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Okay, good morning everybody. How are you today? I

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don't see many students coming today to the class.

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I know it is because of the midterm exam. And this

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is a pity because we said several times, when

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there is a midterm exam, you cannot absent

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yourself from class. Anyway, today's class will be

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like this. We're going, as usual, to listen to a

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couple of reports. Then we are going to debate

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about the interpretation, the several or the

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several possible interpretations of the tiger.

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And, you know, we're going to debate. If there is

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like, if we finish with a debate, it would be a

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nice idea. Okay? So let's start. Let's see who is

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reporting today. Yes, please.

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Good morning.

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It was a shock for the student when Dr. Akram

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asked for all students daily reports. But it

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wasn't like that for me because I always write my

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reports. Many students start writing their reports

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in lecture, so teacher didn't accept them.

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According to the Tiger, it was really a little bit

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difficult, but it needs more analysis and

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explanation. And actually this time wasn't Dr.

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Akram who explained it, but it was Mr. Ahlam, Mrs.

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Ahlam. It was a nice and clear explanation,

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although we didn't share a lot. Oh, I forgot to

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say that Dr. Akram read the poem in a nice way,

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and then commented that Mr. Ahlam's explanation

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was nice, and that it reminded him of the best

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days when she was his student. Yes. Thank you very

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much. Another report. Yes, Khawla.

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It was the lecture of the poem, Which I Like, The

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Tiger, by William Blake. Ms. Ahlam attended the

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lecture and she did her presentation in a nice

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way. I like her thinking of some words in the

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poem, but before that Dr. Akram asked each student

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wrote a report to submit it to him. Unfortunately,

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I didn't write for that lecture. After that, some

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students read their reports and Dr. Akram started

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the lecture by some analysis for the poem. In

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addition to that, Dr. Akram shared Ms. Ahlam with

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her presentation. Ms. Ahlam focused in his

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analysis on the words and the words and its

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reflects. So Dr. Akram said that he will continue

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the whole poem in more details next lecture. So I

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didn't forget to write my report. Okay, thank you

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very much. In fact, last time Ms. Ahlan conducted

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what is called deconstruction

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or deconstructive analysis. She used a theory

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called the theory of deconstruction. She was

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looking about the binaries, like the opposites,

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like the mild and the violent. you know, the

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strong and the weak, the mighty and the

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vulnerable, you know, the sublime and the

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beautiful. So it was a good insight into the poem.

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And I think it was appropriate because it was

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suitable for, I mean, the philosophy of Blake

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himself, because Blake didn't see life in black

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and white. He saw it like he didn't see them like

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contrasting, but he saw them complementary. And in

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the marriage between earth and heaven, like he saw

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evil and good going side by side.

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Today we're going to have another look. And most

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of the critics, when they want, because this poem

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is symbolic. It is full of rhetorical questions.

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What immortal hand? What the hand? What the

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shoulders? What is the place? So all, you know,

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the questions were concentrated on

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like the act of making, the act of creating, the

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act of forming. And that act involved two things.

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It involved power, physical power, that involved

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also an eye, an artistic skill. So because he was

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asking about what the art, what the eye. In fact,

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the poem became a little bit confusing As I said,

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some critics said it was about the Industrial

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Revolution. Other critics said it was about the

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French Revolution or the American Revolution

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because it was the age of revolutions. Other

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thought that it was a poetic It was a revolution

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against the rules and the poetic restrictions of

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the Neoclassical. So in both, in all these cases,

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we find that it is about revolution. Now I want to

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start, because we are supposed to debate, And I

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was going to take the side of revolution, so I

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prepared some videos to show you how England was

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like during the

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Industrial Revolution. How the life, you know, of

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the countryside, how it changed, how everything

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was transformed. And how the countryside lost its

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purity because of mechanization, how the social

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arena was transformed. So it had its dire

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consequences. And even the farms were enclosed

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because everything was was important in terms of

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materialism. So the farms, the landscape lost its

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vast nature because it was open. Now it is

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partitioned because they were interested in

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grazing animals and raising profits. So the

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countryside lost its beauty. And, you know,

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mechanization was there. So let's see some videos

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and hopefully you see how was England like.

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This is how the

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English countryside transformed.

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of animals in a distant realm of church bells bore

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the stories of romance here. Yemen was a land of

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great social inequality. A handful of aristocrats

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and rulers possessed by right of birth nearly all

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of the incredible wealth it yielded. They built

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magnificent palaces for themselves and filled them

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with treasure. Down in a group of slower classes,

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most of whom owned no land, struggled to survive.

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These poor people sometimes faced severe

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malnutrition and even starvation. They usually

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died young. With this as a background, let us find

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out what great changes were to occur as a result

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of industrialization.

