diff --git "a/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_default_openparsegpu.json" "b/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_default_openparsegpu.json" deleted file mode 100644--- "a/results_retrieval/emb_sf_m_v2/retrieval_default_openparsegpu.json" +++ /dev/null @@ -1,22210 +0,0 @@ -[ - { - "top_k": 10, - "mrr": 0.5031402116402116, - "recall": 0.69, - "count_empty_strings": 8309 - }, - [ - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf", - "query": "What does \"new account\" mean according to the international tax compliance from 2020 ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "“new account” means a financial account maintained by a reporting financial institution opened on or after 13th May 2020", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The Treasury make these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by section 222 of the \nFinance Act 2013(**a**): \n\n**Citation and commencement**\n\n**1.**These Regulations may be cited as the International Tax Compliance (Amendment) \n\nRegulations 2020 and come into force on 13th May 2020. \n\n**Amendments to the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015**\n\n**2.**—(1) The International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015(**b**) are amended as follows. \n(2) In regulation 1(3)(b)(i), for “16th May 2019” substitute “19th April 2020”(**c**). \n(3) In regulation 3(4A)(a), at the beginning insert “subject to regulation 24(3)”. \n(4) In regulation 24— \n\n(a) in the table in paragraph (2), in the column headed “the CRS”— \n\n(i) at the beginning of the entry for “new account” insert “subject to paragraph (3)”, and \n(ii) at the beginning of the entry for “pre-existing account” insert “subject to regulation \n\n3(4A)(a) and paragraph (3)”, and \n\n(b) after paragraph (2) insert— \n\n“(3) In respect of the accounts listed in paragraph (4)— ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThe Regulations amend the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 (“the principal \nRegulations”) which give effect to agreements and arrangements reached between the United \nKingdom and other jurisdictions to improve international tax compliance. \n\nRegulation 2(2) extends the application of the principal Regulations to arrangements entered into \nby the United Kingdom for the exchange of financial account information with other jurisdictions \nup to 19th April 2020, the date before the Regulations are made. \n\nRegulation 2(5) omits various accounts from the category of excluded accounts. Regulation \n2(4)(b) amends the definitions of “new account” and “pre-existing account” in relation to those ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "accounts so that these terms are defined by reference to the date that those accounts ceased to be \nexcluded accounts. Regulation 2(3) and (4)(a) make consequential amendments. \n\nRegulation 3 makes a transitional provision for the calendar year 2020 in relation to accounts \nwhich were previously excluded accounts. \n\nA Tax Information and Impact Note covering the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 \nwas published on 18th March 2015 and \nthe HMRC website at \nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-administration-regulations-to-implement-the- \nuks-automatic-exchange-of-information-agreements. It remains an accurate summary of the \nimpacts that apply to this instrument. \n\nis available on ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(a) “new account” means a financial account maintained by a reporting financial \n\ninstitution(**a**) opened on or after 13th May 2020; \n\n(b) “pre-existing account” means— \n\n(i) a financial account maintained by a reporting financial institution as of 12th \n\nMay 2020, or \n\n(ii) a financial account within Section VIII(C)(9)(b) of Annex 1 of the DAC(**b**), \nbut in the application of that provision the references to “subparagraph \nC(9)(a)” are to be read as references to paragraph (i) of this sub-paragraph. \n\n(4) The accounts are— \n\n(a) non-registered pension arrangements where the annual contributions are limited to \n£50,000 and funds contributed cannot be accessed before the age of 55 except in \ncircumstances of serious ill health; \n\n(b) Premium Bonds issued by the UK National Savings and Investments; \n\n(c) Fixed Interest Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and \n\nInvestments; and \n\n(d) Index Linked Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and \nInvestments.”. \n\n(5) In Schedule 2, omit paragraphs 2, 6, 8 and 9. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Transitional provision**\n\n**3.**—(1) For the purposes of the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015, in relation to an \naccount that by virtue of regulation 2(5) ceases to be an excluded account, the calendar year 2020 \nis treated as beginning on 13th May 2020 and ending on 31st December 2020. \n\n(2) Where in consequence of paragraph (1) it is necessary to apportion an amount for the \ncalendar year 2020 to the period ending immediately before 13th May 2020 and the period \nbeginning with that date, it is to be apportioned— \n\n(a) on a time basis according to the respective length of the periods, or \n(b) if that method would produce a result that is unjust or unreasonable, on a just and \n\nreasonable basis. \n\n*David Rutley*\n*Maggie Throup*\nTwo of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury 20th April 2020 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(**a**) “Financial account” and “reporting financial institution” are defined in the table in regulation 24(2) of the principal \nRegulations. \n(**b**) “The DAC” is defined in regulation 1(3)(a) of the principal Regulations. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY OF SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA**\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Income and Indirect Taxes*\nincome and indirect \nthe \nWe provide for \ninformation that \nis currently available and believe that we have \nadequately provided these items. The calculation of applicable taxes in \nmany cases, however, requires significant judgment in interpreting tax \nrules and regulations. Our tax filings are subject to audits, which could \nmaterially change the amount of current and deferred income tax assets \nand liabilities and provisions, and could, in certain circumstances, result \nin the assessment of interest and penalties. ", - "page_start": 127, - "page_end": 127, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " **What is your outlook for Euronet Worldwide?**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The accounting policies of subsidiaries have \nbeen changed when necessary to align them \nwith the policies adopted by the Group. Losses \napplicable to the non-controlling interests in a \nsubsidiary are allocated to the non-controlling \ninterests even if doing so causes the non- \ncontrolling interests to have a deficit balance. ", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf", - "query": "Under which conditions can the funds of a non-registered pension arrengements be obtained before the age of 55 ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "non-registered pension arrangements where the annual contributions are limited to £50,000 and funds contributed cannot be accessed before the age of 55 except in circumstances of serious ill health", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "(a) “new account” means a financial account maintained by a reporting financial \n\ninstitution(**a**) opened on or after 13th May 2020; \n\n(b) “pre-existing account” means— \n\n(i) a financial account maintained by a reporting financial institution as of 12th \n\nMay 2020, or \n\n(ii) a financial account within Section VIII(C)(9)(b) of Annex 1 of the DAC(**b**), \nbut in the application of that provision the references to “subparagraph \nC(9)(a)” are to be read as references to paragraph (i) of this sub-paragraph. \n\n(4) The accounts are— \n\n(a) non-registered pension arrangements where the annual contributions are limited to \n£50,000 and funds contributed cannot be accessed before the age of 55 except in \ncircumstances of serious ill health; \n\n(b) Premium Bonds issued by the UK National Savings and Investments; \n\n(c) Fixed Interest Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and \n\nInvestments; and \n\n(d) Index Linked Savings Certificates issued by the UK National Savings and \nInvestments.”. \n\n(5) In Schedule 2, omit paragraphs 2, 6, 8 and 9. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**116. Power of Commissions in relation to pensions, etc.**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
decide whether or not any persistens benefits shall be granted or withfrold, reduce in amcunt or suspend any such benefits that have been anded, filts shall be granted and may not be withheild, reduced in amount or unless the appropriate Co
, as the case may be, in the decision to withhold them, reduce them in amountI them.
Where the amount of any persions benefits that may be granted to any fived by lare, the amount of the benefits to be granted to him or her shall be amount for which he or she is eligible unless the appropriate Commission his or her being granted b
The appropriate Commission shall not concur under subsection ( 1 ) or ( 2 ) of this section in action taken on the ground that any person who holds or effice of a judge of the Cout of Appeal or of the High Court or the Auditor - Director of Prosecuti
In this section “ the appropriate Commission ” means the cases of benefits for which any person may be eligible in respect of the environment in the public service of a person who, immediately better he or she assed to be a public stiffican, wa
any sther case, the Public Service Commission. In this section “ persons benefit ” means ary persons, compensation, a child ” was alwances to persons in respect of their service as public officers, and appending to personal interviews. As
Solidated Fund
Prevenues or cher monitys ratioed or received for the purposes of their distaxeans ( not being reversues or other moneys that are payuble by or law into some other fund established for a specific purpose or that may by or law be retained by the
abnoredish from Gonsolidation # under other public hundships within the public human providers and expertised more assigned / use that is charged upon the Fund by the Constitution or term the supportise that is changed spon the Fund by tha
\n\n(a) \n(b) \n\n(3) If in any financial year it is found- \n\n(a) \n\nthat the amount appropriated by the Appropriation Act for the purposes included \nin any organisation of expenditure is insufficient or that a need has arisen for \nexpenditure for a purpose for which no amount has been appropriated by the \nAppropriation Act; or \nthat any moneys have been expended on any organisation of expenditure in \nexcess of the amount appropriated for the purposes included in that \norganisation by the Appropriation Act or for a purpose for which no amount has \nbeen appropriated by the Appropriation Act, \n\n(b) \n\na supplementary estimate showing the sums required or spent shall be laid before the \nNational Assembly and the organisations of expenditure shall be included in a \nsupplementary Appropriation Bill, or in a motion or motions approving such expenditure, \nwhich shall be introduced or moved in the Assembly. \n\n(4) Where any supplementary expenditure has been approved in a financial year \nby a resolution of the National Assembly in accordance with the provisions of subsection \n(3) of this section, a supplementary Appropriation Bill shall be introduced in the National \nAssembly, not later than the end of the financial year next following, providing for the \nappropriation of the sums so approved. \n**120. Authorization of expenditure in advance of appropriation**", - "page_start": 50, - "page_end": 50, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NOTE 22: PENSIONS \n\nWe have contributory and non-contributory defined benefit pension \nplans that are made available to most of our employees. The plans \nprovide pensions based on years of service, years of contributions and \nearnings. We do not provide any non-pension post-retirement benefits. \nWe also provide unfunded supplemental pension benefits to certain \nexecutives. \n\nThe assets of the defined benefit pension plans are held in segregated \naccounts isolated from our assets. We administer the defined benefit \npension plans pursuant to applicable regulations, the Statement of \nInvestment Policies and Procedures and to the mandate of the Pension \nCommittee of the Board of Directors. The Pension Committee of the \nBoard of Directors oversees our administration of the defined benefits \npension plans, which includes the following principal areas: \n(cid:129) overseeing the funding, administration, communication and \ninvestment management of the plans \n(cid:129) selecting and monitoring the performance of all \n\nthird parties \nperforming duties in respect of the plans, including audit, actuarial \nand investment management services \n(cid:129) proposing, considering and approving amendments to the defined \nbenefit pension plans \n(cid:129) proposing, considering and approving amendments of the Statement \nof Investment Policies and Procedures \n(cid:129) reviewing management and actuarial reports prepared in respect of \nthe administration of the defined benefit pension plans \n(cid:129) reviewing and approving the audited financial statements of the \ndefined benefit pension plan funds. ", - "page_start": 121, - "page_end": 121, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Remuneration Committee is \nresponsible for reviewing the \nremuneration policies and \npractices of the Company \nincluding: the compensation \narrangements for the Managing \nDirector and senior management; \nthe Company’s superannuation \narrangements; employee share and \noption plans; executive and senior \nmanagement performance review, \nsuccession planning, and, within \nthe aggregate amount approved \nby shareholders, the fees for non- \nexecutive Directors. The role of \nthe Remuneration Committee is \ndocumented in a Charter, \napproved by the Board, which \nCharter prescribes that the \nCommittee must consist of at \nleast three non-executive \nDirectors. The Committee has \naccess to independent advice and \ncomparative studies on the \nappropriateness of remuneration \narrangements. \n\nThe Directors determined to cease \nretirement allowances to non- \nexecutive Directors effective from \n30 June 2004. Non-executive \nDirectors appointed before 1 \nJanuary 2004 are entitled to \nreceive benefits accrued to that \ndate, payable upon ceasing to \nhold office as a Director. The \nretirement payment (inclusive of \nsuperannuation guarantee charge \nentitlements) is made pursuant to \nan agreement entered into with \neach non-executive Director on \nterms approved by shareholders at \nthe 1989 Annual General Meeting. \nThese benefits have been fully \nprovided for by the Company. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Vesting Conditions \n\n25% issuance date, 25% first three anniversaries \n33% issuance date, 33% on 1 January 2015 and 2016 \n33% issuance date, 33% first two anniversaries \n25% issuance date, 25% first three anniversaries ", - "page_start": 97, - "page_end": 97, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The amount receivable / payable under the tax \nfunding agreement are due upon receipt of the \nfunding advice from the head entity, which is \nissued as soon as practicable after the end of \neach financial year. The head entity may also \nrequire payment of interim funding amounts to \nassist with its obligations to pay tax instalments. ", - "page_start": 82, - "page_end": 82, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The contractor bears the cost of providing such guarantee. \n\nPre-financing guarantees must remain in force until the pre-financing is cleared against \ninterim payments or payment of the balance. Where the payment of the balance takes the \nform of a debit note, the pre-financing guarantee must remain in force for three months \nafter the debit note is sent to the contractor. The contracting authority must release the \nguarantee within the following month. \n\nPerformance guarantees cover compliance with substantial contractual obligations until the \ncontracting authority has given its final approval for the service. The performance \nguarantee must not exceed 10 % of the total price of the specific contract. The contracting \nauthority must release the guarantee fully after final approval of the service, as provided \nfor in the specific contract. \n\nRetention money guarantees cover full delivery of the service in accordance with the \nspecific contract including during the contract liability period and until its final approval by \nthe contracting authority. The retention money guarantee must not exceed 10 % of the \ntotal price of the specific contract. The contracting authority must release the guarantee \nafter the expiry of the contract liability period as provided for in the specific contract. \n\nThe contracting authority must not request a retention money guarantee for a specific \ncontract where it has requested a performance guarantee. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Pension Obligations**\nOur retiree pension plans had a funding deficit of approximately $172 \nmillion at December 31, 2013. We have been making special minimum \nmonthly payments in addition to our regular contributions to eliminate \nthe pension liability. During 2013, our funding deficit was reduced by \n$162 million. \n\naccrued obligations in the future. See*Critical accounting estimates*for \nmore information. \n\n*Purchase of Annuities*\nFrom time to time we have made additional lump-sum contributions to \nour pension plans, and the pension plans have purchased annuities \nfrom insurance companies to fund the pension benefit obligations for \ncertain groups of \nretired employees in the plans. Purchasing the \nannuities relieves us of our primary responsibility for that portion of \nthe accrued benefit obligations for the retired employees and eliminates \nthe significant risk associated with the obligations. \nThe special payments, including contributions associated with benefits \npaid from the plans, were approximately $7 million in 2013. We expect \nour total estimated funding requirements to be $96 million in 2014 and \nto be adjusted annually thereafter, based on various market factors \nsuch as interest rates and expected returns and staffing assumptions. \n\nWe did not make any additional lump-sum contributions to our pension \nplans in 2013 or 2012, and the pension plans did not purchase \nadditional annuities. \nChanges in factors such as the discount rate, increase in compensation \nand the expected return on plan assets can affect the accrued benefit \nobligation, pension expense and the deficiency of plan assets over ", - "page_start": 65, - "page_end": 65, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Within the aggregate amount (being $1,500,000 per year) approved by shareholders at the Annual General Meeting of the Company held on \n7 May 2004, the fees of the Chairman and non-executive Directors are set at levels which represent the responsibilities of and the time \ncommitments provided by those Directors in discharging their duties. Regard is also had to the level of fees payable to non-executive Directors \nof comparable companies. Non-executive Directors’ fees were increased effective 1 July 2004. Non-executive Directors, other than the Chairman, \nwho are members of Board committees receive additional fees. Non-executive Directors may not participate in any of the Company’s bonus, \nshare or option plans. \n\nThe Directors determined to cease retirement allowances to non-executive Directors effective from 30 June 2004. Non-executive Directors appointed \nbefore 1 January 2004 are entitled to receive benefits accrued to that date, payable upon ceasing to hold office as a Director. The retirement \npayment (inclusive of superannuation guarantee charge entitlements) is made pursuant to an agreement entered into with each non-executive \nDirector on terms approved by shareholders at the 1989 Annual General Meeting. These benefits have been fully provided for by the Company. ", - "page_start": 76, - "page_end": 76, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(1) Subject to the provisions of this section, a person holding the office of Auditor- \nGeneral shall vacate his or her office when he or she attains the age of 60 years or such \nother age as may be prescribed by Parliament. \n\n(2) A person holding the office of Auditor-General may be removed from office \n\nonly for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether arising from \ninfirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour and shall not be so \nremoved except in accordance with the provisions of this section. \n\n(3) If the National Assembly resolves that the question of removing a person \n\nholding the office of Auditor-General from office under this section ought to be ", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf", - "query": "What metrics are good indicators of the coverage of gas molecules on carbon nanotubes ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "the bind- ing energy and scattering resistance of the molecules", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "[11] L. Valentini, F. Mercuri, I. Armentano, C. Cantalini, S. Picozzi, \nL. Lozzi, S. Santucci, A. Sgamellotti, and J. M. Kenny, “Role of \ndefects on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes thin \nfilms: experiment and theory”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 387(4-6), 356 \n(Apr. 2004), doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038. \n\n[12] Z. Zanolli and J.-C. Charlier, “Defective carbon nanotubes for \nsingle-molecule sensing”, Phys. Rev. B 80(15), 155447 (Oct. \n2009), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447. \n\n[13] J. M. Garc´ıa-Lastra, K. S. Thygesen, M. Strange, and \n´Angel Rubio, \n“Conductance of sidewall-functionalized \ncarbon nanotubes: Universal dependence on adsorption \nPhys. Rev. Lett. 101(23), 236806 (Dec. 2008), \nsites”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes \n\nJ. M. Garc´ıa-Lastra1,2,∗ D. J. Mowbray1,2, K. S. Thygesen2, A. Rubio1,3, and K. W. Jacobsen2 \n1Nano-Bio Spectroscopy group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, \nDpto. F´ısica de Materiales, Universidad del Pa´ıs Vasco, \nCentro de F´ısica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU- MPC and DIPC, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebasti´an, Spain \n2Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, \nTechnical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark \n3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany \n\nWe use computational screening to systematically investigate the use of transition metal doped carbon nan- \notubes for chemical gas sensing. For a set of relevant target molecules (CO, NH3, H2S) and the main components \nof air (N2, O2, H2O), we calculate the binding energy and change in conductance upon adsorption on a metal \natom occupying a vacancy of a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Based on these descriptors, we identify the most promis- \ning dopant candidates for detection of a given target molecule. From the fractional coverage of the metal sites \nin thermal equilibrium with air, we estimate the change in the nanotube resistance per doping site as a function \nof the target molecule concentration assuming charge transport in the diffusive regime. Our analysis points to \nNi-doped nanotubes as candidates for CO sensors working under typical atmospheric conditions. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[21] A. V. Krasheninnikov, P. O. Lehtinen, A. S. Foster, \nP. Pyykk¨o, and R. M. Nieminen, \n“Embedding transition- \nmetal atoms in graphene: Structure, bonding, and mag- \nPhys. Rev. Lett. 102(12), 126807 (Mar. 2009), \nnetism”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807. \n\n[5] C. Hierold, Carbon Nanotube Devices: Properties, Modeling, \nIntegration and Applications (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008). \n[6] F. Villalpando-P´aez, A. H. Romero, E. Mu˜noz-Sandoval, \nL. M. Mart´ınez, H. Terrones, and M. Terrones, \n“Fabrica- \ntion of vapor and gas sensors using films of aligned CNx \nnanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 386(1-3), 137 (Mar. 2004), \ndoi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "∗ Electronic address: juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es [18] C. S. Yeung, L. V. Liu, and Y. A. Wang, \n\n“Adsorption \nof small gas molecules onto Pt-doped single-walled carbon \nJ. Phys. Chem. C 112(19), 7401 (Apr. 2008), \nnanotubes”, \ndoi:10.1021/jp0753981. \n[1] Gas Sensing Materials, MRS Bull., vol. 24 (1999). \n[2] J. C. Chalier, X. Blase, and S. Roche, “Electronic and transport \nproperties of nanotubes”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 79(2), 677 (May \n2007), doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677. [19] T. Vo, Y.-D. Wu, R. Car, and M. Robert, \n\n“Structures, in- \nteractions, and ferromagnetism of Fe-carbon nanotube sys- \nJ. Phys. Chem. C 112(22), 400 (May 2008), \ntems”, \ndoi:10.1021/jp0761968. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[3] J. Kong, N. R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng, \n“Nanotube molecular wires as \nScience 287(5453), 622 (Jan. 2000), \nK. Cho, and H. Dai, \nchemical sensors”, \ndoi:10.1126/science.287.5453.622. \n\n[20] J. A. F¨urst, M. Brandbyge, A.-P. Jauho, and K. Stokbro, “Ab \ninitio study of spin-dependent transport in carbon nanotubes \nwith iron and vanadium adatoms”, Phys. Rev. B 78(19), 195405 \n(Nov. 2008), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405. \n\n[4] P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl, \n\n“Ex- \ntreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of car- \nScience 287(5459), 1801 (Mar. 2000), \nbon nanotubes”, \ndoi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1801. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[8] S. Brahim, S. Colbern, R. Gump, and L. Grigorian, “Tailoring \nJ. Appl. Phys. \ngas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes”, \n104(2), 024502 (Jul. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2956395. \n[9] C. Morgan, Z. Alemipour, and M. Baxendale, \n\n“Variable \nrange hopping in oxygen-exposed single-wall carbon nanotube \nnetworks”, Phys. Stat. Solidi A 205(6), 1394 (May 2008), \ndoi:10.1002/pssa.200778113. \n\nTo our knowledge, controlled doping of CNTs with transi- \ntion metal atoms has so far not been achieved. It has, how- \never, been found that metal atoms incorporated into the CNT \nlattice during catalytic growth are afterwards very difficult to \nremove [30]. Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan- \ncies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed \nin a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ions [31]. This sug- \ngests that metallic doping of CNTs should be possible. \n\n[10] D. J. Mowbray, C. Morgan, and K. S. Thygesen, \n\n“In- \nfluence of O2 and N2 on the conductivity of carbon nan- \notube networks”, Phys. Rev. B 79(19), 195431 (May 2009), \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In summary, we have presented a general model of nanos- \ntructured chemical sensors which takes the adsorption en- \nergies of the relevant chemical species and their individual \nscattering resistances as the only input. On the basis of this \nmodel we have performed a computational screening of tran- \nsition metal doped CNTs, and found that Ni-doped CNTs are \npromising candidates for detecting CO in a background of air. \nThe model may be applied straightforwardly to other nanos- \ntructures than CNTs, other functionalizations than metal dop- \ning and other gas compositions than air. \n\n[14] S. B. Fagan, R. Mota, A. J. R. da Silva, and A. Fazzio, “Ab \ninitio study of an iron atom interacting with single-wall car- \nbon nanotubes”, Phys. Rev. B 67(20), 205414 (May 2003), \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414. \n\n[15] Y. Yagi, T. M. Briere, M. H. F. Sluiter, V. Kumar, A. A. Farajian, \nand Y. Kawazoe, “Stable geometries and magnetic properties of \nsingle-walled carbon nanotubes doped with 3d transition met- \nals: A first-principles study”, Phys. Rev. B 69(7), 075414 (Feb \n2004), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "is the total energy of the pristine nanotube with a physisorbed \ntransition metal atom. We have considered the monovacancy \nand two divacancies shown in Fig. 1. The energy required to \nform an empty vacancy is obtained from where E[X@M@VC] is the total energy of molecule X on \na transition metal atom occupying a vacancy, and E[X] is the \ngas phase energy of the molecule. \n\nFrom the adsorption energies plotted in Fig. 2(a), we see \nthat the earlier transition metals tend to bind the adsorbates \nstronger than the late transition metals. The latest metals in \nthe series (Cu and Zn) bind adsorbates rather weakly in the \ndivacancy structures. We also note that O2 binds significantly \nstronger than any of the three target molecules on Ti, V, Cr, \nand Mn (except for Cr in divacancy I where H2S is found to \ndissociate). Active sites containing these metals are therefore \nexpected to be completely passivated if oxygen is present in \nthe background. Further, we find H2O is rather weakly bound \nto most of the active sites. This ensures that these types of \nsensors are robust against changes in humidity. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 2: Calculated (a) adsorption energy Eads in eV and (b) change in \nconductance ∆G in units of G0 =2e2/h for N2, O2, H2O, CO, NH3, \nand H2S on 3d transition metals occupying a monovacancy (top), \ndivacancy I (middle), and divacancy II (bottom) in a (6,6) carbon \nnanotube. \nFIG. 1: Structural schematics and formation energy for a 3d tran- \nsition metal occupied monovacancy (black), divacancy I (gray), or \ndivacancy II (white) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Formation energies \nof the empty vacancies are indicated by dashed lines. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In thermodynamic equilibrium [27], the coverage of the ac- \ntive sites follows from \n\nK[X]C[X] \nΘ[X] = , (4) \n1 + (cid:80) \nY K[Y ]C[Y ] \n\nwhere K = k+/k− is the ratio of forward and backward rate \nconstants for the adsorption reaction, \n\n(cid:20) (cid:21) \n\nEads[X] + T S[X] \nkBT \n\nThe adsorption energies for N2, O2, H2O, CO, NH3, and \nH2S on the metallic site of the doped (6,6) CNTs are shown in \nFig. 2(a). The adsorption energy of a molecule X is defined \nby \n\nK[X] = exp − . (5) \n\nIn these expressions C[X] is the concentration of species X, \nS[X] is its gas phase entropy and T is the temperature. Ex- \nperimental values for the gas phase entropies have been taken \nfrom Ref. [28]. Eads[X@M@VC] = E[X@M@VC] − E[X] − E[M@VC], \n(3) ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf", - "query": "What is the source of inaccuracy of the MSA3 model at high ionic concentrations ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "At high concentration (about 1 mol l−1), the MSA3 overestimates the free energy", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "4 \n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the \n1. The \nreference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l− \nperturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully ana- \nlytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters \nand the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy \nand the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA so- \nlutions, as described above. While the procedure we have \nfollowed uses two different approximations for the refer- \nence and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are \nknown to be accurate for the systems under consideration \nand do not appear to be inconsistent with each other. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "we have no additional information, we consider only sym- \nmetric dumbbells. Furthermore, since analytic expres- \nsions for the RDF within BIMSA are not known, we ap- \nproximate the dumbbell as a hard sphere when comput- \ning the perturbation term (this is not necessary for the \nreference term, since an expression for the free energy \nis available). Let \nσc be the diameter of the cation (an- \nion) within the dumbbell, the diameter of the hard sphere \ne \nσc[21]. \nrepresenting this dumbbell is taken to be \nthree- \ne \ncomponent MSA3 and BIMSA3, we obtain results in \nmuch better agreement with the MC simulations, as \nshown in Fig. 4. The diameters obtained for species 1, \n2, and 3 are 3.65, 4.79, and 5.76 ˚A for MSA3 and 3.69, \n4.75 and 6.19 ˚A for BIMSA3. The free ion diameters are \nsimilar for MSA2, MSA3, and BIMSA3. The pair diam- \neter is smaller when modeled as a hard sphere (MSA3) \nthan when modeled as a dumbbell (BIMSA3). At high \n1), the MSA3 overestimates \nconcentration (about 1 mol l− \nthe free energy, because the excluded volume repulsion \nbecomes too important for the pairs to be represented as \nhard spheres. The BIMSA3 model is the closest to the \nMC simulation results. It is worth noting that even at \nthe lowest concentration considered, the fraction of pairs \n(shown in the insert of Fig. 4), although less then 5%, \nhas a non-negligible effect on the thermodynamics of the \nsystem. \n\nσ3 = 4√2 \nπ \nthe Using these two reference \nsystems, \ne ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To conclude, we have combined MD simulations with \nLPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions \nwhich account for the molecular nature of the solvent. \nThe final result is fully analytical and it yields the ther- \nmodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in \nagreement with the original molecular description. The \nmethodology can in principle be adapted to any molecu- \nlar description of the system (MD simulations involving \ninteraction potentials accounting for polarization effects \nor Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long \nas the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized \nto study interfaces. The method appears to be a promis- \ning approach toward the description of the specific effects \nof ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling \nrequires an analytic solution. \n\n8 \n\nFIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations \n(diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) \nat two concentrations. \n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with \nthe MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 \nmodel accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP \nand provides the correct distances of minimal approach; \nwhereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former \nand gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger sep- \narations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the os- \ncillations observed in the MC simulations, but the cor- \nresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials \nIn addition, the perturbation term \nare less than kBT . ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We first used LPT for a two-component system (Na+ \nand Cl− free ions) within the MSA (model MSA2), for \n1. The mini- \nconcentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mol l− \nmization leads to almost constant diameters on the whole \nrange of concentration: σ1 = 3.67 ˚A and σ2 = 4.78 ˚A. \nAs shown in Fig. 2, these parameters yield osmotic co- \nefficients close to MC calculations only at very low con- \n1 (experimental values are \ncentration, i.e., c ≤ 0.1 mol l− \ngiven for indicative purposes only, since a perfect model \nwill exactly match the MC results). For molar solutions, \nthe LPT results differ considerably from MC calculations. \nThis discrepancy can easily be understood by comparing \nthe diameters found within the MSA2 calculation with \nthe effective potentials given in Fig. 1. The anion/cation \ncontact distance obtained within the MSA2 calculation \nis 4.2 ˚A, which is in the region of the second minimum of \nthe effective potential and corresponds to the situation \nwhere there is a single layer of water molecules between \nthe ions. The first minimum of the potential, which cor- \nresponds to the contact ion pair (CIP) is thus completely \nignored by the MSA2 calculation. If the MSA diameters \nare directly fitted to reproduce the MC osmotic pres- \nsure, much smaller values are obtained. These MSA-fit \nhydrated diameters, which are compared to the MSA2 \ndiameters in the bottom part of Fig. 2, are averages of \nthe CIP and the solvent-separated ion pair. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "molecular dynamics (MD) results. Different approxima- \ntions of the PM are employed for the case of NaCl elec- \ntrolyte solutions: a two component model (MSA2), that \nonly takes free ions into account, and two different three \ncomponent models (MSA3 and BIMSA3), which include \na third species (the contact ion pair). As we proceed \nto show, LPT allows us to select the best simple model \nwhich accurately accounts for the thermodynamics and \nthe physical-chemistry of the system. \n\nThe first stage consists in calculating the McMillan- \nMayer effective ion-ion interaction potentials V eff \nij (r), by \ninverting the radial distribution functions (RDF) gij(r) \nobtained by MD. The simulations were carried out on \na box of 2000 water molecules and 48 NaCl pairs us- \ning the same interaction potentials as in reference [16]. \n1. \nThis setup corresponds to a concentration of 0.64 mol l− \nNPT ensemble sampling at standard pressure and tem- \nperature was enforced, with a time step of 1 fs and a \npressure bath coupling constant of 1 ps. An equilibration \nrun of 0.25 ns was followed by a production run of 0.6 ns \nfor five different initial configurations. The averages of \nthe resulting RDF were then used for the potential inver- \nsion via the HNC closure [15]. These effective potentials \nare assumed to be concentration independent and will be \nused for simulations at all concentrations. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "0 \n1 \n0 \n2 \n\nn \na \nJ \n\n5 \n1 \n\nSince the pioneering works of Debye, H¨uckel, and \nOnsager, electrolyte solutions have been commonly \ndescribed by continuous solvent models, \nfor which \nthe McMillan-Mayer theory [1] provides a rigorous \nstatistical-mechanical foundation. Within that level of \ndescription, simple phenomenological models such as the \nprimitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi- \nlated to charged hard spheres [2], can lead to explicit \nformulas for the thermodynamic and structural proper- \nties (e.g., with the help of the mean spherical approxima- \ntion (MSA) [3] or the binding MSA (BIMSA) [4]). These \nmodels are the most practical to use [5], since they allow \nfor a direct link between the experimental measurements \nand the microscopic parameters of the system. Never- \ntheless, they ignore the molecular structure of the sol- \nvent. Consequently, they cannot properly account for \nthe complex specific effects of the ions, which appear in \nnumerous biological, chemical, and physical interfacial \nphenomena [6, 7], without further developments. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "10 \n\nout first deriving the normal state self-energy microscop- \nically (this is what we will do in the next section). The \nresults of the calculations for the modified MFLI model \nare presented in Figs. 15 and 16. We clearly see that the \nbehavior is now different and ∆WK < 0 for all Γ. This \nis the same behavior as we previously found in BCSI \nand EB models. So we argue that the ‘unconventional’ \nbehavior exhibited by the original MFLI model is most \nlikely the manifestation of a particular modeling incon- \nsistency. Still, Ref. 30 made a valid point that the fact \nthat quasiparticles behave more close to free fermions in \na SCS than in a NS, and this effect tends to reverse the \nsigns of ∆WK and of the kinetic energy 43. It just hap- \npens that in a modified MFLI model the optical integral \nis still larger in the NS. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3 \n\n2 \n\n1 \n\n0 \n\n(b) \n3 \n\n2 \n\n1 \n\n0 \n\n4 8 6 10 \nr (Å) \n\nFIG. 3: Effective pair potentials derived for MSA3 and \nBIMSA3. (a) Cation anion (dashed line: without taking the \npair into account), (b) pair cation, (c) pair anion, and (d) pair \npair. The internal potential of the pair β eVint(r) is set equal \nto βV eff ij (r) for distances less than 4 ˚A. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On more careful looking we found the problem with the \noriginal MFLI model. We recall that in this model the \nself-energy in the SCS state was obtained by just cutting \nthe NS self energy at ω1 (see Eq.18). We argue that \nthis phenomenological formalism is not fully consistent, \nat least for small α. Indeed, for α = 0, the MFLI model \nreduces to BCSI model for which the behavior of the self- \nenergy is given by Eq. (12). This self-energy evolves with \nhas a square-root singularity at ω = ∆ + ωo \nω and Σ \nin the original MFLI model \n(with ωo = 0). Meanwhile Σ \nin Eq. (18) simply jumps to zero at ω = ω1 = ∆, and \nthis happens for all values of α including α = 0 where the \nMFLI and BCSI model should merge. This inconsistency \nis reflected in Fig 13, where we plot the near-BCS limit \nof MFLI model by taking a very small α = 0.05. We \nsee that the optical integral WK in the SCS still remains \nlarger than in the NS over a wide range of Γ, in clear \ndifference with the exactly known behavior in the BCSI \n\n′′ ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The excess free-energy density of the original system \nf ex \nv plus a \nβf ex \nv \ncorrection term \nis that of the three component mixture β \n\ne \n\nThis procedure also provides an accurate description of \nthe structure over the whole range of concentrations. A \ndevelopment similar to the one that leads to Eq. (2) de- \nrives the average unpaired RDF from the corresponding \npaired quantities: \n\nβf ex \n\nf ex \nv − \ne \n\nv = β ρ3 ln K0, (4) \n\ne \n\nwhich is due to the change in standard chemical potential \nbetween the two component and three component mod- \nels. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an \nadditional parameter in the minimization scheme, which \nserves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this rep- \nresentation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere \n(MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since \n\nρiρjgij(k) = \n+ (5) \n\n+ \n\ne e e ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf", - "query": "In the health regulation regarding coronavirus, what is considered a \"device\" ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "means an in vitro diagnostic medical device within the meaning given in regulation 2(1) of the Medical Devices Regulations 2002", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "SCHEDULE 7 Regulation 4 \n\nTesting before arrival in England \n\n**Compliant tests**\n\n**1.**A test complies with this paragraph if— \n\n(a) it is a test for the detection of coronavirus undertaken using a device which the \n\nmanufacturer states has— ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.**—(1) The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations \n2020(**a**) are amended as follows. \n\n(2) In regulation 2D(1)(c), for “regulation 4 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International \nTravel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 9 of the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”. \n\n(3) In regulation 6(1)— \n\n(a) in the definitions of “designated place”, “isolation requirements” and “self-isolating \nworker”, for “regulation 4” substitute “regulation 9”; \n\n(b) in the definition of “International Travel Regulations”, for “the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) \nRegulations 2021”. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**19.**In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Therapeutic and the participants with to expression
2A —( 1 ) Where the consuctive exception applies, any requirement in any of the regulations specified in paragraph ( 3 ) for action to be takes within a specified period of time or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such ac
( 2 ) The coronavimus exception apples where it is not reasonably practicable for a person to meet a requirement referred to in paragraph ( 1 ) for a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus.
( 3 ) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs ( 1 ) and ( 2 )—
( a ) regulation 15 ( 1 ) and ( 4 ) ( needs assessments which are not completed );
( b ) regulation 16 ( 2 ), ( 3 ) and ( 4 ) ( transfer of a kept EHC plan );
( c ) regulation I7 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ( restriction on disclosure of EHC plans );
( d ) regulation 19 ( requirement to consider mediation );
( e ) regulation 20 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ( where the appropriate person does not wish to or fails to pursue mediation );
( f ) regulation 21 ( mediation );
( g ) regulation 24 ( 1 ) and ( 3 ) ( mediation certificate under section 55 ( 5 ) of the Act );
( h ) regulation 27 ( 3 ) ( steps to be taken by a home authority );
( i ) regulation 29 ( 2 ) and ( 6 ) ( compliance with the orders of the First - tier Tribunal ); and
( j ) regulation 30 ( 3 ) and ( 6 ) ( unopposed appeals ).*.
21. In regulation 4 ( determination whether or not special educational provision may be necessary ), after paragraph ( 2 ) insert —
“( 3 ) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraph ( 1 ) if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus.”
22. In regulation 5 ( 4 ) ( decision whether or not to conduct a detained person ’ s EHC needs assessment )—
( a ) at the end of sub - paragraph ( b ) omit “ or ”; and
( b ) at the end of sub - paragraph ( c ) insert —
“, or
( d ) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus *.
", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.**—(1) The Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010(**a**) are amended as follows. \n(2) In regulation 4(3D)(b), for “regulation 3B of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, \nInternational Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 6 of the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations \n2021”. ", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for the local \nauthority to meet the requirement specified in regulation 11(2)(a) for a reason relating to the \nincidence or transmission of coronavirus.”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations**\n**2015**\n\n**18.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations 2015(**a**) are \n\namended as follows. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "time or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as \nsoon as reasonably practicable. \n\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person \nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or \ntransmission of coronavirus. \n\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)— \n\n(a) regulation 15(2) (transfer of EHC plans) (in relation to the second reference to 15 \nworking days), (4), (5), (7) (in relation to the second reference to 15 working days) \nand (8); \n\n(b) regulation 16(2) and (3) (change of responsible commissioning body); \n\n(c) regulation 20(9) and (10) (review where the child or young person attends a school \n\nor other institution); \n\n(d) regulation 21(7), (8) and (9) (review of EHC plan where the child or young person \n\ndoes not attend a school or other institution); \n\n(e) regulation 25(1) (notification of decision whether it is necessary to re-assess ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(i) these Regulations, or \n(ii) an enactment which, in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, has the effect of \nrequiring the isolation or quarantine of persons who have been outside the common \ntravel area, for any of the purposes described in sub-paragraph (b); \n\n(b) for the purpose of— \n\n(i) preventing danger to public health as a result of the spread of infection or \n\ncontamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease, \n\n(ii) monitoring the spread of infection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus \n\ndisease, or \n\n(iii) giving effect to any international agreement or arrangement relating to the spread of \n\ninfection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease; or ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(iii) a limit of detection of less than or equal to 1000 SARS-CoV-2 copies per millilitre, \nand \n\n(iv) uses an established molecular detection method; \n\n(c) any device used for the purposes of the test— \n\n(i) can be put into service in accordance with Part 4 of the Medical Devices Regulations \n\n2002, other than solely by virtue of regulation 39(2) of those Regulations, \n\n(ii) has been validated no more than 18 months before the test is administered or \nprovided to P; \n\n(d) it is not a test provided or administered under the National Health Service Act 2006, the \nNational Health Service (Wales) Act 2006(**a**), the National Health Service (Scotland) Act \n1978(**b**), or the Health and Personal Social Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1972(**c**); \nand \n\n(e) the test provider complies with paragraph 3. \n\n(2) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1), “validated”, in relation to a device, means confirmed \nas having the required sensitivity and specificity using at least 150 positive clinical samples and \n250 negative clinical samples against a laboratory-based RT-PCR test that is itself within the \nperformance specification of the target product profile published by the Medicines and Healthcare \nProducts Regulatory Agency for laboratory based SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests, by— \n\n(a) the Secretary of State; \n(b) a laboratory which is accredited to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025(**d**) \n\nby— \n(i) the United Kingdom Accreditation Service(**e**) (“UKAS”), or \n(ii) an accreditation body that is a signatory to the International Laboratory Accreditation \nCooperation (“ILAC”) Mutual Recognition Arrangement(**f**) or the European co- \noperation for Accreditation (“EA”) Multilateral Agreement(**g**), \n\nother than a laboratory which processes tests provided by the test provider for the \npurposes of this Schedule or is owned by the test provider or the device manufacturer. \n(**h**); or \n\n(c) a laboratory which is accredited by UKAS to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard \n17025(**i**), other than a laboratory which processes tests provided by the test provider for \nthe purposes of this Schedule or is owned by the test provider or the device manufacturer. ", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThese Regulations replace the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) \nRegulations 2020 (“the International Travel Regulations”), the Health Protection (Coronavirus, \nPublic Health Information for International Passengers) (England) Regulations 2020 and the \nHealth Protection (Coronavirus, Pre-Departure Testing and Operator Liability) (England) \n(Amendment) Regulations 2021. \n\nThey impose requirements on certain categories of person to provide information upon arrival in \nEngland, to take coronavirus tests before and after arrival and to self-isolate in order to prevent the \nspread of infection or contamination from coronavirus or coronavirus disease. They also impose \nobligations on operators to ensure that passengers receive information and comply with the \nrequirements. \n\nAn impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument. An explanatory memorandum \nhas been published alongside this instrument at www.legislation.gov.uk. ", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Day 8 tests: general test requirements**\n\n**8.**—(1) For the purposes of regulation 6(12)(b), a day 8 test complies with this paragraph \n\nwhere— \n\n(a) it is a test provided by a public provider; or \n(b) it is a test provided by a private provider— \n\n(i) in respect of— \n\n(aa) a non-Schedule 11 passenger, on or after 1st March 2021; \n(bb) a Schedule 11 passenger, on 1st or 2nd March 2021, \n\n(ii) where the test complies with sub-paragraph (2), and \n(iii) where the private provider complies with paragraph 9. \n\n(2) A test complies with this sub-paragraph where— \n\n(a) it is a semi-quantitative test for the detection of coronavirus which targets a minimum of \ntwo distinguishable SARS-CoV-2 genes other than the S gene and performance reference \ncontrols; \n\n(b) it is, in relation to a Schedule 11 passenger— \n\n(i) a test which requires laboratory processing, and \n(ii) a test which can be self-administered; \n\n(c) the manufacturer of any device used for the purposes of the test states that the device— \n\n(i) uses an extracted molecular method, \n(ii) has a specificity and a sensitivity greater than 95% (with a 95% two-sided \nconfidence interval entirely above 90%), and \n\n(iii) has a limit of detection of less than or equal to 1000 SARS-CoV-2 copies per \n\nmillilitre; and \n\n(d) any device used for the purposes of the test— \n\n(i) can be put into service in accordance with Part 4 of the Medical Devices Regulations \n\n2002, other than solely by virtue of regulation 39(2) of those Regulations, and \n(ii) has been validated no more than 18 months before the test is administered or \n\nprovided to P. \n\n(3) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (2) “validated”, in relation to a device, has the meaning \n\ngiven by paragraph 2(2) of Schedule 10. ", - "page_start": 62, - "page_end": 62, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf", - "query": "Regarding the regulation of Enforcement of requirement to self-isolate concerning travel and coronavirus, who are considered an \"authorised persons\" ?", - "target_page": 19, - "target_passage": "For the purposes of this regulation, “authorised person” means— (a) a constable; (b) for the purposes of paragraphs (2) and (3) only, an immigration officer; or (c) a person designated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of this regulation.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "PART 3 \n\nEnforcement \n\n**Enforcement of requirement to self-isolate**\n\n**11.**—(1) Where an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that a person (“P”) has \nleft, or is outside of, the place where P is self-isolating in contravention of regulation 9, Schedule \n8 or Schedule 11, the authorised person may— \n\n(a) direct P to return to the place where P is self-isolating; \n\n(b) where the authorised person is a constable, remove P to the place where P is self- \nisolating; \n\n(c) where the authorised person is a constable and it is not practicable or appropriate in the \ncircumstances to take the action in sub-paragraph (a) or (b), remove P to accommodation \nfacilitated by the Secretary of State for the purposes of P’s self-isolation. \n\n(2) Where an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that P is a Schedule 11 \npassenger, an authorised person may do any of the following for the purpose of ensuring that P \ncomplies with the requirements in Schedule 11— \n\n(a) give a direction to P, including a direction— \n\n(i) that P remain in a particular area of a port to await transportation to accommodation \n\ndesignated for the purposes of Schedule 11, \n\n(ii) that P move to a particular place to board transportation designated for the purposes \n\nof Schedule 11, \n\n(iii) that P board transportation designated for the purposes of Schedule 11 to travel to \naccommodation designated for the purposes of Schedule 11, \n\n(iv) that P remain in the place where P is self-isolating; \n\n(b) remove P to accommodation designated for the purposes of Schedule 11. \n\n(3) Where an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that P is a Schedule 11 \npassenger and that P has committed an offence under regulation 19(1)(a) or (6), the authorised \nperson may— \n\n(a) require P to produce their passport or travel document for examination; \n(b) detain P for up to three hours; \n(c) search P and any baggage belonging to P or under P’s control, or any vehicle in which P \nhas travelled, for evidence, other than items subject to legal privilege, that relates to the \npossible commission of an offence under regulation 19(6); and \n\n(d) seize and retain any document or article recovered by a search under sub-paragraph (c). \n\n(4) Paragraph (3) does not confer a power— \n\n(a) to detain or search an unaccompanied child; or \n(b) to conduct an intimate search. \n\n(5) Any search under paragraph (3) must be conducted by an authorised person of the same \n\ngender as P. \n\n(6) Paragraphs (1)(b) and (c), (2) and (3) do not apply where P is a person described in \nparagraph 1 of Schedule 4 (diplomats, members of international organisations etc). \n\n(7) An authorised person exercising the power in paragraph (1)(b) or (c), (2)(b) or (3) may use \n\nreasonable force, if necessary, in the exercise of the power. \n\n(8) Where P is a child, and has left or is outside of, the place where they are self-isolating and is \naccompanied by an individual who has responsibility for them— \n\n(a) an authorised person may direct that individual to take P to the place where P is self- \n\nisolating; and \n\n(b) that individual must, so far as reasonably practicable, ensure that P complies with any \n\ndirection given by an authorised person to P. \n\n(9) Where P is a child, and an authorised person has reasonable grounds to believe that P is \nrepeatedly failing to comply with regulation 9 or Schedule 11, the authorised person may direct \nany individual who has responsibility for P to ensure, so far as reasonably practicable, that P so \ncomplies. \n\n(10) An authorised person may only exercise a power in paragraph (1), (2), (8) or (9) if the \nauthorised person considers that it is a necessary and proportionate means of ensuring compliance \nwith regulation 9 or Schedule 11. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(4) In this regulation— \n\n“authorised person” means— \n(a) a constable, \n(b) the Civil Aviation Authority, \n(c) the Secretary of State, or \n(d) a person authorised by the Civil Aviation Authority or the Secretary of State under the \nAir Navigation Order 2016(**a**); ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(b) their departure from England; or \n(c) the beginning of P’s period of self-isolation, where P or R, where P is a child, is notified \n\nunder regulation 2A or 2B of the Self-Isolation Regulations(**a**). \n\n(8) In paragraph (7)(c), “period of self-isolation” and “R” have the meanings given for the \npurposes of Part 1 of the Self-Isolation Regulations (see regulations 3 and 5 of those Regulations). \n\n(9) Paragraph (2) does not require P to remain in isolation— \n\n(a) from any person with whom they were travelling when they arrived in England and who \n\nis also self-isolating in the place where P is self-isolating; \n\n(b) where P is self-isolating in their home, from any member of their household; \n(c) where P is self-isolating in the home of a friend or family member, from any member of \nthe household of that friend or family member; ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.**—(1) The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations \n2020(**a**) are amended as follows. \n\n(2) In regulation 2D(1)(c), for “regulation 4 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International \nTravel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 9 of the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”. \n\n(3) In regulation 6(1)— \n\n(a) in the definitions of “designated place”, “isolation requirements” and “self-isolating \nworker”, for “regulation 4” substitute “regulation 9”; \n\n(b) in the definition of “International Travel Regulations”, for “the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) \nRegulations 2021”. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(i) these Regulations, or \n(ii) an enactment which, in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland, has the effect of \nrequiring the isolation or quarantine of persons who have been outside the common \ntravel area, for any of the purposes described in sub-paragraph (b); \n\n(b) for the purpose of— \n\n(i) preventing danger to public health as a result of the spread of infection or \n\ncontamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease, \n\n(ii) monitoring the spread of infection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus \n\ndisease, or \n\n(iii) giving effect to any international agreement or arrangement relating to the spread of \n\ninfection or contamination with coronavirus or coronavirus disease; or ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**16.**—(1) Any person who the relevant Department has certified as meeting the description in \n\nsub-paragraph (a), (b) or (c)— \n\n(a) a Crown servant or government contractor who is required to undertake essential policing \nor essential government work in the United Kingdom within the period during which they \nwould, but for this paragraph, have had to self-isolate in accordance with regulation 9; \n(b) a person returning from conducting essential state business outside of the United \n\nKingdom; \n\n(c) a person returning to the United Kingdom where this is necessary to facilitate the \nfunctioning of a diplomatic mission or consular post of Her Majesty or of a military or \nother official posting on behalf of Her Majesty. \n\n(2) For the purposes of sub-paragraph (1)— \n\n(a) “consular post” means any consulate-general, consulate, vice-consulate or consular \n\nagency; \n\n(b) “Crown servant” has the meaning given in section 12(1)(a) to (e) of the Official Secrets \nAct 1989(**a**); \n\n(c) “essential government work” means work which has been designated as such by the \nrelevant Department, and includes, in particular, work related to national security, the \nwork of the National Crime Agency in pursuance of its statutory functions, and work \nrelated to immigration, the coronavirus disease or any other crisis response, but does not \ninclude work of the description in paragraph 2 of this Schedule (essential work related to \nthe United Kingdom border); \n\n(d) “essential policing” means policing which has been designated as such on behalf of the \n\nrelevant chief officer or chief constable; \n\n(e) “essential state business” means activity which has been designated as essential to the \nUnited Kingdom or Her Majesty’s Government by the relevant Department, and includes, \nin particular, bilateral or multilateral discussions with another state or international \norganisation and visits to another state on behalf of the United Kingdom or Her Majesty’s \nGovernment; \n\n(f) “government contractor” has the meaning given in section 12(2) of the Official Secrets \n\nAct 1989. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(**a**) A person notified, or a child in respect of whom a notification is given, under regulation 2A or 2B will be required to self- \nisolate in accordance with those Regulations from the moment the notification is given. Regulations 2A and 2B were \ninserted by S.I. 2021/364. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**4.**An official of a foreign Government, required to travel to the United Kingdom to undertake \nessential border security duties, or a contractor directly supporting these essential border security \nduties where— \n\n(a) they are in possession of a written notice signed by a senior member of their foreign \nGovernment confirming that they are required to undertake essential border security \nduties in the United Kingdom within the period during which they would, but for this \nparagraph, have had to self-isolate in accordance with regulation 9 and that that work \ncannot be undertaken whilst the person is complying with regulation 9; or \n\n(b) their deployment is pursuant to a standing bilateral or multilateral agreement with Her \nMajesty’s Government on the operation of the Border controls within the United \nKingdom. ", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**33.**—(1) Any of the following— \n(a) a person (“P”) who— \n\n(i) before travelling to the United Kingdom has made arrangements with a provider in \nthe United Kingdom to receive healthcare (or, where P is a child, on whose behalf \nsuch arrangements have been made), \n\n(ii) is in possession of written confirmation of the arrangements from the provider, \n(iii) has travelled to the United Kingdom to receive that healthcare, and \n(iv) is attending a place to receive that healthcare or is travelling directly between that \nplace and the place where they are self-isolating; \n\n(b) a person who— \n\n(i) is accompanying P for the purpose of providing necessary care or support to P in the \n\ncircumstances referred to in sub-paragraph (1)(a)(iv), or \n\n(ii) is travelling, for the purpose of so accompanying P, directly between the place where \nthey are self-isolating and either of the places referred to in sub-paragraph (1)(a)(iv), \n\nwhere that person has travelled to the United Kingdom for that purpose and is in \npossession of the confirmation referred to in sub-paragraph (1)(a)(ii) or a copy of it; \n(c) an accompanying child who is accompanying P or, where P is a child, is accompanying a ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**9.**A booking of a managed self-isolation package made before 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021 \nwhich satisfies the requirements of Schedule B1A to the 2020 Regulations is treated as satisfying \nthe requirements of Schedule 11 to these Regulations where the person to whom the booking \nrelates arrives in England after 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021. \n\n**10.**A designation by the Secretary of State under paragraph 9 of Schedule B1A to the 2020 \nRegulations as a person who may impose a charge under that Schedule has effect as a designation \nunder paragraph 9 of Schedule 11 to these Regulations. \n\n**11.**Authorisation by the Secretary of State under paragraph 13(2)(a) of Schedule B1A to the \n2020 Regulations as a person who may give a permission under that paragraph has effect as \nauthorisation under paragraph 13(2)(a) of Schedule 11 to these Regulations. \n\n**12.**A designation by the Secretary of State of accommodation or transportation under paragraph \n15 of Schedule B1A to the 2020 Regulations has effect as designation of accommodation or \ntransportation, as the case may be, under paragraph 15 of Schedule 11 to these Regulations. ", - "page_start": 89, - "page_end": 89, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf", - "query": "What is the expiracy date of the regulation regarding travel during the coronavirus pandemic made in 2021 ?", - "target_page": 31, - "target_passage": "These Regulations expire at the end of 16th May 2022.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**25.**These Regulations expire at the end of 16th May 2022. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]Revocations, transitional provision consequential amendments and savings\n
26.—( 1 ) The following Regulations are revoked —
( a )
Passengers ) ( England ) Regulations 2020 ( a );
Health
Information
for International
( b )
the Health Protection ( Coronavirus, International (“ the International Travel Regulations ”)( b ); and
Travel )
( England )
Regulations 2020
", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "PART 1 \n\nIntroductory \n\n**Citation, commencement, extent and application**\n\n**1.**—(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International \n\nTravel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021. \n\n(2) These Regulations come into force at 4.00 a.m. on 17th May 2021. \n(3) These Regulations extend to England and Wales and apply in relation to England only. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.**—(1) The Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010(**a**) are amended as follows. \n(2) In regulation 4(3D)(b), for “regulation 3B of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, \nInternational Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 6 of the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations \n2021”. ", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(3) In regulation 4ZA— \n\n(a) in the heading, for “the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) \nRegulations 2020” substitute “the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel \nand Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”; \n\n(b) in paragraph (1)(a), for “regulation 3B of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, \nInternational Travel) (England) Regulations 2020 (“the 2020 Regulations”)” substitute \n“regulation 6 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator \nLiability) (England) Regulations 2021 (“the International Travel and Operator Liability \nRegulations”)”; \n\n(c) in paragraph (1)(c), for “paragraph 7(1)(f) of Schedule 2C to the 2020 Regulations” \nsubstitute “paragraph 7(1)(g) of Schedule 11 to the International Travel and Operator \nLiability Regulations”; \n\n(d) in paragraph (3), for “paragraph 7(1)(f) of Schedule 2C to the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “paragraph \n7(1)(g) of Schedule 11 to the International Travel and Operator Liability Regulations”. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.**—(1) The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations \n2020(**a**) are amended as follows. \n\n(2) In regulation 2D(1)(c), for “regulation 4 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International \nTravel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 9 of the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”. \n\n(3) In regulation 6(1)— \n\n(a) in the definitions of “designated place”, “isolation requirements” and “self-isolating \nworker”, for “regulation 4” substitute “regulation 9”; \n\n(b) in the definition of “International Travel Regulations”, for “the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) \nRegulations 2021”. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThese Regulations replace the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) \nRegulations 2020 (“the International Travel Regulations”), the Health Protection (Coronavirus, \nPublic Health Information for International Passengers) (England) Regulations 2020 and the \nHealth Protection (Coronavirus, Pre-Departure Testing and Operator Liability) (England) \n(Amendment) Regulations 2021. \n\nThey impose requirements on certain categories of person to provide information upon arrival in \nEngland, to take coronavirus tests before and after arrival and to self-isolate in order to prevent the \nspread of infection or contamination from coronavirus or coronavirus disease. They also impose \nobligations on operators to ensure that passengers receive information and comply with the \nrequirements. \n\nAn impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument. An explanatory memorandum \nhas been published alongside this instrument at www.legislation.gov.uk. ", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "PART 6 \n\nFinal provisions \n\n**Review of need for requirements**\n\n**24.**The Secretary of State must review the need for the requirements imposed by these \n\nRegulations by 14th June 2021 and at least once every 28 days thereafter. \n\n**Expiry of Regulations**", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Citation and commencement**\n\n**1.**These Regulations may be cited as the Special Educational Needs and Disability \n\n(Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 and come into force on 1st May 2020. \n\n**Review and expiry**\n\n**2.**—(1) The Secretary of State must review the effectiveness of these Regulations during the \nperiod for which they have effect. \n\n(2) These Regulations cease to have effect on 25th September 2020. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\n**3.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014(**c**) are amended as follows. \n\n**4.**In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**5.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n\n**2A.**—(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the \nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "https://www.gov.uk/provide-journey-contact-details-before-travel-uk \n\nhttps://www.gov.uk/uk-border-control \n\nhttps://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/coronavirus-covid-19-international-travel-advice \n\nhttps://www.gov.scot/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-international-travel-quarantine/ \n\nhttps://gov.wales/arriving-wales-overseas ", - "page_start": 83, - "page_end": 83, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(**a**) S.I. 2010/659; regulation 4 was amended by S.I. 2013/235, 2020/1175, 2020/764, 2021/150 and regulation 4A was inserted \nby S.I. 2020/1175. ", - "page_start": 72, - "page_end": 72, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf", - "query": "Who first suggested the notions of \"hard\" and \"easy\" problems regarding consciousness ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "The terms \"hard problem\" and \"easy problems\" were coined by the philosopher David Chalmers", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Proponents of the hard problem argue that it is categorically different from the easy problems since no \nmechanistic or behavioral explanation could explain the character of an experience, not even in principle. \nEven after all the relevant functional facts are explicated, they argue, there will still remain a further \nquestion: \"why is the performance of these functions accompanied by experience?\"[1] To bolster their \ncase, proponents of the hard problem frequently turn to various philosophical thought experiments, \ninvolving philosophical zombies (which, they claim, are conceivable) or inverted qualia, or the claimed \nineffability of colour experiences, or the claimed unknowability of foreign states of consciousness, such \nas the experience of being a bat. \n\nThe terms \"hard problem\" and \"easy problems\" were \ncoined by the philosopher David Chalmers in a 1994 talk \ngiven at The Science of Consciousness conference held in \nTucson, Arizona.[4] The following year, the main talking \npoints of Chalmers' talk were published in*The Journal of*\n*Consciousness*\ngained \nsignificant attention from consciousness researchers and \nbecame the subject of a special volume of the journal,[5][6] \nwhich was later published into a book.[7] In 1996, \nChalmers published*The Conscious Mind*, a book-length \ntreatment of the hard problem, in which he elaborated on \nhis core arguments and responded to counterarguments. His \nuse of the word*easy*is \"tongue-in-cheek\".[8] As the \ncognitive psychologist Steven Pinker puts it, they are about as easy as going to Mars or curing cancer. \n\"That is, scientists more or less know what to look for, and with enough brainpower and funding, they \nwould probably crack it in this century.\"[9] \n\n*Studies*.[1] The publication \n\nChalmers on stage for an Alan Turing Year \nevent at De La Salle University, Manila, 27 \nMarch 2012 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Historical precedents**\n\nThe hard problem of consciousness has scholarly antecedents considerably earlier than Chalmers. \nChalmers himself notes that \"a number of thinkers in the recent and distant past\" have \"recognised the \nparticular difficulties of explaining consciousness.\"[33] He states that all his original 1996 paper \ncontributed to the discussion was \"a catchy name, a minor reformulation of philosophically familiar \npoints\".[33] \n\nAmong others, thinkers who have made arguments similar to Chalmers' formulation of the hard problem \ninclude Isaac Newton,[34] John Locke,[35] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,[36][34] John Stuart Mill,[37] and \nThomas Henry Huxley.[38][34] Likewise, Asian philosophers like Dharmakirti and Guifeng Zongmi \ndiscussed the problem of how consciousness arises from unconscious matter.[34][39][40][41] ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Overview**\n\nCognitive scientist David Chalmers first formulated the hard problem in his paper \"Facing up to the \nproblem of consciousness\" (1995)[1] and expanded upon it in*The Conscious Mind*(1996). His works \nprovoked comment. Some, such as philosopher David Lewis and Steven Pinker, have praised Chalmers \nfor his argumentative rigour and \"impeccable clarity\".[27] Pinker later said, in 2018, \"In the end I still \nthink that the hard problem is a meaningful conceptual problem, but agree with Dennett that it is not a \nmeaningful scientific problem. No one will ever get a grant to study whether you are a zombie or whether \nthe same Captain Kirk walks on the deck of the Enterprise and the surface of Zakdorn. And I agree with \nseveral other philosophers that it may be futile to hope for a solution at all, precisely because it is a \nconceptual problem, or, more accurately, a problem with our concepts.\"[28] Daniel Dennett and Patricia \nChurchland, among others, believe that the hard problem is best seen as a collection of easy problems that \nwill be solved through further analysis of the brain and behaviour.[29][30] ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Consciousness**\n\nDavid Chalmers identified two problems in understanding the mind, which he named the \"hard\" and \n\"easy\" problems of consciousness.[381] The easy problem is understanding how the brain processes \nsignals, makes plans and controls behavior. The hard problem is explaining how this*feels*or why it \nshould feel like anything at all, assuming we are right in thinking that it truly does feel like something \n(Dennett's consciousness illusionism says this is an illusion). While human information processing is easy \nto explain, human subjective experience is difficult to explain. For example, it is easy to imagine a color- \nblind person who has learned to identify which objects in their field of view are red, but it is not clear \nwhat would be required for the person to*know what red looks like*.[382] ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The philosopher Thomas Metzinger likens the hard problem of consciousness to vitalism, a formerly \nwidespread view in biology which was not so much solved as abandoned.[66] Brian Jonathan Garrett has \nalso argued that the hard problem suffers from flaws analogous to those of vitalism.[67] \n\nThe philosopher Peter Hacker argues that the hard problem is misguided in that it asks how consciousness \ncan emerge from matter, whereas in fact sentience emerges from the evolution of living organisms.[68] He \nstates: \"The hard problem isn’t a hard problem at all. The really hard problems are the problems the \nscientists are dealing with. [...] The philosophical problem, like all philosophical problems, is a confusion \nin the conceptual scheme.\"[68] Hacker's critique extends beyond Chalmers and the hard problem, being \ndirected against contemporary philosophy of mind and neuroscience more broadly. Along with the \nneuroscientist Max Bennett, he has argued that most of contemporary neuroscience remains implicitly \ndualistic in its conceptualizations and is predicated on the*mereological fallacy*of ascribing psychological \nconcepts to the brain that can properly be ascribed only to the person as a whole.[69] Hacker further states \nthat \"consciousness studies\", as it exists today, is \"literally a total waste of time\" and that \"the conception \nof consciousness which they have is incoherent\".[68] ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The existence of the hard problem is disputed. It has been accepted by some philosophers of mind such as \nJoseph Levine,[10] Colin McGinn,[11] and Ned Block[12] and cognitive neuroscientists such as Francisco \nVarela,[13] Giulio Tononi,[14][15] and Christof Koch.[14][15] On the other hand, its existence is denied by \nother philosophers of mind, such as Daniel Dennett,[16] Massimo Pigliucci,[17] Thomas Metzinger, \nPatricia Churchland,[18] and Keith Frankish,[19] and by cognitive neuroscientists such as Stanislas \nDehaene,[20] Bernard Baars,[21] Anil Seth,[22] and Antonio Damasio.[23] Clinical neurologist and skeptic ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "66. Harris, Sam. \"Making Sense #96\" (https://samharris.org/subscriber-extras/96-nature-conscio \nusness/).*SamHarris.org*. Sam Harris. Retrieved 27 August 2020. \"(25.45) TM:I think it will \nnot be a mystery. Life is not a mystery anymore, but a hundred and fifty years ago many \npeople thought that this is an irreducible mystery. (25:57) Harris:So you're not a fan \nanymore, if you ever were, of the framing by David Chalmers of the Hard Problem of \nConsciousness? Metzinger: No, that's so boring. I mean, that's last century. I mean, you \nknow, we all respect Dave [Chalmers], and we know he is very smart and has got a very fast \nmind, no debate about that. But conceivability arguments are just very, very weak. If you \nhave an ill-defined folk psychological umbrella term like \"consciousness\", then you can pull \noff all kinds of scenarios and zombie thought experiments. It doesn't really… It helped to \nclarify some issues in the mid 90's, but the consciousness community has listened to this \nand just moved on. I mean nobody of the serious researchers in the field thinks about this \nanymore, but it has taken on like a folkloristic life of its own. A lot of people talk about the \nHard Problem who wouldn't be able to state what it consists in now.\" \n\n67. Garrett, Brian Jonathan (May 2006). \"What the History of Vitalism Teaches Us About \n\nConsciousness and the 'Hard Problem' \".*Philosophy and Phenomenological Research*.**72**\n(3): 576–588. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00584.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1933-1 \n592.2006.tb00584.x). \n\n68. Hacker, Peter (2010). \"Hacker's challenge\" (http://philpapers.org/rec/HACHC).*The*\n\n*Philosophers' Magazine*.**51**(51): 23–32. doi:10.5840/tpm2010517 (https://doi.org/10.5840% \n2Ftpm2010517). \n\n69. Schaal, David W. (2005). \"Naming Our Concerns About Neuroscience: A Review of Bennett \nand Hacker's*Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience*\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm \nc/articles/PMC1389787).*Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior*.**84**(3): 683–692. \ndoi:10.1901/jeab.2005.83-05 (https://doi.org/10.1901%2Fjeab.2005.83-05). PMC 1389787 \n(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1389787). PMID 16596986 (https://pubmed. \nncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16596986). \n\n70. Dennett, Daniel C. (1979). \"On the Absence of Phenomenology\". In Gustafson, Donald F.; \nTapscott, Bangs L. (eds.).*Body, Mind, and Method*. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 93– \n113. \n\n71. Dennett, Daniel C. (1991).*Consciousness Explained*. Penguin Books. \n72. Dennett, Daniel C. (2003). \"Explaining the 'magic' of consciousness\".*Journal of Cultural and*\n*Evolutionary Psychology*.**1**(1): 7–19. doi:10.1556/jcep.1.2003.1.2 (https://doi.org/10.1556% \n2Fjcep.1.2003.1.2). S2CID 144560246 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14456024 \n6). \n\n73. Dennett, Daniel C. (1991).*Consciousness explained*(https://archive.org/details/consciousne \n\nssexp00denn). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316180658. \n\n74. Anthis, Jacy (2022). \"Consciousness Semanticism: A Precise Eliminativist Theory of \nConsciousness\" (https://philarchive.org/rec/ANTCSA).*Biologically Inspired Cognitive*\n*Architectures 2021*. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. 1032. pp. 20–41. \ndoi:10.1007/978-3-030-96993-6_3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-96993-6_3). \nISBN 978-3-030-96992-9. Retrieved 7 August 2022. \n\n75. Irvine, Elizabeth (2013).*Consciousness as a scientific concept: a philosophy of science*\n\n*perspective*. Studies in brain and mind. Vol. 5. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 167 \n(https://books.google.com/books?id=jO4HNB7OoUgC&pg=PA167). ISBN 9789400751729. \n76. Chalmers, David (2018). \"The Meta-Problem of Consciousness\" (http://consc.net/papers/me \n\ntaproblem.pdf) (PDF).*Journal of Consciousness Studies*.**25**(9–10): 6–61. Retrieved \n6 February 2019. \n\n77. Graziano, Michael (2013).*Consciousness and the social brain*. Oxford; New York: Oxford \n\nUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0190263195. \n\n78. Michael Graziano (10 July 2015). \"Build-a-brain\" (https://aeon.co/essays/can-we-make-cons \n\nciousness-into-an-engineering-problem).*aeon.co*. Retrieved 19 April 2018. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The philosophers Glenn Carruthers and Elizabeth Schier said in 2012 that the main arguments for the \nexistence of a hard problem—philosophical zombies, Mary's room, and Nagel's bats—are only persuasive \nif one already assumes that \"consciousness must be independent of the structure and function of mental \nstates, i.e. that there is a hard problem.\" Hence, the arguments beg the question. The authors suggest that \n\"instead of letting our conclusions on the thought experiments guide our theories of consciousness, we \nshould let our theories of consciousness guide our conclusions from the thought experiments.\"[64] \n\nThe philosopher Massimo Pigliucci argued in 2013 that the hard problem is misguided, resulting from a \n\"category mistake\".[17] He said: \"Of course an explanation isn't the same as an experience, but that's \nbecause the two are completely independent categories, like colors and triangles. It is obvious that I \ncannot experience what it is like to be you, but I can potentially have a complete explanation of how and \nwhy it is possible to be you.\"[17] \n\nIn 2017, the philosopher Marco Stango, in a paper on John Dewey's approach to the problem of \nconsciousness (which preceded Chalmers' formulation of the hard problem by over half a century), noted \nthat Dewey's approach would see the hard problem as the consequence of an unjustified assumption that \nfeelings and functional behaviors are not the same physical process: \"For the Deweyan philosopher, the \n'hard problem' of consciousness is a 'conceptual fact' only in the sense that it is a*philosophical mistake*: \nthe mistake of failing to see that the physical can be had as an episode of immediate sentiency.\"[65] ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Philosophical responses**\n\nDavid Chalmers' formulation of the hard problem of consciousness provoked considerable debate within \nphilosophy of mind, as well as scientific research.[43] \n\nis considered a problem primarily for \nThe hard problem \nphysicalist views of the mind (the view that the mind is a physical \nobject or process), since physical explanations tend to be \nfunctional, or structural. Because of this, some physicalists have \nresponded to the hard problem by seeking to show that it dissolves \nupon analysis. Other researchers accept the problem as real and \nseek to develop a theory of consciousness' place in the world that \ncan solve it, by either modifying physicalism or abandoning it in \nfavour of an alternative ontology (such as panpsychism or \ndualism). A third response has been to accept the hard problem as \nreal but deny human cognitive faculties can solve it. \nA diagram showing the relationship \nbetween various views concerning \nthe relationship between \nconsciousness and the physical \nworld \n\nPhilPapers is an organization that archives academic philosophy \npapers and periodically surveys professional philosophers about their views. It can be used to gauge \nprofessional attitudes towards the hard problem. As of the 2020 survey results, it seems that the majority \nof philosophers (62.42%) agree that the hard problem is real, with a substantial minority that disagrees \n(29.76%).[25] ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For his part, Baars writes (along with two colleagues) that there is no hard problem of explaining qualia \nover and above the problem of explaining causal functions, because qualia are entailed by neural activity \nand themselves causal.[21] Dehaene, in his 2014 book*Consciousness and the Brain*, rejected the concept \nof qualia and argued that Chalmers' \"easy problems\" of consciousness are actually the hard problems.[20] \nHe further stated that the \"hard problem\" is based only upon ill-defined intuitions that are continually \nshifting as understanding evolves:[20] ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf", - "query": "What is David Chalmer's definition of \"consciousness\" ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Chalmers uses Thomas Nagel's definition of consciousness: \"the feeling of what it is like to be something.\"", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Consciousness is an ambiguous term. It can be used to mean self consciousness, awareness, the state of \nbeing awake, and so on. Chalmers uses Thomas Nagel's definition of consciousness: \"*the feeling of what*\n*it is like to be something.\"*Consciousness, in this sense, is synonymous with*experience.*[31][27] ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Consciousness**\n\nDavid Chalmers identified two problems in understanding the mind, which he named the \"hard\" and \n\"easy\" problems of consciousness.[381] The easy problem is understanding how the brain processes \nsignals, makes plans and controls behavior. The hard problem is explaining how this*feels*or why it \nshould feel like anything at all, assuming we are right in thinking that it truly does feel like something \n(Dennett's consciousness illusionism says this is an illusion). While human information processing is easy \nto explain, human subjective experience is difficult to explain. For example, it is easy to imagine a color- \nblind person who has learned to identify which objects in their field of view are red, but it is not clear \nwhat would be required for the person to*know what red looks like*.[382] ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "g%7CHard) \n\n5. JCS vol. 4, pp. 3-46, 1997 \n6. Chalmers, David (1997). \"Moving forward on the problem of consciousness\".*Journal of*\n\n*Consciousness Studies*.**4**(1): 3–46. \n\n7. Shear, Jonathan (1997).*Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem*. MIT Press. \n\nISBN 978-0262692212. \n\n8. \"Episode 83, The David Chalmers Interview (Part I - Consciousness)\" (https://thepanpsycas \n\nt.com/panpsycast2/episode83-1).*The Panpsycast Philosophy Podcast*. 19 July 2020. \nRetrieved 2020-09-05. \n\n9. Pinker, Steven (29 January 2007). \"The Brain: The Mystery of Consciousness\" (http://conten \nt.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1580394-1,00.html).*Time*. Retrieved 19 December \n2018. \n\n10. Levine, Joseph (2009-01-15). \"The Explanatory Gap\" (https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/vi \new/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199262618-e-17).*The*\n*Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mind*: 281–291. \ndoi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199262618.003.0017 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9 \n780199262618.003.0017). ISBN 978-0199262618. \n\n11. McGinn, Colin (20 February 2012). \"All machine and no ghost?\" (http://www.newstatesman. \ncom/ideas/2012/02/consciousness-mind-brain).*New Statesman*. Retrieved 27 March 2012. \n12. Block, Ned (2002). \"The Harder Problem of Consciousness\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/BLO \nTHP).*The Journal of Philosophy*.**99**(8): 391–425. doi:10.2307/3655621 (https://doi.org/10. \n2307%2F3655621). JSTOR 3655621 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3655621). \nS2CID 111383062 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111383062). \n\n13. Varela, F.J. (1 April 1996). \"Neurophenomenology: a methodological remedy for the hard \n\nproblem\" (https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/jcs/1996/00000003/00000004/718). \n*Journal of Consciousness Studies*.**3**(4): 330–349. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "of being conscious is merely an error in perception, held by brains which evolved to hold erroneous and \nincomplete models of their own internal workings, just as they hold erroneous and incomplete models of \ntheir own bodies and of the external world.[77][78] ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "66. Harris, Sam. \"Making Sense #96\" (https://samharris.org/subscriber-extras/96-nature-conscio \nusness/).*SamHarris.org*. Sam Harris. Retrieved 27 August 2020. \"(25.45) TM:I think it will \nnot be a mystery. Life is not a mystery anymore, but a hundred and fifty years ago many \npeople thought that this is an irreducible mystery. (25:57) Harris:So you're not a fan \nanymore, if you ever were, of the framing by David Chalmers of the Hard Problem of \nConsciousness? Metzinger: No, that's so boring. I mean, that's last century. I mean, you \nknow, we all respect Dave [Chalmers], and we know he is very smart and has got a very fast \nmind, no debate about that. But conceivability arguments are just very, very weak. If you \nhave an ill-defined folk psychological umbrella term like \"consciousness\", then you can pull \noff all kinds of scenarios and zombie thought experiments. It doesn't really… It helped to \nclarify some issues in the mid 90's, but the consciousness community has listened to this \nand just moved on. I mean nobody of the serious researchers in the field thinks about this \nanymore, but it has taken on like a folkloristic life of its own. A lot of people talk about the \nHard Problem who wouldn't be able to state what it consists in now.\" \n\n67. Garrett, Brian Jonathan (May 2006). \"What the History of Vitalism Teaches Us About \n\nConsciousness and the 'Hard Problem' \".*Philosophy and Phenomenological Research*.**72**\n(3): 576–588. doi:10.1111/j.1933-1592.2006.tb00584.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1933-1 \n592.2006.tb00584.x). \n\n68. Hacker, Peter (2010). \"Hacker's challenge\" (http://philpapers.org/rec/HACHC).*The*\n\n*Philosophers' Magazine*.**51**(51): 23–32. doi:10.5840/tpm2010517 (https://doi.org/10.5840% \n2Ftpm2010517). \n\n69. Schaal, David W. (2005). \"Naming Our Concerns About Neuroscience: A Review of Bennett \nand Hacker's*Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience*\" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm \nc/articles/PMC1389787).*Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior*.**84**(3): 683–692. \ndoi:10.1901/jeab.2005.83-05 (https://doi.org/10.1901%2Fjeab.2005.83-05). PMC 1389787 \n(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1389787). PMID 16596986 (https://pubmed. \nncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16596986). \n\n70. Dennett, Daniel C. (1979). \"On the Absence of Phenomenology\". In Gustafson, Donald F.; \nTapscott, Bangs L. (eds.).*Body, Mind, and Method*. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 93– \n113. \n\n71. Dennett, Daniel C. (1991).*Consciousness Explained*. Penguin Books. \n72. Dennett, Daniel C. (2003). \"Explaining the 'magic' of consciousness\".*Journal of Cultural and*\n*Evolutionary Psychology*.**1**(1): 7–19. doi:10.1556/jcep.1.2003.1.2 (https://doi.org/10.1556% \n2Fjcep.1.2003.1.2). S2CID 144560246 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14456024 \n6). \n\n73. Dennett, Daniel C. (1991).*Consciousness explained*(https://archive.org/details/consciousne \n\nssexp00denn). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0316180658. \n\n74. Anthis, Jacy (2022). \"Consciousness Semanticism: A Precise Eliminativist Theory of \nConsciousness\" (https://philarchive.org/rec/ANTCSA).*Biologically Inspired Cognitive*\n*Architectures 2021*. Studies in Computational Intelligence. Vol. 1032. pp. 20–41. \ndoi:10.1007/978-3-030-96993-6_3 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-96993-6_3). \nISBN 978-3-030-96992-9. Retrieved 7 August 2022. \n\n75. Irvine, Elizabeth (2013).*Consciousness as a scientific concept: a philosophy of science*\n\n*perspective*. Studies in brain and mind. Vol. 5. Dordrecht; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 167 \n(https://books.google.com/books?id=jO4HNB7OoUgC&pg=PA167). ISBN 9789400751729. \n76. Chalmers, David (2018). \"The Meta-Problem of Consciousness\" (http://consc.net/papers/me \n\ntaproblem.pdf) (PDF).*Journal of Consciousness Studies*.**25**(9–10): 6–61. Retrieved \n6 February 2019. \n\n77. Graziano, Michael (2013).*Consciousness and the social brain*. Oxford; New York: Oxford \n\nUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0190263195. \n\n78. Michael Graziano (10 July 2015). \"Build-a-brain\" (https://aeon.co/essays/can-we-make-cons \n\nciousness-into-an-engineering-problem).*aeon.co*. Retrieved 19 April 2018. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Historical precedents**\n\nThe hard problem of consciousness has scholarly antecedents considerably earlier than Chalmers. \nChalmers himself notes that \"a number of thinkers in the recent and distant past\" have \"recognised the \nparticular difficulties of explaining consciousness.\"[33] He states that all his original 1996 paper \ncontributed to the discussion was \"a catchy name, a minor reformulation of philosophically familiar \npoints\".[33] \n\nAmong others, thinkers who have made arguments similar to Chalmers' formulation of the hard problem \ninclude Isaac Newton,[34] John Locke,[35] Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz,[36][34] John Stuart Mill,[37] and \nThomas Henry Huxley.[38][34] Likewise, Asian philosophers like Dharmakirti and Guifeng Zongmi \ndiscussed the problem of how consciousness arises from unconscious matter.[34][39][40][41] ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
rec ( SCAUAA - 2 ). Journal of the American Philosophical Association B [ 1 ]. 52 – 71. doit LEL1L1L1L1L1L1L1H27 / ispa - 203347 ( Potpa :// doicorga ' s31.1117962F : spaa. 2033.47 ). S2CO3 Z286727.29 ( Mpr5.57api. semanticschrobiat. organg
80. Augustine of Hippo. \" Book 11, Chapter 26 \". City of God.
81. Descartes, Rene ( 1637 ). \" 4 \". Discourse on the Method.
82. Descartes, Rene ( 1641 ), \" Second Meditation \". Meditations on First Philosophy.
83. Chalmers, David ( 2020 ), “ Debunking Argumerts for Illusionion ” ( https :// philpapers. org / ec / CHADAF - 2 ), Journal of Concousness Studies. If ( 5 – 6 ): 258 – 261.
84 Chalmers, David ( 2002 ), \" Debunking Arguments for Illusionion \" [ https :// philpapers. org / ec / CHADAF - 2 ), Journal of Corocousness Studies. ZY ( 5 – 6 )]. ZSI - 201.
85. Strawson, C - ( 20124 ), “ The Consciousness Deniers ” [ https :// www. mybooks. com / daily / 2018 / 03.3 / 39e - consciousness - demiers $). The New York Review of Books.
86. Koch, Christof ( 20159 ). The Feeling of Life itself : Why Consciousness is Everywhere But Can ’ t be Computed MIT Press. p. 2
87. Koch, Christal ( 20159 ). The Feeling of Life Itself : Why Consciousness is Everywhere But Can ’ t be Computed MIT Press. p. 3.
88. Balmer, A ( 2020 ), “ Soft - Wired Illusionism vs. the Meta - Problem of Consciousness ”,( https :// ohjlpapers. org / rec / BanLSIV ). Journal of Consoousness Studies : zf ( p - 6 ). 26 – 37.
89. Chalmers, David ( 2020 ), ' Is the Hard Problem of Consciousness Universal?\". Journal of Contoossness Studies : Zf ( 5 – 6 ): 221 – 257.
90.91 Papineau, D ( 20159, “ Response to Chalmers ” The Meta - Problem of Consciousness ” ( https :// philgapers. org / res :/ PPTC -( 5 ). Journal of Consciousness Studies : 86 ( 0 – 10 ): 170 – 121.
92... ILevine, \" Conceivability, Identity, and the Explanatory Gap \" in Stuart R. Hameroff, Affed W. Kazaniak and David Chalmers ( eds.). Towards a Science of Corsciousness III : The Third Tucson Discussions and Debates, The MIT Peess, 24
92. Gennaro, Rocco. 3 “ Consciousness ” ( https :// www. ep. utm. edu / consciou ). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
ISE, Brick, Next ’, Stabilitaker, Publishti, CDERS, Conceptual Anglobiological, Qualitary, and the Ecytopatory Color ’, PrtqcHewernyu edu / goacildeptibilitie / faculty / brock - bropers / EcoplanatoryGag adily ( PSF ), The Phitosps
94 Stallgar, Dariel ( 2005 ), “ Physicalesm and Phenomenal Concepter ”, Mind & Languager, 20 ( 5 ). 490 – 494 ( 00 : 111111111111111111110259 : 3394.33055.0029Ex ( Pitprc / l9bri. orga10.1111111942F ), 02939 :. 0094.2 : 00296.4 ).
