numbers. And farmers typically relate very closely to their own numbers. We can also measure some of these things directly. And sometimes we may find that the available information is just not satisfactory for our purposes and we need to measure. So we can measure runoff and leaching loads that are leaving the farm. Although it's very difficult, as we've already acknowledged, we can measure gaseous losses, we can measure cycling and immobilization and mineralization. For example, we can do studies, if it's a farm that's using manure, we can conduct studies to find out how much of a particular nutrient, nitrogen or phosphorus that's being made available or mineralized. From the, the manure applications that we make to a particular crop through the season. We can also analyze plants. It's a lot of work, it's a lot of cost. But we can take plants and, and we can break them down into their article of commerce. For example the corn grain and the plant material. The so called stover of a, a, a corn crop and the roots. And we can throw that. We can take them through the lab. And, and analyze the, the nutrient content. And, in fact, the more things that we can directly measure will make our budget much more accurate and meaningful. But sometimes, things are just, too expensive. And involve, to, to, and involve, equipment that we may not be able to use, in a farm, setting. So sometimes we use, We rely on already published information. And make it, applicable to our farming. Scenario. Here's an example of a budget for corn that's in your Meisinger reference. And in this particular case, these scientists applied different rates of fertilizer to corn. And you can see on the picture here as the nitrogen rate increased. And on the, the y-axis, you'll see the amounts of nutrients, in this particular case nitrogen taken up by the corn crop. And what are some things that you might notice when you look at this particular figure? What they've done is, they've analyzed the various pools of nitrogen associated with growing the corn. The first one on the bottom. Would be the corn grain yield. That's very important. And what do you see as your eye moves across, from the, the low rates of nitrogen to the high rates? You find out that as you increase the nitrogen rate above about 225 kilograms per hectare, the yield starts to level off. Same thing happens with the Stover, the, the corn plant itself. So, those are two large pools of nitrogen that we find on this particular farm. But the interesting thing is that after we apply on, apply a certain level of nitrogren and we add more to that, then the crop yield does not respond to it. The other interesting thing on this slide is that at that appropriate, what we might, we'll call later on, we'll call best management practice fertilizer application. You see that most of your nitrogen is found in the, in the article of commerce are, are plants. And smaller amounts are associated with losses. But as you get out to high rates of nitrogen A lot of the nitrate, a significant portion, in fact most of it, is associated with either residual nitrate that stays in the soil after the crop is removed. Or in various loss pathways. And if you summarize, if you take data from that particular figure and summarize it you can see how things add up. So at the recommended rate of nitrogen 140 kilograms per hectare for example, is captured in the grain. And about the same amount in the right hand column, with the higher rate of fertilizer. So, even though we've added more fertilizer in the higher scenario. We haven't captured more of that nitrogen in the corn grain or the stover to any significant point. But, where the nitrogen ends up are, is over here in these categories. So this is one example of how. Someone might do a balance or a budget for a crop production scenario. And these kinds of studies are very important to illustrate, to us and to the farmers where their nitrogen might reside, particularly if they increase fertilizer rates above those agronomically desirable levels. So what do you learn from a little study like this? Extra fertilizer above the recommended rate in this case 225 kilograms per hector did not give us a return on investment, remember we want to help farmers make efficient use of their nutrients. So, and advice, somebody might advise this farmer if they were using more than 225 to reduce the amounts, amount of nitrogen. Extra fertilizer really just, in this particular study, lead to more nitrogen lost, and more nitrogen left behind in the soil. So in that particular case it didn't result in, in an incrased crop. And so then we ask ourselves how is the triple bottom line at work in this particular study and I'll leave that for you to, to ponder. Another aspect that we might learn from studies like this plants are really pretty good scroungers as they were for nutrients. They have good root systems and if they're healthy they can take nutrients up very efficiently from the soil. And so you see that the fate lines are very closely packed in that figure at the appropriate nitrogen rate. But those fate lines spread out, particularly in the loss categories, as you increase the fertilizer. Fertilizer rate above the agronomically appropriate rate. So, the farmer in that particular case, if they were using 300 of 350 pounds of nitrogen for example, could save money and also protect the environment. This figure sort of summarizes this, this whole concept, that at the appropriate rate which is the red line as you reach that appropriate rate. Prior to that your crop yield increases and responds to added fertilizer in a positive fashion. But you do reach a point on the response curve where the response levels off. And increasing rates of fertilizer beyond that contribute to low nutrient use efficiency by the crops and also probably and of, of a concern would be the potential for losses of those extra nutrients to the environment because if the crops don't take them up they either stay in the soil. Or they are lost to the environment. I think fertilizer recommendations need to embody more of this nutrient mass balance approach. It's very difficult and it's very expensive to do. And we typically have looked at simply the response of crops to increasing fertilizer rates. And measured crop yield and crop quality. And only significantly at least in the last several two or three decades have we tried to embody more of the measuring of these different pools on the farm. And looking at how our fertilizer inputs relate to crop productivity and nutrient loss from the farm. And here is another example that I think illustrates some of the things that we've already talked about in the course. This happens to be rice production, and you can see that they've used urea fertilizer and remember we talked about urea fertilizer and the issue of volatilization from this fertilizer. In this particular research they applied this nitrogen fertilizer in 2 fashions. Surface application and incorporated in the soil. And what did they find? If you look at the blue numbers, those are the numbers that are associated with the treatment where the fertilizer was incorporated in the soil. And you see that more of the nitrogen ended up in the plants in that case and down here at the bottom more of the fertilizer ended up in the grain and, but on the other hand, with the surface application, a lot of fertilizer the nitrogen ended up being volatilized away. So, in this particular study, the different placements had a big impact. And so, if a farmer incorporated the nitrogen in the soil, they're going to benefit because more of that nitrogen ended up in the plant, and less of it ended up being lost to gaseous loss. So, it's just another illustration in a crop-production scenario How you might evaluate the economic and environmental inpacts and fates due to different fertilizer placement methods. So in a mass balance approach, we want to know the inputs and the outputs. And we would like to do some calculations and quantification of the different pools. And we're going to sit back with that information and do an analysis of that balance to determine where those where those pools are and how much of our nutrient is in the various pools? And we'll determine which pools we need to take a, a closer look at. And maybe devise some better management strategies that we would recommend to the farmer. This might involve some changes in cultural practices. And in the bottom line, what we're really doing is trying to refine our BMPs. And we hope that we can do it in a farm scenario. Many farmers are very interested in this particular topic. I find just in my work here in, in Florida. Farmers are extremely interested in this. Fertilizer prices have increased, and the environmental issues are becoming more and more important, and farmers are, are keenly interested in learning more about the fates of nutrients on their farm. And in our particular situation here in Florida this triple bottom line is very important because we are farming in areas where we have a lot of very pristine and important natural resources for example our springs here. And we're farming, and we're growing crops, we're producing food, and we're using fertilizers and irrigation in these senarios. And so farmers, as I mentioned, are very keen to learn about better practices because they want to adopt them on their farm. So if we look at a few take homes the nutrient budget approach or balance approach takes a look at all of the inputs and outputs as many as we can on a farm, and we would like to quantify them. And we can find information published information or we may have to measure some of these ourselves to vel, to develop these budgets. And I think more effort needs to be put into refining our fertilizer recommendations in agriculture. Taking into account measurements or estimations of these different pools, particularly those that represent losses from the economic side of the triple bottom line, and the environmental aspect. And if we can do this, if we can understand more about nutrient budgets, and fates and flows of nutrients on our farms We can do a lot to help farmers invest their inputs on the farm in more, in ways that will have a higher return on investment. And also, we can do more to protect against the potential for losses of these nutrients from the farm. If you've been hiding from love If you've been hiding from love I can understand where you're coming from I can understand where you're coming from If you've suffered enough If you've suffered enough I can understand what you're thinking of I can see the pain that you're frightened of And I'm only here To bring you free love Let's make it clear That this is free love No hidden catch No strings attached Just free love No hidden catch No strings attached Just free love I've been running like you I've been running like you Now you understand why I'm running scared Now you understand why I'm running scared I've been searching for truth I've been searching for truth And I haven't been getting anywhere No I haven't been getting anywhere And I'm only here To bring you free love Let's make it clear That this is free love No hidden catch No strings attached Just free love No hidden catch No strings attached Just free love Hey girl You've got to take this moment Then let it slip away Let go of complicated feelings Then there's no price to pay We've been running from love We've been running from love And we don't know what we're doing here No we don't know what we're doing here We're only here Sharing our free love Let's make it clear That this is free love No hidden catch No strings attached Just free love No hidden catch No strings attached Just free love The attack on America raised so many questions among them, questions about the dangers of the new world economy. Is terrorism the dark side of globalization? Daniel Yergin: Up until September 11, there