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The first industrial revolution began in England

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for several reasons. First, she possessed rich

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deposits of iron and coal, resources essential to

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industrialization. Second, England had many

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reliable sources of water power. And third,

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numerous colonies around the world supplied her

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with abundant raw materials, like this cotton. And

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at the same time, it provided

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Okay. So as you see, just I want to show you how

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England was. As you see, industrial revolution was

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indispensable. Industrial revolution was there

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because of the labor, was the raw material from

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the colonies, mainly America. So they started to

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industrialize or to invent machines and those

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machines, and necessary for industry, changed the

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face, the social arena, the political arena,

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everything. And England became like a plant or a

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factory producing, working for the world. And with

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these emergent values, like the countryside lost

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its purity, you know, and it was seen like a

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monster because, you know, machine replaced man,

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children were abused, women were abused, like,

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because they were working in factories, even like,

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you know, slums, dirty slums were created, and a

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lot of crimes even happened. So Blake wrote that

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poem, and some critics thought it was about the

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Industrial Revolution. Others, as I said, thought

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it was about the

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creation of poetry. So we are going to have the

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poem in front of us and now to debate whether it

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is about industrial revolution and whether about

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like poetic imagination. So let's see quickly who

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wants to be, like Amal, do you want to be on this

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side? This is the industrial revolution. Okay,

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Hidayat, do you want to be in this side? I can

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help both. Yes, I encourage more students. What do

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you want, which side? The industrial. Okay, the

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industrial, you come here. Poetry. Poetry, you

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come here. So have some chairs.

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Okay, yes. Who will join these people?

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Yes. Why are you scared? I'm going to help. Both.

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Okay. Who wants to come to this side? What is it

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about? It is about poetic creation? Okay, what do

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you think? Let's start.

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If you want, like, I'm going to help both of you.

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Like here, if you look at the word frame, frame

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has to do with what? Frame, to shape, to design.

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Make has to do with what? Create. Okay. If you

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want to look at art, okay, the word art would

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support, you know, those who think it is about

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art. But the word chain and the word horror, the

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word hammer would support the Industrial

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Revolution. So you have a lot of evidence in the

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poem to support either side. So let's start by

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this group. What do you think? First of all, first

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time I read the poem, I thought like it was about

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like two contradictory things, like evil and good.

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And this, like always we have in a human soul. And

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so, and like human were so taken by the industrial

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revolution. And so there was like the evil part of

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them. So he's like, I think he's saying that the

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industrial revolution is like, A monster. A

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monster that's taking over the human soul. Okay,

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and I do agree with her because, you know, here

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the tiger is presented to us not like an animal,

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an ordinary animal, but rather as a monster, you

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know, frightening the people. What do you want to

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say? No, I didn't think because Because he means

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the positive things and sides in what you said.

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For example, burning bright. I think it is

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something attractive. Excellent, yes. And fearful

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symmetry.

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Okay,

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I do agree with her, like it's very interesting

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because here In fact, it was yesterday that I

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realized we have another oxymoron here. Because

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burning bright, burning, it is something negative.

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But bright, bright, it means something positive.

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So when we are talking about something bright,

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something dissipating the darkness, because if we

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have the first of the night, which is darkness and

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bright, then it is positive. Symmetry. So poetry

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is an act of symmetry, isn't it? This is what you

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want to say. And poetry, because poetry, you know,

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sometimes, look, some revolutions were supported

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by poetry. I think, you know, the Egyptian

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Revolution, if you remember, like they were

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sitting in Tahrir Square and they were chanting,

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you know, poetic things. And those poetic, you

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know, lines gave power to the revolution. So

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nobody can ignore the power of poetry in inciting

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people. provoking people, giving them this

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momentum. So it is seen by Blake here, the poetry,

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the power of poetry is like the power of this

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light, which is burning in the forest of the

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night. So here, if you want, and this is, I think

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she's talking about the darkness. Darkness is

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associated with political injustice, with

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political despotism. And poetry, you know,

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imagination, the poetic revolution, or the power

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of poetry can be a protest against this. Can it

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change? Because poetry has this power to change.

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Okay? I want to say about Marilyn Monroe.like the

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idea of fuel like burning fuel to get energy and

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to machines and so they design new things like the

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cement fearful symmetry, like design something

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beautiful. And like the, of night, like they

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working unstoppable. Like they always work, work.

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So it's like the idea of industrial revolution.

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Yeah, she began by saying that the tiger stands

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for evil, the making of evil. So we can say that

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the tiger could stand for the machines as being

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the evil thing. And the burning is the burning of

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the machines and stuff like that. So, but why are

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the machines like evil? Like the question is why?

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Ah, they replaced people. Okay. Do you have any

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evidence like in the poem which shows that the

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poet was complaining that this is evil? Evil

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creature? This is evil creature?

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Okay. Do you have any evidence like this? Of

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course, the words like fearful and who used to be

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night? Night?