55. Chalmers, Devid ( 2006 ), \" Phenomenal Concepts and the Explanatory Ctg /\" ( http :// corocc. ne
", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Chalmers' formulation**\n\n. . .even when we have explained the performance of all the cognitive and behavioral functions \nin the vicinity of experience—perceptual discrimination, categorization, internal access, verbal \nreport—there may still remain a further unanswered question:*Why is the performance of these*\n*functions accompanied by experience?*\n\n— David Chalmers, Facing up to the problem of consciousness \n\nThe problems of consciousness, Chalmers argues, are of two kinds: the*easy problems*and the*hard*\n*problem*. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Overview**\n\nCognitive scientist David Chalmers first formulated the hard problem in his paper \"Facing up to the \nproblem of consciousness\" (1995)[1] and expanded upon it in*The Conscious Mind*(1996). His works \nprovoked comment. Some, such as philosopher David Lewis and Steven Pinker, have praised Chalmers \nfor his argumentative rigour and \"impeccable clarity\".[27] Pinker later said, in 2018, \"In the end I still \nthink that the hard problem is a meaningful conceptual problem, but agree with Dennett that it is not a \nmeaningful scientific problem. No one will ever get a grant to study whether you are a zombie or whether \nthe same Captain Kirk walks on the deck of the Enterprise and the surface of Zakdorn. And I agree with \nseveral other philosophers that it may be futile to hope for a solution at all, precisely because it is a \nconceptual problem, or, more accurately, a problem with our concepts.\"[28] Daniel Dennett and Patricia \nChurchland, among others, believe that the hard problem is best seen as a collection of easy problems that \nwill be solved through further analysis of the brain and behaviour.[29][30] ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Philosophical responses**\n\nDavid Chalmers' formulation of the hard problem of consciousness provoked considerable debate within \nphilosophy of mind, as well as scientific research.[43] \n\nis considered a problem primarily for \nThe hard problem \nphysicalist views of the mind (the view that the mind is a physical \nobject or process), since physical explanations tend to be \nfunctional, or structural. Because of this, some physicalists have \nresponded to the hard problem by seeking to show that it dissolves \nupon analysis. Other researchers accept the problem as real and \nseek to develop a theory of consciousness' place in the world that \ncan solve it, by either modifying physicalism or abandoning it in \nfavour of an alternative ontology (such as panpsychism or \ndualism). A third response has been to accept the hard problem as \nreal but deny human cognitive faculties can solve it. \nA diagram showing the relationship \nbetween various views concerning \nthe relationship between \nconsciousness and the physical \nworld \n\nPhilPapers is an organization that archives academic philosophy \npapers and periodically surveys professional philosophers about their views. It can be used to gauge \nprofessional attitudes towards the hard problem. As of the 2020 survey results, it seems that the majority \nof philosophers (62.42%) agree that the hard problem is real, with a substantial minority that disagrees \n(29.76%).[25] ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf", - "query": "What is the role of the PhilPapers organization ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": " PhilPapers is an organization that archives academic philosophy papers and periodically surveys professional philosophers about their views.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " **Epistemology of logic**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Philosophy of logic and philosophical logic**\n*Philosophy of logic*is the philosophical discipline studying the scope and nature of logic.[59] It examines \nmany presuppositions implicit in logic, like how to define its basic concepts or the metaphysical \nassumptions associated with them.[158] It is also concerned with how to classify logical systems and \nconsiders the ontological commitments they incur.[159]*Philosophical logic*is one of the areas within the \nphilosophy of logic. It studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems in fields like \nmetaphysics, ethics, and epistemology.[160] This application usually happens in the form of extended or \ndeviant logical systems.[161] ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Implications for physicalism**\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSEPARATION OF CEO \n& CHAIRMAN ROLES ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Chatfeld, Tom ( 2017 ), Critical Thinking : Your Guide to Effective Argument, Successful Analysis and Independent Study. Sage, p. 154.153.970 - 3.5264 - 3.677.7.
Chua, Eugane ( DILT ), “ An Emplirical Floude to Logical “ Connectionalizem ” ( https :// philipapers. org / expCR4 ( 425 ), Legic, Pationality, and interaction Lecture Kites in Computer Science. V01.2465. pp, GILL - 635, d012015979.3 - 650
• Clocksin, William F, Mellish, Christopher S. ( 2003 ). \" The. Relation of Prolog to Logic \" [ https scllink paringecronichaged [ 33.3007070707070707070707070707045 - 342 - 50485.07097097097097097097097097097097097097097097092
• Cook, Roy T, ( 2009 ), Dictionary of Philosophical Logic Edinburgh University Press, p. 124 ISBIV STR - D - 7480 - 3L97 - 1.
• Copi, Inving M2, Cohen, Carl ; Rodych, Victor ( 2015 ), Introduction to Logic. Routledge. 630N - 970 - 3 : 551.- 385057.- 5
• Conhum, Philp ( 2015 ), \" Generally and Logical Constanty \", Revista Partuguesa de Filtopla, # 3 ( 4 ): \" Fills \" risk \"[ 12 ], \" PB / pgf ( 2013 ), [ 21 ], ↑ 4.5753 [ https :// dsplaying \"[ 31 ], \" PB0 [ 9 / 9 / 979 pfY2015, ↑ 5.55N ( 3570 - 5253 ( 100p / 203 ) [ 9
• Crulag, Ecknard ( LSRB ), Roudledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( https :// philipapers. org / necIEE, ARD ), Rodelete : ISBB ( FIT - 4 - 5172 ), Actively ( fittps :// web. archivest. org / web20202012.12.11.14SPitps :// philpapers. org / rp
• Cummings, Louise ( 2010 ), \" Abduction \". The Routledge Pragmatics Encyclopedia. Routledge, p. 2. ISBN 978 - 3.135 - 21457.9.
• Cunningham, Dariel, \" Set Theory \" ( https :// ep. utm. edu / set - theol ). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
• T / Agoption, Maranife, Findin, Lacianos ( 2005 ): “ The Enduring Scandard of Deduction is Progranistional upsis, Reading Alcoholic Antermatively ” “ Systhways BET ( 271.271.251.261.261.251.252.252.259.269.489.489.489.499.69,
• Deintith, John ; Whight, Estmund ( 2008 ). A Dictionary of Computing OUP. ISBN 978 - 0 - 129 - 923400 - 49.
• van Dalen, Dirk ( L994 ), Logic and Structure. Springer. Chapter 1.5. ( SBV976 - 387 - 57839 - 2
• Dasal, Matthew R. “ Nyava ”.( https :// ep. utm. edu / nyarya?). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosphy. Retrieved 12 March 2023.
• Dick, Anthony S., Muller, Ulrich ( 2017 ). Advancing Developmental Science : Philosophy : Theory, and Method. Taylor & Francis, p. 257.1SBN 37B - 2 - 352 - 70456 - 4.
• Douwn, Igor ( 2022 ). “ Abduction ” ( https :// plates. startford. edulentries / abduction ). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Pilitizophy. Mataphysics : Research. Lab. Stanford University. Actived [ 10tps :// web. archies. arg / web / co23.
", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Philosophy**\n\nPhilosophical debates have historically sought to determine the nature of intelligence and how to make \nintelligent machines.[356] Another major focus has been whether machines can be conscious, and the \nassociated ethical implications.[357] Many other topics in philosophy are relevant to AI, such as \nepistemology and free will.[358] Rapid advancements have intensified public discussions on the \nphilosophy and ethics of AI.[357] ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nENVIRONMENTAL \nRESPONSIBILITY ETHICAL \nSUPPLY CHAIN ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Areas of research**\n\nLogic is studied in various fields. In many cases, this is done by applying its formal method to specific \ntopics outside its scope, like to ethics or computer science.[156] In other cases, logic itself is made the \nsubject of research in another discipline. This can happen in diverse ways. For instance, it can involve \ninvestigating the philosophical assumptions linked to the basic concepts used by logicians. Other ways \ninclude interpreting and analyzing logic through mathematical structures as well as studying and \ncomparing abstract properties of formal logical systems.[157] ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**RECYCLABLE WASTE**\n\n**All types of paper**\n**and cardboard**\n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf", - "query": "What explains mostly the physical behavior that occurs in region iii of thin films ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "The observed behaviour in region iii) can be reason- ably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con- tribution to the total energy of the system coming from the competitive interactions among NNN planes as the film thickness decreases", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The observed behaviour in region iii) can be reason- \nably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con- \ntribution to the total energy of the system coming from \nthe competitive interactions among NNN planes as the \nfilm thickness decreases; moreover, the thinness of the ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A possible framework to analyze the results presented \nin the previous Section is suggested by Fig. 5, where we \ni) high \ncan easily distinguish three significant regions: \nthickness, n > 16, where the films substantially display a \nbulk behaviour, with the single planes ordering tempera- \nture coinciding with the helical phase transition one; ii) \nintermediate thickness, 6 ≤ n . 15, where the tempera- \nture corresponding to the onset of in-plane order, TC (n), \nis still ≃ T Ho \nN , but where the helical/fan arrangement sta- \nbilizes only below a finite temperature TN (n) < TC (n); \niii) low thickness,1 ≤ n ≤ 5, where TC(n) . T Ho \nN but no \nfan phase is present at any temperature. \n\nThe scenario just outlined for n = 8 results to be cor- \nrect in the thickness range 6 ≤ n . 15, where a clear \nseparation between TN (n) and TC(n) can be easily fig- \nured out. In such temperature window, the strong sur- \nface effects produce a quasi-FM set-up of the magnetic \nfilm structure along the z-direction. While leaving to the \nnext Section a more detailed discussion of this regime, we \nreport in Fig. 5 a plot of TN (n) and TC(n) vs. n for all \nthe simulated thicknesses. The separation between the \ntwo critical temperatures is maximum for n = 6, where \nTN (6) = 38(4), that is TN (6) ∼ 1 \n3 TC(6). For films with \nless than six layers no fan order is observed, i.e. for n = 5 \nand below the chirality does not display any typical fea- \nture of fan ordering at any temperature below TC(n). As \na representative quantity we finally look at the rotation ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "film leads to an effective 2d-like trend. Region ii) looks \nhowever more intriguing, and requires a more accurate \ndiscussion, which can benefit from a careful comparison \nof the behaviour of a given quantity in regions i) and ii). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 7 ] R. Seemann, S. Herminghans, C. Nets, S. Schlagowski, D. Podzimek, R. Kourad, H. Mantz, and K. Iacobs, “ Dysamics and structure formation in thin polymer melt films,” 1. Phys.- Condex. Matter[ 8 ] U. Thiele, “ Structure formation in thin kiquid films,” in S. Kalfudasis and U. Thiele, editors, “ Thin films of Soft Matter,” pages 25 – 93, Springer, Wien ( 2007 ).
[ 9 ] R. Xie. A. Karim, J. F. Ibuglas, C. C. C. C. Hun, and R. A. Weiss, “ Spinodal deverting of thin polymer films.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 8l, 1251 – 1254 ( 198 ).[ 10 ] R. Seenam, S. Herninghass, and K. facobs, “ Deveting patterns and nolecular forces : A mconcilizin, iniot,” Phys, Rev, Lett. 86.5534 – 5537 – 2001.
[ 11 ] U. Thirde. M. G. Velande, and K. Neufee, “ Deverting : Film rupture by nucleation in the spinodal regime,” Phys. Rev. Let. ( 016104 ( 2001 ).[ 12 ] M. Resitborn and K. Neuflex, “ Sarface patterns of laterally extended thin liquid tilms in three dimensions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 8 ”, 046101 ( 2011 ).
[ 13 ] 1 Becker, G. Grin, R. Seeman, H. Maniz, K. Jacobs, K. Mexke, and R. Blossey, “ Complex deveting scenarios captured by this - tim models.” Nat. Mater 2.59 – 63 ( 2003 ).[ 14 ] C Redon, F. Brochard - Wurt, and F. Rondelez, “ Tronamics of deveting ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66.715 – 718 ( 1991 ).
[ 15 ] R. Seeman, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, “ Shape of a liquid front upon develop.” Phys. Rev. Let. 8 ”, 196101 ( 2011 ).[ 10 ] R. Fetzer, K. Jaobs, A. Minch. B. Wagner, and T. P. Witebik, ‘ New slip regimes and the shape of deveting thin liquid films.’ Phys. Rev. Lett. MS, 127801 ( 2305 ).
[ 17 ] F. Brochan - Wyart and C. Redon, “ Dynamics of liquid rim instabilities,” Langmin K, 2124 – 233 ( 1992 ).[ 18 ] G, Reiter and A. Sharma, “ Auto - optimization of deweting rates by rin instabilities in slipping polymer films ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 8 ”, 166103 ( 2001 ).
[ 19 ] A. Minch and B. Wagner, ‘ Contact - line instability of dewetting thin films ’, ‘ Physica DB9.178 – 198 c2005 ).
", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[1] G. Reiter, “Dewetting of thin polymer films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 75–78 (1992). \n\n[2] G. Reiter, “Mobility of polymers in films thinner than their unperturbed size,” Europhys. Lett. 23, \n\n579–584 (1993). \n\n[3] A. Sharma and G. Reiter, “Instability of thin polymer films on coated substrates: Rupture, dewetting \n\nand drop formation,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 178, 383–399 (1996). \n\n[4] P.-G. de Gennes, “Wetting: Statics and dynamics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 827–863 (1985). ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "scopic film. We have seen that the KMC model is able to describe the interplay of solute diffusion \n\nwithin the solvent and solvent evaporation/condensation. It also takes the liquid-liquid, liquid- \n\nparticle and particle-particle interactions into account and therefore allows us to distinguish differ- \n\nent regimes of the transverse (fingering) instability of the evaporative dewetting front: a transport \n\nregime where the instability is almost completely independent of the interaction strengths and \n\na demixing regime where particles and liquid demix at the receding front thereby increasing its \n\ntransverse instability. \n\nThe dynamical density functional theory describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of \n\nthe liquid and the nanoparticles. In the form described above (i.e. based on the two-dimensional \n\nhamiltonian (3)) we obtain a simple theory that allows us to study the time evolution of the evapo- \n\nrating ultrathin film and also to investigate the influence of processes such as surface diffusion by \n\nthe liquid, which are not incorporated in the KMC model. However, it is straightforward to extend \n\nthe theory to consider a fully three-dimensional fluid film, in which one can distinguish between ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[5] F. Brochard-Wyart and J. Daillant, “Drying of solids wetted by thin liquid films,” Can. J. Phys. 68, \n\n1084–1088 (1989). \n\n[6] P. M¨uller-Buschbaum, “Dewetting and pattern formation in thin polymer films as investigated in real ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[97] U. Thiele, M. G. Velarde, K. Neuffer, and Y. Pomeau, “Film rupture in the diffuse interface model \n\ncoupled to hydrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. E 64, 031602 (2001). \n\n[98] J. Heier, J. Groenewold, F. A. Castro, F. Nueesch, and R. Hany, “Enlarged bilayer interfaces from \n\nliquid-liquid dewetting for photovoltaic applications,” P Soc Photo-Opt Instrum Eng 6999, J9991– \n\nJ9991 (2008). \n\n[99] M. D. Haw, M. Gillie, and W. C. K. Poon, “Effects of phase behavior on the drying of colloidal \n\nsuspensions,” Langmuir 18, 1626–1633 (2002). \n\n[100] L. V. Govor, J. Parisi, G. H. Bauer, and G. Reiter, “Instability and droplet formation in evaporating \n\nthin films of a binary solution,” Phys. Rev. E 71, 051603 (2005). ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As a final issue we address the problem of the order \nof the transitions observed at TN (n) and TC(n), respec- \ntively. In particular, we focus our attention to the thick- \nness ranges where the chiral order parameter is relevant, \nregions i) and ii) as defined at the beginning of \ni.e. \nthis Section. In Fig. 10 the equilibrium probability dis- \ntribution of the energy for temperatures around TN (8) \n(Fig. 10a) and TC(8) (Fig. 10b) is plotted: \nfor both \ntemperatures, no double peak structure is observed, so \nthat we have no direct indication for a first order tran- \nsition even if, according to precedent studies of Loison \nand Diep17,18, the presence of a first-order transition at \nTN (n), cannot be completely excluded, as it could reveal \nitself only when the lateral dimension L are much larger \nthan the largest correlation length. The same conclusion \nabout the order of transition is reached for any other in- \nvestigated film thickness, as the energy probability distri- \nbution shape does not qualitatively change. This findings \nagree with the results we got in previous MC simulations \ndiscussed in Ref. 15, so that we may conclude that the \norder of the observed transitions is not affected by the \nrange of interactions. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "z \n\n~Si × ~Sj \nh \n. \n\nThe complex phase diagram unveiled by such MC sim- \nulations awaken however a further intriguing question: \nto what extent the observed behavior may be considered \na simple consequence of the competition between helical \norder and surface effects? I.e., is it just a matter of hav- \ning such a competition or does the range of interactions \nalso play a relevant role? Indeed, when the range of the \ninteractions is large enough we have a greater number of \nplanes which can be thought of as ”surface planes”, i.e. \nfor which the number of interacting neighbors are sig- \nnificantly reduced with respect to the bulk layers; there- \nfore, we expect that the larger the interaction range, the \nstronger should be the surface effects. But, at the same \ntime, the same modulation of the magnetic order can \n\ni \n\nFor these rare-earth elements, the development of new \nand sophisticated experimental methods11 has allowed to \nobtain ultra-thin films where the non-collinear modula- \ntion is comparable with the film thickness. Under such \nconditions the lack of translational invariance due to the \npresence of surfaces results decisive in order to observe \na drastic change of the magnetic structures12. Recent \nexperimental data on ultra-thin Holmium films13 have \nbeen lately interpreted and discussed14,15 on the basis \nof detailed classical Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of a \nspin Hamiltonian, which is believed to give a realistic \nmodeling of bulk Holmium. Such Hamiltonian, proposed \nby Bohr et al.16, allows for competitive middle-range in- ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf", - "query": "Where are located the magnetic ions in the lattice of the studied layers ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "the magnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered tetragonal (BCT) lattice", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 8 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "angle of the magnetization between nearest planes: \n\nl+1 + M y l M y \nM x \nl M x ∆ϕl = ϕl+1 − ϕl = arccos (10) \nl+1 \n(cid:2) (cid:3) ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "opposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert \nthat, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by \ndecreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, \nfor thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 6: Rotation angle ∆ϕl between magnetic moments on \nNN layers (l + 1, l) at some low temperatures, for thickness \nn = 5 and n = 6, and lateral dimension L = 64. \n\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu- \nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in \nfigure), which is located at TC(8) = 133.3(3) K. These \ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all \nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the \nsame temperature; such property has been observed for \nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that TC(n) \nresults quite n-independent (see also Fig. 5) . \nl , M y \n\nwhere (M x \nl ) is the magnetic vector profile for each \nplane l. ∆��l is displayed in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b, for \nn = 6 and n = 5, respectively. In Fig. 6a, a quite clear \nfan stabilization is observed when the temperature de- \nfor n = 5, ∆ϕl keeps an \ncreases, while in Fig. 6b, i.e. \nalmost temperature independent very small value; what’s \nmore, ∆ϕl seems to loose any temperature dependence \nas T = 0 is approached. We attribute the absence of fan \narrangement for n ≤ 5 as simply due to the lack of “bulk \nplanes” inside the film, so that we are left with only a 2d \ntrend at TC(n), i.e. at the temperature where the order \nparameters defined in Eqs. (2) and (3) show a critical \nbehaviour. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "which may further disrupt the interface order. The ori- \ngin of the interface magnetism then had to be inferred by \ncomparison to a series of reference samples7. Demonstra- \ntion of coupling between the bulk of the layers, i.e., an \nexchange bias effect, would provide direct evidence of the \ninterface magnetic order. Moreover, such coupling would \noffer new means of manipulating the FM semiconductor \nspin state and utilizing the proximity polarization effect \nin a spintronic device. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(Jcluster/2)(Sj1 + Sj2 + Sj3 + Sj4)2 Hmagnetic = \nX \ncluster j \n\n+ 12 \nJx| · \nJcluster Sj1 Sk1 + sgn(Jx) (Sj2 Sk2) Jx(Sj1 Sj2 + Sk1 Sk2) \nX \nx−links \n(cid:8)p (cid:2) (cid:3) − (cid:9) | · · · · · \n\n+ \n(cid:8)q4 Jy| · \nJcluster Sj1 (Sk3 Sk4) + sgn(Jy)Sk1 (Sj3 Sj4) \nJy| \n(Sj3 Sj4 + Sk3 \nX \ny−links \n(cid:2) (cid:3) − | | · − · − · \n\n+ \n4 \n(cid:8) Jz| · \nJcluster \nSj2 \n(cid:2) \n(Sk3 Sk4) + sgn(Jz)Sk2 (Sj3 Sj4) \nJz| \n(Sj3 Sj4 + Sk3 \nX \nz−links \np| (cid:3) − | · × · × · ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the following we will denote with n the film thick- \nness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction, \nand with L×L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L \nis the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In \nour simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were con- \nsidered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to \n64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x \nand y, while free boundaries were obviously taken along \nthe film growth direction z. \n\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual \nMetropolis algorithm19, \nsupplemented by the over- \nrelaxed technique20 in order to speed-up the sampling \nof the spin configuration space: a typical “Monte Carlo \nstep” was composed by four Metropolis and four-five \nover-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of \nmoves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium \nand to minimize the correlation “time” between succes- \nsive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in- ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In a previous study, where the magnetic properties of \nHo thin films were investigated by MC simulations of a \nHeisenberg model with easy-plane single-ion anisotropy \nand six out-of-plane coupling constants (as obtained by \nexperimental neutron scattering measurements16) on a \nHCP lattice14,15, it was found that for thicknesses compa- \nrable with the helical pitch the phase diagram landscape \nis quite different from what we find here. \nIndeed, for \nn = 9 − 16, three different magnetic phases could be sin- ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "measurements were performed on beamline I06 at the \nDiamond Light Source, and on beamline 4.0.2 at the Ad- \nvanced Light Source. Total-electron yield (TEY) and \nfluorescence yield (FY) were monitored simultaneously \nusing the sample drain current and the photocurrent of a \ndiode mounted at 90◦ to the incident beam, respectively. \nwere \nmagnetometry \nand \ncontrol Fe/GaAs(001) \nfirst \non \nperformed \ngrown under \nthe \nsamples, \n(Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) \nsame conditions as the bilayers, \nto determine the \nmagnetic anisotropies of the individual layers and the \nCurie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The Fe film \nhas a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along \nthe [110] orientation, similar to previous studies6. For \nthe (Ga,Mn)As control sample, there is a competition \nbetween cubic and uniaxial magnetic anisotropies, with \nthe former dominant at low temperatures and favoring \neasy axes along the in-plane h100i orientations, and the \nlatter dominant close to TC (∼35 K) giving an easy axis \nalong the [1¯10] orientation. Figure 1 shows [110] magne- \ntization versus temperature curves and low temperature \nhysteresis loops for a bilayer film containing a 20 nm \nthick (Ga,Mn)As layer. The total remnant moment of \nthe bilayer film decreases on cooling under zero magnetic \nfield below the TC of the (Ga,Mn)As, indicating that \nthis layer aligns antiparallel to the Fe magnetization \nat zero field. The hysteresis curve shows a two-step \nmagnetization reversal, indicating different behavior of \nthe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers, with the smaller loop \nattributed to the dilute moment (Ga,Mn)As film. The \nminor hysteresis loop shown in Fig. 1 clearly shows a \nshift from zero field by a bias field HE, indicating that \nthe Fe layer induces an exchange bias in the magnetic \nsemiconductor. The shape and size of the minor loop \nis in agreement with the hysteresis loop for the control \n(Ga,Mn)As sample, also shown in Fig. 1. This strongly \nindicates that the exchange bias affects the whole of the \n(Ga,Mn)As layer in the bilayer sample. \n\nSQUID ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "~Si are classical planar unit vectors representing the di- \nrection of the total angular momentum of the magnetic \nions, whose magnitude \nj(j + 1) (j = 8 for Holmium \nions) is already encompassed within the definition of the \ninteraction constants J0,1,2. As sketched in Fig. 1, the \nmagnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered \ntetragonal (BCT) lattice; the first sum appearing in the \nHamiltonian describes the in-plane (xy) nearest neigh- \nbor (NN) interaction, which is taken ferromagnetic (FM), \nwith exchange strength J0 > 0; the second sum rep- \nresents the coupling, of exchange strength J1, between \nspins belonging to nearest neighbor (NN) planes along \nthe z-direction (which we will assume to coincide with \nthe film growth direction); finally, the third sum takes \ninto account the interaction, of exchange strength J2, be- \ntween spins lying on next-nearest neighbor (NNN) planes \nalong z. In order to have frustration, giving rise to non- \ncollinear order along z in the bulk, NN interaction J1 \ncan be taken both ferro- or antiferromagnetic, but NNN \ncoupling J2 has necessarily to be antiferromagnetic, and \nthe condition |J2| > |J1|/4 must be fulfilled. Such simpli- \nfied Hamiltonian was already employed to simulate he- \nlical ordering in bulk systems by Diep1,17 and Loison18. \nIn the bulk limit, the state of minimal energy of a sys- \ntem described by Eq.(1) corresponds to a helical arrange- \nment of spins. The ground state energy per spin is equal \nto eg(Qz) = [−4J0 − 2J1 (4 cos (Qzc′) + δ cos (2Qzc′))] \nis the distance between NN layers, δ = J2 \nwhere c′ \nJ1 , \nand Qzc′ = arccos \nis the angle between spins ly- \ning on adjacent planes along the z-direction. The ob- \nserved helical arrangement in bulk holmium corresponds \nto Qzc′ ≃ 30.5◦10: \nsuch value can be obtained from \nthe formula above with the set of coupling constants \nJ0=67.2 K, J1=20.9 K, and J2 = −24.2 K, that we have \nemployed in our simulations. The given values for the ex- \nchange constants are the same already used by Weschke \net al. \nin Ref. 13 to interpret experimental data on \nHolmium films on the basis of a J1 − J2 model, after \na proper scaling by the numbers of NN and NNN on \nneighboring layers of a BCT lattice. \n\np ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For this purpose, we look at the temperature depen- \ndence of the rotation angle of the magnetization between \nNN planes. \nIn Fig. 7, ∆ϕl(T ) for n = 8 and n = 16 \n(continuous and dashed lines, respectively), is plotted for \nthe outermost planes, l = 1 . . . 4. For both thicknesses, a \nmonotonic trend is observed for all l, but at variance with \nwhat happens for the highest thickness, for n = 8 we see, \nstarting from a temperature T . TN (8), an abrupt drop \nof ∆ϕ3 and ∆ϕ4, which rapidly reach an almost con- \nstant value, only slightly larger than ∆ϕ1. In the tem- \nperature range TN (8) . T < TC(8) we thus substantially \nobserve the same small magnetic phase shifts between all \nNN layers, testifying an energetically stable quasi-FM \nconfiguration giving no contribution to the helical order \nparameters. The latter point can be made clearer by \nlooking at the the peak position Qz,max of the structure \nfactor S(0, 0, qz). In Fig. 8 the average of Qz,max vs T is \nreported, again for n = 8 and for different lateral dimen- \nsions L26. As expected from the previous argument, we \nsee that Qz,max = 0 for TN (8) < T < TC(8), while it be- \ngins to shift to higher values as soon as the temperature \ndecreases below TN (8), making apparent a progressive \nfan stabilization with Qz,max 6= 0 and reaching a value \nof about 21◦ for T = 10 K. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf", - "query": "What is the minimum number of spin layers in a film before a correct bulk is reached ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "For n > 16, n being the number of spin layers in the film, a correct bulk limit is reached", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In the following we will denote with n the film thick- \nness, i.e. the number of spin layers along the z direction, \nand with L×L the number of spins in each layer (i.e., L \nis the lattice size along both the x and y directions). In \nour simulations thickness values from 1 to 24 were con- \nsidered, while the range of lateral size L was from 8 to \n64. Periodic boundary conditions were applied along x \nand y, while free boundaries were obviously taken along \nthe film growth direction z. \n\nThermal equilibrium was attained by the usual \nMetropolis algorithm19, \nsupplemented by the over- \nrelaxed technique20 in order to speed-up the sampling \nof the spin configuration space: a typical “Monte Carlo \nstep” was composed by four Metropolis and four-five \nover-relaxed moves per particle. Such judicious mix of \nmoves is able both to get faster the thermal equilibrium \nand to minimize the correlation “time” between succes- \nsive samples, i.e. the undesired effects due to lack of in- ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A possible framework to analyze the results presented \nin the previous Section is suggested by Fig. 5, where we \ni) high \ncan easily distinguish three significant regions: \nthickness, n > 16, where the films substantially display a \nbulk behaviour, with the single planes ordering tempera- \nture coinciding with the helical phase transition one; ii) \nintermediate thickness, 6 ≤ n . 15, where the tempera- \nture corresponding to the onset of in-plane order, TC (n), \nis still ≃ T Ho \nN , but where the helical/fan arrangement sta- \nbilizes only below a finite temperature TN (n) < TC (n); \niii) low thickness,1 ≤ n ≤ 5, where TC(n) . T Ho \nN but no \nfan phase is present at any temperature. \n\nThe scenario just outlined for n = 8 results to be cor- \nrect in the thickness range 6 ≤ n . 15, where a clear \nseparation between TN (n) and TC(n) can be easily fig- \nured out. In such temperature window, the strong sur- \nface effects produce a quasi-FM set-up of the magnetic \nfilm structure along the z-direction. While leaving to the \nnext Section a more detailed discussion of this regime, we \nreport in Fig. 5 a plot of TN (n) and TC(n) vs. n for all \nthe simulated thicknesses. The separation between the \ntwo critical temperatures is maximum for n = 6, where \nTN (6) = 38(4), that is TN (6) ∼ 1 \n3 TC(6). For films with \nless than six layers no fan order is observed, i.e. for n = 5 \nand below the chirality does not display any typical fea- \nture of fan ordering at any temperature below TC(n). As \na representative quantity we finally look at the rotation ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "teractions by including six different exchange constants \nalong the c crystallographic axis, and gives a helix pitch \nwave-vector Qz such that Qzc′ ≃ 30◦, where c′ = c/2 is \nthe distance between nearest neighboring spin layers par- \nallel to the ab crystallographic planes, henceforth denoted \nalso as x − y planes, while z will be taken parallel to c. \nFor n > 16, n being the number of spin layers in the film, \na correct bulk limit is reached, while for lower n the film \nproperties are clearly affected by the strong competition \namong the helical pitch and the surface effects, which in- \nvolve the majority of the spin layers. \nIn the thickness \nrange n = 9 − 16, i.e. right for thickness values com- \nparable with the helical pitch, three different magnetic \nphases emerged, with the high-temperature, disordered, \nparamagnetic phase and the low-temperature, long-range \nordered one separated by an intriguing, \nintermediate- \ntemperature block phase, where outer ordered layers co- \nexist with some inner disordered ones, the phase tran- \nsition of the latter eventually displaying the signatures \nof a Kosterlitz-Thouless one. Finally, for n ≤ 7 the film \ncollapses once and for all to a quasi-collinear order. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 6: Rotation angle ∆ϕl between magnetic moments on \nNN layers (l + 1, l) at some low temperatures, for thickness \nn = 5 and n = 6, and lateral dimension L = 64. \n\nthe same is true for the crossing point of the Binder cu- \nmulant of the average magnetization M (not reported in \nfigure), which is located at TC(8) = 133.3(3) K. These \ndata give a first rough indication that also for n = 8 all \nthe planes of the sample are still ordering almost at the \nsame temperature; such property has been observed for \nall the investigated thicknesses n below 16, so that TC(n) \nresults quite n-independent (see also Fig. 5) . \nl , M y \n\nwhere (M x \nl ) is the magnetic vector profile for each \nplane l. ∆ϕl is displayed in Fig. 6a and Fig. 6b, for \nn = 6 and n = 5, respectively. In Fig. 6a, a quite clear \nfan stabilization is observed when the temperature de- \nfor n = 5, ∆ϕl keeps an \ncreases, while in Fig. 6b, i.e. \nalmost temperature independent very small value; what’s \nmore, ∆ϕl seems to loose any temperature dependence \nas T = 0 is approached. We attribute the absence of fan \narrangement for n ≤ 5 as simply due to the lack of “bulk \nplanes” inside the film, so that we are left with only a 2d \ntrend at TC(n), i.e. at the temperature where the order \nparameters defined in Eqs. (2) and (3) show a critical \nbehaviour. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where S(~q), with ~q = (0, 0, qz), is the structure factor24 \n(i.e. the Fourier transform of the spin correlation func- \ntion) along the z-direction of the film, while the normal- \nization factor K is the structure factor integral at T = 0. \nAlthough the use of the last observable can be seen as a \nsuitable and elegant way to overcome the intrinsic diffi- \nculties met in defining a correct helical order parameter, \nfree of any undue external bias (as the wave-vector Qz ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "140 \n\n120 ) \nK \n( \n100 \n*)*\n*n*\n*(*\n80 *C*\n\n*TN (n)*\n*TC (n)*\n*bulk*\n\n*T*\n*,*\n60 \n*)*\n*n*\n*(*\n40 \n*N*\n*T*\n*TN*\n20 \n\n0 \n0 2 4 6 8 \n10 \n*n*\n\nFIG. 5: Transition temperatures TN (n) and TC (n) vs. film \nthickness n. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "be achieved with different number of interacting layers: \nnotably, nearest and next-nearest layers competitive in- \nteractions are enough to get a helical structure with a \nwhatever pitch wavevector. Such observation gives us a \npossible way to solve the conundrum previously emerged, \nas we have the possibility of varying the range of inter- \nactions without modifying the helical pitch, thus decou- \npling the two relevant length scales along the film growth \ndirection, and making accessible a range of n of the or- \nder of, or smaller than, the helical pitch, but still large \nenough that a substantial number of layers can behave \nas “bulk” layers. Therefore, while in the previous papers \nwe have studied the properties of ultrathin magnetic films \nof Ho assuming a model with six interlayer exchange in- \nteractions, here we investigate by MC simulations the \nproperties of the same system by making use of the sim- \nplest model Hamiltonian able to describe the onset of a \nhelical magnetic order in Holmium, i.e. we consider only \ntwo inter-layer coupling constants, as previously done in \nRef. 11. \n\nThe paper is organized as follows: In Sec. II the model \nHamiltonian will be defined, and the MC techniques, and \nall the thermodynamic quantities relevant for this study, \nwill be introduced. In Sec. III the results obtained for \ndifferent thicknesses will be presented, both in the matter \nof the critical properties of the model and of the magnetic \nordered structures observed. Finally, in Sec. IV we shall \ndiscuss such results, drawing also some conclusions. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "l )2 + (my \n(mx \nl )2 , \nml = (2) \nq \n\nwhich is related to the SO(2) symmetry breaking. At the \nsame time, it turns out to be significant also the average \norder parameter of the film, defined as \n\nn ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "~Si are classical planar unit vectors representing the di- \nrection of the total angular momentum of the magnetic \nions, whose magnitude \nj(j + 1) (j = 8 for Holmium \nions) is already encompassed within the definition of the \ninteraction constants J0,1,2. As sketched in Fig. 1, the \nmagnetic ions are located on the sites of a body-centered \ntetragonal (BCT) lattice; the first sum appearing in the \nHamiltonian describes the in-plane (xy) nearest neigh- \nbor (NN) interaction, which is taken ferromagnetic (FM), \nwith exchange strength J0 > 0; the second sum rep- \nresents the coupling, of exchange strength J1, between \nspins belonging to nearest neighbor (NN) planes along \nthe z-direction (which we will assume to coincide with \nthe film growth direction); finally, the third sum takes \ninto account the interaction, of exchange strength J2, be- \ntween spins lying on next-nearest neighbor (NNN) planes \nalong z. In order to have frustration, giving rise to non- \ncollinear order along z in the bulk, NN interaction J1 \ncan be taken both ferro- or antiferromagnetic, but NNN \ncoupling J2 has necessarily to be antiferromagnetic, and \nthe condition |J2| > |J1|/4 must be fulfilled. Such simpli- \nfied Hamiltonian was already employed to simulate he- \nlical ordering in bulk systems by Diep1,17 and Loison18. \nIn the bulk limit, the state of minimal energy of a sys- \ntem described by Eq.(1) corresponds to a helical arrange- \nment of spins. The ground state energy per spin is equal \nto eg(Qz) = [−4J0 − 2J1 (4 cos (Qzc′) + δ cos (2Qzc′))] \nis the distance between NN layers, δ = J2 \nwhere c′ \nJ1 , \nand Qzc′ = arccos \nis the angle between spins ly- \ning on adjacent planes along the z-direction. The ob- \nserved helical arrangement in bulk holmium corresponds \nto Qzc′ ≃ 30.5◦10: \nsuch value can be obtained from \nthe formula above with the set of coupling constants \nJ0=67.2 K, J1=20.9 K, and J2 = −24.2 K, that we have \nemployed in our simulations. The given values for the ex- \nchange constants are the same already used by Weschke \net al. \nin Ref. 13 to interpret experimental data on \nHolmium films on the basis of a J1 − J2 model, after \na proper scaling by the numbers of NN and NNN on \nneighboring layers of a BCT lattice. \n\np ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 Frustrated spin Systems, edited by H. T. Diep (World Sci- 134420 (2009). \n\n16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. \nD’Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, \nand J. Jensen, Physica B 159, 93 (1989). \n17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39, 397 (1989). \n18 D. Loison, Physica A 275, 207 (2000). \n19 N. Metropolis, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1087 (1953). \n20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2394 \n\nentific, 2004). \n\n2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10, 4707 (1998). \n3 T. Kimura et al., Nature (London) 426, 55 (2003). \n4 F. Cinti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 057203 (2008). \n5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. \nRev. Lett. 101, 167202 (2008), and references therein. \n6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (Lon- ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf", - "query": "What the rough sales amount of the nordstrom.com website ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "$2 billion in nordstrom.com sales", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Fiscal year201420132012
Net sales by channel :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.$ 7.682$ 7.705$ 7.964
Nordstrom. com1.9961.6221.269
Nordstrom9.6789.3279.233
Nordstrom Rack3.2152.7382.445
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook360295236
Other retail11163535
Total Retail segment13.36912.39511.949
Corporate / Other( 259 )( 229 )( 187 )
Total net sales$ 13.110$ 12.166$ 11.762
Net sales increase7.8 %3.4 %12.1 %
Comparable sales increase ( decrease ) by channel2 :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.( 0.5 %)( 2.1 %)3.9 %
Nordstrom. com23.1 %29.5 %37.1 %
Nordstrom3.6 %2.3 %7.5 %
Nordstrom Rack3.8 %2.7 %7.4 %
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook22.1 %27.3 %—
Total company4.0 %2.5 %7.3 %
Sales per square foot2 :
Total sales per square foot$ 493$ 474$ 470
4 - wall sales per square foot413408417
Full - line sales per square foot - U. S371372385
Nordstrom Rack sales per square foot552553568
Percentage of net sales by merchandise category :
Women ’ s Apparel30 %31 %31 %
Shoes23 %23 %23 %
Men ’ s Apparel16 %16 %16 %
Women ’ s Accessories14 %14 %13 %
Cosmetics11 %11 %11 %
Kids ’ Apparel4 %3 %3 %
Other2 %2 %3 %
Total100 %100 %100 %
", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Fiscal year201420132012
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.$ 7.682$ 7.705$ 7.964
Nordstrom. com1.9961.6221.269
Nordstrom9.6789.3279.233
Nordstrom Rack3.2152.7382.445
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook360295236
Other retailt1163535
Total Retail segment13.36912.39511.949
Corporate / Other( 259 )( 229 )( 187 )
Total net sales$ 13.110$ 12.166$ 11.762
", - "page_start": 75, - "page_end": 75, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Nordstrom.com net sales increased $115, or 19%, on top of last year’s 30% increase for the same period. Nordstromrack.com and \nHauteLook net sales increased $24, or 28%, compared with the same period in 2013. Both were primarily driven by expanded merchandise \nselection and ongoing technology investments to enhance the customer experience. ", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Nordstrom net sales for 2013 were $9,327, an increase of 1.0% compared with 2012, with comparable sales up 2.3%. Strong growth at \nNordstrom.com was partially offset by sales decreases at our full-line stores. Both the average selling price and the number of items sold \nincreased on a comparable basis in 2013 compared with 2012. Category highlights included Cosmetics, Men’s Shoes and Women’s Apparel. \n\nFull-line net sales for 2013 were $7,705, a decrease of 3.3% compared with 2012, which was primarily driven by a comparable sales \ndecrease of 2.1% for the year. The top-performing geographic regions for full-line stores for 2013 were the Southwest and Southeast. \nNordstrom.com showed strong sales growth with net sales of $1,622, an increase of 28% compared with 2012, with comparable sales up \n30% on a comparable 52-week basis. These increases were driven by expanded merchandise selection and ongoing technology \ninvestments to enhance the customer experience. \n\nNordstrom Rack net sales were $2,738, up 12.0% compared with 2012, primarily due to 37 new store openings in 2012 and 2013. \nComparable sales increased 2.7% for the year. Cosmetics and Shoes were the strongest-performing categories for the year. Both the \naverage selling price and the number of items sold increased on a comparable basis in 2013 compared with 2012. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Net Sales (2014 vs. 2013) \nIn 2014, total company net sales increased 7.8%, which was attributable to the comparable sales increase of 4.0%. During the year, we \nopened three Nordstrom full-line stores, including our first store in Canada, and 27 Nordstrom Rack stores. Additionally, as a result of the \nacquisition of Trunk Club, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom in 2014. These \nadditions increased our square footage by 5.5% and represented 2.8% of our total net sales for 2014. \n\nNordstrom net sales, which consist of the U.S. full-line and Nordstrom.com businesses, were $9,678 in 2014, an increase of 3.8% compared \nwith 2013, with comparable sales up 3.6%. These increases reflected continued momentum in our Nordstrom.com channel. Both the number \nof items sold and the average selling price increased on a comparable basis in 2014. Category highlights included Accessories, Cosmetics \nand Men’s Apparel. \n\nU.S. full-line net sales for 2014 were $7,682, a decrease of 0.3% compared with 2013 and comparable sales decreased by 0.5%. The top- \nperforming geographic regions for full-line stores were the Southeast and Southwest. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**4 million**\n\nNEARLY \n\n**NEW CUSTOMERS**SHOPPED AT \nNORDSTROM RACK—THAT’S MORE THAN \nAT ANY OTHER CHANNEL. \n\n**27**\n\n**NEW NORDSTROM RACK STORES.**\nPLUS, RACK SALES INCREASED 17% AND \nRACK COMPARABLE SALES GAINED 3.8%. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook channels continued to experience outsized growth. Nordstrom.com net sales \nincreased 23% and Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook net sales increased 22%, both driven by expanded merchandise selection and \nongoing technology investments to enhance the customer experience. \n\nNordstrom Rack net sales increased $477, or 17%, compared with 2013, reflecting incremental volume from existing stores and the impact of \n27 new stores since fiscal 2013. Comparable sales increased 3.8% for the year. Shoes and Accessories were the top-performing categories \nfor the year. On a comparable basis, the average selling price of Nordstrom Rack merchandise increased while the number of items sold was \nflat. \n\nNet Sales (2013 vs. 2012) \nNet sales for 2013 increased 3.4% compared with 2012, driven by a comparable sales increase of 2.5%, attributable to growth at \nNordstrom.com and Nordstrom Rack’s accelerated store expansion. During 2013, we opened 22 Nordstrom Rack stores and relocated one \nNordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack stores. These additions represented 1.6% of our total net sales for 2013 and increased our \nsquare footage by 2.9%. The 53rd week in 2012 contributed approximately $162 in additional net sales. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Nordstrom, Inc.**\n**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\nDollar and share amounts in millions except per share, per option and per unit amounts \n\n**NOTE 1: NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES**\n\n**The Company**\nFounded in 1901 as a shoe store in Seattle, Washington, Nordstrom, Inc. is now a leading fashion specialty retailer that offers customers a \nwell-edited selection of high-quality fashion brands focused on apparel, shoes, cosmetics and accessories for men, women and children. This \nbreadth of merchandise allows us to serve a wide range of customers who appreciate quality fashion and a superior shopping experience. \nWe offer an extensive selection of high-quality brand-name and private label merchandise through multiple retail channels, including 116 \n“Nordstrom” branded full-line stores in the U.S. and at Nordstrom.com (collectively, “Nordstrom”), one Canada full-line store, 167 off-price \nNordstrom Rack stores, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook, five Trunk Club showrooms and TrunkClub.com, two Jeffrey boutiques and one \nLast Chance clearance store. Our stores are located in 38 states throughout the U.S and in one province in Canada. ", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Store countSquare footage\n
Fiscal year201420132012201420132012
Total, beginning of year26024022526.025.324.7
Store openings :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.2—10.3—0.1
Nordstrom Rack and other stores12922151.20.70.6
Stores acquired4————
Stores closed( 3 )( 2 )( 1 )( 0.4 )—( 0.1 )
Total, end of year29226024027.126.025.3
", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.**\nDollar, share and square footage amounts in millions except percentages, per share and per square foot amounts \n\n**OVERVIEW**\nNordstrom is a leading fashion specialty retailer offering apparel, shoes, cosmetics and accessories for women, men and children. We offer \nan extensive selection of high-quality brand-name and private label merchandise through our various channels: “Nordstrom” branded full-line \nstores and online store at Nordstrom.com, Nordstrom Rack stores, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook and other retail channels, including \nTrunk Club showrooms and TrunkClub.com, our Jeffrey boutiques and our clearance store that operates under the name “Last Chance.” As \nof January 31, 2015, our stores are located in 38 states throughout the United States and in one province in Canada. In addition, we offer our \ncustomers a Nordstrom Rewards™ loyalty program along with a variety of payment products and services, including credit and debit cards. \n\nWe continue to see the ongoing evolution of retail, with increasing customer interaction between our stores and ecommerce. We are making \nprogress to meet customer expectations of a personalized experience that merges the richness of stores with the convenience of online. \nBecause the customer views us simply as Nordstrom, we believe there is tremendous value in strengthening our platform for the customer \nexperience that encompasses full-price, off-price, in-store and online. While each channel represents a substantial growth opportunity, there \nare significant synergies across channels to create a unique customer experience to gain market share. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf", - "query": "How many employees did Nordstrom count in 2014 ?", - "target_page": 17, - "target_passage": "During 2014, we employed approximately 67,000 employees on a full- or part-time basis.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In order to offer merchandise that our customers want, we purchase from a wide variety of high-quality suppliers, including domestic and \nforeign businesses. We also have arrangements with agents and contract manufacturers to produce our private label merchandise. We \nexpect our suppliers to meet our “Nordstrom Partnership Guidelines,” which address our corporate social responsibility standards for matters \nsuch as legal and regulatory compliance, labor, health and safety and the environment, and are available on our website at Nordstrom.com. \n\n**EMPLOYEES**\nDuring 2014, we employed approximately 67,000 employees on a full- or part-time basis. Due to the seasonal nature of our business, \nemployment increased to approximately 68,000 employees in July 2014 and 73,500 in December 2014. All of our employees are non-union. \nWe believe our relationship with our employees is good. \n\n**CAUTIONARY STATEMENT**\nCertain statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K contain or may suggest “forward-looking” information (as defined in the Private \nSecurities Litigation Reform Act of 1995) that involve risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, anticipated financial outlook for the \nfiscal year ending January 30, 2016, anticipated annual total and comparable sales rates, anticipated new store openings in existing, new \nand international markets, anticipated Return on Invested Capital and trends in our operations. Such statements are based upon the current \nbeliefs and expectations of the company’s management and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Actual future results may differ \nmaterially from historical results or current expectations depending upon factors including, but not limited to: ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Fiscal year201420132012
Net sales by channel :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.$ 7.682$ 7.705$ 7.964
Nordstrom. com1.9961.6221.269
Nordstrom9.6789.3279.233
Nordstrom Rack3.2152.7382.445
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook360295236
