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8013 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will%20Smith | Will Smith | Willard Carroll Smith, Jr. (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor and rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He got his start as part of the rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. He became an actor when he starred on the television show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Will Smith, a teenager from Philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in Southern California. He has appeared in many movies including Independence Day, Men in Black, Ali, Wild Wild West, The Pursuit of Happyness, I Am Legend, and in Suicide Squad.
In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award and is nominated for an Academy Award for his role as Richard Williams in the 2021 drama movie King Richard.
Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997. They have had two children Jaden and Willow.
Filmography
Discography
Studio albums
Big Willie Style (1997)
Willennium (1999)
Born to Reign (2002)
Lost and Found (2005)
Notes
References
Other websites
Official site
African American actors
Rap musicians from Pennsylvania
Singers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Actors from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
American television actors
American movie actors
1968 births
Living people
Golden Globe Award winning actors
American voice actors
American television producers
Movie producers from Pennsylvania
Musicians from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
8014 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Putin | Vladimir Putin | Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (, ) is a Russian politician. He is currently President of Russia. Putin was born in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg, on 7 October 1952. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, then President of Russia from March 2000 to May 2008, and Prime Minister again from 2008 to 2012. He became president again in 2012. He originally trained as a lawyer.
Early life
Putin was born on 7 October 1952, in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia). His parents were Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina (née Shelomova; 1911–1998). Spiridon Putin, Vladimir Putin's grandfather, was a cook to Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin.
Early career
From 1985 to 1990, Putin worked for the KGB, the Soviet Union's secret spy service. Putin worked in Dresden, which was part of the former East Germany. After East Germany collapsed in 1989, Putin was told to come back to the Soviet Union. He chose to go to Leningrad, which is where he went to university. In June 1990, he started working in the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University. In June 1991, he was appointed head of the International Committee of the Saint Petersburg Mayor's office. His job was to promote international relations and foreign investments.
Putin gave up his position in the KGB on August 20, 1991, during the putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1994, he became First Deputy Chairman of the city of Saint Petersburg. In August 1996, he came to Moscow, and served in a variety of important positions in Boris Yeltsin's government. He was head of the FSB (a secret spy service in modern capitalist Russia) from July 1998 to August 1999, and he was Secretary of the Security Council from March to August 1999.
President of Russia
Putin became President of Russia in May 2000.
Putin is the leader of the ruling United Russia party. This party has been winning the Russian elections ever since the fall of the Soviet Union.
Critics of Putin say that he has taken away people's freedoms, and that he has failed to make the country more developed. Russia makes lots of money from selling oil and gas to other countries, but because of corruption, this money is not used for improving living conditions.
Recently, the Russian opposition has held anti-government rallies, campaigned against Putin on the Internet, and published independent reports for the general public. Because of censorship in the mass media, it's very difficult to get different information out to the public.
Putin was against invading Libya in 2011. He is also against invading Syria and Iran.
On March 24, 2014, Putin and Russia were suspended from the G8. This was because the United States thought that the Ukraine crisis was Putin's fault.
According to the Constitution of Russia, no-one can be president three times in a row. Because of this, Putin didn't put himself forward for the March 2008 election. However, you're allowed to be president as many times as you want, as long as it's not for more than two times in a row. In March 2012, Putin put himself forward for the elections, and won 64% of the vote. This means that he was the president of Russia until 2018.
In December 6, 2017 Russia President Vladimir Putin announced he would run for a fourth term in the upcoming election, 2018 Russian Presidential Election.
In July 2020, Russian voters backed a referendum that would allow Putin to serve as president until 2036.
On 24 February 2022, Putin announced that Russia was going to invade Ukraine. This happened after a year of tension and military buildup between the two countries.
Personal life
He is a member of the Russian Orthodox Church, and is divorced with two daughters.
References
Bibliography
Academic works
Burrett, Tina. Television and Presidential Power in Putin's Russia (Routledge; 2010) 300 pages
Kanet Roger E., ed. Russian Foreign Policy in the 21st Century (Palgrave Macmillan; 2011) 295 pages; essays by experts
Journalist works
Gessen, Masha, The Man Without a Face : the unlikely rise of Vladimir Putin, New York : RIVERHEAD BOOKS, 2012.
Other websites
official personal website
Official site of the President of Russia
1952 births
Living people
Current national leaders
Presidents of Russia
Prime Ministers of Russia
Russian Orthodox Christians
Time People of the Year
Saint Petersburg State University alumni |
8016 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20VII%20of%20England | Henry VII of England | Henry VII or Henry Tudor (28 January 1457–21 April 1509) was King of England from 1485 to 1509. He founded the Tudor dynasty by winning the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. His son became king Henry VIII of England.
Biography
Henry VII was born in 1457 to Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort. His father died two months before he was born, leaving his 13-year-old mother as his only parent. After Henry's birth, he spent a lot of time with his uncle Jasper Tudor. Jasper took Henry to France, where he spent most of his youth. Henry had a claim to the throne of England, but it was not a very good one, and he had to wait a long time for a chance to take the throne.
In 1483, a new king came to the throne in England, called Richard III. King Richard was not popular with everyone. Some thought he had stolen the throne from his young nephews and had killed them. This gave Henry the chance he had been waiting for. With help from the French, he raised an army. They landed at Dale in Pembrokeshire, close to where Henry had been born, so he was able to gather more supporters on the way.
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) had been going on for years. They were fought over the throne of England between supporters of the House of Lancaster and supporters of the House of York. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from King Edward III.
King Henry VI and his family the House of Lancaster fought against their enemies for many years. The wars finally came to an end when King Henry VII of England came to the throne in 1485
On 22 August 1485, Henry's army defeated Richard III's army at the Battle of Bosworth Field. When Richard III died in this battle, Henry VII became king. Other people also had a claim on the throne, and Henry did his best to stop them from taking it from him, either by executing them, putting them in prison, or trying to make friends of them, as he did with the Earl of Lincoln. Another step he took was to marry Elizabeth of York, the niece of King Richard III, who would herself have been the heir to the throne if she had not been a girl.
There were also people who pretended to be long-lost members of the royal family, so that they could try to take the throne. One of these was a little boy called Lambert Simnel, who looked very like Edward, Earl of Warwick. The real Earl of Warwick was Henry's prisoner, but this did not stop other people from believing that Lambert was him. The Earl of Lincoln rebelled against King Henry and raised an army to make Lambert king, thinking that he himself could rule the country. There was a battle, and the Earl of Lincoln was killed. Lambert Simnel was captured, but, because he was only a child, Henry spared his life and he became a royal servant.
Henry married Elizabeth of York, and by this action put an end to the Wars of the Roses. They had six children, but only four survived infancy:
Arthur Tudor (September 1486–April 1502)
Margaret Tudor (November 1489–October 1541)
Henry VIII (June 1491–January 1547)
Mary Tudor (March 1496–June 1533)
Edmund Tudor (died young)
Catherine Tudor (died young)
Henry VII increased taxes so future kings would have enough money. People disliked that.
Death
Henry VII died of tuberculosis in 1509 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded by his son, Henry VIII on 21 April 1509.
1457 births
1509 deaths
House of Tudor
16th century in England
1480s in England
1490s in England
1500s in Europe |
8017 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover%2C%20Kent | Dover, Kent | Dover is also the name of the capital of Delaware
Dover is a town on the coast in Kent, in the United Kingdom. It was built by the Romans. There is a castle in Dover, called Dover Castle. It is the largest castle in England. The population is about 39,078. Throughout history, it has been an important port of Britain because it is the closest port to mainland Europe. The sea between Dover and the French port of Calais is called the Strait of Dover. It is the narrowest part of the English Channel at only wide.
The ferry port in Dover has ferries to Calais, France and Ostende, Belgium. Almost 45,000 people and 15,000 vehicles pass through the port every day. On of the largest tourist attractions around Dover are the White Cliffs of Dover.
Dover History
The Romans first tried to invade Dover in 55BC, under Julius Caesar. They were forced back by the Celts, who fiercely defended the coastline. It was not until 43 AD, under the rule of Emperor Claudius, that Roman forces landed on British soil at Richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. Dover, then called DVBRIS, became the Romans' most important naval town.
Gallery
Other websites
A History of Dover
The History of Dover Castle
Dover Castle information
Towns in Kent |
8018 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonbridge | Tonbridge | Tonbridge is a town in Kent in England. The River Medway runs through the town. A castle stands on the northern river bank in the middle of Tonbridge.
Tonbridge is linked by railways to London and Dover.
There are many secondary schools in the area. such as Tonbridge Grammar School
Towns in Kent |
8019 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness | Inverness | Inverness is a city in the northern part of Scotland. It is often called the capital of the Highlands. It is on the A9 road. Inverness Airport is an important way to get to the Scottish Highlands.
Notable people
Yvette Cooper, politician
Karen Gillan, actress
Charles Kennedy, politician
Inverness |
8020 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott | Boycott | A boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company.
The word was made during the Irish Land War'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post.
To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth.
Other websites
boycott resources
List of boycotts at EthicalConsumer.org
Economics |
8021 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial | Artificial | When something is artificial, or man-made, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. Many artificial things imitate or copy things found in nature. The imitation may use the same basic materials as those in the natural object; or it may use quite different materials, as in Artificial leather. These are concepts in defining reality. There are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural.
The word "artificial" comes from the Latin words art (meaning "skill") and fex ("to make").
Artificial does not necessarily mean synthetic (that is, created by synthesis). An artificial sweetener imitates sweetness using a chemical formula that is not found in nature; it is therefore both artificial and synthetic.
References
Related pages
Artifact (disambiguation)
Ontology
Technology
Anthropology |
8023 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%20Arthur | King Arthur | King Arthur was a mythical king in the mythology of Great Britain. He lived in the medieval times, in his famous castle, Camelot. He possessed a sword known as Excalibur, given to him by the Lady of the Lake.
King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Sub-Roman Britain who defended his kingdom from the Anglo-Saxons. He is a popular fictional character in modern literature. He won several battles, and had many homes. However, his favourite home was in Camelot. In one of the most famous tales of King Arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him King of the Britons.
The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), completed .
Camelot
Many castles claim to be Arthur's Camelot, but the most likely one is Tintagel Castle, Cornwall (though there is no evidence for this). In Camelot sat the famous Round Table, where Arthur, his queen Guinevere, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Percival and many other knights sat. Arthur and his knights went on many quests including The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Green Knight, The Black Knight and more.
Death
After King Arthur's many adventures, his son Mordred seized his kingdom and queen, forcing Arthur to fight for what was truly his. They fought for a long time. Mordred hit King Arthur in many places, but in the end Arthur killed Mordred. After this victory, King Arthur was weak and died from losing blood from battle wounds. As his knights rode back to Camelot, they threw Excalibur into the lake so that it could return to where it came from. One legend says Arthur never died, and will return when the British need him.
Books, poems and movies
Many books have been written about King Arthur. Most of them involve Merlin, the Knights of the Round Table, and Morgan le Fay.
Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote the first book about Arthur in the 12th century. In the 15th century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote one of the best-known books about Arthur, called Le Morte d’Arthur (The Death of Arthur). Later, in the 19th century, Alfred, Lord Tennyson visited Tintagel, the mythical Camelot, twice. He wrote a series of poems about Arthur.
Some stories about Arthur say he tried to find the Holy Grail, the cup that Jesus drank from at the Last Supper.
There are also many movies about Arthur. These include Disney's The Sword in the Stone; Monty Python and the Holy Grail; King Arthur (2004); King Arthur, The Kid Who Would Be King (2019); the Legend of the Sword (2017); and the musical Camelot.
References
Arthurian legend |
8024 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Appleseed | Johnny Appleseed | John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman (September 26, 1774 - March 11, 1847) is an American folk hero. He was a Christian missionary and pioneer. His nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the American Midwest. Many people consider him an early conservationist or "tree-hugger". He wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life, planting apple trees, teaching the Bible, telling stories, and befriending Native Americans, wild animals, and other settlers. Many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Facts
John Chapman is said to have been in the Wilkes-Barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman, but just when he embraced the Swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities we cannot be sure, though it is probable that it was before he ever reached western Pennsylvania. There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as "a Bible missionary" on the Potomac when he was a young man, and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia, picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s.The apple seeds that Johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted there to be more apple trees planted to improve their business.
At the time of his death, Johnny Appleseed left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left these to his sister. He additionally had four plots located in Allen County, Indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees.
Records show that John Chapman appeared on Licking Creek, in what is now Licking County, Ohio, in 1800, when he was twenty-six years old. He had probably come up the Muskingum River to plant near the Refugee Tract, which would soon fill up with settlers, when Congress actually got around to granting the lands. In April, 1798, the Continental Congress had ratified resolutions to donate public lands for the benefit of those who had left Canada and Nova Scotia to fight against the British in the Revolutionary War. The lands were actually set apart in 1801 and patents issued in 1802. Grants of land ranging from 160 acres to 2,240 acres were awarded according to the exertions of the patentee in the War. Johnny, with true Yankee enterprise, went ahead and planted his nurseries before the refugees arrived. Licking County, then a part of Fairfield, contained only three white families. By the time families were ready to settle the area, Johnny's tracts of land were ready for market.
Other websites
http://johnnyappleseedfacts.com/
American folklore
Deaths from pneumonia
People from Massachusetts
Missionaries
1774 births
1847 deaths |
8026 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20disc | Compact disc | A Compact Disc, also called a CD is a storage device that are small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. The CDs made floppy disks become obsolete. CDs were invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time, but not together. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read CDs in 1982. CDs can hold up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music. Mini CDs were also made for special small programs like drivers. CDs that have computer information on them are called CD-ROMs, or Compact Disc - Read Only Memory. The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about 1.5 cm).
Related pages
CD-R
CD-RW
CD-MO
Video CD or VCD
DVD |
8027 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidstone | Maidstone | Maidstone is a town in Kent, in England. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone is the county town of Kent, meaning the local government is based there. Its name means "stone of the maidens". The town of Maidstone is within the borough of Maidstone, which also includes several surrounding villages. In 2001, 75,070 people lived in the town of Maidstone, and there were 138,959 in the whole of the Borough.
History
During the Civil War a battle took place in 1648, which was won by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. A year later, Andrew Broughton, who was then Mayor of Maidstone (and also Clerk to the High Court of Justice) gave the death sentence to Charles I. Today there is a plaque in Maidstone Town Centre describing Andrew as 'Mayor and Regicide' (a killer of kings).
Maidstone used to be an industrial area, with paper making and brewing being two of the most important industries, although both have mainly died out in recent years. Until 1998, Sharps Toffee factory was where Bassets liquorice allsorts and other sweets were made. Most of the heavy industry has now been replaced by light and service industries.
Today
Today, Maidstone is one of the top five shopping centres in the south east of England, with more than one million square feet of retail space. Most of this is in two shopping areas, Fremlin Walk, which was built on the site of one of the old breweries, is , and The Mall Maidstone provides another . Both include multi-story car parks.
Towns in Kent |
8028 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redhill | Redhill | Redhill can mean several things:
Hill
Maibam Lokpa Ching, a WWII memorial site, also known as Red Hills, because the entire landscape was dyed red due to heavy casualties in the Japanese troops as a result of British attack in the Battle of Imphal.
Towns and cities
Redhill, Somerset, England
Redhill, Surrey, England
Redhill, Nottinghamshire, England
Redhill, Singapore, Singapore
Schools
Redhill High School, South Africa |
8030 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20S.%20Lewis | C. S. Lewis | Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 books. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. He is famous for his fantasy works, essays, and writings on literature and theology. Lewis' theological works are usually apologetics, the defence of Christianity. Some of his most popular Christian writings were Mere Christianity and The Screwtape Letters. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Lewis was a professor of literature at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge.
Lewis was married to American writer Joy Davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. He died of renal failure in Oxford.
His writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. His most famous and popular fantasy work is The Chronicles of Narnia, which is a series of seven books.
He died in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England.
References
Other websites
Encyclopædia Britannica
1898 births
1963 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Oxford
British Anglicans
British children's writers
British novelists
Converts to Christianity
Deaths from renal failure
Disease-related deaths in England
English theologians
Northern Irish Christians
People from Belfast |
8034 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Corrs | The Corrs | This article is about the Irish rock band. For the American rock band, see The Cars.
The Corrs is a folk pop rock band from Ireland. There are three sisters and one brother in the quartet. They became very popular in the late 1990s.
The group
They were all born in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland, the children of Gerry and Jean Corr.
Jim Corr
Jim Corr (born 31 July 1964) is the oldest member of the group. He mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano.
Sharon Corr
Sharon Corr (born 24 March 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing").
Caroline Corr
Caroline Corr, (born 17 March 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals.
Andrea Corr
Andrea Corr (born 17 May 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals.
Early history
The Corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie The Commitments. Jim, Sharon, and Caroline got a small part as musicians, while Andrea got a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte, sister of the main character. It was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, John Hughes.
Their music has been released through Atlantic Records, a music company.
Their first album, Forgiven, Not Forgotten, was most popular in Australia. They then did another album called Talk On Corners, which was very popular in Ireland and Britain.
Albums released
Jupiter Calling (2017)
White Light (2015)
Home (2005)
Borrowed Heaven (2004)
The Best Of The Corrs (2001)
In Blue (2000)
Talk on Corners (1998)
Forgiven, Not Forgotten (1995)
DVDs they have been on
Best Of The Corrs 2002
Live In London 2001
Live At Lansdowne Road 2000
Unplugged 2000
Live At The Royal Albert Hall 2000
References
The Corrs Rock (fans website with discussion board)
Other websites
Official Corrs site
The Corrs Infopage (fan website)
1990s establishments in the Republic of Ireland
1990s Irish music groups
2000s Irish music groups
2010s Irish music groups
Folk music groups
Irish pop music groups
Irish rock bands
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical quartets
Pop rock bands |
8036 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron | Aaron | Aaron is a person described in the Bible and the Qu'ran. He was the older brother of Moses. He helped Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. In the Bible, he appeared very much in Exodus.
Moses' helper
Aaron spoke for Moses, when he went to tell Pharaoh the King of Egypt everything God wanted Moses to say. The Lord said to Moses (Exodus 7:1 to 3), "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country...".
Aaron's staff
Aaron's staff was used by the Lord a few times when trying to persuade the Pharaoh to let the Israelites go. The Lord ordered Moses and Aaron, "When Pharaoh says to you, 'Perform a miracle,' then say to Aaron, Take your staff and throw it down before Pharaoh', and it will become a snake." So Moses and Aaron went to Pharaoh and Aaron did so. Aaron's staff, according to the Bible, really became a snake and ate up all the other snakes that the Pharaoh's magicians had made. Also, Aaron's staff was used to make the Nile River all turn into blood. He "stretched it out", and the fish in the Nile died, and the river smelled; and the Egyptians could not drink the water, as it was recorded in the Bible.
Old Testament people
Ancient Israeli people |
8037 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Abdul | Paula Abdul | Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer and dancer. She had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others, including singer-songwriter Janet Jackson. Musically, she is known for her late-1980s number-one singles "Straight Up" and "Cold Hearted", along with the 1990s number-one hit "Opposites Attract". She won a Grammy Award for "Best Music Video – Short Form" for "Opposites Attract". She was a judge on the television show American Idol for its first eight seasons. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.
References
1962 births
Living people
American dancers
American Idol
American pop musicians
American television personalities
Choreographers
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Mezzo-sopranos
Singers from Los Angeles
American contemporary R&B singers |
8038 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20Adams | Douglas Adams | Douglas Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series.
Adams was born in Cambridge. When he was a few months old he moved to East London and a few years later to Brentwood, Essex. He originally received attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows Monty Python and Doctor Who in the 1970s. In 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. It was later turned into a novel. In the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by Disney. Adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. He was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. He was an atheist. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in Montecito, California, United States.
References
1952 births
2001 deaths
British atheists
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from myocardial infarction
English novelists
People from Brentwood, Essex
People from Cambridge
Writers from Essex
Writers from London |
8039 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Arnold | Tom Arnold | Tom Arnold (born March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Ottumwa, Iowa. He became famous when he married Roseanne Barr in 1990, another comedian and star of the popular sitcom, Roseanne, who he divorced in 1994. Recently, he was one of the original hosts of the talk show, "The Best Damn Sports Show Period!" on Fox Sports. In November 2009, he married Ashley Groussman.
References
Other websites
Hollywood.com’s Tom Arnold profile
Tom Arnold on Officer Phil’s KUSI-TV page
1959 births
Living people
American television actors
American movie actors
Actors from Iowa
Comedians from Iowa |
8040 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea%20Arthur | Bea Arthur | Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (May 13, 1922 - April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in Maude and The Golden Girls. She was Jewish.
Early life
Arthur was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Her parents were Philip and Rebecca Frankelin. She grew up in Cambridge, Maryland. After high school and the junior college she did an apprenticeship as a Medical Laboratory Technician and she was as a volunteer for the United States Marine Corps.
Career
Theater
In 1946 she moved back to New York and studied acting with Erwin Piscator.
Personal life
In the 1940s, she was married with author and producer Robert Alan Aurthur.
In 1950, she married Gene Saks.
References
Other websites
Playbill biography
1922 births
2009 deaths
Actors from New York City
American feminists
American LGBT rights activists
American military personnel of World War II
American movie actors
American television actors
Cancer deaths in Los Angeles
Comedians from New York City
Deaths from cancer of unknown primary origin
Emmy Award winning actors
Jewish activists
Jewish American actors
Jewish American musicians
Jewish comedians
Jewish feminists
Singers from New York City
Tony Award winning actors |
8041 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Attell | Dave Attell | Dave Attell (born January 18, 1965) is an American comedian and host of the TV show Insomniac with Dave Attell, shown on Comedy Central in the United States.
Comedians from New York City
1965 births
Living people |
8042 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Appel | Karel Appel | Christiaan Karel Appel (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter. He painted in the abstract expressionist style. He was known for his childlike style.
1921 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Dutch painters
People from Amsterdam
Sculptors |
8043 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Bachman | Randy Bachman | Randall Charles Bachman (born September 27, 1943 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian musician. He was a member of the rock groups The Guess Who and later Bachman–Turner Overdrive.
Other websites
Official website
1943 births
Living people
Canadian rock guitarists
Canadian rock singers
Musicians from Winnipeg |
8044 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20M.%20Barrie | J. M. Barrie | Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish writer. His best-known work is Peter Pan.
Barrie was born in Kirriemuir. He died of pneumonia in London.
1860 births
1937 deaths
British children's writers
Deaths from pneumonia
Infectious disease deaths in London
Scottish novelists |
8045 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon | Charon | Charon can mean:
Charon, the ferryman to the Greek underworld in Greek mythology
Charon (moon), a moon of the dwarf planet, Pluto
Charon (band), a Finnish gothic metal band
Charon (web browser), a web browser for the Inferno operating system
Charon (Forever War), a fictional planet in the Forever War
Charon (animal), a genus of amblypygid
Charon (cars), a Dutch automobile manufacturer
Charon of Lampsacus|Charon of Lampsacus, ancient Greek logographer
CHARON, a programming language
Charon (Dungeons & Dragons), a lord of the yugoloths whose primary function is to provide passage across the River Styx for a steep price
Charon (CrossGen), a comic book character from CrossGen Entertainment's Sigilverse
Charon QC (Law), a law blog http://charonqc.wordpress.com/
Charon (The Three Worlds), a fictional human species from Ian Irvine's arc of novels, The Three Worlds. |
8046 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga | Riga | Riga is the capital city of the European country of Latvia. Riga is on river Daugava near the Baltic Sea.
The mayor of Riga is Mārtiņš Staķis.
History
Riga was founded in 1201. It was a castle of the Teutonic Order.
In 1710 during the Great Northern War the city was incorporated to Russia. Then it became a center of Courland province.
Since 1918 Riga has been the capital city of Latvia, including Soviet Latvia in 1940-1991.
On June 30, 1941 German troops captured Riga. The city was liberated on October 15, 1944.
People
The Riga inhabitants are named “Rīdzinieki” on Latvian and “рижане”(rizhani) on Russian.
Most of the people by ethnic origin are Latvian (45%) and 40% are Russian. Historically the city had large German population. Among other ethnic groups there are Byelorussians, Poles and Jews.
Economy
During the Soviet period the Riga wagon building factory made very big number of local trains.
Transportation
The are 8 tram and 18 trolley routes.
Notable people
Vera Mukhina, sculptor.
Sergey Eisenstein, movie director.
Mikhail Zadornov, writer.
Oleg Znarok, ice hockey player and coach.
References
Other websites
Riga Photos
1201 establishments
Establishments in Latvia
1200s establishments in Europe |
8047 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope%20John%20Paul%20II | Pope John Paul II | Pope John Paul II (; ; ), sometimes called Saint John Paul or John Paul the Great, born Karol Józef Wojtyła (; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), was the 264th Pope of the Catholic Church from 16 October 1978 to his death in 2 April 2005. He was the second longest-serving pope in history. As a Pole, he was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. The last non-Italian pope was Pope Adrian VI, who died in 1523.
He is the first pope to have visited the White House, and a mosque. He traveled more than any other pope before him, visiting many of the countries of the world. He is also famous for starting the annual World Youth Day. After he was beatified, his title was changed to Blessed John Paul II. John Paul II was canonized by Pope Francis on 27 April 2014 which means that the Polish Pope is now known as Saint John Paul II.
Early life
Karol Józef Wojtyła was born on 18 May 1920 in Wadowice, Poland. His parents were Karol Wojtyła, who was a military officer, and Emilia Kaczorowska, who was a seamstress. He was the youngest of three children. He was nine years old when his mother died in 1929. His father supported him so that he could study. His brother was a doctor. He died when Wojtyła was twelve. He lost everyone in his family - a sister, brother, mother, and father - before he became a priest. He played sports. He liked football (soccer) as a goalkeeper.
Wojtyła went to Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice. In 1938, he studied drama at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. He worked as a volunteer librarian. He was an athlete, actor, and playwright. He did two months military training in the Academic Legion. This training was compulsory. He would not hold or fire a weapon.
When he was young, he met many Jewish people. They lived in that area. In 1939, Nazi forces closed the Jagiellonian University. All men, except for the disabled, had to have a job. From 1940 to 1944, Wojtyła worked in a restaurant. He also worked in a limestone quarry, and then as a salesman for a chemical factory. He did not want to be sent to Germany. If he was sent, he would be made to join the German army. His father died of a heart attack in February 1941.
On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was knocked down by a German truck (lorry). He thought he would be badly treated. The German officers sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there with head and shoulder injuries. It was at this time that he decided that he must become a priest. When he left hospital, the young Polish men were being sent to Germany for training. He escaped to the house of the Archbishop. He hid there till after the war. On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans left the city. The priests and teacher and students went back to the seminary. There was a big clean-up to be done. Wojtyła offered to clean out the lavatories.
That month, Wojtyła found a fourteen-year-old Jewish refugee named Edith Zierer. She was trying to reach her parents. She had collapsed from hunger. He gave her food and helped her go to the railway station. She did not hear of him again until the day came when he was elected Pope.
Priest
Karol Wojtyła was ordained as a priest by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha on 1 November 1946.
Bishop
In 1958, Wojtyła then became the youngest bishop in Poland at the age of 38. In 1962 he took part in the Second Vatican Council and helped write two very important documents. One was about Religious freedom and the other one was about the work of the church in the Modern World.
In 1963 Bishop Wojtyła became Archbishop of Kraków.
Cardinal
On 26 June 1967, Pope Paul VI raised Archbishop Wojtyła's rank to the rank of a cardinal.
Pope
John Paul II became Pope on 16 October 1978. John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. He was pope for 26 years, making him the second longest serving pope after Pope Pius IX who held the office for 31 years and seven months. He was also the first and only Slavic pope. John Paul II was the most traveled pope in history with 104 international trips.
During his lifetime he learned many foreign languages. He spoke Polish as his native language, and learned Latin and Ancient Greek in school. On the day that he officially became Pope, he spoke to people in Italian, English, German, French, Spanish, Czech and Portuguese. He also spoke a little Lithuanian, Hungarian, Russian and Ukrainian.
John Paul II beatified many people. This means that the Pope gave these people the title of "Blessed". One example is the painter Fra Angelico, who lived in the 1400s. After studying his life and teaching, it was decided that he should officially be called "the Blessed Fra Angelico". John Paul II gave more people the title of "Blessed" than any other pope in history. He also made many saints.
In 1984 John Paul II started World Youth Day which was first held in Rome and attended by about 300,000 people. Since then it has been held in a different country every year. It encourages young people to be faithful to God, and to live together in peace. Many millions of people have attended.
Pope's travels
The first pope who traveled a lot was Pope Paul VI. Like him, John Paul II liked to travel. While he was pope, he made 105 trips, visiting 117 countries. In total he travelled more than 1.1 million km (725,000 miles). Wherever he went, he attracted large crowds. All these travels were paid by the money of the countries he visited and not by the Vatican.
One of John Paul II's earliest official visits was to his home country of Poland, in June 1979. There, he was always surrounded by happy, cheering crowds. The Pope wanted to bring freedom and human rights to his country. His visit encouraged Poles to oppose the communism, and in 1980 the Solidarity movement was born. On later trips to Poland, he made his message of support stronger. The Soviet Union had controlled Eastern Europe for many years. In 1989, Poland was the first country to begin to break free from the Soviet Union.
John Paul II went to places where other popes before him had already been, such as the United States, or The Holy Land. He also went to many countries that no pope had ever visited before. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England.
In 1982, the Pope made a visit to Japan, and in 1984 to South Korea and Puerto Rico. He was the first pope to visit Cuba. During his visit in January 1998, he sharply criticized Cuba for not allowing people to freely express their religion. He also criticised the United States embargo against Cuba. In 2000, he became the first modern Catholic pope to visit Egypt, and met with the Coptic Pope, and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. He was the first Catholic Pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria in 2001. He visited Umayyad Mosque, where John the Baptist is believed to be buried.
In 1988 he made a trip to Lesotho to beatify Joseph Gérard. On 15 January 1995, during the 10th World Youth Day, he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between four and eight million in Luneta Park, Manila, Philippines. This is considered to be the largest single event in Christian history.
After the attacks on 11 September 2001, even though people were worried about his safety, the Pope traveled to Kazakhstan and spoke to large audiences including many Muslims. He also went to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of the 1700 years of Christianity. He said Mass in local languages during some visits, including Kiswahili in Nairobi, Kenya in 1995 and in an Indonesian language in East Timor.
During his trips, the Pope always showed his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. He visited many shrines consecrated to her, notably Knock in Ireland, Licheń Stary in Poland, Fátima in Portugal, Guadalupe in Mexico and Lourdes in France.
Assassination attempt
On 13 May 1981, the Pope was shot twice in the abdomen by a Turkish national, Mehmet Ali Ağca. The pope was gravely injured. He barely survived the assassination attempt, and had to be treated in hospital for 20 days. The pope later visited Ağca in prison. He had forgiven him already. Exactly one year later he traveled to Fatima to thank Mary, Mother of God for saving his life.
On this trip there was a second attempt to his life. A follower of the French archbishop Marcel Lefebvre tried to hurt the Pope with a bayonet. He was overpowered by the bodyguards of the Pope. Lefevbre and his followers were against the decisions of the Second Vatican Council. After this the Pope often travelled in a bullet-proof trailer known as the "popemobile."
Death
John Paul died on Saturday, on the eve of the Divine Mercy Holiday, 2 April 2005. The official time of death on his death certificate was 9:37 pm, but a few sources reported 9:33 pm. The death certificate stated that when the Pope died, he had Parkinson's disease, with serious breathing difficulties. The Pope had tracheotomy surgery in mid February but it did not help and he lost weight. He also had an enlarged prostate, urinary infection and other problems. The cause of death were that his kidneys failed, causing blood poisoning and infection brought by septic shock. John Paul II spoke his final words, “pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca”, (“Let me depart to the house of the Father”), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later.
The Pope's medical team used heart-monitoring machinery for more than 20 minutes, so his real and true time of death was around 9:15 PM Vatican time. As tradition demands, his name was called three times. When there was no reply, his papal ring was broken, which meant the end of John Paul II's papacy (reign as pope).
Many people claimed to have been specially blessed by the reign of Pope John Paul II. Many people thought he should be given the title "Blessed". This usually takes at least five years (and may take hundreds of years). On 13 May 2005, Pope Benedict XVI cut short the usual 5-year wait for the beatification process to begin. The only other time (in recent history) that this has happened was for Mother Theresa, who was made Blessed Mother Theresa by John Paul II.
It was announced on 14 January 2011, that John Paul II would be beatified on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday).
According to the Vatican, Pope John Paul II's remains (which will not be exhumed and exposed) will be moved from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica, where he is presently buried, to a marble stone monument in Pier Paolo Cristofari's Chapel of St. Sebastian, which is where Blessed Pope Innocent XI is currently buried; Blessed Pope Innocent's remains will likely be moved. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pieta, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII, will increase the number of pilgrims capable of viewing his memorial.
“ It will be a great joy for us when he is officially beatified, but as far as we are concerned he is already a Saint. ”
—Stanisław Dziwisz [189]
On 30 September 2013, Pope Francis said that John Paul, together with Pope John XXIII, would be made saints on 27 April 2014. This was the first time two popes have been made saints on the same day.
His feast day is celebrated on 22 October.
Teachings
John Paul II was generally against communism. He was also a critic of capitalism that was not controlled and he did not want people's basic rights to be oppressed by world governments. He officially condemned aspects of Liberation theology. He was against abortion and contraception in general. As head of the largest Christian group, John Paul II taught a conservative theological view of human sexuality. On the subject he wrote 130 topics called the Theology of the Body. He was against homosexuality, and in favour of people starting families as one husband and one wife. But he said that homosexuals have the same inherent dignity and rights as everybody else. On 30 April 2000, John Paul instituted a Divine Mercy Holiday, according to the teachings of Saint Faustyna Kowalska and on that day she was also proclaimed a Saint of the Catholic Church. The Feast of the Mercy of God is continuously growing worldwide. John Paul is also remembered for his devotion to the Consecrated Holy Communion, the Holy Body and Blood of Christ.
Child abuse scandals
During John Paul's time as pope, the church was involved in a large number of claims about child sexual abuse by priests. There are many people who believe that the Church, and therefore the Pope, knew about these claims and tried to cover them up. For example, in 1996 the Irish bishops decided that priests suspected of child abuse must be reported to the police. The Vatican sent a letter to the bishops that they were not to report such cases. The letter was from future Pope Benedict XVI - whom John Paul II had asked to handle such cases. John Paul II is also claimed to have got a cardinal to send a thank you letter to a French bishop who had refused to report a priest to the police. In 2001 John Paul II sent out a special letter saying that the abuse of children by priests was a very serious crime, and should be strictly punished. Some Catholics wanted the process for making John Paul II a saint stopped, until there was an investigation into his role in keeping secret information about bad priests.
Related pages
List of popes
References
Other websites
John Paul 2 & Friends, Quotes on Time!
John Paul II biography on the Vatican website
John Paul II at about.com
Pope John Paul II at the Catholic Hierarchy website
Popes
1920 births
2005 deaths
Nonviolence advocates
People with Parkinson's disease
Polish Roman Catholics
Christian saints
Servants of God
Time People of the Year
Congressional Gold Medal recipients |
8050 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel%20Comics | Marvel Comics | Marvel Comics (created in 1939 as Marvel Worldwide Inc., then Marvel Publishing, Inc. and later Marvel Comics Group) is an American comic book company that makes "superhero" comic books. Marvel's the original characters includes Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, the X-Men, the Fantastic Four and other members of the Marvel characters. One of Marvel's most original superheroes includes Spider-Man, who is the official comic book character from Marvel Comics. Its top rival is DC Comics. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company bought Marvel for US$4 billion. Its comic book characters were created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others.
The company features some of the most iconic and well-known superheroes including Spider-Man, Captain America, Iron Man, Deadpool, Thor, Wolverine, Hercules, the Hulk, She-Hulk, Hawkeye, the Falcon, the Winter Soldier, Namor the Sub-Mariner, Ms. Marvel, the Scarlet Witch, the Vision, Ant-Man, the Wasp, Ghost Rider, Black Panther, Black Widow, Captain Marvel, Doctor Strange, Howard the Duck, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, Luke Cage, Miles Morales, Nick Fury, Silver Surfer, Shang-Chi, the Punisher, Blade, Daredevil, and Elektra.
Its teams such as the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, the Guardians of the Galaxy, the S.H.I.E.L.D., and the X-Men are very popular.
The universe also has many well-known supervillains including Green Goblin, Doctor Doom, Doctor Octopus, Ultron, Venom, Thanos, Galactus, Loki, Kang the Conqueror, Magneto, Red Hulk, Kingpin, Kraven the Hunter, Red Skull, the Mandarin, MODOK, Dormammu, Mystique, and Apocalypse.
The majority of its publications takes place within the fictional Marvel Universe (MU), with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015.