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So they think, you know, light is good, it's a

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place for romanticism. It's like the word

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immortal, supernatural power, it's something that

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makes you fear or scared.

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Yes, go ahead. No, I think the tiger here, okay it

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is fearful because it is when anything new appear

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for people, they will be scared and fear and avoid

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it. But when they come close to it and analyze it

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and deal with it, they will be familiar and love

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it. Like there, his poet and his style of writing

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is new, So, like, people is dependent and familiar

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with other parts of style of writing, but when

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they become close and know what is this writing

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about, they will love it and will be... So, they

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can change their mind? Yes, yes. And you think

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this is like, you know, similar to this symmetry

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and like, you know? Yes. And he also... It's kind

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of a tiger, his shoulder, his eyes. I think it's a

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responsible thing or something you know. So with

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the creation, you mean? Yes. Yes? What do you want

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to say? This poem, I think, is about two themes,

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nature and the industrial revolution. Nature is...

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So you are betraying, like, you're helping them,

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you know? No, I'm not helping them, but it is

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obvious. I mean, it is used... You can come here.

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Okay, who can replace her? No, I'm an objective.

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Okay. Okay. Now it is it is logical that William

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Blake was born in the first on the beginning in

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the beginnings of the industrial revolution. So it

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was the theme of their lives. I mean, ordinary

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people in their daily speeches, they were talking

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about this revolution. So it was he was motivated

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by this theme, but As a romantic poet, he chose a

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figure of nature, the tiger. The tiger is a very

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beautiful animal. He tried to explain to clear the

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idea about him and taking it as a symbol of this

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industrial revolution. Blake wasn't trying to

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express something instantly about this industry,

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but he was I guess dealing with this tiger issue,

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but being affected by this revolution. You cannot

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make up your mind. I think if you look at the

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poet, or if you look at all the questions, They

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were about the process of creation. He asked about

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the hand, the shoulder, so it was about the

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creation. Now the question is, does the creation

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of poetry require this effort?

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It's spontaneous.

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And the assumption is like poetry, you know, just

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like poets write poetry without feeling the pain

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and the experience. What do you want to say? Okay.

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I mean, why would you say effort? Yeah, but like-

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Why would you say effort? Because, you know, they

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need to- I don't see effort being blamed here,

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because he's being, he has been spontaneous, he

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has been just himself, he's a real poet. But like,

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I think, you know, we are not honest to our, you

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know, honest to words worth definition of poetry,

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when he said poetry is a spontaneous overflow, of

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powerful feelings recollected in tranquility. And

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here, when you say recollected in tranquility, it

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means like the writing of poetry needs hard work.

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It's not easy. You keep changing. It is

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spontaneous. But what is spontaneous? It is not

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the act of writing poetry. It is not the act of

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saying poetry. It is the feeling which is

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spontaneous. So I think, you know, poetry involves

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craftsmanship. And sometimes poets suffer, fret,

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in order to, you know, produce this poem. It is

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not easy. Anyone can express his emotion, but not

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in a poetic way. Yeah, not in a poetic way,

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because, you know, if you want to be a poet, you

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need like to fret more and more. Okay, yes. It

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seems like the students are unprepared today, you

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know. It is because you are having exam. But let

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me, when he complains, like, what red hand, what

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red feet? Like, when their heart began here.

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Like, when he said,

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When the stars know what shoulder, yes. And when

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their heart began to beat, what red hand, what red

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feet? Do you think, you know here, this

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questioning involves any fascination? Like fearful

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symmetry? Like burning bright? What red hand, what

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red feet? I think here, he's complaining. What

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dread hand, dread hand, or dread feet? This is

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very frightening. This is very scary. Isn't it?

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Yeah, but no, I think, you know, questioning here,

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what dread hand, what dread feet? Like he's, you

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know, I mean, the tiger is seen as a monster here.

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It is like a mythological creature. You see? It is

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not like any animal. Wadded hand, wadded feet. So

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I think, you know, this shows a complaint that it

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was about industrial revolution. And look here,

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the hole, the hammer, the furnace. It is like a

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goldsmith. I'm sorry, I'm not helping you. No, I

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want to say that yes, it is about industrial

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revolution. It's the time of industrial

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revolution, but because he wants to make a poetic

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revolution, he cannot say it is directly. So he

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wants to use this means in a very symbolic way.

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Even if he speaks about the industrial revolution,

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he wants to convey something other. So I think you

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know what you might think also because this is an

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open debate in fact. I'm not going to close it

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today. It's an open debate. I want you to think

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further about this. Is it about poetic

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imagination? Or is it about industrial revolution?

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And this is what I want you to research. So I want

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to close this debate. It is part of an assignment

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I'm giving you, and we'll talk about this

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assignment later. It might be a supplement to your

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midterm exam, which I'm going to give you in a

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minute. So I would like to thank both teams for

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sharing with me and we'll see next time we're

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going like to continue. Thank you very much.