Other retail11163535
Total Retail segment13.36912.39511.949
Corporate / Other( 259 )( 229 )( 187 )
Total net sales$ 13.110$ 12.166$ 11.762
Net sales increase7.8 %3.4 %12.1 %
Comparable sales increase ( decrease ) by channel2 :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.( 0.5 %)( 2.1 %)3.9 %
Nordstrom. com23.1 %29.5 %37.1 %
Nordstrom3.6 %2.3 %7.5 %
Nordstrom Rack3.8 %2.7 %7.4 %
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook22.1 %27.3 %—
Total company4.0 %2.5 %7.3 %
Sales per square foot2 :
Total sales per square foot$ 493$ 474$ 470
4 - wall sales per square foot413408417
Full - line sales per square foot - U. S371372385
Nordstrom Rack sales per square foot552553568
Percentage of net sales by merchandise category :
Women ’ s Apparel30 %31 %31 %
Shoes23 %23 %23 %
Men ’ s Apparel16 %16 %16 %
Women ’ s Accessories14 %14 %13 %
Cosmetics11 %11 %11 %
Kids ’ Apparel4 %3 %3 %
Other2 %2 %3 %
Total100 %100 %100 %
", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Net Sales (2014 vs. 2013) \nIn 2014, total company net sales increased 7.8%, which was attributable to the comparable sales increase of 4.0%. During the year, we \nopened three Nordstrom full-line stores, including our first store in Canada, and 27 Nordstrom Rack stores. Additionally, as a result of the \nacquisition of Trunk Club, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom in 2014. These \nadditions increased our square footage by 5.5% and represented 2.8% of our total net sales for 2014. \n\nNordstrom net sales, which consist of the U.S. full-line and Nordstrom.com businesses, were $9,678 in 2014, an increase of 3.8% compared \nwith 2013, with comparable sales up 3.6%. These increases reflected continued momentum in our Nordstrom.com channel. Both the number \nof items sold and the average selling price increased on a comparable basis in 2014. Category highlights included Accessories, Cosmetics \nand Men’s Apparel. \n\nU.S. full-line net sales for 2014 were $7,682, a decrease of 0.3% compared with 2013 and comparable sales decreased by 0.5%. The top- \nperforming geographic regions for full-line stores were the Southeast and Southwest. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Nordstrom, Inc.**\n**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\nDollar and share amounts in millions except per share, per option and per unit amounts \n\nRent expense for 2014, 2013 and 2012 was as follows: ", - "page_start": 66, - "page_end": 66, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our credit business, through our Nordstrom Rewards program, continues to play an important role in attracting new customers and \ndeepening our engagement with existing customers. The program contributes to our overall results, with members shopping more frequently \nand spending more on average than non-members. For the third consecutive year, we opened over one million new accounts. With over four \nmillion active members, 2014 sales from members represented approximately 40% of our sales. \n\nWe are confident in our ability to execute our customer strategy as we evolve with customers and continue to leverage capabilities across all \nchannels to serve customers on their terms. To enhance the customer experience, we continue to make investments in our stores in new \nmarkets such as Canada, Puerto Rico and Manhattan, in our ecommerce and fulfillment capabilities and in technology to support growth \nacross all channels. We believe these investments in our customer strategy will help us achieve long-term top-quartile shareholder returns \nthrough high single-digit total sales growth and mid-teens Return on Invested Capital. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We had no store relocations in 2014, compared with one Nordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack relocations in 2013 and three \nNordstrom Rack relocations in 2012. Our 2014 new store openings increased our square footage by 5.5%. \n\nTo date in 2015, we have opened our second full-line store in Canada. We plan to open 27 Nordstrom Rack stores, three additional \nNordstrom full-line stores in the U.S. and another full-line store in Canada during 2015. Planned net store openings are expected to increase \nour retail square footage by approximately 6.1%. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Nordstrom, Inc.**\n**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\nDollar and share amounts in millions except per share, per option and per unit amounts \n\n**NOTE 1: NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES**\n\n**The Company**\nFounded in 1901 as a shoe store in Seattle, Washington, Nordstrom, Inc. is now a leading fashion specialty retailer that offers customers a \nwell-edited selection of high-quality fashion brands focused on apparel, shoes, cosmetics and accessories for men, women and children. This \nbreadth of merchandise allows us to serve a wide range of customers who appreciate quality fashion and a superior shopping experience. \nWe offer an extensive selection of high-quality brand-name and private label merchandise through multiple retail channels, including 116 \n“Nordstrom” branded full-line stores in the U.S. and at Nordstrom.com (collectively, “Nordstrom”), one Canada full-line store, 167 off-price \nNordstrom Rack stores, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook, five Trunk Club showrooms and TrunkClub.com, two Jeffrey boutiques and one \nLast Chance clearance store. Our stores are located in 38 states throughout the U.S and in one province in Canada. ", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Capital expenditures increased in 2013 compared with 2012 as we continued to make progress executing our customer strategy through \nincreased investments in technology, ecommerce, remodels and new stores, including Nordstrom Rack and our Manhattan full-line store. \n\nThe following table summarizes our store count and square footage activity: ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Fiscal year201420132012
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.$ 7.682$ 7.705$ 7.964
Nordstrom. com1.9961.6221.269
Nordstrom9.6789.3279.233
Nordstrom Rack3.2152.7382.445
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook360295236
Other retailt1163535
Total Retail segment13.36912.39511.949
Corporate / Other( 259 )( 229 )( 187 )
Total net sales$ 13.110$ 12.166$ 11.762
", - "page_start": 75, - "page_end": 75, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**PART I**\n\n**Item 1. Business.**\n\n**DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS**\nFounded in 1901 as a retail shoe business in Seattle, Nordstrom later incorporated in Washington state in 1946 and went on to become one \nof the leading fashion specialty retailers based in the U.S. As of March 16, 2015, we operate 290 U.S. stores located in 38 states as well as a \nrobust ecommerce business through Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook and TrunkClub.com. We also operate two \nNordstrom full-line stores in Canada. The west and east coasts of the U.S. are the areas in which we have the largest presence. We have \ntwo reportable segments: Retail and Credit. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf", - "query": "How many stores did Nordstrom posses at the end of 2014 ?", - "target_page": 22, - "target_passage": "Number of stores, end of year : 292", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "We had no store relocations in 2014, compared with one Nordstrom full-line store and two Nordstrom Rack relocations in 2013 and three \nNordstrom Rack relocations in 2012. Our 2014 new store openings increased our square footage by 5.5%. \n\nTo date in 2015, we have opened our second full-line store in Canada. We plan to open 27 Nordstrom Rack stores, three additional \nNordstrom full-line stores in the U.S. and another full-line store in Canada during 2015. Planned net store openings are expected to increase \nour retail square footage by approximately 6.1%. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Net Sales (2014 vs. 2013) \nIn 2014, total company net sales increased 7.8%, which was attributable to the comparable sales increase of 4.0%. During the year, we \nopened three Nordstrom full-line stores, including our first store in Canada, and 27 Nordstrom Rack stores. Additionally, as a result of the \nacquisition of Trunk Club, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom in 2014. These \nadditions increased our square footage by 5.5% and represented 2.8% of our total net sales for 2014. \n\nNordstrom net sales, which consist of the U.S. full-line and Nordstrom.com businesses, were $9,678 in 2014, an increase of 3.8% compared \nwith 2013, with comparable sales up 3.6%. These increases reflected continued momentum in our Nordstrom.com channel. Both the number \nof items sold and the average selling price increased on a comparable basis in 2014. Category highlights included Accessories, Cosmetics \nand Men’s Apparel. \n\nU.S. full-line net sales for 2014 were $7,682, a decrease of 0.3% compared with 2013 and comparable sales decreased by 0.5%. The top- \nperforming geographic regions for full-line stores were the Southeast and Southwest. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Fiscal year201420132012
Net sales by channel :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.$ 7.682$ 7.705$ 7.964
Nordstrom. com1.9961.6221.269
Nordstrom9.6789.3279.233
Nordstrom Rack3.2152.7382.445
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook360295236
Other retail11163535
Total Retail segment13.36912.39511.949
Corporate / Other( 259 )( 229 )( 187 )
Total net sales$ 13.110$ 12.166$ 11.762
Net sales increase7.8 %3.4 %12.1 %
Comparable sales increase ( decrease ) by channel2 :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.( 0.5 %)( 2.1 %)3.9 %
Nordstrom. com23.1 %29.5 %37.1 %
Nordstrom3.6 %2.3 %7.5 %
Nordstrom Rack3.8 %2.7 %7.4 %
Nordstromrack. com and HauteLook22.1 %27.3 %—
Total company4.0 %2.5 %7.3 %
Sales per square foot2 :
Total sales per square foot$ 493$ 474$ 470
4 - wall sales per square foot413408417
Full - line sales per square foot - U. S371372385
Nordstrom Rack sales per square foot552553568
Percentage of net sales by merchandise category :
Women ’ s Apparel30 %31 %31 %
Shoes23 %23 %23 %
Men ’ s Apparel16 %16 %16 %
Women ’ s Accessories14 %14 %13 %
Cosmetics11 %11 %11 %
Kids ’ Apparel4 %3 %3 %
Other2 %2 %3 %
Total100 %100 %100 %
", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2014, we opened three Nordstrom full-line stores (The Woodlands, Texas; Calgary, Alberta; and Jacksonville, Florida) and 27 Nordstrom \nRack stores (Palm Desert, California; San Francisco, California; Chicago, Illinois; Riverside, California; Skokie, Illinois; Tulsa, Oklahoma; \nWauwatosa, Wisconsin; Brooklyn, New York; Columbus, Ohio; Houston, Texas; Manhassett, New York; Chicago, Illinois; Dayton, Ohio; \nHouston, Texas; Queens, New York; Brentwood, Tennessee; Greenville, South Carolina; Madison, Wisconsin; Tempe, Arizona; Brooklyn, \nNew York; Livingston, New Jersey; West Palm Beach, Florida; Brandon, Florida; Columbia, South Carolina; Des Moines, Iowa; Philadelphia, \nPennsylvania; and Summerlin, Nevada). As part of our purchase of Trunk Club in August 2014, we acquired four Trunk Club showrooms (Los \nAngeles, California; Chicago, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; and Washington D.C.) and opened one additional Trunk Club showroom (New York City, \nNew York) in December 2014. Additionally, in 2014, we closed three Nordstrom full-line stores (Orlando, Florida; Vancouver, Washington; and \nPortland, Oregon). ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**PART I**\n\n**Item 1. Business.**\n\n**DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS**\nFounded in 1901 as a retail shoe business in Seattle, Nordstrom later incorporated in Washington state in 1946 and went on to become one \nof the leading fashion specialty retailers based in the U.S. As of March 16, 2015, we operate 290 U.S. stores located in 38 states as well as a \nrobust ecommerce business through Nordstrom.com, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook and TrunkClub.com. We also operate two \nNordstrom full-line stores in Canada. The west and east coasts of the U.S. are the areas in which we have the largest presence. We have \ntwo reportable segments: Retail and Credit. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**4 million**\n\nNEARLY \n\n**NEW CUSTOMERS**SHOPPED AT \nNORDSTROM RACK—THAT’S MORE THAN \nAT ANY OTHER CHANNEL. \n\n**27**\n\n**NEW NORDSTROM RACK STORES.**\nPLUS, RACK SALES INCREASED 17% AND \nRACK COMPARABLE SALES GAINED 3.8%. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Capital expenditures increased in 2013 compared with 2012 as we continued to make progress executing our customer strategy through \nincreased investments in technology, ecommerce, remodels and new stores, including Nordstrom Rack and our Manhattan full-line store. \n\nThe following table summarizes our store count and square footage activity: ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Nordstrom, Inc.**\n**Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements**\nDollar and share amounts in millions except per share, per option and per unit amounts \n\n**NOTE 1: NATURE OF OPERATIONS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES**\n\n**The Company**\nFounded in 1901 as a shoe store in Seattle, Washington, Nordstrom, Inc. is now a leading fashion specialty retailer that offers customers a \nwell-edited selection of high-quality fashion brands focused on apparel, shoes, cosmetics and accessories for men, women and children. This \nbreadth of merchandise allows us to serve a wide range of customers who appreciate quality fashion and a superior shopping experience. \nWe offer an extensive selection of high-quality brand-name and private label merchandise through multiple retail channels, including 116 \n“Nordstrom” branded full-line stores in the U.S. and at Nordstrom.com (collectively, “Nordstrom”), one Canada full-line store, 167 off-price \nNordstrom Rack stores, Nordstromrack.com and HauteLook, five Trunk Club showrooms and TrunkClub.com, two Jeffrey boutiques and one \nLast Chance clearance store. Our stores are located in 38 states throughout the U.S and in one province in Canada. ", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "»›**THAT’S BRILLIANT!**WE’LL HAVE TOPSHOP IN 80 STORES \nBY THE END OF 2015—AND THAT’S JUST ONE OF THE \nWAYS WE’RE ATTRACTING NEW YOUNG CUSTOMERS WITH \nGREAT BRANDS AT ACCESSIBLE PRICE POINTS. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Store countSquare footage\n
Fiscal year201420132012201420132012
Total, beginning of year26024022526.025.324.7
Store openings :
Nordstrom full - line stores - U. S.2—10.3—0.1
Nordstrom Rack and other stores12922151.20.70.6
Stores acquired4————
Stores closed( 3 )( 2 )( 1 )( 0.4 )—( 0.1 )
Total, end of year29226024027.126.025.3
", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf", - "query": "What type of nanostructured material works notably well to build gas nanosensors ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "carbon nanotubes (CNT) [2] have been shown to work remarkably well as de- tectors of small gas molecules", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "[21] A. V. Krasheninnikov, P. O. Lehtinen, A. S. Foster, \nP. Pyykk¨o, and R. M. Nieminen, \n“Embedding transition- \nmetal atoms in graphene: Structure, bonding, and mag- \nPhys. Rev. Lett. 102(12), 126807 (Mar. 2009), \nnetism”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807. \n\n[5] C. Hierold, Carbon Nanotube Devices: Properties, Modeling, \nIntegration and Applications (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008). \n[6] F. Villalpando-P´aez, A. H. Romero, E. Mu˜noz-Sandoval, \nL. M. Mart´ınez, H. Terrones, and M. Terrones, \n“Fabrica- \ntion of vapor and gas sensors using films of aligned CNx \nnanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 386(1-3), 137 (Mar. 2004), \ndoi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In summary, we have presented a general model of nanos- \ntructured chemical sensors which takes the adsorption en- \nergies of the relevant chemical species and their individual \nscattering resistances as the only input. On the basis of this \nmodel we have performed a computational screening of tran- \nsition metal doped CNTs, and found that Ni-doped CNTs are \npromising candidates for detecting CO in a background of air. \nThe model may be applied straightforwardly to other nanos- \ntructures than CNTs, other functionalizations than metal dop- \ning and other gas compositions than air. \n\n[14] S. B. Fagan, R. Mota, A. J. R. da Silva, and A. Fazzio, “Ab \ninitio study of an iron atom interacting with single-wall car- \nbon nanotubes”, Phys. Rev. B 67(20), 205414 (May 2003), \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevB.67.205414. \n\n[15] Y. Yagi, T. M. Briere, M. H. F. Sluiter, V. Kumar, A. A. Farajian, \nand Y. Kawazoe, “Stable geometries and magnetic properties of \nsingle-walled carbon nanotubes doped with 3d transition met- \nals: A first-principles study”, Phys. Rev. B 69(7), 075414 (Feb \n2004), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.69.075414. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[11] L. Valentini, F. Mercuri, I. Armentano, C. Cantalini, S. Picozzi, \nL. Lozzi, S. Santucci, A. Sgamellotti, and J. M. Kenny, “Role of \ndefects on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes thin \nfilms: experiment and theory”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 387(4-6), 356 \n(Apr. 2004), doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038. \n\n[12] Z. Zanolli and J.-C. Charlier, “Defective carbon nanotubes for \nsingle-molecule sensing”, Phys. Rev. B 80(15), 155447 (Oct. \n2009), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447. \n\n[13] J. M. Garc´ıa-Lastra, K. S. Thygesen, M. Strange, and \n´Angel Rubio, \n“Conductance of sidewall-functionalized \ncarbon nanotubes: Universal dependence on adsorption \nPhys. Rev. Lett. 101(23), 236806 (Dec. 2008), \nsites”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Computational Design of Chemical Nanosensors: Metal Doped Carbon Nanotubes \n\nJ. M. Garc´ıa-Lastra1,2,∗ D. J. Mowbray1,2, K. S. Thygesen2, A. Rubio1,3, and K. W. Jacobsen2 \n1Nano-Bio Spectroscopy group and ETSF Scientific Development Centre, \nDpto. F´ısica de Materiales, Universidad del Pa´ıs Vasco, \nCentro de F´ısica de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU- MPC and DIPC, Av. Tolosa 72, E-20018 San Sebasti´an, Spain \n2Center for Atomic-scale Materials Design, Department of Physics, \nTechnical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark \n3Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany \n\nWe use computational screening to systematically investigate the use of transition metal doped carbon nan- \notubes for chemical gas sensing. For a set of relevant target molecules (CO, NH3, H2S) and the main components \nof air (N2, O2, H2O), we calculate the binding energy and change in conductance upon adsorption on a metal \natom occupying a vacancy of a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Based on these descriptors, we identify the most promis- \ning dopant candidates for detection of a given target molecule. From the fractional coverage of the metal sites \nin thermal equilibrium with air, we estimate the change in the nanotube resistance per doping site as a function \nof the target molecule concentration assuming charge transport in the diffusive regime. Our analysis points to \nNi-doped nanotubes as candidates for CO sensors working under typical atmospheric conditions. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[3] J. Kong, N. R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng, \n“Nanotube molecular wires as \nScience 287(5453), 622 (Jan. 2000), \nK. Cho, and H. Dai, \nchemical sensors”, \ndoi:10.1126/science.287.5453.622. \n\n[20] J. A. F¨urst, M. Brandbyge, A.-P. Jauho, and K. Stokbro, “Ab \ninitio study of spin-dependent transport in carbon nanotubes \nwith iron and vanadium adatoms”, Phys. Rev. B 78(19), 195405 \n(Nov. 2008), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405. \n\n[4] P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl, \n\n“Ex- \ntreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of car- \nScience 287(5459), 1801 (Mar. 2000), \nbon nanotubes”, \ndoi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1801. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "∗ Electronic address: juanmaria.garcia@ehu.es [18] C. S. Yeung, L. V. Liu, and Y. A. Wang, \n\n“Adsorption \nof small gas molecules onto Pt-doped single-walled carbon \nJ. Phys. Chem. C 112(19), 7401 (Apr. 2008), \nnanotubes”, \ndoi:10.1021/jp0753981. \n[1] Gas Sensing Materials, MRS Bull., vol. 24 (1999). \n[2] J. C. Chalier, X. Blase, and S. Roche, “Electronic and transport \nproperties of nanotubes”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 79(2), 677 (May \n2007), doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.79.677. [19] T. Vo, Y.-D. Wu, R. Car, and M. Robert, \n\n“Structures, in- \nteractions, and ferromagnetism of Fe-carbon nanotube sys- \nJ. Phys. Chem. C 112(22), 400 (May 2008), \ntems”, \ndoi:10.1021/jp0761968. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[34] P. Moriarty, M. D. R. Taylor, and M. Brust, “Nanostructured cellular networks,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, \n\n248303 (2002). \n\n[35] E. Rabani, D. R. Reichman, P. L. Geissler, and L. E. Brus, “Drying-mediated self-assembly of \n\nnanoparticles,” Nature 426, 271–274 (2003). ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[8] S. Brahim, S. Colbern, R. Gump, and L. Grigorian, “Tailoring \nJ. Appl. Phys. \ngas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes”, \n104(2), 024502 (Jul. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2956395. \n[9] C. Morgan, Z. Alemipour, and M. Baxendale, \n\n“Variable \nrange hopping in oxygen-exposed single-wall carbon nanotube \nnetworks”, Phys. Stat. Solidi A 205(6), 1394 (May 2008), \ndoi:10.1002/pssa.200778113. \n\nTo our knowledge, controlled doping of CNTs with transi- \ntion metal atoms has so far not been achieved. It has, how- \never, been found that metal atoms incorporated into the CNT \nlattice during catalytic growth are afterwards very difficult to \nremove [30]. Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan- \ncies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed \nin a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ions [31]. This sug- \ngests that metallic doping of CNTs should be possible. \n\n[10] D. J. Mowbray, C. Morgan, and K. S. Thygesen, \n\n“In- \nfluence of O2 and N2 on the conductivity of carbon nan- \notube networks”, Phys. Rev. B 79(19), 195431 (May 2009), \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[22] J. J. Mortensen, L. B. Hansen, and K. W. Jacobsen, \n“Real-space grid implementation of the projector augmented \nPhys. Rev. B 71(3), 035109 (Jan. 2005), \nwave method”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevB.71.035109. [7] A. R. Rocha, M. Rossi, A. Fazzio, \n\nJ. R. \n“Designing real nanotube-based gas \nsen- \nPhys. Rev. Lett. 100(17), 176803 (May 2008), \n\nand A. \n\n[23] J. P. Perdew, K. Burke, and M. Ernzerhof, “Generalized gradi- \nent approximation made simple”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(18), 3865 \n(Oct. 1996), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.3865. da Silva, \nsors”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.176803. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "J. Phys.-Cond. Mat. 21, 264016 (2009), The paper is published in: \n\nin the Volume “Nanofluids on solid substrates” and can be obtained at \n\nhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/26/264016 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf", - "query": "What seems to be a great technique to ensure vacancies are formed in carbon nanotubes (CNT) ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan- cies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed in a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ion", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "[8] S. Brahim, S. Colbern, R. Gump, and L. Grigorian, “Tailoring \nJ. Appl. Phys. \ngas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes”, \n104(2), 024502 (Jul. 2008), doi:10.1063/1.2956395. \n[9] C. Morgan, Z. Alemipour, and M. Baxendale, \n\n“Variable \nrange hopping in oxygen-exposed single-wall carbon nanotube \nnetworks”, Phys. Stat. Solidi A 205(6), 1394 (May 2008), \ndoi:10.1002/pssa.200778113. \n\nTo our knowledge, controlled doping of CNTs with transi- \ntion metal atoms has so far not been achieved. It has, how- \never, been found that metal atoms incorporated into the CNT \nlattice during catalytic growth are afterwards very difficult to \nremove [30]. Furthermore, it has been shown that CNT vacan- \ncies, which are needed for the metallic doping, may be formed \nin a controlled way by irradiation by Ar ions [31]. This sug- \ngests that metallic doping of CNTs should be possible. \n\n[10] D. J. Mowbray, C. Morgan, and K. S. Thygesen, \n\n“In- \nfluence of O2 and N2 on the conductivity of carbon nan- \notube networks”, Phys. Rev. B 79(19), 195431 (May 2009), \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.195431. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[21] A. V. Krasheninnikov, P. O. Lehtinen, A. S. Foster, \nP. Pyykk¨o, and R. M. Nieminen, \n“Embedding transition- \nmetal atoms in graphene: Structure, bonding, and mag- \nPhys. Rev. Lett. 102(12), 126807 (Mar. 2009), \nnetism”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.126807. \n\n[5] C. Hierold, Carbon Nanotube Devices: Properties, Modeling, \nIntegration and Applications (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2008). \n[6] F. Villalpando-P´aez, A. H. Romero, E. Mu˜noz-Sandoval, \nL. M. Mart´ınez, H. Terrones, and M. Terrones, \n“Fabrica- \ntion of vapor and gas sensors using films of aligned CNx \nnanotubes”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 386(1-3), 137 (Mar. 2004), \ndoi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.01.052. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Metallic doping of a (6,6) CNT has been modeled in a su- \npercell containing six repeated minimal unit cells along the \nCNT axis (dimensions: 15 ˚A×15 ˚A×14.622 ˚A). For this size \nof supercell a Γ-point sampling of the Brillouin zone was \nfound to be sufficient. The formation energy for creating a \nvacancy (VC) occupied by a transition metal atom (M) was \ncalculated using the relation \n\nEform[M@VC] = E[M@VC] + nE[C] − E[M@NT] (1) \n\nwhere E[M@VC] is the total energy of a transition metal \natom occupying a vacancy in the nanotube, n is the number \nof carbon atoms removed to form the vacancy, E[C] is the en- \nergy per carbon atom in a pristine nanotube, and E[M@NT] ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[11] L. Valentini, F. Mercuri, I. Armentano, C. Cantalini, S. Picozzi, \nL. Lozzi, S. Santucci, A. Sgamellotti, and J. M. Kenny, “Role of \ndefects on the gas sensing properties of carbon nanotubes thin \nfilms: experiment and theory”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 387(4-6), 356 \n(Apr. 2004), doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.02.038. \n\n[12] Z. Zanolli and J.-C. Charlier, “Defective carbon nanotubes for \nsingle-molecule sensing”, Phys. Rev. B 80(15), 155447 (Oct. \n2009), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.80.155447. \n\n[13] J. M. Garc´ıa-Lastra, K. S. Thygesen, M. Strange, and \n´Angel Rubio, \n“Conductance of sidewall-functionalized \ncarbon nanotubes: Universal dependence on adsorption \nPhys. Rev. Lett. 101(23), 236806 (Dec. 2008), \nsites”, \ndoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.236806. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "is the total energy of the pristine nanotube with a physisorbed \ntransition metal atom. We have considered the monovacancy \nand two divacancies shown in Fig. 1. The energy required to \nform an empty vacancy is obtained from where E[X@M@VC] is the total energy of molecule X on \na transition metal atom occupying a vacancy, and E[X] is the \ngas phase energy of the molecule. \n\nFrom the adsorption energies plotted in Fig. 2(a), we see \nthat the earlier transition metals tend to bind the adsorbates \nstronger than the late transition metals. The latest metals in \nthe series (Cu and Zn) bind adsorbates rather weakly in the \ndivacancy structures. We also note that O2 binds significantly \nstronger than any of the three target molecules on Ti, V, Cr, \nand Mn (except for Cr in divacancy I where H2S is found to \ndissociate). Active sites containing these metals are therefore \nexpected to be completely passivated if oxygen is present in \nthe background. Further, we find H2O is rather weakly bound \nto most of the active sites. This ensures that these types of \nsensors are robust against changes in humidity. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The calculated formation energies for the 3d transition met- \nals are shown in Fig. 1. From the horizontal lines we see that \nboth divacancies are more stable than the monovacancy. This \nmay be attributed to the presence of a two-fold coordinated C \natom in the monovacancy, while all C atoms remain three-fold \ncoordinated in the divacancies. When a transition metal atom \noccupies a vacancy, the strongest bonding to the C atoms is \nthrough its d orbitals [26]. For this reason, Cu and Zn, which \nboth have filled d-bands, are rather unstable in the CNT. For \nthe remaining metals, adsorption in the monovacancies leads \nto quite stable structures. This is because the three-fold coor- \ndination of the C atoms and the CNT’s hexagonal structure are \nrecovered when the metal atom is inserted. On the other hand, \nmetal adsorption in divacancies is slightly less stable because \nof the resulting pentagon defects, see upper panel in Fig. 1. A \nsimilar behaviour has been reported by Krasheninnikov et al. \nfor transition metal atoms in graphene [21]. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 2: Calculated (a) adsorption energy Eads in eV and (b) change in \nconductance ∆G in units of G0 =2e2/h for N2, O2, H2O, CO, NH3, \nand H2S on 3d transition metals occupying a monovacancy (top), \ndivacancy I (middle), and divacancy II (bottom) in a (6,6) carbon \nnanotube. \nFIG. 1: Structural schematics and formation energy for a 3d tran- \nsition metal occupied monovacancy (black), divacancy I (gray), or \ndivacancy II (white) in a (6,6) carbon nanotube. Formation energies \nof the empty vacancies are indicated by dashed lines. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[31] C. Gomez-Navarro, P. J. de Pablo, J. Gomez-Herrero, B. Biel, \nF. J. Garcia-Vidal, A. Rubio, and F. Flores, “Tuning the con- \nductance of single-walled carbon nanotubes by ion irradiation \nin the Anderson localization regime”, Nature Materials 4, 534 \n(Jun. 2005), doi:10.1038/nmat1414. \n\nUniversity Press, London, 1961). \n[27] P. Atkins and J. de Paula, Physical Chemistry, 8th ed. (Oxford \nUniversity Press, London, 2006). \n[28] D. Lide, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th ed. (CRC- \nPress, 2006–2007). \n[29] T. Markussen, R. Rurali, A.-P. Jauho, and M. Brandbyge, “Scal- ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "change in CNT resistivity may then be obtained from the cal- \nculated coverages and single impurity conductances. \n\nWe find that oxidation of the active metal site passivates \nthe sensor in the case of doping by Ti, V, Cr, and Mn un- \nder standard conditions (room temperature and 1 bar of pres- \nsure). Among the remaining metals, we identify Ni as is the \nmost promising candidate for CO detection. For this system \nthe change in resistance per active site is generally significant \n(>1 Ω) for small changes in CO concentration in the relevant \nrange of around 0.1–10 ppm. Our approach is quite general \nand is directly applicable to other nanostructures than CNTs, \nother functionalizations than metal doping, and other back- \ngrounds than atmospheric air. \n\nAll total energy calculations and structure optimizations \nhave been performed with the real-space density functional \ntheory (DFT) code GPAW [22] which is based on the projector \naugmented wave method. We use a grid spacing of 0.2 ˚A for \nrepresenting the density and wave functions and the PBE ex- \nchange correlation functional [23]. Transport calculations for \nthe optimized structures have been performed using the non- \nequilibrium Green’s function method [24] with an electronic \nHamiltonian obtained from the SIESTA code [25] in a dou- \nble zeta polarized (DZP) basis set. Spin polarization has been \ntaken into account in all calculations. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[3] J. Kong, N. R. Franklin, C. Zhou, M. G. Chapline, S. Peng, \n“Nanotube molecular wires as \nScience 287(5453), 622 (Jan. 2000), \nK. Cho, and H. Dai, \nchemical sensors”, \ndoi:10.1126/science.287.5453.622. \n\n[20] J. A. F¨urst, M. Brandbyge, A.-P. Jauho, and K. Stokbro, “Ab \ninitio study of spin-dependent transport in carbon nanotubes \nwith iron and vanadium adatoms”, Phys. Rev. B 78(19), 195405 \n(Nov. 2008), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.78.195405. \n\n[4] P. G. Collins, K. Bradley, M. Ishigami, and A. Zettl, \n\n“Ex- \ntreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of car- \nScience 287(5459), 1801 (Mar. 2000), \nbon nanotubes”, \ndoi:10.1126/science.287.5459.1801. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2538.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf", - "query": "How many employees did HON Industries count in 2003 ?", - "target_page": 15, - "target_passage": "Members (employees) at year-end : 8,926", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "As we celebrate our 60th year, HON INDUSTRIES has seen leaner, more focused, and have more clearly defined brands \n\nmuch change. The industry has changed. The world has than ever before. Our challenge is to grow, aggressively and \n\nchanged. Our business has changed. What has not changed profitably, through market-driven solutions while maintain- \n\nare the culture and values on which we were founded: integ- ing focus on what we do best — operational excellence. Our ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Gross profit was $22.2 million in 2003, compared with $20.3 million in 2002 and $21.8 million in 2001. The Company’s gross profit in 2003 was 35 \npercent of revenues compared with 34 percent of revenues in 2002 and 38 percent of revenues in 2001. The increase in gross profit percentage in 2003 ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We, the members of HON INDUSTRIES, are dedicated to creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders, to \n\nexceeding our customers’ expectations, and to making our company a great place to work. We will always treat each \n\nother, as well as customers, suppliers, shareholders, and our communities, with fairness and respect. \n\nOur success depends upon business simplification, rapid continuous improvement, and innovation in every- \n\nthing we do, individual and collective integrity, and the relentless pursuit of the following long-standing beliefs: \n\n**W E W I L L B E P R O F I T A B L E .**\n\nWe pursue mutually profitable relationships with customers and suppliers. Only when our company achieves an ade- \n\nquate profit can the other elements of this Vision be realized. \n\n**W E W I L L C R E A T E L O N G - T E R M V A L U E F O R S H A R E H O L D E R S .**\n\nWe create long-term value for shareholders by earning financial returns significantly greater than our cost of capital and \n\npursuing profitable growth opportunities. We will safeguard our shareholders’ equity by maintaining a strong balance \n\nsheet to allow flexibility in responding to a continuously changing market and business environment. ", - "page_start": 63, - "page_end": 63, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Dear Shareholders:**\n\nWe, the members of the HON INDUSTRIES Board of Directors, believe that integrity is central to good corporate governance. This belief is \n\nreflected in the HON INDUSTRIES vision statement (shown on the back of this annual report), adopted many years ago. Our Vision statement \n\nrepresents much more than a traditional “mission,” and it goes much deeper than company policy. The beliefs and values represented in that \n\ndocument are the very foundation of our corporate culture, and guide the attitude and actions of every member, every day. \n\nFrom its beginnings, HON INDUSTRIES has sought to implement its vision through sound policies and practices, and by maintaining \n\na strong Board composed predominantly of outside directors. We are fully committed to executing our responsibilities, and we will continue to \n\nmaintain the company’s long-standing tradition of an independent, well-informed, active, and engaged Board of Directors. \n\nOur board meetings and procedures have been developed and refined to encourage open and informed communication. The company’s \n\naccounting policies have always been conservative and straightforward. The Board’s three committees — Audit; Human Resources and \n\nCompensation; Public Policy and Corporate Governance — have consisted entirely of non-management directors for many years. \n\nDuring 2003, we have given significant attention to the newly released rules emanating from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Revenue.*Revenue was $2,708.1 million, $2,517.8 million and $2,365.1 million for the years ended \nDecember 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively. Revenue increased by $190.3 million, or 7.6%, from 2003 to ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Research and Development**\n\nResearch and development continues to be a vital part of the Company's strategy to extend existing brands and expand into new branded items. The \nexpenditures for research and development for fiscal 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively, were $13,165,000, $12,097,000 and $11,478,000. There are 42 \nprofessional employees engaged in full time research, 19 in the area of improving existing products and 23 in developing new products. \n\n**Employees**\n\nAs of October 25, 2003, the Company had over 16,000 active employees. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Millions of*\n*U.S. dollars (Note 1)*\n*(except per*\n*share amounts)*\n2004 \n*Mar. 31, 2005*\n\n*Millions of yen*\n*(except per share amounts and number of employees)*\n\n2004 \n*Mar. 31, 2005* 2003 \n*Mar. 31, 2004* 2002 \n*Mar. 31, 2003* 2001 \n*Mar. 31, 2002* 2000 \n*Mar. 31, 2001* *For the years ended*\n\n¥8,576,277 ¥7,429,219 ¥6,828,588 ¥6,196,241 ¥6,089,620 \n$80,152 \nNet sales \n\n861,160 8,048 \nOperating income 824,855 737,230 489,215 290,314 \n\n512,281 4,788 \nNet income 503,667 495,165 372,262 331,075 \n\n125.16 1.17 \nNet income per share (Note 2) 122.02 117.75 92.61 83.53 \n\n94,236 881 \nCash dividends paid (Note 3) 74,594 50,800 27,841 0 \n\n¥2,465,750 ¥2,023,994 ¥1,808,304 ¥1,620,822 ¥ 957,939 \n9,848,523 \n\n$23,044 \nShareholder’s equity \n\n92,042 \nTotal assets 7,859,856 7,349,183 7,215,005 6,451,243 \n\n1,963,173 18,347 \nLong-term debt 1,694,793 1,603,246 1,604,955 1,402,547 \n\n525,926 4,915 \nDepreciation and amortization 461,037 371,125 374,827 360,191 \n\n183,607 \nNumber of employees 123,748 127,625 125,099 133,833 ", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\n\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001, \n\nDecember 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders equity, and cash flows for each of \n\nthe fiscal years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an \n\nopinion on these financial statements based on our audits. \n\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that \n\nwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit \n\nincludes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing \n\nthe accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. \n\nWe believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. \n\nIn our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of \n\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001, December 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the results of its operations ", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n2004 \nAnnual Report \nYear Ended March 31, 2005 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf", - "query": "Did automating the writing of EM-to-IP handoffs notes using LLM lead to life-threatening outputs ?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "none of the incorrect output text elements reached life-threatening risk", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 8 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Discussion**\n\nThe study demonstrated success in generating EM-to-IP handoff notes using both a fine tuned, \n\npretrained LLM and rule-based approaches within an end user–developed note template. It is \n\nimportant to note that (largely due to time constraints within the EM care delivery model) the \n\nperformance of EM-to-IP handoff notes was not the current standard of care in EM. The study site’s \n\nunique electronic handoff process enabled a comparison between physician-written and \n\nLLM-generated handoff notes. Traditional automated evaluations of the model output suggested ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**RESULTS**In this study of 1600 EM patient records (832 [52%] female and mean [SD] age of 59.9 \n\n[18.9] years), LLM-generated handoff notes, compared with physician-written ones, had higher \n\nROUGE (0.322 vs 0.088), BERTScore (0.859 vs 0.796), and SCALE scores (0.691 vs 0.456), \n\nindicating the LLM-generated summaries exhibited greater similarity and more detail. As reviewed by \n\n3 board-certified EM physicians, a subsample of 50 LLM-generated summaries had a mean (SD) \n\nusefulness score of 4.04 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.36 [0.71] for physician-written) and mean \n\n(SD) patient safety scores of 4.06 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.50 [0.56] for physician-written). \n\nNone of the LLM-generated summaries were classified as a critical patient safety risk. \n\n**CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE**In this cohort study of 1600 EM patient medical records, \n\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written \n\nsummaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Abstract**\n\n**IMPORTANCE**An emergency medicine (EM) handoff note generated by a large language model \n\nof EM-to-inpatient (IP) handoffs. \n\n**OBJECTIVE**To develop LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes and evaluate their accuracy and \n\nsafety compared with physician-written notes. \n\n**DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS**This cohort study used EM patient medical records with \n\nacute hospital admissions that occurred in 2023 at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical \n\nEM-to-IP handoff notes. Using both conventional automated methods (ie, recall-oriented \n\nscore [BERTScore], and source chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation [SCALE]) \n\nand a novel patient safety-focused framework, LLM-generated handoff notes vs physician-written \n\nnotes were compared. Data were analyzed from October 2023 to March 2024. \n\n**EXPOSURE**LLM-generated EM handoff notes. \n\n**MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES**LLM-generated handoff notes were evaluated for (1) lexical \n\nsimilarity with respect to physician-written notes using ROUGE and BERTScore; (2) fidelity with \n\nrespect to source notes using SCALE; and (3) readability, completeness, curation, correctness, \n\nusefulness, and implications for patient safety using a novel framework. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Conclusions**\n\nThis study’s results suggest promise for future thoughtful integration of LLM-generated EM-to-IP \n\nhandoff notes into clinical admission workflows, as well as the associated potential downstream \n\nquality and efficiency gains. Our novel clinical evaluation framework demonstrates an effective \n\npreimplementation strategy to measure potential patient safety implications of incorrectness \n\nidentified in LLM-generated clinical care summaries, which will guide future model refinement and \n\nimplementation strategies. In the absence of a current written standard of care in EM, this innovation \n\ncould represent a transformative advancement in the quality of EM-to-IP transitions of care. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]( EM )- to - inpatient ( IP ) handoff notes that scale for EM care )Eindinasteria, buthin cohort ribioficients, but therapy, but therapy, but therapy, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripheral, peripheral, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripheral, peripheral, peripheral, peripheral, pEM patient medical records using a novel scaling fromounicals, etc.LLM - generated EM - to - IP handoff notes had a mean usefulness of 4.04 out of 5 ( compared with 4.35 forobvoirian - written ) andameannatientsafety of 4.06 out of 5 ( compared with4.50 for physician - written ) with no rritical natient safety risksMeaning These findings suggest thevalue of a manual, patient safety -focused clinical evaluation of LLMmodels and the potential ofLLM - generated handoff notes to create a new standard of care in EM.\n
Question Can a large language model ( 11 M ) Renerate emergency medicine
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine**\n\nevaluation frameworks may not address the anticipated effect LLM performance limitations could \nhave on patient safety.38-41 \n\nIn this study, we aim to expand on prior work of clinical summarization to rigorously evaluate \n\nthe outcomes of a fine-tuned model developed to generate accurate and safe summaries of the care \n\nrendered during an ED visit, with the long-term goal of integrating automated, structured EM-to-IP \n\nhandoff notes into an EHR-based electronic handoff admission workflow (see eAppendix 1 in \n\nSupplement 1). We fine-tune pretrained LLMs on well curated datasets of structured and \n\nunstructured EHR data from the ED encounter to summarize the patient’s ED care. We improved the \n\ncorrectness of model generations and customized the summaries in a structured format designed \n\nby a team of EM and internal medicine physician leaders for optimal usefulness. We proposed a novel \n\npatient safety-focused LLM evaluation framework to examine the LLM-generated handoff notes’ \n\nquality and accuracy and the downstream patient safety implications of any identified inaccuracies. \n\nTo evaluate noninferiority, we compared the LLM-generated handoff notes with the preexisting \n\nphysician-written EM-to-IP handoff notes as the active control, using both the proposed patient ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine** Developing and Evaluating LLM-Generated Emergency Medicine Handoff Notes \n\nrecords and perform manual comparative evaluations of 50 LLM-generated and 50 clinician- \n\ngenerated summary notes within the context of complex ED encounters. This approach is unlikely \n\nscalable, invoking complex postimplementation governance questions that remain unanswered in \n\nthe medical literature and invoke the need for future research focused on the possibility of AI \nperforming the clinical evaluations.56 Lastly, the relatively infrequent but potentially significant \npatient safety implications of model output incorrectness and incompleteness warrants further \n\nmodel refinement and repeat clinical evaluation, as described in the eAppendix 1 in Supplement 1 \n\noverview of our rigorous preimplementation model development and testing framework. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Abbreviations: EM, emergency medicine; IP, inpatient. \n\na Automated EM handoff notes are generated from \n\nthe curation of the data through both rule-based and \nlarge language model–summarization approaches. \n\nDecember 3, 2024 4/12 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine**\n\nsuperior performance. However, while the manual clinical evaluation demonstrated the majority of \n\nthe LLM-generated notes were of promising comparative quality (scores of 4-5), they were, on \n\naverage, inferior to the clinician-written notes. \n\nOur novel clinical evaluation’s findings suggest the majority of identified quality limitations and \n\nincorrectness would have minimal impact on patient safety, even when extrapolated to the worst- \n\ncase scenario of the LLM-generated summary content not being reviewed and edited by a clinician \n\nbefore completion. This was designed to address contemporary LLM concerns of user trust, reliance \nand expertise.49 As such, none of the incorrect output text elements reached life-threatening risk. \nHowever, incompleteness and faulty logic identified in the automated summaries were not always \n\nnegligible, with just under 1 in 10 of these performance gaps determined to have the potential to \n\ncreate significant patient safety risk compared with the physician-written summaries. These critical \n\nimplementation safety findings will inform (1) directionality of further model refinement; (2) further \n\nclinical evaluation of postrefinement model output; and (3) irrespective of downstream model \n\nperformance, an EHR-implementation plan constrained to a user-interface design that will allow EM \n\nclinicians to review and edit the LLM-generated handoff note as a draft before finalizing (see ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine**\n\nsubsequently evaluated 2 ED-to-inpatient handoff notes for each patient: (1) the physician-written \n\nnote and (2) the LLM-generated note. \n\nOn a Likert scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is unacceptable and 5 is excellent, the 3 physicians rated the \n\ncompleteness, curation, readability, and correctness of the summary as shown in eTable 1 in \n\nSupplement 1. Physicians rated the usefulness of the summary, defined as the capability of the \n\nsummary being incorporated into a workflow where a physician would make edits before final \n\ncompletion, mitigating potential future self-referential learning loops and the downstream adverse \nconsequences.51 Likewise, the raters assessed potential patient safety implications of unmitigated \nmodel errors using a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 denotes life-threatening risks and 5 denotes no \n\nidentified patient safety risk for completeness, curation, readability, and the 4 subcategories within \n\ncorrectness (hallucination, faulty logic, knowledge gap, and bias), as well as the overall patient safety \nrisk.45 Evaluators arrived at prestudy consensus that a usefulness Likert score of at least a 3 out of 5 \nindicated that the LLM-generated summary likely demonstrated baseline acceptability for such a ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf", - "query": "How did automating the writing of EM-to-IP handoffs notes using LLM affect the usefulness of these notes ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written summaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Discussion**\n\nThe study demonstrated success in generating EM-to-IP handoff notes using both a fine tuned, \n\npretrained LLM and rule-based approaches within an end user–developed note template. It is \n\nimportant to note that (largely due to time constraints within the EM care delivery model) the \n\nperformance of EM-to-IP handoff notes was not the current standard of care in EM. The study site’s \n\nunique electronic handoff process enabled a comparison between physician-written and \n\nLLM-generated handoff notes. Traditional automated evaluations of the model output suggested ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**RESULTS**In this study of 1600 EM patient records (832 [52%] female and mean [SD] age of 59.9 \n\n[18.9] years), LLM-generated handoff notes, compared with physician-written ones, had higher \n\nROUGE (0.322 vs 0.088), BERTScore (0.859 vs 0.796), and SCALE scores (0.691 vs 0.456), \n\nindicating the LLM-generated summaries exhibited greater similarity and more detail. As reviewed by \n\n3 board-certified EM physicians, a subsample of 50 LLM-generated summaries had a mean (SD) \n\nusefulness score of 4.04 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.36 [0.71] for physician-written) and mean \n\n(SD) patient safety scores of 4.06 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.50 [0.56] for physician-written). \n\nNone of the LLM-generated summaries were classified as a critical patient safety risk. \n\n**CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE**In this cohort study of 1600 EM patient medical records, \n\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written \n\nsummaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Abstract**\n\n**IMPORTANCE**An emergency medicine (EM) handoff note generated by a large language model \n\nof EM-to-inpatient (IP) handoffs. \n\n**OBJECTIVE**To develop LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes and evaluate their accuracy and \n\nsafety compared with physician-written notes. \n\n**DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS**This cohort study used EM patient medical records with \n\nacute hospital admissions that occurred in 2023 at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical \n\nEM-to-IP handoff notes. Using both conventional automated methods (ie, recall-oriented \n\nscore [BERTScore], and source chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation [SCALE]) \n\nand a novel patient safety-focused framework, LLM-generated handoff notes vs physician-written \n\nnotes were compared. Data were analyzed from October 2023 to March 2024. \n\n**EXPOSURE**LLM-generated EM handoff notes. \n\n**MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES**LLM-generated handoff notes were evaluated for (1) lexical \n\nsimilarity with respect to physician-written notes using ROUGE and BERTScore; (2) fidelity with \n\nrespect to source notes using SCALE; and (3) readability, completeness, curation, correctness, \n\nusefulness, and implications for patient safety using a novel framework. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Conclusions**\n\nThis study’s results suggest promise for future thoughtful integration of LLM-generated EM-to-IP \n\nhandoff notes into clinical admission workflows, as well as the associated potential downstream \n\nquality and efficiency gains. Our novel clinical evaluation framework demonstrates an effective \n\npreimplementation strategy to measure potential patient safety implications of incorrectness \n\nidentified in LLM-generated clinical care summaries, which will guide future model refinement and \n\nimplementation strategies. In the absence of a current written standard of care in EM, this innovation \n\ncould represent a transformative advancement in the quality of EM-to-IP transitions of care. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Abbreviations: EM, emergency medicine; IP, inpatient. \n\na Automated EM handoff notes are generated from \n\nthe curation of the data through both rule-based and \nlarge language model–summarization approaches. \n\nDecember 3, 2024 4/12 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "EHR-based handoff workflow via a standardized EM-to-IP handoff note template, designed for real- \n\ntime completion by the EM care team at time of admission. At 3 and 6 months postlaunch, informal \n\nevaluation of new EM-to-IP handoff notes through random medical record review and unstructured \n\nclinician feedback sessions revealed variable completeness, quality, and subsequent usefulness of \n\nthe handoff notes. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine** Developing and Evaluating LLM-Generated Emergency Medicine Handoff Notes \n\nrecords and perform manual comparative evaluations of 50 LLM-generated and 50 clinician- \n\ngenerated summary notes within the context of complex ED encounters. This approach is unlikely \n\nscalable, invoking complex postimplementation governance questions that remain unanswered in \n\nthe medical literature and invoke the need for future research focused on the possibility of AI \nperforming the clinical evaluations.56 Lastly, the relatively infrequent but potentially significant \npatient safety implications of model output incorrectness and incompleteness warrants further \n\nmodel refinement and repeat clinical evaluation, as described in the eAppendix 1 in Supplement 1 \n\noverview of our rigorous preimplementation model development and testing framework. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]( EM )- to - inpatient ( IP ) handoff notes that scale for EM care )Eindinasteria, buthin cohort ribioficients, but therapy, but therapy, but therapy, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripheral, peripheral, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripheral, peripheral, peripheral, peripheral, pEM patient medical records using a novel scaling fromounicals, etc.LLM - generated EM - to - IP handoff notes had a mean usefulness of 4.04 out of 5 ( compared with 4.35 forobvoirian - written ) andameannatientsafety of 4.06 out of 5 ( compared with4.50 for physician - written ) with no rritical natient safety risksMeaning These findings suggest thevalue of a manual, patient safety -focused clinical evaluation of LLMmodels and the potential ofLLM - generated handoff notes to create a new standard of care in EM.\n