History
Marvel used to be a company called Timely Comics in the 1940s and then Atlas Comics in the 1950s. The first comic submitted with the name "Marvel Comics" was The Fantastic Four #1 in November, 1961. The precursor to Marvel Comics was created in 1939 by magazine creator Martin Goodman. In order to capitalize on the growing popularity of comic books—especially those starring superheroes—Goodman created Timely Comics. Timely’s first comic book was Marvel Comics no. 1 (cover dated October 1939), which featured several superhero characters, most notably the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner. Timely Comics introduced many superhero characters during comics’ “Golden Age” in the 1940s, most importantly Captain America, who first appeared in Captain America Comics no. 1 (March 1941). Timely characters were often portrayed as fighting against the Nazis and the Japanese even before the United States entered World War II. As the 1940s came to a close, superheroes fell out of vogue with comic book readers, and Timely canceled the last of its books in this genre in 1950. In 1951, Goodman formed his own distribution company, and Timely Comics became Atlas Magazines. Though there was a brief experiment in bringing back superheroes such as Captain America in 1953, Atlas’s output was mostly in other genres such as humour, westerns, horror, war, and science fiction.
In 1956, rival company DC Comics ushered in the so-called Silver Age of comics by reintroducing superhero titles with significant commercial success. In the early 1960s Atlas changed its name to Marvel Comics. For several decades Marvel and DC were the top companies in the industry. Throughout the 1980s and ’90s Marvel changed hands numerous times, becoming a publicly held company in 1991. Questionable management decisions and a general slump in sales in the comic book industry drove Marvel Comics into bankruptcy in 1996. The company emerged from bankruptcy in 1998 and began to diversify its output, launching imprints aimed at a variety of demographics and expanding its cinematic offerings under the Marvel Studios banner. In 2007, Marvel began creating digital comics. In 2009, the Walt Disney Company purchased the owner company of Marvel Comics.
Marvel Universe
The shared storytelling palette known as the Marvel Universe was unveiled in 1961, when Goodman responded to the growing interest in superhero books by commissioning writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby to create the Fantastic Four. With the release of Fantastic Four no. 1 (November 1961), readers were introduced to a super heroic setting that was, nevertheless, rooted in the real world. Lee and Kirby tried to make their comic book characters more original by allowing them to interact with each other in a realistic fashion, including heroes often fighting or arguing with each other. This trend continued with a flood of other superhero characters introduced by Marvel Comics during the early 1960s, including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, the X-Men and the Fantastic Four. Lee wrote the majority of Marvel’s books during that time, and Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko were the most important and influential artists.
This more realistic approach to characterizations built up Marvel’s reputation and began to attract university-age readers. Stories also began to deal with social issues such as pollution, race relations, and drug abuse. A Spider-Man story arc from 1971 dealing with drug abuse had to be submitted without the approval of the Comic Code Authority—the self-regulatory body that had policed comic content since 1954—despite the fact that it was portraying drug use in a negative light. This caused the Comic Code Authority to revise its policy in such matters.
The late 1960s and early 1970s saw a new generation of creative talent emerge at Marvel. In 1967 Jim Steranko began to write and draw stories featuring secret agent Nick Fury in the anthology book Strange Tales. Steranko was influenced in his work by James Bond films and the psychedelic and Op art movements, and the resulting stories melded groundbreaking visuals with equally innovative storytelling techniques. Writer Chris Claremont and artist John Byrne began a long collaboration on The Uncanny X-Men in 1975. The pair revitalized the flagging series with characters such as Wolverine and complex story arcs that soon made the X-Men franchise one of Marvel’s best sellers.
In 1985, Mark Gruenwald started a people acclaimed 10-year run as the writer of Captain America. That same year he also began the miniseries Squadron Supreme (1985–86), a deconstructionist take on superheroes that preceded Alan Moore’s graphic novel Watchmen, submitted by DC Comics. The 1980s also saw Frank Miller’s stint on Daredevil, which took that book in a darker and grittier direction, reviving sagging sales and making it one of Marvel’s best sellers. In 1988, Todd MacFarlane began a popular run as artist on The Amazing Spider-Man. Four years later MacFarlane and a number of other popular artists, including Jim Lee, Erik Larsen, and Rob Liefeld, left Marvel to found rival Image Comics, a company that allowed creators to retain the copyrights of their characters.
During the 1990s and early 2000s, a new wave of writers, including Brian Michael Bendis (Daredevil, The Avengers), Jonathan Hickman (Fantastic Four), and Ed Brubaker (Captain America), became well known for their mature and sometimes controversial takes on Marvel’s characters. The 2010s saw the emergence of another new wave of talent, with writer Matt Fraction and artist David Aja turning in a visually arresting run on Hawkeye, longtime Spider-Man writer Dan Slott teaming with artist Mike Allred for a bold take on a classic character in Silver Surfer, and writer G. Willow Wilson and artist Adrian Alphona breaking new ground with their people acclaimed Ms. Marvel.
Marvel Comics series
Marvel Comics the most original highest-grossing and longest-running series includes Spider-Man, Hulk, X-Men, Fantastic Four and Marvel characters.
Fantastic Four
The Fantastic Four
Fantastic Four
Hulk
The Incredible Hulk
Hulk
Spider-Man
Amazing Fantasy
Spider-Man
X-Men
The X-Men
X-Men
Marvel Characters
Iron Man
Captain America
Thor
and many more.
Reception
In the 21st century, Marvel’s profits were increasingly derived from toys, video games, and other merchandise featuring their most popular characters and from the production of a string of commercially successful movies. Those films differed from prior efforts to translate comics to the big screen in that they were set in a single shared world. That ambitious plan generated huge dividends with The Avengers (2012), a film that featured Iron Man, Thor, and Captain America—three heroes that had scored individual blockbuster successes—and grossed more than $1.5 billion worldwide. The Marvel Cinematic Universe, as it came to be known, grew into one of the most lucrative franchises in film history. Its success spawned a wave of television programs, beginning with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020) on ABC and continuing with Daredevil (2015–18), Jessica Jones (2015–2019), and Luke Cage (2016–18), a string of people-lauded series that appeared on Netflix. In 2015 an agreement between Disney and Sony brought Spider-Man (who had previously appeared only in Sony-produced films) into the shared universe; the character would subsequently be available for use by both studios. Marvel Studios, the company’s film and television division, continued to set records with its flagship Avengers, but it also packed theatres with relatively unknown heroes such as the Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Ant-Man (2015), and Doctor Strange (2016). By 2016 more than a dozen films had been released under the banner of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and the franchise’s cumulative global box office receipts had topped $10 billion.
Offices
Located in New York City, Marvel has had successive headquarters:
In the McGraw-Hill Building, where it originated as Timely Comics in 1939.
In suite 1401 of the Empire State Building.
At 635 Madison Avenue (the actual location, though the comic books' indicia listed the owner creating-company's address of 625 Madison Ave.)
575 Madison Avenue.
387 Park Avenue South.
10 East 40th Street.
417 Fifth Avenue.
A 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) space at 135 W. 50th Street.
References
Comic books
Disney companies |
8060 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%2C%20Nebraska | Lincoln, Nebraska | Lincoln is the capital city of Nebraska, United States. The City of Lincoln Only Omaha has more people of any city in Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2010 Census population was 258,379.
Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster. It became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the start of the territory in 1854. Most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte became a part of Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. They made the village of Lancaster the new capital, in part due to the salt flats and marshes.
People from Omaha tried to stop the move by renaming Lancaster after the recently killed President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had wanted the Confederate to win the recent Civil War. These people thought that the legislature would not approve the move if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The plan did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and also became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867. The people either liked or disliked the new name depending on how they felt about the Civil War.
Nebraska State Capitol was designed by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and constructed between 1922 and 1932. The capitol building is a skyscraper topped by a golden dome. The tower is crowned by a 6-meter (20 ft) statue of a farmer sowing grain on a pedestal of wheat and corn, to represent the state's agricultural heritage. City zoning rules prevent any other building from rivaling it in height, making it a landmark not only within the city but for the surrounding area. Inside, there are many paintings and iridescent murals showing Native American heritage and the history and culture of the early pioneers who settled Nebraska. It is the second tallest U.S. State Capitol building behind the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge.
Lincoln has a humid continental climate (Dfa in the Köppen climate classification).
References
County seats in Nebraska
State capitals in the United States
1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory |
8061 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20fission | Nuclear fission | Nuclear fission is a kind of nuclear reaction. It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms. Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by the German nuclear chemist Otto Hahn and his assistant Fritz Strassmann in Berlin.
An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission.
If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or fissions) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat. It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus.
For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons. If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy very quickly. The amount of energy released by a nuclear chain reaction is measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of TNT (trinitrotoluene).
In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion. In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat. The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity.
Other websites
Annotated bibliography for nuclear fission from the Alsos Digital Library
Nuclear energy |
8064 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2014 | February 14 |
Events
Up to 1900
842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German languages respectively.
1009 – First documented mention of Lithuania
1014 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned.
1076 - Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
1349 - Several hundred Jews are burned to death by mobs while the remainder of their population are forced from the city of Strasbourg.
1556 - In England, Thomas Cranmer is declared a heretic. He is later burned at the stake.
1648 - A storm flood affects the Holstein area of present-day Northern Germany.
1778 – The Flag of the United States is formally recognised by a foreign vessel for the first time.
1779 – James Cook is killed by Native Hawaiians.
1779 - American Revolutionary War: Battle of Kettle Creek, Georgia.
1797 - French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St. Vincent - The British Royal Navy defeats a Spanish fleet near Gibraltar.
1804 - Karadjordje leads the first Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire.
1849 – In New York City James K. Polk becomes the first sitting US President to have his photograph taken.
1852 – The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London is opened.
1853 – Mormon leader Brigham Young lays the foundation stone for the Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah.
1855 – Texas is linked by telegraph to the rest of the United States.
1859 – Oregon becomes the 33rd State of the US.
1876 – Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray both apply for a patent for the telephone.
1879 – The War of the Pacific begins when Chilean forces occupy the then-Bolivian port city of Antofagasta.
1899 - Voting machines are approved by the United States Congress for use on federal elections.
1900 - Second Boer War in South Africa: 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State.
1901 2000
1903 - The United States Department of Commerce and Labor is created. It later splits into the United States Department of Commerce and the United States Department of Labor.
1908 - The world's first ski lift, invented by Robert Winterhalder, is opened in Schollach, Black Forest, Germany.
1912 – Arizona becomes the 48th State of the US.
1912 - The first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.
1918 – The Soviet Union adopts the Gregorian calendar.
1919 – The Polish-Soviet War begins.
1920 - The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago.
1929 – St. Valentine's Day massacre: Seven people, gangster rivals of Al Capone, are shot dead in Chicago.
1932 – The football club FC Vaduz is founded in Liechtenstein.
1942 - World War II: The Battle of Pasir-Panyang contributes to the fall of Singapore.
1943 - World War II: Rostov-on-Don, Russia is liberated.
1944 - An anti-Japanese revolt occurs on Java.
1946 – The Bank of England is nationalised.
1946 – The ENIAC digital calculator is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania.
1949 – The Knesset, Israeli parliament, meets for the first time.
1949 – The Asbestos Strike begins in Canada.
1952 – In Oslo, the Winter Olympics begin.
1956 - The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union begins in Moscow.
1961 – Element 103, Lawrencium, is synthesised at the University of California.
1962 – US First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy gives television viewers a tour of the White House.
1966 – Australian currency is decimalised.
1967 - The Treaty of Tlatelolco declares the Caribbean and Latin America a nuclear weapon-free zone, with Cuba becoming the last country to sign it in 2002.
1970 - The Who record the iconic live rock album Live at Leeds.
1972 – The Star of Sierra Leone becomes the third-largest diamond ever found.
1981 - Stardust Disaster: A fire in a Dublin nightclub kills 48 people.
1984 - 1984 Winter Olympics: In pairs figure skating, Jayne Torville and Christopher Dean of Great Britain win a historic gold medal, receiving perfect scores.
1989 – Ayatollah Khomeini issues a fatwa (death warrant) against the writer Salman Rushdie for his novel The Satanic Verses.
1990 – The Voyager 1 spacecraft takes a photograph of Earth from a distance of 6.4 billion kilometres.
1990 – 92 people are killed when Indian Airlines Flight 605 crashes at Bangalore, India.
1996 - A Chinese rocket, launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center, goes out of control and crashes into a nearby village, where an estimated 500 people are killed.
1998 – An oil tanker collides with a freight train in Yaounde, Cameroon.
2000 – The Spacecraft NEAR Shoemaker enters into orbit around asteroid 433 Eros.
From 2001
2002 – Bahrain becomes a kingdom.
2004 – In Moscow, the roof of the Transvaal Water Park collapses, killing 25 people.
2005 – In the Philippines a series of bomb attacks in Manila, Davao City and General Santos City kills 7 people.
2005 - The Sunjawan Mine Explosion in Liaoning Province, China, kills 214 miners.
2005 – A car bomb in Beirut kills 23 people, including former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri.
2005 - YouTube is founded by a group of college students.
2011 – As part of a series of uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East, protests begin in Bahrain.
2013 - South African model Reeva Steenkamp is shot dead by her then-partner, athlete Oscar Pistorius, who is found guilty of her manslaughter in 2014.
2014 - Prime Minister of Italy Enrico Letta submits his resignation to President Giorgio Napolitano.
2015 - 2015 Copenhagen attacks: A gunman attacks a free speech meeting at a café in Copenhagen that was attended by Swedish cartoonist Lars Vilks, killing one. He later attacks the city's main synagogue, killing one and injuring two, before being shot dead by police early the following day.
2015 - Slovenia's Peter Prevc breaks the ski jumping world record, by jumping 250 metres in Vikersund, Norway.
2018 - Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting: 17 people are shot dead at a high school in Parkland, Southern Florida.
2018 - Jacob Zuma resigns as President of South Africa.
Births
Up to 1850
1404 – Leone Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher (died 1472)
1468 – Johannes Werner, German mathematician (died 1522)
1483 – Zahir al-Din Mohammed Babur Shah, founder of the Moghul dynasty (died 1530)
1545 - Lucrezia de' Medici, Duchess of Ferrara (died 1561)
1602 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (died 1676)
1679 - Georg Friedrich Kauffmann, German composer and organist (died 1735)
1680 – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (died 1737)
1692 – Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée, French writer (died 1754)
1701 – Enrique Florez, Spanish historian (died 1773)
1763 – Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (died 1813)
1766 – Thomas Malthus, English economist (died 1834)
1778 – Minh Mang, Emperor of Vietnam (died 1844)
1781 - Valentin Gomez Farias, Mexican politician (died 1858)
1799 - Walenty Wankowicz, Polish painter (died 1842)
1800 - Emory Washburn, 22nd Governor of Massachusetts (died 1877)
1802 - John White, American politician (died 1845)
1812 – Alfred Thomas Agate, American artist (d. 1846)
1812 – Christopher Latham Sholes, American inventor, publisher and politician (died 1890)
1813 - Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Russian composer (died 1869)
1824 – Winfield Scott Hancock, American general (died 1886)
1835 - Piet Paaltiens, Dutch poet and minister (died 1894)
1838 - Margaret E. Knight, American inventor (died 1914)
1839 - Hermann Hankel, German mathematician (died 1873)
1847 - Maria Pia of Savoy, of Portugal (died 1911)
1847 – Anna Howard Shaw, English-born American women's suffrage leader (died 1919)
1848 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (died 1934)
1851 1900
1855 – Vsevolod Garshin, Russian writer (died 1888)
1856 – Frank Harris, Irish writer and editor (died 1931)
1859 – George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., American engineer, inventor of the Ferris Wheel (died 1896)
1860 - Eugen Schiffer, German politician (died 1954)
1864 - Robert E. Park, American sociologist (died 1944)
1869 – Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, Scottish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1959)
1871 - Gerda Lundequist, Swedish actress (died 1959)
1878 - Koki Hirota, Prime Minister of Japan (died 1948)
1882 - John Barrymore, American actor (died 1942)
1884 - Nils Olof Chrisander, Swedish actor and movie director (died 1947)
1884 - Kostas Varnalis, Greek poet (died 1974)
1884 – Hezekiah M. Washburn, missionary (died 1972)
1885 - Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-born Pakistani philosopher (died 1949)
1890 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (died 1956)
1891 - Katherine Stinson, American pilot (died 1977)
1892 - Radola Gajda, Czech commander and politician (died 1948)
1894 – Jack Benny, American actor and comedian (died 1974)
1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (died 1973)
1898 – Bill Tilman, English mountaineer and explorer (died 1977)
1898 – Fritz Zwicky, Swiss-American physicist and astronomer (died 1974)
1901 1950
1902 - Alexander Abusch, German journalist, writer and politician (died 1982)
1902 – Thelma Ritter, American actress (died 1969)
1903 – Stu Erwin, American actor (died 1967)
1907 - Sven Andersson, Swedish footballer (died 1981)
1907 – Johnny Longden, British-American jockey (died 2003)
1912 – Tibor Sekelj, Croatian explorer (died 1988)
1913 – Mel Allen, American sports reporter (died 1996)
1913 – Woody Hayes, American college football coach (died 1987)
1913 – Jimmy Hoffa, American labor union leader (disappeared 1975)
1916 – Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese director
1916 – Marcel Bigeard, French military officer (died 2010)
1916 – Edward Platt, American actor (died 1974)
1917 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (died 2011)
1920 - Albert Barillé, Polish-French television producer, screenwriter and cartoonist (d. 2009)
1921 – Hugh Downs, American game show host
1924 - Patricia Knatchbull, 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma
1924 - Peg Murray, American actress and singer
1927 – Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (died 2007)
1928 - Sergey Kapitsa, Russian scientist (died 2012)
1928 - William Allain, Governor of Mississippi (died 2013)
1929 – Vic Morrow, American actor (died 1982)
1931 - Newton de Sordi, Brazilian footballer (died 2013)
1931 – Brian Kelly, American actor (died 2005)
1931 - Margarita Lozano, Spanish actress
1932 – Alexander Kluge, German actor and movie director
1932 - Harriet Andersson, Swedish actress
1933 - Robert Shea, American author (died 1994)
1934 – Michel Corboz, Swiss conductor
1934 – Florence Henderson, American actress and singer (died 2016)
1934 - Herwig Wolfram, Austrian historian
1935 - David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn, Scottish academic and diplomat, 27th Governor of Hong Kong
1935 - Krystyna Sienkiewicz, Polish actress and singer (died 2017)
1936 – Fanne Foxe, Argentine dancer
1936 – Andrew Prine, American actor
1939 - Eugene Fama, American economist
1939 - Blowfly, American musician, singer and songwriter (died 2016)
1940 - Mary Rand, British athlete
1941 – Donna Shalala, American politician, educator
1941 – Paul Tsongas, U.S. Senator (died 1997)
1942 - Piotr Szczepanik, Polish singer
1942 – Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City
1943 - Ischa Meijer, Dutch journalist, writer, actor and television presenter (died 1995)
1943 – Maceo Parker, American musician (P-Funk)
1944 – Carl Bernstein, American journalist
1944 – Alan Parker, British movie director and writer
1944 - Ronnie Peterson, Swedish racing driver (died 1987)
1945 – Frank Welker, American actor
1945 – Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
1945 - Ladislao Mazurkiewicz, Uruguayan footballer (died 2013)
1946 – Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (died 2003)
1946 - Ainsley Gotto, Australian political staffer and interior designer (died 2018)
1946 – Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (died 2003)
1947 – Judd Gregg, American politician, former Governor of New Hampshire
1947 - Tim Buckley, American singer-songwriter (died 1975)
1947 - Heide Rosendahl, German athlete
1948 – Pat O'Brien, American sportscaster and television host
1948 – Teller, American magician (Penn and Teller)
1951 1975
1951 – Kevin Keegan, English footballer
1951 - JoJo Starbuck, American ice skater
1952 - Sushma Swaraj, Indian politician
1953 – Hans Krankl, Austrian footballer
1953 - Sergey Mironov, Russian politician
1956 - Howard Davis, Jr., American boxer (died 2015)
1959 – Renée Fleming, American soprano
1960 – Jim Kelly, American football player
1960 – Meg Tilly, Canadian actress
1962 – Josef Hader, Austrian comedian and actor
1962 – Kevyn Aucoin, American cosmetologist
1963 - Philippe Sella, French rugby player
1963 – Enrico Colantoni, Canadian actor
1963 – Zach Galligan, American actor
1963 – Guildo Horn, German singer
1966 – Petr Svoboda, Czech ice hockey player
1967 – Manuela Maleeva, Bulgarian tennis player
1967 – Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
1967 – Stelios Haji-Ioannou, Cypriot-British airline entrepreneur
1968 – Jules Asner, American model and television personality
1968 - Latifa, Tunisian singer
1968 - Scott McClellan, 25th White House Press Secretary
1970 – Simon Pegg, English comedian, writer, and actor
1970 - Giuseppe Guerini, Italian cyclist
1971 – Noriko Sakai, Japanese singer
1971 - Kris Aquino, Filipina television host, actress and model
1971 - Nelson Frazier, Jr., American professional wrestler (d. 2014)
1972 - Hiroshi, Japanese comedian
1972 – Drew Bledsoe, American football player
1972 - Jann Tallinn, Estonian programmer and physicist
1972 – Rob Thomas, American musician (matchbox twenty)
1973 - Yuka Sato, Japanese figure skater
1973 – Deena Kastor, American marathon runner
1973 – Steve McNair, American football player (died in 2009)
1974 - Filippa Giordano, Italian singer
1974 - Valentina Vezzali, Italian fencer and politician
1975 - Xie Hui, Chinese footballer
From 1976
1977 – Cadel Evans, cyclist, first Australian Tour de France winner
1977 - Darren Bennett, English dancer
1978 - Dean Gaffney, English actor
1978 – Richard Hamilton, American basketball player
1979 – Antonio Chatman, American football player
1980 – Fatima Leyva, Mexican footballer
1981 - Brad Halsey, American baseball player (d. 2014)
1982 – Matteo Brighi, Italian footballer
1983 – Bacary Sagna, French footballer
1984 – Hamed Namouchi, Tunisian footballer
1985 - Lee Hae-ri, South Korean singer and actress
1985 – Philippe Senderos, Swiss footballer
1986 - Tiffany Thornton, American actress
1987 – Edinson Cavani, Uruguayan footballer
1987 - Yulia Savicheva, Russian singer
1988 - Angel Di Maria, Argentine footballer
1988 – Asia Nitollano, American dancer and reality show contestant
1989 - Adam Matuszczak, Polish footballer
1989 - Emma Miskew, Canadian curler
1989 - Brandon Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player
1989 - Kristian Thomas, English gymnast
1990 - Brett Dier, Canadian actor
1992 - Christian Eriksen, Danish footballer
1992 – Freddie Highmore, British actor
1993 - Shane Harper, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and actor
1994 – Paul Butcher, American actor
1995 - Nikita Tregubov, Russian skeleton bobsledder
1997 - Breel Embolo, Cameroonian-Swiss footballer
Deaths
Up to 1900
270 – Saint Valentine
869 - Saint Cyril, Greek monk, scholar, theologian and linguist (b. 827)
1229 - Ragnvald Godredson, King of the Isles
1317 - Margaret of France, Queen of England (b. 1282)
1400 – King Richard II of England (b. 1367)
1405 – Timur, Mongol ruler (b. 1336)
1714 – Maria Luisa of Savoy, Queen Consort of Spain (b. 1688)
1737 - Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1685)
1779 – James Cook, British naval officer and explorer (b. 1728)
1782 – Singu Min, King of Burma (b. 1756)
1808 - John Dickinson, Governor of Delaware and Pennsylvania (b. 1732)
1831 - Vicente Guerrero, Mexican revolutionary hero (b. 1782)
1831 - Henry Maudslay, English inventor (b. 1771)
1834 - John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth, British politician (b. 1751)
1881 - Fernando Wood, Mayor of New York City (b. 1812)
1884 - Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, wife of Theodore Roosevelt (b. 1861)
1891 – William Tecumseh Sherman, American general (b. 1820)
1894 - Eugene Charles Catalan, Belgian mathematician (b. 1814)
1901 2000
1901 - Edward Stafford, 3rd Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1819)
1910 - Giovanni Passannante, Italian anarchist (b. 1849)
1922 - Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish politician (b. 1880)
1929 - Thomas Burke, American sprinter (b. 1875)
1929 - Frank Gusenberg, American gangster (b. 1892)
1929 - Peter Gusenberg, American gangster (b. 1899)
1930 - Thomas Mackenzie, Scottish-New Zealand politician, 18th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1853)
1938 – Christian Lous Lange, Norwegian politician (b. 1869)
1943 - Dora Gerson, German actress, cabaret singer and Holocaust victim (b. 1899)
1943 – David Hilbert, German mathematician (b. 1862)
1948 - Mordecai Brown, American baseball player (b. 1876)
1958 - Abdur Rab Nishtar, Pakistani politician (b. 1899)
1959 - Baby Dodds, American jazz drummer (b. 1898)
1967 - Sig Ruman, German-American actor (b. 1884)
1969 – Vito Genovese, American gangster (b. 1897)
1975 - Julian Huxley, English biologist (b. 1887)
1975 – P. G. Wodehouse, English writer (b. 1881)
1980 - Rudra Baruah, Indian singer-songwriter (b. 1926)
1983 – Lina Radke, German athlete (b. 1903)
1988 - Frederick Loewe, Austrian-American composer (b. 1901)
1989 – Albert Hawke, Australian politician (b. 1900)
1994 – Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer (b. 1936)
1995 – U Nu, Burmese politician (b. 1907)
1995 - Ischa Meijer, Dutch journalist, writer, actor and television presenter (b. 1943)
1996 – Bob Paisley, English football manager (b. 1919)
1996 – McLean Stevenson, American actor (b. 1929)
1999 - John Ehrlichman, American politician (b. 1925)
1999 - Buddy Knox, American singer-songwriter (b. 1933)
From 2001
2002 – Nandor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer (b. 1922)
2003 – Dolly the Sheep, cloned mammal (b. 1996)
2003 – Johnny Longden, British-American jockey (b. 1907)
2004 – Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
2005 – Rafik Hariri, Lebanese businessman and politician (b. 1944)
2010 – Dick Francis, British jockey and writer (b. 1920)
2011 – George Shearing, English-born American jazz pianist (b. 1919)
2013 - Reeva Steenkamp, South African model (b. 1983)
2013 - Ronald Dworkin, American philosopher (b. 1931)
2014 - Remo Capitani, Italian actor (b. 1927)
2014 - James Condon, Australian actor (b. 1923)
2014 - Tom Finney, English footballer (b. 1922)
2014 - Bob L. Harris, American actor (b. 1922)
2014 - Ferry Hoogendijk, Dutch political scientist (b. 1933)
2014 - Ken Jones, English actor (b. 1930)
2014 - Mike Stepovich, American politician, last-surviving territorial Governor in the US (in Alaska) (b. 1919)
2014 - Edward J. Walsh, American journalist (b. 1942)
2015 - Wim Ruska, Dutch judoka (b. 1940)
2015 - Michele Ferrero, Italian businessman (b. 1925)
2015 - Louis Jourdan, French actor (b. 1921)
2015 - Philip Levine, American poet (b. 1928)
2015 - Pamela Cundell, English actress (b. 1920)
2015 - Franjo Mihalic, Serbian runner (b. 1920)
2016 - Muriel Casals i Couturier, Spanish economist (b. 1945)
2016 - Ali Brownlee, English radio sports broadcaster (b. 1959)
2016 - Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, English politician (b. 1928)
2016 - Wieslaw Rudkowski, Polish boxer (b. 1946)
2017 - Hans Trass, Estonian botanist (b. 1928)
2017 - Cipriano Chemello, Italian cyclist (b. 1945)
2017 - Siegfried Herrmann, German long-distance runner (b. 1932)
2017 - Elisabeth Lichtenberger, Austrian geographer (b. 1925)
2018 - Lerone Bennett Jr., American scholar, author and editor (b. 1928)
2018 - Don Carter, American businessman (b. 1935)
2018 - Antoni Krauze, Polish screenwriter and director (b. 1940)
2018 - Ruud Lubbers, former Prime minister of the Netherlands (b. 1939)
2018 - Morgan Tsvangirai, Zimbabwean politician, opposition leader and 2nd Prime minister of Zimbabwe (b. 1952)
Observances
Valentine's Day
Statehood Day in Arizona and Oregon
Days of the year |
8065 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903 | 1903 | 1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.
Aer, music, theatre, literature
Edwin S. Porter's The Great Train Robbery is released.
Events
December 17 – Orville Wright of the Wright brothers flies an airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Abeerden Football Club founded in Scotland.
Births
Date unknown – Cigerxwîn, Kurdish polymath
May 3 – Bing Crosby, American singer and actor (d. 1977)
June 19 – Lou Gehrig, baseball player (d. 1941)
June 21 – Al Hirschfeld, American caricaturist (d. 2003)
June 25 – George Orwell, English writer (d. 1950)
July 2 – Alec Douglas-Home, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
Deaths
May 8 – Paul Gauguin, French painter
nv:1901 – 1950 |
8066 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fantastic%20Four | The Fantastic Four | The Fantastic Four is a team of superheroes. The team originally first appeared in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It was published by Marvel Comics starting in 1961. They also appeared in several cartoons and films as well.
The members of the group are scientist Reed Richards, his girlfriend/wife Sue Storm, her teenage brother Johnny Storm, and Ben Grimm, a friend of them. While test flying a rocket ship, they are affected by cosmic rays, and gain superpowers. Richards becomes "Mr. Fantastic" who can stretch his limbs and body for long distances and sizes. Sue became the "Invisible Girl/Woman" who could make herself invisible, create force fields, and other things. Johnny transformed into the "Human Torch" who can become a giant ball of fire. Ben turned into a rock-like creature with super-strength, called "The Thing".
They decide to use these powers for good and work from their laboratory in a New York City skyscraper.
Marvel Comics adapted into movies |
8070 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Barker | Bob Barker | Robert William "Bob" Barker (born December 12, 1923) is an American retired television game show host and animal rights activist. He is best known for hosting CBS's The Price is Right from 1972 to 2007 and for hosting Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1974.
Early life
Barker was born Robert William Barker on December 12, 1923 in Darrington, Washington. He is of Sioux descent. Barker studied at Drury College.
Career
Barker started hosting Truth or Consequences on December 31, 1956 and continued with the program until 1974. On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived End of the Rainbow for NBC. In 1967, Barker hosted the short-lived game show The Family Game. In 1971, Barker began creating a TV pilot for a game show called Simon Says. In 1980, Barker hosted a series called That's My Line for Goodson-Todman. It was cancelled in September 1981.
The Price is Right
On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of The Price Is Right. On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: renounced hair dye and allowed his hair to turn gray.
In 2006, The Price Is Right marked its 35th consecutive year on the air. It is the longest-running game show of all time in North America, and at the time was the last surviving show in the daytime game show genre.
On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from The Price Is Right in June 2007. He taped his final episode on June 6, 2007, with the show airing twice on June 15.
Movies
He was also seen acting as himself in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy movie Happy Gilmore.
Awards
He is the winner of nineteen Daytime Emmy Awards. Barker won the MTV Award for Best Fight with Adam Sandler for his fight scene in Happy Gilmore.
Personal life
Barker married Dorothy Jo Gideon in 1945. They had three children. Barker lives in Los Angeles, California. Despite retiring from television, Barker is an active animal rights activist. In 1993, Dian Parkinson sued Barker for sexual harassment. She asked for $8 million during the lawsuit. The lawsuit was dropped in 1995.
Health
Barker is a skin cancer survivor. On September 17, 2010, Barker collapsed at an L.A. shooting range. He was treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for an adverse drug reaction and released.
Longevity
Barker broke Johnny Carson's record for continuous performances on the same network television show with twenty-nine years.
References
Other websites
Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
1923 births
Living people
American activists
American game show hosts
Emmy Award winners
Entertainers from Washington
Skin cancer survivors
People from Springfield, Missouri |
8071 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connect%20Four | Connect Four | Connect Four is a simple game. To win, players must put four of the same color markers in the yellow square so that they touch.
Gameplay
Example:
0= White Marker
o= Black Marker
An example of winning connect four: the player can see the 4 o's all connected together in a pattern.
oooo
An example of a move that does not let the player win:
0oo0
Games |
8073 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo%20DS | Nintendo DS | The Nintendo DS (also known as DS, NDS, or the DS Phat) is a handheld system from Nintendo. Development began in mid-2002 and it was released in 2004/2005. It has a successor called the Nintendo 3DS, the very first 3D handheld, which also plays DS games. The DS is a small, nearly pocket-size fold-up machine that lets people play video games. The games are stored on small cartridges which are like memory card chips from digital cameras. Some games, such as Super Mario 64 DS, were released on the same day as the original DS.
For most of Nintendo's systems, there have been no load times, except for the GameCube and Wii. With the DS, a level in the game loads up quickly, just like with Game Boy games. This is because cartridges can be read a lot quicker than DVDs.
The DS also has many new features. It has a new surround sound system. The DS (as well as the DS Lite) also has backwards compatibility with the Game Boy Advance (only single-player mode). However, the DS and DS Lite are incapable of playing the Game Boy or Game Boy Color games. The DS features a touch screen, a screen often used for extra gameplay (like a PDA). The DS packaging comes with two styluses.
Competition
The Nintendo DS is one of the rivals of Sony's PlayStation Portable. However, both Nintendo and Sony state that their products were aimed at different people, so there is "technically" no competition. The DS has currently sold more units than the PSP has. In 2011, the DS briefly held the record for best-selling game console overall.
Handheld revisions
Nintendo DS Lite
Nintendo later developed and newer variation of the Nintendo DS, known as the Nintendo DS Lite. It was first announced on January 26, 2006 and released on March 2, 2006 in Japan, on June 1, 2006 in Australia, on June 11, 2006 in North America, on June 23, 2006 in Europe, and on January 18, 2007 in South Korea.
The DS Lite is compatible with the same games. It is smaller, lighter, and brighter and features a backlit screen. Because of its design, the Game Boy Advance games stick out in Slot 2. The second slot also features a cover for players to when not in use. The DS Lite is sold in white, black, pink, blue, red, and silver. This console even has colors such as metallic rose, metallic silver, and black with white.
Nintendo DSi
On October 2, 2008, Nintendo announced a third model titled the Nintendo DSi. It was released in Japan in 2008 and in 2009/2010 worldwide. It is bigger, thinner, and brighter than the DS Lite and the Game Boy Advance slot was removed (in place of an SD Card), which caused a lot of disappointment when it came out. Development of the DSi began in late 2006, shortly after the release of the DS Lite.
Nintendo DSi XL
A year later, Nintendo announced a fourth and final model in the DS family called the Nintendo DSi XL (called Nintendo DSi LL in Japan). Announced on October 29, 2009, it was released in Japan in 2009 and in 2010 worldwide. It is a larger version of the DSi and the biggest, heaviest, widest, and brightest of the four models. Like the DSi, the Game Boy Advance slot was removed.
Best-selling games
Some of the DS'''s best-selling games are Nintendogs, Super Mario 64 DS, Mario Kart DS, New Super Mario Bros., Brain Age, Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, and Advance Wars: Dual Strike.
Accessories
There are many accessories for the Nintendo DS, including different coloured styluses and protective cases. Some protective cases include the highly durable Nerf cases. Most DS systems have a screen protector and a car adapter, used to charge the DS in a car.
Sales
In total, the DS'' family has sold 154.9 million units as of July 15, 2021, making it the best-selling handheld of all time, the best-selling Nintendo console, and overall, the second best-selling system behind the PlayStation 2. It has currently beat the record of its sibling console (The Game Boy/Game Boy Color), which has sold 118.69 million.
References
Nintendo video game consoles
Handheld video games |
8074 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%20Neill | Sam Neill | Nigel James Dermot "Sam" Neill (born 14 September 1947 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland) is a New Zealand actor. He has been in lots of movies. Neill has been in Jurassic Park, Dead Calm, Event Horizon, Sirens and lots of other very famous movies. In recent years, he appeared in Thor: Ragnarok (2017) and Peter Rabbit (2018).
Neill was born on 14 September 1947 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland to a New Zealander father and English mother. He moved to New Zealand in 1954. He studied at Christ's College, Canterbury and at University of Canterbury. Neill was married to Lisa Harrow until they divorced in 1989. Then he was married to Noriko Watanabe. He has two children. Neill has New Zealand and Irish citizenships.
References
Other websites
Two Paddocks official website
Actors from Northern Ireland
Irish movie actors
Irish stage actors
Irish television actors
Irish voice actors
New Zealand movie actors
New Zealand stage actors
New Zealand television actors
New Zealand voice actors
People from South Island
1947 births
Living people |
8081 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%2018 | March 18 |
Events
Up to 1900
1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula, leaves up to 20,000 dead.
1229 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, declares himself King of Jerusalem in the Sixth Crusade.
1241 – First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelm Polish armies in Kraków in the Battle of Chmielnik and plunder the city.
1314 – Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and final Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.
1438 – Albert II of Habsburg becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
1608 – Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia.
1644 – The Third Anglo-Powhatan War begins in the Colony of Virginia.
1741 – New York governor George Clarke's complex at Fort George is burned in an arson attack, starting the New York Conspiracy of 1741.
1766 – American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act.
1793 – The first modern republic in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.
1793 – Flanders Campaign of the French Revolution, Battle of Neerwinden.
1834 – Six farm labourers from Tolpuddle, Dorset, England are sentenced to be transported to Australia for forming a trade union.
1848 – March Revolution: In Berlin there is a struggle between citizens and military, costing about 300 lives.
1850 – American Express is founded by Henry Wells and William Fargo.
1865 – American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States adjourns for the last time.
1871 – Declaration of the Paris Commune; President of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers, orders the evacuation of Paris.
1874 – Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States granting exclusive trade rights.
1892 – Former Governor General Lord Stanley pledges to donate a silver challenge cup as an award for the best hockey team in Canada; it was later named after him as the Stanley Cup.