was a sense that this movement towards globalization really was irreversible. And since then, there's a recognition that things can go in another direction. Can our deeply interconnected world deliver prosperity to everyone? Bill Clinton: And that's basically the next big challenge, is... is making this interdependent world of ours on balance far more positive and negative. And the extent to which we succeed in doing that will determine whether the 21st century is either marred by terrorism of all kinds or whether it becomes the most peaceful and prosperous and interesting time the world has ever known. This is the story of how the new global economy was born. The story of a century-long battle of ideas to determine who would control the commanding heights of the economy, central governments or free markets. In the 1990s, a worldwide capitalist revolution fueled the new era of globalization- the greatest expansion of world trade in history. Dick Cheney: Millions of people today are better off than they would have been without globalization, and very few people have been harmed by it. But with the promise came a debate about the impact of globalization. Woman: Should the world's wealthiest people really dictate how the world's economy is going to run? Tonight, the battle over who should write the new rules of the game for the global economy. George W. Bush: 0ut of the sorrow of September 11, I see opportunity, a chance for nations to strengthen and rethink and reinvigorate their relationships. When nations open their markets to the world, they find in America a trading partner, an investor and a friend. Narrator: We are living through a revolution. The 1990s saw the creation of a new kind of global economy: a single market in which everyone has a stake but no one has control. Globalization has brought unprecedented prosperity. But it has also brought crises and risks we are only beginning to understand. It has unleashed a worldwide debate about wealth and poverty, about the "rules of the game" for this new era of globalization. Yergin: Historians may well say that a new era began at the beginning of the 1990s with the end of the Cold War and the Gulf crisis, and that was this new era of globalization of... of... of a world being tied together by flows of investment, of trade, of ideas, of culture, of people traveling all the time. And it happened very fast. And as so often happened, the change came more quickly than the ability of thinking to catch up and understand the change. But to understand where we are today and where we're going, we have to understand this recent past. Narrator: No economic idea has shaped the era of globalization more profoundly than a belief in free, open markets. Free trade has been a fundamental tenet of capitalism for over 200 years. But in the 1990s, the global market created a new reality that no government, no politician could afford to ignore. 0ur story begins in 1992. The global economy was changing rapidly. But America seemed adrift. A recession had left ten million workers unemployed. Industries struggled against intense foreign competition. Europe had formed a single trading bloc. Japan looked invincible. Japanese companies were buying up American icons, like Rockefeller Center and Universal Studios. In the 1992 presidential campaign, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton claimed he could get America back on track. Man: Have a nice day, sir. Thank you. Appreciate you. Governor. Narrator: He drew crucial support from America's labor unions, and seemed to promise workers protection against global competition. Again, look at what our competitors do. Meet the competition. Look at what the high-wage countries do. Look at what Germany does, look at what Japan does. That's what you've got to do. You'll stand up against the good old boys to do that? Absolutely. What's the purpose of having a country if you let it go down the drain? I don't know; why have we been doing that? You got my vote. Governor, don't forget the federal employees, too, okay? You have my vote. Thank you, guys. Narrator: But at a meeting with Wall Street financiers, Clinton had discussed a different agenda- an agenda some of his core supporters adamantly opposed. Financial markets wanted to rein in government spending, cut the deficit, and embrace free trade. Without these policies, they thought America's economy wouldn't recover. 0ver dinner in an exclusive restaurant, Clinton tried to persuade some of Wall Street's most seasoned executives that he saw the world as they did. Rubin: It was a small dinner in New York that I was co-hosting. We had about a dozen people. And my view was that the threshold economic issue for our country was to restore fiscal discipline after a long, long time during which fiscal discipline had eroded. I could see that Rubin and the others that were there in this rather dark place where we had dinner at night were kind of looking and saying, you know, "Can this guy from Arkansas be president? Could he possibly know enough about the economy to do it?" Rubin: After that meeting, I thought to myself that this was a man who cared about what I at least thought we needed to care a great deal about. Now, on the issue of trade, he clearly believed in... in trade liberalization and that clearly has been a... a dividing line in the Democratic Party. Was then; is now. Narrator: Trade became an issue in the 1992 presidential campaign. Republican President George Bush had negotiated a treaty that would allow unrestricted flows of trade and investment between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. For its supporters, trade embodies an idea: that open markets create wealth, bind nations together, and help construct a more prosperous and a more secure world. NAFTA put that idea to a political test. In America, it was the first great debate of the globalization era. Ross Perot: You implement that NAFTA, the Mexican trade agreement, where they pay people a dollar an hour, have no health care, no retirement, no pollution controls, etc., etc., etc., and you're going to hear a giant sucking sound of jobs being pulled out of this country. Ross says, with great conviction, he opposes the North American Free Trade Agreement. I am for the North American Free Trade Agreement. My problem with Governor Clinton once again is at one time he's going to make up his mind, he would see some merit in it, but then he sees a lot of things wrong with it. Then the other day he says he's for it; however, then we've got to pass other legislation. When you're president of the United States, you cannot have this pattern of saying, "Well, I'm for it, but I'm on the other side of it." I am the one who's in the middle on this. Mr. Perot says it's a bad deal, Mr. Bush says it's a hunky-dory deal. I say on balance it does more good than harm if, if we can get some protection for the environment so that the Mexicans have to follow their own environmental standards, their own labor law standards and if we have a genuine commitment to reeducate and retrain the American workers who lose their jobs and reinvest in this economy. ( applause ) ( "Hail to the Chief"playing ) Narrator: 0nce in office, Bill Clinton's economic policy was aimed squarely at restoring the confidence of financial markets. His first term was dominated by the battle to reduce the deficit. 0n trade, the president changed his position, and announced he would wholeheartedly support NAFTA as it stood. ( applause ) Rubin: Clinton gave a speech in the East Room of the White House that set out how he wanted to discuss NAFTA with the American people. It was really quite a remarkable speech. He talked about NAFTA in a much broader context. He talked about NAFTA in the context of the rapid changes taking place in the global economy, not only from trade, but from technological development, spread of market-based economics. This debate about NAFTA is a debate about whether we will embrace these changes and create the jobs of tomorrow, or try to resist these changes, hoping we can preserve the economic structures of yesterday. Nothing we do in this great capitol can change the fact that people can move money around in the blink of an eye. I tell you, my fellow Americans, that if we learn anything from the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the fall of the governments in Eastern Europe, even a totally controlled society cannot resist the winds of change that economics and technology and information flow have imposed in this world of ours. Narrator: To some of his supporters, the president's change of heart on NAFTA was nothing less than a sellout. Woman: The labor movement in the United States opposed NAFTA as it stood, because we saw that as a corporate-dominated trade and investment agreement, one that served the interests of multinational corporations that improved their flexibility, their mobility, their clout. And at the same time, NAFTA did nothing to protect the rights of workers to form unions, uh, to bargain collectively and to really raise their voices in the political system so that workers could be a formidable countervailing power to multinational corporations. I think Clinton did sell out his traditional blue-collar supporters on the NAFTA issue, and... and a lot of people haven't forgiven him for that. Clinton: 0ur adversaries tried to make it look like the whole American establishment's on one side and the little guys are on the other. And they could, you know, stir that fear factor and it was a tough sell, ( chuckling ): it was a tough sell. Gingrich: I thought it was one of the most courageous acts of his presidency. We worked with him very hard. The Republicans in the House provided a much bigger percentage of the votes than the Democrats did. Narrator: 60% of congressional Democrats voted against NAFTA. It passed only with Republican support. After NAFTA became law, thousands of foreign companies built factories in northern Mexico, exporting goods to the American market just a few miles away. 80% of all televisions sold in the U.S. are now made here. ( dog barking ) Nearly a million workers found new jobs along the border in northern Mexico. Woman: Pues, ya, lo poco que me va quedando, pues yo lo voy... lo voy ahorrando para poderle mandar a mis hijos. Translator: I have two children. In the South, I didn't have a job and couldn't give my children what they need. I left them behind with relatives, and came here to find work. I found a job in a television factory. I earn enough to send some money home to my children. I couldn't do that before. Man: This is a country about... over a hundred million people, and there's no question that those ten to 12 million people who live in the north and the border area are not doing badly by Mexican standards. And it has become more industrialized, with more jobs, higher wages, better social indicators, etc. The people in the south are doing very badly by Mexican or by anybody's standards. Narrator: 40% of Mexico's population lives in poverty. Mexico's embrace of NAFTA and free trade was part of a broader change in thinking within developing countries. Their governments increasingly saw open markets as the key to economic growth. Man: I worked 15 years for Coca-Cola. I started as a route salesman. I started right from the bottom, and I learned that discipline, that hard working, that talent is the way to succeed. I always seen globalization as an opportunity. Just the trade agreement with the United States has moved our total trading- which was six years ago 40 billion U.S. dollars- today is 280 billion U.S. dollars in just six years. Nobody loses. Everybody can win. Lee: 0bviously trade has increased, investment has increased. And if the only metric you use to measure whether NAFTA has been a success or not is the volume of trade, then NAFTA is tremendously successful. And yet most normal working people, most