Question Can a large language model ( 11 M ) Renerate emergency medicine
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine**\n\nevaluation frameworks may not address the anticipated effect LLM performance limitations could \nhave on patient safety.38-41 \n\nIn this study, we aim to expand on prior work of clinical summarization to rigorously evaluate \n\nthe outcomes of a fine-tuned model developed to generate accurate and safe summaries of the care \n\nrendered during an ED visit, with the long-term goal of integrating automated, structured EM-to-IP \n\nhandoff notes into an EHR-based electronic handoff admission workflow (see eAppendix 1 in \n\nSupplement 1). We fine-tune pretrained LLMs on well curated datasets of structured and \n\nunstructured EHR data from the ED encounter to summarize the patient’s ED care. We improved the \n\ncorrectness of model generations and customized the summaries in a structured format designed \n\nby a team of EM and internal medicine physician leaders for optimal usefulness. We proposed a novel \n\npatient safety-focused LLM evaluation framework to examine the LLM-generated handoff notes’ \n\nquality and accuracy and the downstream patient safety implications of any identified inaccuracies. \n\nTo evaluate noninferiority, we compared the LLM-generated handoff notes with the preexisting \n\nphysician-written EM-to-IP handoff notes as the active control, using both the proposed patient ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine** Developing and Evaluating LLM-Generated Emergency Medicine Handoff Notes \n\nLLM-model training, an informatics professional (V.H.) worked over a period of 200 hours with 3 \n\nboard certified emergency medicine physician leaders with experience in formal quality and patient \n\nsafety review processes (M.M., A.F., and P.S.) to improve the dataset through manual curation and \n\nannotation. As the task of EM-handoff note generation is not dependent on racial characteristics of \n\nthe patients, we removed all mentions of race during the annotation stage as a means to avoid race \n\nbias; therefore, the model was trained to generate text without race-based assumptions. Although \n\nresource intensive, a small and carefully curated dataset of at least 1000 examples has been shown \nto be sufficient to produce remarkable results for the language model chosen.42 Given the size of \nour dataset, we created a train and test dataset with a ratio of 1500:100, with a higher ratio of data \n\nplaced in the training set and eschewed a validation set to lower the variance of the models. We used \n\nk-fold cross validation on the training dataset to avoid sampling bias for the hyperparameter \n\noptimization of the LLMs. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf", - "query": "What company released MegatronLM ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "NVIDIA released the MegatronLM", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nmanagement team ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\\ \nSUPERSONIC ", - "page_start": 272, - "page_end": 272, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Anna Tumadóttir, CEO**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMASS \n\nROLL \nMOTION ", - "page_start": 333, - "page_end": 333, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nMEGANE ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nHOME \nTELEPHONY ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nHOME \nAUTOMATION ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CEO, AARP Services, Inc.**\n\n\n\nthe ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nA MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf", - "query": "What is the average emission of a human being per year in terms of CO2eq ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "the average human is responsible for an estimated 5t CO2e per year", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND FINANCIAL COST \nStrubell et al. recently benchmarked model training and develop- \nment costs in terms of dollars and estimated 𝐶𝑂2 emissions [129]. \nWhile the average human is responsible for an estimated 5t 𝐶𝑂2𝑒 \nper year,2 the authors trained a Transformer (big) model [136] with \nneural architecture search and estimated that the training procedure \nemitted 284t of 𝐶𝑂2. Training a single BERT base model (without \nhyperparameter tuning) on GPUs was estimated to require as much \nenergy as a trans-American flight. \n\nWhile some of this energy comes from renewable sources, or \ncloud compute companies’ use of carbon credit-offset sources, the \nauthors note that the majority of cloud compute providers’ energy is \nnot sourced from renewable sources and many energy sources in the \nworld are not carbon neutral. In addition, renewable energy sources \nare still costly to the environment,3 and data centers with increasing \ncomputation requirements take away from other potential uses of ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the past hundred years, the global climate has experienced great changes1–4. According to the sixth assess- \nment report of IPCC, the global average surface temperature increased by 1.09 °C between 1850 and 2020, and \nalmost all regions in the world experienced surface warming5. Due to global warming, the extreme climate events \nbecome more and more frequent, and the ecological environment problems caused by climate change are more \nand more serious, which restrict the sustainable development of human society and health6–10. Global warming \nhas gradually changed from a scientific issue to a major social issue of common concern to governments and \npeople of all countries11–13. In 2016, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate \nchange reached the Paris Agreement at the climate change conference in Paris14. Paris Agreement has indicated \nthat it is urgent to hold the increase in global average temperature well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels \nand pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1. Introduction**\n\nThe public’s distinct understanding of the cause and effect of the global climate issue is an obstacle \nto joint mitigation actions. In addition to a diversity of views co-existing in the public discourse [1,2], \nprevious studies noticed that the public had even failed to reach an agreement on whether “climate \nchange” or “global warming” is the most appropriate definition of the global climate concern [3–5]. \nAccording to the definition provided by [6], global warming describes global climate issues as \na continuous increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface due to anthropogenic emissions \nof greenhouse gases, whereas climate change includes not only temperature rise but also a range of \n\nInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health**2020**, 17, 1062; doi:10.3390/ijerph17031062 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 23: Comparison of the average incidence rate of fatal accidents in two periods: 2010-2014 and 2015-**\n**2020163**\n\n", - "page_start": 70, - "page_end": 70, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are also several uncertainties and limitations. Firstly, there is no unified understanding of how to cal- \nculate the temperature rise of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C relative to pre-industrial levels in the worldwide. At present the \nresearch on climate prediction and impact assessment under global warming 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C usually adopts \nmulti-mode ensemble average methods61,62, which could obtain the warming response under the condition of \ninstantaneous change, rather than the warming process under the stable state expected by the long-term goal. If \nwe expect to obtain the accurate results, the model prediction test should be estimated to form proprietary sce- \nnarios for global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C63,64, which could support for the impacts assessment on different \nsectors. Some institutions are carrying out climate change predictions under the lower emission scenarios (global \nwarming 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C). At the same time, in order to achieve the goal of controlling temperature by 1.5 °C at \nthe end of the twenty-first century, it is urgent to take actions to reduce emissions and develop along the track \nof low energy consumption65,66; but it is a great challenge for human society to achieve this goal. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 14.**Difference in annual maximum daily maximum temperature between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming, for individual \nensemble members and ensemble mean. \n\nensemble mean \n\n", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEXHAUST GAS \nTEMPERATURE ", - "page_start": 139, - "page_end": 139, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "to cut carbon dioxide emissions. The Institute \nto cut carbon dioxide emissions. The Institute \n\nis working in cooperation with government \nis working in cooperation with government \n\nbodies, car-rental, commercial vehicle-leasing \nbodies, car-rental, commercial vehicle-leasing \n\nand parking-facility management companies, \nand parking-facility management companies, \n\nrailways, communications providers and \nrailways, communications providers and \n\nother entities. \nother entities. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(*a*) TXx (°C) \n\n3.5 \n3.0 \n2.5 \n2.0 \n1.5 \n1.0 \n0.5 \n0 \n\nG F D L-E S M 2 M \n\nM IR O C-E S M -C H E M \nIPS L-C M 5 A- M R \nH ad G E M 2-E S \n\nense m ble m ean \nA C C E SS1-0 \nIPS L-C M 5 A-L R \n1.5°C 2°C \n(*c*) CDD (days) \n\n2.0 \n\n0.0 \n\n–2.0 \n\n–4.0 \n\n–6.0 \n\nIPS L-C M 5 A-L R \nG F D L-E S M 2 M \n\nH ad G E M 2-E S \nM IR O C-E S M -C H E M \nIPS L-C M 5 A- M R \n\nA C C E SS1-0 \nense m ble m ean \n\n**Figure 12.**Comparison of global mean changes in climate extremes indices relative to 1981–2010 at 2°C and 1.5°C global \nwarming for individual ensemble members and ensemble mean. (a) Change in annual daily maximum temperature; \n(b) percentage of days with maximum temperature above 90th percentile for 1981–2010; (c) change in consecutive dry days; \n(d) change in annual maximum 5-day rainfall. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 \n\nTotal \n\nWeighted average exercise price \n\nYear ended 30 June 2012 – Employees \n\n07 Jul 2006 01 Jul 2011 $6.00 \n\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $4.68 \n\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $6.00 \n\nTotal \n\nWeighted average exercise price ", - "page_start": 96, - "page_end": 96, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf", - "query": "How did the Black Lives Matter movement influence the writing of Wikipedia articles ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": " the Black Lives Matter movement (BLM) influenced Wikipedia article generation and editing such that, as the BLM movement grew, articles covering shootings of Black people in- creased in coverage and were generated with reduced latency", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Thus at each step, from initial participation in Internet fora, to \ncontinued presence there, to the collection and finally the filtering \nof training data, current practice privileges the hegemonic view- \npoint. In accepting large amounts of web text as ‘representative’ \nof ‘all’ of humanity we risk perpetuating dominant viewpoints, \nincreasing power imbalances, and further reifying inequality. We \ninstead propose practices that actively seek to include communities \nunderrepresented on the Internet. For instance, one can take inspi- \nration from movements to decolonize education by moving towards \noral histories due to the overrepresentation of colonial views in \ntext [35, 76, 127], and curate training datasets through a thoughtful \nprocess of deciding what to put in, rather than aiming solely for \nscale and trying haphazardly to weed out, post-hoc, flotsam deemed \n‘dangerous’, ‘unintelligible’, or ‘otherwise bad’. \n\n4.2 Static Data/Changing Social Views \nA central aspect of social movement formation involves using lan- \nguage strategically to destabilize dominant narratives and call at- \ntention to underrepresented social perspectives. Social movements \nproduce new norms, language, and ways of communicating. This \nadds challenges to the deployment of LMs, as methodologies re- \nliant on LMs run the risk of ‘value-lock’, where the LM-reliant \ntechnology reifies older, less-inclusive understandings. \n\nFor instance, the Black Lives Matter movement (BLM) influenced \nWikipedia article generation and editing such that, as the BLM \nmovement grew, articles covering shootings of Black people in- \ncreased in coverage and were generated with reduced latency [135]. \nImportantly, articles describing past shootings and incidents of po- \nlice brutality were created and updated as articles for new events \nwere created, reflecting how social movements make connections \nbetween events in time to form cohesive narratives [102]. More \ngenerally, Twyman et al. [135] highlight how social movements \nactively influence framings and reframings of minority narratives ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "in the type of online discourse that potentially forms the data that \nunderpins LMs. \n\nAn important caveat is that social movements which are poorly \ndocumented and which do not receive significant media attention \nwill not be captured at all. Media coverage can fail to cover protest \nevents and social movements [41, 96] and can distort events that \nchallenge state power [36]. This is exemplified by media outlets \nthat tend to ignore peaceful protest activity and instead focus on \ndramatic or violent events that make for good television but nearly \nalways result in critical coverage [81]. As a result, the data under- \npinning LMs stands to misrepresent social movements and dispro- \nportionately align with existing regimes of power. \n\nDeveloping and shifting frames stand to be learned in incomplete \nways or lost in the big-ness of data used to train large LMs — particu- \nlarly if the training data isn’t continually updated. Given the com- \npute costs alone of training large LMs, it likely isn’t feasible for \neven large corporations to fully retrain them frequently enough to \nkeep up with the kind of language change discussed here. Perhaps \nfine-tuning approaches could be used to retrain LMs, but here again, \nwhat would be required is thoughtful curation practices to find ap- \npropriate data to capture reframings and techniques for evaluating \nwhether such fine-tuning appropriately captures the ways in which \nnew framings contest hegemonic representations. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Implications for physicalism**\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For example (unaudited): \n\n• Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews \n\nper month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in \nmore than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer \ncommunity. \n\n• For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation’s largest project, \nWikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles. \n\n• For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and \nsound files to the Foundation’s multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files. \n\n• Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation’s wiki software: volunteer software \n\ndevelopers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code \nbase by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, \nthere were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of \nwhich 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Furthermore, while user-generated content sites like Reddit, \nTwitter, and Wikipedia present themselves as open and accessible \nto anyone, there are structural factors including moderation prac- \ntices which make them less welcoming to marginalized populations. \nJones [64] documents (using digital ethnography techniques [63]) \nmultiple cases where people on the receiving end of death threats \non Twitter have had their accounts suspended while the accounts \nissuing the death threats persist. She further reports that harass- \nment on Twitter is experienced by “a wide range of overlapping \ngroups including domestic abuse victims, sex workers, trans people, \nqueer people, immigrants, medical patients (by their providers), \nneurodivergent people, and visibly or vocally disabled people.” The \nnet result is that a limited set of subpopulations can continue to \neasily add data, sharing their thoughts and developing platforms \nthat are inclusive of their worldviews; this systemic pattern in turn \nworsens diversity and inclusion within Internet-based communica- \ntion, creating a feedback loop that lessens the impact of data from \nunderrepresented populations. \n\nEven if populations who feel unwelcome in mainstream sites set \nup different fora for communication, these may be less likely to be \nincluded in training data for language models. Take, for example, \nolder adults in the US and UK. Lazar et al. outline how they both in- \ndividually and collectively articulate anti-ageist frames specifically \nthrough blogging [71], which some older adults prefer over more \npopular social media sites for discussing sensitive topics [24]. These \nfora contain rich discussions about what constitutes age discrimi- \nnation and the impacts thereof. However, a blogging community \nsuch as the one described by Lazar et al. is less likely to be found \nthan other blogs that have more incoming and outgoing links. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[35] Benjamin Dangl. 2019. The Five Hundred Year Rebellion: Indigenous Movements \nand the Decolonization of History in Bolivia. AK Press. \n[36] Christian Davenport. 2009. Media bias, perspective, and state repression: The \nBlack Panther Party. Cambridge University Press. \n[37] Ferdinand de Saussure. 1959. Course in General Linguistics. The Philosophical \nSociety, New York. Translated by Wade Baskin. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Finally, we note that moving beyond demonstrating the exis- \ntence of bias to building systems that verify the ‘safety’ of some \nLM (even for a given protected class) requires engaging with the \nsystems of power that lead to the harmful outcomes such a system \nwould seek to prevent [19]. For example, the #MeToo movement has \nspurred broad-reaching conversations about inappropriate sexual \nbehavior from men in power, as well as men more generally [84]. \nThese conversations challenge behaviors that have been historically \nconsidered appropriate or even the fault of women, shifting notions \nof sexually inappropriate behavior. Any product development that \ninvolves operationalizing definitions around such shifting topics \ninto algorithms is necessarily political (whether or not developers \nchoose the path of maintaining the status quo ante). For example, \nmen and women make significantly different assessments of sexual \nharassment online [40]. An algorithmic definition of what con- \nstitutes inappropriately sexual communication will inherently be \nconcordant with some views and discordant with others. Thus, an \nattempt to measure the appropriateness of text generated by LMs, or \nthe biases encoded by a system, always needs to be done in relation \nto particular social contexts and marginalized perspectives [19]. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "discussions which will be included via the crawling methodology, \nand finally the texts likely to be contained after the crawled data \nare filtered. In all cases, the voices of people most likely to hew to \na hegemonic viewpoint are also more likely to be retained. In the \ncase of US and UK English, this means that white supremacist and \nmisogynistic, ageist, etc. views are overrepresented in the training \ndata, not only exceeding their prevalence in the general population \nbut also setting up models trained on these datasets to further \namplify biases and harms. \n\nStarting with who is contributing to these Internet text collec- \ntions, we see that Internet access itself is not evenly distributed, \nresulting in Internet data overrepresenting younger users and those \nfrom developed countries [100, 143].12 However, it’s not just the In- \nternet as a whole that is in question, but rather specific subsamples \nof it. For instance, GPT-2’s training data is sourced by scraping out- \nbound links from Reddit, and Pew Internet Research’s 2016 survey \nreveals 67% of Reddit users in the United States are men, and 64% \nbetween ages 18 and 29.13 Similarly, recent surveys of Wikipedians \nfind that only 8.8–15% are women or girls [9]. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4.4 Curation, Documentation & Accountability \nIn summary, LMs trained on large, uncurated, static datasets from \nthe Web encode hegemonic views that are harmful to marginalized \npopulations. We thus emphasize the need to invest significant re- \nsources into curating and documenting LM training data. In this, \nwe follow Jo et al. [62], who cite archival history data collection \nmethods as an example of the amount of resources that should be \ndedicated to this process, and Birhane and Prabhu [18], who call for \na more justice-oriented data collection methodology. Birhane and \nPrabhu note, echoing Ruha Benjamin [15], “Feeding AI systems on \nthe world’s beauty, ugliness, and cruelty, but expecting it to reflect \nonly the beauty is a fantasy.” [p.1541] ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Emily M. Bender *Timnit Gebru *
eDeficitsTherapeutic status
University of WashingTonBlack in AI
Seattle, WA, USAPalo Alto, CA, USA
Angelina McMillan - MajorShmargaret Shmitchell
aymm @ uw. edushmargaret. shmitchell @ gmail. com
University of WashingtonThe Aether
Seattle, WA, USA
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf", - "query": "Concerning electrolyte solutions, what assumption makes the primitive model (PM) regarding ions?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "simple phenomenological models such as the primitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi- lated to charged hard spheres", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "0 \n1 \n0 \n2 \n\nn \na \nJ \n\n5 \n1 \n\nSince the pioneering works of Debye, H¨uckel, and \nOnsager, electrolyte solutions have been commonly \ndescribed by continuous solvent models, \nfor which \nthe McMillan-Mayer theory [1] provides a rigorous \nstatistical-mechanical foundation. Within that level of \ndescription, simple phenomenological models such as the \nprimitive model (PM), for which the ions are assimi- \nlated to charged hard spheres [2], can lead to explicit \nformulas for the thermodynamic and structural proper- \nties (e.g., with the help of the mean spherical approxima- \ntion (MSA) [3] or the binding MSA (BIMSA) [4]). These \nmodels are the most practical to use [5], since they allow \nfor a direct link between the experimental measurements \nand the microscopic parameters of the system. Never- \ntheless, they ignore the molecular structure of the sol- \nvent. Consequently, they cannot properly account for \nthe complex specific effects of the ions, which appear in \nnumerous biological, chemical, and physical interfacial \nphenomena [6, 7], without further developments. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13, [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 226104 \n276 (1945). (2007). \n\n[2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical \nChemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998). \n[3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Per- \nspectives, edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Aca- \ndemic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1–66. \n\n[13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. \nLett. 100, 258105 (2008). \n\n[14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 3105 (2009). \n[15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liq- ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Models of electrolyte solutions from molecular descriptions: The example of NaCl \nsolutions \n\nJohn Jairo Molina1,2,3,∗ Jean-Fran¸cois Dufrˆeche1,2,3,† Mathieu \nSalanne1,2, Olivier Bernard1,2, Marie Jardat1,2, and Pierre Turq1,2 \n1 UPMC-Universit´e Paris 06, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France \n2 CNRS, UMR 7195, PECSA, F-75005 Paris, France \n3 Institut de Chimie S´eparative de Marcoule (ICSM), \nUMR 5257 CEA–CNRS–Universit´e Montpellier 2, Site de Marcoule, \nBˆatiment 426, BP 17171, 30207 Bagnols-sur-C`eze Cedex, France \n\nWe present a method to derive implicit solvent models of electrolyte solutions from all-atom \ndescriptions; providing analytical expressions of the thermodynamic and structural properties of \nthe ions consistent with the underlying explicit solvent representation. Effective potentials between \nions in solution are calculated to perform perturbation theory calculations, in order to derive the \nbest possible description in terms of charged hard spheres. Applying this method to NaCl solutions \nyields excellent agreement with the all-atom model, provided ion association is taken into account. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To conclude, we have combined MD simulations with \nLPT to construct simple models of electrolyte solutions \nwhich account for the molecular nature of the solvent. \nThe final result is fully analytical and it yields the ther- \nmodynamic and structural properties of the solution, in \nagreement with the original molecular description. The \nmethodology can in principle be adapted to any molecu- \nlar description of the system (MD simulations involving \ninteraction potentials accounting for polarization effects \nor Car-Parrinello MD simulations for example) as long \nas the ion-ion RDF are known. It can also be generalized \nto study interfaces. The method appears to be a promis- \ning approach toward the description of the specific effects \nof ions, especially for complex systems whose modeling \nrequires an analytic solution. \n\n8 \n\nFIG. 5: (Color online) RDF obtained from MC simulations \n(diamond), BIMSA3 (solid line), and MSA-fit (dot dashed) \nat two concentrations. \n\nThe RDF obtained within BIMSA3 are compared with \nthe MC and MSA-fit results in Fig. 5. Our BIMSA3 \nmodel accounts for the strong molecular peak of the CIP \nand provides the correct distances of minimal approach; \nwhereas the naive MSA-fit procedure ignores the former \nand gives poor estimates for the latter. At larger sep- \narations, the BIMSA3 results do not reproduce the os- \ncillations observed in the MC simulations, but the cor- \nresponding energy oscillations in the effective potentials \nIn addition, the perturbation term \nare less than kBT . ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "molecular dynamics (MD) results. Different approxima- \ntions of the PM are employed for the case of NaCl elec- \ntrolyte solutions: a two component model (MSA2), that \nonly takes free ions into account, and two different three \ncomponent models (MSA3 and BIMSA3), which include \na third species (the contact ion pair). As we proceed \nto show, LPT allows us to select the best simple model \nwhich accurately accounts for the thermodynamics and \nthe physical-chemistry of the system. \n\nThe first stage consists in calculating the McMillan- \nMayer effective ion-ion interaction potentials V eff \nij (r), by \ninverting the radial distribution functions (RDF) gij(r) \nobtained by MD. The simulations were carried out on \na box of 2000 water molecules and 48 NaCl pairs us- \ning the same interaction potentials as in reference [16]. \n1. \nThis setup corresponds to a concentration of 0.64 mol l− \nNPT ensemble sampling at standard pressure and tem- \nperature was enforced, with a time step of 1 fs and a \npressure bath coupling constant of 1 ps. An equilibration \nrun of 0.25 ns was followed by a production run of 0.6 ns \nfor five different initial configurations. The averages of \nthe resulting RDF were then used for the potential inver- \nsion via the HNC closure [15]. These effective potentials \nare assumed to be concentration independent and will be \nused for simulations at all concentrations. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "5 \n) \nÅ \n4 \n( \nσ \n3 \n\n0 8 \nr (Å) \n\nFIG. 1: Effective McMillan-Mayer short-range pair potentials \nextracted from explicit solvent simulations using the HNC \nclosure. (a) Cation anion, (b) cation cation, (c) anion anion, \n(d) cation anion RDF obtained from explicit solvent MD and \nimplicit solvent MC simulations. \nFIG. 2: \n(Color online) (a) Osmotic coefficient Φ in the \nMcMillan-Mayer frame of reference. (diamond) MC simula- \ntions, (dot dashed) MSA2, (dot) Debye H¨uckel Limiting law \n(DHLL), (cross) experiments (Ref. [18] with the McMillan- \nMayer to Lewis Randall conversion). (b) Minimization diam- \neters. (dot dashed) MSA2 and (diamond) MSA-fit. \n\npute all ion thermodynamic properties through implicit \nsolvent MC simulations. \n\nThe second stage of our coarse-graining procedure con- \nsists in applying LPT, in order to deduce the best ana- \nlytical model of electrolyte solutions which reproduces \nthis molecular description. The principle of LPT is to \ndescribe the properties of a given system in terms of \nthose of a well known reference system, with the differ- \nence between them treated as a perturbation in the ref- \nerence potential. Assuming pairwise additive potentials, \nVij = V (0) \nij + ∆Vij , a first-order truncated expression for \nthe free energy density of the system βfv is obtained, \n\n1 \n2 \nXi,j ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "] \nh \np \n- \nm \ne \nh \nc \n. \ns \nc \ni \ns \ny \nh \np \n[ \n\n1 \nv \n8 \n4 \n6 \n2 \n. \n1 \n0 \n0 \n1 \n: \nv \ni \nX \nr \na \n\nAn alternative procedure consists in carrying out \nmolecular simulations, where both the solvent and solute \nare treated explicitly. After a rigorous averaging over \nthe solvent configurations, a coarse-grained description \nof the ions, which still includes the effect of the solvent \nstructure, can be obtained [8–11]. However, this set of \nmethods is purely numeric; they do not provide any an- \nalytical expression for thermodynamic quantities. They \nare therefore restricted to simple geometries [12, 13] (bulk \nsolutions or planar interfaces). The description of com- \nplex systems, such as porous or electrochemical materi- \nals, is still based on continuous solvent models [14]. \n\nIn this letter we present a method aimed at bridging \nthe gap between analytical and numerical approaches. It \nis based on the application of liquid perturbation theory \n(LPT) [15] to effective ion-ion potentials extracted from ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To overcome this difficulty, we have explicitly intro- \nduced the CIP in our model (species 3). Straightforward \ncalculations, based on a characteristic-function formal- \nism, allow us to define an equivalent model in which \nthe free ions and the CIP are explicitly taken into ac- \ncount [19, 20]. We apply this formalism by defining a \npair as an anion and a cation at a distance less than \n4 ˚A, which corresponds to the position of the effective \npotential maximum. The interaction between free, like \ncharges in this new system remains unchanged, and the \ncation-anion interactions are easily approximated by ex- ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We first used LPT for a two-component system (Na+ \nand Cl− free ions) within the MSA (model MSA2), for \n1. The mini- \nconcentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mol l− \nmization leads to almost constant diameters on the whole \nrange of concentration: σ1 = 3.67 ˚A and σ2 = 4.78 ˚A. \nAs shown in Fig. 2, these parameters yield osmotic co- \nefficients close to MC calculations only at very low con- \n1 (experimental values are \ncentration, i.e., c ≤ 0.1 mol l− \ngiven for indicative purposes only, since a perfect model \nwill exactly match the MC results). For molar solutions, \nthe LPT results differ considerably from MC calculations. \nThis discrepancy can easily be understood by comparing \nthe diameters found within the MSA2 calculation with \nthe effective potentials given in Fig. 1. The anion/cation \ncontact distance obtained within the MSA2 calculation \nis 4.2 ˚A, which is in the region of the second minimum of \nthe effective potential and corresponds to the situation \nwhere there is a single layer of water molecules between \nthe ions. The first minimum of the potential, which cor- \nresponds to the contact ion pair (CIP) is thus completely \nignored by the MSA2 calculation. If the MSA diameters \nare directly fitted to reproduce the MC osmotic pres- \nsure, much smaller values are obtained. These MSA-fit \nhydrated diameters, which are compared to the MSA2 \ndiameters in the bottom part of Fig. 2, are averages of \nthe CIP and the solvent-separated ion pair. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[18] V. M. M. Lobo, Electrolyte Solutions, Data on Thermo- \ndynamic and Transport Properties, vol. I-II (Coimbra Ed- \nitora, Lisbon, Portugal, 1984). \n[19] G. Ciccotti, P. Turq, and F. Lantelme, Chem. Phys. 88, \n[9] I. Kalcher and J. Dzubiella, J. Chem. Phys. 130, 134507 333 (1984). \n(2009). [20] J.-F. Dufrˆeche, T. O. White, and J.-P. Hansen, Mol. \n[10] S. Gavryushov and P. Linse, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, Phys. 101, 1741 (2003). \n10878 (2006) [21] The average contact distance between a symmetric \n[11] A. P. Lyubartsev and A. Laaksonen, Phys. Rev. E 52, dumbbell and an infinite plane at β = 0. \n3730 (1995). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf", - "query": "What is the principle of the liquid perturbation theory (LPT) ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The principle of LPT is to describe the properties of a given system in terms of those of a well known reference system, with the differ- ence between them treated as a perturbation in the ref- erence potential", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "] \nh \np \n- \nm \ne \nh \nc \n. \ns \nc \ni \ns \ny \nh \np \n[ \n\n1 \nv \n8 \n4 \n6 \n2 \n. \n1 \n0 \n0 \n1 \n: \nv \ni \nX \nr \na \n\nAn alternative procedure consists in carrying out \nmolecular simulations, where both the solvent and solute \nare treated explicitly. After a rigorous averaging over \nthe solvent configurations, a coarse-grained description \nof the ions, which still includes the effect of the solvent \nstructure, can be obtained [8–11]. However, this set of \nmethods is purely numeric; they do not provide any an- \nalytical expression for thermodynamic quantities. They \nare therefore restricted to simple geometries [12, 13] (bulk \nsolutions or planar interfaces). The description of com- \nplex systems, such as porous or electrochemical materi- \nals, is still based on continuous solvent models [14]. \n\nIn this letter we present a method aimed at bridging \nthe gap between analytical and numerical approaches. It \nis based on the application of liquid perturbation theory \n(LPT) [15] to effective ion-ion potentials extracted from ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[1] W. G. McMillan and J. E. Mayer, J. Chem. Phys. 13, [12] D. Horinek and R. R. Netz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 226104 \n276 (1945). (2007). \n\n[2] J. M. G. Barthel, H. Krienke, and W. Kunz, Physical \nChemistry of Electrolyte Solutions (Springer, 1998). \n[3] L. Blum, in Theoretical Chemistry: Advances and Per- \nspectives, edited by H. Eyring and D. Henderson (Aca- \ndemic Press, 1980), vol. 5, pp. 1–66. \n\n[13] M. Lund, P. Jungwirth, and C. E. Woodward, Phys. Rev. \nLett. 100, 258105 (2008). \n\n[14] S. Van Damme et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 113, 3105 (2009). \n[15] J.-P. Hansen and I. R. McDonald, Theory of Simple Liq- ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the dominant dynamic process, but does not allow one to probe this assumption. In Section III B \n\nwe show how one may develop a dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) that describes the \n\nsystem at a similar level to the KMC. However, the DDFT may also be easily extended to include \n\nother effects such as fluid diffusion, that the KMC does not incorporate. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "also diffuse over the substrate (conserved dynamics). The conserved part is treated along the lines \n\ndeveloped above for the nanoparticles. For the non-conserved part we assume a standard form \n\n[85], i.e., the change in time of ρl is proportional to −(µsurf(r, t) − µ) = −δF [ρn, ρl]/δρl(r) \n\nwhere µsurf(r, t) is the local chemical potential of the liquid at the point r on the surface at time t. \n\nThis gives the evolution equation for the liquid density \n(cid:21) (cid:20) \n\n∂ρl \n∂t \nδF [ρn, ρl] \nδρl δF [ρn, ρl] \nδρl \nM c − M nc = ∇ · \nl ρl∇ \n, \nl \n\nwhere we assume that the coefficients M c \nl and M nc \nl \nare constants. \n\n16 ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nlongitudinal control power. ", - "page_start": 292, - "page_end": 292, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4 \n\nof the BIMSA3 appears to be negligible compared to the \n1. The \nreference term for concentrations less than 1 mol l− \nperturbation can then be omitted to obtain a fully ana- \nlytical theory, determined by the hard sphere diameters \nand the pair fraction given by LPT; with the free energy \nand the RDF given in terms of the BIMSA and MSA so- \nlutions, as described above. While the procedure we have \nfollowed uses two different approximations for the refer- \nence and perturbation terms (MSA vs BIMSA), these are \nknown to be accurate for the systems under consideration \nand do not appear to be inconsistent with each other. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "by a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond \n\nto number densities as we use the lattice spacing σ = 1 as our unit of length. \n\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional F [ρl, ρn], and \n\nsecondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the \n\nnon-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively. \n\nFor a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams) \n\napproximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution \n\nand contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid). \n\nThe free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is \n\ncoupled to a reservoir with chemical potential µ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related \n\nto its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle. \n\nThis implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid, \n\ni.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to \n\ndistinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the \n\nsubstrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential. \n\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78–83] one can develop a model \n\nfor the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit \n\nourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to \n\nincorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes \n\nthe coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid ρl and the nanoparticles ρn. The densities \n\nρl and ρn are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nLONGITUDINAL \nCONTROL \n\nSTABILITY AND \n\nSTATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY ", - "page_start": 267, - "page_end": 267, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nGENERAL \n\nCONCEPTS \nFLOW PATTERNS \n\nAND SUPERSONIC ", - "page_start": 218, - "page_end": 218, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf", - "query": "By how much did the Hartford group's link to AARP website account concerning buisness made over the internet ?", - "target_page": 16, - "target_passage": "In 2001 the company’s link to AARP’s Web site accounted for much of the $55 million worth of auto business The Hartford generated over the Internet", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "most dynamic sources of business growth. In 2001 the \n\ncompany’s link to AARP’s Web site accounted for much \n\nof the $55 million worth of auto business The Hartford \n\ngenerated over the Internet. \n\nBecause The Hartford quotes and issues this busi- \n\nness online (and added online billing in 2001), acquisi- \n\ntion and processing costs are 15 to 20 percent lower \n\nthan those of traditional direct-marketing or face-to- \n\nface sales. Because of this and other factors, the \n\nexpense ratio for AARP business is 30 percent below \n\nthat of the industry in general. And the customer \n\nrenewal rate is 96 percent, versus the industry’s 88 per- \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]profitable auto business The Hartford writes.\n
The relationship also has The Hartford thinkingahead toward new business and an even stronger rela -tionship with AARP members. The Hartford can cross -
\n\nmarket auto insurance to homeowner’s customers and \n\nhomeowner’s insurance to auto customers, which \n\npresents a tremendous growth opportunity. In addition, ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "agency writes three times as much business with \n\nThe Hartford, in both personal and commercial lines, as \n\nit writes with any other insurer. \n\nMutually beneficial partnerships with successful \n\nbusinesses of all sizes are the foundation of The \n\nHartford’s business model. \n\nPerhaps no relationship represents shared values \n\nand shared success better than the one with AARP, \n\nwhich signed a new eight-year contract with The \n\nHartford that began Jan. 1, 2002. The AARP insurance \n\nprogram with The Hartford is a model of affinity mar- \n\nketing and distribution savvy. AARP’s membership— \n\nthose age 50 and over—is the fastest-growing segment \n\nof the U.S. population. Computer use among this group \n\nis growing by an estimated 20 percent per year, and the \n\npopulation segment respects established brands and \n\nseeks value, convenience and extraordinary service. \n\nThat right combination of factors helps make \n\nAARP’s World Wide Web site one of The Hartford’s \n\n13 ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Hartford is committed to providing value to AARP \n\nmembers in many ways. An example: The Hartford and \n\nAARP work with the MIT Age Lab to produce informa- \n\ntion—available in print and on both partners’ Web \n\nsites—advising AARP members about Alzheimer’s dis- \n\nease and other forms of dementia as they affect driving \n\nability. The information guides caregivers struggling \n\nwith difficult decisions about family members’ safety \n\nbehind the wheel. The resource—a customer solution \n\nlike no other—helps enhance the superior value The \n\nHartford provides to AARP members. \n\nAlthough it’s the most comprehensive, the AARP \n\nrelationship isn’t The Hartford’s only affinity program. \n\nThe company also has affinity arrangements with \n\nUSAA and other companies. Regardless of the pro- \n\ngram’s size, the affinity partners share the right quali- \n\nties: strong name-brand recognition, first-class \n\nmarketing and a broad and loyal customer base. \n\nIn other words, they share some of The Hartford’s \n\ncore attributes. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CEO, AARP Services, Inc.**\n\n\n\nthe ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In short, the portal allows The Hartford to bring \n\nproducts and functions from a variety of sources into \n\none convenient online environment. \n\nHartford Investor has two strategic objectives: \n\nOne, deepen current intermediaries’ loyalty to The \n\nHartford by extending The Hartford Experience right to \n\ntheir desktops. Two, expand the network of intermedi- \n\naries by giving them the technological support they \n\nneed to grow their businesses. \n\nMore than 153,000 licensed intermediaries—from \n\nsolo advisors to members of large financial institu- \n\ntions—are appointed to sell The Hartford’s products. \n\nYet fewer than 60,000 actively write business for the \n\ncompany. The untapped potential is vast, especially \n\namong independents, the fastest-growing distribution \n\nchannel and the only one in which The Hartford doesn’t \n\nhold the largest market share. \n\nThat’s bound to change. With Hartford Investor \n\navailable on their desktops, intermediaries will have far ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**“P**artnering” is a popular business buzzword that may \n\nvanish as quickly as it appeared. The Hartford’s partner- \n\nships, on the other hand, are built for the long term and \n\nhave played a major role in the company’s growth and \n\nsuccess. \n\nThe company enjoys outstanding partnerships \n\nwith several of the world’s top asset managers. It also \n\nvalues its thousands of relationships with financial \n\nintermediaries such as large broker-dealers, banks and \n\nindependent financial planners—and with affinity part- \n\nners who extend The Hartford’s reach into large, grow- \n\ning markets. \n\n“A lot of people talk about having the right part- \n\nners, but The Hartford views it differently from most,” \n\nsays Gary Trippe, CEO of Fort Myers, Fla., property- \n\ncasualty agency Oswald, Trippe and Company, Inc. \n\n“They look for partners who share their core values, \n\nand the relationship is based on trust and respect. It’s \n\nall about compatibility.” Trippe should know. His ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial \nServices Group, Inc. \n690 Asylum Avenue \nHartford, Connecticut 06115 \n860-547-5000 \n\n**Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com \n\n**Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s \nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on \nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00 a.m. in the Wallace Stevens \nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s \nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut. \nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled \nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting. \n\n**Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of \nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the \nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms \n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications \nare also available through this toll-free number. \n\n**Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records, \ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact \nThe Hartford’s transfer agent: \n\nThe Bank of New York \nShareholder Relations Department–11E \nP.O. Box 11258 \nChurch Street Station \nNew York, NY 10286 \n800-254-2823 ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**N**ew technology tools made The Hartford Experience— \n\ncustomer solutions, ease of doing business and \n\nextraordinary service—more real than ever for our cus- \n\ntomers in 2001. \n\nIt was a year that saw the debut of life operations’ \n\nHartford Investor Web portal, expanded Web portals for \n\ngroup benefits administrators, and enhancements to \n\ntechnology for The Hartford’s property-casualty agents \n\nand customers. \n\nHartford Investor is both a versatile personal \n\nassistant and an aid in wholesaling, especially for the \n\nindependent financial planner channel. Broker-dealers \n\nand financial advisors can use it to research The \n\nHartford’s full complement of individual life and invest- \n\nment products, update their books of business in \n\nseconds, track daily fund performance, run financial- \n\nplanning models, receive online product training, \n\nproduce customized presentations and even submit \n\nbusiness electronically. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Future generations will measure the full impact of \n\nSept. 11. But at The Hartford, one thing is known \n\nalready. As they did after disasters such as the New \n\nYork fire of 1835, the Chicago fire of 1871 and the 1906 \n\nSan Francisco earthquake, The Hartford’s people in \n\n2001 ran their business the only way they know how— \n\nthe right way. They put customers first and kept prom- \n\nises. In so doing, they helped lay the foundation for a \n\nmore confident future. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf", - "query": "How many licensed intermediaries did Hartford group have in 2001 ?", - "target_page": 23, - "target_passage": "More than 153,000 licensed intermediaries", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In short, the portal allows The Hartford to bring \n\nproducts and functions from a variety of sources into \n\none convenient online environment. \n\nHartford Investor has two strategic objectives: \n\nOne, deepen current intermediaries’ loyalty to The \n\nHartford by extending The Hartford Experience right to \n\ntheir desktops. Two, expand the network of intermedi- \n\naries by giving them the technological support they \n\nneed to grow their businesses. \n\nMore than 153,000 licensed intermediaries—from \n\nsolo advisors to members of large financial institu- \n\ntions—are appointed to sell The Hartford’s products. \n\nYet fewer than 60,000 actively write business for the \n\ncompany. The untapped potential is vast, especially \n\namong independents, the fastest-growing distribution \n\nchannel and the only one in which The Hartford doesn’t \n\nhold the largest market share. \n\nThat’s bound to change. With Hartford Investor \n\navailable on their desktops, intermediaries will have far ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Intermediary Service Award and the first-ever Life \n\nInsurance Service Award. The triple win reflected the \n\noverall excellence of The Hartford’s service, a natural \n\ncomplement to the company’s quality products. DAL- \n\nBAR also recognized The Hartford’s mutual funds as the \n\nindustry leader in several categories, including invest- \n\nment management. \n\nIn managing its product portfolio, The Hartford fol- \n\nlows its own advice: think ahead and diversify. The com- \n\npany’s earnings base derives from a variety of \n\nbusinesses. Diversification is a key element in managing \n\nrisk and ensuring profitability—a time-tested philosophy \n\nthat held especially true in 2001, as the company’s other \n\nbusinesses evolved to anticipate changing market \n\ndemands and to offer protection from new risks. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
The property - casualty Business Insurance group, for example, extended its coverage to inslude commonrisks associated with e - commerce. Hartford Financial
Products ’ ( HFP ) coverage continued to meet emergingrisks in an extremely volatile business environment.
", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "streamlined product-development process maximizes \n\nspeed-to-market so agents have the right products to \n\nsell at the right time. That’s one reason why we esti- \n\nmate The Hartford’s small-business insurance growth \n\nis five to six times the industry average. \n\nDeveloping products for a changing business \n\nenvironment is also a proven skill of HFP. The unit com- \n\npleted its first full year as part of The Hartford after our \n\n2000 acquisition of Reliance Group Holdings, Inc.’s \n\nfinancial products and excess and surplus lines. \n\nIt was quite a year after quite a decade. Demand \n\nfor HFP’s mainstay directors and officers liability ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**T**he stock market meltdown of 2001 sent a lot of people \n\nrunning for cover—but not the financial professionals \n\nwho work with PLANCO, a wholly owned subsidiary of \n\nThe Hartford that wholesales our annuities, mutual \n\nfunds and other financial services products. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Future generations will measure the full impact of \n\nSept. 11. But at The Hartford, one thing is known \n\nalready. As they did after disasters such as the New \n\nYork fire of 1835, the Chicago fire of 1871 and the 1906 \n\nSan Francisco earthquake, The Hartford’s people in \n\n2001 ran their business the only way they know how— \n\nthe right way. They put customers first and kept prom- \n\nises. In so doing, they helped lay the foundation for a \n\nmore confident future. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[1] 2001 includes $440 of losses ($1.85 per basic and $1.82 per diluted share) related to the September 11 \nterrorist attack (“September 11”) and a $130 tax benefit ($0.55 per basic and $0.54 per diluted share) at \nHartford Life, Inc. (“HLI”). \n\n[2] Operating income represents after-tax operational results excluding, as applicable, net realized capital gains or \nlosses, extraordinary items, the cumulative effect of accounting changes and certain other items. \n\n[3] 2001 includes a $91 reduction in premiums from reinsurance cessions related to September 11. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**N**ew technology tools made The Hartford Experience— \n\ncustomer solutions, ease of doing business and \n\nextraordinary service—more real than ever for our cus- \n\ntomers in 2001. \n\nIt was a year that saw the debut of life operations’ \n\nHartford Investor Web portal, expanded Web portals for \n\ngroup benefits administrators, and enhancements to \n\ntechnology for The Hartford’s property-casualty agents \n\nand customers. \n\nHartford Investor is both a versatile personal \n\nassistant and an aid in wholesaling, especially for the \n\nindependent financial planner channel. Broker-dealers \n\nand financial advisors can use it to research The \n\nHartford’s full complement of individual life and invest- \n\nment products, update their books of business in \n\nseconds, track daily fund performance, run financial- \n\nplanning models, receive online product training, \n\nproduce customized presentations and even submit \n\nbusiness electronically. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "representatives received special training to help them \n\ncope with traumatized customers, and the company \n\ndistributed disaster-recovery literature and forms to \n\nhelp customers get back to business. \n\nThe Hartford’s Group Benefits Division (GBD) \n\noffered crisis-counseling services to policyholders in ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "agency writes three times as much business with \n\nThe Hartford, in both personal and commercial lines, as \n\nit writes with any other insurer. \n\nMutually beneficial partnerships with successful \n\nbusinesses of all sizes are the foundation of The \n\nHartford’s business model. \n\nPerhaps no relationship represents shared values \n\nand shared success better than the one with AARP, \n\nwhich signed a new eight-year contract with The \n\nHartford that began Jan. 1, 2002. The AARP insurance \n\nprogram with The Hartford is a model of affinity mar- \n\nketing and distribution savvy. AARP’s membership— \n\nthose age 50 and over—is the fastest-growing segment \n\nof the U.S. population. Computer use among this group \n\nis growing by an estimated 20 percent per year, and the \n\npopulation segment respects established brands and \n\nseeks value, convenience and extraordinary service. \n\nThat right combination of factors helps make \n\nAARP’s World Wide Web site one of The Hartford’s \n\n13 ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial \nServices Group, Inc. \n690 Asylum Avenue \nHartford, Connecticut 06115 \n860-547-5000 \n\n**Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com \n\n**Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s \nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on \nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00 a.m. in the Wallace Stevens \nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s \nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut. \nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled \nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting. \n\n**Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of \nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the \nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms \n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications \nare also available through this toll-free number. \n\n**Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records, \ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact \nThe Hartford’s transfer agent: \n\nThe Bank of New York \nShareholder Relations Department–11E \nP.O. Box 11258 \nChurch Street Station \nNew York, NY 10286 \n800-254-2823 ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf", - "query": "When did the annual sherholder meeting of Hartford happen in 2002 ?", - "target_page": 38, - "target_passage": "Shareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on Thursday, April 18, 2002 ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial \nServices Group, Inc. \n690 Asylum Avenue \nHartford, Connecticut 06115 \n860-547-5000 \n\n**Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com \n\n**Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s \nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on \nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00 a.m. in the Wallace Stevens \nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s \nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut. \nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled \nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting. \n\n**Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of \nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the \nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms \n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications \nare also available through this toll-free number. \n\n**Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records, \ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact \nThe Hartford’s transfer agent: \n\nThe Bank of New York \nShareholder Relations Department–11E \nP.O. Box 11258 \nChurch Street Station \nNew York, NY 10286 \n800-254-2823 ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nArthur Andersen LLP \n\nChicago, Illinois \n\nFebruary 1, 2002 ", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nNeil A. Schrimsher \nChief Executive Officer \n\nAugust 15, 2012 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "It would be difficult to imagine a more tumultuous year than 2001. But if one major test of \n\na company’s character is its performance in the face of extreme adversity, The Hartford \n\naced that test. \n\nSuccessfully managing our company through a turbulent stock market and the begin- \n\nning of a recession was challenge enough through the first eight months of the year. \n\nThen came the morning of Sept. 11. What followed, in retrospect, almost made those \n\n“normal” challenges seem like child’s play. \n\nNone of us will ever forget where we were when we heard the shocking news. I had just ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n2004 \nAnnual Report \nYear Ended March 31, 2005 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nStephen Gerlach \n**Chairman**\n21 March 2005 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nAUDIT COMMITTEE \nMEETINGS WITH \nINTERNAL & EXTERNAL \nAUDITORS \nANNUAL REVIEWS \nOF BOARD & DIRECTOR \nPERFORMANCE ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All this translates into increased shareholder value. Since 1995, our market cap has \n\nincreased from $5.7 billion to $15.4 billion—an 18 percent compound annual growth rate. \n\nOur share price has increased nearly 160 percent since The Hartford became a public com- \n\npany. During the same period, the S&P 500 increased 89 percent, and the Dow Jones \n\nIndustrial Average 97 percent. \n\nIt’s no surprise that our management team is highly regarded within the financial \n\nservices industry and on Wall Street. We’ve built a strong leadership team, complemented \n\nby more than 27,000 dedicated employees who are nurtured and energized by a culture of \n\nsuccess. Consequently, we had a smooth leadership transition over the past year. Tom Marra \n\nsucceeded Lon Smith as president of our life operations and joined our board of directors. \n\nLon retired after a 33-year career with The Hartford, and we owe him a tremendous amount \n\nof gratitude for building a strong and successful operation. \n\nDuring 2001 we also welcomed two new members to our board of directors. Edward J. \n\nKelly III, president and CEO of Mercantile Bankshares Corp., joined us in May, and we welcomed ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**H**ow do you secure the future when the present is \n\npuzzling enough? It’s a big challenge, and The Hartford’s \n\nprimary objective. Everything we do is designed to help \n\nour customers deal with the uncertainties that lie ahead. \n\nThe Hartford believes the best way to secure the \n\nfuture is to provide customers with the right products, \n\nand then back those products with outstanding per- \n\nformance and great service. Staying focused on this \n\nobjective was never more important—or more chal- \n\nlenging—than in 2001. \n\nTrue to form, The Hartford’s life operations’ annu- \n\nities and mutual funds delivered high-quality perform- \n\nance in a time of market turmoil. Despite an anemic stock \n\nmarket, 87 percent of the funds in The Hartford’s Director \n\nvariable annuity remained in the first or second quartile \n\nof three-year returns within the Lipper Peer Group in \n\n2001. Sixty-four percent of the funds in the Leaders suite \n\nof annuities and 91 percent of The Hartford’s mutual \n\nfunds remained in the first or second quartile over the \n\nthree-year period. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " 2002 2001 \n\n$ 1,385,838 \n(193,975) \n (2,215,820) $1,928,220 \n- \n - \n\n$(1,023,957) $1,928,220 ", - "page_start": 85, - "page_end": 85, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf", - "query": "Regarding climate change, to what corresponds the \"average length of flood events ?", - "target_page": 11, - "target_passage": "The average length of flood events (number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall excess is positive, compared to the 95th percentile of the baseline", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**13**\n\nr \ns \nt \na \n. \nr \no \ny \na \nl \ns \no \nc \ni \ne \nt \ny \np \nu \nb \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n–3 \n3 \n0 \nchange in length of average flood event (days) \n–2 –1 1 2 \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n GFDL-ESM2M \n. \n. \n\nl \ni \ns \nh \nn \ng \n. \no \nr \ng \n\n. \n. \n. \ni \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nP \nh \n. \n. \n. \ni \nl \n. . \n\nT \nr \na \nn \ns \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nR . \n\n. \nS \no \nc \n. \nMIROC-ESM-CHEM \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nA \n**3**\n**7**\n**6**\n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n: \n2 \n0 \n1 \n6 \n0 \n4 \n5 \n2 \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 6.**Simulated changes in the average length of flood events (number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall excess \nis positive, compared with the 95th percentile in 1981–2010, at 2°C global warming, for individual HadGEM3 simulations driven \nby SSTs and SICs from different members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble mean. The labels above each panel identify \nthe driving CMIP5 model (or ensemble mean). ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "areas are projected to see an increase in flood event lengths of 4 days or more, particularly India \nand Bangladesh, for which such increases are projected in all ensemble members to some extent. \nIncreases of 2–4 days are also projected in parts of Brazil by all ensemble members, although \nthe magnitude and location within the country varied between members. Similar increases are \nprojected in the region of the Horn of Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula in several members. \nThe HCVI calculated for 2°C global warming showed very large geographical variability \n(figure 7) which relates largely to differences in socio-economic factors [22]. Differences in the \nclimate change simulated in different ensemble members leads to some variation in the HCVI at ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1. Introduction**\n\nThe public’s distinct understanding of the cause and effect of the global climate issue is an obstacle \nto joint mitigation actions. In addition to a diversity of views co-existing in the public discourse [1,2], \nprevious studies noticed that the public had even failed to reach an agreement on whether “climate \nchange” or “global warming” is the most appropriate definition of the global climate concern [3–5]. \nAccording to the definition provided by [6], global warming describes global climate issues as \na continuous increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface due to anthropogenic emissions \nof greenhouse gases, whereas climate change includes not only temperature rise but also a range of \n\nInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health**2020**, 17, 1062; doi:10.3390/ijerph17031062 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Large increases in Rx5day are simulated in south and southeast Asia in all models, but \nwith local details varying. Southeastern South America (broadly southern Brazil and northern \nArgentina) also see large increases in Rx5day in all models. All models show only small changes \nover central and north Africa, Europe and most of Asia. In northern South America, however, \nsome models show increases in Rx5day but others show decreases. This suggests that the \nensemble-mean result of a decrease in Rx5day in this area may be subject to large uncertainty. \nInter-model variations in the sign of changes are seen in a few other local localized regions. \n\nThe average length of flood events (number of days in which the cumulative daily rainfall \nexcess is positive, compared to the 95th percentile of the baseline) generally increase over most \nof the land surface, although this increase was mostly by a day or less (figure 6). However, some ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the past hundred years, the global climate has experienced great changes1–4. According to the sixth assess- \nment report of IPCC, the global average surface temperature increased by 1.09 °C between 1850 and 2020, and \nalmost all regions in the world experienced surface warming5. Due to global warming, the extreme climate events \nbecome more and more frequent, and the ecological environment problems caused by climate change are more \nand more serious, which restrict the sustainable development of human society and health6–10. Global warming \nhas gradually changed from a scientific issue to a major social issue of common concern to governments and \npeople of all countries11–13. In 2016, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate \nchange reached the Paris Agreement at the climate change conference in Paris14. Paris Agreement has indicated \nthat it is urgent to hold the increase in global average temperature well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels \nand pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 5.**Global mean changes at 2°C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the \nClimPACT indices, the flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean \nprecipitation (Pmean), mean run-off (Rmean) and low run-off (Rlow). ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 1.**The number of tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming, and their ratio from \n2009 to 2018 (**a**). The number of hashtags contained in the “climate change” or “global warming” \ndatasets, and their ratio from 2009 to 2018 (**b**). ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 6.**Global mean changes at 1.5°C global warming compared to present day for individual ensemble members, for the \nClimPACT indices, the flood and drought proxies used as input to the HCVI calculations, and percentage change in mean \nprecipitation (Pmean), mean run-off (Rmean) and low run-off (Rlow). ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Introduction \n\nThe majority of climate-change impacts assessments have tended to be framed in terms of future \ntime horizons, e.g. impacts by the middle or end of the twenty-first century [1,2]. However, \nwith international climate policy now largely focused on limiting warming to specific levels of \nglobal mean temperature such as 2°C [3] or 1.5°C [4], policy-relevant climate impacts assessments \nincreasingly need to be framed in terms of such warming levels. \nThere are two major research questions concerning the impacts of climate change at 1.5°C and \n2°C global warming, which are relevant to both mitigation and adaptation policy areas. \n\n(i) How much larger are the impacts at 2°C compared to 1.5°C? This is the primary question \narising from the Paris Agreement [4] and is relevant to mitigation policy, informing \njudgements and actions on holding the global temperature rise to ‘well below 2°C’ and \n‘pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C’. \n\n(ii) What regional climate conditions and related hydrological and ecological conditions \ncould occur at a particular level of global warming, such as 2°C? This is relevant to \nadaptation policy and planning—exploring the possible outcomes for these levels of \nwarming will help facilitate adaptation and improved resilience to account for a 1.5°C or \n2°C world. It is recognized that many adaptation decisions require information on timing \nof specific impacts or risks, but nevertheless, framing regional impacts assessments in \nterms of associated global warming levels (GWLs) may help provide context of the levels \nof climate change that may be avoidable or unavoidable (and hence require adaptation). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf", - "query": "What is the projected situation of India regarding HCVI (Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index)?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": "India is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase in length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased length of drought which is again projected in all members", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "To assess implications of climate change for vulnerability to food insecurity, we used an \nadaptation of the Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index (HCVI) [22]. The HCVI was developed \nby the United Nations World Food Programme to provide a country-level assessment of \nvulnerability to food insecurity as a result of climate-related events. We used a new iteration of the \nHCVI which makes use of gridded climate model projections to understand the impact of climate \nchange on vulnerability to food insecurity, and the benefits that adaptation can bring via scenarios \nof adaptation investment [23]. This iteration of the HCVI only considers in-country production \nof food and does not account for food trade. For this reason, the HCVI is only calculated for \n122 developing and least-developed countries (defined here as countries not in the OECD or EU \nwhich can be resolved by the scale of the climate model; i.e. larger than 500 km2). \n\nThe index provides quantification at the national level across the globe of the scale and \ndirection of impact of climate change on food insecurity. As such, it aims to provide the following: \n(i) information to help policy-makers understand the level of challenge to global food security that \nclimate change presents; (ii) information on the geography of the impacts and help to evaluate the \nrelative benefits of mitigation and adaptation responses. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The index is not intended to be a detailed planning tool, but aims to help planners evaluate the \nnature of the top-level threat to food insecurity that climate change presents, thereby supporting \nprioritization of effort. \n\nThe HCVI consists of three equally weighted components: exposure to climate-related hazards, \nsensitivity of national agricultural production to climate-related hazards, and adaptive capacity— \na measure of a country’s ability to cope with climate-related food shocks. The sensitivity and \nadaptive capacity components are based on data from the World Bank, World Resources Institute, ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "India is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase \nin length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased \nlength of drought which is again projected in all members. \n\nBrazil is projected to see increased HCVI, but for reasons which vary between ensemble \nmembers. Although the location of projected longer flood events varies across the country in \ndifferent members, the aggregation of the HCVI to the country level renders this geographical \nvariability irrelevant for such a large country because only the median value across the country \nis used in the HCVI. Some ensemble members project longer drought for Brazil, which again \ncontributed to increased HCVI. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "UN Food and Agriculture Organization, UN Development Programme and UN Population \nFund [22]. The exposure component comprised proxies for the average length of flood and \ndrought events calculated with daily precipitation data [23] (table 2). These proxies were chosen \nabove other possible metrics as they were required to replace self-reported instances of flood \nand drought events used in the original HCVI, which correlate with undernutrition data at the \ncountry-level [23]. The proxies were therefore masked to only include data where a significant \nproportion of people live and grow crops before aggregating to country level and combining to \ncomprise a measure of exposure [23]; nevertheless, it is recognized that precipitation data alone \nmay not always be adequate for representing flood and drought events, so the current method is \nregarded as preliminary. \n\nThe impacts of projected climate change, therefore, act through changes in these quantities. In \nthe current version of the HCVI, climate-change impacts on other quantities such as crop yield \nare not considered. Socio-economic factors affecting sensitivity and adaptive capacity are fixed at \npresent-day conditions. \n\nThe ensemble-mean baseline HCVI calculated with the high-resolution bias-corrected \nHadGEM3 ensemble is shown in figure 1. The spatial pattern is compatible with HCVI values \ncalculated using reanalysis data at the CMIP5 grid-scale resolution [23]; the most vulnerable \nregions are sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. This higher-resolution climate data enables \ninclusion of additional countries which were not resolved in the lower-resolution CMIP5 data. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 7.**Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index calculated for simulated climate states at 2°C global warming for five \nindividual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from different members of the CMIP5 ensemble, and the ensemble \nmean. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "this comparison of the number of ‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at 1.5°C and 2°C should be \ntreated with caution. Nevertheless, the finding that some countries see HCVI values higher at \neither or both 1.5°C and 2°C compared to the baseline may indicate that climate change has the \npotential to lead to unprecedented levels of vulnerability to food insecurity in some countries. \nMore robustly, it can be concluded that by this metric, overall worldwide vulnerability to food \ninsecurity generally increases with global warming, and for approximately three-quarters of \ncountries assessed, this increase is larger at 2°C than 1.5°C. \n\nIn the ensemble mean, changes in mean, low and high flows are generally larger at 2°C global \nwarming compared to 1.5°C (figure 20). This is often the case for both increases and decreases \nin flows—increasing the level of global warming magnifies the pattern of river flow changes, \nalthough not in all cases. \n\nThe range of projected mean run-off changes is larger for 2°C than 1.5°C in many basins, \nbut this was not always the case, with many basins showing similar or smaller ranges at \n2°C compared with 1.5°. Moreover, the ranges overlap substantially, so in terms of the set of ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 8.**Change in Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index relative to baseline calculated for simulated climate states at 2°C \nglobal warming, for five individual HadGEM3 simulations driven by SSTs and SICs from different members of the CMIP5 ensemble, \nand the ensemble mean. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As noted above, four countries saw ensemble-mean HCVI values at 2°C above any seen \nin the baseline, and this number increased to seven at 1.5°C. The same four countries with \n‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at 2°C also saw ‘unprecedented’ values at 1.5°C; these were Oman, \nBangladesh, Mauritania and Yemen. These were joined by Myanmar, India and Cambodia as \nhaving ‘unprecedented’ values at 1.5°C. The role of internal climate variability in the HCVI \nresults needs to be assessed, as does the effect of potential nonlinear interactions between the \nflood and drought metric. Until the reasons behind these country-specific results are understood, ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Four countries show ensemble-mean HCVI values at 2°C global warming that are higher \nthan any seen in the baseline climate; these are Oman, Bangladesh, Mauritania and Yemen. \nThe implication of such HCVI values is that climate change at 2°C is projected to cause levels \nof vulnerability to food insecurity that are greater than any seen in the present day. For \nindividual ensemble members, the number of countries with ‘unprecedented’ HCVI values at \n2°C varies from three to seven. Conversely, many countries in the baseline climate have levels \nof vulnerability to food insecurity that are greater than those expected in other countries under \n2°C global warming. This suggests that other factors are already posing greater risk for food \ninsecurity than 2°C climate change is expected to cause in other countries, so the increased risk \nfrom climate change should not overshadow the need to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity \narising from non-climatic factors. There is scope to reduce vulnerability to food insecurity by \naddressing various socio-economic issues in such counties. \n\nincreased run-off over \napproximately half of the land surface (figure 9) and the majority of the major river basins \nassessed (figure 10), but with large regional uncertainties including the possibility of decreased \nflows in many basins. The ensemble-mean change in mean streamflow shows an increase of \nbetween 5 and 25% over most of the Northern Hemisphere land surface, with some regions seeing \nan increase of over 50% at 2°C global warming. Notable exceptions to this are western Europe and \nsouthcentral USA, which see less than a 5% change in run-off, and the already very dry region of \nthe Sahara Desert where the existing very small run-off become even smaller. \n\nThe JULES simulations show a general tendency towards ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "r \ns \nt \na \n. \nr \no \ny \na \nl \ns \no \nc \ni \ne \nt \ny \np \nu \nb \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nl \ni \ns \nh \nn \ng \n. \no \nr \ng \n\n. \n. \n. \ni \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nP \nh \n. \n. \n. \ni \nl \n. . \n\nT \nr \na \nn \ns \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nR . \n\n. \nS \no \nc \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nA \n**3**\n**7**\n**6**\n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n: \n2 \n0 \n1 \n6 \n0 \n4 \n5 \n2 \n\n. \n. \n–0.2 \n. \n. \n. \n. \n**Figure 18.**Hunger and Climate Vulnerability Index at 1.5°C global warming (ensemble mean). \n. \n. \n. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf", - "query": "Regarding climate change simulation, what is JULES ?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "Impacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [24,25], a coupled ecosystem–hydrology–surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes of water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "We used each HadGEM3 simulation to drive JULES to simulate changes in run-off due to \nthe effects of climate change and CO2 rise on precipitation, evaporation and transpiration. We \nanalysed 30 year periods centred around the year of crossing GWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C relative to \npre-industrial. We examined changes in both mean flows and low flows (defined as the flows for \nthe lowest 10% of time). \n\n(e) Correcting biases in climate model output and implications for defining levels of global \n\nwarming ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**15**\n\nr \ns \nt \na \n. \nr \no \ny \na \nl \ns \no \nc \ni \ne \nt \ny \np \nu \nb \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n–75 –50 –10 –1 \n0 \n% \n1 10 50 75 \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nGFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nl \ni \ns \nh \nn \ng \n. \no \nr \ng \n\n. \n. \n. \ni \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nP \nh \n. \n. \n. \ni \nl \n. . \n\nT \nr \na \nn \ns \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nR . \n\n. \nS \no \nc \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nA \n**3**\n**7**\n**6**\n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n: \n2 \n0 \n1 \n6 \n0 \n4 \n5 \n2 \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n**Figure 9.**Changes in run-off for mean flows simulated by the JULES ecosystem–hydrology model under six climate simulations \nat 2°C global warming. (a) Ensemble mean and (b) percentage of models agreeing on increased flow. \n\n. \n. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Impacts on freshwater were assessed with a version of the JULES land surface model [24,25], a \ncoupled ecosystem–hydrology–surface exchange model which simulates land-atmosphere fluxes \nof water, energy and carbon in an internally consistent way, typically applied at global scales. \nVariants of JULES form the land surface scheme of Met Office Hadley Centre Earth System \nModels [26,27] and have been used to assess impacts of climate change on global terrestrial \necosystems and hydrology [28–30] within such models. JULES can also be used outside of the \nEarth System Model (ESM), driven by meteorological outputs of other ESMs to assess impacts of \na wider range of climate projections [6,8]. Here we use a new, higher-resolution configuration of \nJULES on a global grid of 0.5° resolution [31]. \n\nIt has been noted that hydrological impacts models driven by climate-change projections \nfrom climate models tend to give more severe drying than simulated in the climate models \nthemselves [32–34]. This is largely attributed to the inclusion of plant stomatal closure in \nresponse to elevated CO2 in the climate model land surface schemes, which generally reduces \nevapotranspiration relative to climate projections without this process and hence further increases \nrun-off/streamflow or ameliorates decreases [34]. This process is often omitted from standard \nhydrological models. Plant physiological responses to CO2 are included in the JULES model, so \nour projections of changes in run-off here do account for this process. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The ClimPACT extreme weather indices, HCVI and JULES run-off simulations were all performed \nusing outputs from the higher-resolution HadGEM3 projections described in §2a. However, there \nwere some differences in how these data were applied, with different approaches to the treatment \nof systematic biases in the climate model output. For the ClimPACT analysis, it was considered \nimportant to assess changes in the raw climate model output, because this directly represents \nthe behaviour of the model itself. The main focus was on the changes relative to the present- \nday baseline climate, defined as 1981–2010, with absolute values in either the baseline or the \nGWLs of 1.5°C and 2°C being only of secondary interest. For the HCVI and JULES run-off \nanalyses, however, it was considered important to correct for systematic biases in the climate \nmodel output, because these can lead to unrealistic representations of the key quantities in the \npresent-day simulation [35]. A bias-correction methodology was, therefore, applied for these two \nparts of the analysis, whereby the model output was adjusted to make it consistent with an \nobserved climatology [36]. We used a multi-segment statistical bias-correction methodology for \nprecipitation [37], and a modification of this for other variables [37]. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 11.**Distributions of changes in run-off for low flows (flows for lowest 10% of time) simulated by the JULES ecosystem– \nhydrology model under the ensemble of six climate projections at 1.5°C (blue) and 2°C (orange) global warming. Boxes show \nthe 25th and 75th percentile changes, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not define the ends of \nthe range, and crosses show the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean flow in the baseline, \nin millimetres of rain equivalent. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 10.**Distributions of changes in run-off for mean flows simulated by the JULES ecosystem–hydrology model under the \nensemble of six climate projections at 1.5°C (blue) and 2°C (orange) global warming. Boxes show the 25th and 75th percentile \nchanges, whiskers show the range, circles show the four projections that do not define the ends of the range, and crosses \nshow the ensemble means. Numbers in square brackets show the ensemble-mean flow in the baseline, in millimetres of rain \nequivalent. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**23**\n\nr \ns \nt \na \n. \nr \no \ny \na \nl \ns \no \nc \ni \ne \nt \ny \np \nu \nb \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n–20 –15 –10 –5 \n0 \n% \n5 10 15 20 \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nGFDL-ESM2M HadGEM2-ES \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nl \ni \ns \nh \nn \ng \n. \no \nr \ng \n\n. \n. \n. \ni \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nP \nh \n. \n. \n. \ni \nl \n. . \n\nT \nr \na \nn \ns \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nR . \n\n. \nS \no \nc \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nA \n**3**\n**7**\n**6**\n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n: \n2 \n0 \n1 \n6 \n0 \n4 \n5 \n2 \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n**Figure 20.**Difference between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming in percentage changes in mean (top) run-off in JULES simulations \ndriven by the ensemble of HadGEM3 simulations. Note that the use of percentage changes emphasizes changes in regions where \nthe baseline streamflow is small. \n\n. \n. \n. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Simulation of maize yield using DSSAT.**According to the data of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C \nselected above, we simulated global maize yield changes compared with the average yield during 1986–2005 on \ngrid level using CERES-Maize, which is part of DSSAT version 4.649. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In this study, 5 climate models are selected, which are recommended by ISI-MIP (The Inter-Sectoral Impact \nModel Intercomparison Project); compared with other climate models, the five models could more effectively \nsupport impact assessment in different sectors and provide more reliable results. Based on the simulation results ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf", - "query": "Which of #climatechange and #globalwarming is the most used ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained #climatechange, and 887,731 contained #globalwarming", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Association networks surrounding #climatechange and #globalwarming showed different \nproperties. The climate change discourse included 38,821 hashtags, whereas the global warming \ndiscourse only contained 8788 hashtags. Table 1 displays the 50 most significant hashtags in the \ntwo discourses based on centrality. As some hashtags were used in the form of an abbreviation or \nphrase, explanations are provided in the table. Two networks shared 32 out of the 50 most significant \nwords. Hashtags “canada”, “cdnpoli”, “sdgs”, “biodiversity”, “education”, “environmental”, “cop24”, \n“sustainable”, “auspol”, “food”, “agriculture”, “cleanenergy”, “renewableenergy”, “renewables”, \n“emissions”, “coal”, “fossilfuels”, and “cop21” only showed up on the top 50 list of the “climate change” \nnetwork. Hashtags “tcot”, “california”, “p2”, “nyc”, “snow”, “agw”, “summer”, “global”, “winter”, \n“india”, “planet”, “heatwave”, “hoax”, “nasa”, “algore”, “world”, “oil”, and “eco” were unique on the \ntop 50 list of the global warming network. The two lists only shared three out of the top five hashtags. \nIn the #climatechange network, “climateaction” was ranked third place and “sustainability” was \nranked fourth place, whereas they were ranked significantly lower, 17th and 22nd, respectxively, in the \n#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the \ntop five nodes, whereas they were ranked 14th and 24th in the #climatechange network, respectively. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Given our goal of exploring the difference between the two discourses, the 615,816 tweets \ncontaining both hashtags simultaneously were excluded to differentiate between the two datasets \nfollowing [67,80]. A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained #climatechange, \nand 887,731 contained “#globalwarming”. The number of qualified tweets containing #climatechange \nand #globalwarming in each year is displayed in Figure 1a. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 1.**The number of tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming, and their ratio from \n2009 to 2018 (**a**). The number of hashtags contained in the “climate change” or “global warming” \ndatasets, and their ratio from 2009 to 2018 (**b**). ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The status of the two discourses varied significantly in the more recent years in the study period. \nData from Google in prior study suggested that the search record for global warming was larger \nthan that of climate change in earlier times [13]. The authors found that in the battle to be the most \nrepresentative hashtag for global climate concern, #climatechange showed growing popularity and \nbecame an overwhelming trending topic compared with #globalwarming. Also, #climatechange \nshowed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into its discourse in both relative and absolute \ndimensions. Comparatively, the popularity of the global warming discourse among social media \nusers did not increase apparently in terms of tweets volume and hashtag diversity, especially when \nconsidering the yearly increase in Twitter users. The reason for the observed shift in public discourse \ntoward climate change from global warming may be attributed to the high exposure of climate change \nin the media and scientific reports in recent years [13]. Previous studies noted that perceived scientific \nconsensus can increase acceptance of science [101]. Though global warming has been commonly used \nsince the 1980s to describe the world-wide temperature rise, climate change is preferred by scientists to \nrefer a range of complex changes of climate [102]. Pew found science-related accounts draw millions \nof followers on Facebook and volume of posts they released climbed in past years [103]. Climate \nscientists are found to be opinion makers on Twitter [104]. As social media has become an emerging \nplatform for science popularization, scientific community might contribute to the prevalence of climate \nchange discourse by talking about climate change facts and mitigating measures [75]. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The association networks of #climatechange and #globalwarming are shown in Figure 2. Nodes \nare labelled with the hashtags and the undirected edges are weighted to reflect the frequency of \nco-occurrence. The modularity analysis identified four clusters in the #climatechange network and \nfive in the #globalwarming network, where clusters are differentiated by color (resolution is 0.75 for \nclimate change and 0.85 for global warming). The theme, top hashtags, and the proportion of each \ncluster are also summarized and represented in the network depicted in Figure 2. \n\nThe largest cluster (green nodes) of both #climatechange and #globalwarming network refer \nto general facts about global climate issues, sharing words about the causes or effects concerning \nsustainability. The difference is that the largest cluster of #globalwarming (46% of the network) includes \nmore slogan words, such as “world”, “planet”, “global”, and “climatechangeisreal”, whereas the \nlargest cluster of #climatechange (40% of the network) tends to discuss some specific problems, such as \nagriculture, biodiversity, education, and politics. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Policy Sustain. Dev.**2009**, 51, 12–23. [CrossRef] \nRoxburgh, N.; Guan, D.; Shin, K.J.; Rand, W.; Managi, S.; Lovelace, R.; Meng, J. Characterising climate change \ndiscourse on social media during extreme weather events. Glob. Environ. Chang.**2019**, 54, 50–60. [CrossRef] \nSchuldt, J.P.; Konrath, S.H.; Schwarz, N. “Global warming” or “climate change”? Whether the planet is \nwarming depends on question wording. Public Opin. Q.**2011**, 75, 115–124. [CrossRef] \nVillar, A.; Krosnick, J.A. Global warming vs. climate change, taxes vs. prices: Does word choice matter? \nClim. Chang.**2011**, 105, 1–12. [CrossRef] \nJang, S.M.; Hart, P.S. Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and \nstates: Evidence from Twitter big data. Glob. Environ. Chang.**2015**, 32, 11–17. [CrossRef] \nUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change: Basic Information. Available online: \nhttps://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/climate-change-basic-information_.html (accessed on \n10 October 2019). ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Caitlyn Kennedy, R.L. What’s the Difference between Global Warming and Climate Change? 2015. Available \nonline: https://www.climate.gov/news-features/climate-qa/whats-difference-between-global-warming-and- \nclimate-change (accessed on 10 October 2019). \nPachauri, R.K.; Allen, M.R.; Barros, V.R.; Broome, J.; Cramer, W.; Christ, R.; Church, J.A.; Clarke, L.; Dahe, Q.; \nDasgupta, P.; et al. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth \nAssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. \n9. Whitmarsh, L. What’s in a name? Commonalities and differences in public understanding of “climate \n\n7. \n\n8. \n\nchange” and “global warming”. Public Underst. Sci.**2009**, 18, 401–420. [CrossRef] \nShehata, A.; Hopmann, D.N. Framing climate change: A study of US and Swedish press coverage of global \nwarming. Journal. Stud.**2012**, 13, 175–192. [CrossRef] \nSchuldt, J.P.; Roh, S. Of accessibility and applicability: How heat-related cues affect belief in “global warming” \nversus “climate change”. Soc. Cogn.**2014**, 32, 217–238. [CrossRef] ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Abstract:**Distinct perceptions of the global climate is one of the factors preventing society from \nachieving consensus or taking collaborative actions on this issue. The public has not even reached \nan agreement on the naming of the global concern, showing preference for either “climate change” \nor “global warming”, and few previous studies have addressed these two competing discourses \nresulting from distinct climate concerns by differently linking numerous climate concepts. Based on \nthe 6,662,478 tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming generated between 1 January 2009 \nand 31 December 2018, we constructed the semantic networks of the two discourses and examined \ntheir evolution over the decade. The findings indicate that climate change demonstrated a more \nscientific perspective and showed an attempt to condense climate discussions rather than diffuse the \ntopic by frequently addressing sub-topics simultaneously. Global warming triggered more political \nresponses and showed a greater connection with phenomena. Temporal analysis suggests that \ntraditional political discussions were gradually fading in both discourses but more recently started to \nrevive in the form of discourse alliance in the climate change discourse. The associations between \nglobal warming and weather abnormalitiessuddenly strengthened around 2012. Climate change is \nbecoming more dominant than global warming in public discussions. Although two discourses have \nshown more similarities in the rank order of important climate concepts, apparent disagreements \ncontinue about how these concepts are associated. These findings lay the groundwork for researchers \nand communicators to narrow the discrepancy between diverse climate perceptions. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As the climate change and global warming discourses evolved over the past years, their relative \nstatuses in public discourse also changed. Although from 2009 to 2018, increasing numbers of people \nstarted to use Twitter, resulting in an overall rise in the number of tweets and hashtags, the ratio of \n#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame \npreference. Figure 1a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times \nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02 \nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into \ndiscussions, according to Figure 1b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were \n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018. \n\nThe rank–order correlation coefficient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable \nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6a, except for 2010 and \n2011, when the p-values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP \nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period \n(the p-value for 2015 was 0.011; p-values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6b reveals \nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did \nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Large amounts of user-generated data on social media, which have been valued in computer science, \ncommunication, and environmental studies [5,9,15–18], have enabled the acquistion of the social media \nrepresentation of the two discourses in a decade. In this study, by analyzing hashtag co-occurrence \npatterns in 6,662,478 tweets containing “climate change” and “global warming” between 1 January 2009 \nand 31 December 2018, two semantic networks of public climate discourse were constructed to identify \nthe critical concepts and links surrounding the two terminologies. We conducted temporal analysis to \nobserve the evolution of the two discourses and to measure whether the discrepancy between the two \nhas widened or narrowed within the 10-year period. \n\nTo be specific, we formulated three research questions (RQs) to be explored in this study: \n\nRQ1: What is the difference in how the two the discourses are associated with important climate \nconcepts in people’s minds? \nRQ2: How did the two competing climate discourses evolve from 2009 to 2018? \nRQ3: Did the two competing discourses converge or diverge in this decade? ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf", - "query": "Is the #climateaction hashtag more bound the #globalwarming of #climatechange ?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "In the #climatechange network, “climateaction” was ranked third place and “sustainability” was ranked fourth place, whereas they were ranked significantly lower, 17th and 22nd, respectxively, in the #globalwarming network", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Association networks surrounding #climatechange and #globalwarming showed different \nproperties. The climate change discourse included 38,821 hashtags, whereas the global warming \ndiscourse only contained 8788 hashtags. Table 1 displays the 50 most significant hashtags in the \ntwo discourses based on centrality. As some hashtags were used in the form of an abbreviation or \nphrase, explanations are provided in the table. Two networks shared 32 out of the 50 most significant \nwords. Hashtags “canada”, “cdnpoli”, “sdgs”, “biodiversity”, “education”, “environmental”, “cop24”, \n“sustainable”, “auspol”, “food”, “agriculture”, “cleanenergy”, “renewableenergy”, “renewables”, \n“emissions”, “coal”, “fossilfuels”, and “cop21” only showed up on the top 50 list of the “climate change” \nnetwork. Hashtags “tcot”, “california”, “p2”, “nyc”, “snow”, “agw”, “summer”, “global”, “winter”, \n“india”, “planet”, “heatwave”, “hoax”, “nasa”, “algore”, “world”, “oil”, and “eco” were unique on the \ntop 50 list of the global warming network. The two lists only shared three out of the top five hashtags. \nIn the #climatechange network, “climateaction” was ranked third place and “sustainability” was \nranked fourth place, whereas they were ranked significantly lower, 17th and 22nd, respectxively, in the \n#globalwarming network. In the #globalwarming network, “earth” and “weather” were among the \ntop five nodes, whereas they were ranked 14th and 24th in the #climatechange network, respectively. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Given our goal of exploring the difference between the two discourses, the 615,816 tweets \ncontaining both hashtags simultaneously were excluded to differentiate between the two datasets \nfollowing [67,80]. A total of 6,662,478 tweets were retained, of which 5,774,747 contained #climatechange, \nand 887,731 contained “#globalwarming”. The number of qualified tweets containing #climatechange \nand #globalwarming in each year is displayed in Figure 1a. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 1.**The number of tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming, and their ratio from \n2009 to 2018 (**a**). The number of hashtags contained in the “climate change” or “global warming” \ndatasets, and their ratio from 2009 to 2018 (**b**). ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The status of the two discourses varied significantly in the more recent years in the study period. \nData from Google in prior study suggested that the search record for global warming was larger \nthan that of climate change in earlier times [13]. The authors found that in the battle to be the most \nrepresentative hashtag for global climate concern, #climatechange showed growing popularity and \nbecame an overwhelming trending topic compared with #globalwarming. Also, #climatechange \nshowed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into its discourse in both relative and absolute \ndimensions. Comparatively, the popularity of the global warming discourse among social media \nusers did not increase apparently in terms of tweets volume and hashtag diversity, especially when \nconsidering the yearly increase in Twitter users. The reason for the observed shift in public discourse \ntoward climate change from global warming may be attributed to the high exposure of climate change \nin the media and scientific reports in recent years [13]. Previous studies noted that perceived scientific \nconsensus can increase acceptance of science [101]. Though global warming has been commonly used \nsince the 1980s to describe the world-wide temperature rise, climate change is preferred by scientists to \nrefer a range of complex changes of climate [102]. Pew found science-related accounts draw millions \nof followers on Facebook and volume of posts they released climbed in past years [103]. Climate \nscientists are found to be opinion makers on Twitter [104]. As social media has become an emerging \nplatform for science popularization, scientific community might contribute to the prevalence of climate \nchange discourse by talking about climate change facts and mitigating measures [75]. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**6. Conclusions**\n\nAs social media is gradually overtaking the role of legacy media providing a forum for public \ndiscussion, the semantic associations contained in social media discussions reflect and reinforce how \nindividuals portray global climate issues. By examining hashtag co-occurrence patterns on Twitter \nbetween 2009 and 2018, we identified distinct climate perceptions hidden behind two competing \nclimate discourses and discovered how these two discourses evolved. \n\nWe found that broad scientific, social, political, and international discussions are the topics \nof public climate discourse. Although the semantic difference between climate change and global \nwarming seems subtle, the differences in their cognitive associations are not trivial. Despite some \nshared concerns between the two discourses, “global warming” is more politicized and focuses more on \ngeneral phenomena, especially temperature abnormalities, whereas climate change is a more compact \ntopic with a more scientific perspective and tends to refer to specific issues. The temporal analysis \nrevealed that traditional political discussions decreased in both discourses but climate change started to \nbuild a discourse alliance with diverse domestic issues to show political intentions. Global warming’s \nassociations to extreme events and temperature change were suddenly strengthened around 2012. \nClimate change is becoming dominant compared with global warming in public discussions. Although \nthe two discourses are becoming increasingly similar in the rank order of climate concepts, a notable \ndiscrepancy still exists in the way in which they get concepts associated. These observations may \nprovide climate communicators with theoretical and practical hints to narrow the discrepancy between \ndiverse climate perceptions. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The association networks of #climatechange and #globalwarming are shown in Figure 2. Nodes \nare labelled with the hashtags and the undirected edges are weighted to reflect the frequency of \nco-occurrence. The modularity analysis identified four clusters in the #climatechange network and \nfive in the #globalwarming network, where clusters are differentiated by color (resolution is 0.75 for \nclimate change and 0.85 for global warming). The theme, top hashtags, and the proportion of each \ncluster are also summarized and represented in the network depicted in Figure 2. \n\nThe largest cluster (green nodes) of both #climatechange and #globalwarming network refer \nto general facts about global climate issues, sharing words about the causes or effects concerning \nsustainability. The difference is that the largest cluster of #globalwarming (46% of the network) includes \nmore slogan words, such as “world”, “planet”, “global”, and “climatechangeisreal”, whereas the \nlargest cluster of #climatechange (40% of the network) tends to discuss some specific problems, such as \nagriculture, biodiversity, education, and politics. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Abstract:**Distinct perceptions of the global climate is one of the factors preventing society from \nachieving consensus or taking collaborative actions on this issue. The public has not even reached \nan agreement on the naming of the global concern, showing preference for either “climate change” \nor “global warming”, and few previous studies have addressed these two competing discourses \nresulting from distinct climate concerns by differently linking numerous climate concepts. Based on \nthe 6,662,478 tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming generated between 1 January 2009 \nand 31 December 2018, we constructed the semantic networks of the two discourses and examined \ntheir evolution over the decade. The findings indicate that climate change demonstrated a more \nscientific perspective and showed an attempt to condense climate discussions rather than diffuse the \ntopic by frequently addressing sub-topics simultaneously. Global warming triggered more political \nresponses and showed a greater connection with phenomena. Temporal analysis suggests that \ntraditional political discussions were gradually fading in both discourses but more recently started to \nrevive in the form of discourse alliance in the climate change discourse. The associations between \nglobal warming and weather abnormalitiessuddenly strengthened around 2012. Climate change is \nbecoming more dominant than global warming in public discussions. Although two discourses have \nshown more similarities in the rank order of important climate concepts, apparent disagreements \ncontinue about how these concepts are associated. These findings lay the groundwork for researchers \nand communicators to narrow the discrepancy between diverse climate perceptions. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As the climate change and global warming discourses evolved over the past years, their relative \nstatuses in public discourse also changed. Although from 2009 to 2018, increasing numbers of people \nstarted to use Twitter, resulting in an overall rise in the number of tweets and hashtags, the ratio of \n#climatechange frequency and #globalwarming frequency still indicated the public’s change in frame \npreference. Figure 1a displays that in 2009, the number of tweets with #climatechange was 2.69 times \nthat of the tweets with #globalwarming, whereas the ratio significantly since 2013 and reached 13.02 \nin 2018. The climate change network showed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into \ndiscussions, according to Figure 1b. In 2009, the hashtags that co-occurred with #climatechange were \n2.44 times those that co-occurred with #globalwarming, and the ratio climbed to 6.36 in 2018. \n\nThe rank–order correlation coefficient of nodes between the two networks maintained a stable \nlevel and showed a slight climbing trend starting 2009, as shown in Figure 6a, except for 2010 and \n2011, when the p-values were larger than 0.05 and no significant correlations were identified. The QAP \nanalysis showed that the associations between the two discourses were correlated in the 10-year period \n(the p-value for 2015 was 0.011; p-values for all the other years were less than 0.001). Figure 6b reveals \nthat the similarity of associations between the top 50 nodes in the two discourses fluctuated and did \nnot show a rising trend with the correlation of nodes’ rank order. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Policy Sustain. Dev.**2009**, 51, 12–23. [CrossRef] \nRoxburgh, N.; Guan, D.; Shin, K.J.; Rand, W.; Managi, S.; Lovelace, R.; Meng, J. Characterising climate change \ndiscourse on social media during extreme weather events. Glob. Environ. Chang.**2019**, 54, 50–60. [CrossRef] \nSchuldt, J.P.; Konrath, S.H.; Schwarz, N. “Global warming” or “climate change”? Whether the planet is \nwarming depends on question wording. Public Opin. Q.**2011**, 75, 115–124. [CrossRef] \nVillar, A.; Krosnick, J.A. Global warming vs. climate change, taxes vs. prices: Does word choice matter? \nClim. Chang.**2011**, 105, 1–12. [CrossRef] \nJang, S.M.; Hart, P.S. Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and \nstates: Evidence from Twitter big data. Glob. Environ. Chang.**2015**, 32, 11–17. [CrossRef] \nUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change: Basic Information. Available online: \nhttps://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/climate-change-basic-information_.html (accessed on \n10 October 2019). ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the climate change discourse, the second-largest cluster (34%) is indicated in red and focuses \non the responsibility to tackle climate change, where several global action hashtags are included, such \nas “un”, “parisagreement”, “cop21”, and “cop24”. The theme of the third largest cluster (20%) in \nthe climate change discourse was energy (in blue). The smallest cluster (6%) in yellow sits in the \ncentral part of the network with a mixed theme composed of three highly ranked hashtags, including \n“environment” (No. 2), “climateaction” (No. 3), and “energy” (No. 6). ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf", - "query": "What are two main reasons for one's low climate concern ?", - "target_page": 13, - "target_passage": "As invisible causes and disbelief in actions have long been regarded as two key reasons for low climate concern", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Even when climate change and global warming shared concern about similar topics such as the \ncause of the climate issue, global warming tended to focus on carbon emission phenomena, whereas \nclimate change preferred a more in-depth perspective, highlighting the importance of global action \nto mitigate the climate issue in its second-largest cluster, with energy structure as the contributor to \ncarbon emissions in its third largest cluster. As invisible causes and disbelief in actions have long \nbeen regarded as two key reasons for low climate concern [90], the two terminologies’ differences \nin connotations suggest that introducing these absent sub-topics into global warming discourse or \nhighlighting climate change for its inherent connotations may help communicators raise public concern \nabout climate. \n\n5.1.2. Political Connotations \n\nStudies noted that frame preference between climate change and global warming reflects \nindividuals’ ideological spectrum, where climate change and global warming were favored by \nthe liberals and conservatives, respectively [10]. The cluster analysis of the semantic network in the \ncurrent study demonstrated that global warming triggered far more political responses than climate \nchange. The second largest cluster of global warming was politics-based, where hashtag “tcot”, favored \nby right-leaning users and “p2”, favored by left-leaning users, were both ranked in the list of top nodes \nof the global warming discourse, but neither was included in the list of top nodes of the climate change \ndiscourse. Considering that earlier findings suggested that global warming was more likely to be used \nby conservatives to question the reality of climate issue [11] and climate change is more commonly \nadopted when discussing action against the climate change issue [5], global warming had a stronger \npolitical connotation in public discussion. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1. Introduction**\n\nThe public’s distinct understanding of the cause and effect of the global climate issue is an obstacle \nto joint mitigation actions. In addition to a diversity of views co-existing in the public discourse [1,2], \nprevious studies noticed that the public had even failed to reach an agreement on whether “climate \nchange” or “global warming” is the most appropriate definition of the global climate concern [3–5]. \nAccording to the definition provided by [6], global warming describes global climate issues as \na continuous increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface due to anthropogenic emissions \nof greenhouse gases, whereas climate change includes not only temperature rise but also a range of \n\nInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health**2020**, 17, 1062; doi:10.3390/ijerph17031062 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. So, there are apparent challenges and opportunities for maize production in the \nwhole world under climate change. We should grasp the opportunities and expand the yield increasing poten- \ntials; meanwhile, the threat of maize yield loss should be controlled and compressed to the minimum in the \nhigh-risk regions. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Different frames concerning the global climate concern are popular among the public, politicians, \nenvironmentalists, and the media [1,28,29]. Big data analyses have indicated that when interpreting \nclimate events, individuals’ preference for frameworks was influenced by demographics [5] and \nsocial-political background [2]. Different choices of frameworks can evoke different psychological \nprocesses [30], promote or inhibit engagement intentions [31], or gain approval on various levels [32]. \nStudies have noted that the frameworks of climate change and global warming may result from \ndifferent political indications. The American Republican-leaning states show more preference for \nglobal warming than climate change compared with Democratic-leaning states, and global warming is \nmore connected with “hoax” in questioning the reality of the global climate issue [5]. Conservatives \nare more likely to link heat-related phenomena to global warming, whereas liberals associate these \nfacts equally with both frames [27]. An earlier survey conducted by [4] argued that wording choice \nmight not influence the whole population similarly. For the whole sample and politically independent \nindividuals, the two terminologies were equally serious, but climate change seemed more serious \ncompared with global warming among the Republicans, and the Democrats held the opposite opinion. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "complex changes in the state of the climate [7], which may be caused by natural process, external forces, \nor human interventions [8]. By randomly assigning respondents to climate change or global warming \nquestionnaires, scholars confirmed that the different connotations contained in the two definitions are \nlikely to evoke distinct interpretations of the causes and impacts of the global climate issue [9], which \nmay inhibit collaboration and joint efforts to mitigate the global challenge. \n\nPublic preference between climate change and global warming is even more apparent when \nconsidering the ideology spectrum [10]. Some scholars concluded that conservatives, who are \nless concerned with environmental issues, tended to use global warming as a narrative strategy \nbecause global warming has a more direct connection with temperature rise, making it easier to find \ncontradictory cues such as freezing weather or heavy snowstorms to deny global climate change \nfacts [11]. The associations between global warming and human activities may contribute to more \ncontroversies as well [12], connecting global warming more with the “hoax” frame [5] and evoking \ngreater negative sentiment [13]. \n\nAlthough these existing studies have often attempted to identify the differences between these two \nterminologies, only a particular few perspectives, such as sentiment, ideological preference, or cause \nand effect, were examined in each study [3,9,13]. However, the associate network model introduced by \npsychologists suggests that human recognition and memory have a network-shaped architecture [14], \nwhere individual understanding of particular objects is connected with numerous other objects in \nthe mind. According to the associate network model, individual understanding of the global climate \nconcern is a network composed of numerous inter-connected concepts, in which climate change and \nglobal warming. As the two terminologies concern the primary mechanism of the global climate issue, \nthe preference between the two understandings may represent two distinct climate discourses by \ndifferently organizing numerous climate concepts. Examining the differences between two discourses \nwith an associative perspective may provide communicators with unique insights into narrowing the \ncognitive discrepancy. The temporal dimension was lacking in existing studies, necessitating the study \nof how concepts associated with each other have evolved with time. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nNATURE OF COMPRESSIBILITY \n\nAt low ", - "page_start": 218, - "page_end": 218, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "conducted to reveal the interactions between public discourse and natural, scientific, social, or political \nevents. In particular, factors promoting public consensus and factors resulting in discourse discrepancy \nshould be further identified to help climate communicators narrow the public cognitive divergence \nabout the global climate issue. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the past hundred years, the global climate has experienced great changes1–4. According to the sixth assess- \nment report of IPCC, the global average surface temperature increased by 1.09 °C between 1850 and 2020, and \nalmost all regions in the world experienced surface warming5. Due to global warming, the extreme climate events \nbecome more and more frequent, and the ecological environment problems caused by climate change are more \nand more serious, which restrict the sustainable development of human society and health6–10. Global warming \nhas gradually changed from a scientific issue to a major social issue of common concern to governments and \npeople of all countries11–13. In 2016, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate \nchange reached the Paris Agreement at the climate change conference in Paris14. Paris Agreement has indicated \nthat it is urgent to hold the increase in global average temperature well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels \nand pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2. Background**\n\n2.1. Climate Change, Global Warming, and Frames \n\nExisting studies have noted that the subtle difference between climate change and global warming \nevokes different public cognitive responses, where global warming“indicates heat-related impacts, \nhuman causes, increased UV light penetration, ozone depletion, and the greenhouse effect, whereas \nclimate change is more associated with a wide range of influences on climate, including drought and \nagriculture [9]. An N-gram analysis suggested that global warming showed a closer connection with \nice, snow, and sea, whereas climate change was always connected with scientific investigations, such as ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf", - "query": "How many scholarly articles are published every year ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "over 3 million scholarly articles published per year", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "42,500 ACTIVE \nSCHOLARLY PEER- \nREVIEWED JOURNALS \nSource: The STM Report, October 2018 \n\nSponsored by ORCID \n**To learn more go to https://orcid.org** **Institutions must increasingly recognize and demonstrate**\n**the impact of all types of research contributions**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Patent**\n\n(xxxxxxx) \n5,000 \n\n4,000 \n\n3,000 \n\n2,000 \n\n1,000 \n\n0 \n**’99** **’00**\n\nO \nU \nR \n\nW \nO \nR \nK \n**Research Paper**\n\n120 \n100 \n80 \n60 \n40 \n20 \n0 \n**’00** **’01** **’02** **’03** **’04**\n\nThe number of research papers presented at JSME (The Japan Society of \nMechanical Engineers), JSAE (The Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan), SAE \n(The Society of Automotive Engineers), FISITA (The International Federation of \nAutomotive Engineering Societies) ", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which \npermits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.7.1 SPARQL Search**\n\n", - "page_start": 53, - "page_end": 53, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Number of \nshares \n\n24,641,821 \n\n21,765,030 \n\n7,830,100 \n\n7,129,167 \n\n5,814,442 \n\n4,586,271 \n\n3,440,367 \n\n3,207,110 \n\n2,932,105 \n\n1,722,494 \n\n1,458,434 \n\n1,047,937 \n\n1,037,739 \n\n1,000,000 \n\n823,046 \n\n580,613 \n\n566,055 \n\n545,005 \n\n542,237 ", - "page_start": 115, - "page_end": 115, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY OF SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA**\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Print ISBN 978-92-9479-934-0 doi: 10.2802/26873 \n\nPDF ISBN 978-92-9479-935-7 doi: 10.2802/56459 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Connections to ORCID records**\n6M \n5M \n4M \n3M \n2M \n1M \n\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 \n\n■**Live ORCID iDs**\n■**w/at least 1 education** ■**w/at least 1 employee**\n■**w/at least 1 work**\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Less than 1**\n**year**\n 5,159 \n- \n200 \n104 **More than 5**\n**years**\n - \n- \n306 \n- **Total**\n 5,159 \n2,000 \n1,860 \n104 **1 – 5 years**\n - \n2,000 \n1,354 \n- \n\n 9,123 5,463 3,354 306 ", - "page_start": 93, - "page_end": 93, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1,100 \n\n1,000 \n\n900 \n\n800 \n\n700 \n) \n0 \n0 \n0 \n600 ‘ \n( \n\ns \ne \nc \nn \nu \nO \n500 \n\n400 \n\n300 \n\n200 \n\n1 \n0 \n0 \n1 \n100 \n2 \n3 \n2 0 \n5 \n5 1 \n9 \n2 3 \n9 \n2 3 \n3 \n1 0 \n5 \n5 1 \n2 \n1 8 \n1 \n9 4 \n3 \n1 6 \n8 3 \n9 \n4 \n7 6 \n7 \n0 \n2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 \n\nGold Production Silver Production ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf", - "query": "For what reason a researcher's name is not a good tools to track back its works and affiliations ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Many people have the same name Names may change through marriage or other circumstances Individuals use different alphabets, abbreviations, or naming conventions People use different versions of their name during their career", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Names may**\n**change through**\n**marriage or other**\n**circumstances**\n\n**Connects individuals and**\n**their professional**\n**contributions across**\n**disciplines,**\n**organizations, and time**\nMany people have \nthe same name People use different versions of \ntheir name during their career \n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing \nauthoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in \nreviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\" **Individuals use different alphabets,**\n**abbreviations, or naming conventions**\n**Helps research institutions, funders,**\n**publishers, and other organizations**\n**better track and support research work** **—Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union**\n\n**Researchers are mobile!**\n\nFor example, \n**30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT**\n**THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED**\n**KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE**\n**How Organizations and**\n**Researchers Benefit**\n\n**How ORCID Works**\n\n**It's a registry of unique persistent**\n**identifiers for researchers**\nSource: Science Magazine \n\n**RESEARCHERS**\nImprove recognition and \ndiscoverability of their \nresearch \n\n**It's a hub that connects researchers with their**\n**professional activities and contributions**\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to \n\n**It's a global community that enables**\n**researchers to share their data with other**\n**individuals, organizations, and systems**\n**Benchmark their organization**\n**against others**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**INSTITUTIONS**\n\nSave time and reduce errors \nwith automated \ninformation-sharing and \ncross-system interoperability \n\nSpend more time doing \nresearch, less time managing it \n\n**Identify, track, and report on**\n**researchers’ affiliations and**\n**contributions (publications, peer**\n**reviews, grants, and more)**\nManage your organization \nname and your researchers' \nconnections with it \n\nControl and manage a trusted \nand easily shareable record of \ntheir research activities and \naffiliations – for free \n**Why Connect with ORCID?**\n**Hundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally** Maintain links with your \nresearchers - past, \npresent, and future \n\n**Institutions Face a Rising**\n**Tide of Research**\n**5.5 MILLION+**\n**live ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch**\n\n**OVER 3 MILLION**\n**Three Ways to Get Involved**\n**scholarly articles published per year**\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018 \n\n**1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and**\n**using their ORCID iD**\n**2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems**\n**3. Connect data to and from your researchers’ ORCID records to**\n**support information use and reuse across organizations**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**An IDC Infographic, sponsored by ORCID | November 2018**\n\n**The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers**\n\n**Evidence of Institutional Value**\n**What’s in a Name?**\n**Most names are not unique**\n**Tackling Information Overload**\nExamples of time/staff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world \n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable \nidentifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The \nORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free. \n\n**UK:**0.2 – 0.4 FTEs per institution1 \n**Portugal:**100,000 researcher hours per year2 \n**Australia:**15-30 minutes per grant application3 \n\n**Enables recognition of**\n**all types of research**\n**contributions and**\n**innovation**\n**1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015**\n**2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017**\n**3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are advantages and disadvantages to both options and there are options in between such as using \nboth user supplied names for IRIs and using rdfs:label for more intuitive names. The details can get \ncomplicated and there also isn’t universal agreement within the community as to which is generally \nbetter. For your first ontology and since you will be using SPARQL I chose to use user supplied entity \nnames because it is the simpler option and is especially better for SPARQL queries as you will see in the ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Bender and Gebru, et al. \n\nwould be watermarked and thus detectable [7, 66, 123]? Are there \npolicy approaches that could effectively regulate their use? \n\nIn summary, we advocate for research that centers the people \nwho stand to be adversely affected by the resulting technology, \nwith a broad view on the possible ways that technology can affect \npeople. This, in turn, means making time in the research process for \nconsidering environmental impacts, for doing careful data curation \nand documentation, for engaging with stakeholders early in the \ndesign process, for exploring multiple possible paths towards long- \nterm goals, for keeping alert to dual-use scenarios, and finally for \nallocating research effort to harm mitigation in such cases. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " ?customer ?relation ?relatedToCustomer.} \n\nThis would be much less intuitive than the user defined names. There are good reasons to use auto- \ngenerated names, especially for large ontologies that are implemented in multiple natural languages. \nHowever, for new users, especially those who plan to use SPARQL and SHACL, I think it is more \nintuitive to start with user supplied names and then progress to auto-generated names if and when the \nrequirements show a true need for them. This approach to developing software incrementally rather than \nto attempt to design the perfect system that can scale for all possible future requirements is known as the \nAgile approach to software development. In my experience Agile methods have proven themselves in \ncountless real-world projects to deliver better software on time and on budget than the alternative \nwaterfall approach. For more on Agile methods see: https://www.agilealliance.org/agile101/ \n\nThis just gives you a basic overview of some of the things that can be done with SPARQL. There is a lot \nmore and if you are interested you should check out DuCharme’s book or some of the many SPARQL \ntools and tutorials on the web. Some of these are in the bibliography. ", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Most Open Data have nothing personal to begin with (examples: digital maps, budgets, air \n\npollution measurements....) \n\n2. The majority of data that are directly related to individuals (e.g. things like names and \n\naddress of people with specific diseases, or who were victims of some crime) have no reason \n\nto be published,**nor there is any actual demand for them by Open Data advocates**\n\n3. Exceptions that limit privacy for specific cases and categories of people (e.g. candidates to \n\npublic offices, Government and Parliament members etc...) already exist in many countries \n\n4. Very often, in practice, Open Data struggles only happen about*when and how*to make \n\navailable in the most effective way for society information that was*already*recognized as \n\npublic.*What*to declare public, hence open, is indeed a serious issue (more on this in the next \n\nparagraph) but is a separate one. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " For other existing and past examples, one might look to the work of Europeana, https:// \n\n41 \nwww.europeana.eu/en, as well as the mountain of commentary on the failed class action settlement \nbetween Google, the Authors Guild, and the Association of American Publishers — see e.g. the excellent \ncollection of court filings created by James Grimmelmann and colleagues (now archived at the Internet \nArchive) — https://web.archive.org/web/20140425012526/http://thepublicindex.org/. The Settlement \nexpressly would have set up a “Research Corpus” for non-consumptive research. HathiTrust created a \nResearch Center, with the intention of becoming one of the hosts for the “Research Corpus.” The \nSettlement was criticized and was ultimately rejected by the district court for both substantive reasons \n(that is, what the settlement would specifically do) and procedural (in the sense of violating class-action \nlaw, but also in a broader sense of representing a “backroom deal” without sufficient participation from \nimpacted interests). The Research Corpus was not a core locus of critique, though it did receive concern \nin terms of providing too much control to Google, for example. Our purpose in mentioning this is not to \nrelitigate the issue, but rather to call out that design decisions of this sort have been considered in the \npast. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Hum. Serv.**2012**, 30, 160–185. [CrossRef] \n\n54. Yang, G. Narrative agency in hashtag activism: The case of# BlackLivesMatter. Media Commun.**2016**, 4, 13. \n55. Bruns, A.; Burgess, J.E. The use of Twitter hashtags in the formation of ad hoc publics. In Proceedings of the \n6th European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) General Conference 2011, Reykjavík, Iceland, 25–27 \nAugust 2011. \n\n56. Rzeszotarski, J.M.; Spiro, E.S.; Matias, J.N.; Monroy-Hernández, A.; Morris, M.R. Is anyone out there?: \nUnpacking Q&A hashtags on twitter. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in \nComputing Systems, Toronto, ON, Canada, 26 April–1 May 2014; pp. 2755–2758. \n\n57. Tsur, O.; Rappoport, A. What’s in a hashtag?: Content based prediction of the spread of ideas in microblogging \ncommunities. In Proceedings of the Fifth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, \nSeattle, WA, USA, 8–12 February 2012; pp. 643–652. \n\n58. Yang, L.; Sun, T.; Zhang, M.; Mei, Q. We know what@ you# tag: Does the dual role affect hashtag adoption? \nIn Proceedings of the 21st international conference on World Wide Web, Lyon, France, 16–20 April 2012; \npp. 261–270. \n\n59. Weller, K.; Dröge, E.; Puschmann, C. Citation Analysis in Twitter: Approaches for Defining and Measuring \nInformation Flows within Tweets during Scientific Conferences. In Proceedings of the Making Sense of \nMicroposts 2011, Heraklion, Greece, 30 May 2011; pp. 1–12. \n\n60. Meraz, S. Hashtag wars and networked framing: The private/public networked protest repertoires of occupy \non twitter. In Between the Public and Private in Mobile Communication; Routledge: Abingdon, UK, 2017; \npp. 303–323. \n\n61. Meraz, S.; Papacharissi, Z. Networked gatekeeping and networked framing on# Egypt. Int. J. Press.**2013**, 18, ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2See also the recent findings on adversarial triggers, which \nget the model to produce a certain output even though they \nare not well-formed from the point of view of a human reader \n(Wallace et al., 2019a). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf", - "query": "What is an ORCID iD ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "ORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**An IDC Infographic, sponsored by ORCID | November 2018**\n\n**The Value of Using Unique Identifiers for Researchers**\n\n**Evidence of Institutional Value**\n**What’s in a Name?**\n**Most names are not unique**\n**Tackling Information Overload**\nExamples of time/staff savings achieved by implementing ORCID from around the world \n\nORCID is a non-profit organization, which provides a fully open and interoperable \nidentifier to reliably connect researchers with their research contributions. The \nORCID iD is a 16-digit identifier that researchers can register for and use for free. \n\n**UK:**0.2 – 0.4 FTEs per institution1 \n**Portugal:**100,000 researcher hours per year2 \n**Australia:**15-30 minutes per grant application3 \n\n**Enables recognition of**\n**all types of research**\n**contributions and**\n**innovation**\n**1. Jisc/ARMA Institutional ORCID Implementation and Cost Benefit Analysis Report 2015**\n**2. Cátia Laranjeira, FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia 2017**\n**3. Australian Research Council governance meeting, September 2018**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Connections to ORCID records**\n6M \n5M \n4M \n3M \n2M \n1M \n\n2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 \n\n■**Live ORCID iDs**\n■**w/at least 1 education** ■**w/at least 1 employee**\n■**w/at least 1 work**\nSource: Orcid.org/statistics as of November 2018 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.7 ORCID iDs created**\n**every minute**\n\n**193 different languages**\n**included in ORCID records**\n\n**73.6% of records have**\n**granted update permissions**\n\n**1.97 record updates**\n**made per second**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**INSTITUTIONS**\n\nSave time and reduce errors \nwith automated \ninformation-sharing and \ncross-system interoperability \n\nSpend more time doing \nresearch, less time managing it \n\n**Identify, track, and report on**\n**researchers’ affiliations and**\n**contributions (publications, peer**\n**reviews, grants, and more)**\nManage your organization \nname and your researchers' \nconnections with it \n\nControl and manage a trusted \nand easily shareable record of \ntheir research activities and \naffiliations – for free \n**Why Connect with ORCID?**\n**Hundreds of members and systems use ORCID globally** Maintain links with your \nresearchers - past, \npresent, and future \n\n**Institutions Face a Rising**\n**Tide of Research**\n**5.5 MILLION+**\n**live ORCID iDs registered since its 2012 launch**\n\n**OVER 3 MILLION**\n**Three Ways to Get Involved**\n**scholarly articles published per year**\nSource: The STM Report, October 2018 \n\n**1. Encourage and support your researchers in getting, sharing, and**\n**using their ORCID iD**\n**2. Invest in integrating ORCID into your systems**\n**3. Connect data to and from your researchers’ ORCID records to**\n**support information use and reuse across organizations**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Names may**\n**change through**\n**marriage or other**\n**circumstances**\n\n**Connects individuals and**\n**their professional**\n**contributions across**\n**disciplines,**\n**organizations, and time**\nMany people have \nthe same name People use different versions of \ntheir name during their career \n\n\"Having ORCID iDs for most of our researchers has helped in providing \nauthoritative accounts in our various databases, ensuring accuracy in \nreviewer identities, and helping editors find reviewers and check expertise.\" **Individuals use different alphabets,**\n**abbreviations, or naming conventions**\n**Helps research institutions, funders,**\n**publishers, and other organizations**\n**better track and support research work** **—Brooks Hanson, Executive Vice President, Science, American Geophysical Union**\n\n**Researchers are mobile!**\n\nFor example, \n**30% OF THE SCIENTISTS WHO GOT**\n**THEIR PhD IN THE UNITED**\n**KINGDOM NOW LIVE ELSEWHERE**\n**How Organizations and**\n**Researchers Benefit**\n\n**How ORCID Works**\n\n**It's a registry of unique persistent**\n**identifiers for researchers**\nSource: Science Magazine \n\n**RESEARCHERS**\nImprove recognition and \ndiscoverability of their \nresearch \n\n**It's a hub that connects researchers with their**\n**professional activities and contributions**\nResearch institutions and organizations therefore find it hard to \n\n**It's a global community that enables**\n**researchers to share their data with other**\n**individuals, organizations, and systems**\n**Benchmark their organization**\n**against others**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "You can find the course name and course code for your chosen course on \nthe relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look \nat the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code \nare circled in red): ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "(cid:19)(cid:27)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:47)(cid:51)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:20)(cid:23)(cid:23)(cid:25)(cid:21) ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nLOAD \nFACTOR, \nn ", - "page_start": 352, - "page_end": 352, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nradius which ", - "page_start": 197, - "page_end": 197, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nOMNI \nMULTICULTURAL \nNETWORK ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf", - "query": "What type of instability causes rims in ruptured polystyrene thin films to decay into small drops ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": " The rims may further decay into lines of small drops due to a Rayleigh-type instability", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "[1] G. Reiter, “Dewetting of thin polymer films,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 75–78 (1992). \n\n[2] G. Reiter, “Mobility of polymers in films thinner than their unperturbed size,” Europhys. Lett. 23, \n\n579–584 (1993). \n\n[3] A. Sharma and G. Reiter, “Instability of thin polymer films on coated substrates: Rupture, dewetting \n\nand drop formation,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 178, 383–399 (1996). \n\n[4] P.-G. de Gennes, “Wetting: Statics and dynamics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 57, 827–863 (1985). ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
S. H. Lee, P. 1. Yoo, S. J. Ksvon, and H. H. Lee, “ Solvent - driven dewetting and rim instability,” I.Chem. Phys. 121.4346 – 4351 ( 2004 ).
[ 52 ] L. Xia, T. F. Shi, P. K. Duta, and L. An, ‘ Rim instability by solvent - induced deverting ’. I. Chem. Phys. IZ?, 144704 ( 2007 ).[ 53 ] L. Xia, T. F. Shi, and L. 1 Aax, “ The devetiing dynamics of the polymer thin film by solvent ameale ung ”, I Chens. Phys. I29 ( 44904 ( 2008 ).
[ 54 ] M. Elbaum and S. G. Lipson, “ How does a thin weted lifn dry up ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 72.562 – 3565 ( 1994 ).[ 55 ] N. Samidered, S. G. Lipson, and D. S. Tannhauser, “ Pattern formation in drying water filtes.” Phys. Rev. E. SP, 2906 – 2913 ( 1998 ).
[ 56 ] A. Padmakar, K. Kargupta, and A. Sharma, “ Instability and devetting of exaporating thin water films on partially and completely wertable substrates.” I. Chem. Phys. I188.1735 – 1744 ( 1999 ).[ 57 ] A, V, Lysohin, A, Golovin, and L, M. Pismen, “ Fingering instability of thin evaponating liquid thims,” Phys. Rev, E6K, ( 221602 - 2002 ).
[ 58 ] L. M. Pismen, “ Spinodal devetting in a volatile liquid film,” Phys. Rev. E78.021601 ( 2004 ).[ 59 ] C. Pouland, O. Benichoa, and A. M. Carabat, “ Freely receifing evaporating droplets,” Langmuir B. 8825 – 8834 ( 2003 ).
( 60 ) Y. Gotkis, I. Ivasov, N. Murisic, and L. Kondic, “ Dynamic structure formation at the fronts of volatile faquid drops,” Phys. Rer. Lett. 97.186101 ( 2006 ).( 61 ) E. Paniliae Vasijour and P. Moriary, “ Meniscus - mediated organization of colloidal nanoparticles.” J. Phys. Chem. C IH, 16255 – 16268 ( 207 ).
