Datasets:

ArXiv:
File size: 37,415 Bytes
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
b40045e
 
 
 
 
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
45fe1e8
c5911bc
 
 
45fe1e8
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
e393da2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a89b572
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
c5911bc
 
 
a89b572
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a89b572
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a89b572
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
a89b572
c5911bc
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
494970f
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
# Dataset Card for No Language Left Behind (NLLB - 200vo)

## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
  - [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
  - [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
  - [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
  - [Data Instances](#data-instances)
  - [Data Fields](#data-fields)
  - [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
  - [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
  - [Source Data](#source-data)
  - [Annotations](#annotations)
  - [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
  - [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
  - [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
  - [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
  - [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
  - [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
  - [Citation Information](#citation-information)
  - [Contributions](#contributions)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:** [Needs More Information]
- **Repository:** [Needs More Information]
- **Paper: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2207.04672.pdf**
- **Leaderboard:** [Needs More Information]
- **Point of Contact:** [Needs More Information]

### Dataset Summary

This dataset was created based on [metadata](https://github.com/facebookresearch/fairseq/tree/nllb) for mined bitext released by Meta AI.  It contains bitext for 148 English-centric and 1465 non-English-centric language pairs using the stopes mining library and the LASER3 encoders Heffernan et al. (2022). 

#### How to use the data
There are two ways to access the data:
* Via the Hugging Face Python datasets library 
```
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("allenai/nllb")
```
* Clone the git repo
```
git lfs install
git clone https://huggingface.co./datasets/allenai/nllb
```

### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

NA

### Languages

Language pairs can be found [here](https://huggingface.co./datasets/allenai/nllb/blob/main/nllb_lang_pairs.py).

## Dataset Structure

The dataset contains gzipped tab delimited text files for each direction.  Each text file contains lines with parallel sentences.


### Data Instances

[More Information Needed]

### Data Fields

Every instance for a language pair contains the following fields: 'translation' (containing sentence pairs), 'laser_score', 'source_sentence_lid', 'target_sentence_lid', where 'lid' is language classification probability, 'source_sentence_source', 'source_sentence_url', 'target_sentence_source', 'target_sentence_url'.

* Sentence in first language
* Sentence in second language
* LASER score
* Language ID score for first sentence
* Language ID score for second sentence
* First sentence source (https://github.com/facebookresearch/LASER/tree/main/data/nllb200) 
* First sentence URL if the source is crawl-data/\*; _ otherwise
* Second sentence source
* Second sentence URL if the source is crawl-data/\*; _ otherwise

Example:
```
{'translation': {'ace_Latn': 'Gobnyan hana geupeukeucewa gata atawa geutinggai meunan mantong gata."',
  'ban_Latn': 'Ida nenten jaga manggayang wiadin ngutang semeton."'},
 'laser_score': 1.2499876022338867,
 'source_sentence_lid': 1.0000100135803223,
 'target_sentence_lid': 0.9991400241851807,
 'source_sentence_source': 'paracrawl9_hieu',
 'source_sentence_url': '_',
 'target_sentence_source': 'crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144165.4/wet/CC-MAIN-20200219153707-20200219183707-00232.warc.wet.gz',
 'target_sentence_url': 'https://alkitab.mobi/tb/Ula/31/6/\n'}
```

### Data Splits

The data is not split.  Given the noisy nature of the overall process, we recommend using the data only for training and use other datasets like [Flores-200](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores) for the evaluation.


## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

Data was filtered based on language identification, emoji based filtering, and for some high-resource languages language model-based filtering. For more details on data filtering please refer to Section 5.2 (NLLB Team et al., 2022).


### Source Data


#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

Monolingual data was collected from the following sources: 

| Name in data     | Source                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
|------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| afriberta        | https://github.com/castorini/afriberta                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| americasnlp      | https://github.com/AmericasNLP/americasnlp2021/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| bho_resources    | https://github.com/shashwatup9k/bho-resources                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| crawl-data/*     | WET files from https://commoncrawl.org/the-data/get-started/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| emcorpus         | http://lepage-lab.ips.waseda.ac.jp/en/projects/meiteilon-manipuri-language-resources/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| fbseed20220317   | https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores/tree/main/nllb_seed                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| giossa_mono      | https://github.com/sgongora27/giossa-gongora-guarani-2021                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| iitguwahati      | https://github.com/priyanshu2103/Sanskrit-Hindi-Machine-Translation/tree/main/parallel-corpus                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| indic            | https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/corpora/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| lacunaner        | https://github.com/masakhane-io/lacuna_pos_ner/tree/main/language_corpus                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| leipzig          | Community corpora from https://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/en/download for each year available                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| lowresmt2020     | https://github.com/panlingua/loresmt-2020                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| masakhanener     | https://github.com/masakhane-io/masakhane-ner/tree/main/MasakhaNER2.0/data                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| nchlt            | https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/299 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/302 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/306 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/308 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/309 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/312 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/314 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/315 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/321 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/325 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/328 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/330 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/332 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/334 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/336 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/337 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/341 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/343 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/346 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/348 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/353 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/355 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/357 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/359 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/362 <br>https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/364  |
| paracrawl-2022-* | https://data.statmt.org/paracrawl/monolingual/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| paracrawl9*      | https://paracrawl.eu/moredata the monolingual release                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| pmi              | https://data.statmt.org/pmindia/                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| til              | https://github.com/turkic-interlingua/til-mt/tree/master/til_corpus                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| w2c              | https://lindat.mff.cuni.cz/repository/xmlui/handle/11858/00-097C-0000-0022-6133-9                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| xlsum            | https://github.com/csebuetnlp/xl-sum                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |

#### Who are the source language producers?

Text was collected from the web and various monolingual data sets, many of which are also web crawls.  This may have been written by people, generated by templates, or in some cases be machine translation output. 

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

Parallel sentences in the monolingual data were identified using LASER3 encoders. (Heffernan et al., 2022)

#### Who are the annotators?

The data was not human annotated.

### Personal and Sensitive Information

Data may contain personally identifiable information, sensitive or toxic content that was publicly shared on the Internet. 

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

This dataset provides data for training machine learning systems for many languages that have low resources available for NLP.

### Discussion of Biases

Biases in the data have not been specifically studied, however as the original source of data is World Wide Web it is likely that the data has biases similar to those prevalent in the Internet. The data may also exhibit biases introduced by language identification and data filtering techniques: lower resource languages may have lower accuracy while data filtering techniques may remove certain less natural utterances.

### Other Known Limitations

Some of the translations are in fact machine translation.  Indeed, some sites have evidence of WordPress translation plugins in their HTML source.  These sites were not filtered out en mass because HTML source was not available in many cases. 

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

The data was not curated.

### Licensing Information

The dataset is released under the terms of [ODC-BY](https://opendatacommons.org/licenses/by/1-0/). By using this, you are also bound to the respective Terms of Use and License of the original source.


### Citation Information

NLLB Team et al, No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation, Arxiv, 2022.

### Contributions

We thank the AllenNLP team at AI2 for hosting and releasing this data, including [Akshita Bhagia](https://akshitab.github.io/) (for engineering efforts to create the huggingface dataset), and [Jesse Dodge](https://jessedodge.github.io/) (for organizing the connection).