1901 – 1950
1902 – Macario Sakay issues Presidential Order No. 1 of his Tagalog Republic.
1913 – King George I of Greece is assassinated in the recently liberated city of Thessaloniki.
1915 – World War I: During the Battle of Gallipoli, three battleships are sunk during a failed British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles.
1921 – The second Peace of Riga is signed between Poland and the Soviet Union.
1922 – In India, Mohandas Gandhi is sentenced to six years in prison for civil disobedience, of which he serves only two.
1925 – The Tri-State Tornado hits the Midwestern states of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, killing 695 people.
1937 – The New London School explosion in New London, Texas, kills 300 people, mostly children.
1937 – Spanish Civil War: Spanish Republican forces defeat the Italians at the Battle of Guadalajara.
1938 – Mexico creates Pemex by expropriating all foreign-owned oil reserves and facilities.
1940 – World War II: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass in the Alps and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom.
1942 – The War Relocation Authority is established in the United States to take Japanese Americans into custody.
1944 – Mount Vesuvius in Naples, Italy erupts killing 26 people and causing thousands to leave their homes.
1948 – Soviet consultants leave Yugoslavia in the first sign of the Tito–Stalin Split.
1951 – 1975
1953 – An earthquake hits western Turkey, killing 265 people.
1959 – The Hawaii Admission Act is signed into law.
1962 – The Évian Accords end the Algerian War of Independence, which had begun in 1954.
1965 – Cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space.
1967 – The supertanker runs aground off the Cornish coast.
1968 – Gold standard: The United States Congress repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back US currency.
1969 – Operation Menu: The United States begins secretly bombing the Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia, used by communist forces to get into South Vietnam.
1970 – Lon Nol ousts Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.
1971 – Peru: a landslide crashes into Yanawayin Lake, killing 200 people at the mining camp of Chungar.
1980 – 1980 Plesetsk launch pad disaster: A Vostok-2M rocket at Plesetsk Cosmodrome Site 43 explodes during a fueling operation, killing 48 people.
1990 – Germans in the German Democratic Republic vote in the first democratic elections in the former communist dictatorship.
1990 – In the largest art theft in United States history, 12 paintings, collectively worth around $500 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston.
1994 – Bosnia's Bosniaks and Croats sign the Washington Agreement, ending war between the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1996 – Ozone Disco Club fire: A nightclub fire in Quezon City, Philippines kills 162 people.
1997 – The tail of a Russian Antonov An-24 charter plane breaks off while en route to Turkey causing the plane to crash and killing all 50 people on board.
From 2001
2012 – Joachim Gauck becomes President of Germany.
2014 – The parliaments of Russia and Crimea sign an accession treaty.
2015 – The Bardo National Museum in Tunisia is attacked by gunmen. 23 people, almost all tourists, are killed, and at least 50 other people are wounded.
2018 – Vladimir Putin is re-elected as President of Russia.
2019 – Three people are killed in a shooting on a tram in Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Births
Up to 1800
1075 – Al-Zamakhshari, Persian scholar and theologian (d. 1144)
1395 – John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, English military commander (d. 1447)
1495 – Mary Tudor, Queen of France (d. 1533)
1548 – Cornelis Ketel, Dutch painter (d. 1616)
1552 – Polykarp Leyser the Elder, German theologian (d. 1610)
1555 – Francis, Duke of Anjou (d. 1584)
1578 – Adam Elsheimer, German painter (d. 1610)
1590 – Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Portuguese historian and poet (d. 1649)
1597 – Jérôme le Royer de la Dauversière, French religious leader, founded the Société Notre-Dame de Montréal (d. 1659)
1603 – Simon Bradstreet, English colonial magistrate (d. 1697)
1609 – Frederick III of Denmark (d. 1670)
1634 – Madame de La Fayette, French author (d. 1693)
1640 – Philippe de La Hire, French mathematician and astronomer (d. 1719)
1657 – Giuseppe Ottavio Pitoni, Italian organist and composer (d. 1743)
1690 – Christian Goldbach, Prussian-German mathematician and academic (d. 1764)
1701 – Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish businessman and philanthropist, co-founded the Swedish East India Company (d. 1776)
1733 – Christoph Friedrich Nicolai, German author and bookseller (d. 1811)
1780 – Miloš Obrenović, Serbian prince (d. 1860)
1782 – John C. Calhoun, American lawyer and politician, 7th Vice President of the United States (d. 1850)
1789 – Charlotte Elliott, English poet, hymn writer, editor (d. 1871)
1798 – Francis Lieber, German-American jurist and philosopher (d. 1872)
1801 – 1850
1813 – Christian Friedrich Hebbel, German poet and playwright (d. 1864)
1814 – Jacob Bunn, American businessman (d. 1897)
1819 – James McCulloch, Scottish-Australian politician, 5th Premier of Victoria (d. 1893)
1820 – John Plankinton, American businessman and industrialist, also noted for philanthropy (d. 1891)
1823 – Antoine Chanzy, French general (d. 1883)
1828 – Randal Cremer, English activist and politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate (d. 1908)
1837 – Grover Cleveland, American lawyer and politician, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (d. 1908)
1840 – William Cosmo Monkhouse, English poet and critic (d. 1901)
1842 – Stéphane Mallarmé, French poet and critic (d. 1898)
1844 – Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Russian composer and academic (d. 1908)
1846 – Kicking Bear, Native American tribal leader (d. 1904)
1848 – Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, American architect and engineer (d. 1938)
1851 – 1900
1858 – Rudolf Diesel, German engineer, invented the Diesel engine (d. 1913)
1862 – Eugène Jansson, Swedish painter (d. 1915)
1863 – William Sulzer, American lawyer and politician, 39th Governor of New York (d. 1941)
1869 – Neville Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1940)
1870 – Agnes Sime Baxter, Canadian mathematician (d. 1917)
1874 – Nikolai Berdyaev, Russian-French philosopher and theologian (d. 1948)
1877 – Edgar Cayce, American mystic and psychic (d. 1945)
1877 – Clem Hill, Australian cricketer and engineer (d. 1945)
1878 – Percival Perry, 1st Baron Perry, English businessman (d. 1956)
1882 – Gian Francesco Malipiero, Italian composer and educator (d. 1973)
1884 – Bernard Cronin, English-Australian journalist and author (d. 1968)
1886 – Edward Everett Horton, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 1970)
1890 – Henri Decoin, French director and screenwriter (d. 1969)
1893 – Costante Girardengo, Italian cyclist (d. 1978)
1893 – Wilfred Owen, English soldier and poet (d. 1918)
1901 – 1925
1901 – Manly Palmer Hall, Canadian mystic, author & philosopher (d. 1990)
1901 – William Johnson, American painter (d. 1970)
1903 – Galeazzo Ciano, Italian journalist and politician, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs (d. 1944)
1903 – E. O. Plauen, German cartoonist (d. 1944)
1904 – Srečko Kosovel, Slovenian poet and author (d. 1926)
1904 – Margaret Tucker, Australian author and activist (d. 1996)
1905 – Thomas Townsend Brown, American physicist and engineer (d. 1985)
1905 – Robert Donat, English actor (d. 1958)
1907 – John Zachary Young, English zoologist and neurophysiologist (d. 1997)
1908 – Loulou Gasté, French composer (d. 1995)
1909 – Ernest Gallo, American businessman, co-founded the E & J Gallo Winery (d. 2007)
1909 – C. Walter Hodges, English author and illustrator (d. 2004)
1911 – Smiley Burnette, American singer-songwriter and actor (d. 1967)
1912 – Art Gilmore, American voice actor and announcer (d. 2010)
1913 – René Clément, French director and screenwriter (d. 1996)
1913 – Werner Mölders, German colonel and pilot (d. 1941)
1915 – Richard Condon, American author and screenwriter (d. 1996)
1922 – Egon Bahr, German journalist and politician, Federal Minister for Special Affairs of Germany (d. 2015)
1922 – Seymour Martin Lipset, American sociologist and academic (d. 2006)
1922 – Fred Shuttlesworth, American activist, co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (d. 2011)
1923 – Andy Granatelli, American race car driver and businessman (d. 2013)
1925 – Alessandro Alessandroni, Italian musician (d. 2017)
1925 – James Pickles, English journalist, lawyer, and judge (d. 2010)
1926 – 1950
1926 – Peter Graves, American actor and director (d. 2010)
1927 – John Kander, American pianist and composer
1927 – George Plimpton, American journalist and actor (d. 2003)
1927 – Lillian Vernon, German-American businesswoman and philanthropist, founded the Lillian Vernon Company (d. 2015)
1928 – Miguel Poblet, Spanish cyclist (d. 2013)
1928 – Fidel V. Ramos, Filipino general and politician, 12th President of the Philippines
1929 – Samuel Pisar, Polish-American lawyer and author (d. 2015)
1930 – James J. Andrews, American mathematician and academic (d. 1998)
1931 – John Fraser, Scottish actor
1932 – John Updike, American novelist, short story writer, and critic (d. 2009)
1933 – Unita Blackwell, American activist and politician
1934 – Roy Chapman, English footballer and manager (d. 1983)
1934 – Charley Pride, American country music singer and musician
1935 – Ole Barndorff-Nielsen, Danish mathematician and statistician
1935 – Frances Cress Welsing, American psychiatrist and author (d. 2016)
1936 – F. W. de Klerk, South African lawyer and politician, 2nd State President of South Africa, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2021)
1937 – Rudi Altig, German cyclist and sportscaster (d. 2016)
1937 – Mark Donohue, American race car driver (d. 1975)
1938 – Carl Gottlieb, American actor and screenwriter
1938 – Shashi Kapoor, Indian actor and producer (d. 2017)
1938 – Kenny Lynch, English singer-songwriter and actor
1938 – Timo Mäkinen, Finnish race car driver (d. 2017)
1938 – Machiko Soga, Japanese actress (d. 2006)
1939 – Ron Atkinson, English footballer and manager
1939 – Jean-Pierre Wallez, French violinist and conductor
1940 – Mark Medoff, American playwright and screenwriter (d. 2019)
1941 – Wilson Pickett, American singer-songwriter (d. 2006)
1942 – Kathleen Collins, African-American filmmaker and playwright (d. 1988)
1943 – Dennis Linde, American singer-songwriter (d. 2006)
1944 – Amnon Lipkin-Shahak, Israeli general and politician, 22nd Transportation Minister of Israel (d. 2012)
1944 – Frank McRae, American football player and actor
1944 – Dick Smith, Australian publisher and businessman, founded Dick Smith Electronics and Australian Geographic
1945 – Hiroh Kikai, Japanese photographer
1945 – Michael Reagan, American journalist and radio host
1945 – Susan Tyrrell, American actress (d. 2012)
1945 – Eric Woolfson, Scottish singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (d. 2009)
1946 – Michel Leclère, French race car driver
1947 – Patrick Barlow, English actor and playwright
1947 – Patrick Chesnais, French actor, director, and screenwriter
1947 – David Lloyd, English cricketer, journalist, and sportscaster
1947 – B. J. Wilson, English rock drummer (d. 1990)
1948 – Guy Lapointe, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1948 – Brian Lloyd, Welsh footballer
1948 – Eknath Solkar, Indian cricketer (d. 2005)
1949 – Åse Kleveland, Norwegian singer and politician, Norwegian Minister of Culture
1950 – James Conlon, American conductor and educator
1950 – Brad Dourif, American actor
1950 – Linda Partridge, English geneticist and academic
1950 – Larry Perkins, Australian race car driver
1951 – 1975
1951 – Paul Barber, English actor
1951 – Ben Cohen, American businessman and philanthropist, co-founded Ben and Jerry's
1951 – Bill Frisell, American guitarist and composer
1951 – Timothy N. Philpot, American lawyer, author, and judge
1952 – Will Durst, American journalist and actor
1952 – Pat Eddery, Irish jockey and trainer (d. 2015)
1952 – Bernie Tormé, Irish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1952 – Mike Webster, American football player (d. 2002)
1952 – Salome Zourabichvili, President of Georgia
1953 – Franz Wright, Austrian-American poet and translator (d. 2015)
1953 – Takashi Yoshimatsu, Japanese composer
1955 – Francis G. Slay, American lawyer and politician, 45th Mayor of St. Louis
1955 – Jeff Stelling, English journalist and game show host
1956 – Rick Martel, Canadian wrestler
1956 – Deborah Jeane Palfrey, American madam (d. 2008)
1956 – Ingemar Stenmark, Swedish skier
1957 – Christer Fuglesang, Swedish physicist and astronaut
1958 – Richard de Zoysa, Sri Lankan journalist and author (d. 1990)
1959 – Luc Besson, French director, producer, and screenwriter, founded EuropaCorp
1960 – Richard Biggs, American actor (d. 2004)
1960 – Guy Carbonneau, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1960 – James Plaskett, Cypriot-English chess player
1961 – Grant Hart, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2017)
1962 – Michael Andrews, Australian rugby league player
1962 – Irene Cara, American singer-songwriter, actress, and producer
1962 – Brian Fisher, American baseball player
1962 – Thomas Ian Griffith, American actor and martial artist
1962 – James McMurtry, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
1962 – Etsushi Toyokawa, Japanese actor and director
1962 – Volker Weidler, German race car driver and engineer
1963 – Jeff LaBar, American guitarist
1963 – Vanessa L. Williams, American model, actress, and singer
1964 – Bonnie Blair, American speed skater
1964 – Alex Caffi, Italian race car driver
1964 – Jo Churchill, British politician
1964 – Courtney Pine, English saxophonist and clarinet player
1964 – Isabel Noronha, Mozambican movie director
1966 – Jerry Cantrell, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1966 – Peter Jones, English businessman
1966 – Brian Watts, Canadian golfer
1967 – Miki Berenyi, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1968 – Prince Eudes, Duke of Angoulême
1968 – Miguel Herrera, Mexican footballer and manager
1968 – Temur Ketsbaia, Georgian footballer and manager
1968 – Paul Marsden, English businessman and politician
1969 – Andy Cutting, English accordion player and composer
1969 – Vassily Ivanchuk, Ukrainian chess player
1969 – Jimmy Morales, Guatemalan comedian and politician, President of Guatemala
1969 – Shaun Udal, English cricketer
1970 – Queen Latifah, American rapper, producer, and actress
1971 – Wayne Arthurs, Australian tennis player
1971 – Mike Bell, American wrestler (d. 2008)
1971 – Mariaan de Swardt, South African-American tennis player, coach, and sportscaster
1971 – Kitty Ussher, English economist and politician
1972 – Dane Cook, American comedian, actor, director, and producer
1972 – Reince Priebus, American lawyer and politician, 27th White House Chief of Staff
1973 – Luci Christian, American voice actress and screenwriter
1974 – Laure Savasta, French basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
1974 – Stuart Zender, English bass player, songwriter, and producer
1975 – Sutton Foster, American actress, singer, and dancer
1975 – Brian Griese, American football player and sportscaster
1975 – Kimmo Timonen, Finnish ice hockey player
1975 – Tomas Žvirgždauskas, Lithuanian footballer
From 1976
1976 – Giovanna Antonelli, Brazilian actress and producer
1976 – Tomo Ohka, Japanese baseball player
1976 – Scott Podsednik, American baseball player
1976 – Mike Quackenbush, American wrestler, trainer, and author, founded Chikara wrestling promotion
1977 – Zdeno Chára, Slovak ice hockey player
1977 – Alex Jones, Welsh television presenter
1977 – Danny Murphy, English footballer and sportscaster
1977 – Fernando Rodney, Dominican-American baseball player
1977 – Willy Sagnol, French footballer and manager
1977 – Terrmel Sledge, American baseball player and coach
1978 – Fernandão, Brazilian footballer and manager (d. 2014)
1978 – Brooke Hanson, Australian swimmer
1978 – Brian Scalabrine, American basketball player, coach, and sportscaster
1978 – Jonas Wallerstedt, Swedish footballer, coach, and manager
1979 – Adam Levine, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and television personality
1980 – Sébastien Frey, French footballer
1980 – Sophia Myles, English actress
1980 – Alexei Yagudin, Russian figure skater
1981 – Tora Berger, Norwegian biathlete
1981 – Fabian Cancellara, Swiss cyclist
1981 – Leslie Djhone, French sprinter
1981 – Jang Na-ra, South Korean singer and actress
1981 – Kasib Powell, American basketball player
1981 – Tom Starke, German footballer
1981 – Doug Warren, American soccer player
1981 – Lovro Zovko, Croatian tennis player
1982 – Mantorras, Angolan footballer
1982 – Chad Cordero, American baseball player
1982 – Timo Glock, German race car driver
1982 – Adam Pally, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1983 – Ethan Carter III, American wrestler
1983 – Stéphanie Cohen-Aloro, French tennis player
1983 – Andy Sonnanstine, American baseball player
1983 – Tomasz Stolpa, Polish footballer
1984 – Simone Padoin, Italian footballer
1984 – Rajeev Ram, American tennis player
1984 – Vonzell Solomon, American singer and actress
1985 – Ana Beatriz, Brazilian race car driver
1985 – Marvin Humes, English singer
1985 – Vince Lia, Australian footballer
1986 – Lykke Li, Swedish singer-songwriter
1986 – Abdennour Chérif El-Ouazzani, Algerian footballer
1987 – Rebecca Soni, American swimmer
1989 – Francesco Checcucci, Italian footballer
1989 – Lily Collins, English-American actress
1989 – Shreevats Goswami, Indian cricketer
1989 – Kana Nishino, Japanese singer-songwriter
1989 – Paul Marc Rousseau, Canadian guitarist and producer
1991 – Dylan Mattingly, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1991 – Sam Williams, Australian rugby league player
1992 – Ryan Truex, American race car driver
1992 – Takuya Terada, Japanese singer, actor, and model
1997 – Ciara Bravo, American actress
1997 – Rieko Ioane, New Zealand rugby union player
Deaths
Up to 1900
978 – Edward the Martyr, English king (b. 962)
1076 – Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Burgundy (b. 1018)
1086 – Anselm of Lucca, Italian bishop (b. 1036)
1227 – Pope Honorius III (b. 1148)
1272 – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (b. 1246)
1308 – Yuri I of Galicia
1314 – Jacques de Molay, Frankish knight (b. 1244)
1314 – Geoffroy de Charney, Preceptor of Normandy for the Knights Templar
1321 – Matthew III Csák, Hungarian oligarch (b. c.1260/5)
1582 – Juan Jauregui, attempted assassin of William I of Orange (b. 1562)
1675 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (b. 1606)
1689 – John Dixwell, English soldier and politician (b. 1607)
1745 – Robert Walpole, English scholar and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1676)
1768 – Laurence Sterne, Irish novelist and clergyman (b. 1713)
1781 – Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, French economist and politician, Controller-General of Finances (b. 1727)
1823 – Jean-Baptiste Bréval, French cellist and composer (b. 1753)
1835 – Christian Günther von Bernstorff, Danish-Prussian politician and diplomat (b. 1769)
1845 – Johnny Appleseed, American gardener and missionary (b. 1774)
1871 – Augustus De Morgan, Indian-English mathematician and academic (b. 1806)
1898 – Matilda Joslyn Gage, American author and activist (b. 1826)
1900 – Hjalmar Kiærskou, Danish botanist (b. 1835)
1901 – 2000
1907 – Marcellin Berthelot, French chemist and politician, French Minister of Foreign Affairs (b. 1827)
1913 – George I of Greece (b. 1845)
1918 – Henry Janeway Hardenbergh, American architect, designed the Plaza Hotel (b. 1847)
1930 – Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, American painter (b. 1863)
1936 – Eleftherios Venizelos, Greek journalist, lawyer, and politician, 93rd Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1864)
1939 – Henry Simpson Lunn, English businessman, founded Lunn Poly (b. 1859)
1941 – Henri Cornet, French cyclist (b. 1884)
1947 – William C. Durant, American businessman, co-founded General Motors and Chevrolet (b. 1861)
1954 – Walter Mead, English cricketer (b. 1868)
1956 – Louis Bromfield, American environmentalist and author (b. 1896)
1962 – Walter W. Bacon, American accountant and politician, 60th Governor of Delaware (b. 1880)
1964 – Sigfrid Edström, Swedish businessman, 4th President of the International Olympic Committee (b. 1870)
1965 – Farouk of Egypt (b. 1920)
1973 – Johannes Aavik, Estonian philologist and poet (b. 1880)
1977 – Marien Ngouabi, Congolese politician, President of the Republic of the Congo (b. 1938)
1977 – Carlos Pace, Brazilian race car driver (b. 1944)
1978 – Leigh Brackett, American author and screenwriter (b. 1915)
1978 – Peggy Wood, American actress (b. 1892)
1980 – Erich Fromm, German psychologist and philosopher (b. 1900)
1982 – Patrick Smith, Irish farmer and politician, Minister for Agriculture, Food and the Marine (b. 1901)
1983 – Umberto II of Italy (b. 1904)
1984 – Charley Lau, American baseball player and coach (b. 1933)
1986 – Bernard Malamud, American novelist and short story writer (b. 1914)
1988 – Billy Butterfield, American trumpet player and cornet player (b. 1917)
1990 – Robin Harris, American comedian (b. 1953)
1993 – Kenneth E. Boulding, English-American economist and activist (b. 1910)
1996 – Odysseas Elytis, Greek poet and critic, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
2000 – Eberhard Bethge, German theologian and academic (b. 1909)
From 2001
2001 – John Phillips, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Mamas & the Papas) (b. 1935)
2002 – R. A. Lafferty, American soldier and author (b. 1914)
2003 – Karl Kling, German race car driver (b. 1910)
2003 – Adam Osborne, Thai-English engineer and businessman, founded the Osborne Computer Corporation (b. 1939)
2004 – Harrison McCain, Canadian businessman, co-founded McCain Foods (b. 1927)
2006 – Dan Gibson, Canadian photographer and cinematographer (b. 1922)
2007 – Bob Woolmer, Indian-English cricketer, coach, and sportscaster (b. 1948)
2008 – Anthony Minghella, English director and screenwriter (b. 1954)
2009 – Omid Reza Mir Sayafi, Iranian journalist and blogger (b. 1980)
2009 – Natasha Richardson, English-American actress (b. 1963)
2010 – Fess Parker, American actor and businessman (b. 1924)
2011 – Warren Christopher, American lawyer and politician, 63rd United States Secretary of State (b. 1925)
2012 – Furman Bisher, American journalist and author (b. 1918)
2012 – William R. Charette, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1932)
2012 – William G. Moore Jr., American general (b. 1920)
2012 – George Tupou V of Tonga (b. 1948)
2013 – Muhammad Mahmood Alam, Pakistani general and pilot (b. 1935)
2013 – Henry Bromell, American novelist, screenwriter, and director (b. 1947)
2013 – Clay Ford, American lawyer and politician (b. 1938)
2014 – Catherine Obianuju Acholonu, Nigerian author, playwright, and academic (b. 1951)
2014 – Kaiser Kalambo, Zambian footballer, coach, and manager (b. 1953)
2014 – Lucius Shepard, American author and critic (b. 1943)
2015 – Zhao Dayu, Chinese footballer and manager (b. 1961)
2015 – Thomas Hopko, American priest and theologian (b. 1939)
2015 – Grace Ogot, Kenyan nurse, journalist, and politician (b. 1930)
2016 – Barry Hines, English author and screenwriter (b. 1939)
2016 – Jan Němec, Czech director and screenwriter (b. 1936)
2016 – Tray Walker, American football player (b. 1992)
2016 – Guido Westerwelle, German lawyer and politician, 15th Vice-Chancellor of Germany (b. 1961)
2017 – Chuck Berry, American guitarist, singer and songwriter (b. 1926)
2017 – Sergei Gimayev, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1955)
2017 – Ashwin Sundar Indian racing driver (b. 1985)
2017 – Miloslav Vlk, Czech cardinal (b. 1932)
2017 – Bernie Wrightson, American illustrator and comic book artist (b. 1948)
2018 – Barkat Gourad Hamadou, former Prime minister of Djibouti (b. 1930)
2018 – Li Ao, Chinese-Taiwanese social commentator and historian (b. 1935)
2018 – Ivor Richard, Baron Richard, British politician and diplomat (b. 1932)
2019 – Egon Balas, Romanian mathematician (b. 1922)
2019 – György Baló, Hungarian broadcaster (b. 1947)
2019 – John Carl Buechler, American visual effects artist, actor and movie director (b. 1952)
2019 – Jerrie Cobb, American aviator (b. 1931)
2019 – Kenneth To, Hong Kong-Australian swimmer (b. 1992)
Holidays and observances
Anniversary of the Oil Expropriation (Mexico)
Christian feast day:
Alexander of Jerusalem
Anselm of Lucca
Cyril of Jerusalem
Edward the Martyr
Fridianus
Salvator
March 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Earliest date on which Holy Wednesday can fall, while April 21 is the latest; celebrated on the week before Easter (Christianity)
Flag Day (Aruba)
Gallipoli Memorial Day (Turkey)
Men's and Soldiers' Day (Mongolia)
Ordnance Factories' Day (India)
Sheelah's Day (Ireland, Canada, Australia)
Teacher's Day (Syria)
References
Days of the year |
8092 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928 | 1928 | 1928 (MCMXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar. It was a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the obsolete Julian calendar. It was also the last year when the Julian calendar was used until Tuesday, January 1, 1929, when every state in the entire world had adopted the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January 31 – Leon Trotsky is exiled to Kazakhstan
February 8 – British inventor John Logie Baird sends the first television signal across the Atlantic Ocean, from London to New York
May 7 – The United Kingdom gives equal voting rights to women by passing the Representation of the People Act. This law allows women to vote when they are 21 years old, like men. Before this, women could not vote until they were 30.
June 9 – Australian flyer Charles Kingsford Smith finishes the first airplane flight across the Pacific Ocean.
September 28 – Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin
October 2 – Josemaria Escriva starts Opus Dei.
Births
January 5 – Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, 9th Prime Minister of Pakistan and 4th President (died 1979).
March 6 - Glyn Owen, Welsh actor (died 2004)
March 20 – Fred Rogers, American television children's program host and writer (died 2003).
April 23 – Shirley Temple, American child actress and diplomat (died 2014).
May 4 – Hosni Mubarak, 4th President of Egypt and Prime Minister (died 2020).
May 23 - Nigel Davenport, British actor (died 2013).
June 14 – Che Guevara, Argentinian Marxist revolutionary (died 1967).
July 26 – Stanley Kubrick, American movie director (died 1999).
August 22 – Karlheinz Stockhausen, German composer (died 2007).
December 1 - Malachi Throne, American television actor (died 2013).
December 30 – Bo Diddley, American rock and roll musician (died 2008).
Deaths
February 4 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and mathematician |
8093 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteor | Meteor | A meteor is what you see when a space rock falls to Earth. It is often known as a shooting star or falling star and can be a bright light in the night sky, though most are faint. A few survive long enough to hit the ground. That is called a meteorite, and a large one sometimes leaves a hole in the ground called a crater.
A rock that has not yet hit the atmosphere is called a "meteoroid". Meteoroids may range in size from large pieces of rock to tiny dust particles floating in space that did not form planets. When the meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere they are usually going faster than the Earth's escape velocity of 13 km/sec or Mach 40. This makes them heat up and usually break apart. When the heat makes them glow, they are known as meteors.
Meteors are distinct from comets or asteroids, but some, especially those associated with meteor showers, are dust particles that came out of comets.
There are several types of meteorites including: stony, carbonaceous chondrites, and iron-nickel. Stony meteorites are named because they are largely made up of stone-like mineral material. Carbonaceous chondrites have a high carbon content. Iron-nickel meteorites are mostly iron often with significant nickel as well.
Meteorites were often during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Nowadays they sometimes hurt people and property. The 2013 Russian meteor event did the most damage. Large meteorite strikes may have played a part in several of the mass extinctions, and so indirectly on the course of evolution. (see K/T extinction event; List of extinction events; Chicxulub crater)
Meteorite types
Chondrites
Chondrites are stony (non-metallic) meteorites that are as old as the Solar System: 4.55 billion years. They sometimes contain amino acids and other organic molecules.
They have not been modified due to melting or other disturbances. They are formed when various types of dust and small grains that were present in the early solar system accreted to form primitive asteroids. They are the most common type of meteorite that falls to Earth: they are about 85 or 86 percent of all meteorites.
Their study gives clues about the origin and age of the Solar System, the synthesis of organic compounds, the origin of life or the presence of water on Earth. Chondrites can be differentiated from iron meteorites by their low iron and nickel content.
Achondrites
About 8 percent of meteorites show signs of melting and recrystallizing. They look rather like basalt or granite.
Iron meteorites
Iron meteorites are meteorites made of an iron–nickel alloy. They are about 6 percent of all meteorites. This comes from the inner cores of early small proto-planets. The iron found in iron meteorites was one of the earliest sources of usable iron, before humans invented smelting. That signalled the beginning of the iron age. Iron meteorites are easily found, because native iron is rare.
Siderolites
Siderolites are stony-iron meteorites that have almost equal parts of iron and silicates. They are quite rare: only about 1 percent of all meteorites are siderolites.
Related pages
Meteor burst communication
Panspermia
References |
8099 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Similarity | Similarity | Similarity can mean:
In mathematics:
Similarity (geometry), when a shape looks the same as another shape, but has a different size or rotation
Matrix similarity, a relation between matrices
In computer science:
String metric, or string similarity
Semantic similarity in computational linguistics
In other fields:
In psychology, similarity (psychology)
In music, musical similarity
In chemistry, chemical similarity
Related pages
Difference
Equality (mathematics)
Identity (philosophy) |
8105 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notepad | Notepad | Notepad is a word processing program, which allows changing of text in a computer file. Notepad was created by the Microsoft corporation. It is a text editor, a very simple word processor. It has been a part of Microsoft Windows since 1985. The program has options such as changing the font, the font size, and the font style. The most common use for Notepad is to view or change (edit) text (.txt) files, though .dat and .ini files can be changed in Notpad as well. Many users find Notepad a simple program for creating webpages.
Unlike using special software programs to create webpages, a Notepad user must write their webpages directly in the HTML markup language.
Word processors
Microsoft Windows software |
8106 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck | Max Planck | Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 in Kiel – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen) was a physicist from Germany. He discovered quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in physics.
Life
Planck came from an old fashioned, intelligent family. His great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge.
Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck; of his given names, Marx (a now not used variant of Markus or maybe simply an error for Max, which is actually short for Maximilian) was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name Max and used this for the rest of his life.
He was the sixth child in the family, although two of his brothers and sisters were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.
References
Other websites
Reflexions a propòsit de la teoria dels quanta (Simone Weil)
1858 births
1947 deaths
German academics
German Nobel Prize winners
German theoretical physicists |
8109 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Leno | Jay Leno | James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno (; born April 28, 1950) is an American comedian, actor, screenwriter, producer, television host and television presenter.
Early life
Leno was born James Douglas Muir Leno in New Rochelle, New York on April 28, 1950. His homemaker mother Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993) was born in Greenock, Scotland and came to the United States at the age of 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), who worked as an insurance salesman, was born in New York, to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy. Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts and even though his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973. Leno's only sibling was his late older brother Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran and a lawyer.
Career
The Tonight Show
Leno worked on late night television. He became host of The Tonight Show in 1992 when Johnny Carson retired. In 2007, during the writer's strike, Leno sided with the writers, even though he returned to his show after two months (without the writers besides himself) so that his staff would not be out of work. Despite leading the late-night ratings, he was forced out as host of the Tonight Show in 2009 to make way for Conan O'Brien. On March 1, 2010, became The Tonight Show host once again, because of poor ratings with both himself and Conan O'Brien. Leno hosted his last episode of the Tonight Show on February 6, 2014.
The Jay Leno Show
He now stars in his own prime-time comedy show The Jay Leno Show, which debuted on September 14, 2009.
Acting
He guest-starred twice on the Nickelodeon TV series The Fairly OddParents as the Crimson Chin. His character's name uses the fact that Leno has a large and square chin.
Personal life
Since 1980, Leno has been married to Mavis Leno; they have no children by mutual agreement. Leno is dyslexic.
References
Other websites
Official Tonight Show with Jay Leno web site
Jay Leno's Car Collection
Jay Leno's Columns at Octane magazine
The New York Times on Leno's affiliation with McPherson College
Live performance videos from the Tonight Show
1950 births
Living people
Actors from New York
People from New Rochelle, New York
American movie actors
American television talk show hosts
Comedians from New York
Emmy Award winners |
8110 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver | Vancouver | Vancouver is a coastal city and major seaport on the mainland of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. The city has a population of over 630,000 and is the largest city in British Columbia. Metro Vancouver has a population of over 2 million people. That makes it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has a mix of people from different cultures. Fifty-two percent of city residents have a first language that is not English.
History
Native People began living in this area around 10,000-8,000 years ago. These people were part of three main groups: the Squamish, Musqueam, and Tsleil-Waututh.
Vancouver was founded in 1886, and is named after British naval captain George Vancouver. Captain Vancouver explored the area around Vancouver and Vancouver Island in the 1790s.
Buildings and information
The University of British Columbia is in Vancouver.
Vancouver also has Stanley Park which has beaches and totem poles. Nearby is Grouse Mountain which has good skiing and has a 2.9 km (1.8 mi.) hiking trail which is known as the Grouse Grind. Grouse Mountain also has an animal sanctuary, including wolves and bears.
The Lions Gate Bridge is also in Stanley Park, Vancouver.
Sports
Vancouver has two ice hockey teams, the Vancouver Canucks (who play for the National Hockey League) and the Vancouver Giants (who play for the Western Hockey League).
The BC Lions of the Canadian Football League are based in Vancouver. The team has won 6 Grey Cups.
In soccer, Vancouver is home to the Vancouver Whitecaps FC. They play in the Major League Soccer (MLS).
The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver and it was the first time Canada won a gold medal on Canadian soil.
Geography
Vancouver is on a peninsula on the West Coast of Canada, less than a one-hour drive north of the Canada-U.S. border.
Between Vancouver and the Pacific Ocean to the west is a large island called Vancouver Island. Until the city was named in 1885, "Vancouver" referred to Vancouver Island. Some people mistakenly think that the city is on Vancouver Island.
On the south shore of Vancouver is the Fraser River, which flows west into the Strait of Georgia. The water along the north shore is called Burrard Inlet.
The city has an area of 114 square kilometres (44 sq mi). The larger metropolitan area is 2,878 square kilometres (1,111 sq mi).
As with most of British Columbia, Vancouver is in the Pacific Time Zone (UTC−8).
Climate
Vancouver has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification). The average precipitation per year is 1189 mm, mostly from October to April. High temperatures in the summer average 22 °C. The highest temperature ever recorded was 34.4 °C on July 30, 2009. On average, snow falls on only 11 days per year. The snow is usually wet, not very deep, and melts in the rain. On average, on only 4.5 days a year does the temperature not rise above freezing.
Housing in Vancouver
Vancouver has had a housing affordability crisis for many years. It came in as the second-least affordable housing market compared with 90 other metropolitan areas in different countries. The only place considered less affordable was Hong Kong.
Vancouver has been criticized for saying that it provides many social housing units to residents. However social housing can refer to small apartments renting for $1,700 per month. There are people with household incomes of up to $120,000 living in social housing in Vancouver.
The government has been attempting to address the housing crisis situation by imposing a series of taxes such as the Foreign-buyers tax and Empty Homes Tax in 2016 and Speculation tax in 2018.
Rents in Vancouver were very high, and apartment vacancies were very low in 2019.