normal citizens don't watch the volume of trade. Companies have been more aggressive in threatening to move production to Mexico. They've succeeded in bargaining down wages, in opposing unions. And so on a lot of different fronts we think that NAFTA has shifted the balance of bargaining power in the continent of North America towards multinational corporations. Narrator: Since NAFTA came into effect, about 400,000 American jobs have been "adversely affected" by trade with Canada and Mexico, according to the U.S. government. Exports to these countries have created 900,000 new jobs, and over the '90s, global trade nearly doubled. Narrator: We tend to think of trade as products and goods moving across borders. In fact, the biggest trade of all can't be seen. It is money- the continuous, 24-hour worldwide flow of stocks, bonds and currencies. In the 1990s, practically anyone with savings in a pension or mutual fund became an investor in the global market. Yergin: I was at a dinner, a so-called "thinkers dinner" at the White House before one of the State of the Union addresses. And there's this great discussion among all the people around the table about markets, about "they" out there- that it's somebody different. And finally I raised my hand and said, "With all due respect, "the markets isn't just them, it's us. "It's our aggregated retirement savings, it's our pension plans. That's what the markets are." Narrator: The State of California runs one of America's largest pension funds. The fund, known as "CalPERS", manages the retirement savings of over a million state employees. For decades, CalPERS invested only in America. But in the era of globalization, that changed. A quarter of its money was invested overseas. At one point, CalPERS controlled five percent of France's entire stock market. French television sent a crew to investigate. Woman: They were filming in my office, and I had a salad on my desk because it'd been just a very hectic day. Well, they caught me and... and we were talking about some figures on my computer, but they kept filming this salad. And I got the feeling that the... you know, the story was going to be that, you know, the Americans are coming. You know, they're going to ruin the French way of life, and we're all going to be eating salads at our desk, you know, and working 12- and 14-hour days, which, of course, is not true at all. But I... I think it was just there's just a fear, I think, that we've seen in the news that globalization means Americanization. Narrator: Pension funds became the powerhouses of the global economy, because they had the money. Man: The real source of change in today's world, with the world getting smaller and smaller, as we say, and this... the growth of the global economy, as we say, I think it's going to be the providers of capital funds. And that, whether anybody likes it or not, increasingly are large pension funds. Woman: I have some of my own personal mutual funds overseas and they seem to be doing pretty well right now. Man: And I think in terms of what CalPERS' position is, they have a fiduciary responsibility to seek those markets out and to invest and to use that return on that investment to honor their obligations. We can't keep everything in the United States. You keep things in the United States, it's still not in the United States because so many companies are global, so much... everything is global, everything is interconnected. Narrator: With the end of the Cold War, many nations opened their markets to foreign investment for the first time. Funds like CalPERS saw new opportunities and hired money managers to scour the Third World, now renamed "emerging markets." 0kay, very good, yeah. Let me talk to Dennis, huh? Yeah, but they got an election coming up. Uh-huh. Mobius: Well, the whole rationale is that these emerging countries grow faster. So what we're trying to do is capture that growth and of course make money for our investors. But of course the risks are very great because there's no free lunch. So there's a balance and of course it's our job to try to minimize the risks and maximize the returns. It doesn't always work out that way but that's... that's the objective. Narrator: As investment flowed around the world, the Clinton Administration expanded the trade agenda it adopted with NAFTA. ( crowd applauding ) The U.S. encouraged developing countries to continue opening their economies to the global market. Clinton: I favored a very aggressive policy. I thought that the emerging countries, both emerging economically and those that were new democracies, had a better chance to do well economically and politically if the wealthier countries opened our borders and made trade agreements with them, and if in turn they opened their borders, not only to trade, but to investment. I thought that the... that economic policy and traditional foreign policy would tend to merge. Tyson: This is how it worked. If you go back to the first term, a lot of the international approach of the administration on economic issues was to break down barriers to U.S. firms. We are going to engage our trading partners and encourage, cajole, convince them to bring down their barriers. Narrator: Many developing countries had been colonies of the West. Although they now wanted long-term foreign investment, some saw fast-moving flows of money as a new threat to their independence. Mohamad: 0nce communism was defeated, then capitalism can expand and show its true self. It's no longer constrained by the need to be nice so that people will choose their so-called free market system as against the central... centrally planned system. So because of that, now there is nothing to restrain capital, and capital is demanding that it should be able to go anywhere and do whatever it likes. Narrator: Some called it "the triumph of capitalism." During the 1990s, more countries than ever adopted market economics. Crist: ...Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act upon our health programs... Narrator: As an economics professor, Bill Crist had taught a course comparing Marxist and capitalist theories. As president of CalPERS, the California state pension fund, Crist came to believe that only open markets could ensure global stability. Crist: This is a kind of revolution, and I think it's going to be one of the most powerful revolutions over time, in my opinion- that will... that will move towards giving everyone the franchise of participation in... in economics. If we don't reach out to these emerging markets, if we don't be evangelists, if you will, and try to encourage them to... to reform, and invest some of our capital funds into these... these markets- if we don't do that, I'm afraid that some of the predictions that were made a long time ago by... by Karl Marx and Mr. Engels and others that there will indeed be a... a confrontation between the haves and the have-nots that can bring the entire system down. Narrator: The very day NAFTA came into effect, Zapatista rebels launched an uprising in southern Mexico. ( sirens wailing ) ( crowd shouting ) Shortly after, the leading presidential candidate was assassinated. Worried about stability, foreign investment began to flee. The global economy was about to face a new kind of crisis. Rubin: Christmas vacation, I was fishing down in the British Virgin Islands and Larry Summers called me and he said, "There's some problems in Mexico I'd like you to know about." And I thought to myself, "That was nice of Larry to call," on the one hand; on the other hand, "I'm on vacation." And you know, Mexico today, it'll be some other country tomorrow, and I don't know why this can't wait till I get back. Well, it turned out that this was not just another country. It was a very, very serious matter. Gingrich: I was at a restaurant and they came and said, "The Secretary of the Treasury is on the line." I got on the line and he said, "Greenspan and I have a problem." ( laughs ) "And we believe if we don't move very decisively "that the Mexican peso will implode. "If it implodes, "the Mexican government will become very unstable, "and we believe you could have a wave of five to nine million people walking north to find jobs." He understood it very quickly and I remember his saying, "This is the first financial crisis of the 21st century." And I said to him, "This is the first real-time worldwide financial crisis of a kind that will become very normal." And so I said, instinctively, "I'll back you." Rubin: It was fascinating because we had Mexico- which we really did think was facing default- and we had enormous political problems accomplishing what we felt we needed to accomplish- to support Mexico, try to prevent this from happening- and we all knew that while we believed the program we were recommending was right, there was some risk it wouldn't work. Tyson: So you go in and say to the president, "Here is a big crisis that could happen. "I mean, we can tell you something to do about it. "We can't tell you it's going to work. "It's very risky. "And we know that it's extremely unpopular, but we think you should do it anyway." Clinton: Somewhere between five and ten minutes I listened to all of this and I said, "This is a no-brainer- we've got to do this. "If we don't do this, Mexico will certainly fail. "Then the borders will be flooded with illegal immigrants "who are starving and need food and a job; "we'll have an enemy on our southern border, "people that will remember when they were down, "and they were in need, we were not a good neighbor, "and we will pay hugely for that. "All over the developing world, people who look at us "and think that we are smug and rich and unresponsive "and don't care about anybody else "will have all that confirmed. "If we help, at least people will know "we tried in a good cause and it will resonate throughout the developing world." Narrator: The bailout worked. Mexico paid back the loan- early. For some, the intervention set a dangerous precedent- protecting big investors from risks they had willingly taken. Man: Remember, the people that got bailed out were foreign holders of Mexican government obligations. In a sense, we were trying to bail out our own citizens, but it signaled to banks and other rich investors that, uh, the U.S. Treasury at that time was going to, um, adopt a bailout policy. People who take risks should bear those risks. They got the reward for them; um, they should take the down side. Narrator: As the Mexican crisis made clear, technology had transformed financial markets- money could literally be moved across borders in seconds. During the 1990s, technology, too, leapt over national borders, spreading commerce and ideas. Yergin: It's hard to believe at the beginning of the 1990s e-mail was virtually unknown, most people didn't have it, and a decade later it was everywhere and it would just become part of people's lives. And so this, this communications network is so powerful the price of telephone calls plummeted. The number of telephone calls around the world skyrocketed, and people are in contact and connected in a way that had never happened before. Narrator: In a decade, the number of international phone calls from the U.S. increased from 200 million to 5.2 billion. This AT&T Control Center handles 300 million calls each day. Americans were often connected to the developing world without even knowing it. Consumers checking their credit card balance could be routed seamlessly to call centers like this one in India, where operators identify themselves with made-up American names. Good evening, this is Tracy. How may I help you today? Just give me a moment... right. Narrator: In a remote Indian village, farmers took their crop to market, as they had for generations. But an Internet connection ensured they were now paid the world price for their crop- a price set at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, 8,000 miles away. ( gong resonating ) ( traders all talking at once ) ( traders yelling ) This borderless world created a new kind of businessperson. Entrepreneurs could now think like multinationals and see the entire world as a single market. Narayana Murthy understood this revolution earlier than most. Murthy: All of us believed in central planning; all of us believed in socialism, because we are all children of a different generation. Then I realized that if you want to eradicate poverty you don't do it by redistribution of existing wealth. You have to create new wealth. Narrator: With only $250, Murthy helped found a computer software company. His headquarters in Bangalore became the world's second-largest software campus. 