Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Today inshallah we are
going to explain what's called adverbs in English.
We are going to compare between the adverbs of
English and the adverbs of Arabic to see the
points of negative interference and positive
interference at the same time. We need to see the
asymmetries and symmetries between the two
constructions in both languages. So adverbs of
English. The adverbs modify the verb and they also
modify the adjective. and they modify the adverb
the adverb modifies another adverb okay so he
drove slowly slowly here is an adverb it modifies
the verb he drove very fast a very fast car very
remodifies the adjective fast She moved quite
slowly. Slowly here, I mean quite, remodifies
another adverb slowly. Morphologically, the adverb
mostly ends in ly, okay? Almost ends in ly, but
not in all cases, okay?
So you have some adjectives and in ly as well. You
have lovely, lonely, motherly, friendly,
neighborly. These are adjectives. That lovely
child lives in a friendly neighborhood. So
friendly and lovely are not adverbs, they are
adjectives.
Okay, as you see. Now, the adverb modifies
the verb, modifies an adjective, and modifies
another adverb. Okay? We have what is called
adverb clause, adverb clause at the same time.
Okay? This represents a group of words that
contain a subject. and the verb here
the sentence like when this class is over when
this class is over we are going to the movies when
this class is over this is adverb close because it
contains a verb the verb here is is as you see the
verb is is the verb close in this construction
when this class is over we are going to the movies
here
once you have a phrase which doesn't contain a
subject then the verb acts as an adverb And at
that sense, it is referred to as adverbial phrase.
Okay?
We have adverbial phrases or adverbial clauses.
These take different forms, either a noun phrase
or preposition phrase at the same time. Here we
have, he went to the movies. to the movies is a
preposition phrase but it works as an adverbial
she works on holidays they lived in canada during
the war these
preposition phrases have the function or have
adverbial functions okay
we
have also the infinitive which works as an adverb.
It usually tells why. She headed to the mainland
to see her brother. To see her brother is an
adverbial clause.
It's to see, this is infinitive, okay, in order to
see. This is the answer of why. The senator ran to
catch the bus. Why did he run? In order to catch
or to catch the bus. So the infinitive works.
The infinitive
here
answers the question, why? So the adverbial clause
can be a noun phrase, can be a preposition phrase,
can be infinitive phrase as well. We still have
other kinds of adverbial phrases.
Okay, he calls his mother or his mom as often as
possible. as often as possible this is comparison
so this is positive degree that verb has
comparisons completely like the adjectives we have
positive degree comparative degree and superlative
degree okay now
you have here The adverbs which modify adjectives
as we mentioned, but the adjective cannot modify
an adverb. The adverb modifies the adjective, but
not vice versa. Okay? The students showed a really
wonderful, wonderful attitude.
The students showed a wonderfully casual attitude.
my professor is really tall but not he ran real
fast okay these three sentences really wonderful
wonderfully casual really tall are grammatical
sentences because the adverb modifies the
adjective but it's impossible to have the
adjective modifying the adverb he ran real fast is
that accepted but we can say he ran really fast
completely
like adjectives we have three degrees of
comparison either positive degree or comparative
degree or superlative degree okay the students or
walk faster if you want to keep up with me faster
this is an adverb if we say fast walk this is
adjective but walk fast this is an adverb okay the
student who reads fastest will finish first we use
also more or most or less or least this is for
comparative and superlative With sneakers on, she
could move more quickly among the patients. The
flowers were the most beautifully arranged
creation I've ever seen. Most beautifully, more
quickly. She worked less confidently after her
accident. She was the least skillfully done
performance I have seen in years. So these
represent the comparative degree and superlative
degree. Once we say most beautifully or least
skillfully.
Okay. We have also the positive degree for
adverbs. As fast as his sister, for example. Okay.
It represents what is called equality.
Now, we have a handful of adverbs. Some adverbs
have two forms, one which ends in ly and one that
doesn't end in ly. These two forms have
semantically two different meanings. Like, lately
he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.
lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for
anything. Okay? So this sentence differs from the
first sentence, he arrived late. Is it the same
meaning? Late and lately? So we have difference
meaning according to the position of adverb. Late
is an adverb and lately is another adverb, but
their position in the sentence Differentiate the
meaning.
Okay.
She certainly drives slow in that old pick of
hers. in that old buck of his. He did wrong by
here. He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.
Slow, wrong, sharp, quick. These all together are
adverbs, but they do not take a Y. Okay? This is
for casual situations because he did wrong by
here. This is his custom. He spoke sharp, quick.
Again, he's accustomed to do that. So once you
refer to casual situations, you can use the adverb
without ly.