Media
Vancouver Stations
CBUT (CBC)
CKVU (Citytv)
CHAN (Global Television Network)
CKNO (Knowledge Network)
Notable people
Notes
References
Other websites
Official City of Vancouver website
Tourism Vancouver
Olympic cities |
8111 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax | Halifax | Halifax (demonym Haligonian) may refer to:
Places
Australia
Halifax Bay, North Queensland
Canada
British Columbia
Halifax Range, a mountain range
Nova Scotia
Halifax (electoral district), a federal electoral district since Confederation
Halifax Regional Municipality, capital of Nova Scotia, established in 1996, which includes:
Halifax (former city), the former city
Halifax County, Nova Scotia, the former county
Mainland Halifax, a region of the Municipality
Halifax Peninsula, part of the core of the Municipality
Metropolitan Halifax, urban part of the Municipality
Halifax Stanfield International Airport, built in Enfield in 1960
Halifax West, a federal electoral district since 1979
Prince Edward Island
Halifax Parish, Prince Edward Island
United Kingdom
Halifax, West Yorkshire, England (original source of the word "Halifax")
Halifax (UK Parliament constituency)
United States
Halifax, Massachusetts, in Plymouth County
Halifax (MBTA station)
Halifax County, North Carolina (named for George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax)
Halifax, North Carolina
Halifax Township, Pennsylvania, in Dauphin County
Halifax, Pennsylvania
Halifax, Vermont, in Windham County
Halifax County, Virginia (named for George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax)
Halifax, Virginia
Halifax River, in Florida (named for George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax)
Companies
Halifax (United Kingdom bank), part of the Lloyds Banking Group
Halifax (Irish bank), part of the Lloyds Banking Group
Music and television
Halifax f.p., an Australian television drama series
Halifax (band), an American rock band
The Halifax III, a 1960s Canadian folk music band
Military
Halifax Regiment (Duke of Wellington's)
Handley Page Halifax, a British bomber plane during World War II
Halifax-class frigate, of the Canadian Navy
, the name of two Canadian naval vessels
HMCS Halifax (FFH 330), the lead ship of the Halifax class
HMCS Halifax (K237), a World War II Flower class corvette for convoy escort duties
HMS Halifax, the name of several Royal Navy ships
HMS Halifax (1756), a 22-gun sloop launched in 1756 and captured by the French in the same year at Oswego
HMS Halifax (1768), a 10-gun schooner originally built for merchant service at Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1765. Purchased in 1768 by the British Royal Navy and wrecked in 1775
HMS Halifax (1775), a schooner purchased in 1775 and sold 1780
HMS Halifax (1780), an 18-gun sloop, originally called the USS Ranger, renamed after the ship was captured from the United States Navy on 11 May 1780, and sold in 1781
HMS Halifax (1782), a 10-gun schooner purchased in 1782 and sold in 1784
HMS Halifax (1806), an 18-gun sloop launched in 1806 at Halifax, Nova Scotia and broken up in 1814
People
Surname
William Halifax, Lord Stirling (1786–1871)
Joan Halifax (born 1942), Zen Buddhist roshi
Titled
Marquess of Halifax, a British title created once
George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax (1633–1695)
Earl of Halifax, a British title created four times and held by, among others:
Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax (1661–1715)
George Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax (1685–1739)
George Montague-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (1716–1771)
Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax (1800–1885)
Charles Wood, 2nd Viscount Halifax (1839–1934)
E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (1881–1959) (created Earl of Halifax in 1944)
Charles Wood, 2nd Earl of Halifax (1912–1980)
Charles Wood, 3rd Earl of Halifax (1944- )
Fictional
John Halifax, central character of John Halifax, Gentleman, 1856 novel
Sports
Halifax RLFC, a rugby league club
F.C. Halifax Town, a football club
Halifax Town A.F.C., was an English football club, prior to 2009
Halifax Mooseheads a QMJHL team
Other
Halifax College, a college of the University of York, England
Halifax Explosion, a 1917 explosion in Halifax, Nova Scotia caused by a ship collision
Halifax Gibbet, an early guillotine
Related pages
Surnames |
8112 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut | Nunavut | Nunavut is a territory in Canada. It is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was founded in 1999 when many Inuit living in the Northwest Territories wanted to have an independent province and government. Its capital is named Iqaluit. It is in the north of Canada, and has a particularly cold climate for much of the year. It has many native people (mainly Inuit).
The main form of transportation is the snowmobile. For the first week of being a separate unit, it was the Province of Nunavut, but after a week it was renamed Nunavut Territory.
A symbol of the territory is the Eskimo Dog (). Even today, some people still use these dogs.
Gallery
References
1999 establishments in Canada
Provinces and territories of Canada |
8113 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Martin | Steve Martin | Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American comedian, actor, writer, producer and musician.
Early years
Martin was born in Waco, Texas to Glenn Vernon Martin, a real estate salesman and aspiring actor, and Mary Lee Stewart, a housewife. Martin was raised in Inglewood, California and Garden Grove, California. He is of English, French, German, Irish and Scottish descent.
As a teenager, Martin started out working at the Magic Shop at Disneyland. There he developed his talents for magic, juggling, playing the banjo and creating balloon animals. He teamed up with friend and Garden Grove High School classmate Kathy Westmoreland to do a musical comedy routine. They performed at local coffee houses and at the Bird Cage Theater in Knott's Berry Farm. Martin attended Santa Ana College at the same time as actress Diane Keaton.
Martin majored in philosophy at California State University, Long Beach, but dropped out. His time there changed his life:
"It changed what I believe and what I think about everything. I majored in philosophy. Something about non-sequiturs appealed to me. In philosophy, I started studying logic, and they were talking about cause and effect, and you start to realize, 'Hey, there is no cause and effect! There is no logic! There is no anything!' Then it gets real easy to write this stuff, because all you have to do is twist everything hard—you twist the punch line, you twist the non-sequitur so hard away from the things that set it up, that it's easy... and it's thrilling."
Martin's girlfriend in 1967 was a dancer on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour. She helped Martin get a writing job with the show by submitting his work to head writer Mason Williams. Williams initially paid Martin out of his own pocket. Along with the other writers for the show, Martin won an Emmy Award in 1969. Martin also wrote for John Denver (a neighbor of his in Aspen, Colorado at one point), The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. He also appeared on these shows and several others, in various comedy skits.
Martin also performed his own material, sometimes as an opening act for groups such as The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and The Carpenters. He appeared at San Francisco's The Boarding House among other places. He continued to write, earning an Emmy nomination for his work on Van Dyke and Company in 1976.
Fame
In the mid-1970s, he made appearances as a stand-up comedian on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. That exposure, together with appearances on HBO's On Location and NBC's Saturday Night Live (SNL) led to his first of four comedy albums, Let's Get Small. The album was a huge success.
His next album, A Wild and Crazy Guy, was a bigger success. It reached the #2 spot on the sales chart in the United States. It created a catch phrase (the album's title). It was based on an SNL skit in which Martin and Dan Aykroyd played a couple of bumbling Czechoslovakian playboys. The album was a million seller.
Both albums won Grammys for Best Comedy Recording in 1977 and 1978 respectively.
Movie career
Martin's first movie was a short, The Absent-Minded Waiter (1977). The seven-minute long movie, also featuring Buck Henry and Teri Garr, was written by and starred Martin. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Short Film, Live Action. His first feature movie appearance was in the musical Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. He sang the Beatles' Maxwell's Silver Hammer.
In 1979, Martin wrote and starred in his first full-length movie, The Jerk, directed by Carl Reiner. The movie was a huge success, grossing over $73 million. Martin was in three more Reiner-directed comedies after The Jerk: Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid in 1982, The Man with Two Brains in 1983 and All of Me in 1984. In 1986, Martin joined fellow Saturday Night Live veterans Martin Short and Chevy Chase in ¡Three Amigos!, directed by John Landis.
In 1986, Martin was in the musical movie version of the hit off-Broadway play Little Shop of Horrors as a sadistic dentist, Orin Scrivello.
In 1987, Martin joined comedian John Candy in the John Hughes movie, Planes, Trains and Automobiles. That same year, the Cyrano de Bergerac adaptation Roxanne won him a Writers Guild of America award. In 1988, he did Dirty Rotten Scoundrels with Michael Caine and directed by Frank Oz.
In 2005, Martin wrote and starred in Shopgirl. Martin played a wealthy businessman who strikes up a romance with a Saks 5th Avenue counter girl (Claire Danes). He also starred in Cheaper by the Dozen 2 that year. Martin's latest work was in the 2006 remake of The Pink Panther.
Other websites
1945 births
Living people
Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Actors from Texas
American movie actors
Movie directors from Los Angeles County, California
Movie directors from Texas
Movie producers from Los Angeles County, California
Movie producers from Texas
American screenwriters
American television actors
Comedians from Los Angeles County, California
Comedians from Texas
Emmy Award winners
Grammy Award winners
Mark Twain Prize recipients
Actors from Orange County, California
People from Waco, Texas
Writers from Los Angeles County, California
Writers from Texas |
8114 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Attenborough | Richard Attenborough | Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough, (; 29 August 1923 – 24 August 2014) was an English movie producer, director and actor.
Early life and education
He was born in Cambridge, England. Attenborough left his home when he was 17 to attend the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London. He earned his first West End theatre role, then went to national stardom in the play Brighton Rock.
Career
Attenborough later became a producer and director. He produced and directed the movie Gandhi. Attenborough said that the movie Gandhi was his dream project and waited years to make it. Gandhi won 5 British Academy Awards and 8 American Oscars. In 1983 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. In his movie roles, he is mostly known for his roles in The Great Escape and in Jurassic Park. He was the older brother of naturalist David Attenborough.
After years of poor health, Attenborough died in London of heart failure on 24 August 2014, five days before his 91st birthday.
His movies
References
Other websites
Academy Award winning directors
Actors from Cambridgeshire
BAFTA Award winners
English movie actors
English movie directors
English movie producers
English stage actors
English television actors
People from Cambridge
1923 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Deaths from heart failure |
8118 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin%20Williams | Robin Williams | Robin McLaurin Williams (July 21, 1951 – August 11, 2014) was an American actor and stand-up comedian. He first became famous on the television show Mork and Mindy. He starred in many movies.
On August 11, 2014, Williams was found dead in his home. His death was believed to have been a suicide by asphyxiation.
Early life
Williams was born in Chicago, Illinois on July 21, 1951. His father Robert Fitzgerald Williams (September 10, 1906 – October 18, 1987) worked for Ford Motor Company. His mother Laura McLaurin (née Smith, September 24, 1922 – September 4, 2001) was a former model from New Orleans, Louisiana. His great-great-grandfather on his mother's side was Mississippi senator and governor Anselm J. McLaurin. Williams' ancestors were English, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, German, and French.
When he was young, Williams lived in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan and in Marin County, California. He studied at Redwood High School and at Claremont McKenna College. He studied to become an actor at the Julliard School in New York City and at the College of Marin.
Career
After his family moved to Marin County, Williams began his career doing stand-up comedy shows in the San Francisco Bay Area in the mid-1970s. His first performance took place at the Holy City Zoo, a comedy club in San Francisco, where he worked his way up from tending bar to getting on stage.
Williams became famous for his role as Mork in the television series Mork & Mindy (1978–1982). His idol Jonathan Winters also appeared in the show. Williams went on to a successful career in both stand-up comedy and movie acting.
He acted in the movies The World According to Garp, Good Morning, Vietnam, Dead Poets Society, Awakenings, The Fisher King, Good Will Hunting, Popeye, Hook, Aladdin, Mrs. Doubtfire, Jumanji, The Birdcage, Night at the Museum, and Happy Feet.
Williams appeared in the music video for "Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin. In 2013, Williams starred as President Dwight D. Eisenhower in Lee Daniels' The Butler.
Before his death, Williams starred in the short-lived comedy The Crazy Ones. It was cancelled shortly before his death.
Once Williams got angry with Disney for using his voice as the Genie in Aladdin to sell merchandise for the movie. Disney tried to apologize to Williams. The Disney company bought a Picasso painting for him.
Awards
Williams was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor three times. He received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Good Will Hunting. He received two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and five Grammy Awards.
Personal life
Williams married Valerie Velardi in 1978. They divorced in 1988. In 1989, Williams married Marsha Garces. She divorced him in 2008. Williams married Susan Schneider in 2011. Their marriage lasted until Williams' death in 2014. Williams had a son with Velardi. He had a daughter and son with Garces. His son, Zak Williams, is an actor, businessman, and filmmaker. His daughter, Zelda Williams, is an actress.
Williams lived in San Francisco and Paradise Cay in California.
Health
Williams was an alcoholic. He was also addicted to cocaine. He had strong depression in the final years of his life. On March 13, 2009, he had surgery to fix an aortic valve. The surgery was successful. One month before his death, Williams went to rehab for his alcoholism. Williams' widow stated that he had been diagnosed with early stage Parkinson's disease before his death, but the actor was "not yet ready to share publicly" this information. In November 2014, it was revealed that Williams had Lewy body dementia.
Death
On August 11, 2014 at about 11:45 am, Williams was found at his home by his personal assistant. About ten minutes later, a 911 call was made saying that Williams was not reacting or breathing. He was pronounced dead at 12:02 pm, shortly after emergency personnel arrived.
The Marin County Sheriff's department said the cause of death was probably asphyxia by hanging. Williams was also found with cuts on his wrist.
Williams was cremated. His ashes were scattered in the San Francisco Bay. On December 16, 2014, it was revealed that, as a result of his death, Williams was the fastest growing search term on Google in 2014.
Movies
Discography
1979: Reality...What a Concept!
1983: Throbbing Python of Love
1986: A Night at the Met
1987: Good Morning Vietnam Soundtrack
1988: Pecos Bill; narrated a children's book, with music by Ry Cooder
2003: Live 2002; recorded from a tour on Broadway, 2002
2010: Weapons of Self Destruction; filmed in Washington D.C. during Williams' national tour
References
Other websites
"RWF" The Robin Williams Fansite!
Robin Williams' Stand Up Comedy Acts a small video collection
Robin Williams Interview (License to Wed)
Robin Williams interview for License to Wed at TheCinemaSource.com
1951 births
2014 deaths
American movie actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Actors from Chicago
Actors from California
Actors who committed suicide
Comedians from Chicago
Comedians from California
American television writers
Movie producers from Chicago
Movie producers from California
Screenwriters from Chicago
Screenwriters from California
Television personalities from California
Television personalities from Chicago
Writers from California
Writers from Chicago
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Grammy Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Comedians who committed suicide
Suicide in the 2010s
Suicides by asphyxiation
Suicides in California
Writers who committed suicide
People with Parkinson's disease |
8121 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo | Bamboo | Bamboo is a name for over 1,400 species of giant grasses in 115 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in Africa, America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe.
Bamboo grows in clumps (although running varieties exist). The runners can be up to 40 metres (130 feet). David Farrelly, in his book The Book of Bamboo, says that bamboo has been measured to grow 1.21 meters (47.6 inches) in a 24-hour period. However, most bamboos (used for gardening) will grow more like 3 cm to 5 cm (1-2 inches) a day.
Almost all species of bamboo have hollow stems divided into nodes or joints. The stem can be up to 30 cm (a foot) in diameter. Each of the node has one side bud. Not all of those buds develop into branches, but some do. This makes bamboo one of the few grasses that have a branch structure. Bamboo rarely flowers. Some species only flower once, and then die off. The distance of two joints in a bamboo is the basis of a traditional Japanese unit of measurement, shaku.
Uses
Bamboo is used to make lots of things and is a construction material. The stems of larger trees are used to build houses, bridges, and other things that have to be constructed such as boat and wickerwork. It can be used for scaffolding. Bamboo is an easy construction material and not expensive.
Bamboo is almost the only food of giant pandas. The shoots can also be used as human food. Bamboo shoots are usually cooked before being eaten. Most temperate bamboos can be eaten without cooking if they are not too bitter.
As some may contain cyanogens, cooking is better. The only Phyllostachys known to have potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogens is Ph. heterocycla pubescens.
References |
8126 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan%20War | Trojan War | The Trojan War was one of the most important wars in the history of the late Bronze Age. It happened between the Trojans and the Greeks. It is mostly known through the Iliad, an epic poem written by the Ancient Greek poet Homer. carrying the dead Achilles, protected by Hermes (on the left) and Athena (on the right). Side 1 from an Attic black-figure neck-amphora, ~520-510 BC. The Louvre, Paris. In the middle 19th century scholars thought Troy and the war were mythical; that they never existed. However, Heinrich Schliemann discovered the site of ancient Troy, across the Aegean Sea on Asia Minor. The war may have taken place in the 12th century BC.
History of the Bronze Age and Troy
The Bronze Age was the first era known for humans to create tools and weapons made out of metal which replaced their stone versions. Beginning in about 3,300 B.C throughout the Middle East and parts of Asia, humans made many innovative advances throughout this age. Bronze Age civilizations interconnected through trade, war, migration, and innovation. However, the age ended quickly in 1200 B.C., when many civilizations fell at once. One of the most well known ancient civilizations to fall was the city of Troy. Branching off of the Mycenaean civilization and located in Histarlik, the northeast coast of Turkey, this ancient city dates back to over 2,700 years ago. Believed to be inhabited for almost 4,000 years beginning in 3,000 B.C., this civilization developed grand palaces by building on top of one city after another was destroyed. This formed into a human-made mound called a “tell”. Gert Jan van Wingaarden, in his book “Troy: City, Homer and Turkey,” writes, “ There is no one single Troy, there are at least 10, lying in layers on top of each other.” He says that the city of Troy contains many layers which is why archeological excavators have yet to reach the remains of the first settlement. Along with enhancing their city the Trojans developed their own writing system and occupied the Dardanelles, a narrow water channel connecting the Aegean Sea to the Black Sea. The writing system and water channel advanced the city of Troy into a powerful civilization which allowed for many allies to be made but also an arising rivalry. According to Homer’s story, Illiad, the civilization was doomed to fall as long as the Trojan King’s son, Alexander, remained alive due to a curse placed upon him at birth by Zeus. The story of the Trojan war concludes to why such an advanced and powerful civilization like Troy was able to be completely destroyed.
Mythic origin of the war
The origins of the war (in the Iliad) started at the wedding of King Peleus and the nereid (sea-nymph) Thetis. They had invited almost all the gods to their wedding. But they did not invite Eris, goddess of strife. She was angry and she threw a golden apple among the guests on which was written "To the Fairest". The goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite caught the apple at the same time and fought over who was the most beautiful. Because they could not end the fight by themselves, they went to Zeus, the king of the gods. Zeus chose Paris to decide, and give the apple to who he wanted. Each of the three goddesses offered Paris gifts so he would choose her. Hera offered Paris all of Asia. Athena offered wisdom.
Then Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman. Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite. Of course, Aphrodite had not thought about the fact that the most beautiful woman, Helen, Queen of Sparta, already had a husband (King Menelaus of Sparta). But Aphrodite had her son, Eros, shoot Helen with a golden arrow so she fell in love with Paris. They left for Troy. Menelaus, Helen's husband, declared war on Troy to retrieve his queen, now called Helen of Troy. This began the Trojan war.
Homer's Greek Gods
Greek gods play a large role in the myth of how the Trojan War was started. The reason gods were introduced to the Greek culture was to serve as an answer to the origin of man, as well as to offer authority figures that could be summoned when the Greek needed help. The Greek gods were believed to have a divine presence and were worshipped by many. They were an important aspect of Greek culture that flowed over into literature, art, and other topics. Many of Homer’s works include the involvement of Greek gods and goddesses. The gods that are seen throughout Homer’s works are immortal and they hold a lot of power. They have the power to know just about everything and are the highest in authority without any other power above them. The greatest of the gods is the family in which Zeus is the father. Throughout the majority of Homer’s writings, Zeus is so supreme that he is used to represent the collective power of gods and Zeus is so commonly mentioned. This is why in the origin of the Trojan War, the gods go to Zeus for resolutions of conflict. Unlike some works of writing and some cultures, the gods throughout Homer’s work have no relation to religion but are rather their own separate thing.
The Trojan horse
The war went on for ten years swinging to one side and then the other. Some of the leading fighters were Achilles, Paris, and Hector. The Greeks won by building a big wooden horse, which we now call the Trojan Horse. Greek soldiers hid inside the horse, and others put the horse on the shore and left in their boats. The Trojans saw the horse and thought that the Greeks had given up and left. They thought the horse was a gift in their honour. They dragged the horse into Troy and celebrated their victory. When night fell, the Greeks hiding inside the horse opened the city gates and set fire to the houses. The Greeks who had left in their boats had just pretended to leave, to trick the Trojans. They returned and won the war. The trick was thought up by Odysseus, King of the small island of Ithaca.
Allusions of the Trojan War
There are many versions to the story of the Trojan War. Two of the most famous of these stories are Homer’s poetry about this war in his books, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Full of exaggerations, distortions, contradictions, and pure fictions, these two books do not give a clear indication whether or not the Trojan war actually occurred. Homer wrote these stories based on the oral tradition of storytelling. Oral tradition has a tendency to not contain precise memories and can morph into different claims based on different cultural influences and intentions. For example, the Iliad is shown to have many similar aspects to characters and wars originating from stories throughout the Hellenic world, like the duel between Lycian Sapedon and Rhodian. These similarities in stories are not originally connected with Troy. This creates fundamental distortion which contains three principles. First, a heroic tradition may be constructed to seem as an event that holds more significance than it truly does. In Herodotus’s version of the Trojan War, he says “his narrative is presented as belonging to the realm of ‘what is said’ rather than ‘what is known.” He tries to present a credible source of the story by eliminating the gods by making Helen be the daughter of a human, Tyndareus, rather than the daughter of a god. He also makes Alexander (Paris) not judge on the beauty of the three goddesses and become convinced by Aphrodite’s promise to marry Helen. Instead, he steals Helen. He does this because humans decide on their own what is and is not credible about ancient civilizations. He knew the popular opinion would be that people do not see supernatural as credible but instead as fiction. Secondly, tradition may be picked up by regions and people who have no relation to the event. For example, different civilizations would use the information as “propagandistic purposes” to make their civilization look heroic or enemy civilizations remain monstrous. The process of passing down stories through word of mouth as the only source leads to inevitable change to the truth in the story through the different cultural influences of those telling the story. For example, if the Spartans were telling their perspective of the Trojan war compared to the Trojans, then the two stories will most likely be very different. Thirdly, the traditions may become distorted in time including the original main idea so that it is not recognizable from the rest of the evidence. This means that there most likely was a Trojan war. However, the war was not the same as what Homer states. The story is known to be part of spatium histoicum which is the clear belonging of a deep past in which accurate knowledge is difficult to obtain. For example there is also no written evidence to validate the Trojan war and archeologists can not yet provide evidence of who attacked Troy. This makes the storyline much easier to change and is why many researchers believe the Trojan war stories are about war with enemies created as a result of a copper shortage in Greece. At the time, the Trojans were the only ones that would have access to the copper supply in the Back Sea. Overall, these variations in the story of the Trojan war are not reliable sources to aid figuring out whether the Trojan war happened or not; however, they help give an understanding of the cultural background and intentions of the people during this era.
What really happened
There is no evidence proving the Trojan War did occur, rather there are accounts of information gathered from various excavations suggesting that if the Trojan War did occur, Hisarlik was most likely the site it did. Hisarlik consists of an ordinary low lying mound with some bits of broken pavement, building foundations, and walls. However, all in all, it is not extremely distinguishable from the rest of its surroundings. Visitors who visit Hisarlik can see a large wooden horse, built in more recent years, that serves as an aid in convincing individuals Hisarlik is the true site of Homer’s Troy. The origin of how the Trojan War was started lies in Homer’s poem, the Iliad. Hiller, the author of “Two Trojan Wars? On the Destructions of Troy VI and VII” reminds individuals that our trust in a historical Trojan War is rooted in Homer who is not a historian, but rather a poet. He also specified that because Homer is a poet, part of his role in creating content is exaggerating for better effect, and therefore evidence in support of a Trojan War needs to be independent from Homer’s epic. One point made by skeptics of the Trojan War was that it was extremely unlikely that a civilization would declare war and gather a fleet of hundreds of ships over a dispute of a woman, the original belief of the spark of conflict However, Bronze Age kings occasionally were willing to go to war over the abduction of any one of their subjects, but even more so when that subject was a family member. The information that will provide the most insight into the historical significance of the war are the excavations that occurred. The first step in establishing the physical location of the war is to find a clearly identifiable location for the war. This has not been done, although, currently Hisarlik is seen as the most identifiable. Even so, Heinrich Schliemann favored other locations as the official site of Troy before settling on Hisarlik. Heinrich Schliemann, perhaps the archaeologist most involved with the search of Troy, began excavations in Hisarlik in 1871. Because Troy is made of several settlements, another challenge was finding which of the layers were the most likely to match up with the war. Schliemann believed one of the earliest layers would have to be the site of Troy. Without much prior knowledge on excavation, Schliemann had his crew dig a trench through the site, which resulted in the destruction of several of the upper layers. The dwellings and what could be found on that level of the mound did not add up with Homer’s description with Troy, which then required excavation into the later layers. However, because Schliemann had destroyed most of the newer layers, there was only a little bit of the sixth settlement that survived, which does not provide for a large representation of the settlement. However, it was the sixth settlement that provided the best evidence of Troy’s existence. Pottery found on the site of Hisarlik showed that Troy VI most likely ended around the first ¾ of the thirteenth century. This sets the date for the war around 1250, if the war and Troy were to coincide. The date of 1250 is in very close proximity to the date given by Heredotos, a Greek historian and as well as given by other Classical Greek sources. This level also represented a peak period of the layers, once again supporting the idea that it truly was the site of the Trojan War. However, even with these pieces of evidence, the similar accounts between Homer’s Troy and Hisarlik are still generally slight and do not show any significant evidence. Another indication that the Trojan War may have occurred is that the excavation of Troy VI provided evidence that signified violent destruction. However, yet again there is no way to be certain whether the destruction was caused by humans or the environment, or both.
Trojan War in Pop Culture
Over the years, the story of the Trojan War has become an icon as an action-packed tv show like Troy: Fall of a City as well as a binge worthy fictional novel like Daughter of Troy by Dave Duncan. In order for creators to make these films and books portray as authentic, they add archeological information to aid the culture, history, clothing and supplies used to relate to the ancient civilization. Some examples include bronze blades and weapons which were artifacts introduced within the Bronze age, a walled city to portray the structure of the ancient cities within Greece, and the incorporation of the references to the Greek gods and goddesses watching every action they make to show their cultural beliefs. The incorporation of archeological information within pop culture is very relevant and an important aspect to making any type of film, image or novel a success.
Stories, books, movies
These are stories, books, movies, etc., that are about the Trojan War, or tell parts of its story:
the Iliad by Homer, does not tell the story of the Trojan War from the beginning, but only a part of the last year of the siege of Troy. Other parts of the war were told in a cycle of epic poems, which has only survived in fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets like Virgil and Ovid.
in the Odyssey by Homer, the main character Odysseus tells of the ten-year journey home after the Trojan War.
the Aeneid, by Virgil, tells the story of Aeneas, who fled from Troy at the end of the war.
Troy, is a movie about the Trojan War. The story was greatly changed in parts. It starred Brad Pitt, Eric Bana,and Orlando Bloom.
References
Wars involving Greece
Greek mythology |
8127 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise%20ship | Cruise ship | A cruise ship (or cruise liner or ocean liner) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year.
Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track. The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.
Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit.
Ship types
Tourism |
8128 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20Media%20Player | Windows Media Player | Windows Media Player is a digital media player made by Microsoft. It is already installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and an older version is available for some Apple Macintosh operating systems. The program allows people to watch certain video files and play music files that are in a compatible file format. How the program looks can also be changed with skins, and it can be made small enough to fit on the taskbar.
References
Other websites
Windows Media Player
A little Windows Media Player History
Microsoft software
Multimedia software |
8129 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listen%20Up | Listen Up | Listen Up! was a 2004 CBS television series. It was a sitcom starring Jason Alexander as Tony Kleinman, a sportscaster from the fictional "Listen Up!" His cohost is named Bernie, and is a hall of famer. Jason has a wife, Dana, and two kids, one named Mickey. Mickey is very good at golf, but gets low grades.
The series only lasted for one season, 22 episodes.
American sitcoms
2004 television series debuts
CBS network shows
English-language television programs |
8130 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic%20Park%20III | Jurassic Park III | Jurassic Park III is a 2001 American movie and the third Jurassic Park movie. It follows The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Paul Kirby, who says he is a rich business owner, convinces Dr. Alan Grant and his assistant, Billy Brennan, to take him and his wife to Isla Sorna as a vacation and serve as a guide. Actually, Kirby and his wife want to search for their son, who was stranded on Isla Sorna while on a parasailing trip. After crashing on the island, they are attacked by a Spinosaurus, who kills several members of their party. After escaping, the remaining people start hiking for the coast, fighting many dinosaurs, including the Spinosaurus, along the way.
Jurassic Park III is followed by Jurassic World.
Release dates
Other websites
2000s adventure movies
2001 science fiction movies
Jurassic Park movies
Movies composed by John Williams
Movies set in islands
Jungle movies
Sequel movies
Universal Pictures movies |
8133 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%20Dern | Laura Dern | Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. Born in Los Angeles, she is the daughter of Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd.
She received an Oscar and Golden Globe Award for her performance as Rose in Rambling Rose. For the HBO film Afterburn, she received an Emmy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award. She has also won Independent Spirit Awards for Blue Velvet and Smooth Talk. She is perhaps most famous for playing Dr. Ellie Sattler in Jurassic Park. She used to date Jeff Goldblum. In 2020, she won another Oscar for her role in Marriage Story.
Movies
Jurassic Park 3 (2001)
October Sky (1999)
A Perfect World (1993)
Jurassic Park (1993) - played Dr. Sattler
Rambling Rose (1991)
Wild at Heart (1990)
Haunted Summer (1988)
Blue Velvet (1986)
Mask (1985)
Teachers (1984)
Ladies and Gentlemen, the Fabulous Stains (1981)
Foxes (1980)
Other websites
1967 births
Living people
Academy Award winning actors
Actors from Los Angeles
American child actors
American movie actors
American television actors
American television producers
American voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors |
8134 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer%20%28movie%29 | Trailer (movie) | A movie trailer (also called a preview or coming attraction) is a short showing of a future (not yet released) movie. They are shown in a theater before the current movie starts. They are often later shown in advertisements for DVD releases, and broadcasts of the movie on television.
Movie terminology |
8135 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Crichton | Michael Crichton | Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author of many books. His books were usually in the science fiction, medical fiction, and thriller genres. He was also a producer, director, and doctor.
Crichton is well known for writing novels that later became well-known Hollywood movies. His most famous work was Jurassic Park. Other examples of Crichton's novels that later went on to become big-budget films include Congo, The Lost World, Rising Sun, and Sphere.
Crichton has also created the ER television show.
Crichton was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was 69" tall. He was married five times. He had a daughter from his fourth marriage.
In November 4, 2008, he died of throat cancer and lymphoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 66. He was looked down on by some as a climate change denier In February 2009, his widow gave birth to his only, posthumous son, John Michael Todd Crichton.
Further reading
References
Other websites
1942 births
2008 deaths
American movie directors
American movie producers
American novelists
Screenwriters from Illinois
American television producers
American television writers
Deaths from lymphoma
Deaths from throat cancer
Writers from Chicago |
8136 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas%20Baader | Andreas Baader | Andreas Bernd Baader (6 May 1943-18 October 1977) was a German terrorist.
He was born in Munich and was one of the first leaders of the Red Army Faction (RAF). It was often called the Baader-Meinhof gang
Start of the Baader-Meinhof gang
In 1968, Baader and his girlfriend Gudrun Ensslin were convicted of the setting fire to a department store in Frankfurt am Main.
They were arrested and sent to jail, but Baader escaped. He was caught in April 1970, but in May 1970, he was allowed to go a library outside the prison. Journalist Ulrike Meinhof and two other women were allowed to join him. They let a masked man into the library who fired shots at a 64-year-old librarian. Baader, the three women and the masked man fled through a window, and the group soon became known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang.
Baader and others then spent some time in a Palestinian military training camp in Jordan before being thrown out. Back in Germany, Baader robbed banks and bombed buildings from 1970 to 1972. On 1 June 1972, he and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins were caught after a gunfight in Frankfurt.
Meins died during a hunger strike in Stammheim Prison, Stuttgart, in 1974. This was when philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Baader. He described Baader as "incredibly stupid" and "an asshole"."Sartre par lui-même", 1976
Stammheim
From 1975 to 1977, there was a long and expensive trial in a specially fortified building on the grounds of Stammheim. Their jailers said Baader and the others kept their cells as dirty and disgusting as possible in stop searches for things that might be smuggled in; at this time lawyers and defendants were not separated by panes of glass during unsupervised meetings.
Meinhof was found dead in her cell in Stammheim on 9 May 1976, hanging from the ceiling. RAF members and others claimed that she was killed by the German government. The so-called second generation of the RAF committed several kidnappings and murders in a campaign in support of the prisoners. The three remaining defendants were convicted in April 1977 of several murders, attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organization, and were sentenced to life imprisonment.
Businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer was kidnapped in Cologne on 5 September 1977. Lufthansa Flight 181 was hijacked in mid-October to try to force the release of Baader and ten other RAF members.
After several weeks that were called the German Autumn, the passengers of the aeroplane were freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977. On the same day, the RAF killed Schleyer in France.
Next morning, Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found in their prison cells, dead from gunshot wounds. Gudrun Ensslin was found hanging. RAF member Irmgard Möller was found with four stab wounds to her chest, but survived.
All the official inquiries said that Baader and the others two committed suicide. Möller insists that the deaths and her injury were extrajudicial executions.
In fiction
In 2002, director Christopher Roth released a film about Baader titled Baader.
Literature
Hitler's Children: The story of the Baader Meinhof Terrorist Gang, Jillian Becker
Related pages
List of members of the Red Army Faction
Other websites
http://www.baader-meinhof.com/
Breaking Comrade Baader Out
1943 births
1977 deaths
German communists
German prisoners
German terrorists
People from Munich
Red Army Faction
Robbers
Suicides by firearm in Germany |
8137 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher%20Baba | Meher Baba | Meher Baba (25 February 1894 31 January 1969) referred to himself as the Avatar of the Age. His birth name was Merwan Irani and his parents' names were Sheriar and Shireen Irani. His family lived in Poona (Pune) India, but they were of Persian descent. Today Persia is called Iran. They were not Hindus or Muslims, but were of the Zoroastrian religion.
Merwan had a normal childhood and liked poetry and sports, especially cricket. When he was thirteen years old he started a boy's club with his best school friends called The Cosmopolitan Club. The boys in the club kept up on the news, practiced public speaking at their clubhouse, and raised money to give to the poor. He graduated from St. Vincent's High School and attended Deccan College. In 1913, when Baba was nineteen, he was coming home from college riding a bicycle. A very old Muslim woman named Hazrat Babajan, referred to as a Perfect Master (God Realized), was sitting under a Neem tree, called for him to come over to her, he said he was drawn to her like iron to a magnet. He began spending time visiting with her and serving her. In 1914 she kissed him on the forehead, he then went home. Baba later said that he became so dazed after this kiss that he could barely find his way home, and that when Babajan kissed him, initially he lost all consciousness of the world, he then realized God within himself. He was so dazed he neither ate or slept for several weeks. Moving about semi-autonomously in 1915 Merwan was drawn to the other five Perfect Masters, beginning with Sai Baba of Shirdi who upon seeing Merwan called out to him "Parvardigar!" (Divine Sustainer). Upasni Maharaj, also a Perfect Master on seeing Merwan thru a stone, hitting him on the forehead where Babajan had kissed Merwan. He often went to live with Upasni at Sakori. The five Masters assisted Merwan in regaining his integration of the physical world of duality with the Divine Oneness that is the Avatar's natural state. Merwan served as their disciple while in fact he was already fully God Realized.
The process of integration took 7 years during which Merwan often stayed at Upasni's ashram. He also visited with Babajan and stayed with his family, as his integration became more functional he began taking on jobs such as working at his father's toddy shop, and managing a group of performers. In 1921 Upasni told some of his followers that Merwan was the Avatar of the Age and that they should now follow Merwan. In 1921 one of these early disciples began calling Merwan "Meher Baba" which means "Compassionate Father". In 1922 Meher Baba and a group of male disciples walked from Ponna (Pune) to Bombay (Mumbai) where he established his first ashram, Manzil-e-Meem (House of the Master) where over the next year he trained them as his disciples, from then on Baba would be their spiritual guide. Baba eventually took these new followers to Ahmednagar, to a place now called Meherabad. There he gave discourses on spirituality, worked with the local poor villagers, established a dispensary and hospital, cared for the God-mad "masts", and started boarding school for children of all faiths and castes, all free of charge. Gradually his following grew.
In 1925 Meher Baba began keeping silent and for the rest of his life Baba did not speak. He communicated first by writing on slates but then adapted an English alphabet board by pointing to letters painted on it. Years later he stopped using the alphabet board and used his own form of hand gestures. He kept silent until his death in 1969. Some people called him "The Silent Master" and there is a book by that title.
Meher Baba traveled around the world many times. He visited many countries. He spent several months in England, Australia and the United States. Many thousands of people came to see him. Some of them became his followers.
In 1954, when Baba was sixty years old, he said publicly for the first time that he was the Avatar. In the ancient language of Sanskrit, the word "Avatar" means one who has come down from God. Baba said that the Avatar is born on Earth every 700–1400 years, and comes to help others find God. Meher Baba said that in the past the Avatar had been on Earth as Zoroaster, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad.
Meher Baba's most famous quote is "Don't Worry, Be Happy," partly because it appeared in a popular song. Others know of him because of the song "Baba O'Reilly" written by Pete Townshend who is a follower of his and named the song partly after Baba.
Regarding publications, there are two of major significance. In Discourses, messages that were given by Meher Baba concerning many areas of the spiritual life are clearly presented. In God Speaks, Meher Baba dictated and explained the complete journey of the incarnate soul from stone to man, over thousands of years and many lifetimes, culminating in God Realization; the goal of life. He said, "Real happiness lies in making others happy." He showed his followers that the best path is to love God at all times by loving your fellow man, exemplified by his own life of Selfless Service.
He also said he had not come to start a new religion—but to revitalize all religions: "I shall revitalize all religions and cults, and bring them together like beads on one string". His followers come from all religions: Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Muslims, Sufis, Buddhists, and Sikhs, as well as from no religion, there are atheists and agnostics who may not necessarily believe in God, but who are attracted purely to his honest and loving way of life.
References
Other websites
AvatarMeherBaba.org
Indian people
Spiritual teachers
Asian Sufis
1894 births
1969 deaths
Pune |
8139 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer | Trailer | Trailer has the following definitions:
Trailer (vehicle), an unpowered vehicle pulled by one with an engine
Trailer (movie) or theatrical trailer, an advertisement for an upcoming movie |
8141 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno%20%28card%20game%29 | Uno (card game) | Uno (stylized on usual branding as all capitalized) is an American card game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971. It has since been bought by a company named Mattel. It uses 108 special cards that are made just to play Uno. It is similar to Crazy Eights.
The cards are put into 4 different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards called "Special Cards". Skip, Reverse, Draw +2(This card can be canceled by Reverse card which changes the way) , Wild, and Wild +4 cards allow you to do something you cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards.
Card games |
8147 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNO | UNO | Uno can mean:
The number one in the Spanish language or Italian language
Uno (card game), a card game played with a special deck of cards. It is made by the Mattel company. The name originated from the word uno which mean the number one in Spanish which is what you say when you have one card remaining.