0nly Microsoft's was bigger. 30% of the world's software engineers are from India. Murthy: You know, I define globalization as producing where it is most cost-effective, selling where it is most profitable, sourcing capital from where it is cheapest, without worrying about national boundaries. Narrator: People, as well, were becoming increasingly mobile. America relaxed its immigration laws, attracting a huge influx of high-tech workers from across the developing world. Silicon Valley is the place, it's the happening place. So many people come here. This is a place of opportunities. We get a chance to prove ourselves. We get a chance to prove ourselves, to show our skills. Narrator: In many ways, Silicon Valley was the spiritual center of the new global village- the source not only of its technology, but of its entrepreneurial ethos. The Draper family had invested in entrepreneurs since the 1950s, when they brought venture capital to Silicon Valley. In the early '90s, Bill Draper's son Tim funded Hotmail. Its instant, global success convinced him that the world was fundamentally changing. Tim Draper: We knew that the Internet was going to change the whole way the world worked, because we knew that you could do commerce, you could do, uh, communication, you could do all these things over the Web, and all these governments- India and Africa and Pakistan, China- were all, had all been trapped and they were not really participating in the world economy. They could now. They could, because now they could communicate with the rest of the world through this Internet. It was a big opportunity and we saw it, we jumped on it. I thought I had checkmated you again. Tim Draper: I think entrepreneurship can happen anywhere. All it takes is someone with a vision and an idea for how to do something better. Narrator: 0ne of the Drapers' best investments was in David Lee, the first foreign-born American to take a high-tech company public. David Lee: When we came over we have nothing, $600, 20 kilos of clothes, and this society provide, give us opportunity and everything. Woman: Even "entrepreneur," it sounds very good, but, uh, being a spouse is very difficult, because most of the time he's traveling or he's not home. I raised my three children by myself and he doesn't, sometime don't remember how old they are. Narrator: David Lee manufactures high-end telephones. He embodies the new breed of global entrepreneur. 0kay? Bye-bye. 0kay, don't eat too much, okay? Narrator: In the early '90s, David Lee returned to his homeland for the first time in over four decades. Could we change that to...? David: I always... afraid to go back to a communist country. From San Francisco. ( speaking Chinese ) 0h, no, no, no, no. David Lee: I was born in Beijing and actually right in T'ien-an-men Square and we left there after the revolution, 1949. We were very lucky that we were able to leave the country. We were like the boat people and... on top of a cargo ship. We left everything and, uh, the only thing is whatever we can carry. This is a free trade zone and anything you do in here, you don't have to pay tariff, or you can build the thing and then ship it out and... for export purpose. Narrator: David Lee set up a joint venture in a free-trade zone near Shanghai. Lee saw at first hand a China in the midst of epic economic transformation. China's communist leadership had embraced markets and welcomed hundreds of billions of dollars of foreign investment. 0ne quarter of the world's population was entering the global market for the first time. In villages across China and throughout the developing world, people left their rural homes. They traveled to industrial towns, seeking work in new factories built to serve the global market. The era of globalization saw the largest wave of human migration in history. 80% of the world's future economic growth is expected to occur in cities rather than the countryside. ( Lin speaking Chinese ) Translator: I was a schoolteacher in the countryside. At that time I only earned a hundred a month. My parents are both farmers, so we lived a very poor life, but now I'm earning 3,000 a month. My life is totally different. My child is going to school here, near the factory. So we are living a much, much better life now. ( speaking Chinese ) Narrator: China's leaders hoped to emulate the "tiger economies" of Southeast Asia, where trade and investment had transformed once-impoverished nations. Man: When the British came here in 1819 they found a fishing village of about 120 people, no agriculture, because the ground was infertile. So when the empires broke up, everybody wanted to do their own trading, and, uh, we could easily have just withered on the vine. So we just had to make ourselves relevant to the world, and the countries that make themselves relevant become better off. Those who opt out... they suffer. Narrator: Since the 1970s, the countries of Southeast Asia had become world-class exporters, shipping everything from cars to computers across the globe. Yergin: And they called it the "Asian economic miracle" because the world had not really seen that kind of economic growth, that many people brought out of poverty, that rapid a creation of a middle class so quickly anywhere in the history of the world. Narrator: By the mid-'90s, many Asian economies were growing at the astonishing rate of ten percent or more each year. Lee Hsien Loong: There was a tremendous confidence and hope that this was the Asian century and the place was being transformed and you just had to put money there and it would grow on trees. Yergin: I remember the CE0 of one major company in about 1995 or so saying, "If we're not invested tomorrow in Asia, we're too late." Narrator: Yet there was one big exception: Japan, the world's second-largest economy, had fallen into a deep, unexpected slump that shook the confidence of its people. ( woman speaking Japanese ) Translator: Japan was in the so-called "bubble economy," and at that time the Japanese people were not very careful about debt. After the collapse of the bubble economy, people came back to reality and came down from their dreams. Narrator: Japan's economy once looked unstoppable, but it was slow to adapt to the rapid changes of a fast-moving, interconnected world. Man: Japan is a very sort of parochial and very closed economy, there's no question about that. It's a very closed society. Walk around the Japanese cities, you don't see many foreigners. Narrator: Japan, the great exporter, protected its domestic industries. At the heart of the country's economic problems lay a contradiction. 0ne sector of the Japanese economy, export-oriented sector, which is highly competitive, consisting of Toyotas and Sonys. And the other is a domestic manufacturing and domestic service industry and which is extremely uncompetitive. You know, we have a market- oriented capitalistic system on the one hand; we have a very socialistic, egalitarian sort of sector on the other hand. Narrator: In Japan, government bureaucrats managed a highly regulated economy. As Masahisa Naitoh was to learn, ideas about change met with profound skepticism. ( Naitoh speaking Japanese ) Translator: I wanted to deregulate our financial system. The new global markets of the 1990s created a new reality. I said we had to change for Japan to thrive in the new world economy. My colleagues in the government criticized me. They said that it was in the best interest of Japan that my ideas be destroyed. Narrator: Naitoh was fired without warning, Japan stuck to its old ways, and the nation's economic slump continued. For the first time, an Asian "economic miracle" was in trouble. By early 1997, Southeast Asia's rapid economic boom was overheating. Sirivat Voravet was one of many who thought the good times would never end. Voravet: Ever since I was a child I have been wanting to be multimillionaire; I wanted to be rich. I wanted to do something that no one has done: build a luxurious condominium. I knew a lot of rich people and multimillionaires who would like to take time off to play golf, to enjoy the fresh air in mountains, which you cannot find in Bangkok. I looked at the golf course; it was a design by Jack Nicklaus. I put my effort to make it one of the most beautiful condominiums in Thailand. Still today, with the mountains in the background, with a fairway and a lake in front of the condominium, it's really beautiful. Man: People were just buying apartments and condominiums just like they were gambling. They were tempted by this easy money, they were tempted by this easy profit. Narrator: During the '90s, Thailand had opened up its capital markets. For the first time, local businesses could borrow money from foreign banks, which offered lower interest rates. Panyarchun: People would come and knock on your door and plead with you to borrow money, be they, you know, European banks or Japanese banks. They came and begged us to borrow from them. Narrator: In just four years, loans to Thai businesses had tripled to over $200 billion. American and European governments encouraged the inflow of money. 0h, yeah, we were strong advocates of opening up capital markets and the benefits that could flow therefrom. But we were also strong advocates at the same time- because we recognized the tie- of developing the banking systems, developing the capital markets and developing regulatory systems, none of which is easy. Yergin: And there was an underlying flaw in the system that people really didn't focus very much on, which was the institutional weakness. What that meant is that the banking systems were not well developed, the securities laws were not well developed. They were not... they had not kept up with the development of these economies and their integration into the world economy. Narrator: Thailand's central bank had kept its currency artificially high, fueling the speculative bubble. The International Monetary Fund, which acts as a bank of last resort to countries in financial trouble, began to worry that Thailand was heading for a fall. Man: I went to Bangkok in May 1997. It was full of cranes- everywhere- and it looked like the boom would never end. But there were very weak banks who were lending against the security of those buildings, which were never going to be filled. Narrator: Muang Thong Thani was a sign of the times: a "new city" built from scratch for 700,000 people. It was meant to be bigger than Boston. But almost no one was moving in. Mobius: The vision was great. The vision was to take this huge tract of land and build a city, basically, between the downtown, congested Bangkok and the airport. So the concept was excellent. The problem was that it was financed to a great degree by U.S. dollars. Narrator: Thailand's currency- known as the baht- was pegged to the dollar. As the Thai economy weakened, financial markets sensed this policy couldn't last. Fischer: Thailand had fixed its... the value of its currency in terms of dollars; it had a fixed exchange rate. And as people began to wonder, "Well, do they actually have enough dollars "to always be able to give me dollars in exchange for the baht, the Thai currency, I have?" And when they begin to wonder about that, they start asking for the dollars. Mobius: The central bank kept on saying, "No, no, we'll support the currency at this fixed rate." And of course they were shelling out the U.S. dollars to protect the currency. So their foreign reserves were dwindling, and of course any hedge fund manager looking at that would say, "Hey, these guys are going to be in trouble and I'm going to short the Thai baht." Narrator: The baht came under relentless market pressure. In July 1997, the Thai government was forced to devalue. The bubble had burst. The Asian financial crisis was about to begin. 