Now, speaking about adverbs, we have different
types of adverbs. We have what is called
intensifiers. which are of different types. We
have emphasizing or emphasizers, amplifiers, and
downtoners. These are intensifiers which represent
a category of adverbs. I really don't believe him.
I really don't believe him. This really refers to
Emphasizers. Here I emphasize the fact that I
don't believe him. He literally wrecked his
mother's car. Literally. I emphasize the action.
She simply ignored me. Simply. They are going to
be late for sure. So for sure, simply, literally,
really are emphasizers.
We have what is called amplifiers. The teacher
completely rejected her proposal. I absolutely
refused to attend anymore faculty meetings.
They heartily endorsed the new restaurant. I so
wanted to go with them. They heartily endorsed the
new restaurant. I so wanted to go with them. We
know this city well. So well, so, hardly,
absolutely, completely, these are amplifiers.
Okay? We call them amplifiers.
Now we come to what is called downtoners. I kind
of like this college. Reducers, okay? Joe sort of
felt betrayed by his sister, to somehow. His
mother mildly disapproved his action. We can
improve in this to some extent. The boss almost
quit after that. The school was all but ruined by
the storm. Not completely ruined. Okay? So this is
to reduce the action. It's called downtoners. So
we have kind, sort, mildly, almost, some extent,
all, but, et cetera. These three types are, I
mean, they emphasizes amplifiers, downtoners are
intensifiers.
Parts of adverbs. Now, As we mentioned, the adverb
modifies the verb. It also modifies the adjective
and modifies the adverb itself, another adverb.
She ran very fast. Here the word, the pre
modifier, very. Pre modifies another adverb, fast.
We're all going to run out of material all the
faster. Okay. All the faster. Again, we have all
pre-modifying faster. Another adverb. For adverbs,
as you are familiar of, we have different types.
We have adverbs of manner, adverbs of place,
adverbs of frequency, adverbs of time, adverbs of
purpose. She moved slowly and spoke quietly. This
is Manar. She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Okay.
She has lived on the island all her life. We speak
about a place on the island. This is an adverb of
Place. She still lives there now. There refers
also to place. So we call it adverb of place. We
have adverb of frequency. She takes the boat to
the mainland every day. She often goes by herself.
So go often every day. It refers to the frequent
times or say the frequency adverb. We have adverbs
of time. She tries to get back before dark.
Before. It's starting to get dark now. Now. She
finished her tea first. First. She left early. Now
we have these four adverbs, early, first, now,
before, are considered as adverbs of time because
they refer to time. We have purpose, adverbs of
purpose, okay? To answer why. She drives her boat
slowly to avoid hitting the rocks. Avoid, to avoid
hitting the rocks is the answer. It is the
purpose. She shops in several stores to get the
best buys. To get the best buys is another
adverbial
phrase beginning with infinitive as you see. So
the infinitive itself stands as an adverbial 20
frequency. Okay? So the adverb directly precedes
the lexical verb in the sentence. The adverb of
frequency directly precedes the lexical verb in
the sentence. I never get up. It comes also
between the auxiliary verb and the lexical verb. I
have rarely written to my brother without a good
reason. Have written. So we have rarely an adverb
of frequency in between the auxiliary and the
lexical verb.
Also it is used or it precedes the verb used or
used to. Okay? I always used to see him at his
summer home.
Okay. We can say I am always used to seeing him at
summer homes. Okay. I used to this is a habit that
happened in the past. Where to be M is R plus used
to plus gerund. This is a custom or a habit which
is present, the present habit. In both cases, we
have the adverb of frequency preceding used to and
comes in between the preposition, the verb to be
and used. Okay. In case of having, I am usually
used to. He finally showed up for batting
practice. You say showed up. This is a verb,
lexical verb. So we have the adverb preceding or
directly preceding it. She has recently retired.
We have auxiliary verb, has. Then we have retired.
So the adverb comes in between.
Okay, if we translate these sentences, I never get
up before nine o'clock.
Who could translate it? I never get up before nine
o'clock.
أبدا لم أستيقظ قبل التاسعة أبدا
لم
أستيقظ قبل التاسعة which is better لم أستيقظ أبدا
قبل التاسعة okay now أنا لم أستيقظ أبدا قبل
التاسعة okay
لم أستيقظ أبدا قبل التاسعة. Arabic differs from
English. We have what is called the small brew.
Small brew means the drop of the subject. ضمير
الفاعل، الغال، ضمير الفاعل، الفاعل ضمير مستتر
تقديره هو لم أستيقظ أبدا. Okay لم أستيقظ أبدا.