UNO is an acronym for:
United Nations Organization; see: United Nations |
8149 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical%20engineering | Electrical engineering | Electrical engineering is a subject of engineering. Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way. Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity.
Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data). To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering.
History
Early universities taught philosophy and later science. As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new items.
When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it. These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering. In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented. When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering.
Other websites
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IEEE Virtual Museum
EE HomePage.com Educational & career development resources
Electricity
Engineering disciplines |
8150 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design | Design | Design is a visual look or a shape given to a certain object, in order to make it more attractive, make it more comfortable or to improve another characteristic. Designers use tools from geometry and art. Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories: graphic design, buildings and nature design, consumer goods design.
Design is also a concept used to create an object (virtual or not).
Design is picturing things using the imagination; as to using perception or memory. |
8151 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%20Trek | Star Trek | Star Trek is an American media franchise owned by Paramount and CBS, as well as various spin-offs.
The main parts of the Star Trek franchise are:
Seven television series (first shown from 1966 to today) and
Thirteen movies (shown in theaters from 1980 to 2016).
Other parts of the franchise are: books (both fiction and non-fiction), magazines, comics, action figures, model toys and computer video games.
Star Trek was created as a TV series in 1966 by Gene Roddenberry. He and the other authors of Star Trek have, over time, developed a whole fictional universe set in the future. Following this fictional universe is the way they have chosen to maintain continuity between the various TV series and the movies.
Trekkies or Trekkers may refer to the many fans who love the series and support this Star Trek Universe. Many conventions and newsletters exist to serve these fans. There are even amateur movies made by the fans.
Creation
In the 1960s, Gene Roddenberry created Star Trek. He sold it as a western (a television genre about cowboys), but in space, and compared it to the television show Wagon Train. He also based it on Gulliver's Travels. After two pilots (test episodes), Star Trek was first shown on television in 1966.
History of Star Trek
In 2053, World War III ended on Earth. In 2063 Zefram Cochrane, invented the warp drive, a way to travel faster than the speed of light. Because of this invention, Vulcans came to Earth to meet the humans. This is shown in Star Trek: First Contact. The Vulcans helped humans fight disease and hunger. In 2150 humans created a United Earth Government that combined all the old governments into one.
A war between Earth and the Romulans made species from different planets work together, and the Coalition of Planets was started in 2156. In 2161, the planets Vulcan, Earth, Andoria and Tellar started the United Federation of Planets.
Television series
The Original Series (1966–1969)
Star Trek: The Original Series is sometimes abbreviated to TOS. In it, the starship Enterprise travels through space to discover new places - "to boldly go where no man has gone before". The show was set in the 23rd century.
The main characters are:
Captain James Tiberius Kirk, acted by William Shatner
Spock, acted by Leonard Nimoy
Dr. Leonard McCoy, acted by DeForest Kelley
Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, acted by James Doohan
Uhura, acted by Nichelle Nichols
Hikaru Sulu, acted by George Takei
Pavel Chekov, acted by Walter Koenig
It was shown on television for three years, and was cancelled in 1969.
The Animated Series (1973–1974)
Star Trek: The Animated Series is also called TAS. It is an animated version of The Original Series. The crew are the same, and most are voice-acted by the same actors. Because it was animated, the planets and species could look more interesting.
Gene Roddenberry asked for the stories in TAS to be removed from Star Trek'''s canon (the official history of Star Trek that is the same in all series). It is still argued about if they are part of canon or not, but usually agreed that they are not. The official Star Trek website has added some things from TAS to their library.
The Next Generation (1987–1994) Star Trek: The Next Generation is also called TNG. It is set 70 years after The Original Series, in the 24th century. The crew travel on a new starship called the "Enterprise-D". The stories are also about exploring, and often about fighting hostile (violent or angry) ships. The crew has many different races.
The main characters are:
Captain Jean-Luc Picard, acted by Patrick Stewart
Commander William Riker, acted by Jonathon Frakes
Data (an android), acted by Brent Spiner
Dr. Beverly Crusher, acted by Gates McFadden
Worf (a Klingon), acted by Michael Dorn
Geordi La Forge, acted by LeVar Burton
Counselor Deanna Troi, acted by Marina Sirtis
Wesley Crusher, acted by Wil Wheaton
It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1987 to 1994.
Deep Space Nine (1993–1999) Star Trek: Deep Space Nine is also sometimes called DS9. It is set in the late 24th century, at the end of The Next Generations time line and the start of Voyager's. It is not like TOS and TNG because it is set on a space station and is not about exploring. This means it has more soap opera elements (lots of stories about the characters). Most of the stories are about the Cardassian race and the war with the Dominion.
The main characters are:
Captain Benjamin Sisko (Commander for seasons 1 to 3), acted by Avery Brooks
Major Kira Nerys, acted by Nana Visitor
Odo, acted by Rene Auberjonois
Jadzia Dax, acted by Terry Farrell
Ezri Dax, acted by Nicole de Boer
Worf, acted by Michael Dorn
Miles O'Brien, acted by Colm Meaney
Quark, acted by Armin Shimerman
It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1993 to 1999.
Voyager (1995–2001)
Star Trek: Voyager is set in the late 24th century. It is different from the other series because it takes place in the Delta Quadrant. The ship Voyager was trapped there after a chase by the Maquis (Starfleet rebels). The stories are about them trying to find their way home. This is a long journey, and will take them 75 years.
The main characters are:
Captain Kathryn Janeway, acted by Kate Mulgrew
Chakotay, acted by Robert Beltran
Tuvok, acted by Tim Russ
B'Elanna Torres, acted by Roxann Dawson
Tom Paris, acted by Robert Duncan McNeill
Harry Kim, acted by Garrett Wang
The Doctor, acted by Robert Picardo
Seven of Nine, acted by Jeri Ryan
It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1995 to 2001. It was made to help start a new television channel, UPN.
Enterprise (2001–2005)
Star Trek: Enterprise is set in the 22nd century, which means it is before all the other series on the Star Trek timeline. It is about the humans and the Vulcans working together after first contact. The ship, Enterprise, was the first Warp 5 ship made by the humans (with some Vulcan assistance). The first season famously had many continuity errors (events and technology that did not match what happens in the other series).
The main characters are:
Captain Jonathan Archer, acted by Scott Bakula
T'Pol, acted by Jolene Blalock
Charles "Trip" Tucker, acted by Connor Trinneer
Malcolm Reed, acted by Dominic Keating
Hoshi Sato, acted by Linda Park
Travis Mayweather, acted by Anthony Montgomery
Dr. Phlox, acted by John Billingsley
It was shown on television for four seasons, from 2001 to 2005.
Discovery (2017-)
Star Trek: Discovery is the newest Star Trek series. It is set in the 23rd century, ten years before the original Star Trek series. The first season is about a war between the Federation and the Klingons.
The main characters of the first season are:
Michael Burnham, acted by Sonequa Martin-Green
Captain Gabriel Lorca, acted by Jason Isaacs
Commander Saru, acted by Doug Jones
Paul Stamets, acted by Anthony Rapp
Sylvia Tilly, acted by Mary Wiseman
Ash Tyler, acted by Shazad Latif
The first season was streamed online starting in 2017 on CBS' online streaming service in the United States, and on Netflix outside of the United States. There will be another season premiering in late 2018.
Movies
Culture
The Star Trek franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry (a very large business). It has influenced (affected) many things in real life.
Trekkies
Star Trek has a large following of fans who are very enthusiastic (care a great deal) about the show. They are usually called Trekkies. The word was first used by Arthur W. Saha when he saw people wearing fake Vulcan ears at a convention (an event where lots of people interested in the same thing organise to meet) in 1967. Some fans like to be known as Trekkers' instead.
Two documentaries (factual television shows) have been made about them, called Trekkies and Trekkies 2.
Enterprise
In 1976, NASA made a prototype (test) space shuttle. It was first going to be called Constitution, but Star Trek fans wrote letters to NASA asking for it to be called Enterprise instead. Enterprise was used for flight tests, although it was never sent into space. It is now displayed (put on show) at the Smithsonian Institution.
Parodies and tributes
The movie Galaxy Quest is a Star Trek parody, which means it was made to be like Star Trek in a funny way.
There have been parodies on television in the cartoons Futurama, The Simpsons and Family Guy.
The video games company Blizzard Entertainment puts references to Star Trek in many of its games, like Starcraft and World of Warcraft.
Fans of the show made a new episode, Pilgrim of Eternity, in 2013. The crew were also professional film and TV people.
Themes Star Trek episodes often tell a moral story. philosophical and moral questions are common. In the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Tuvix", a transporter accident puts two characters, Tuvok and Neelix, into one body. This makes a new person, Tuvix, who has his own personality. The crew of the Voyager must decide what to do: they can kill Tuvix by separating him back into Tuvok and Neelix, or they can kill Tuvok and Neelix by letting Tuvix live. In the end, Captain Janeway decides to save Tuvok and Neelix, although the Doctor thinks this is wrong.Star Trek episodes also often reflect (copy) what is happening in the real world. One example is the episode "A Private Little War" in Star Trek: The Original Series. This is said to be like the Vietnam War. In the episode, the Klingons threaten innocent people. Captain Kirk has to decide whether to give the people guns so that they can defend themselves. The episode asks whether you can fight evil without doing evil yourself.
One focus of all the Star Trek franchises is a Federation law called "The Prime Directive." The Prime Directive states that advanced civilizations should not change more primitive ones; societies should be allowed to develop on their own. The Prime Directive often makes for a moral conflict—for example, the Prime Directive might forbid using advanced technology to save an intelligent race.
References
Other websites
StarTrek.com—The Official Star Trek website
Memory Alpha—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information only from canon (official history)
Memory Beta—A Star Trek encyclopedia that uses information from both'' canon and non-canon sources
Fictional universes
Science fiction
Media franchises |
8152 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel | Tunnel | A tunnel is an underground passage. Some tunnels are used for cars, and others are used for trains. Sometimes, a tunnel is used for movement of ships. Some tunnels are built for communication cables and some are built for electricity cables. Other tunnels are built for animals.
Tunnels are dug in different kinds of grounds, from soft sand to hard rock. The way of digging is chosen by the type of ground. There are two additional ways of digging : quarry and 'cut and cover'. In quarry, the tunnel path is drilled in a horizontal way.
This system requires a deep tunnel that's built in a firm rock. In the 'cut and cover' system, a tunnel is dug in the ground and, afterwards, a roof is built above the tunnel. This system fits tunnels that are close to the ground like road tunnels and infrastructure.
Building tunnels is a large civil engineering project that could cost very high sums of money. The planning and building of a long tunnel may take many years.
The Channel Tunnel between France and England is one of the longest tunnels in the world. It is 50 kilometers long. The longest tunnel in the world, the Gotthard Base Tunnel, is being dug in Switzerland.
Reasons to build a tunnel
A subway is based on a network of tunnels that are dug underground so the trains will not disturb and will not be disturbed by the local transport.
On the path of a railroad track or a road a tunnel is dug when the lane encounters an obstacle such as a mountain to avoid bypassing the obstacle.
A tunnel is built sometimes to overcome a water obstacle as a replacement for building a bridge above it.
A tunnel is built to connect between military posts so the movement between them will not be visible for the enemy.
A tunnel is built for infrastructure like electricity cables, water, communication and sewerage to avoid damage and disruption above ground.
Some tunnels are used by prisoners to escape jail.
Sometimes tunnels are used by criminals to do a bank robbery (e.g. in Brazil, Summer 2005).
Cut-and-cover
Cut-and-cover is a simple way of making hollow tunnels where a trench is hollowed out and roofed over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel.
Two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunneling are available:
Bottom-up method: A trench is hollowed out, with ground support when needed, and the tunnel is built in it. In earliest days bricks were used. The trench is then carefully filled and the surface is reinstated.
Top-down method: Side support walls and capping beams are made from ground level by such methods as slurry walling or neighbouring bored piling. Only a hollowed out excavation is needed to construct the tunnel roof using beams or in situ concrete sitting on the walls. The surface is then remade except for access openings. This allows early recreation of roadways, services, and other surface features. Excavation then takes place under the permanent tunnel roof, and the base slab is made.
Notes
Books
Railway Tunnels in Queensland by Brian Webber, 1997, .
Sullivan, Walter. Progress In Technology Revives Interest In Great Tunnels, New York Times, 24 June 1986. Retrieved 15 August 2010. |
8155 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Salvation%20Army | The Salvation Army | The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian organization William and Catherine Booth founded it in the East End of London, England in 1865. It was called the Christian Mission to start with, but in 1878, the name was changed. The Booths came from a Methodist tradition, but today the teachings of the movement are mainstream Protestant. They focus on preaching, and on helping those in need. They also actively help in disaster relief.
Overview
The Salvation Army operates in over 100 countries today. Its members devote themselves to teaching Christian morals, helping those in need, like the homeless, the sick, the poor, and others. It operates facilities like shelters, , orphanages, , and a , and offers Sunday church services. It is one of the largest charitable organisations in the world, which means that it relies on people to give it money to use.
Worldwide outreach
1865 - England
1874 - Wales
1879 - Jersey, Scotland
1880 - Australia, Ireland, United States of America
1881 - France
1882 - Alderney, Canada, Guernsey, India, Sweden, Switzerland
1883 - Isle of Man, New Zealand, Pakistan, South Africa, Sri Lanka
1884 - St Helena
1886 - Germany, Newfoundland
1887 - Denmark, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands
1888 - Norway
1889 - Belgium, Finland
1890 - Argentina, Uruguay
1891 - Zimbabwe, Zululand
1894 - Åland (until 1950), Hawaii, Indonesia
1895 - Gibraltar (until 1968), Guyana, Iceland, Japan
1896 - Bermuda, Malta (until 1972)
1898 - Alaska, Barbados
1901 - Trinidad & Tobago
1902 - Grenada, Saint Lucia
1903 - Antigua and Barbuda, St Vincent & the Grenadines
1904 - Panamá
1907 - Costa Rica
1908 - Korea
1909 - Chile
1910 - Paraguay, Perú
1913 - Russia (until 1923)
1915 - Belize, Myanmar
1916 - China (until 1951), Mozambique, St Kitts
1917 - U.S. Virgin Islands
1918 - Cuba
1919 - Czechoslovakia (until 1950)
1920 - Bolivia, Nigeria
1921 - Kenya
1922 - Brazil, Ghana, Zambia
1923 - Latvia (until 1939)
1924 - Faroe Islands, Hungary (until 1949)
1926 - Suriname
1927 - Austria, Estonia (until 1940), Curaçao (until 1980)
1930 - Hong Kong
1931 - Bahamas, Uganda
1933 - French Guiana (until 1952), Tanzania, Yugoslavia (until 1948)
1934 - Algeria (until 1970), Congo (Kinshasa), Manchukuo (until 1945)
1935 - Singapore
1936 - Egypt (until 1949)
1937 - Congo (Brazzaville), Mexico, Philippines
1938 - Malaysia
1950 - Haïti
1956 - Papua New Guinea
1960 - Swaziland
1962 - Puerto Rico
1965 - Taiwan
1967 - Malaŵi
1969 - Lesotho
1970 - Bangladesh
1971 - Portugal, Spain
1972 - Venezuela
1973 - Fiji
1976 - Guatemala
1978 - Canary Islands
1980 - French Guiana (recommenced)
1985 - Angola, Colombia, Ecuador, Marshall Islands
1986 - Tonga
1988 - Liberia
1989 - El Salvador, Thailand (until 1993)
1990 - Czech Republic (recommenced), Hungary (recommenced), Latvia (recommenced)
1991 - Russia (recommenced)
1992 - Belarus (until 1996), Somalia (until 1995)
1993 - Georgia, Ukraine
1994 - Guam, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova
1995 - Dominican Republic, Estonia (recommenced)
1996 - Rwanda
1997 - Botswana
1999 - St Maarten
2000 - Macau
2004 - Lithuania, Romania
2005 - Falkland Islands, Poland
2007 - Burundi, Greece
Eurovision Song Contest
People from theSwiss branch of the Salvavion army qualified for the Eurovidion Song Contest, 2013 in Malmö. At first, they were refused at the ESC. They could participate, but they had to change their name (to Takasa), and they also had to agree not to wear the typical uniforms on stage. They didn't qualify for the final round, though.
Other similar organizations
The Church of England has operated the Church Army, since 1882
Legio Mariae was founded in 1921, and has a Roman Catholic background.
References
1865 establishments
1860s establishments in England
Charities
Protestantism
Organisations based in London |
8156 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage | Orphanage | An orphanage is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans. It can also mean the state of being an orphan.
Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents.
Related pages
Foster care
Adoption
Notes and references
Accommodations |
8157 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Underground | London Underground | The London Underground is a system of electric trains in London, UK. It is the oldest underground railway in the world. It started running in 1863 as the Metropolitan Railway. After the opening the system was copied in many other cities, for example New York and Madrid. Even though it is called the Underground about half of it is above the ground. The "Tube" is a slang name for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground. The Underground serves 270 stations and over 408 km of track. From 2006–2007 over 1 billion passengers used the underground.
Underground train systems in other cities may be called metros (like the Tyne and Wear Metro in North East England) or subways (Glasgow Subway in Scotland and in most of North America). Subway is also used across Britain to refer to underground walkways.
History
Beginnings
The Metropolitan Line was the first part of the Underground to be made. It was opened in 1863. It then ran between Paddington and Farringdon. It took 40,000 passengers per day. Later it was made longer. The District Line was built by a different company. In 1884, the Circle Line was finished. All these lines used steam engines at first.
In 1890, a line using electric trains was opened. It was much deeper below ground than the other lines. Now it is part of the Northern Line. More lines like this were opened. People liked them, so in 1905 the lines that used steam engines were changed to use electric trains.
Into the 20th century
Because the different lines were run by different companies, changing lines was difficult. Between 1900 and 1902, Charles Yerkes bought most of the companies and formed a company named Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd, short UERL.
In the 1930s and 1940s
In 1933, a company was formed of all the bus, tram and underground companies, called London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). It planned to make the network longer, but the Second World War stopped this. In the war, some Underground stations were used as shelters against bombs.
After the war
After the war more passengers used the underground. Minor changes were made: Victoria Line was opened in the 1960s, and currently the Piccadilly Line was extended to Heathrow Airport in 1977. The Jubilee Line was opened in 1979, and extended to Stratford 20 years later. Night Tube was introduced in 2016.
Network
Trains
The system uses two kinds of trains, a big type - called sub surface trains and a smaller type - deep level trains. The big ones are used for the rectangular tunnels (District Line, Metropolitan Line, Circle Line), the small ones for the round tunnels. Most lines have different trains, although they fit into one of the two categories.
Stations
The Underground's trains usually drive to 270 stations. 14 Stations are outside of London.
Lines
Tickets
The Underground uses zones to collect fares. There are 9 zones. Zone 1 is the most central zone. The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park, outside Greater London. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies.
Paper tickets or the contactless Oyster card can be used for travel. The Oyster Card is a plastic card which stores credit (money and Travelcards) which the owner uses to pay for Underground travel. The user must "charge" (put money onto) their card at a ticket machine. They then touch the card on a yellow reader to pay for their journey. Since its introduction in 2002 it has become very popular with regular travelers, as the prices are much cheaper if you use an Oyster card.
There are ticket offices, some open only in the rush-hour, and ticket machines, which can be used at any time. Some machines take coins only, other touch-screen machines take coins and English notes, and usually give change. These machines also take credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only.
Summary of ticket types
The following tickets are available from London Underground and TfL ticket offices to use on the Underground:
Station access
When most of the stations in the London Underground system were built, disabled and wheelchair access was not considered. While many above-ground stations have only a few steps to the platform, nearly all Underground stations have some of the systems's 410 escalators and 112 lifts (elevators). Newer stations include disabled access, and many older stations install disabled access when they are refurbished or rebuilt. Since 2004, maps inside the trains show which stations have step-free access from street level. Transport for London plan to have a network of over 100 fully accessible stations by 2020, which means that 75% of Tube journeys can be made with step-free access.
The escalators in the London Underground system are some of the longest in Europe. They run 20 hours a day, 364 days a year and are used by 13,000 people per hour, with 95% of them running at one time.
Safety
Accidents
There have been relatively few accidents in the Underground's history. Most happen if people accidentally fall onto the tracks. In some stations there are pits in the middle of the track to stop people being injured if they fall onto the track. Newly rebuilt parts of the system, especially on the Jubilee line, have platform doors. These doors only open when a train stops and prevent people falling or jumping onto the tracks.
Platform doors
The below-ground Jubilee Line extension (Westminster to North Greenwich) stations have sliding platform doors installed to prevent people falling off the platform onto the tracks, and discourage/prevent suicides.
Bomb attacks
In the 1930s, 1970s and 1990s, the Underground was bombed many times by the IRA, and for this reason there have been no wastebins in or around stations until very recently, when clear plastic sacks were introduced in some parts of the system. On 7 July 2005, there were three attacks by radical Islamic terrorists on two Circle Line trains and on one Piccadilly Line.
Smoking
Smoking is not allowed in any part of the underground. It was banned after a fire in King's Cross Station in 1987.
Criticism
The commuters of London often complain about the Underground. Even newspapers, especially the Evening Standard, often criticise the system.
Usually the complaints are about delays, overcrowding and the fares. Sometimes strikes of London Underground staff occur.
Fares
London Underground fares are now the most expensive of any rail system around the world, including the luxurious Orient Express, and they continue to rise at very high levels. Concern has also been raised over the huge difference between oyster card fares and cash fares, with the criticism that the high cash fares will discourage tourists and day visitors to London from traveling around the City.
Delays
Because the underground is a very old system, engineering work is often needed and often causes delays. There can be other reasons as well, for example signal failures or other breakdowns. Customers can claim a refund if their tube journey is delayed for more than 15 minutes due to problems within the control of Transport For London.
Overcrowding
Because many more commuters use the underground than planned, overcrowding often happens. This can cause stress and frustration with the underground system among commuters. According to a report by MPs, commuters face "a daily trauma" and are often forced to travel in "intolerable conditions".
Industrial action
Because so many passengers travel on the London Underground network every day, strikes or industrial actions on the Underground network have a very high impact on London's traffic and can impact on London's economy. London Underground and the rail unions claim to be under high pressure from the working public, private businesses and government departments.
Strike actions on the London Underground occur for a number of reasons, including health and safety, working conditions and pay levels. There were several such strikes in the late 1970s.
References
Other websites
Transport for London Home page
Tube and DLR maps
Facts and figures
Tourist information
British Transport Police
London Transport Museum
1863 establishments in England |
8158 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy%20Now%21 | Democracy Now! | Democracy Now! is a radio and TV program. It is entirely paid for through donations from listeners, viewers, and foundations and does not accept advertisers, corporate underwriting, or government funding. It is one of the biggest independent news organizations in the United States.
Other websites
Official Website
Radio programs
Television programs |
8159 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20Party%20%28England%20and%20Wales%29 | Socialist Party (England and Wales) | The Socialist Party is a Trotskyist political party active in England and Wales and part of the Committee for a Workers' International. They publish a weekly newspaper entitled The Socialist and a monthly Socialism Today. As an organisation, it has evolved from the Militant Tendency, who in the early 1980s started to be expelled from the Labour Party, for organising a mass campaign against the Poll Tax.
There was a debate with the Militant Tendency whether or not to cease working within the Labour Party and the majority of the group decided to do so, although a minority around Ted Grant broke away to form Socialist Appeal. This debate ran alongside a parallel debate on the future of Scottish politics. The result was that the experiment of operating as an "open party" was first undertaken in Scotland under the name of Scottish Militant Labour. This initiative would eventually lead to the foundation of the Scottish Socialist Alliance. The majority of Scottish members, after forming the Scottish Socialist Party, left the CWI in early 2001 as they moved away from traditional Trotskyist politics.
For a while, the party was known as Militant Labour. In 1997, the group changed its name to the Socialist Party, but the ownership of this name has been contested by the much older Socialist Party of Great Britain. As a result, the new party is frequently known as "The Socialist Party of England and Wales". In elections, it has had to use the name "Socialist Alternative". They were one of the founders of the local Socialist Alliance groups, but they left in 2001.
Since ending their tenure in the Socialist Alliance, the Socialist Party has run candidates in elections as Socialist Alternative. Following the UK local elections, 2006, it has three councillors in Coventry, one in Stoke, two in Lewisham, South London and one in Huddersfield. In February 2005, the Socialist Party announced plans to contest the 2005 parliamentary elections as part of a new electoral alliance called the Socialist Green Unity Coalition. Several former components of the Socialist Alliance that did not join Respect also joined the SGUC.
The Socialist Party is a smaller organisation than the Militant of the 1980s, but has influence in some trade unions. In 2005, 23 Socialist Party members are elected members of trade union national executive committees. Under the leadership of Peter Taaffe, their policies have remained close to the Trotskyist mainstream. Their demand for the nationalisation of the one hundred and fifty top British companies and their longstanding practice of running in elections has led some critics to label them as reformists though the party insists that their method is based on Trotsky's Transitional Programme.
The Socialist Party is affiliated to the Committee for a Workers International, and is indeed the largest of its forty members. The party participates also in the broader European Anticapitalist Left.
In November 2005 at its annual 'Socialism' event, the Socialist Party formally launched the 'Campaign for a New Workers' Party' with the aim of persuading individuals, campaigners and trade unions to help set up and back a new broad left alternative to New Labour that would fight for working class people. The National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT union) held a conference in January 2006 to address what it calls 'The crisis in working class representation', in which Dave Nellist was invited to speak. Most of the speakers were in favour of a broad left alternative to New Labour. The remaining speakers, such as MP John McDonnell, wished it well.
Other websites
Socialist Party website
Socialism Today, the theoretical monthly journal of the Socialist Party
Committee for a Workers' International website
Campaign for a New Workers Party
Political parties in England
Political parties in Wales |
8160 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20teachers | Socialist teachers | Socialist Teachers are a group of members of the Socialist Party (England and Wales) in the National Union of Teachers(NUT).
It is associated with CNWP teachers and its members work with other socialists and trade union activists in the STA (Socialist Teachers' Alliance) and CDFU (Campaign for a Democratic and Fighting Union).
Socialist Party teacher Martin Powell-Davies stood for the general secretary of the NUT in 2004 and polled 6,482 first-preference votes.
Other websites
Socialist Party Teachers website
Socialist Party Teachers blog
Education in the United Kingdom
Socialists |
8161 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Union%20of%20Teachers | National Union of Teachers | The National Union of Teachers is the largest teachers' union in the United Kingdom. It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members.
Other websites
National Union of Teachers website
Unions
Education |
8164 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20Party | Socialist Party | Socialist Party is the name of several different political parties around the world with a variety of different political views. These include:
Albania - Socialist Party of Albania
Argentina - Socialist Party (Argentina)
Australia - Socialist Party (Australia)
Belgium
Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)
Socialistische Partij - Anders (Flemish Socialist Party)
Bulgaria - Bulgarian Socialist Party
Chile - Socialist Party of Chile
European Union - Party of European Socialists
France - Socialist Party (France)
Georgia - Socialist Party (Georgia)
Germany - Die Linke
Greece - Panhellenic Socialist Movement
India - Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
Republic of Ireland|Ireland - Socialist Party of Ireland (CWI affiliate)
Italy - Partito Socialista Italiano
Latvia - Latvian Socialist Party
Netherlands - Socialistische Partij
Portugal - Socialist Party (Portugal)
Puerto Rico - Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
San Marino - Partito Socialista Sammarinese
Senegal - Socialist Party (Senegal)
Spain - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Switzerland - Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also known as the Swiss Socialist Party)
Ukraine - Socialist Party of Ukraine
United Kingdom
Socialist Party (England and Wales)
Socialist Party of Great Britain
Scottish Socialist Party
United States
Socialist Party of America
Socialist Party USA
Related pages
Social Democratic Party (a disambiguation page) |
8166 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%205 | June 5 |
Events
Up to 1950
70 - Titus and his Roman legions breach the middle of the Wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem.
1224 - The University of Naples is founded.
1257 - Krakow receives city rights.
1283 - Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, captures Charles II of Naples.
1654 - Queen Christina I of Sweden abdicates (leaves) the throne and secretly converts to Roman Catholicism.
1806 - Louis Bonaparte becomes regent of the Netherlands.
1817 - The first Great Lakes steamer, Frontenac, is launched.
1829 - HMS Pickle captures the armed slave ship, Voladora, off Cuba.
1832 - The June Rebellion breaks out in Paris in an attempt to overthrow the monarchy of Louis-Philippe.
1837 - Houston, Texas is incorporated as part of the then-Republic of Texas.
1849 – Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.
1851 - Harriet Beecher Stowe's serial Uncle Tom's Cabin starts a 10-month run in the 'National Era' newspaper.
1862 - The Treaty of Saigon is signed, ceding parts of southern Vietnam to France. The guerrilla, Huong Dinh, continues to fight against the Europeans, against the order of Emperor Tu Duc.
1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Piedmont, Virginia - Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.
1870 - Fire rips through Pera, a part of Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), destroying over 3,000 houses and killing around 1,300 people.
1883 - The first regularly-scheduled Orient Express leaves Paris.
1888 - An earthquake of over magnitude 5 strikes the Rio de la Plata region between Argentina and Uruguay.
1900 - Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.
1915 – Denmark amends its constitution to give women the right to vote.
1916 - Louis Brandeis is sworn in as Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
1917 - World War I: Conscription into the military, for the war, begins in the United States.
1924 - The first fax to be sent across the Atlantic Ocean is sent by Ernst Alexanderson.
1941 - 4,000 Chongqing residents choke to death in a bomb shelter during the bombing of Chongqing.
1942 - World War II: The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.
1944 - World War II: Over 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries in Normandy, in preparation for the D-Day landings the next day.
1945 - The Allied Control Council, the military occupation governing body of Germany after World War II, officially takes control.
1946 - A fire at the Fort de la Salle Hotel in Chicago kills 61 people.
1947 – George Marshall calls for aid to war-torn Europe.
1949 - Thailand's first female Member of Parliament, Orapin Chaiyakin, is elected.
1951 2000
1953 - Denmark's Constitution is reformed, allowing a woman to become monarch. Future Queen, Margrethe II of Denmark, becomes next-in-line to the throne.
1956 - Elvis Presley introduces the famous Hound Dog single.
1959 - The first government of the State of Singapore is sworn in.
1963 – British politician John Profumo resigns in a sex scandal.
1963 - Mass protests occur in Iran against Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini is arrested.
1967 – The Six-Day War begins, fought between Israel and its neighbours.
1968 - Robert F. Kennedy is shot in Los Angeles, California, by Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy dies the next day as a result of his injuries.
1969 - The International Communist Conference begins on Moscow.
1975 - Egypt's Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.
1975 - The United Kingdom holds a referendum on membership of the European Economic Community, with a majority voting to stay part of the organization.
1976 - The Teton Dam in Idaho collapses, killing 11 people.
1977 – A coup occurs in the Seychelles.
1981 - The first cases of what would later be known as AIDS, are reported.
1984 - Operation Blue Star: Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi orders a storming of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the holiest place in the Sikh religion.
1989 – The Unknown Rebel halts a line of tanks in an act of defiance at the Chinese government's violent crackdown at Tiananmen Square in Beijing.
1998 – A seven-week strike begins at General Motors.
1998 - Ethiopia and Eritrea start fighting a border war.
2000 - Sumatra is hit by a magnitude 7.9 earthquake, killing over 100 people.
2000 - A 6-day war begins in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo between Rwandan and Ugandan forces.
From 2001
2001 – Tropical Storm Allison hits Texas.
2002 – Elizabeth Smart, a teenager, is kidnapped from her home in Utah.
2003 – A heatwave in India and Pakistan reaches its height with temperatures of over 50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit).
2004 - Ronald Reagan, 40th President of the United States dies from pneumonia at the age of 93.
2006 – Serbia declares independence from the Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
2009 - A fire kills 31 people at a day-care center in Hermosillo, Mexico.
2011 - Ollanta Humala defeats Keiko Fujimori in a close Presidential election in Peru. He becomes President on July 28.
2012 - Governor of Wisconsin Scott Walker becomes the first US state governor to keep his position after a recall election.