0kay, here we are. Voravet: When it hit, I realized my fate: I could not sell a single unit when the crisis hit. And this was my most expensive model unit. Now no more doors... all decorations, materials, gone. Voravet: My condominium is called "American Dream: Home-Dream Condominium." But we are broke. Even my clients who were multibillionaire, broke also. Narrator: The economic shock reverberated through all levels of Thai society. ( woman speaking Thai ) Translator: When the economy went bad, my husband's salary was cut 30%. I was lucky, I kept my job, but I didn't get a raise. To support our family, my husband had to find other work. Every morning he drives a motorcycle taxi. The cost of living was rising. Everything was going up- water, electricity, even soap- but the salaries were staying the same, or even going down. Narrator: With its economy in a virtual free fall, Thailand received an emergency rescue loan from the International Monetary Fund. When that didn't work, the Thai government asked Washington for even more help. No one imagined that an economy as small as Thailand's could spark a global crisis. Tyson: Thailand is a very small economy. It didn't have a lot of links, and it's not exactly in your backyard. In any event, the U.S. chose not to intervene in Thailand, thinking it was not going to spill over. Why would it? The contagion effects were not apparent to anybody, not just the administration. Lee Hsien Loong: I think they misjudged the situation. They misjudged the situation and... probably because it was seen too much as a financial issue rather than an overall strategic issue. Narrator: Global markets worried that other Asian countries might have similar hidden flaws. Like a classic "run on the bank," money began to pull out of the entire region. They called it "contagion." Yergin: And at each stage, the crisis turned out to have a virulence- that became known as "contagion"- much greater than had been anticipated. And what that really reflected was indeed globalization, was the way these economies had become locked together and investors looked at emerging markets. They said, "There's a problem in Thailand; well, then there's a problem in these other countries." And so each step of the crisis created these shock waves that carried on into the next. Narrator: Contagion spread to Thailand's neighbors. Malaysia's economy had seemed stable. Suddenly, it too was facing relentless pressure from global markets. Mahathir bin Mohamad: We have the currency going down and down and down, and we have the stock market doing the same. And we felt totally helpless. We feel that there is no way we can... we can recover. So, I mean, the feeling is really very bad, very frightening. Narrator: Contagion next hit Indonesia, the most populous country in the region. Its government collapsed, its cities descended into chaos. Lee Kuan Yew: The fund managers didn't know the difference between Indonesia and Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore. They just said, "I want out." Property prices collapsed, companies collapsed. And in the case of Indonesia, the social fabric collapsed. ( people talking and shouting ) Churches have been burned. Mosques have been attacked. They have killed each other. And it's all the fallout of an economic collapse. Narrator: This was a new kind of financial crisis, unlike anything the International Monetary Fund had ever encountered. The I.M.F. organized huge loans for Indonesia and other Asian nations on the condition they cut government spending, raise interest rates and eliminate corruption. Fischer: You're the doctor going in to deal with a very sick patient. The public blames the doctor for the fact that the patient is sick, but the patient was sick to begin with. But these things are societally wrenching and there are huge vested interests, and you wouldn't get into these crises if the vested interests weren't that important. That I think is one of the reasons why it takes political change to deal with a crisis as big as this. Narrator: To some of the region's entrenched leaders, the I.M.F.'s conditions smacked of a new kind of colonialism. Presently we see a well-planned effort to undermine the economies of all the ASEAN countries by destabilizing their currencies. Mahathir bin Mohamad: In the old days you need to conquer a country with military force and then you can control that country. Today, it is not necessary at all. You can destabilize a country, make it poor and then make it request for help. And for the help that is given, you gain control over the policies of a country, and when you gain control over the policies of a country, effectively you have colonized that country. Narrator: The market forces were simply too powerful for the I.M.F., or any government, to contain. In late 1997, contagion reached Korea, one of the most successful economies in the world. Sakakibara: It was unbelievable that the crisis had spread as quickly as... to Indonesia and Korea- within a matter of six months or seven months, but the world was much more globalized than we thought it was at that time. In the last week of December of 1997, the 11th largest country... economy, rather, in the world, which was Korea, had, roughly speaking, $4 billion of reserves left, and was using reserves at the rate of $1 billion a day. Well, it didn't take a great deal of quantitative insight to see that that was not a long-term viable situation. ( man speaking Korean ) ( answering in Korean ) Narrator: Korea had been misleading the world, claiming it had enough money to withstand the crisis. ( crowd chanting ) The I.M.F.'s Stanley Fischer arrived in Seoul to inspect the Central Bank's accounts. Fischer: I visited Korea a couple of days before they turned to the I.M.F. for help, and it was a state of panic. And it was at that point that I went to the Central Bank and was shown how much money was left in the Korean Central Bank. It was essentially all gone. Narrator: Korea was about to default on its loans from Japanese and Western banks. Pressured by their governments, the banks agreed to share some of the pain. They rolled over their loans. Korea was then given the largest bailout in history. Lee Hsien Loong: If they had done that in Thailand, I think that they would have not only avoided some economic problems, but I think that the sense in Southeast Asia that the Americans were really on the side of putting things right would have been stronger. Man: Then a very, very strange thing happened. From about the first of February, 1998, until August, there was a period in which financial markets essentially decided that risk didn't exist anywhere. Narrator: Markets thought contagion had been contained in Asia. Investment flowed elsewhere. Some came to Russia, where the Moscow stock market was the best-performing in the world. But economic reforms had stalled, and Russia was heavily in debt. Even so, investors were convinced they'd found an emerging market that couldn't fail. McDonough: Investors had decided Russia is an ex-superpower, it has lots of missiles and lots of atomic warheads for them. Certainly you could not have a financial accident in Russia because the rest of the world... the rich countries would bail Russia out. Well, it turned out that that was wrong. Narrator: Russia defaulted on its debt. Its currency plummeted. Global investors were stunned. McDonough: All these people who, in the previous seven months, had decided there was no risk anywhere, literally panicked and decided there's got to be massive risk everywhere. Behind each fence and barnyard wall there must be a risk that we hadn't thought of, kind of like the Redcoats retreating from Lexington. Narrator: Everywhere, markets were freezing up. The economic crisis seemed to have taken on a life of its own. Rubin: I thought at the time that I had a pretty good sense of what was going on. But what I didn't know, and nobody could possibly have known, was not what was going on at the moment that you were looking at, but what was going to happen at the next moment. Man: When you get in a room with both Alan Greenspan and Robert Rubin, and they say they're scared to death, and they've never seen anything like this, and they're worried about whether or not we can get through it, I get worried because they know a heck of a lot more about it than I do. You had the contagion sweeping across all the developing countries. As Rubin said, we'd never seen that before. I mean, maybe in the Depression they saw that over a period of time, but nothing that happened that quickly. Narrator: Now the crisis had reached America. A little-known but powerful private investment fund was on the brink of bankruptcy. Long-Term Capital Management, or L.T.C.M., directly controlled $100 billion of global assets and indirectly more than a trillion dollars. Man: The '90s saw a huge buildup in concentrations that we had never seen on... on a global scale. Maybe we had way back in history. Maybe the Romans had financial institutions that were disproportionately large to the overall activity of the world that they operated in. But L.T.C.M. was a specific... type of hedge fund. They were involved whether it was the Singapore Exchange, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, the London Stock Exchange, the New York. What... you know, there was no market that they weren't maybe the largest player or close to the largest player. Narrator: By September 1998, L.T.C.M.'s losses were spiraling out of control. Contagion had arrived on Wall Street. Incredibly, the failure of this single investment fund threatened the entire global economy. Yergin: If L.T.C.M. went down, it would be just the gears, the machine just stopping, the economy not working and, of course, it's not just what's on the balance sheet of banks and so forth, but that would translate into people not working, businesses not operating, small businesses not being able to get the capital they need. And this... a global economy that... almost inconceivable to see what the picture, but sort of just not working. And people just not working. Narrator: The New York Federal Reserve summoned representatives of major U.S. and European banks to an urgent meeting. Jon Corzine, then at Goldman Sachs, was among them. Corzine: The real problem of Long-Term Capital was nobody really understood all the downsides. All one knew was it was going to be extraordinarily dangerous to enter into that. And everybody, I think, understood the Fed's concern that that had real implications to the real economy. Narrator: Since L.T.C.M. was a private fund, the government could not impose a solution. The fate of the global economy was in the hands of these bankers. McDonough: The head of a securities firm or a bank is not paid to be a patriot. He or she is paid to serve the best interests of the shareholders. So the most that one can do in a position like mine is to say, "The public interest may well be served "by Long-Term Capital Management not failing. "But there is no public-sector money to solve the problem. "The taxpayer is not going to do this. "You folks have to decide whether it's in your interest to do it." Narrator: The banks agreed to put up their own money to rescue L.T.C.M. Wall Street had averted disaster, but the global crisis