Where's the subject? Okay, so the subject is
called in English here small brew small brew. This
is available in brew drop languages Arabic is brew
drop language. Yani it drops the subject However,
English is non drop is non brew drop language. The
subject must be available in the sentence Okay so
having the adverb at the beginning of is quite
dodgy is quite not acceptable okay is less
adequate than the sentence which says okay
so it depends on your intuition to see whether
this sentence is accepted or not okay
I finally showed up for batting practice. She has
recently retired. Okay.
She has recently retired.
I have rarely written to my brother without a good
reason. Who could translate it? I have rarely
written to my brother without a good reason.
I have rarely written to my brother.
So, Nadiran is an adverb coming sentence initially
in Arabic. It can be لم أكتب لأخي I can't say for
example, I have
rarely written to my brother without a good
reason.
So, in order to have sense for the sentence or for
the translation, You have to have the adverb at
the beginning of the sentence. Okay? So you see,
it seems that the position of the adverb in Arabic
differs from the adverb in English. So every
adverb has its own position in Arabic. Okay? She's
recently retired. لقد استقالت مؤخرا We can say
استقالت او مؤخرا استقالت مؤخرا استقالت is not
accepted in Arabic okay لك ده استقالت مؤخرا مؤخرا
here we have the verb مؤخرا the adverb مؤخرا comes
finally so
they differ now i said the adverbial clauses can
be preposition phrase can be infinitive phrase can
be a noun phrase okay once
you translate I came very quickly to the class I
came very quickly to the class قتيت بسرعة إلى
الفصل بسرعة what do you call it in Arabic
preposition phrase which stands for what is called
حال in Arabic preposition
phrase بسرعة جاروة مجرور and the sentence okay
represents حال in Arabic يعني شبه الجملة في محل
نصب حال حال means advert okay
Now, if you have more than one adverb in the
sentence, what could you do? Do you have specific
order for the adverbs in English? Like the
adjectives as we've seen. Yes, we have specific
order. We have the verb first of all. followed by
adverb of manner, place, frequency, time, purpose.
So we have manner followed by place, then
frequency, then time, then purpose. Beth swims
enthusiastically in the pool every morning before
dawn to keep in shape. Swims enthusiastically.
This is enthusiastically, this is manner. In the
pool. Place. Every morning. Before dawn. To keep
in shape. Purpose. Okay, so once you translate it
into Arabic, what could you say? Once you
translate it into Arabic?
If you could translate it, translate the sentence
into Arabic.
Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every
morning before dawn to keep in shape.
Yes? Go ahead. He swims enthusiastically every
morning before dawn to keep in shape. Beth is
always used to swim enthusiastically in the pool
every morning before dawn to keep fit or in shape.
Beth swims enthusiastically in the pool every
morning before dawn to keep in shape. Remember
that once we spoke about adjectives, we mentioned
that the adjectives can be classified within the
same sentence according to what is called
importance.
And the most important adjective comes first. Do
you have the same system for the adverbs? Beth
swims enthusiastically in the pool every morning
before dawn to keep in shape.
So you have the adverbs classified according to
their positions in the sentence in Arabic. Okay,
starting with manner, as you see, then you have
the place, then frequency, then time, then shape.
But these or this order is not systematic. It is
elastic. Arabic is liberal language as we
explained. Maybe I can translate. يسبح بث في
البركة بحماس كل صباح قبل الفجر ليحافظ على رشقة
يسبح بث في البركة كل صباح قبل الفجر بحماس لكي
يحافظ على رشقة so we use the adverb of manner in
different places okay it depends on the structure
of the language. English is a very specific
language. It's very strict. It has its own strict
system that you cannot skip.
You have to respect this system, the order of
adverbs, starting with manner, then place,
frequency, time, purpose. Okay? This is the word
order of adverbs. in English. However, in Arabic,
Arabic is more liberal language. Okay? So the
movement of the adverb from one position to
another is accepted.
Because the adverbs in Arabic are more floating
than in English. Okay? Dad walks impatiently in
the town every afternoon before supper to get a
newspaper. that walks impatiently. What do you
call impatiently? Manar. Into town. Place. Every
afternoon. Before supper. To get a newspaper.
Tushinda naps in her room every morning before
lunch.
Naps in her room. In her room. What do you call
this place? Every morning. Frequency before lunch
the same order the same order. We don't have
purpose here. Okay The
general principle the general principle for the
adverbs Is that the shorter adverbial phrases
precede longer adverbial phrases in English. This
is regardless of the content.
We have here in the following sentences the
adverbial or the adverb of time precedes the
adverb of frequency because it is shorter. You
know that the frequency adverb comes before Time,
but here the time adverb comes before frequency
because it is shorter. Dad takes a brisk walk
before breakfast every day of his life. Every day
of his life is frequency. Before breakfast, this
is time. But before breakfast is shorter than the
other sentence, so it comes first.