Births
Up to 1900
1341 – Edmund of Langley, a younger son of King Edward III of England (d. 1402)
1493 – Justus Jonas, German Protestant reformer (d. 1555)
1553 - Bernardino Baldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1617)
1606 – Pierre Corneille, French playwright (d. 1684)
1640 - Pu Songling, Chinese writer (d. 1715)
1646 - Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician (d. 1684)
1660 - Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1744)
1718 – Thomas Chippendale, English furniture maker (d. 1779)
1723 – Adam Smith, Scottish economist (d. 1790)
1757 – Pierre Jean George Cabanis, French physiologist (d. 1808)
1760 - Johan Gadolin, Finnish chemist, physicist and mineralogist (d. 1852)
1771 – Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (d. 1851)
1781 – Christian August Lobeck, German classical scholar (d. 1860)
1791 - Salim bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman (d. 1856)
1805 - Samuel Adams, Governor of Arkansas (d. 1850)
1806 - Magnus Eiriksson, Icelandic theologian and writer (d. 1881)
1819 – John Couch Adams, English mathematician and astronomer (d. 1892)
1830 - Carmine Crocco, Italian guerrilla (d. 1905)
1850 – Pat Garrett, American Western lawman (d. 1908)
1862 – Allvar Gullstrand, Swedish ophthalmologist, won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1930)
1868 - James Connolly, Scottish-Irish socialist leader and general (d. 1916)
1868 - William W. Brandon, 37th Governor of Alabama (d. 1934)
1876 – Tony Jackson, American musician (d. 1920)
1878 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (d. 1923)
1879 – Robert Mayer, philanthropist (d. 1985)
1883 – John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
1884 – Ralph Benatzky, composer (d. 1957)
1884 - Frederick Lorz, American long-distance runner (d. 1914)
1892 - Jaan Kikkas, Estonian weightlifter (d. 1944)
1894 – Roy Thomson, Lord Thomson of Fleet, English publisher (d. 1976)
1895 – William Boyd, American actor (d. 1972)
1898 – Federico García Lorca, Spanish lyricist and dramatist (d. 1936)
1898 - Salvatore Ferragamo, Italian shoemaker (d. 1960)
1899 - Otis Barton, American engineer and diver (d. 1992)
1899 - Theippan Maungwa, Burmese writer (d. 1942)
1900 – Dennis Gabor, Hungarian-born physicist (d. 1979)
1901 1950
1902 - Arthur Powell Davies, American minister, author and activist (d. 1957)
1906 - Eraldo Monzeglio, Italian footballer (d. 1981)
1908 - Navi Naryana Reddy, Indian philanthropist and social reformer (d. 1991)
1912 – Josef Neckermann, German entrepreneur and dressage equestrian (d. 1992)
1914 - Beatrice De Cardi, British archaeologist
1919 – Richard Scarry, American children's writer (d. 1994)
1921 - Sheila Sim, British actress (d. 2016)
1925 – Art Donovan, American football player (d. 2013)
1925 – Boy Gobert, actor (d. 1986)
1926 - Camillo Cibin, Italian papal bodyguard (d. 2009)
1926 - Gurgen Dalibaltayan, Armenian colonel-general (d. 2015)
1928 – Robert Lansing, American actor (d. 1994)
1928 – Tony Richardson, British actor (d. 1991)
1930 - Alifa Rifaat, Egyptian writer (d. 1996)
1931 – Jacques Demy, French playwright (d. 1990)
1931 - Jerzy Prokopiuk, Polish anthropologist and philosopher
1932 – Christy Brown, Irish writer (d. 1981)
1933 - William Kahan, Canadian mathematician
1934 – Bill Moyers, American journalist
1934 - Vilhjalmur Einarsson, Icelandic athlete
1935 - Helmut Benthaus, German footballer
1938 – Karin Balzer, East German hurdler
1939 – Joe Clark, sixteenth Prime Minister of Canada
1939 – Margaret Drabble, English novelist
1941 – Martha Argerich, Argentine pianist
1941 – Spalding Gray, American actor, screenwriter, and monologue artist (d. 2004)
1941 - Robert Kraft, American businessman
1942 – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea
1944 - Massimo Cacciari, Italian philosopher and politician
1944 – Tommie Smith, American athlete
1945 - Patrick Head, English businessman
1946 - Stefania Sandrelli, Italian actress
1947 – Kevin Schon, American actor
1947 – Laurie Anderson, American performance artist, actress, composer
1949 – Ken Follett, Welsh writer
1951 1975
1952 – Nicko McBrain, English musician (Iron Maiden)
1953 - Kathleen Kennedy, American movie producer
1954 - Simon Hopkinson, English food writer
1955 – Edinho, Brazilian footballer
1956 – Kenny G, American musician
1958 – Ahmed Abdallah Sambi, former President of the Comoros
1959 - Robert Lloyd, English singer
1960 - Julie Kirkbride, English politician
1961 - Anthony Burger, American singer and pianist (d. 2006)
1961 - Mary Kay Bergman, American voice actress (d. 1999)
1962 – Princess Astrid of Belgium, Archduchess of Austria-Este
1962 - Jeff Garlin, American actor, comedian and producer
1965 - Sandrine Piau, French soprano
1965 - Bob Probert, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
1967 – Joe DeLoach, American athlete
1968 - Ed Vaizey, English lawyer and politician
1970 – Martin Gelinas, Canadian ice hockey player
1971 – Mark Wahlberg ("Marky Mark"), American singer and actor
1971 - Miyuki Komatsu, Japanese actress
1972 – Mike Bucci (Nova, Simon Dean), American professional wrestler
1973 - Andy McLaren, Scottish footballer
1974 - Chad Allen, American actor
1974 - Nina Conti, English ventriloquist and actress
1975 - Anna Nova, German pornographic actress
From 1976
1976 - Ross Noble, English comedian
1976 - Aesop Rock, American rapper, musician, songwriter and producer
1978 - Fernando Meira, Portuguese footballer
1979 – David Bisbal, Spanish singer
1979 - François Sagat, French actor
1979 - David Weir, British Paralympic athlete
1979 – Pete Wentz, American musician (Fall Out Boy)
1981 – Jade Goody, British TV personality (d. 2009)
1981 – Sebastien Lefebvre, Canadian musician (Simple Plan)
1982 - Zvjezdan Misimovic, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1984 – Mark Wilson, Scottish footballer
1985 - Jeremy Abbott, American figure skater
1985 - Ekaterina Bychkova, Russian tennis player
1985 - Rubén de la Red, Spanish footballer
1986 - Dave Bolland, Canadian ice hockey player
1986 - Amanda Crew, Canadian actress
1987 - Charlie Clements, English actor
1987 - Marcus Thornton, American basketball player
1989 - Megumi Nakajima, Japanese voice actress
1990 - Sophie Lowe, English-Australian movie actress
1990 - Junior Hoilett, Canadian footballer
1991 - Martin Braithwaite, Danish footballer
1992 - Emily Seebohm, Australian swimmer
1993 - Laura Giuliani, Italian footballer
1995 - Beckii Cruel, British dancer and singer
1997 - Kieran Tierney, Scottish footballer
1998 - Yulia Lipnitskaya, Russian figure skater
2005 - Irene Urdangarin y Borbon, Spanish royal
Deaths
Up to 1900
301 - Sima Lun, Chinese usurper of the Jin Dynasty (b. 249)
535 - Patriarch Epiphanius of Constantinople
567 - Patriarch Theodosius I of Alexandria
754 - Saint Boniface, English missionary, bishop and martyr
1017 - Emperor Sanjo of Japan (b. 976)
1296 - Edmund Crouchback, son of Henry III of England (b. 1245)
1316 – King Louis X of France (b. 1289)
1568 - Lamoral, Count Egmont, Flemish soldier and statesman (b. 1522)
1625 – Orlando Gibbons, English composer (b. 1583)
1667 - Pietro Sforza Pallavicino, Italian cardinal and historian (b. 1607)
1688 - Constantin Phaulkon, Greek adventurer (b. 1647)
1716 - Roger Cotes, English mathematician (b. 1682)
1722 - Johann Kuhnau, German composer and musician (b. 1660)
1791 - Frederick Haldimand, 22nd Governor of Quebec (b. 1718)
1816 - Giovanni Paisiello, Italian composer (b. 1741)
1819 - Bodawpaya, King of Burma (b. 1745)
1826 - Carl Maria von Weber, German pianist, composer and conductor (b. 1786)
1857 - Henry Hubbard, Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1784)
1866 – John McDouall Stuart, Australian explorer (b. 1815)
1900 – Stephen Crane, American writer (b. 1871)
1901 2000
1904 - Sami Frasheri, Albanian writer (b. 1850)
1906 – Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher (b. 1842)
1910 - O. Henry, American author (b. 1862)
1916 – Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal (b. 1850)
1921 - Georges Feydeau, French playwright (b. 1862)
1930 - Pascin, Bulgarian painter (b. 1885)
1947 - Nils Olof Chrisander, Swedish actor and director (b. 1884)
1967 - Arthur Biram, Israeli philologist, philosopher and educator (b. 1878)
1975 - Paul Keres, Estonian painter (b. 1916)
1979 - Heinz Erhardt, German actor and comedian (b. 1909)
1991 - Heo Jong-suk, Korean writer, poet, journalist and Communist activist (b. 1902)
1993 – Conway Twitty, American musician (b. 1933)
1998 - Jeanette Nolan, American actress (b. 1911)
1998 - Sam Yorty, 37th Mayor of Los Angeles, California (b. 1909)
1999 - Mel Tormé, American jazz musician (b. 1925)
2000 - Don Liddle, American baseball player (b. 1925)
2000 – Franco Rossi, Italian movie director and producer (b. 1919)
From 2001
2001 - Pedro Lain Estralgo, Spanish medical researcher (b. 1908)
2002 – Dee Dee Ramone, American musician (The Ramones) (b. 1951)
2003 - Juergen Moellemann, German politician (b. 1944)
2003 - Manuel Rosenthal, French composer and conductor (b. 1904)
2004 – Ronald Reagan, American actor and politician, 40th President of the United States (b. 1911)
2007 – Povel Ramel, Swedish entertainer (b. 1922)
2008 - Eugenio Montejo, Venezuelan poet (b. 1938)
2012 - Barry Unsworth, British author (b. 1930)
2012 - Ray Bradbury, American writer (b. 1920)
2013 - Stanislaw Nagy, Polish cardinal (b. 1921)
2014 - Reiulf Steen, Norwegian politician and diplomat (b. 1933)
2014 - Don Davis, American musician, songwriter and producer (b. 1938)
2015 - Alan Bond, Australian businessman (b. 1938)
2015 - Jerry Collins, New Zealand rugby player (b. 1980)
2015 - Tariq Aziz, Iraqi politician (b. 1936)
2015 - Jane Briggs Hart, American aviator (b. 1921)
2015 - Sadun Boro, Turkish sailor (b. 1928)
2015 - Giacomo Furia, Italian actor (b. 1925)
2015 - Kazuo Chiba, Japanese Aikido teacher (b. 1940)
2016 - Manohar Aich, Indian bodybuilder (b. 1914)
2016 - Gianluca Buonanno, Italian politician (b. 1966)
2016 - Jerome Bruner, American psychologist (b. 1915)
2016 - Jarbas Passarinho, Brazilian politician (b. 1920)
2017 - Kathryn Stripling Byer, American poet (b. 1944)
2017 - Andy Cunningham, British magician, puppeteer and actor (b. 1950)
2017 - Helen Dunmore, British writer (b. 1952)
2017 - Marilyn Hall, Canadian-born American television producer and philanthropist (b. 1927)
2017 - Giuliano Sarti, Italian footballer (b. 1933)
2017 - Cheick Tioté, Ivorian footballer (b. 1986)
2018 - Brian Browne, Canadian jazz pianist and composer (b. 1937)
2018 - Pierre Carniti, Italian politician and trade unionist (b. 1936)
2018 - Denman, Irish-bred racehorse (b. 2000)
2018 - Feng Ting-kuo, Taiwanese politician (b. 1990)
2018 - Kate Spade, American fashion designer (b. 1962)
Observances
Constitution Day (Denmark)
World Environment Day
Arbor Day (New Zealand)
Liberation Day (Seychelles)
June 05 |
8167 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2020 | February 20 |
Events
Up to 1900
1472 – Orkney and Shetland are annexed to the crown of Scotland.
1547 – Edward VI of England is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.
1724 – The premiere of Giulio Cesare, an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London.
1725 – The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.
1792 – The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington.
1798 - Louis-Alexandre Berthier removes Pope Pius VI from power.
1799 - The Blackbrook Reservoir in Leicestershire, England, breaks.
1810 – Andreas Hofer, Tyrolean patriot and leader of rebellion against Napoleon's forces, was executed.
1816 – Gioachino Rossini's The Barber of Seville debuts at Teatro Argentina, with a fiasco.
1835 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
1846 - Polish insurgents lead an uprising in Krakow to incite a fight for independence.
1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Olustee takes place in Florida.
1865 - The Uruguayan War ends.
1872 – In New York City the Metropolitan Museum of Art opens.
1873 – The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco, California.
1877 - Tchaikovsky's ballet Swan Lake is first performed at the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow.
1878 - Pope Leo XIII is elected.
1901 2000
1901 – The legislature of Hawaii Territory convenes for the first time.
1909 - The Futurist Manifesto is published by the French journalist Le Figaro.
1913 – King O'Malley drives in the first survey peg to mark commencement of work on the construction of Canberra.
1915 - The "Panama-Pacific International Exhibition", a World's Fair, is held in San Francisco, to show the city's recovery from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.
1919 - Emir of Afghanistan Habibullah Khan is murdered during a hunting trip.
1921 – The movie The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, starring Rudolph Valentino, premieres.
1929 - American Samoa becomes a US Territory.
1931 – California gets the go-ahead by the United States Congress to build the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge.
1933 - United States Congress proposes the 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution, which will end Alcohol Prohibition.
1935 - Caroline Mikkelsen becomes the first woman to set foot on the continent of Antarctica.
1942 – Lieutenant Edward O'Hare becomes America's first World War II flying ace.
1943 – American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.
1943 – The Paricutín volcano begins to form in Paricutín, México.
1944 – World War II: "Big Week" begins with American bomber raids on Nazi aircraft manufacturing centers.
1944 – World War II: The United States takes Eniwetok Island.
1952 – Emmett L. Ashford becomes the first African-American umpire in organized baseball by being authorized to be a substitute umpire in the Southwestern International League.
1952 – The movie The African Queen opens at the Capitol Theatre in New York City.
1959 – The Avro Arrow programme to design and manufacture supersonic jet fighters in Canada is cancelled by the Diefenbaker government amid much political debate.
1962 – Mercury program: While aboard Friendship 7, John Glenn orbits the Earth three times in 4 hours, 55 minutes, becoming the first American to do so.
1965 – Ranger 8 crashes into the Moon after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.
1974 – Science fiction writer Philip K. Dick claims he began experiencing intense gnostic visions on this date.
1976 – The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) disbands.
1978 - The last Order of Victory is given to Leonid Brezhnev.
1986 - Silvio Berlusconi takes over AC Milan.
1987 – Unabomber: In Salt Lake City, in the USA, a bomb explodes in a computer store.
1988 - Nagorno Karabakh votes to separate from Azerbaijan and join Armenia. War breaks out soon after.
1989 - An IRA bomb destroys a section of the British Army Barracks at Ternhill, England.
1991 - The giant statue of Albanian leader Enver Hoxha is brought down in Tirana by protestors.
1992 – Ross Perot announces his intention to run in the 1992 U.S. presidential election on CNN's Larry King Live.
1992 – The FA Premier League is formed and takes over as the professional league in England from season 1992–93.
1993 - New Scientist magazine reports the discovery of the youngest-observed star. Named VLA 1623, it is around 10,000 years old.
1998 – The afternoon newspaper Nashville Banner publishes its final edition.
From 2001
2001 – FBI agent Robert Hanssen is arrested and charged with spying for Russia for 15 years.
2002 – In Reqa Al-Gharbiya, Egypt, a fire on a train injures over 65 and kills at least 370.
2003 – In Rhode Island, USA, The Station nightclub fire kills about 100 and injures over 200.
2005 – Spain becomes the first country to vote in a referendum on ratification of the proposed Constitution of the European Union, passing it by a substantial margin, but on a low turnout.
2005 – Jeff Gordon wins his third Daytona 500.
2010 – Floods and mudslides hit the Portuguese island of Madeira, killing 43 people.
2013 - Kepler-37b, the smallest-known planet outside the Solar System, is discovered.
2014 - After several people had been killed during clashes two days earlier, protests in Kiev, Ukraine, erupt into violence again, with at least 20 people reported to have been killed. The EU imposes sanctions on Ukraine later the same day.
2016 - Prime Minister David Cameron announces that the United Kingdom is to hold a referendum on its membership of the European Union, on June 23.
Births
Up to 1900
1469 – Thomas Cajetan, Italian cardinal (d. 1534)
1631 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English statesman (d. 1712)
1633 - Jan de Caen, Dutch portrait painter (d. 1702)
1726 - William Prescott, American Revolutionary colonel (d. 1795)
1753 - Louis-Alexandre Berthier, French marshal (d. 1815)
1759 – Johann Christian Reil, German physician (d. 1813)
1794 – William Carleton, Irish novelist (d. 1869)
1802 – Charles Auguste de Bériot, Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1870)
1811 - Henry Hastings Sibley, American politician (d. 1891)
1815 - Louis Le Chatelier, French engineer and chemist (d. 1873)
1819 – Alfred Escher, Swiss politician and railroad entrepreneur (d. 1882)
1829 - Antonio Guzman Blanco, President of Venezuela (d. 1899)
1839 – Benjamin Waugh, British social reformer (d. 1908)
1844 – Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist (d. 1906)
1844 – Joshua Slocum, Canadian seaman and adventurer (d. 1909)
1848 - Edward Henry Harriman, American railroad executive (d. 1909)
1860 - Karl Mantzius, Danish theatre and movie actor, director and writer (d. 1921)
1866 - Carl Westman, Swedish architect and designer (d. 1936)
1867 – Louise, Princess Royal and Duchess of Fife (d. 1931)
1874 - Mary Garden, Scottish operatic soprano (d. 1967)
1879 - Hod Stuart, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1907)
1881 - Dora Altmann, German actress (d. 1971)
1882 - Elie Nadelman, Polish-born American sculptor (d. 1946)
1886 – Béla Kun, Hungarian politician (d. 1939)
1887 – Vincent Massey, Governor-General of Canada (d. 1967)
1888 - Georges Bernanos, French soldier and writer (d. 1948)
1898 – Jimmy Yancey, American musician (d. 1951)
1899 – Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, American businessman (d. 1992)
1900 - Maryam Jinnah, second wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah (d. 1929)
1901 1950
1901 – Muhammad Naguib, 1st President of Egypt (d. 1984)
1901 – René Dubos, French microbiologist (d. 1982)
1901 - Louis Kahn, American architect (d. 1974)
1902 – Ansel Adams, American photographer (d. 1984)
1904 – Alexei Kosygin, Soviet Premier (d. 1980)
1906 - Gale Gordon, American television and radio actor (d. 1995)
1909 – Heinz Erhardt, German comedian, entertainer and actor (d. 1979)
1912 - Muriel Humphrey Brown, United States Senator and Second Lady of the United States (d. 1998)
1914 - John Charles Daly, American broadcaster (d. 1991)
1916 - Jean Erdman, American dancer and choreographer
1917 - Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan musician and composer
1918 – Leonore Annenberg, American billionaire (d. 2009)
1920 - Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington, sister of John F. Kennedy (d. 1948)
1920 - Karl Albrecht, German businessman (Aldi Süd) (d. 2014)
1923 – Forbes Burnham, 1st Prime Minister and 3rd President of Guyana (d. 1985)
1923 - Victor G. Atiyeh, 32nd Governor of Oregon (d. 2014)
1924 - Gloria Vanderbilt, American socialite and clothing designer (d. 2019)
1925 - Tochinishiki Kiyotaka, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 1990)
1925 – Robert Altman, American movie director (d. 2006)
1926 - Richard Matheson, American science fiction writer and screenwriter (d. 2013)
1926 - Bob Richards, American pole vaulter
1926 - Alfonso Sastre, Spanish playwright, essayist and critic
1926 - Ken Olsen, American engineer (d. 2011)
1926 - Philip S. Goodman, American screenwriter, producer and director (d. 2015)
1927 – Sidney Poitier, American-Bahamian actor, director and diplomat
1927 – Ibrahim Ferrer, Cuban musician (d. 2005)
1928 - Jean Kennedy Smith, American diplomat and sister of John F. Kennedy
1929 - Eduardo Mac Entyre, Argentine artist (d. 2014)
1929 - Toshiro Mayuzumi, Japanese composer (d. 1997)
1930 – Willie Cunningham, Northern Irish footballer (d. 2007)
1930 - Ken Jones, English actor (d. 2014)
1930 - Gianfranco Parolini, Italian movie director and screenwriter
1931 - John Milnor, American mathematician
1936 - Shigeo Nagashima, Japanese baseball player and coach
1936 – Larry Hovis, American actor (d. 2003)
1937 – Robert Huber, German chemist
1937 - Roger Penske, American racing driver and entrepreneur
1937 - Nancy Wilson, American singer and actress
1940 – Jimmy Greaves, English footballer
1941 - Giuseppe Arzilli, Sammarinese politician
1941 – Buffy Sainte-Marie, Canadian musician
1942 – Phil Esposito, Canadian ice hockey player
1942 – Mitch McConnell, American politician
1942 - Claude Miller, French movie director and screenwriter (d. 2012)
1943 - Mike Leigh, English writer and director
1944 – Willem van Hanegem, Dutch footballer
1944 – Lew Soloff, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2015)
1945 – Annu Kapoor, Indian actor
1945 - George F. Smoot, American astrophysicist
1945 - Henry Polic II, American actor (d. 2013)
1946 – Brenda Blethyn, British actress
1946 - Richard Cocciante, French-Italian singer and songwriter
1946 - Sandy Duncan, American singer and actress
1947 – Eggert Magnusson, Icelandic businessman
1947 – Peter Osgood, English footballer (d. 2006)
1948 – Christopher A. Pissarides, Cypriot-British economist
1948 - Pierre Bouchard, Canadian ice hockey player
1949 – Ivana Trump, Czech-American socialite
1950 – Walter Becker, American guitarist
1951 1975
1951 – Gordon Brown, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
1951 - Randy California, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1997)
1952 - Abdala Bucaram, former President of Ecuador
1953 – Poison Ivy, American musician
1953 - Riccardo Chailly, Italian conductor
1954 – Anthony Head, British actor
1954 – Patty Hearst, American heiress
1954 - Jon Brant, American musician
1960 – Kee Marcello, Swedish guitarist
1960 - Joel Hodgson, American comedian
1961 – Imogen Stubbs, British actress
1961 – Ion Geolgau, Romanian footballer
1962 - Pierre Quinon, French pole vaulter (d. 2011)
1962 - Atul Chitnis, German-Indian technician (d. 2013)
1963 – Ian Brown, British singer (The Stone Roses)
1963 - Charles Barkley, American basketball player
1963 - Joakim Nyström, Swedish tennis player
1964 - Rudi Garcia, French footballer
1966 – Cindy Crawford, American model
1966 - Dannis Mitchell, American athlete
1967 – Kurt Cobain, American rock musician (Nirvana) (d. 1994)
1967 - Kath Soucie, American voice, film, stage and television actress
1967 - Lili Taylor, American actress
1968 - Ted Hankey, English darts player
1969 - Kaiji Takayama, Japanese professional wrestler
1969 - Sinisa Mihajlovic, Serbian footballer
1969 - Danis Tanovic, Bosnian movie director and screenwriter
1971 – Jari Litmanen, Finnish footballer
1971 - Joost van der Westhuizen, South African rugby player (d. 2017)
1971 - Shawn McKenzie, American programmer
1971 - Calpernia Addams, American author, actress, activist and musician
1972 - Brent Gretzky, Canadian ice hockey player
1972 - Neil Primrose, Scottish musician (Travis)
1973 – Kimberley Davis, Australian actress
1974 - Karim Bagheri, Iranian footballer
1975 - Nicolas Wallin, Swedish ice hockey player
1975 – Brian Littrell, American singer (Backstreet Boys)
From 1976
1977 – Ed Graham, British drummer (The Darkness)
1978 – Lauren Ambrose, American actress
1978 - Jay Hernandez, American actor
1980 – Imanol Harinordoquy, French rugby player
1980 – Arthur Abraham, Armenian-German boxer
1980 – Artur Boruc, Polish footballer
1980 - Luis Gabriel Rey, Colombian footballer
1981 – Tony Hibbert, English footballer
1981 - Elisabeth Görgl, Austrian skier
1982 - Jason Hirsh, American baseball player
1983 - Justin Verlander, American baseball player
1984 - Trevor Noah, South African comedian and television host
1984 - Ramzee Robinson, American basketball player
1985 – Yulia Volkova, Russian singer
1986 - Diego Reis, Brazilian footballer
1987 - Miles Teller, American actor
1988 - Jiah Khan, Indian actress (d. 2013)
1988 – Rihanna, Barbadian singer and actress
1990 - Ciro Immobile, Italian footballer
1991 - Antonio Pedroza, English-Mexican footballer
2014 - Princess Leonore, Duchess of Gotland, Swedish royal
Deaths
Up to 1900
702 - K'inich Kan B'Alam II, King of the Mayan city of Palenque (b. 635)
1154 - Wulfric of Haselbury, English saint (b. 1080)
1171 - Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1138)
1194 – King Tancred of Sicily (b. 1138)
1408 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland, English politician (b. 1342)
1431 – Pope Martin V (b. 1368)
1513 – John, King of Denmark (b. 1455)
1618 – Philip William, Prince of Orange (b. 1554)
1762 – Tobias Mayer, German astronomer (b. 1723)
1771 – Jean Jacques d'Ortous de Marain, French geophysicist (b. 1678)
1773 – King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (b. 1701)
1778 - Laura Bassi, Italian scholar (b. 1711)
1790 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1741)
1799 - Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician (b. 1733)
1803 – Marie Dumesnil, French actress (b. 1713)
1806 - Lachlan McIntosh, Scottish-American military and political leader (b. 1725)
1810 – Andreas Hofer, Tyrolian patriot (b. 1767)
1871 – Paul Kane, Canadian painter (b. 1810)
1893 - P. G. T. Beauregard, American general (b. 1818)
1895 – Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist (b. 1817)
1901 2000
1907 – Henri Moissan, French chemist (b. 1852)
1910 - Boutros Ghali, Egyptian politician (b. 1846)
1916 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist (b. 1844)
1919 – Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1872)
1920 – Robert Peary, American Arctic explorer (b. 1856)
1920 – Jacinta Marto, Portuguese religious figure (b. 1910)
1929 - Maryam Jinnah, second wife of Muhammad Ali Jinnah (b. 1900)
1948 - Robert P. Lamont, 5th United States Secretary of Commerce (b. 1867)
1952 - Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, President of Ecuador (b. 1888)
1961 – Percy Grainger, Australian composer (b. 1882)
1963 - Ferenc Fricsay, Hungarian conductor (b. 1914)
1963 - Jacob Gade, Danish composer (b. 1879)
1965 – Fred Immler, German actor (b. 1880)
1966 – Chester W. Nimitz, American admiral (b. 1885)
1968 - Anthony Asquith, British movie director and writer (b. 1902)
1969 - Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (b. 1883)
1970 - Sophie Treadwell, American playwright and journalist (b. 1885)
1972 – Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist (b. 1906)
1972 - Walter Winchell, American journalist (b. 1897)
1976 – René Cassin, French judge (b. 1887)
1982 – René Dubos, French microbiologist (b. 1901)
1992 - Dick York, American actor (b. 1928)
1993 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (b. 1916)
1996 – Solomon Asch, American psychologist (b. 1907)
1999 – Sarah Kane, English playwright (b. 1971)
2000 - Anatoly Sobchak, Russian politician (b. 1937)
From 2001
2003 - Orville Freeman, 29th Governor of Minnesota (b. 1918)
2005 – Hunter S. Thompson, American writer (b. 1937)
2007 – Carl-Henning Pedersen, Danish painter (b. 1913)
2007 – F. Albert Cotton, American chemist (b. 1930)
2010 – Alexander Haig, American politician (b. 1924)
2012 – Vitaly Vorotnikov, Soviet-Russian politician (b. 1926)
2012 - Katie Hall, American politician (b. 1938)
2012 - Sullivan Walker, American actor (b. 1939)
2013 - Antonio Roma, Argentine footballer (b. 1932)
2014 - Walter D. Ehlers, American soldier (b. 1921)
2014 - Rafael Addiego Bruno, Uruguayan jurist and politician (b. 1923)
2014 - Garrick Utley, American television journalist (b. 1939)
2014 - Reghu Kumar, Indian composer (b. 1953)
2014 - Tea Ista, Finnish actress (b. 1932)
2014 - Cuthbert A. Pattillo, American air force general (b. 1924)
2015 - Henry Segerstrom, American politician (b. 1923)
2016 - Fernando Cardenal, Nicaraguan priest and politician (b. 1934)
2016 - Ove Verner Hansen, Danish actor and opera singer (b. 1932)
2016 - Nando Yosu, Spanish footballer and manager (b. 1939)
2017 - Vitaly Churkin, Russian diplomat (b. 1952)
2017 - Mildred Dresselhaus, American scientist (b. 1930)
Observances
World Day of Social Justice
Rihanna Day (Barbados)
Days of the year |
8168 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Grohl | Dave Grohl | David Eric "Dave" Grohl (born January 14, 1969) is an American rock musician and singer. He is best known as the lead singer and guitarist of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana from 1990 to 1994. He has also been part of thirty different bands in his life, including one from the 1980s called Scream. Other bands he has played in include Nine Inch Nails and Tenacious D.
Biography
Early life
Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in Springfield, Virginia. He played in many local punk bands, on guitar. By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream. Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989. After they broke up he tried out to be a drummer in a small band called Nirvana.
Nirvana
Grohl joined Nirvana in 1990, along with Krist Novoselic and Kurt Cobain. They went on to be one of the most successful bands of the decade, selling over 50 million albums worldwide. Grohl joined shortly before the release of Nevermind. Nevermind proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big influence on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene. The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993. On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle. He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun. This event ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995.
Foo Fighters
The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself. He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them. Foo Fighters are now a multi Grammy Award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they are on tour.
References
1969 births
American punk musicians
American rock drummers
American rock guitarists
Living people
Musicians from Ohio
Musicians from Virginia
Nirvana members
Nine Inch Nails |
8169 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1740 | 1740 |
Events
God Save the Queen first performed.
Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve writes and publishes the folk story Beauty and the Beast. |
8178 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo | Embryo | An embryo is the earliest stage in the development of a fertilised egg (the zygote). It is the term used for any animal or plant, from the first cell division until birth, or hatching, or germination in plants.
In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization, and from then until birth it is called a foetus (US: fetus).
The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis, and the study of embryos is called embryology. The development of an embryo passes through various stages: the blastula, a hollow ball of cells; the gastrula, migration of cells; morphogenesis; tissue differentiation, and so on.
In organisms that reproduce sexually, once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the result is a cell called the zygote, which has DNA from each of the two parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote divides by mitosis to produce an embryo.
Related pages
Developmental biology
References
Biological reproduction
Developmental biology
he:עובר#התפתחות עובר האדם |
8179 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPad | WordPad | WordPad is a word processor application. It is made by Microsoft. WordPad is a basic word processor. It has simple formatting functions. The software comes free with Microsoft Windows operating systems. WordPad is similar to Notepad but lets the user format text, something users cannot do in Notepad. However, WordPad is very basic compared to normal word processors like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice Writer. Wordpad saves documents in Rich Text Format, unlike Notepad's use of simple text files, allowing users to change the alignment and color of the font, and add things like bullets and font effects.
Word processors |
8180 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20Paint | Microsoft Paint | Microsoft Paint, also called MS Paint or simply Paint is a computer program made by Microsoft. It allows people to create picture files as well as edit picture files saved on their computer. Microsoft Paint is also a program for adding texts to images saved on a computer. There are various tools to help people edit photos, including:
the paint bucket
pencils
spray can
eraser
line and curved line tools
multiple shape tools
text tool
cut out tool
The program has a color palette displayed on the bottom left of the screen, as well as an "Edit Colors..." menu, allowing users to create all the shades they need.
Using the selection tools (the 2 tools at the top if the tools bar), users can select all or part of an image and then cut, copy, delete and paste it.
Many digital artists or editors prefer programs like Photoshop, but many on a tighter budget or with less time on their hands use Paint. Because of this, there are many Internet tutorials to help enhance the creative skill of every Microsoft Painter.
References
Microsoft software
Graphics software |
8183 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Computer | My Computer | My Computer is seen on the Microsoft Windows computers. My Computer allows the user to access the local drives, such as the local disk, also known as the C: Drive. The user can also access external drives. Examples of an external drive are a floppy disk drive (A: Drive) and the CD Drive (D:). My computer also lets the user access My Documents and other files.
Whenever any external drive is attached to the computer, the user can directly access that drive from My Computer menu. "My Computer" gives us an overview about different types of drives present in the computer. The My Computer folder is a gateway to all the data stored on the computer, attached devices, and the network -- as well as a shortcut to most of your system information.
Software |
8194 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy | Trilogy | A trilogy is a series with three parts. For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there are three movies in the series: The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and The Godfather Part III.
The trilogy was originally a tradition of Ancient Greek theatre, where three plays and one satyr play would be played.
Literary terms
de:Mehrteiler#Dreiteiler (Trilogie) |
8195 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series | Series | A series is a group of similar things that are all related to the same topic.
In mathematics, a series is the adding of a list of (usually never-ending) mathematical objects (such as numbers). It is sometimes written as , which is another way of writing .
For example, the series corresponds to the following sum:
Here, the dots mean that the adding does not have a last term, but goes on to infinity.
If the result of the addition gets closer and closer to a certain limit value, then this is the sum of the series. For example, the first few terms of the above series are:
From these, we can see that this series will have 2 as its sum.
However, not all series have a sum. For example. a series can go to positive or negative infinity, or just go up and down without settling on any particular value. In which case, the series is said to diverge. The harmonic series is an example of a series which diverges.
Related page
List of series
Sequence
Series acceleration
Taylor series
References
Mathematics |
8196 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synesthesia | Synesthesia | Synesthesia, or synaesthesia, is a condition where the brain mixes up the senses. People who have synesthesia are called synesthetes.
Synesthesia is usually inherited (called congenital synesthesia), but exactly how people inherit it is unknown.
Synesthesia is sometimes reported by people using psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, or during an epileptic seizure. It is also reported to be a result of blindness or deafness. Synesthesia that comes from events unrelated to genes is called adventitious synesthesia. This synesthesia results from some drugs or a stroke but not blindness or deafness. It involves sound being linked to vision or touch being linked to hearing.
Synesthesia was investigated a lot in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in the middle of the 20th century, it was less studied. Only recently has it been studied again in much detail.
Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to "see" music as colors or shapes. This is called chromethesia. Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia. He said that the key of D major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B-flat minor was blackish. A major was a rainbow of colors to him. This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes, and why much of his music is in major keys.
Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. In 1907, he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who had synesthesia, and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colors. Scriabin worked with a man named Alexander Mozer who made a color organ.
Experiences
The same type of synesthesia may have different effects (pronounced and less pronounced) on different people.
Synesthetes often say that they did not know their experiences were unusual until they found out that other people did not have them. Others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives. Most synesthetes consider their experiences a gift—a "hidden" sense. Most synesthetes find out in their childhood that they have synethesia. Some learn to apply it in daily life and work. For example, they might use their gift to memorize names and telephone numbers or do mental arithmetic. Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to help them be more creative, for example, in making drawings and music.
More than 60 types of synesthesia have been reported, but only a small number have been studied by scientists.
Some common types of synthesia include:
Grapheme–color synesthesia: Letters or numbers are seen to have colors of their own.
Ordinal linguistic personification: Numbers, days of the week, and months of the year are felt to have their own personalities.
Spatial-sequence: Numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week are located in specific places in space. For example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990. Or a year may be seen three-dimensionally as a map.
Visual motion → sound synesthesia: Hearing sounds in response to seeing motion.
References
Sensory system
Perception |
8199 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose | Moose | A moose (Alces alces; called elk in Europe) is a large deer. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, Alces americanus.
A male moose is called a bull, a female moose is called a cow, and a young moose is called a calf. A group of moose is called a herd. The plural form of moose is "moose”.
Moose live in northern Europe, Asia, and in North America. Moose usually live in areas with lakes, marshes and swamps. They also live in mountain ranges.
Range
Moose live in North America and also range from northern Europe to Siberia. In Europe they live in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland and the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). In North America they live in Canada, Alaska and northern parts of the United States. In 2008 they were re-introduced to Scottish Highlands from Scandinavia.
Population
There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. Alaska has about 200,000. Canada and Russia each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the continental United States. The animal is widely distributed.
Life
Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in winter they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat grass, leaves, twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a pregnancy of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves.
Predators
A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. Siberian tigers prey on adult moose. Wolves also pose a threat, especially to females with calves. Brown bears are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own. American black bears and cougars can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows. Wolverine are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions. Killer whales are the moose's only known marine predator. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.
Moose and humans
Moose have been hunted by humans since the Stone Age.
Because of their dark coloured fur, moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by cars. In some countries like Canada, Finland and Sweden there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced.
References
Other websites
goMoose
Deer
Mammals of North America |
8204 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20Kubrick | Stanley Kubrick | Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American movie director. Kubrick is thought to have been one of the great directors of the 20th century.
He was born in New York City but lived most of his life in England. His movies are respected for their great amount of detail and symbolism. Some of his movies were controversial when they were first shown. For example, the sex and violence in his movie A Clockwork Orange was very disturbing to many people who saw it when it was released in 1971. The reaction to the movie in the United Kingdom became so great that Stanley Kubrick stopped showing the movie there for over 25 years. Other famous movies that Kubrick made include Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, 2001: A Space Odyssey and The Shining. Stanley Kubrick died from a heart attack on March 7, 1999.
Early life and work
Kubrick was born in Manhattan, New York City and grew up in the Bronx during his youth. Stanley was a poor student in school but his father, who was a doctor, taught Stanley how to play chess and gave him a camera. Kubrick finished high school in 1946 and could not get into a college. This was because of his poor grades in school and because colleges were full with many American soldier's who returned from World War II that same year. During this time, Kubrick played games of chess with people for money. He was a good chess player and won many games. He used the money he won from playing chess to buy food and photography equipment. Kubrick got a job at a magazine in New York City that was called Look Magazine. Kubrick also enjoyed watching movies and thought that he could make better movies than the movies that were being made at the time. He first made two small documentaries. One of them was about a boxer and was called Day of the Fight. The other documentary was about a religious man and was called Flying Padre. He then made two full-length movies (called feature films) that made other people interested in his work. The first feature film was called Fear and Desire and the other was called Killer's Kiss. His third feature film, called The Killing, was a success. The success of The Killing allowed Stanley to work on a bigger movie, called Paths of Glory, that was about World War I and was made with the famous actor Kirk Douglas. At this time Kubrick became well known in the movie industry and had started to create his own style.
Big movies
Spartacus
After Stanley Kubrick completed Paths of Glory, he worked on a big Hollywood movie named Spartacus in 1960. The movie is about a gladiator who fights Rome. It made a lot of money and was a success but Kubrick did not enjoy working on it. He did not enjoy working on it because of problems he had with the other people working on the movie who controlled it. Kubrick desired to have a lot of control in making his movies, and after making Spartacus he only worked on movies that he had full control over.
Lolita
Kubrick moved to the United Kingdom in 1962, to make his next movie, Lolita. He liked the United Kingdom very much and decided to live there for the rest of his life. The movie Lolita was the first movie that Kubrick made that created a lot of controversy. The movie was based upon a book by the Russian author Vladimir Nabokov that was also very controversial at the time. The movie shows the relationship between a very young woman and an older man. This is a forbidden topic in the United States and most of the world.
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb
For the movie Lolita, Kubrick hired the talented and famous actor Peter Sellers. Kubrick respected Peter's acting and asked him to act as three different characters in Kubrick's next movie, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb, which was released in 1963. Dr. Strangelove was a comedy but it was about very serious topics. These are called black comedies. The movie was about the Cold War and was very controversial but also very successful. The movie had a large cultural influence and created some images that became very famous in the years to follow. The most famous image from the movie was of an American pilot sitting on a nuclear bomb as it fell to earth from an airplane.
Kubrick's success with Dr Strangelove convinced the movie studios that he was talented and that he could be trusted to make good, popular movies. Kubrick entered into a positive relationship with the movie studio, Warner Brothers. Warner Brothers gave him almost full artistic control on all of the movies he was to make in the future. A director being given so much control is rare. Such directors are called "auteurs".
2001: A Space Odyssey
Kubrick took five years to develop and plan his next movie. It was a science fiction movie called 2001: A Space Odyssey and it was released in 1968. Kubrick based the movie on a short story called "The Sentinel" that was written by the science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke. Kubrick worked with Arthur C. Clarke to make the movie. The movie used many new ideas and techniques and had special effects that no other movie at the time had. The great special effects used in the movie won Kubrick his first and only Oscar award. 2001 was made during the end of the 1960s and was very popular with members of the Hippie Counterculture. This was because of the movies strange and dream-like visuals. When the movie was released it was both loved and hated by many movie critics. Many of the movie critics who did not like the movie when they saw it in 1968 have changed their opinions. Some of them have written a second, positive review of the movie many years later.
A Clockwork Orange
His next movie was one of his most famous and also his most controversial. The movie was titled A Clockwork Orange and was released in 1971. The movie was darker than 2001 and was originally released with an "X" motion picture rating in the US. The movie was based on a novel of the same title by the author Anthony Burgess. The novel and movie are about a criminal who is given a new and experimental 'cure' for his violent nature. The story asks questions about how society defines morality. The movie had an amount of sex and violence that was not often seen in big Hollywood movies at the time. The controversy of the movie increased when other people copied some of the acts that were committed by the characters in the movie. Kubrick and his family received violent threats from people, called death threats. These threats were serious enough that Kubrick took the movie out of theaters in Britain. The movie was not shown again in Britain until the year 2000, after Kubrick's death.
Barry Lyndon
Kubrick's next movie was to going to be about Napoleon but he canceled it after another similar movie was released before his own. Kubrick worked very hard researching and learning about Napoleon and about the world at that time. Kubrick chose to make another movie set in that time that was titled Barry Lyndon. The movie was based a book by William Makepeace Thackeray and was about an 18th-century gambler named Barry Lyndon. The movie was not as well liked as his previous movies but, like 2001: A Space Odyssey, it convinced people over time.