had one final chapter to go. What had started in Asia now reached Brazil, the eighth-largest economy in the world. But this time, a loan package was put in place early. Brazil's government cut spending and enacted reforms. It worked. Brazil's problems were contained. Global financial markets gradually returned to normal. ( crowd applauding and cheering ) Rubin: It's not clear when you would say it ended, but what happened was that the countries that actually took ownership of reform- Korea, Thailand, Brazil- began to reestablish stability in their financial markets, and their economies started to recover. And after a while there came a point we began to feel, "Maybe we're past the crisis." Then a little bit past that we said, "You know, it does look like we are past the crisis." And finally we got to the point where we said, "Well, we think this is over." Narrator: The world economy had survived the first crisis of the globalization era. But millions of ordinary people had paid the price. Panyarchun: And that's the unfortunate part of so-called globalization, because such negative effects can come very fast. It takes decades for a country to grow up... and all of a sudden it disappears. ( birds singing ) Voravet: We've been a poor country, so we never tasted richness. When we tasted the richness, we wanted more, being greedy. I blame myself also- never had enough. Man: Quite a view. Yeah, it's quite a view. And I really feel bad, because no one can enjoy it now. It's all left to the bank. And here I see a nice fairway and nice lake. It's so sad. ( hawking sandwiches ) Voravet: I had a big dream; I couldn't achieve it. That's why I am today standing selling things for two hours and you don't sell anything, or you sell very seldom sales. But after four years of struggling, at least I know I have a chance. Today my big dream is to be McDonald's of Thailand, because selling sandwiches on the streets- now I develop a new Japanese sushi- I use Thai brown rice. I am the first in Thailand. So hopefully in the near future, I will raise my funds in the local stock market. So in the near future I will be McDonald's of Thailand. Narrator: The global economy rested on institutions that dated back to the end of the Second World War. The contagion crisis proved that the new era of globalization needed new rules. McDonough: We have to improve the rules of the game. You want the financial system essentially to be like the shock absorber in a car- when you hit a pothole the car still bounces. But have you ever been in one that didn't have a shock absorber? If you have a good, strong shock absorber, at least you get through the pothole and you're still driving in the same direction that you thought you were when you hit it. Lee Hsien Loong: The moral is that there are risks to globalization, but in the end there is no alternative to globalization. So don't let your banks go lend recklessly, don't allow bubbles to get out of hand. Keep prudent measures, sound economic policies, which will inspire confidence and maintain confidence so in a crisis people will know that you will stay the course and won't panic and be up and off. It's easier said than done, but these are the principles you have to follow. Man: We had a close call, and without an activist international policy you could have seen perhaps as serious an economic downturn as we'd seen any time since the Great Depression. And that's why we need to continue to understand the dynamics of financial crisis better, and that's why especially the United States needs to be prepared to take a lead in working to contain financial crises. Narrator: For many Americans, the world financial crisis created new unease about the risks of the global economy. Woman: People sense the instability of it. They get indicators like big meltdowns, like the financial crisis in Asia. But they also get indicators of things like, you know, the local bank which just keeps getting merged and renamed, and like your card does work and it doesn't work, and the name keeps changing every three weeks. And you combine that with the real financial cataclysms like the Asian meltdown, and a lot of people in their everyday life are seeing this sort of out-of-control scenario, very personally. You know, it's out of their personal control. Narrator: For critics like Lori Wallach, this was an opportunity. Together with allies in labor unions, they began to channel public anxiety into what became known as the "anti-globalization movement." The World Trade 0rganization, known as the "W.T.0.," manages the rules that govern global trade. In late 1999, delegates from 135 nations gathered in Seattle. They planned to launch a new round of negotiations that would expand trade even further. Instead, Seattle was a watershed. Yergin: As one could see from the way Seattle exploded, it really caught the people at the World Trade 0rganization meeting there quite by surprise. The largest environmental organization in the world... Man: They can take us away, but they cannot silence us! Yergin: And it became a lightning rod for all of those people across this very broad spectrum who are concerned by some aspect of globalization, or what they perceive as globalization, or by the causes that animate and move them. And yet the W.T.0., which is led by CE0s of the company that make bovine growth hormone, get to make rules saying that these countries can't ban an unsafe product. Narrator: While the protesters represented an array of interest groups, the majority were from American labor unions, which had bussed in thousands of their members. Thea Lee: People came together from all over the world in Seattle to say that the rules of the current global economy, as embodied in the World Trade 0rganization, are unfair, they're bad for developing countries, they're bad for workers and they're bad for the environment. Narrator: In the 1990s, the expanding U.S. economy created 17 million new jobs, but unions' share of the work force had fallen dramatically. The A.F.L.-C.I.0. blamed cheap labor overseas. As an example, they pointed to this factory in China, where workers are paid five dollars a day to make bicycles once built in America. Thea Lee: 0ur workers are in direct competition with workers overseas. We can't control whether every, single job stays in the United States or not, but it's another thing to lose jobs to workers who are being denied their fundamental human rights, who are not represented by independent trade unions. And so that changes the nature of competition that American workers face. Narrator: Countries that opened their markets saw their overall wealth and living standards increase. Yet the politics of trade were less straightforward than the economics. It's always difficult to sell open markets. There's a basic problem with the costs of open markets, whether it's somebody loosing a job, particularly, or, very obvious, the benefits are much less clear. Whoever said on Christmas day, "Gosh, thanks. "Without open markets I would have only been able to buy half as many toys for my kid." 0n the other hand, every job loss that can remotely be connected to international trade, people do. So this problem of invisible beneficiaries and very visible losers is one that bedevils the political economy of trade. ( drums beating, people cheering ) Thea Lee: The truth is that the business community has very good access to the international institutions and to their own governments. And we hit the streets because we feel that we have a hard time getting our governments to listen to the concerns that we've raised, and we think we can do better. We think we could write a set of rules for the global economy that would ensure that corporations had to live up to a minimum standard. ( crowd chanting ) Narrator: But inside the Seattle meeting, the unions' demands met stiff resistance from the developing world. They wanted more trade, not less. Poorer countries charged that America and Europe unfairly protect industries with powerful union and business support. Ramesh: Let's take textile trade. Now, all textile imports into America, for example, are governed by quotas. Every country is allocated a certain quota. It's not free trade; it's managed trade. America is free to sell textiles to us, but we are not free to sell textiles to America. Narrator: Developing countries forged a negotiating bloc to make Western markets more open. This should not be a time when big countries, strong countries, the world's wealthiest countries are setting about a process designed to enrich themselves. Narrator: Bill Clinton had been a leading proponent of expanded trade. But the protests forced him into a political corner: a presidential election was about to begin and Democrats needed union support. In a speech to W.T.0. delegates, Clinton appeared to side with the protesters on the streets. Clinton: I condemn the small number who were violent and who tried to prevent you from meeting but I'm glad the others showed up. Because they represent millions of people who are now asking questions about whether this enterprise in fact will take us all where we want to go. I think his speech at Seattle was an absolute disgrace and an act of strategic defeat for him. I think they were gearing up for the election, and appeasing the unions to elect Gore was more important than standing for free trade. Narrator: Clinton instructed American W.T.0. negotiators to keep protections for key U.S. industries. The summit ended in failure. Leaders across the developing world vowed to block the next round of trade negotiations unless their demands were taken seriously. Mahathir bin Mohamad: We believe in trade, but we didn't believe in just being a market for other people. So when you talk about opening markets, you're talking about the rich people who can manufacture goods with added value and selling it in our markets, not the other way around. ( festive music playing ) Narrator: Countries like Tanzania, that rely on foreign aid, claim they wouldn't need the aid if they could only sell their products to the West. Mkapa: We talk about "a level playing field" but in fact it is very much tilted in their favor. We would earn so much more than we are possibly getting by bilateral aid if those markets were just open to us- literally by billions. Narrator: Global poverty soon became the galvanizing issue among globalization's opponents. In the wake of Seattle, control of the protest movement began to shift from unions to a disparate network of grassroots activists. ( shouting in protest ) Man: We're trying to move from the politics of protest to the politics of liberation. It's not simply trying to create a kinder, gentler kind of capitalism, you know? Its not simply about trying to have social clauses that... or negotiate the terms of our misery, you know... try to make our misery a little bit less miserable. It's about changing the world. It's about creating structures and institutions and frameworks and communities and neighborhoods that are based on our values, which are values of social justice, of mutual aid, of solidarity, of direct democracy. And we're a long way from where we want to go but we have to start now. ( siren wailing ) Narrator: 0ne of the protesters' next targets was the World Bank, an institution whose sole purpose is to reduce poverty in developing countries. Wolfensohn: When you see someone outside a barricade attacking you vehemently because of something called "globalization," you have to wonder what it is they're getting at. Man: Excuse me, sir. Wolfensohn: It enrages me when you have people who assume that they have the moral high ground against a team of people here who are devoting their lives to addressing the very questions that these people claim to be addressing. ( sirens wailing ) Narrator: But the protests had become impossible to ignore. Inside the World Bank and other institutions, officials