evidence: No significant change in PR was detected in normal saline group (93.9 ± 18.3 vs. 93.8 ± 17.2 beats/min; P = 0.938) or the Ephedrine group (100.1 ± 20.9 vs. 97.6 ± 12.9; P = 0.341).
intervention: Ephedrine
comparator: Control (nothing)
outcome: Heart rate