After Barry Lyndon, Kubrick made movies at a much slower rate than before. He only made three more movies in the next twenty-five years. He was still very popular and respected. Each of the movies he released became an event that many people waited for and celebrated.
The Shining
The Shining was Kubrick's next movie. It was based on the book of the same name by the American author, Stephen King and was released in 1980. It was a horror movie and starred Jack Nicholson and Shelley Duvall. The movie was one of Kubrick's most mainstream movies and was very popular. It was different from the other horror movies at the time and the catch phrase, "Here's Johnny!" (which was also used on the TV's The Tonight Show hosted by Johnny Carson at the time) was made very popular after Jack Nicholson's character said it during an important scene in the movie. The author of the book Stephen King hated the movie and did not like that Kubrick changed many things from the book. King made his own version, a TV mini-series in 1997, which was much more like the book.
Full Metal Jacket
Full Metal Jacket was Kubrick's next movie and was released in 1987. It was one of several movies that were made in the 1980s that were about the Vietnam War. The movie was most famous for its drill instructor character, played by R. Lee Ermey, who was very cruel to his soldiers. After the movie was released, the United States Armed Forces changed some of its rules about how their drill instructors should behave.
Eyes Wide Shut
Eyes Wide Shut was Kubrick's last movie and was released in 1999. He completed editing the movie just before his death in March. The movie starred Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, who were married to each other in real-life at the time. It was based on the novel Traumnovelle by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler. The movie took over 16 consecutive months (a world record) to complete and was released in July 1999. According to R. Lee Ermey, of Full Metal Jacket Fame, Kubrick revealed to him that he was rather disappointed with his work. Kubrick supposedly went further, saying that both Kidman and Cruise "had their way with" him. Apparently a reference to a clashing of large-Hollywood personas to Kubrick's more reserved demeanor.
Kubrick's death and influence
Just a few days after completing the editing of Eyes Wide Shut, Kubrick died from a heart attack in Harpenden, Hertfordshire.
In the year 2001, the American movie director Steven Spielberg filmed A.I.: Artificial Intelligence. A.I was a movie that Stanley Kubrick had worked on before Eyes Wide Shut, but did not finish. Steven Spielberg based his movie on Kubrick's plans. The movie received a poor response from audiences and did not make as much money as expected. The movie was thought to be more Spielberg's movie than Kubrick's movie.
Movies he made (Filmography)
Day of the Fight (1951)
Flying Padre (1951)
The Seafarers (1952)
Fear and Desire (1953)
Killer's Kiss (1955)
The Killing (1956)
Paths of Glory (1957)
Spartacus (1960)
Lolita (1962)
Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1963)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Barry Lyndon (1975)
The Shining (1980)
Full Metal Jacket (1987)
Eyes Wide Shut (1999)
Awards and nominations
All of Stanley Kubrick's later movies, except for The Shining, were nominated for Oscars or Golden Globes. 2001: A Space Odyssey had many technical awards, including a BAFTA award for cinematographer and an Academy Award for best visual effects. As director of special effects on the movie, Kubrick got the award. This was Kubrick's only personal Oscar win among 13 nominations. Nominations for his movies were mostly in the areas of cinematography, art design, screenwriting, and music. Only four of his movies were nominated by either an Oscar or Golden Globe for their acting performances: Spartacus, Lolita, Dr. Strangelove, and A Clockwork Orange.
Personal awards for Kubrick:
Kubrick received two awards from major film festivals: "Best Director" from the Locarno International Film Festival in 1959 for Killer's Kiss, and "Bastone Bianco Award" at the Venice Film Festival in 1999 for Eyes Wide Shut. The Venice Film Festival awarded him the "Career Golden Lion" in 1997. He received the D.W. Griffith Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America, and another life-achievement award from the Director's Guild of Great Britain, and the Career Golden Lion from the Venice Film Festival. In 2000 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award. After he died, the Sitges - Catalonian International Film Festival awarded him the "Honorary Grand Prize" for life achievement in 2008. He also received the Hugo Award three times for his work in science fiction.
References
Other websites
Stanley Kubrick at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Official site (requires Macromedia Flash)
Arthur C. Clarke links & image archive
American cinematographers
American movie editors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in England
Deaths from myocardial infarction
Movie directors from New York City
Movie producers from New York City
Screenwriters from New York City
1928 births
1999 deaths |
8206 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto%20Protocol | Kyoto Protocol | The Kyoto Protocol is a plan created by the United Nations for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming. The plan says that countries that adopt (follow) the Kyoto Protocol have to try to reduce how much carbon dioxide (and other "greenhouse gases" that pollute the atmosphere) they release into the air.
Establishment
The full name of the Kyoto Protocol is the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is called the Kyoto Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto Protocol was officially put into "full force" on February 16, 2005. On February 16, Russia began to follow (ratify) the Kyoto Protocol and it was decided to be put into "full force". As of February 2009, 183 countries have agreed to follow the Kyoto Protocol, who make up for more than 55% of the greenhouse gases released into our atmosphere.
Adoption status
There are still 29 countries which have not yet adopted it. Croatia and Kazakhstan have signed the treaty, but have not ratified it (made it a law they have to follow). Donald Trump and The United States of America has signed it but said that they will not ratify it. Australia has only recently ratified the Kyoto Protocol under the previous Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. Both of these countries have said that the fact that China and India are using exceptions to the treaty (those countries believe parts of the treaty do not apply to them and they will not follow those parts) in the name of industrialization is unfair and that they will not ratify because of this, although it is believed that the U.S. and Australia are protecting their economic interests by not ratifying. The countries' leaders say that changing their use of greenhouse gases will make their people lose jobs. The twenty four other countries have neither signed nor ratified the treaty.
Other websites
The Kyoto Protocol
United Nations
Kyoto
Climate change
Green politics |
8213 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie%20director | Movie director | A movie director is a person who leads the making of a movie (or film). They take care of the artistic things in the movie. They give instructions to the actors and direct the people that work on the movie.
Directors give many of their responsibilities to other members of their movie-making team (called a movie crew). For example, the person who is responsible for the lighting is told by the director what style of lighting he wants and he then creates the lighting for him. It is common for movie directors to work closely with a movie producer. Movie producers are people who control the non-artistic side of movie making. For example, they control all the money that is used for making the movie.
The amount of control a director has in creating their movie is different for each director. It is most common for directors to have some control, while the rest of the movie-making is controlled by the movie studio, and by the people who pay for making the movie. This was very common for American movies made in the 1930s to 1950s. There are a small number of directors who are given complete control over making their movies. For example, Stanley Kubrick, Jean-Luc Godard, Steven Spielberg and James Cameron all had a great amount of control in making their movie.
Famous directors
References
Movie occupations |
8233 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Nicholson | Jack Nicholson | John Joseph "Jack" Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American retired actor, director, producer and writer. He started out as a writer and part-time actor. He became a star in 1969 when he had a small part in the movie Easy Rider. He has won three Oscars, for As Good as it Gets, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, and Terms of Endearment. He is one of the fans for Los Angeles Lakers. Nicholson is one of only two actors who have been nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to 2000s; the other is Michael Caine. Nicholson received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1999. He has won seven Golden Globe Awards. He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2001. Nicholson dropped out from the remake movie Toni Erdmann.
Personal life
Nicholson has been linked to many actresses and models, including Michelle Phillips, Bebe Buell and Lara Flynn Boyle. He had a intimate relationship with Anjelica Huston from 1973 to 1989. The relationship ended when the media reported Rebecca Broussard was pregnant with their child. Nicholson and Broussard had two children together, Lorraine and Raymond. Nicholson's other children are Jennifer (born with Sandra Knight) and Honey Hollman (born with Winnie Hollman). Susan Anspach says that her son, Caleb Goddard, was fathered by Nicholson. He is not sure that he is the father. Nicholson describes himself as a "lifelong Irish Democrat", and is highly against abortion. He is Roman Catholic. In 2020, Nicholson endorsed Bernie Sanders's second presidential campaign for the 2020 nomination.
Filmography
References
Other websites
Jack Nicholson Online
1937 births
Living people
Actors from New Jersey
Actors who played the Joker
American movie actors
American television actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Movie directors from New Jersey
Movie producers from New Jersey
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Screenwriters from New Jersey |
8234 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s | 1860s |
The most important events
The Civil War in the United States
World leaders
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
King William I, German Emperor (Germany)
King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
Pope Pius IX
Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
Queen Isabella II (Spain)
Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
President James Buchanan (United States)
President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
President Andrew Johnson (United States)
President Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America)
President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
Emperor Kōmei (Japan)
Emperor Meiji (Japan)
Emperor Xianfeng (China)
Emperor Tongzhi (China) |
8235 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/June%2020 | June 20 |
Events
Up to 1950
451- The Battle of Chalons, Flavius Aetius' victory over Attila the Hun.
1214 – University of Oxford receives its charter.
1605 - Tsar Feodor III of Russia is murdered.
1631 – The sack of Baltimore: the Irish village of Baltimore was attacked by Algerian pirates.
1667 - Pope Clement IX is elected.
1685 – Monmouth Rebellion: The Duke of Monmouth declared himself King of England at Bridgwater.
1756 – English garrison imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.
1782 – The U.S. Congress adopts the Great Seal of the United States.
1789 – Deputies of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath
1791 – The Flight to Varennes began.
1819 – The US vessel Savannah arrives at Liverpool. She is the first steam-propelled vessel to cross the Atlantic, most of the journey was made under sail.
1837 – Queen Victoria succeeds to the British throne.
1840 - Samuel Morse receives a patent for the telegraph.
1862 – Barbu Catargiu is assassinated in Romania.
1863 – West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.
1877 – Alexander Graham Bell installs world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton Ontario.
1884 - The Pentre Ifan Neolithic site in Pembrokeshire, west Wales, gets the special status of a "Scheduled Monument".
1887 - Victoria Terminus, the busiest railway station in India, opens in Bombay.
1893 – Lizzie Borden is found innocent of murdering her stepmother and father.
1895 - The Kiel Canal, crossing the base of the Jutland peninsula in Northern Germany, is officially opened.
1900 – In China, the Boxer Rebellion begins.
1919 – 150 die at the Teatro Yaguez fire, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico.
1921 - Workers of the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in Chennai, India, begin a four-month strike.
1939 – Benny Goodman's Song School ends its radio series.
1940 - World War II: Italy begins
1943 - The Detroit race riots break out.
1944 - World War II: The Battle of the Philippine Sea finishes, with a decisive US Naval victory.
1944 - Continuation War: The Soviet Union demands the unconditional surrender of Finland, which the Finnish government refuses.
1945 - The United States Secretary of State approves the transfer of Wernher von Braun and his team of Nazi rocket scientists to the US.
1948 – Toast of the Town, later The Ed Sullivan Show, debuts.
1951 2000
1954 - 1954 FIFA World Cup: West Germany loses a group game 8-3 to the Hungary national football team, which they go on to beat 3-2 in the final.
1956 – A Venezuelan Super-Constellation crashed in Atlantic Ocean off Ashbury Park, New Jersey killing 74 people
1959 - A rare June hurricane strikes Canada's Gulf of Saint Lawrence, killing 35 people.
1960 – Independence of Mali and Senegal.
1963 – "Hotline" established between Soviet Union and United States.
1966 – Canada sells 336 million bushels of wheat to Soviet Union.
1969 – Jacques Chaban-Delmas becomes Prime Minister of France.
1973 - Ezeiza massacre in Buenos Aires - Snipers fire on left-wing Peronists, killing 13 people.
1976 - The Czechoslovakia national football team defeats the West Germany national football team to win UEFA Euro 1976.
1977 - Menachem Begin becomes Prime Minister of Israel.
1977 – Oil begins to flow through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS).
1979 - ABC News correspondent Bill Stewart is shot dead by a Nicaraguan soldier under the regime of Anastasio Somoza Debayle.
1980 – Roberto Duran starts his classic boxing trilogy with Sugar Ray Leonard by defeating him in Canada by a decision in 15 rounds, to gain the WBC world Welterweight championship.
1981 – Iran is taken over by what is now known as the Islamic Republic of Iran after two and a half years of intimidation.
1982 - Jacky Ickx wins the 24-hour motor race at Le Mans, France.
1990 – Asteroid Eureka is discovered.
1991 – German parliament decides to move the capital city from Bonn back to Berlin.
1992 - Estonia takes the Kroon as its national currency.
1994 - In Mashad, Iran, a bomb attack on a mosque kills 26 people and injures 80.
1995 - In Kenya the Safina political party is founded by Richard Leakey and opposition activists.
From 2001
2001 – Pervez Musharraf becomes President of Pakistan
2001 – Andrea Yates drowns her children in a bathtub and admits the crime. She was later sentenced to life in prison.
2003 – Formation of Wikimedia Foundation is announced.
2009 – In Tehran, student Neda Agha-Soltan is shot dead. As it happened during post-election protests, she becomes a symbol of the Iranian opposition.
2010 - Juan Manuel Santos is elected President of Colombia.
2012 - Antonis Samaras becomes Prime Minister of Greece, after a second election in the space of six weeks, during the country's economic crisis.
2013 - At 1 p.m., the 3-hour PSI reading in Singapore reached record levels once again with a reading of 371 in the Hazardous range, as Singapore experienced its worst haze to date.
2014 - 2014 FIFA World Cup: Costa Rica secures a place in the second round after beating Italy 1-0, from a group also containing England and Uruguay. It is one of the surprises of the tournament.
2019 - Iran shoots down a US surveillance drone over the Strait of Hormuz; US President Donald Trump later admits to having ordered a strike on Iran which he later cancelled.
2019 - Boris Johnson and Jeremy Hunt become the final two candidates for the leadership of the British Conservative Party and the post of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Births
Up to 1900
1005 - Ali az-Zahir, Egyptian caliph (d. 1036)
1389 - John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford (d. 1435)
1469 - Gian Galeazzo Sforza, consort of Isabella of Naples (d. 1496)
1566 – Sigismund III Vasa, King of Poland and Sweden (d. 1632)
1583 - Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (d. 1652)
1634 - Charles Emmanuel II of Savoy (d. 1675)
1642 - George Hickes, English theologian and writer (d. 1715)
1647 - John George III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1691)
1717 - Jacques Saly, French sculptor (d. 1776)
1723 – Adam Ferguson, Scottish philosopher and historian (d. 1816)
1737 - Tokugawa Ieharu, Japanese shogun (d. 1786)
1753 - Antoine de Rivarol, French writer (d. 1801)
1754 - Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1832)
1756 - Joseph Martin Kraus, German composer (d. 1792)
1760 - Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, British statesman (d. 1842)
1763 - Wolfe Tone, Irish lawyer and independence campaigner (d. 1798)
1771 - Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish philanthropist (d. 1820)
1778 - Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac, French statesman (d. 1832)
1786 - Marceline Desbordes-Valmore, French writer (d. 1859)
1819 – Jacques Offenbach, German-French composer (d. 1880)
1832 - Benjamin Bristow, American politician (d. 1896)
1833 - Leon Bonnat, French painter (d. 1922)
1858 – Charles W. Chesnutt, American writer (d. 1932)
1860 - Alexander Winton, Scottish automobile designer and racer (d. 1932)
1860 - Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer and footballer (d. 1932)
1861 – Frederick Gowland Hopkins, English chemist, won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1947)
1862 - Marco Praga, Italian playwright (d. 1929)
1869 - Lucy Kemp-Welch, English painter (d. 1958)
1872 - George Carpenter, 5th General of the Salvation Army (d. 1948)
1875 - Reginald Punnett, British geneticist (d. 1967)
1884 - Johannes Heinrich Schultz, German psychiatrist (d. 1970)
1887 - Kurt Schwitters, German painter and writer (d. 1948)
1889 - John S. Paraskevopoulos, Greek-South African astronomer (d. 1951)
1891 – John A. Costello, Irish Taoiseach (d. 1976)
1891 - Giannina Arangi-Lombardi, Italian soprano (d. 1951)
1896 - Wilfrid Pelletier, Canadian conductor, pianist, composer and arts administrator (d. 1982)
1897 – Elisabeth Hauptmann, German writer (d. 1973)
1897 - Jimmy Driftwood, American folk musician and songwriter (d. 1998)
1899 - Jean Moulin, French resistance leader (d. 1943)
1901 1950
1902 - Juan Evaristo, Argentine footballer (d. 1978)
1905 – Lillian Hellman, American playwright (d. 1984)
1906 - Bob King, American high jumper (d. 1965)
1907 - Jimmy Driftwood, American singer-songwriter and banjo player (d. 1998)
1909 – Errol Flynn, Australian-American actor (d. 1959)
1913 – Lilian Jackson Braun, American writer (d. 2011)
1913 - Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, Spanish royal, father of King Juan Carlos I of Spain (d. 1993)
1915 - Terence Young, British screenwriter and director (d. 1994)
1916 - Jean-Jacques Bertrand, 21st Premier of Quebec (d. 1973)
1917 - Helena Rasiowa, Polish mathematician (d. 1994)
1920 - Man Mohan Adhikari, Nepalese politician (d. 1999)
1920 - Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambican political activist (d. 1969)
1923 - Jerzy Nowak, Polish actor (d. 2013)
1923 - Peter Gay, German-American historian, educator and author (d. 2015)
1924 – Chet Atkins, American guitarist and producer (d. 2001)
1924 – Fritz Koenig, German sculptor (d. 2017)
1924 - Rainer Barzel, German politician (d. 2006)
1925 - Audie Murphy, American soldier, actor and songwriter (d. 1971)
1925 - Doris Hart, American tennis player (d. 2015)
1926 - Giovanni Viola, Italian footballer (d. 2008)
1927 - Simin Behbahani, Iranian poet (d. 2014)
1927 – Josef Posipal, German footballer and manager (d. 1997)
1928 – Jean-Marie Le Pen, French far-right politician
1928 – Martin Landau, American actor (d. 2017)
1928 - Eric Dolphy, American jazz musician (d. 1964)
1929 - Edgar Bronfman, Sr., Canadian-American businessman (d. 2013)
1929 - Edith Windsor, American LGBT rights activist ad technological manager at IBM (d. 2017)
1930 - Magdalena Abakanowicz, Polish sculptor and artist (d. 2017)
1931 – Olympia Dukakis, American actress (d. 2021)
1932 - Robert Rozhdestvensky, Russian poet (d. 1994)
1933 - Danny Aiello, American actor
1933 - Dai Dower, Welsh boxer (d. 2016)
1933 - Brett Halsey, American actor
1934 - Sergio Balanzino, Italian diplomat, former Secretary-General of NATO.
1934 - Graham Leggat, Scottish footballer
1934 - Wendy Craig, English actress
1935 - Armando Picchi, Italian footballer (d. 1971)
1936 - Billy Guy, American singer (d. 2002)
1937 - Phil Skoglund, New Zealand lawn bowls player (d. 2015)
1938 - Joan Kirner, Australian politician, 42nd Premier of Victoria (d. 2015)
1939 - Konrad Spindler, German prehistorian (d. 2005)
1940 - John Mahoney, English-American actor (d. 2018)
1941 - Stephen Frears, British actor, director, producer
1941 - Ulf Merbold, German physicist and astronaut
1942 – Brian Wilson, American musician (The Beach Boys)
1945 – Anne Murray, Canadian singer
1945 - Jean-Claude Izzo, French writer (d. 2000)
1945 - Shekhar Mehta, Kenyan rally driver (d. 2006)
1946 - Lars Vilks, Swedish sculptor, artist and activist
1946 – Xanana Gusmao, former President of East Timor
1948 – Ludwig Scotty, former President of Nauru
1948 - Cirilo Flores, American bishop (d. 2014)
1948 - Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician and actor (Bay City Rollers) (d. 2018)
1949 - Lionel Richie, American singer and musician
1950 – Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq
1951 1975
1951 – Tress MacNeille, American voice actress
1952 – John Goodman, American actor
1952 – Vikram Seth, Indian poet
1952 - Larry Riley, American actor
1952 - Mabel Rivera, Spanish actress
1953 - Ulrich Mühe, German actor (d. 2007)
1954 – Michael Anthony, American musician (Van Halen)
1954 - Allan Lamb, South African-English cricketer
1954 - Ilan Ramon, Israeli astronaut (d. 2003)
1958 - Barbara Rosenkranz, Austrian politician
1958 - Chuck Wagner, American actor
1959 – Chris Williams, African-American actor
1960 – John Taylor, British musician ("Duran Duran")
1963 - José Basualdo, Argentine footballer
1964 - Pierfrancesco Chili, Italian motorcycle racer
1964 - Silke Möller, German athlete
1966 - Boaz Yakin, American screenwriter and director
1967 – Nicole Kidman, Australian actress
1967 - Angela Melillo, Italian actress, model, singer and television personality
1968 - Mateusz Morawiecki, Polish politician, Prime minister of Poland
1969 - Paulo Bento, Portuguese footballer and manager
1970 – Prince Moulay Rachid of Morocco
1970 - Andrea Nahles, German politician
1971 - Josh Lucas, American actor
1971 - Jeordie White, American musician
1972 - Craig Thomson, Scottish football referee
1973 - Chino Moreno, American singer-songwriter and musician
From 1976
1976 – Juliano Belletti, Brazilian footballer
1978 – Frank Lampard, English footballer
1978 - Quinton Jackson, American mixed martial artist and actor
1979 - Masashi Motoyama, Japanese footballer
1980 – Carlo Festuccia, Italian rugby player
1980 - Vignir Svavarsson, Icelandic handball player
1981 - Brede Hangeland, Norwegian footballer
1982 – Aleksei Berezutski, Russian footballer
1982 – Vasili Berezutski, Russian footballer
1982 – Example, English rapper
1982 - George Forsyth, Peruvian footballer
1983 - Josh Childress, American basketball player
1984 - Hassan Adams, American basketball player
1985 - Souleymane Mamam, Togolese footballer
1986 - Luca Cigarini, Italian footballer
1987 – Itumeleng Khune, South African footballer
1987 - Alexey Korolev, Kazakhstani ski jumper
1987 – Paweł Rogaliński, Polish journalist
1987 - Asmir Begovic, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1988 - Shefali Chowdhury, British actress
1989 – Javier Pastore, Argentine footballer
1989 - Christopher Mintz-Plasse, American actor
1990 - Ding Ning, Chinese table tennis player
1990 - Iselin Solheim, Norwegian singer
1991 - Rick ten Voorde, Dutch footballer
1993 - Sead Kolasinac, Bosnia and Herzegovina footballer
1996 - Majid Hosseini, Iranian footballer
1997 - Maria Lark, Russian-American actress
1997 - Jordan Larsson, Swedish footballer
1998 - Jadin Gould, American actress
1999 - Yui Mizuno, Japanese singer and model
Deaths
Up to 1900
451 – Theodorid, King of the Visigoths
537 - Pope Silverius
840 – Louis the Pious, King of the Franks, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (b. 778)
1176 - Mikhail of Vladimir
1597 – Willem Barentsz, navigator (b. 1550)
1605 – Tsar Feodor II of Russia (b. 1589)
1668 - Heinrich Roth, German scholar (b. 1620)
1776 - Benjamin Huntsman, English inventor and manufacturer (b. 1704)
1787 – Karl Friedrich Abel, German composer
1810 - Axel von Fersen the Younger, Swedish statesman (b. 1755)
1820 – Manuel Belgrano, Argentine lawyer and politician (b. 1770)
1837 – King William IV of the United Kingdom (b. 1765)
1840 - Pierre Claude Francois Daunou, French statesman (b. 1761)
1847 - Juan Larrea, Argentine politician and businessman (b. 1782)
1862 - Barbu Catargiu, Romanian politician (b. 1807)
1869 - Hijikata Toshizo, Japanese military leader (b. 1835)
1870 - Jules de Goncourt, French writer (b. 1830)
1888 – Johannes Zukertort, German chess player (b. 1847)
1891 - Mihail Kogalniceanu, Romanian historian, writer and journalist (b. 1817)
1901 2000
1909 - Friedrich Martens, Estonian-Russian diplomat, lawyer and historian (b. 1845)
1925 - Josef Breuer, Austrian psychologist (b. 1842)
1929 - Emmanuel Benakis, Greek merchant and politician (b. 1843)
1933 – Clara Zetkin, German politician and feminist (b. 1857)
1940 - Jehan Alain, French organist and composer (b. 1911)
1945 – Bruno Frank, German writer (b. 1878)
1945 - Luis Fernando de Orleans y Borbon, Spanish prince (b. 1888)
1946 - Wan Rong, last Empress of China (b. 1906)
1947 – Bugsy Siegel, American gangster (b. 1906)
1947 - Howard Mason Gore, 17th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1877)
1952 - Luigi Fagioli, Italian racing driver (b. 1898)
1958 – Kurt Alder, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
1965 - Bernard Baruch, American financier and politician (b. 1870)
1966 – Georges Lemaitre, Belgian theologian and astrophysicist (b. 1894)
1976 - Lou Klein, American baseball player (b. 1918)
1979 - Bill Stewart, American journalist (b. 1941)
1995 – Emil Cioran, Romanian-born French philosopher and essayist (b. 1911)
1997 - Lawrence Payton, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1938)
1998 – Conrad Schumann, East German borderguard, most famous escapee from East Germany (b. 1942)
1999 – Clifton Fadiman, writer (b. 1902)
From 2001
2001 - Gina Cigna, Italian-French opera singer and dramatic soprano (b. 1900)
2002 – Erwin Chargaff, Austrian biochemist (b. 1905)
2002 – Tinus Osendarp, Dutch sprinter (b. 1916)
2003 – Bob Stump, U.S. Congressman from Arizona (b. 1927)
2005 – Jack Kilby, American electrical engineer (b. 1923)
2009 – Neda Agha-Soltan, Iranian student (shot), symbol of the resistance to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (b. 1982)
2010 – Roberto Rosato, Italian footballer (b. 1943)
2011 – Ryan Dunn, American television star and stuntman (b. 1977)
2012 - Judy Agnew, wife of Spiro Agnew (b. 1920)
2013 - Ingvar Rydell, Swedish footballer (b. 1922)
2014 - Oberdan Cattani, Brazilian footballer (b. 1919)
2014 - Jaroslav Walter, Czech ice hockey player (b. 1939)
2015 - Elson Floyd, American educator (b. 1956)
2015 - Angelo Niculescu, Romanian football manager (b. 1921)
2015 - Takanonami Sadahiro, Japanese sumo wrestler (b. 1971)
2015 - François Delapierre, French politician (b. 1970)
2015 - Esther Brand, South African athlete (b. 1922)
2015 - William Brantley Aycock, American educator (b. 1915)
2016 - Frank Chapot, American equestrian (b. 1932)
2016 - Rich Olive, American politician (b. 1949)
2016 - Ernesto Maceda, Filipino politician (b. 1935)
2016 - Edgard Pisani, French politician (b. 1918)
2016 - Chayito Valdez, Mexican-American folk singer and actress (b. 1945)
2017 - Sergei Mylnikov, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1958)
2017 - Prodigy, American rapper (b. 1974)
2017 - Fredrik Skagen, Norwegian writer (b. 1936)
2018 - Ken Albiston, Australian rules football player (b. 1926)
2018 - Dante Caputo, Argentine politician (b. 1943)
2018 - Peter Thomson, Australian golfer (b. 1929)
2018 - Bill Hendon, American activist, writer and politician (b. 1944)
2018 - Ernie Hunt, English footballer (b. 1943)
2018 - Sándor Kányádi, Hungarian poet and translator (b. 1929)
2018 - Bill Speakman, British soldier (b. 1927)
2019 - Eddie Garcia, Filipino actor, director and television personality (b. 1929)
2019 - Rubén Suñé, Argentine footballer (b. 1947)
2019 - Mark Warawa, Canadian politician (b. 1950)
Observances
World Refugee Day
Flag Day (Argentina)
West Virginia Day
In Leap years: Northern Summer solstice and Southern Winter solstice
References
Days of the year |
8236 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%204 | January 4 |
Events
Up to 1900
46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
1490 – Anne of Brittany announces that all those who would ally (go on the same side) with the King of France will be guilty of the crime of lese-majesty.
1642 – Charles I of England sends soldiers in to arrest members of parliament.
1643 – Famous English scientist Isaac Newton is born. In the Julian calendar in use in England at the time, his date of birth was December 25, 1642.
1649 – The English Rump Parliament votes to put Charles I on trial.
1717 – The Netherlands, Great Britain and France sign a triple alliance.
1762 – Great Britain declares war on Spain and Naples.
1798 – Constantine Hangerli arrives in Bucharest, then-part of Wallachia, as its new prince, invested by the Ottoman Empire.
1847 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the US Government.
1852 – British steamer RMS Amazon catches fire and explodes and sinks, killing 104 people.
1854 – The Subantarctic McDonald Islands are discovered by Captain William McDonald.
1863 – The New Apostolic Church is created in Hamburg.
1865 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters on Wall Street.
1878 – The city of Sofia is freed from Ottoman Rule.
1880 – Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador is first climbed by Edward Whymper.
1885 – Dr. William W. Grant of Davenport, Iowa, performs what is thought to be the first appendectomy.
1889 – The Oklahoma Land Run opens 2 million square acres of unused Oklahoma Territory to first-come, first-served settlers from April 22.
1896 – Utah becomes a state of the US.
1901 2000
1904 – In Gonzales v. Williams, the U.S. Supreme Court decides that citizens of Puerto Rico are not aliens and can enter the U.S. freely.
1912 – The Scout Association is officially created throughout the British Commonwealth of Nations by Royal Charter.
1935 – Dry Tortugas National Park in Mexico is created.
1944 – World War II: Operation Carpetbagger, involving the dropping of arms and supplies to resistance fighters in Europe, begins.
1948 – Burma gained independence from the United Kingdom.
1950 – Israel declares Jerusalem to be its capital city.
1951 – The Communist forces of North Korea and China, seize the city of Seoul.
1958 – Sputnik 1 falls back to Earth.
1958 – Edmund Hillary reaches the South Pole, leading the first overland expedition there since Robert Falcon Scott.
1959 – Luna 1 becomes the first spacecraft to reach the area near the Moon.
1964 – Pope Paul VI visits Israel.
1965 – During the State of the Union Address, President Lyndon Johnson outlines his plan for "The Great Society".
1966 – A coup occurs in Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso).
1967 – Donald Campbell is killed in an attempt to beat his own water speed record on Coniston Water.
1970 – An earthquake in Yunnan, China, kills around 10,000 people.
1972 – Rose Heilbron becomes the first female judge to sit on the Old Bailey in London.
1976 – The Troubles: The Ulster Volunteer Force shoots dead six Irish Catholic civilians in County Armagh. On January 5, gunmen shoot dead 10 Protestant civilians nearby.
1981 – Peter Sutcliffe admits being the Yorkshire ripper.
1987 – An Amtrak train travelling from Boston, Massachusetts to Washington, DC, collides with Conrail engines in Chase, Maryland, killing 16 people.
1990 – A train accident in Sangi, Pakistan, kills 350 people.
1998 – A massive ice storm in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States causes widespread disruption and power outages.
1999 – Former wrestler, Jesse Ventura, becomes Minnesota's governor.
1999 – The US Mint begins issuing the 50 state quarters.
From 2001
2004 – Spirit, a NASA Mars Rover, lands successfully on Mars.
2004 – Mikheil Saakashvili becomes President of Georgia.
2006 – Prime Minister of Israel Ariel Sharon suffers a stroke. His duties are transferred to Ehud Olmert.
2007 – Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives.
2010 – The Burj Khalifa is opened in Dubai, officially becoming the world's tallest building.
2016 – Zinedine Zidane becomes the manager of Real Madrid C.F..
Births
Up to 1900
1077 – Emperor Zhezong of China (d. 1100)
1334 – Amadeus VI of Savoy (d. 1383)
1341 – Wat Tyler, English leader of the Peasants' Revolt (d. 1381)
1581 – James Ussher, Irish bishop and theologian (d. 1656)
1643 – Isaac Newton, English scientist (d. 1727)
1664 – Lars Roberg, Swedish physician (d. 1742)
1710 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer, violinist and organist (d. 1736)
1720 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer (d. 1774)
1737 – Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau, French chemist and politician (d. 1816)
1785 – Jacob Grimm, German storyteller (d. 1863)
1793 – Roger Sherman Baldwin, American politician, Senator and Governor of Connecticut (d. 1863)
1809 – Louis Braille, French inventor of Braille (d. 1852)
1813 – Isaac Pitman, English linguist (d. 1897)
1838 – General Tom Thumb, American circus performer (d. 1883)
1839 – Carl Humann, German engineer, architect and classical archaeologist (d. 1896)
1848 – Katsura Taro, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1913)
1858 – Carter Glass, 47th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1946)
1866 – Joel Hastings Metcalf, American astronomer (d. 1925)
1866 – Ramon Casas i Carbo, Catalan painter (d. 1932)
1869 – Tommy Corcoran, American baseball player (d. 1960)
1870 – Percy Pitt, English organist and conductor (d. 1932)
1872 – Ottilie Sutro, American pianist (d. 1970)
1874 – Josef Suk, Czech composer (d. 1935)
1874 – Albert Tyler, American athlete (d. 1945)
1878 – Augustus John, Welsh painter (d. 1961)
1881 – Wilhelm Lehmbruck, German sculptor (d. 1919)
1883 – Max Eastman, American writer (d. 1969)
1883 – Pat Ryan, American hammer thrower (d. 1964)
1883 – Johanna Westerdijk, Dutch botanist (d. 1961)
1887 – Hugo Steinhaus, Polish mathematician (d. 1972)
1888 – Walther Kossel, German physicist (d. 1956)
1889 – M. Patanjali Sastri, 2nd Chief Justice of India (d. unknown)
1890 – Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson, American pulp writer and publisher (DC Comics) (d. 1968)
1891 – Edward Brooker, Australian politician, 31st Premier of Tasmania (d. 1948)
1893 – Yone Minagawa, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2007)
1896 – Everett Dirksen, American politician (d. 1969)
1896 – André Masson, French painter (d. 1987)
1896 – Arnold Susi, Estonian lawyer and politician (d. 1968)
1900 – James Bond, American ornithologist (d. 1980)
1901 1950
1902 – John McCone, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (d. 1991)
1903 – Georg Elser, German resistance activist (d. 1945)
1905 – Sterling Holloway, American actor (d. 1992)
1910 – Arthur Villeneuve, Canadian painter (d. 1990)
1913 – Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoan Head of State (d. 2007)
1914 – Jean-Pierre Vernant, French historian and anthropologist (d. 2007)
1915 – Meg Mundy, English-American actress
1922 – Mart Port, Estonian architect (d. 2012)
1924 – Walter Ris, American swimmer (d. 1989)
1924 – Charles Thone, American politician, 34th Governor of Nebraska (d. 2018)
1925 – Veikko Hakulinen, Finnish skier (d. 2003)
1927 – Barbara Rush, American actress
1929 – Günter Schabowski, East German politician (d. 2015)
1930 – Don Shula, American football coach
1931 – William Deane, former Governor-General of Australia
1932 – Carlos Saura, Spanish director
1932 – Clint Hill, American secret service agent and author
1933 – Norman H. Bangerter, American politician, Governor of Utah (d. 2015)
1933 – Ilia II of Georgia, Patriarch of the Georgian Orthodox Church
1934 – Zurab Tsereteli, Georgian sculptor
1934 – Hellmuth Karasek, German journalist, author and critic (d. 2015)
1934 – Rudolf Schuster, former President of Slovakia
1935 – Floyd Patterson, American boxer (d. 2006)
1935 – Walter Mahlendorf, German athlete
1936 – Gianni Vattimo, Italian philosopher, author and politician
1937 – Grace Bumbry, American soprano
1937 – Dyan Cannon, American actress, director, screenwriter and producer
1939 – Veniamin Soldatenko, Soviet athlete
1939 – Joseph Bonnel, French footballer (d. 2018)
1940 – Antoni Krauze, Polish screenwriter and director (d. 2018)
1940 – Helmut Jahn, German-American architect
1940 – Brian David Josephson, Welsh physicist
1940 – Gao Xingjian, Chinese-French writer
1941 – Maureen Reagan, American political activist (d. 2001)
1942 – John McLaughlin, English guitarist and songwriter
1945 – Richard R. Schrock, American chemist
1947 – Chris Cutler, British singer and musician
1947 – Doc Neeson, Northern Irish-born Australian singer-songwriter and musician (d. 2014)
1947 – Tim Rooney, American actor (d. 2006)
1947 – Rick Stein, English chef and restaurateur
1948 – Cissé Mariam Kaïdema Sidibé, Prime Minister of Mali
1949 – Mick Mills, English footballer
1951 1975
1951 – Barbara Cochran, American skier
1951 – Ronald Corp, English composer, conductor and priest
1953 – Norberto Alonso, Argentine footballer
1954 – Oleg Romantsev, Russian footballer
1955 – Wolfgang Tiefensee, German politician
1956 – Bernard Sumner, English singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer
1956 – Sarojini Sahoo, Indian feminist writer
1957 – Patty Loveless, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1957 – Vesnaja Zmijanac, Montenegrin-Serbian folk singer
1957 – Gurdas Maan, Indian singer, songwriter, choreographer and actor
1958 – Andy Borowitz, American comedian and actor
1958 – Julian Sands, English actor
1958 – Gary Jones, Welsh-Canadian actor
1960 – Michael Stipe, American singer and musician (R.E.M.)