struggled to make sense of the growing debate. Woman: The protest movement is multifaceted and the anger is multifaceted, but there clearly is a sense of losing control and a sense of alienation. The old structures and the old institutions and the old lines aren't working anymore. And I think we're at a stage where there is this extraordinary chaos in international organizations, in international rules of the game, that we're trying to define. And we're not there yet, and I think like any chaotic situation when you're in the middle of it you don't see the way out. But I think what we're observing- the series of protests, the series of engagements- is part of the process of coming towards some new structure for managing a global economy. Narrator: Globalization did not cause global poverty but it did make us more aware of it. And by creating a single global market it raised the question of how that market benefits the world's poorest nations. Yergin: We are seeing around the world a movement towards greater reliance on markets, greater confidence in markets. But for that confidence to last it has to be seen that these markets are fair, that they are delivering the benefits widely, that people are benefiting from them. And if they don't have that kind of legitimacy then the confidence is not going to remain and the markets will be vulnerable to disruption and be replaced by other kinds of controls. So every day the market has to earn and prove its legitimacy, and that's a big test, particularly in the developing world, where the number one issue is the issue of poverty and that, more than anything else, is what these markets will be judged by. Jeffrey Sachs: The world is more unequal than at any time in world history. There's a basic reason for that, which is that 200 years ago, everybody was poor. A relatively small part of the world achieved what economists call modern economic growth. But those countries represent only about one-sixth of humanity, and five-sixths of humanity is what we call the developing world. It's the vast majority of the world. The gap can be a hundred to one, in some cases- maybe a gap of $30,000 per person and $300 per person. That's absolutely astounding, to be on the same planet and to have that extreme variation in material well-being. Man: The problem that's happened over these last years is that somehow or other, people who are capitalists in countries like the United States consider the real interlocutors are rich people from developing countries. So they've been touching the wrong constituency. The constituency of capitalism has always been poor people that are outside the system. Capitalism is essentially a tool for poor people to prosper. Narrator: Hernando de Soto is one of the most original economists in the developing world. An adviser to Mexico, Peru, Egypt and other countries, he seeks to cut through the old debate about wealth and poverty and reinvent capitalism in the name of the poor. Hernando de Soto has been called the most important economist in the Third World. He's a champion of market economics and property rights in Latin America. In his new book, The Mystery of Capital, he talks about the question of why capitalism triumphs in the West and fails everywhere else. Welcome. De Soto: The important thing about a capitalist system is that it's a system of representations. When I go to the United States, people ask me for my identity and I say, "My identity is me. "I mean, look at my face. I am Hernando de Soto." But the man at U.S. Immigrations just says, "Look, give me your passport." The reason that things travel so well in the market economy of the United States and values travel from one place to another is because they all have passports. And the real value is like my identity. It's not in me; it's in my passport. Real value to pay the hotel room is not in me; it's in the credit card. Gracias. And so what happens is that this system by representation, it requires, of course, that all these representations- the credit cards, the passports, the IDs, the property titles and the shares- be organized by a system of law that allows people to be able to trust what they're dealing with. Narrator: In September 2000, de Soto published his explanation of why capitalism hasn't worked for the poor. He took his message directly to some of Latin America's most remote regions. De Soto: The reason I'm going to Cajamarca now is because 12 years after the fall of the Berlin Wall and 11 years after Peru adopted pro-market policies, their situation hasn't gotten that much better and they want to know why. The Mystery of Capital offers an explanation. It says that the system, per se, works in the West, but that in our country, like in much of the Third World, it isn't functioning, because we have missed some of the crucial elements that the Westerners had in the 18th and 19th century, like property rights, without which the system cannot function. Narrator: De Soto's book had become the number one bestseller in Peru's history. El sistema legal no solamente es ?til para vincularnos, pero en Per?, ya no podemos... Narrator: And in poor neighborhoods across the country, this economist had become a celebrity. ( applause ) De Soto believes that people are capitalists by nature, but that in the developing world, most are locked out of the capitalist system. De Soto: Peru, like in every other developing and former communist nations... people on the ground, with or without a property law, have basically agreed on the distribution of assets among themselves. You go to any of the places we've been to- the hinterland of Egypt, of the Philippines... of Haiti, where there is no official law that is actually in place or being enforced, but there is another law in place. You step on somebody's territory and somebody comes up and says, "Get off my territory," whether there's a law or no law. You walk down the street, and you walk into a garden and some... the dog starts barking, and you start finding out that that dog is defending a consensually agreed determination of possession rights throughout a certain area. So there are property systems in place. The question... I think the important thing is that they're illegal, they're extra-legal, to be more precise. Narrator: In the West, property rights are taken so for granted, they rarely cross our minds. But in many countries, these crucial "tools of capitalism" simply aren't available. In the foothills of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Phillip Tesha's family has grown coffee for generations. He sells directly into the global market, yet like many in the developing world, he can't prove that what he owns is actually his. Interviewer: Who owns the land around here? The land is our property. We bought it for... from the, from a farmer who was willing to sell to us. So we bought this land, although we don't hold any title for... for the ownership, but it's our property. Interviewer: So how can you prove that it's your property? Because I'm here. I was the person who bought it and the person who sold it to me is also around here. De Soto: So what we've been discovering is that there's a real huge paper wall that stops the poor from actually being able to develop private, legal enterprise. ( speaking local language ) Narrator: Without property rights, ordinary people in developing countries can't get a loan, a mortgage or credit. They are excluded from the capitalist system, and the global market simply passes them by. De Soto: So this is a time of crisis for the cause of capitalism worldwide, because for the moment, it has only meant giving the elite of developing countries additional opportunities, and not being able to get down deep, deep into where the real majority interests of people in any developing country are, which is among the poor. Sachs: It is an incredible moral problem: how to live together with this vast gap in... in wealth. It's also an incredible intellectual problem. It's what development economists such as myself spend all our time thinking about. Why is the gap so large? What can be done to help the poorer countries narrow the gap? It's a very tough question. Narrator: Places like Merelani, in northern Tanzania, are the bottom end of the global economy. Miners hunt for gemstones- tanzanite- that will eventually sell for over $1,000 per stone. Some mines are too narrow for grown men to navigate. Those mines are left to children as young as ten, known as "snake kids." For each stone, they receive less than one dollar. De Soto: 0liver Twist has come to town. And he's poor, and he's got a TV set, and he's able to see how you live, as compared to how he lives. He's going to get very angry. So either you show him a capitalist route to do it and integrate him, or he's going to find another ideology. And the fact that today there is no more Kremlin that is organizing revolt doesn't mean that they're not going to find another capital, because when these things happen- when people are unhappy and rebel against a system- they'll find another locus of power very, very quickly. Clinton: I'm not one of these people that believes that economics solves all problems, but if people know they're taking care of their children, and if they have a personal interest in maintaining the peace, it's just easier for them to manage life's difficulties. You know, it's no accident that the Nazi Party arose in Germany. Everybody who was alive at the time remembers people in the Weimar Republic, after the harsh peace of Versailles after World War I, carrying wheelbarrows full of worthless marks to the bakery to buy a loaf of bread. So I... I don't want to oversell this. It is not sufficient to build a peaceful, free world, but it is absolutely necessary. Man: What is? Trade. Narrator: In his final foreign policy address before leaving office, Bill Clinton sought to define the challenges of globalization. He had come to the presidency saying that free trade would benefit America. He left arguing it was crucial to maintaining the peace in an interconnected world. First, let me say I think it's quite important that we unapologetically reaffirm a conviction that open markets and rule-based trades are necessary, proven engines of economic growth. Now, I know that many people don't believe that, and I know that inequality, as I said, in the last few years has increased in many nations, but the answer is not to abandon the path of expanded trade, but instead, to do whatever is necessary to build a new consensus on trade. That's easy for me to say. You can see how successful I was in Seattle at doing that. No generation has ever had the opportunity that all of us now have to build a global economy that leaves no one behind. For eight years, I have done what I could to lead my country down that path. I think for the rest of our lives we had all better stay on it. Thank you very much. ( applause ) Narrator: Washington's free-trade agenda passed seamlessly from the Clinton to the Bush Administration. George W. Bush: Conquering poverty creates new customers. What some call globalization is in fact the triumph of human liberty stretching across national borders, and it holds the promise of delivering billions of the world's citizens from disease and hunger and want. Cheney: At this stage I don't find, in my travels around the country or even around the world, that there is widespread opposition to the basic fundamental trends that have been there for the last 40 or 50 years. Millions of people today are better off than they would have been without those trends and developments, without globalization, without the developments of the increased international commerce and that's all to the good. And very few people have been harmed by it. Narrator: 0n his first foreign trip, President Bush came to Mexico. His friend Vicente Fox wanted to use the global market to relieve his nation's endemic