A second principle of
adverbs like manner, place, or frequency, etc.,
the more specific adverbial phrase comes first.
The more important one comes first. My grandmother
was born in a sod house on the plains of northern
Nebraska.
My grandmother was born in a sod house. This is
the most important adverb. On the plains of
northern Nebraska. Okay? So we take the most
important to be the beginning. Okay? To be in the
beginning. We have now for normal sentences, we
have a certain order. that is manner, place,
frequency, time, purpose. However, in adverbial
phrases, we take the shorter adverbial phrase to
be in the beginning followed by the longer
adverbial clause also we can take the most
specific adverb to be at the beginning as appears
in the sentence my grandmother was born in a sod
house on the plains of northern Nebraska okay she
promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday for
lunch this is an adverbial phrase Next Tuesday
another adverb will close. So we take the shorter
one to be at the beginning for lunch Okay Now
we can have what is called focus and you move the
adverbs to the beginning of the sentence and to
the beginning of the sentence in case of having
what was called special emphasis or laying special
emphasis on the adverb. Slowly, ever so carefully,
followed by a comma. When I say, for example,
strictly speaking, linguistics is a very, very
beneficial science. Linguistics is a very nice
science. Syntax is the most important science in
linguistics. Okay, I say for example strictly
speaking, linguistically speaking, medically
speaking, geographically speaking, GIS is very
important subject. okay so if you have
linguistically speaking geographically speaking
strictly speaking This is called disjunct. It must
be followed by a comma. However, the adjunct does
not have a comma. It's an adverb that stands at
the beginning or in the middle or at the end of
the sentence without changing the meaning except
only in certain cases like the example of late and
lately which we mentioned at the beginning of the
class. We have what is called conjunct. That is
the conjunctions, the connectors, the
coordinators, okay? The conjunctions which join
between sentences, between simple sentences. These
are characterized by having commas, either before
or after. It depends on the connector itself.
Frankly, Martha, I don't get, I don't give a hoot.
Frankly. What do you call this? Disjunct. At the
beginning, it is followed by a comma. Frankly. I
say frankly speaking. Fortunately, no one was
hurt. Disjunct. It is followed by a comma. He came
very quickly to the class. Adjunct Okay As soon as
he entered the class he started the lecture as
soon as this is conjunct Okay If
they start smoking those awful cigars then I am
not staying then Conjunct. We've told the landlord
about the ceiling again and again and yet he
doesn't he does he is he has he's done nothing to
fix it yet conjunct nevertheless it is conjunct
however yes for
the adverbs We have what was called viewpoint
adverb, okay? These are agents, okay?
We have them available after the noun, if you
speak about the viewpoint, okay?
and also they are related to the adjective which
precedes the noun a successful athletic team is
often a good team scholastically scholastically
this comes at the sentence final position okay so
it is an adverb but
once I say scholastically a successful athletic
team is often a good team It becomes this junk. It
must be followed by a comma. When I say athlete,
it means sport.
Investing all our money in snowmobiles was
probably not a sound idea financially. Financially
is an adverb. What do you call it? Agent. Okay, it
is an agent. It is written without a comma. It is
part of the sentence. Now, if you omit it, you
change the meaning. However, for the disjunct, if
it is omitted, it doesn't change the meaning.
Okay? Yes? The first time, the adjunct?
Okay. These are adjuncts once we spoke about
scholastically or financially. Okay. We have lots
of examples.
I say, for example, he sometimes attends my
classes very attentively. And some other times he
gets absent. Okay? Attentively. It's an agent. It
is in the middle of the sentence. Sometimes it's
an agent. Once you write sometimes in the
sentence, do you use commas? This is an agent.
Okay? He always looks for liberating his country.
Always. Adjunct. Okay, the adjunct is an adverb
that stands in different forms either in manner
form or place, time, frequency, etc. However, the
disjunct begins in the beginning of the sentence
and must be followed by a comma. it if it is
omitted does not change the meaning but if you
change or if you omit the adjunct you change the
meaning or sometimes you violate the meaning you
violate the sentence okay the conjunct is
different it's a conjunction that joins between
the parts of the sentence okay
So a successful athletic team is often a good team
scholastically. Scholastically this is an adjunct
it's an adverb as you see financially is the same
okay next time we are going to continue with
adverbs and to speak more about Arabic And we are
going to shift to what is called teaching or games
for teaching adverbs, English adverbs to your
classes. I need you to prepare some games to show
how could we teach adverbs to our students next
time. So be ready for discussion next time. Thank
you for today.