1960 – April Winchell, American actress
1961 – Kiyotaka Matsui, Japanese footballer
1961 – Oh Se-hoon, South Korean politician
1962 – Robin Guthrie, Scottish guitarist and producer
1962 – Joe Kleine, American basketball player
1962 – Peter Steele, American musician (d. 2010)
1962 – André Rouvoet, French educator and politician
1963 – Dave Foley, Canadian comedian, actor, director and producer
1963 – Till Lindemann, German singer (Rammstein)
1963 – May-Britt Moser, Norwegian psychologist and neuroscientist, 2014 Nobel Prize winner
1964 – Dot Jones, American actress
1965 – Yvan Attal, Israeli-French actor and director
1965 – Craig Revel Horwood, Australian-English dancer
1965 – Guy Forget, French tennis player
1965 – Beth Gibbons, British musician
1965 – Cait O'Riordan, Irish musician (The Pogues)
1966 – Christian Kern, former Chancellor of Austria
1966 – Deana Carter, American singer
1971 – Katharine Viner, British newspaper editor (The Guardian)
1972 – James Longley, American director and producer
1973 – Harmony Korine, American movie director and screenwriter
1974 – Armin Zöggeler, Italian luger
From 1976
1977 – David Millar, British cyclist
1977 – Teitur Lassen, Faroese singer-songwriter
1978 – Karine Ruby, French snowboarder (d. 2009)
1978 – Mai Meneses, Spanish singer-songwriter and guitarist
1979 – Kevin Kuske, German bobsledder
1980 – Miguel Monteiro, Portuguese footballer
1980 – Greg Cipes, American actor
1980 – Happy Salma, Indonesian model, actress and writer
1981 – Zhang Jiewen, Chinese badminton player
1982 – Paulo Ferrari, Argentine footballer
1982 – Kang Hye-jung, South Korean actress
1983 – Gemma Hunt, English television presenter
1985 – Al Jefferson, American basketball player
1985 – Jung Sung Ryong, South Korean footballer
1985 – Ross Turnbull, English footballer
1986 – James Milner, English footballer
1986 – Younès Kaboul, French footballer
1986 – Hsieh Su-wei, Taiwanese tennis player
1987 – Nikolaj Misiuk, Lithuanian footballer
1988 – Nabila Jamshed, Indian author
1989 – Labrinth, English singer
1990 – Toni Kroos, German footballer
1990 – Alberto Paloschi, Italian footballer
1991 – Olivia Tennet, New Zealand actress
1991 – Tal Al-Mallohi, Syrian blogger and activist
1992 – Kris Bryant, American baseball player
1993 – Scott Redding, British motorcycle racer
1995 – Maddie Hasson, American actress
1995 – Maria Isabel, Spanish singer
1998 – Coco Jones, American actress and singer
1998 – Liza Soberano, Filipino-American actress and model
2003 – Jaeden Lieberher, American actor
Deaths
Up to 1900
1066 – Edward the Confessor, Saxon king (b. 1003)
1248 – King Sancho II of Portugal (b. 1207)
1428 – Frederick I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1370)
1564 – Hosokawa Ujitsuna, Japanese military commander (b. 1514)
1584 – Tobias Stimmer, Swiss painter and illustrator (b. 1539)
1752 – Gabriel Cramer, Swiss mathematician (b. 1704)
1761 – Stephen Hales, English physicist and physiologist (b. 1677)
1773 – Anton Losenko, Russian painter (b. 1737)
1786 – Moses Mendelssohn, German philosopher (b. 1729)
1804 – Charlotte Lennox, British writer (b. 1730)
1821 – Elizabeth Ann Seton, American saint (b. 1774)
1825 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies (b. 1751)
1843 – Stevens Mason, American politician, 1st Governor of Michigan (b. 1811)
1874 – Thomas Gregson, Australian politician, 2nd Premier of Tasmania (b. 1798)
1877 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American businessman (b. 1794)
1880 – Anselm Feuerbach, German painter (b. 1829)
1882 – John William Draper, English-American physician, chemist and photographer (b. 1811)
1895 – Manuel Pavia, Spanish general (b. 1827)
1901 2000
1910 – Léon Delagrange, French aviator and sculptor (b. 1873)
1913 – Hjalmar Johansen, Norwegian explorer (b. 1867)
1915 – Anton von Werner, German painter (b. 1843)
1919 – Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1843)
1931 – Louise, Princess Royal (b. 1867)
1931 – Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Indian journalist, activist and scholar (b. 1878)
1941 – Henri Bergson, French philosopher (b. 1859)
1944 – Kaj Munk, Danish minister, poet and activist (b. 1898)
1956 – Savielly Tartakower, Polish-French chess player (b. 1887)
1960 – Albert Camus, French writer (b. 1913)
1961 – Erwin Schrödinger, Austrian physicist (b. 1887)
1965 – T. S. Eliot, American poet (b. 1888)
1967 – Donald Campbell, English motorboat racer (b. 1921)
1975 – Carlo Levi, Italian writer, painter and politician (b. 1902)
1986 – Christopher Isherwood, English writer (b. 1904)
1986 – Phil Lynott, Irish musician (b. 1949)
1990 – Henry Bolte, Australian politician, Premier of Victoria (b. 1907)
1995 – Eduardo Mata, Mexican conductor and composer (b. 1942)
1998 – John Gary, American singer (b. 1932)
1999 – Iron Eyes Cody, American actor (b. 1904)
From 2001
2004 – Joan Aiken, English writer (b. 1924)
2006 – Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Dubai politician (b. 1946)
2007 – Marais Viljoen, South African politician (b. 1915)
2007 – Sandro Salvadore, Italian footballer (b. 1939)
2009 – Lei Clijsters, Belgian footballer (b. 1956)
2010 – Casey Johnson, American socialite (b. 1979)
2010 – Johan Ferrier, first President of Suriname (b. 1910)
2010 – Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese survivor of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs (b. 1916).
2011 – Salmaan Taseer, Pakistani politician (b. 1964)
2011 – Gerry Rafferty, Scottish singer-songwriter (b. 1947)
2011 – Mohamed Bouazizi, Tunisian fruit seller (b. 1984)
2011 – Dick King-Smith, English writer (b. 1922)
2011 – Ali-Reza Pahlavi of Iran (b. 1966)
2012 – Eve Arnold, American photographer (b. 1912)
2013 – Tony Lip, American actor (b. 1930)
2014 – Sergey Kozlov, Russian footballer and manager (b. 1960)
2015 – Stuart Scott, American sportscaster (b. 1965)
2015 – Hank Peters, American baseball executive (b. 1924)
2015 – Stu Miller, American baseball player (b. 1927)
2015 – Lance Diamond, American singer (b. 1946)
2015 – Pino Daniele, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1955)
2015 – Natalino Pescarolo, Italian bishop (b. 1929)
2015 – René Vautier, French movie director (b. 1928)
2016 – Michel Galabru, French actor (b. 1922)
2016 – Tom Allin, English cricketer (b. 1987)
2016 – S. H. Kapadia, Indian judge (b. 1947)
2016 – Jorge Lepra, Uruguayan diplomat and politician (b. 1942)
2016 – John Roberts, Welsh footballer (b. 1946)
2016 – Fernando Barrachina, Spanish footballer (b. 1947)
2016 – Achim Mentzel, German musician and television presenter (b. 1946)
2016 – Leo Rucka, American football player (b. 1931)
2017 – Milt Schmidt, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1918)
2017 – Ezio Pascutti, Italian footballer (b. 1937)
2017 – Wayne Westner, South African golfer (b. 1961)
2017 – Hisham Al-Otaibi, Kuwaiti politician (b. 1946)
2017 – Heinz Billing, German physicist and computer scientist (b. 1914)
2017 – Abdul Halim Jaffer Khan, Indian sitar player and composer (b. 1927)
2017 – Jordi Pagans i Monsalvatje, Catalan painter (b. 1932)
2017 – Douglas Wass, British civil servant (b. 1923)
2017 – Georges Pretre, French conductor (b. 1924)
2018 – Aharon Appelfeld, Ukrainian-born Israeli writer (b. 1932)
2018 – Johannes Brost, Swedish actor (b. 1946)
2018 – Brendan Byrne, American politician, 47th Governor of New Jersey (b. 1924)
2018 – Bruce Halle, American automobile parts executive (b. 1930)
2018 – Senichi Hoshino, Japanese baseball player (b. 1947)
2018 – Philipp Jenninger, German politician (b. 1932)
2018 – Ray Thomas, English singer-songwriter (b. 1941)
2018 – Vladimir Yankilevsky, Russian artist (b. 1938)
2021 – Tanya Roberts, American actress (b. 1955)
Observances
Independence Day (Burma)
Day of the Fallen against Colonial Repression (Angola)
Day of the Martyrs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
World Braille Day
01-04 |
8248 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism | Autism | Autism is the name of a disorder affecting brain development. It is one of a group of disorders called autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Asperger syndrome, atypical autism and childhood autism are kinds of autism spectrum disorders.
ASD is a condition that affects the way a person relates to their environment. The word spectrum is used because not all people with autism have the same traits and difficulties. Some people find interacting more difficult than others. Autism may be very apparent in someone or they may show no outward signs of it. The main areas of difficulty are in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and restricted or repetitive behaviors and interests. In most cases of autism, motor communication {doing things} is affected. All these signs develop in the child's first two to three years of age.
People who have autism find it difficult to act in a way that other people think is "normal". They may find it difficult to talk to other people and to look at other people in the eyes. Some people with autism do not like being touched. A person who has autism can seem to be turned inwards. They may talk only to themselves, rock themselves backwards and forwards, and laugh at their own thoughts. They might not like any type of change and may find it very difficult to learn a new behavior like going to school.
Autism is caused by the way that the brain develops, both before and after a baby is born. About one in every 160 children has an autism spectrum disorder. It has no known cure, and many autistic people do not want a cure. They want it to be accepted as a difference. This is known as neurodiversity.
History
Early history
The word “autism” comes from the Greek word “autos”, meaning “self.” The term describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction—hence, an “isolated self”. The term "autism" was first used by a psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler in 1911 to describe one group of symptoms of schizophrenia. Sigmund Freud considered this idea and thought it was related to narcissism.
Discovery
Three decades later, researchers in the United States began to use the term autism to describe children with emotional or social problems. Two researchers by the name of Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner were the pioneers of the research study for autism in the 1940s.
In 1943 Leo Kanner (a doctor from Johns Hopkins University) did a study of 11 children. He found out that they had difficulties such as changing environments, being sensitive to certain stimuli, having speech problems and allergies to food. Later he named the children’s condition “early infantile autism”, now called autism.
In 1944 Hans Asperger studied separately a group of children and found very similar conditions. The children in Hans Asperger's group did not repeat words and they had no speech problems like Kanner's did. However, the children did have problems with fine motor skills such as holding a pencil. The children he studied seemed to be clumsier than other children. They also had “[...] a lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversation, intense absorption in a special interest and clumsy movements”. Hans Asperger described a "milder" form of autism, his discovery is now called Asperger syndrome.
The refrigerator mother theory
In 1943 and 1949, Kanner described the children he studied in scientific papers. In these papers, he wrote that he thought the children's parents were not loving them enough. He wrote that this might be part of the reason why the children had autism. For example, in 1949 he wrote that the children's parents showed no warmth, or love, to their children. He thought the parents were so "cold" that he compared them to refrigerators:“[The children] were left neatly in refrigerators which did not defrost. Their withdrawal seems to be an act of turning away from such a situation to seek comfort in solitude”.This idea became known as the refrigerator mother theory. For decades parents were blamed for causing their children's autism by not loving their children enough. By now, we know this is not true.
Later history
Schizophrenia and autism were linked in many researchers’ studies. Only since the 1960s, did medical professionals begin to have a separate understanding of these two disorders. Since 1980, Kanner’s so called early infantile autism is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Precisely because of the vague distinction between schizophrenia and autism, the DSM came out with a more accurate definition of autism in 1987. Since then, early infantile autism is called autism disorder. For the first time the DSM also introduced standardized criteria to diagnose autism. The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders expanded the definition of autism and included milder cases of autism. But especially the Asperger’s syndrome was added in 1994. With the release of the fifth edition of the DSM in 2013 the subtypes of autism are summarized into the general term Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Individuals are now diagnosed on an autism spectrum with varying levels of intensity (mild, moderate and severe).
Symptoms
Interaction
may like objects over faces as a baby
may not look at faces for more than a second
may prefer being alone, or not interested in making friends
may not react to signs of love e.g. hugging
difficulty in knowing how other people feel
laughing or crying at the wrong times
Communication
may not talk or communicate much
may speak "robotically" (i.e. with little change in tone or pitch)
difficulty with words that are spelt or sound the same but have different meanings
trouble with understanding gestures or facial expressions
Restricted behavior
may do the same action repeatedly (stimming)
may have limited interests (referred to as a special interest)
difficulty in coping with changes in routine
Sensitivity
Greater sensitivity
Avoiding certain foods because they dislike the textures, or eating things that aren't food
attraction to specific noises
good attention to detail
good balance skills (sometimes)
In 2021, an online survey of 16-90 year-olds showed that autistic men are more likely to be bisexual, while autistic women are more likely to be homosexual.
Frequency
Different studies resulted in different numbers of the frequency of autism spectrum disorders. One study stated ten cases of classical autism, 2.5 cases of Asperger's syndrome and 15 cases of mild autism (PDD-NOS) in 10,000 people - tendency: increasing. Other sources speak about 60 autism spectrum disorder cases in 10,000 people. However, the number of autism cases is not equal in men and in women. Here, the results of studies vary highly. Researchers in general say that 3-4 men are diagnosed for every woman that is diagnosed. This ratio decreases for severe cases to 1:1. It increases for high-functioning cases and in Asperger's syndrome reaches a ratio of 8:1. Recently, the awareness has increased that this ratio may be so high because studies are simply missing female autistic people. This could be because tests for autism typically focus on male autism traits. Another possible explanation is that autistic females may be better at adapting to social expectations and hiding their social problems. Studies have suggested that the brains of autistic females may rather be like neurotypical men’s (non-autistic men) brains of the same age. These could be reasons why it is not so easy to realise whether a woman is autistic - and therefore, why more men than women are diagnosed.
== Types of Autism Spectrum disorders ==
Over the past years, individuals have been using the terms "autism" and "autism spectrum disorder" like they mean the same thing. Autism is a spectrum disorder. This means that some people who have autism are only mildly affected. These people may go to regular schools, go to work, and have partners and families. Some people are affected worse than others. These people may be able to take care of most of their own needs at home like dressing and getting food, but not be able to have a regular job or travel alone. A person who has severe autism may need to be cared for all their life. Few people with autism are extraordinarily gifted or talented. These people are said to have savant syndrome. They are often very good at just one thing in particular, like mathematics, playing the piano or remembering football scores.
The overall category of the Autism Spectrum Disorder is called Pervasive Developmental Disorder. The name describes medical conditions with developmental problems in a number of fields. In most cases, when referring to the Autism Spectrum Disorder, we are referring to the most common disorders:
The different categories, the so-called “International Classification of Diseases” (ICD), are defined by the World Health Organization. As shown in the table, the diseases vary in several points. These are the age of onset, social interaction, communication and behaviour. An individual belongs to a certain category, depending on the areas of impairment. All three may seem similar in symptoms, yet are not the same. Still, people within one group show similar symptoms. The groups can be used to search for an underlying cause of the disease and to provide a better treatment.
Causes
Scientists do not know exactly what causes autism. There may be many different causes for the different types of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Scientists do know about some things that make a person more likely to have an Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Genetics and heritability
The autism spectrum disorders are highly heritable disorders. This means that it is very likely (over 90%) that the child of an autistic person will also be on the autism spectrum. The reason for this are certain genes. These genes are linked to autism and are passed on from a parent to the child. Already Leo Kanner and Hans Asperger noticed that fathers of autistic children often preferred being on their own over being with people. Therefore, Kanner and Asperger suspected a genetic cause. Studies with families with a child on the autism spectrum were done to investigate this theory. They found that sometimes the children’s parents (fathers as well as mothers) also show social difficulties, shyness and problems with understanding contextual information when talking to someone. Some studies have found this in only 10 out of 100 families, some in as much as 45 out of every 100 families.
Other than the studies done on children who had autistic parents, recently a couple of studies were done on children who either had a sibling or a twin showing autistic signs. Similar to the outcomes in the autistic parents studies, most children having autistic siblings/ twins were found out to be showing autistic signs. According to a recent study, around fifty percent of infants with autistic siblings showed some kind of atypical behaviour, around one forth of them showed delays and deficits in achieving infancy milestones and around 17% of all were later diagnosed with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder).
Moreover, twin studies showed that it is much more likely that identical twins are both on the autism spectrum than that non-identical twins are both on the autism spectrum. Identical twins have nearly the same DNA. Therefore, it is highly probable that they are either both autistic or both not autistic. Non-identical twins share only half of their genes which makes it less likely that they both have the disorder. Scientists have shown that the recurrence risk (the likelihood that a child is on the autism spectrum if it has a sister or a brother that is autistic as well) is 20 to 80 times higher than the probability for having the disorder in the average population.
However, it is not a single gene that increases the risk for autism spectrum disorders. Several genes have been linked to the disorder. All of the identified genes can in sum only explain one or two out of every ten autism cases. None of the genes that have been found to play a role in autism can explain more than one out of every 100 cases.
The genetic influences include:
mutations,
genetic syndromes (e.g. Fragile X syndrome),
de novo (newly occurring in a family) as well as inherited copy number variations (CNV) - a CNV is the duplication or deletion of a gene - and
single nucleotide variants (SNV) - an SNV is a change in one nucleotide that occurs with very low frequency.
The affected genes influence:
the interaction between brain cells and synaptic functioning,
neuronal growth and neuronal migration (the wandering of a neuron from its birthplace to its final location in the brain) and
inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission.
Neural correlates
Researchers have not found a single neuronal correlate for autism spectrum disorders, i.e. no abnormal functioning of the brain is the only cause of autism. Nevertheless, scientists found some differences between the brains of autistic people and the typical human brain. These differences lie in the anatomy of the brain, the activity in certain brain regions as well as in the connections between brain regions. It is a general tendency that autistic people use the same brain regions as other people but show different activity. In some areas the activity is less, in others it is stronger. However, this may only be true for male autists. Throughout the last years, studies have shown that brains of autistic women might be like normal men's brains.
Some researchers grouped autistic people's difficulties into three main areas in order to investigate their neuronal basis.
Theory of mind
Researchers say that building a Theory of mind is one of the main problems for autistic people. This makes it difficult for them to interact with others. Problems in social interaction are probably worsened by low preference for social stimuli, such as faces. This tendency has been found in studies tracking the person’s eye movements and in EEG studies. EEG studies showed lower than normal activity in the fusiform face area (FFA), a brain region that is usually active when seeing faces. However, the results of other studies could not show this.
Also, scientists measured brain activity of people on the autism spectrum with fMRI while they were thinking about their own emotions. They found activity in the same brain regions as in non-autistic people. The difference was that some regions which are important for thinking about oneself and emotions (especially the anterior insula) were less active in autistic people. Other brain regions were much more active. These findings may explain the difficulties people with autism experience when trying to understand complex facial expressions and emotions (such as shame, jealousy).
Executive function
People on the autism spectrum show a lower ability for executive function. Executive function means physical, emotional and cognitive self-control. This includes planning actions, focusing, shifting attention and flexibility of behaviour and thinking. Autistic people's ability can improve but it will remain below non-autistic people's ability in executive function.
Problems with executive function are probably caused by large networks in the brain. Grey matter and white matter irregularities have a negative influence on the way different brain regions work together (functional integration). A smaller corpus callosum leads to abnormalities in working memory (an active process of keeping a memory until it is needed) and planning actions.
Central coherence
Central coherence is the ability to build wholes out of parts. It is weak in people with autism. This means that autistic people focus more on details. They cannot build wholes out of them. Not being able to pay attention to wholes results in difficulties with perception and language. Therefore, people with autism usually need more time for dealing with information coming from their surroundings. As a consequence, they typically also need more time for responding. However, performance varies between people on the autism spectrum. Moreover, the term central coherence may include many interacting aspects. This makes it difficult to find the cause for it in the brain. Neural correlates for central coherence are not yet known.
Familial risk factors
The risk for autism spectrum disorders can be increased if the mother uses thalidomide, valproic acid or drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. The risk for autism also increases with the age of father and mother at the time of pregnancy.
Scientists know that parents do not cause their children's autism by not being loving enough.
Vaccines
Scientists do know for sure that vaccines do not cause autism. Vaccines do not even make a person more likely to have autism - even if they are already at a high risk for autism before they get their vaccines.
In 1997 A. Wakefield and others found autism signs one month after the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was applied. They released a paper in which they claimed that autism is caused by the MMR vaccine. However, the study had several flaws:
they did not exclude children of whom a genetic cause was known,
they did not assess the children's abilities before the vaccine was given,
neuropsychological and endoscopic assessments were not blind,
they did not have control subjects.
Also, no plausible biological mechanism could explain how the MMR vaccine leads to autism. Since then many case-control studies have been done to investigate the relationship between vaccines and autism. This means, they compared a group which was vaccinated with a group that was not vaccinated but apart from that identical. They did not find MMR vaccines to be the cause of autism. Neither did they find an increased risk for autism by the vaccination.
Parents also worried that thiomersal (US: thimerosal - a substance that makes vaccines and other medicines usable for a longer time) might cause autism because it contains mercury. No harm from the amount of ethylmercury in vaccines was known. Yet, vaccines for infants containing mercury were taken from the market. Nevertheless, thiomersal as a cause for autism is biologically also not biologically. Mercury poisoning triggers clearly different symptoms than autism. Still, researchers did studies about this topic. They did not find a connection between thiomersal and autism.
Finally, a third theory was suggested. It was stated that many vaccines at the same time would weaken the immune system of infants. However, autism is not a disorder that is related to the immune system. Furthermore, single and also many vaccines do not weaken the immune system.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing autism is difficult since there is no medical test like a blood test. Instead, an evaluation is made by a team of doctors and other health professionals who are experienced in autism and know the individual.
Diagnosis in children
A reliable diagnosis can first be given at the age of two. At the age of 18 and 24 months, children should get a check-up. If anything wrong is noticed, a further evaluation is done. In this, a team of professionals will interview the child’s guardians about the child’s behaviour and see what they are like in different settings. This may also include behavioural or physical assessments as well as intelligence tests or developmental tests. A good, detailed, history of the child is often very useful in receiving a diagnosis.
Diagnosis in adults
Adults can be diagnosed in adults as well as children. This can be difficult because autism has symptoms that can overlap with other disorders, such as OCD, that may have appeared by adulthood. An expert will usually ask the adult about concerns, challenges in life (such as socially or behaviourally) as well as standardised testing in these areas. They also often ask for a developmental history.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5)
In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). In order to be diagnosed with autism, a person must fulfill two standardized criteria. It is important that individuals must show symptoms from early childhood, even if those symptoms are recognized later. These symptoms have to limit everyday functioning. Additionally, these symptoms cannot be explained by an intellectual disability or a developmental delay.
Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviours.
Co-occurring conditions
Autism spectrum disorder includes a wide range of symptoms, skills and levels of disability. Some autistic people also have learning disabilities, mental health issues or other conditions. This means that autism can also co-occur with other conditions and symptoms of the following disorders:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Learning Disability
Intellectual Developmental Disorder
Anxiety Disorder
Intellectual Disability
In the DSM-V, a diagnosis of autism excludes making a formal diagnosis of other psychiatric disorders. Therefore, other mental health conditions may be undiagnosed in an autistic person, because it is impossible to make a comorbid clinical diagnosis.
Treatment
Since autism is a spectrum, every person with autism is different. Different treatments help different people. There are a few different categories of treatment. The main ones are medication, different therapies and diets. The treatment is fitted depending on what a person with autism needs.
Medication
It is still unclear what causes autism. There may be a few causes. At the moment, it is only possible to lower the symptoms of autism. A full recovery from autism is not possible. If therapies cannot reduce the symptoms of autism, medications are used additionally. Often, several medications are used at the same time to treat different symptoms of autism.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Serotonin is a chemical messenger that transports signals between cells and is very important for normal function, such as with sensory perception, memory, learning and sleep, all of which are impaired in autistic people.
Researchers have not yet found a link between autism and serotonin, although they have been successful in treating autism with SSRIs, which stop cells from absorbing serotonin, meaning more is used for signals.
They can be used to treat repetitive behaviour, aggression, hyperactive behaviour and outbursts of anger. The SSRIs can have many side-effects. Usually the medication is better tolerated by adults than by children. Examples of SSRIs are Clomipramine, Fluvoxamine, Sertraline, Venlafaxine, Trazodone and Mirtazapine.
Antipsychotic medication
Dopamine is a chemical messenger in the brain. It helps to do movements, release hormones and strengthen cognitive abilities. Researchers found that increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain will worsen the symptoms of autism. Substances that help to reduce symptoms of autism are the antipsychotic drugs. There are two types of antipsychotic medications. One of the types are typical antipsychotics. They block the sites where dopamine would bind to a cell. Atypical antipsychotic drugs on the other hand block the sites where dopamine or serotonin would bind to a cell. Antipsychotic medicine is the most successful treatment for excitability in autism. It can also help to reduce aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity and repetitive, although it may have many side-effects. Originally, antipsychotic medications were used to treat mental disorders like depression, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Examples of antipsychotic drugs are Haloperidol, Clozapine, Risperidone and Paliperidone.
Psychostimulants
In the beginning, psychostimulants were only used for patients with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Researchers found out that they can also help patients with autism. The medication can reduce hyperactivity and inattention in people with autism. The medication can have many side-effects. Examples are Methylphenidate, Clonidine and Guanfacine.
Diet
People with autism often have problems with their digestive organs like the stomach or gut. These problems could be inflammations, abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea or bacterial overgrowth. The reasons may be malnutrition, food intolerances or allergies. Specific food products causing these problems are excluded from the diet. In many cases, products containing gluten or casein, the main protein occurring in dairy products, are excluded. In many cases vitamins, minerals as well as essential fatty acids are additionally provided. A big problem is that many autistic people cannot tell that they have pain. Therefore, many problems concerning the digestive organs stay undetected.
Therapies
Occupational therapy
Therapy can be used to minimize distress caused by sensory overload. Individual therapy plans are created. The therapist tries to help the autistic person in many different aspects.
One part of this is sensory integration. The therapist will help the patient to make sense of different sensory inputs. For example, they may ask a child patient to play with finger paints or collect objects from a bad of dried beans.
Another part is the training of daily life activities. The therapist may help the patient to get used to things like getting dressed, eating, hygiene, shopping and financial management. These may be done one step at a time if the activity involves multiple steps, such as cooking.
Play therapy is also helpful, especially for children. It can be useful to learn about certain emotions, which can be hard for autistic people. This can also be used to help learn social conventions, such as shaking hands instead of hugging when meeting a stranger.
Therapy with animals
Often animals are used to help autistic people. Most often dogs or horses are used. The people diagnosed with autism can care for these animals, pet them and, in the case of the horse, even ride on them. Studies showed that the interaction between an autistic person and animals can increase communication, reduce stress, fear, aggression and reduce the severity of the symptoms of autism.
Music therapy
Music therapy consists of two parts: One is an active listening part. Here, the therapist is making music himself or playing music from a record. In the other part, the autistic person can make music himself like playing an instrument or singing. Music therapy will improve different aspects of communication.
Art therapy
Here, different materials and techniques are used to draw pictures. The aim of art therapy is to make the autistic person more flexible and relaxed and to improve communication skills, self-image and learning skills. The effects of the therapy can be long lasting and transferred to the school, work or home setting.
Workout Therapy
These are just little Workouts for the Left and Right Hemisphere based on whether your child is having Left or Right brain weakness. Bear crawls help develop body awareness, improve coordination and motor planning, and build strength in the trunk and upper body. Throwing weighted objects like medicine balls can increase core strength and balance and help improve coordination. It may also have therapeutic benefits and can stimulate brain centers responsible for short-term memory. In a study published in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, the authors found that movements similar to those exhibited by those with autism may help provide needed feedback to the body. This may reduce repetitive behaviors such as arm flapping or clapping. Arm circles are a great upper-body exercise that helps increase flexibility and strength in the shoulders and back and can be done anywhere with no equipment.
Related pages
Nonverbal learning disorder (common in people with autism spectrum disorders)
Asperger Syndrome (a form of autism spectrum disorder)
Imprinted Brain Theory
Other websites
What is Autism? from AutismSpeaks.org
National Autistic Society http://www.autism.org.uk
What’s the relationship between Autism and ADHD?
Scientific studies
Five Very Different and Major Psych Disorders Have Shared Genetics - from Science World Report (February 28, 2013) (shows genetic links between autism, ADHD, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia)
5 Disorders Share Genetic Risk Factors, Study Finds - from The New York Times (February 28, 2013)
Psychiatric Disorders Linked Genetically - from the Wall Street Journal (February 27, 2013)
References
Autism
Pervasive developmental disorders
Psychiatry
Psychology |
8249 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%20language | Italian language | The Italian language is a Romance language spoken in Italy. Other countries that use Italian as their official language are San Marino, Vatican City and Switzerland. Slovenia, and Croatia also use Italian as an official language, but only in some regions. Italian is spoken by about 70 million people in several countries, including some parts of Monaco, Malta, Albania, Montenegro, Dodecanese (Greece), Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tunisia. The standard version from Tuscany is used for most writing but other dialects are sometimes written.
It is mostly derived from Latin, with some words from Greek, Etruscan and elsewhere. It is called an inflected language - that means that the meaning of words can be changed by changing their endings. Italian nouns are either masculine or feminine in gender (these usually have little to do with natural genders).
Most singular masculine nouns end in -o, and most plural masculine nouns end in -i.
Most singular feminine nouns end in -a, and most plural feminine nouns end in -e.
So:
= male cat
= female cat
= male cats
= female cats
The ending of verbs are quite complicated because of conjugation. The endings depend upon the tense of the verb (past, present, future and so on) and on the person of the verb (I, you, they etc.). Because Italian grammar uses endings for these inflections, the personal pronoun is not always needed (in the following example it is in parenthesis).
So:
(io) parlo = I speak
(noi) parliamo = we speak
(lui) parlava = he was speaking
(loro) parlarono = they spoke
(io) parlerò = I will speak
parliamo! = let's speak!
There are very many of these endings to learn - it is one of the more difficult parts of the Italian Grammar. But pronunciation is simple - there are just a few rules to learn, and hardly any difficult sounds.
Many Italian words for food have entered the English language, such as: pizza, spaghetti and ravioli. Many technical words in music are Italian, such as forte and allegro. Many musical instrument names are also Italian, such as cello and tuba. Mafia and vendetta come from the darker side of Italian culture .
Further reading
References
Other websites
Italian grammar and interactive course
Italian proverbs
Italian Learning Tips
Italian Grammar Primer
Italian Online Dictionaries and Glossaries
A dictionary of Italian orthography and pronunciation
English-Italian Dictionary and English-Italian Dictionary on http://www.wordreference.com/ |
8250 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia | Namibia | The Republic of Namibia is a country in southern Africa on the Atlantic coast. It is bordered by Angola, Zambia, and Zimbabwe to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south. It gained independence from South Africa in 1990. Before that it was called South West Africa. Its capital is Windhoek.
Before World War I Namibia was a German colony. German is still widely spoken in the country, although English is the official language.
Namibia has a population of 2.1 million people.
The name of the country is from the Namib Desert. This is said to be the oldest desert in the world.
History
The dry lands of Namibia were lived in since early times by Bushmen, Damara and Nama. About the 14th century AD, Bantu came to the area from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River. They moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. The nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries with the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was given. On their way further north, the Orlams met clans of the Herero tribe. They were not as friendly. The Nama-Herero War started in 1880. They did not stop until Imperial Germany sent troops.
The first Europeans to explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486. Like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not largely explored by Europeans until the 19th century. At this time traders and settlers arrived, mostly from Germany and Sweden.
German rule
Namibia became a German colony in 1884. This was to stop the British. The country was called German South-West Africa. From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans. In the following Herero and Namaqua genocide, 10,000 Nama (half the population) and about 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were killed.
South African rule
South Africa began to rule the land in 1915. They defeated the German force during World War I. It was a League of Nations mandate territory from 1919. In 1946 the League was replaced by the United Nations. South Africa would not give up their rule of the land. Many people thought the land should be independent from South Africa. In 1971 South Africa was told their hold on the country was illegal. They still did not leave.
The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma became the first President of Namibia.
Administrative divisions
Namibia is divided into 14 regions and subdivided into 121 constituencies. Regional councillors are directly elected through secret ballots.
Cities
Gobabis
Grootfontein
Henties Bay
Karasburg
Karibib
Keetmanshoop
Mariental
Okahandja
Omaruru
Otjiwarongo
Outjo
Swakopmund
Tsumeb
Usakos
Walvis Bay
Windhoek (capital)
Tourism
Tourism is a major contributor (14.5%) to Namibia's economy. It creates tens of thousands of jobs (18.2% of all employment). There are over a million tourists per year. The country is among the main tourist places in Africa. It is known for ecotourism which features Namibia's extensive wildlife.
There are many lodges and reserves for tourists. Sport Hunting is also a large, and growing part of the Namibian economy. It was 14% of total tourism in the year 2000. Namibia has numerous species wanted by international sport hunters. In addition, extreme sports such as sandboarding and 4x4ing have become popular. Many cities have companies that provide tours. The most visited places include the Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and Lüderitz.
Education
Namibia has required free education for 10 years between the ages of 6 and 16. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary.
Most schools in Namibia are state-run. There are a few private schools. There are four teacher training colleges, three colleges of agriculture, a police training college, a Polytechnic at university level, and a National University.
Sport
The most popular sport in Namibia is football. The Namibia national football team qualified for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. They have yet to qualify for any World Cups. The Namibian rugby team has been in four separate World Cups. Namibia were participants in the 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011 Rugby World Cups. Cricket is also popular. The national team played in the 2003 Cricket World Cup.
Inline Hockey was first played in 1995. It has become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's Inline Hockey National Team were in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon.
The most famous athlete from Namibia is certainly Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996). He also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and further.
Related pages
List of rivers of Namibia
Namibia at the Olympics
Namibia national football team
References
Other websites
Republic of Namibia - Namibian Governmental Portal
English-speaking countries
German-speaking countries |
8251 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubal%20Early | Jubal Early | Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He commanded a corps in Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. He invaded the north in 1864. After the war, he was one of the major defenders of the Confederate.
References
1816 births
1894 deaths
Confederate Army generals
Military people from Virginia |
8253 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis%20Carroll | Lewis Carroll | Lewis Carroll was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Daresbury, Cheshire, 27 January 1832 – Guildford, Surrey, 14 January 1898). Dodgson was an Oxford don, a logician (mathematics expert), a writer, a poet, an Anglican clergyman, and a photographer. He is most famous for his story Alice's Adventures in Wonderland which he told to a young friend, Alice Liddell, when he took the girl and two sisters on a boat trip. Alice enjoyed the story and asked Dodgson to write it down. Carroll then wrote a second story about Alice called Through the Looking-Glass. Both stories are still popular all over the world.
Dodgson was a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, specialising in logic and mathematics. He wrote a number of books and pamphlets on the subject. He died of pneumonia in Guildford, Surrey.
Works
Literary works
La Guida di Bragia, a ballad opera for the marionette theatre (around 1850)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)
Phantasmagoria, and other poems (1869). A collection of poems.
Through the Looking-Glass, and what Alice found there (includes "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter") (1871)
Pillow Problems
The Hunting of the Snark (1876)
Rhyme? and Reason? (1883) A collection of poems, including Phantasmagoria and The Hunting of the Snark
A Tangled Tale (1886)
Sylvie and Bruno (1889)
Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1893)
Three Sunsets and other poems
What the Tortoise said to Achilles (1895)
Mathematical works
A syllabus of Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)
The Fifth Book of Euclid treated algebraically (1858 and 1868)
The Alphabet Cipher.
An elementary treatise on determinants, with their application to simultaneous linear equations and algebraic equations
Euclid and his modern rivals (1879), both literary and mathematical in style
Symbolic Logic Part I
Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)
The Game of Logic
Some popular fallacies about vivisection
Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)
Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)
The Theory of Committees and Elections, collected, edited, analyzed, and published in 1958, by Duncan Black
Further reading
Bowman, Isa 1899. The Story of Lewis Carroll, told by the real Alice in Wonderland. Dent, London
Cohen, Morton N. 1995. Lewis Carroll: a biography. London: Macmillan.
Clark, Ann 1979. Lewis Carroll: a biography. London: J.M. Dent)
Collingwood, Stuart Dodgson 1898. The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll. London: T. Fisher Unwin
De La Mare, Walter 1932. Lewis Carroll. Faber & Faber, London.
Dodgson, Charles L. The Pamphlets of Lewis Carroll, v.1 The Oxford Pamphlets (1993) ; v.2 The Mathematical Pamphlets (1994) ; v.3 The Political Pamphlets (2001) ; v.4 The Logic Pamphlets (2010)
Lennon, Florence Becker 1947. Lewis Carroll: a biography. Cassell, London.
Williams et al 1979. The Lewis Carroll handbook. Dawson, Kent. List of literature by and about Dodgson.
References
1832 births
1898 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Deaths from pneumonia
English Anglicans
English children's writers
English mathematicians
English novelists
English photographers
English poets
Infectious disease deaths in England
Pen names
People educated at Westminster School, London
Writers from Cheshire |