poverty. Fox: Mexico has been one of the losers of the 20th century. We've tried many different alternatives to development, and unfortunately we have 40% of the population poor; we have a per capita income that is extremely low. It is the same per capita income we had 25 years ago, so we must change things. Narrator: Presidents Bush and Fox hope to expand the North American Free Trade Agreement to the entire Western Hemisphere. Fox: Now we want to go further. I'm talking about a NAFTA-plus- a NAFTA that takes us to a further integration. I've been talking this with President Bush, and fortunately he's seeing it the same way. Man: Qu? pas車? Narrator: But as his foreign minister, Fox chose a leading voice of the left- a onetime friend of Fidel Castro and critic of global capitalism. Castaneda: The left's main issue since the middle of the 19th century has been the inequality that accompanies capitalism. There is probably more inequality pressing against society today than before, within rich countries, within poor countries and between rich countries and poor countries. So on this score, for example, the left has more of a cause, more of a raison d'那tre than perhaps any time recently. Narrator: Presidents Fox and Bush were set to meet again in Quebec City, at a summit for 34 democratically elected presidents from North and South America. The National Assembly is over there, so, um, the mentality was we have to surround our National Assembly with symbols of modernity. Narrator: Anti-globalization activists made the summit their next target. Whatever people say, there will be some sort of property destruction or some sort of violence. And we need to look at the effectiveness of things that we are doing. Man: The way that the division has played out is very abstract: violence and nonviolence. And for me that's not the way the debate should be played out. 0ur goal is to disrupt the summit as best we can with the largest possible mobilization on the 20th and the 21st. ( people shouting ) Narrator: The summit's agenda was to be trade, poverty and the new rules of the game. ( pounding and drumming ) Narrator: 0rganizers sealed off the city center. ( people whistling and cheering ) Narrator: As President Bush and other leaders arrived, the demonstrators tried to break through. ( gunshots ) ( drumming in distance ) Narrator: Inside the barricades, Mexico's foreign minister was now a part of the system he'd once criticized. Castaneda: They never mention the Americans. They said, "We need leeway with... to show that we can get results." Castaneda: This is my first big summit as foreign minister, and it's fun. Get to see a lot of people who are very representative of their societies and the power elites in their countries, and also friends. Everybody's here. Interviewer: If you were 25 today, where would you be? In the streets. ( gunshots ) I would think that's certainly a hell of a lot more fun. ( distant drumming, whistles blowing ) Narrator: Like Jorge Castaneda, most of the delegates were from developing countries that had embraced globalization. Castaneda wanted more trade. He also hoped to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor of the developing world. Castaneda: An issue that's been coming up constantly in the speeches- that the small countries, the poorer sectors of each society, need a special deal; that they cannot just be left out because if they are, they'll never be brought in. There is, I would say, a growing consensus on that but there isn't necessarily a consensus on what to do. I'm here to learn and to listen from voices, to those inside this hall and to those outside this hall who want to join us in constructive dialogue. Narrator: By now, the street demonstrations had become a routine feature of major international meetings. ( gunshot ) ( men yelling ) Hold on just a second. Narrator: Protest organizers were increasingly sophisticated, using the Internet and other tools of globalization to try to bring the system down. ...to put out a general call for protesters to come down to C?te d'Abraham. It seems like there's a scuffle with the police. We need some reinforcements. We need some super protest power. King: So we travel around the country and we set up these Web streams. Wherever there's a minor or a major demonstration, wherever people want this to be set up, we'll help them. And so if we can provide alternatives, if we can provide criticisms that come from the streets and represent a diversity of people, then I think there's... there's a possibility of success. And that success would be, you know, burning the Free Trade Area of the Americas; that success would be disbanding the W.T.0.; that success would be removing the power from the top one percent of the world's population. ( people cheering and whistling ) Castaneda: The protesters, by staking out an extremist position, make a more regulatory position more centrist, and that's fine. Perhaps that's not what they want, but that's too bad. You don't always get what you want and you don't always know who you're working for. But I do think that the protesters are natural allies of people who believe that there are things that should be done to manage world trade in a certain way. Narrator: The lasting impact of the protest movement was subtle, but real. Since Seattle, the terms of the global debate had shifted. Shafik: When the first protests started, I remember feeling very frustrated because they had no alternative program. And the more I thought about it the more I realized, and if one looks historically, the role of protest movements isn't to provide solutions. It's their job to be critical. And then it's the job of the "insiders"- the people in the system- in their response to those protests to come up with new solutions. And I think that's where we're at now. So I do think it's healthy that we have them, you know, banging at the gates. Clinton: I would say this: they care about legitimate problems, but they have the wrong diagnosis. Their diagnosis is that the global economy has produced all the misery that they're protesting against. 0n the other hand, you cannot have a global economy without a global social response, without a global environmental response, without a global security response. It's just... it's unrealistic to think you can. And that's basically the next big challenge... is making this interdependent world of ours on balance far more positive and negative. And the extent to which we succeed in doing that will determine whether the 21st century is either marred in its first 50 years by terrorism of all kinds across national borders, and more racial and religious and ethnic strife and tribal strife in Africa, or whether it becomes the most peaceful and prosperous and interesting time the world's ever known. Narrator: In the first decade of the 20th century, the global economy was in many ways as integrated as ours today. That era of globalization ended in Sarajevo in 1914, when a bullet fired by a terrorist triggered the First World War. In the aftermath of September 11, it seemed possible that history could repeat itself. Yergin: Up until September 11, there was a sense that with the crises and the risks that nevertheless this movement towards globalization really was irreversible. And since then there's a recognition that things can go in another direction. Markets do best and work best and deliver what they can do during times of peace. And if you're not in a time of peace, but you're in some other kind of time, then things won't work as well and priorities will be elsewhere as well. Narrator: The U.S. economy was already in recession. As the war against terrorism progressed, the Bush Administration sought to rebuild economic confidence. Bush: 0ut of the sorrow of September 11, I see opportunity, a chance for nations to strengthen and rethink and reinvigorate their relationships. When nations open their markets to the world they find in America a trading partner, an investor and a friend. Narrator: In November 2001, the World Trade 0rganization gathered as planned in the Middle East. The remote city of Doha had been chosen to keep protesters away, but September 11 had dampened the anti-globalization movement. Delegates reached the compromise that had eluded them in Seattle. A new round of trade negotiations was launched, and the concerns of the developing world will be at the top of the agenda. Rubin: I think that the new technologies, the breaking down of trade and capital market barriers, the spread of market-based economics, that all of this has contributed greatly to global economic well-being and will contribute enormously for a long, long time to come. I think the potential is tremendous. But the people in those countries who feel that they are left out and the system isn't working for them have merit on their side of the case. And I think it's not only an issue of being helpful to them, I think it's enormously in our interest that they become part of the system. I don't think there is any one overnight solution. I don't know anybody who's smart enough to sit down and write a brand-new set of rules that we should all then adhere to. I think it is a process of negotiation among sovereign and independent nations. And that's probably as it should be. And it will evolve over time and I do think we learn from our mistakes. But I... the idea that... that there's some sort of basic right way to do it out there and there's one individual or group who've got all the answers- I'd be deeply suspicious of that notion. Narrator: Months later, the American economy seemed on the road to recovery. While threats remained, the global system seemed more robust than many had feared. The era of globalization looks set to continue, as does the debate over the new rules of the global game. Yergin: The belief that trade increases the odds for peace and also leads to higher standards of living is something that has been part of the American political tradition. And looking back on the Depression, looking back on the First or Second World War, it became very deep-seated. And it's not a question of specific trade agreements, but it's really a broad consensus about the importance of trade to the American economy, to what it does for economic development around the world and also as one of the foundations for a more peaceful world. Watch all of Commanding Heights on-line at pbs.org. This enhanced net-cast links to an interactive time map, country reports, economic data, and important full-length interviews about the future world economy. Commanding Heights video set and book are available from WGBH Boston Video. To place an order, please call: Captioned by Media Access Group at WGBH access.wgbh.org This program was made possible by: EDS, offering business and technology solutions from strategy and implementation to hosting. EDS, managing the complexities of the digital economy. Globality may be new to some... but to us, it's the way we do business. We're reinventing the energy business, as we develop American oil and gas, next-generation clean fuels, and renewables like solar power. We're the people of BP. Additional funding was provided by: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting and by contributions to your PBS station from: Downloaded From www.AllSubs.org [music playing] "Very superstitious... writing's on the wall. Very superstitious... ladders 'bout to fall. Thirteen month old baby, broke the lookin' glass. Seven years of bad luck, the good things in your past. When you believe in things that you don't understand, then you suffer. Superstition ain't the way. Hey-hey. Very superstitious, wash your face and hands, rid me of the problem, do all that you can, Keep me in a daydream. Keep me goin' strong. You don't wanna save me. Sad is my song. When you believe in things that you don't understand, then you suffer. Superstition ain't the way. Yeh, yeh.