( 2 ) C : Gigastic K. Dabosk - Veress, and J. R. Docher, “ Changes in the norphology of self - usembled polystyreme microphere monolayers produced by ameading.” I Colloid Interface Sci, 240.14 – 155 ( 2001 ).( 63 ) A. Onn, S. H. Davis, and S. G. Bankoff, “ Long - scale evolution of thin liquid films,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 69 ( 931 – 980 ( 1997 ).
[ 64 ] U. Thiele, “ Thin film evolution equations from ( exporating ) deveting liquid layers to epitaxial growth,” 1 Phys.- Cond. Mat ( 2010 ), ( at press ).
", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 7 ] R. Seemann, S. Herminghans, C. Nets, S. Schlagowski, D. Podzimek, R. Kourad, H. Mantz, and K. Iacobs, “ Dysamics and structure formation in thin polymer melt films,” 1. Phys.- Condex. Matter[ 8 ] U. Thiele, “ Structure formation in thin kiquid films,” in S. Kalfudasis and U. Thiele, editors, “ Thin films of Soft Matter,” pages 25 – 93, Springer, Wien ( 2007 ).
[ 9 ] R. Xie. A. Karim, J. F. Ibuglas, C. C. C. C. Hun, and R. A. Weiss, “ Spinodal deverting of thin polymer films.” Phys. Rev. Lett. 8l, 1251 – 1254 ( 198 ).[ 10 ] R. Seenam, S. Herninghass, and K. facobs, “ Deveting patterns and nolecular forces : A mconcilizin, iniot,” Phys, Rev, Lett. 86.5534 – 5537 – 2001.
[ 11 ] U. Thirde. M. G. Velande, and K. Neufee, “ Deverting : Film rupture by nucleation in the spinodal regime,” Phys. Rev. Let. ( 016104 ( 2001 ).[ 12 ] M. Resitborn and K. Neuflex, “ Sarface patterns of laterally extended thin liquid tilms in three dimensions,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 8 ”, 046101 ( 2011 ).
[ 13 ] 1 Becker, G. Grin, R. Seeman, H. Maniz, K. Jacobs, K. Mexke, and R. Blossey, “ Complex deveting scenarios captured by this - tim models.” Nat. Mater 2.59 – 63 ( 2003 ).[ 14 ] C Redon, F. Brochard - Wurt, and F. Rondelez, “ Tronamics of deveting ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 66.715 – 718 ( 1991 ).
[ 15 ] R. Seeman, S. Herminghaus, and K. Jacobs, “ Shape of a liquid front upon develop.” Phys. Rev. Let. 8 ”, 196101 ( 2011 ).[ 10 ] R. Fetzer, K. Jaobs, A. Minch. B. Wagner, and T. P. Witebik, ‘ New slip regimes and the shape of deveting thin liquid films.’ Phys. Rev. Lett. MS, 127801 ( 2305 ).
[ 17 ] F. Brochan - Wyart and C. Redon, “ Dynamics of liquid rim instabilities,” Langmin K, 2124 – 233 ( 1992 ).[ 18 ] G, Reiter and A. Sharma, “ Auto - optimization of deweting rates by rin instabilities in slipping polymer films ” Phys. Rev. Lett. 8 ”, 166103 ( 2001 ).
[ 19 ] A. Minch and B. Wagner, ‘ Contact - line instability of dewetting thin films ’, ‘ Physica DB9.178 – 198 c2005 ).
", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The patterns formed in dewetting processes have attracted strong interest since Reiter analysed the \n\nprocess quantitatively in the early nineties. In these experiments, that proved to be a paradigm in \n\nour understanding of dewetting, a uniform thin film of polystyrene (tens of nanometers thick) is \n\ndeposited on a flat silicon oxide substrate is brought above the glass transition temperature. The \n\nfilm ruptures in several places, forming holes which subsequently grow, competing for space. As a \n\nresult, a random polygonal network of liquid rims emerges. The rims may further decay into lines \n\nof small drops due to a Rayleigh-type instability [1–3]. The related problems of retracting contact \n\nlines on partially wetting substrates and the opening of single holes in rather thick films have also \n\nbeen studied [4, 5]. \n\nSubsequent work has mainly focused on many different aspects of the dewetting process for simple \n\nnon-volatile liquids and polymers (for reviews see Refs. [6–8]). All stages of the dewetting of a \n\nfilm are studied: the initial film rupture via nucleation or a surface instability (called spinodal \n\ndewetting) [1, 9–13], the growth process of individual holes [14–16], the evolution of the resulting ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ence of the phase behaviour on the drying of droplets of a suspension of hard-sphere colloidal \n\nparticles and non-adsorbing polymer [99], of the instabilities and the formation of drops in evap- \n\norating thin films of binary solutions [100] that may lead to treelike patterns [101], of effects of \n\na secondary phase separation on evaporation-induced pattern formation in polymer films [102], \n\nand of the influence of an imposed flow on decomposition and deposition processes in a sliding \n\nridge of evaporating solution of a binary polymer mixture [103] and of the influence of rather ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ically structured substrates,” Europhys. Lett. 47, 474–480 (1999). \n\n[115] R. Konnur, K. Kargupta, and A. Sharma, “Instability and morphology of thin liquid films on chemi- \n\ncally heterogeneous substrates,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 931–934 (2000). \n\n[116] M. Brinkmann and R. Lipowsky, “Wetting morphologies on substrates with striped surface domains,” \n\nJ. Appl. Phys. 92, 4296–4306 (2002). \n\n[117] L. Brusch, H. K¨uhne, U. Thiele, and M. B¨ar, “Dewetting of thin films on heterogeneous substrates: \n\nPinning vs. coarsening,” Phys. Rev. E 66, 011602 (2002). \n\n[118] U. Thiele, L. Brusch, M. Bestehorn, and M. B¨ar, “Modelling thin-film dewetting on structured sub- \n\nstrates and templates: Bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations,” Eur. Phys. J. E 11, 255–271 ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[97] U. Thiele, M. G. Velarde, K. Neuffer, and Y. Pomeau, “Film rupture in the diffuse interface model \n\ncoupled to hydrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. E 64, 031602 (2001). \n\n[98] J. Heier, J. Groenewold, F. A. Castro, F. Nueesch, and R. Hany, “Enlarged bilayer interfaces from \n\nliquid-liquid dewetting for photovoltaic applications,” P Soc Photo-Opt Instrum Eng 6999, J9991– \n\nJ9991 (2008). \n\n[99] M. D. Haw, M. Gillie, and W. C. K. Poon, “Effects of phase behavior on the drying of colloidal \n\nsuspensions,” Langmuir 18, 1626–1633 (2002). \n\n[100] L. V. Govor, J. Parisi, G. H. Bauer, and G. Reiter, “Instability and droplet formation in evaporating \n\nthin films of a binary solution,” Phys. Rev. E 71, 051603 (2005). ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Benard instability,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 164501 (2002). \n\n[50] J. Huang, F. Kim, A. R. Tao, S. Connor, and P. Yang, “Spontaneous formation of nanoparticle stripe ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "polymers which only result in fingers without side-branches [75] or fields of droplets left behind \n\n[18]. \n\nA quantitative analysis shows that the mean number of fingers depends only very weakly on the av- \n\nerage concentration of the nanoparticles ρav \nn ; only the mean finger width increases with increasing \n\nconcentration. However, decreasing the mobility (i.e., decreasing the diffusivity of the particles) \n\nleads to a much denser finger pattern and also causes the front instability to appear at an earlier \n\nstage, i.e., when the front instability is in its initial linear regime, it has a higher growth rate and a \n\nsmaller characteristic wavelength (cf. Fig. 2(c) and (d)). Decreasing the effective chemical poten- \n\ntial (increasing its absolute value) has a similar but less strong effect. For details see [41]. These \n\nfindings lead to the conclusion that the determining factor for the front instability is the ratio of \n\nthe time-scales of the different transport processes. In particular, the front becomes more unstable \n\nwhen the velocity of the dewetting front increases as compared to the mean diffusion velocity of ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We have discussed recent work on pattern formation processes in films and drops of evaporating \n\nsuspensions/solutions of polymers and particles. After reviewing experiments on suspensions of \n\nthiol-coated gold nanoparticles in toluene we have focused on the modelling of the transport and \n\nphase change processes involved. A theoretical approach to the modelling of the hydrodynamics \n\non the mesoscale has been described as well as more microscopic models for the dynamics in the \n\nobserved nanoscopic ‘postcursor’ film. In particular, we have introduced (i) a microscopic kinetic \n\nMonte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film \n\nmodel. \n\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory can both be used to \n\ninvestigate and understand the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched structures \n\nresulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that remains behind the mesoscopic \n\ndewetting front. They are, however, not capable of describing the dynamical processes in a meso- ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf", - "query": "Concerning the dewetting of nanoparticle solutions, how does the concentration of nanoparticle affect the main finger's width ?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": "A quantitative analysis shows that the mean number of fingers depends only very weakly on the av- erage concentration of the nanoparticles ; only the mean finger width increases with increasing concentration", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "polymers which only result in fingers without side-branches [75] or fields of droplets left behind \n\n[18]. \n\nA quantitative analysis shows that the mean number of fingers depends only very weakly on the av- \n\nerage concentration of the nanoparticles ρav \nn ; only the mean finger width increases with increasing \n\nconcentration. However, decreasing the mobility (i.e., decreasing the diffusivity of the particles) \n\nleads to a much denser finger pattern and also causes the front instability to appear at an earlier \n\nstage, i.e., when the front instability is in its initial linear regime, it has a higher growth rate and a \n\nsmaller characteristic wavelength (cf. Fig. 2(c) and (d)). Decreasing the effective chemical poten- \n\ntial (increasing its absolute value) has a similar but less strong effect. For details see [41]. These \n\nfindings lead to the conclusion that the determining factor for the front instability is the ratio of \n\nthe time-scales of the different transport processes. In particular, the front becomes more unstable \n\nwhen the velocity of the dewetting front increases as compared to the mean diffusion velocity of ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "particles may at times play a rather more significant role. When the diffusion of the particles is \n\nslow, the evaporative dewetting fronts become transversely unstable and may result in strongly \n\nramified patterns. This instability is caused by the nanoparticles. The lower their mobility, the \n\nstronger the fingering effect, i.e., there are more fingers in (c) than in (d) because in the latter the \n\nmobility is larger. \n\nThe front instability is intriguing as it results in strongly branched structures. As the dewetting \n\nfront moves, new branches are continuously created and existing branches merge at the moving \n\ncontact line. However, the mean finger number in the streamwise direction of the resulting ramified \n\npattern is a constant. This behaviour is in contrast to the front instabilities found for dewetting ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We note also that the fingering process may be viewed as self-optimising the front motion – i.e. \n\nthe front keeps its average velocity constant by expelling particles into the fingers. A similar effect \n\nexists for dewetting polymer films [18], where liquid is expelled from the growing moving rim \n\nwhich collects the dewetted polymer. There, the surplus liquid is left on the surface as a droplet \n\npattern. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
The kinetic MonteCarlo modeThere and is a very useful toolAccessions one to understand the patternformation in dryingnanoparticleAssuspensions. One hasPercent, to keep in mind the restrictionsTableTableTableTable
", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "only results in the small heap of material visible at the left hand side of Fig. 6(a). The decrease \n\nin hp on the right side of Fig. 6(a) arises due to the diffusion of particles to the right of the initial \n\nfront position; (ii) for very low evaporation rates, the film dynamics is dominated by convective \n\ndewetting as this process acts on a much shorter time scale than evaporation. As a result, all the \n\nliquid is collected into a drop before evaporation slowly removes the remaining solvent. Under \n\nthese conditions most of the nanoparticles are deposited in a single heap (see Fig. 6(c)). Depending \n\non the diffusivity, the heap might be highest at the centre or show a depression there; (iii) at \n\nintermediate evaporation rates, one may observe the deposition of a nanoparticle ring around a \n\nregion with a nanoparticle film of much lower height. At the centre deposition might increase \n\nagain (see Fig. 6(b)). \n\nThe most intriguing feature is the ring formation that has been observed experimentally for sus- \n\npensions of very different particle sizes ranging from nanometers [32, 36, 46, 47] to hundreds of ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "small holes. The competition for space results in a fine-meshed polygonal network of nanoparticle \n\ndeposits. The concentration of particles is much higher at the network nodes – an effect that can \n\nnot been seen within the KMC model. As the particles attract the liquid there remains some liquid \n\non the substrate where the nanoparticles are. \n\nFig. 5 gives snapshots of the evolution of a fingering instability for a retracting dewetting front. \n\nAt early times the straight front shows a rather short-wave instability, about 16 wiggles can be \n\nseen. However, they are only a transient: the finger pattern coarsens rapidly till only about 7 \n\nfingers remain. The fingering then becomes stationary, i.e., just as in the KMC, the mean finger \n\nnumber remains constant, although new branches are continuously created and old branches join \n\neach other. In general, the results on fingering agree well with results obtained using the KMC \n\nmodel [41]. From this we conclude that jamming of discrete particles is not a necessary factor \n\nfor causing the instability, since the fingering is seen here in a continuum model with a diffusion ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "dewetted liquid. The front recedes until all liquid is collected in a central drop. Since no liquid \n\nevaporates [Qnc = 0 in Eq. (1)], the particle concentration does not change during the process. \n\nThe situation changes when allowing for evaporation (Qnc > 0). Now the front may retract \n\nby convection and/or evaporation. Evaporation leads to the possibility of a strong increase in \n\nthe particle concentration at the contact line as evaporation is strongest there. Due to the strong \n\nnonlinear dependence of the viscosity on the particle concentration, this may lead to a dramatic \n\ndecrease of the convective contribution to the front velocity. For moderate evaporation rates, this \n\nmay result in a (temporary) self-pinning of the front. Within the present basic model, the process \n\ncan (after complete dry-in) result in three different basic deposition patterns: (i) for very fast \n\nevaporation rates, all other processes occur over time scales that are much larger. In particular, the \n\neffects of convective redistribution of the liquid are neglectable. As a result one finds that a nearly \n\nhomogeneous film of nanoparticles of thickness hp = φ0h0 is deposited (see Fig. 6(a)). Convection ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "hole pattern [3, 13], and the stability of the individual dewetting fronts [17–19]. We note in \n\npassing, that descriptions of dewetting patterns may also be found in historic papers, particularly \n\nfor the dewetting of a liquid film on a liquid substrate. Tomlinson [20, footnote 18 on p. 40] \n\nconsidered turpentine on water and Marangoni [21, p. 352f] oil on water. \n\nMore recently, interest has turned to the dewetting processes of solutions and suspensions. How- \n\never, these systems have not yet been investigated in any great depth. Such systems are compli- \n\ncated because their behaviour is determined by the interplay between the various solute (or colloid) \n\nand solvent transport processes. Furthermore, the solvents that are used often evaporate, i.e., one \n\nhas to distinguish between ‘normal’ convective dewetting and evaporative dewetting. A number \n\nof experiments have been performed employing (colloidal) solutions of polymers [22–25], macro- \n\nmolecules like collagen and DNA [26–31] and nanoparticles [32–40]. The latter are sometimes \n\nreferred to as ‘nanofluids’. The initial focus of much of the research in the field has been on ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 7: (Colour online) A sequence of profiles during a dewetting process with competing evaporation and \n\nconvection that leads to the dried-in ring structure of nanoparticles displayed in Fig. 6(b). Profiles are at (a) \n\nbefore pinning (t = 0.08T ), (b) at self-pinning (t = 0.13T ), and (c) after depinning (t = 0.29T ), where \n\nT = 3 × 1010τ with τ = η0γH/κ2 (T is of order of 1s). The film thickness profiles h are the bold solid \n\nlines, the nanoparticle concentrations φ are the dotted lines and the nanoparticle layer height hp = hφ are \n\nthe dashed lines. The remaining parameters and scalings are as in Fig. 6(b). ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 6: Profiles of the final dried-in nanoparticle layer for the dewetting of a suspension of nanoparticles \n\nin a volatile solvent that partially wets the substrate for (a) high (Ω = 10−3), (b) medium (Ω = 2 × 10−6) \n\nand (c) low (Ω = 0.78 × 10−8) evaporation rates, for the case when χ = H/l0 = 1.09, the lateral length \nscale is (cid:96) = (cid:112)γ/κH with κ = (Sp/l0) exp(d0/l0)H being an energy scale related to wettability and the \nvertical length scale is H = (cid:112)2SLW /κd0. The remaining dimensionless parameters are the evaporation \nnumber Ω = Qeη0(cid:96)2/H 3, the diffusion number Γ = D(0)η0/Hκ = 10−4 and the dimensionless chemical \n\npotential M = Hµ/κ = −0.0035. The system size is L = 19500(cid:96). Film thickness and hp in the plots are ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "for µ < −2 the film will dewet via a nucleation or spinodal-like process. If the nanoparticles are \n\npresent, they form dried-in structures when all the liquid evaporates. The final structures do not \n\nnormally change any further – at least on short time scales. However, if the liquid wets the particles \n\n(i.e. is attracted to the particles), over long times there might be a coarsening of the structures, \n\nfacilitated by the adsorbed liquid. The dried-in patterns depend on the particular pathway taken by \n\nthe evaporative dewetting process. They range from labyrinthine to polygonal network structures \n\nor holes in a dense particle layer. Some typical patterns are displayed in Fig. 2, for cases when \n\nthe average surface coverage of the nanoparticles ρav \n\nn = 0.2. Panels (a) and (b) result from a \nspinodal-like and nucleation and growth process, respectively. At first sight they look very similar \n\nto the patterns seen for the pure solvent and one might argue that the particles solely act as passive \n\ntracers and preserve the transient volatile dewetting structures of the solvent. This was suggested \n\nin Refs. [26–28] for dewetting collagen solutions. However, panels (c) and (d) indicate that the ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf", - "query": "Which of ultrathin film or mesoscale hydrodynamics are best explained by kinetic Monte Carlo models ? ", - "target_page": 18, - "target_passage": "lthough both the kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory are able to describe well the processes in the ultrathin film, they can not be employed to describe mesoscale hydrodynamics", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "We have discussed recent work on pattern formation processes in films and drops of evaporating \n\nsuspensions/solutions of polymers and particles. After reviewing experiments on suspensions of \n\nthiol-coated gold nanoparticles in toluene we have focused on the modelling of the transport and \n\nphase change processes involved. A theoretical approach to the modelling of the hydrodynamics \n\non the mesoscale has been described as well as more microscopic models for the dynamics in the \n\nobserved nanoscopic ‘postcursor’ film. In particular, we have introduced (i) a microscopic kinetic \n\nMonte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film \n\nmodel. \n\nThe kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional theory can both be used to \n\ninvestigate and understand the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched structures \n\nresulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin ‘postcursor’ film that remains behind the mesoscopic \n\ndewetting front. They are, however, not capable of describing the dynamical processes in a meso- ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The previous two sections focused on two approaches to describe the experimentally observed \n\npatterning dynamics in the ultrathin postcursor film left behind by a mesoscopic receding dewet- \n\nting front. Although both the kinetic Monte Carlo model and the dynamical density functional \n\ntheory are able to describe well the processes in the ultrathin film, they can not be employed to \n\ndescribe mesoscale hydrodynamics. A relatively simple model for the latter can be derived in the \n\nframework of a long-wave or lubrication equation [8, 63]. We will illustrate here the approach \n\nby considering an isothermal situation where the nanoparticles are not surface active, i.e., they do \n\nnot act as surfactants. For a model incorporating the effects of latent heat generation and surface- \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
active particies residing in bermal and solutar Maragonistresies, seeker, [ My ]. A lescripton of spreading particle solutions incorporating a structural disjoining pressure has also been considered[ 89 ]. For related work on particle - laden film flow on an incline see Refs. [ 90.91 ].
One starts from the Stokes equations, together with continuity, no - slip boundary conditions at the
\n\n18 ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ever, the theory is less suited to a description of the dewetting dynamics of the ultrathin postcursor \n\nfilm. \n\nThe dewetting of the ultrathin film of highly concentrated suspension may be described by a dis- \n\ncrete stochastic model such as, for instance, a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model based solely on \n\nevaporation/condensation dynamics of the solvent and diffusion of the solute [35, 39, 41]. The va- \n\nlidity of this strong assumption regarding the relevant transport processes can be confirmed from \n\nan estimate based on Eq. (1): The pressure p = δF/δh drives convection and evaporation. The \n\nconvective mobility is proportional to h3, i.e., it is large for thick films but decreases strongly with \n\nreduced film thickness. The evaporative mobility, however, is a constant, implying that evapora- \n\ntion will dominate below a certain (cross-over) thickness. For the parameter values of Ref. [57] \n\nand a small contact angle (≈ 0.01), the cross-over thickness is in the range of 1-5 nanometers. \n\nThis estimate justifies the neglect of convective transport in a description of the postcursor film ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The limitations of the kinetic Monte Carlo model introduced in the previous Section are related \n\nto its character as a two-dimensional lattice gas with only three states: gas, liquid or particle. \n\nThis implies that (i) no liquid can be transported to a site on the surface already filled with liquid, \n\ni.e., diffusion of the liquid can not be incorporated in a sensible way and (ii) one is not able to \n\ndistinguish between the influence of the short- and the long-range parts of the interactions with the \n\nsubstrate, as all such interactions are absorbed into the effective chemical potential. \n\nHowever, using dynamical density functional theory (DDFT) [78–83] one can develop a model \n\nfor the processes in the ultrathin postcursor film without these limitations, although here we limit \n\nourselves to developing the theory at the level of the KMC and solely discuss how to extend it to \n\nincorporate the influence of the liquid diffusion over the surface. Such a DDFT model describes \n\nthe coupled dynamics of the density fields of the liquid ρl and the nanoparticles ρn. The densities \n\nρl and ρn are defined as the probabilities of finding a given lattice site on the surface to be occupied ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "scopic film. We have seen that the KMC model is able to describe the interplay of solute diffusion \n\nwithin the solvent and solvent evaporation/condensation. It also takes the liquid-liquid, liquid- \n\nparticle and particle-particle interactions into account and therefore allows us to distinguish differ- \n\nent regimes of the transverse (fingering) instability of the evaporative dewetting front: a transport \n\nregime where the instability is almost completely independent of the interaction strengths and \n\na demixing regime where particles and liquid demix at the receding front thereby increasing its \n\ntransverse instability. \n\nThe dynamical density functional theory describes the coupled dynamics of the density fields of \n\nthe liquid and the nanoparticles. In the form described above (i.e. based on the two-dimensional \n\nhamiltonian (3)) we obtain a simple theory that allows us to study the time evolution of the evapo- \n\nrating ultrathin film and also to investigate the influence of processes such as surface diffusion by \n\nthe liquid, which are not incorporated in the KMC model. However, it is straightforward to extend \n\nthe theory to consider a fully three-dimensional fluid film, in which one can distinguish between ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Abstract \n\nWe review recent experiments on dewetting thin films of evaporating colloidal nanoparticle suspensions \n\n(nanofluids) and discuss several theoretical approaches to describe the ongoing processes including coupled \n\ntransport and phase changes. These approaches range from microscopic discrete stochastic theories to \n\nmesoscopic continuous deterministic descriptions. In particular, we focus on (i) a microscopic kinetic \n\nMonte Carlo model, (ii) a dynamical density functional theory and (iii) a hydrodynamic thin film model. \n\nModels (i) and (ii) are employed to discuss the formation of polygonal networks, spinodal and branched \n\nstructures resulting from the dewetting of an ultrathin ‘postcursor film’ that remains behind a mesoscopic \n\ndewetting front. We highlight, in particular, the presence of a transverse instability in the evaporative \n\ndewetting front which results in highly branched fingering structures. The subtle interplay of decomposition \n\nin the film and contact line motion is discussed. \n\nFinally, we discuss a simple thin film model (iii) of the hydrodynamics on the mesoscale. We employ \n\ncoupled evolution equations for the film thickness profile and mean particle concentration. The model is ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The kinetic Monte Carlo model for two-dimensional dewetting nanofluids [33] was first proposed \n\nin Ref. [35] and extended to include next-nearest neighbour interactions in [37]. The two key \n\nassumptions used are: (i) the relevant processes can be mapped on to a two-dimensional lattice \n\ngas model, thereby neglecting continuous changes in the thickness of the evaporating film, and (ii) \n\nall relevant dynamics results from diffusing nanoparticles and evaporating/condensing solvent. \n\nThe model builds on an Ising-type model for the liquid-gas phase transition. The surface is divided \n\nup into a regular array of lattice sites whose size is dictated by the nanoparticles. One then con- \n\nsiders each lattice site to be occupied either by a nanoparticle, liquid or vapour. This effectively \n\nmaps the system onto a two-dimensional two-component lattice gas having two fields n and l. The \n\nresulting three possible states of a cell are: liquid (l = 1, n = 0), nanoparticle (l = 0, n = 1), \n\nand vapour (l = 0, n = 0, i.e., cell empty). The energy of an overall configuration is given by the ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This theory allows us to study the time evolution of the evaporating film of nanoparticle suspension \n\nwithout some of the restrictions of the kinetic Monte Carlo model. Here, however, we illustrate its \n\napplication in similar parameter regimes as used above for the KMC. We focus on two examples: \n\n(i) the spinodal dewetting of a initially flat film of nanoparticle suspension characterised by con- \n\nstant ρl and ρn (Fig. 4); and (ii) the retraction of a dewetting front that is unstable with respect to \n\na fingering instability (Fig. 5). \n\nFig. 4 presents two pairs of snapshots from a purely evaporative dewetting process deep inside the \n\nparameter region of the phase diagram where spinodal dewetting occurs. For small times the film \n\nbecomes unstable showing a typical spinodal labyrinthine pattern with a typical wavelength. The \n\nnanoparticles concentrate where the remaining liquid is situated. However, they are ‘slow’ in their \n\nreaction: when ρl already takes values in the range 0.08 – 0.83, the nanoparticle concentration \n\nhas only deviated by about 25% from its initial value. The film thins strongly forming many ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "heated from below,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 127802 (2006). \n\n[70] G. F. Teletzke, H. T. Davis, and L. E. Scriven, “Wetting hydrodynamics,” Rev. Phys. Appl. 23, 989– \n\n1007 (1988). \n\n[71] J. N. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and Surface Forces, Academic Press, London (1992). \n\n[72] V. S. Mitlin, “Dewetting of solid surface: Analogy with spinodal decomposition,” J. Colloid Interface \n\nSci. 156, 491–497 (1993). \n\n[73] L. M. Pismen and Y. Pomeau, “Disjoining potential and spreading of thin liquid layers in the diffuse \n\ninterface model coupled to hydrodynamics,” Phys. Rev. E 62, 2480–2492 (2000). \n\n[74] L. Onsager, “Crystal statistics. I. A two-dimensional model with an order-disorder transition,” Phys. \n\nRev. 65, 117–149 (1944). \n\n[75] G. Reiter, “Unstable thin polymer films: Rupture and dewetting processes,” Langmuir 9, 1344–1351 ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where γ is the liquid-gas surface tension and f (h) is a local free energy term that describes the \n\nwettability of the surface. Since µ corresponds to a chemical potential, the term µh may either bias \n\nthe system towards the liquid or towards the gas state. The variation of F w.r.t. h gives the pressure. \n\nIt contains the curvature (Laplace) pressure −γ∆h and the disjoining pressure Π(h) = −∂hf (h). \n\nMany different forms for the latter are in use (see, e.g., Refs. [4, 8, 63, 70–73]). \n\nFor the present system a thin film description using Eq. (1) is not appropriate because the nanopar- \n\nticles are not taken into account. However, under certain conditions one can augment equation (1) \n\nfor the evolution of the film thickness by coupling it to an equation for the evolution of the mean \n\nparticle concentration. The resulting model is able to describe the behaviour of an evaporating so- \n\nlution on the meso- and macroscale. Such an approach is briefly discussed below in Section III C. \n\nWe should expect such a model to describe the mesoscopic dewetting front discussed above. How- ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf", - "query": "What is AgMERRA ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": " historical daily weather data (1986–2005) are from the AgMERRA dataset. AgMERRA is a post-processing of the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data. The dataset is proved to be suitable for agricultural modelling and features consistent, daily time-series data", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Materials and methods**\n**Data processing.**\nIn this study, historical daily weather data (1986–2005) are from the AgMERRA dataset. \nAgMERRA is a post-processing of the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications \n(MERRA) data. The dataset is proved to be suitable for agricultural modelling and features consistent, daily \ntime-series data45. \n\nFor future (2020–2099), the original climate scenario data (Table 1) were extracted from output archives of \nfive ESMs (including GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-ESM-CHEM and NorESM1-M) \nunder four RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5) retrieved from the CMIP website. The climate scenario data \nwas interpolated into 0.5° × 0.5° horizontal resolution and bias-corrected with respect to historical observations \nto remove systematic errors46. The data of maize-planting regions are from the gridded global dataset in 2000 \nby combining two data products47,48. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSentra CA (USA) ", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nAbbie J. Smith ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSERENA ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nOMNI \nMULTICULTURAL \nNETWORK ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NNoorrtthh AAmmeerriiccaa \n\nN O R T H A M E R I C A \n\n", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nStan A. Askren ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nMEGANE ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CMOD \nServer B \n\n", - "page_start": 158, - "page_end": 158, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf", - "query": "In 2018, what was the global proportion of maize grown in the US ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "According to statistics in 2018, the gross maize yield in the top 5 countries is almost 80% of the total maize yield of the whole world. The United States accounts for more than 32%", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Yield change of maize in main countries.**There are huge differences in impacts on maize yield under \nclimate change, which would influence the food crisis in different regions. There are 159 countries in the whole \nworld which plant maize. The gross yield of maize the top 20 countries accounts for more than 90% of the total \nyield in the 159 countries. So, the changes in the top 20 countries under future scenarios would influence the \nfood security of the whole world (Fig. 5). From the results of simulated by CRESE-maize under global warming \nby 1.5 °C, there would be 75 countries facing with yield loss of maize; the mean yield loss rate would become \n33.5%. There would be 84 countries experiencing yield increases. Overall, the global maize yield would slightly \nincrease. Under global warming by 2.0 °C, there would be 82 countries facing with yield loss of maize, for which \nthe mean yield loss rate is approximate to that under global warming by 1.5 °C. There would be 77 countries \nexperiencing yield increase; however, the mean yield increase is apparently smaller than that under global warm- \ning by 1.5 °C. Generally, the global maize yield would decrease. The results show that the adverse effect of warm- \ning up 2.0 °C on global maize production is far greater than warming up 1.5 °C. It is important to take actions to \ndevelop forward-looking adaptation measures to cope with future climate change. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Conclusion.**According to the simulation results, the yield of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C would \ndecrease between 3.0 and 18.7% in the worldwide relative to 1986–2005; the maize yield would fluctuate between \n− 6.8 and 7.2% under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the spatial distribution, the gross maize yield in the top 5 \nhigh-yield countries (including the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico) would decrease by 2% \nunder global warming by 1.5 °C and 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. At the global level, the market price \nfor maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively, which would \nvary quite largely among different countries and regions. So, it is urgent for all countries to pay enough attention \nto the loss risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The time left for \nchanging our minds and actions is becoming less and less. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 7.**Price change on maize in main continents under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. \n\n", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. So, there are apparent challenges and opportunities for maize production in the \nwhole world under climate change. We should grasp the opportunities and expand the yield increasing poten- \ntials; meanwhile, the threat of maize yield loss should be controlled and compressed to the minimum in the \nhigh-risk regions. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 5.**Yield loss rates on maize in top 20 countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. \n\nthat maize yield would decrease severely. For the whole world more mitigation and adaptation actions should \nbe taken from now on. Food security would be a significant challenge in this century. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C**\n**global warming on global maize**\n**production and trade**\n\n**OPEN**\n\n**Kuo Li1** ***, Jie Pan1, Wei Xiong2, Wei Xie3 & Tariq Ali3**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "First maize yields across the world during the historical period 1986–2005 were simulated at the 0.5° × 0.5° \ngrid scale with two main production systems, including Spring maize and Summer maize. Historical national \nmaize production is aggregated from simulated gridded yield and weighted by grid cell maize areas in 2000 from \nthe gridded global dataset by combining two data products47. Second, genetic parameters of specific cultivars of \nmaize from previous works were adopted for the initial parameters; model parameters related to crop genotype \ncharacteristics were calibrated and tuned following the method in Xiong et al.52, in which the simulated yields \nfrom 1986–2005 were comparable to the statistical data. Third, maize yields across the world were simulated \nunder global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. Finally, global and national maize yields were aggregated from grid- \nded values; changes in national and global yields under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C were calculated, \ncomparing maize yield average for 1986–2005. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " 39. Glotter, M. & Elliott, J. Simulating US agriculture in a modern Dust Bowl drought. Nat. Plants**3**, 16193 (2016). \n 40. Challinor, A. J., Koehler, A. K., Ramirez-Villegas, J., Whitfield, S. & Das, B. Current warming will reduce yields unless maize \nbreeding and seed systems adapt immediately. Nat. Clim. Change**6**, 954–958 (2016). \n 41. Cammarano, D. et al. Using historical climate observations to understand future climate change crop yield impacts in the South- \neastern US. Clim. Change**134**, 311–326 (2016). \n\n 42. Etten, J. V. et al. Crop variety management for climate adaptation supported by citizen science. PNAS**116**(10), 4194–4199 (2019). \n 43. Urban, D. W., Sheffield, J. & Lobell, D. B. The impacts of future climate and carbon dioxide changes on the average and variability \nof US maize yields under two emission scenarios. Environ. Res. Lett.**10**, 045003 (2015). \n\n 44. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the Impacts of Global Warming of 1.5°C \nAbove Pre-industrial Levels and Related Global Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways, in the Context of Strengthening the Global \nResponse to the Threat of Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty 32 (World Meteorological \nOrganization, 2018). \n 45. Ruane, A. C., Goldberg, R. & Chryssanthacopoulos, J. Climate forcing datasets for agricultural modeling: Merged products for \ngap-filling and historical climate series estimation. Agr. For. Meteorol.**200**, 233–248 (2015). \n 46. Hempel, S., Frieler, K., Warszawski, L., Schewe, J. & Piontek, F. A trendpreserving bias correction-the ISI-MIP approach. Earth \nSyst. Dyn.**4**, 219–236 (2013). \n 47. Monfreda, C., Ramankutty, N. & Foley, J. A. Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "meantime, the huge differences in yield changes in different regions provide a small chance for the world, espe- \ncially under global warming by 1.5 °C. In the near future, if the global temperature can be effectively controlled \nunder 1.5 °C warming scenario, there would be an increase in the potential for maize yield in the worldwide. \nAll regions and countries should take actions to reduce the yield loss risk. For the yield-increasing regions, the \npotentials of climate resources should be fully utilized to guarantee maize yield under future scenarios; for the \nyield-reducing regions, the targeted adaptation actions should be taken in advance under global warming by \n1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. \n\nMeanwhile, the risk of price fluctuations caused by global corn trade due to future climate change should be \npaid more attention to, especially for developing and undeveloped countries. In the view of supply and demand, \nthe population would go up quickly in the next 30 years; the demand for maize would increase hugely; however, \nthe supply of maize would go down in the future, especially under global warming by 2.0 °C; it would intensify \nthe contradiction between supply and demand, which would threaten the food security and sustainable develop- \nment in the whole world. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Discussion and conclusion**\n**Discussion.**Our analysis highlights the effects of climate change on global- and regional-specific maize \nyields and the associated economic consequences in 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C -warming scenarios. We find that the \nreduction risk of maize yield under global warming by 2.0 °C is much more serious than that under global warm- \ning by 1.5 °C. On the one hand, the larger the temperature rise, the greater the evapotranspiration would be. \nAlthough the precipitation is also increasing, the evapotranspiration would become more intense. The limitation \nof water supply for maize growth leads to the decline of yield. On the other hand, relative to global warming by \n1.5 °C, maize production would be faced with more serious and frequent extreme climate events, such as drought \nand heat waves, which would increase the risk of corn yield reduction under global warming by 2.0 °C. In the ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf", - "query": "What would be the price increase resulting from maize production changes due to 1.5°C and 2°C global temperature increase ?", - "target_page": 10, - "target_passage": "In response to production changes, the price of each commodity changes under both scenarios. At the global level, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 8 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Figure 7.**Price change on maize in main continents under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. \n\n", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Discussion and conclusion**\n**Discussion.**Our analysis highlights the effects of climate change on global- and regional-specific maize \nyields and the associated economic consequences in 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C -warming scenarios. We find that the \nreduction risk of maize yield under global warming by 2.0 °C is much more serious than that under global warm- \ning by 1.5 °C. On the one hand, the larger the temperature rise, the greater the evapotranspiration would be. \nAlthough the precipitation is also increasing, the evapotranspiration would become more intense. The limitation \nof water supply for maize growth leads to the decline of yield. On the other hand, relative to global warming by \n1.5 °C, maize production would be faced with more serious and frequent extreme climate events, such as drought \nand heat waves, which would increase the risk of corn yield reduction under global warming by 2.0 °C. In the ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Conclusion.**According to the simulation results, the yield of maize under global warming by 2.0 °C would \ndecrease between 3.0 and 18.7% in the worldwide relative to 1986–2005; the maize yield would fluctuate between \n− 6.8 and 7.2% under global warming by 1.5 °C. From the spatial distribution, the gross maize yield in the top 5 \nhigh-yield countries (including the United States, China, Brazil, Argentina and Mexico) would decrease by 2% \nunder global warming by 1.5 °C and 11.4% under global warming by 2.0 °C. At the global level, the market price \nfor maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, respectively, which would \nvary quite largely among different countries and regions. So, it is urgent for all countries to pay enough attention \nto the loss risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The time left for \nchanging our minds and actions is becoming less and less. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. So, there are apparent challenges and opportunities for maize production in the \nwhole world under climate change. We should grasp the opportunities and expand the yield increasing poten- \ntials; meanwhile, the threat of maize yield loss should be controlled and compressed to the minimum in the \nhigh-risk regions. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Although, so far there are plenty of research on the impacts of global warming by 1.5 °C temperature, includ- \ning the impacts comparison of global warming by 1.5 °C versus 2.0 °C44. It is necessary to do more quantitative \nimpacts assessments of global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C on crops yield and market price to address research \ngaps and support the requirement of the scientific community and governments. In this paper, the future climate \nsituations were selected and analyzed which are the approximate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C and \n2.0 °C, based on the simulation results from 5 climate models recommended by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios. \nThen the per unit yield changes of maize all over the world under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C were \nanalyzed and the spatial distributions of changes in maize yield were revealed relative to the baseline from \n1985 to 2006, applying crop model DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer). Next, we \nexamine the effects of the resulting maize production shocks in different countries; the market price of maize is \nsimulated using GTAP to reveal the impacts of climate change on global crop trade. Finally, the future trend of \nmaize yield and market price in the main breadbasket is assessed and the adaptation suggestions are put forward \nfor maize cultivation. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Climate change is becoming more and more remarkable which has an obvious impact on crop yields**\n**all over the world. Future climate scenario data was simulated by 5 climate models recommended**\n**by ISI-MIP under 4 RCP scenarios, in which the approximate scenarios with global warming by 1.5 °C**\n**and 2 °C were selected. Applying DSSAT and GTAP models, the per unit yield changes of maize in the**\n**world under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C were analyzed and the market prices of maize at**\n**national and global levels were simulated. The results showed that, the risk of maize yield reduction**\n**under 2.0 °C scenario was much more serious than 1.5 °C scenario; the ratios of yield changes were**\n**separately 0.18% and − 10.8% under 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C scenarios. The reduction trend of total maize**\n**production is obvious in the top five countries and the main producing regions of the world, especially**\n**under the 2.0 °C scenario. The market price of maize would increase by around 0.7% and 3.4% under**\n**1.5 °C and 2.0 °C scenarios. With the quickly increasing population in the world, it is urgent for all**\n**countries to pay enough attention to the risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and**\n**adaptation to climate change.**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C**\n**global warming on global maize**\n**production and trade**\n\n**OPEN**\n\n**Kuo Li1** ***, Jie Pan1, Wei Xiong2, Wei Xie3 & Tariq Ali3**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "meantime, the huge differences in yield changes in different regions provide a small chance for the world, espe- \ncially under global warming by 1.5 °C. In the near future, if the global temperature can be effectively controlled \nunder 1.5 °C warming scenario, there would be an increase in the potential for maize yield in the worldwide. \nAll regions and countries should take actions to reduce the yield loss risk. For the yield-increasing regions, the \npotentials of climate resources should be fully utilized to guarantee maize yield under future scenarios; for the \nyield-reducing regions, the targeted adaptation actions should be taken in advance under global warming by \n1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. \n\nMeanwhile, the risk of price fluctuations caused by global corn trade due to future climate change should be \npaid more attention to, especially for developing and undeveloped countries. In the view of supply and demand, \nthe population would go up quickly in the next 30 years; the demand for maize would increase hugely; however, \nthe supply of maize would go down in the future, especially under global warming by 2.0 °C; it would intensify \nthe contradiction between supply and demand, which would threaten the food security and sustainable develop- \nment in the whole world. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In response to production changes, the price of each commodity changes under both scenarios. At the global \nlevel, the market price for maize would increase by 0.7% and 3.4% under 1.5 °C scenario and 2.0 °C scenario, \nrespectively, which would vary quite largely among different countries and regions under both climate change \nscenarios (Fig. 7). Particularly, the market price would increase by around 22% and 27% in Iran under 2.0 °C \nscenario and 1.5 °C scenario, respectively. Iran is also the region where the highest yield reduction is observed \ndue to climate change. Market prices for maize in India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa and the Rest of Africa \nwould decrease significantly under both scenarios, as their yields improve due to climate effects. Along with the \ndomestic production, the climate change will also induce changes in international trade of maize, resulting in \nchanging levels of self-sufficiency ratios (SSR) for each country/region. By SSR, we mean the ratio of domestically \nproduced commodity, to the sum of net imports and domestic production. In our scenario analysis, generally, \nthe countries that face positive effects on yields and/or are relatively less dependent on imports, are positively \n(less negatively) affected by climate change. For example, maize SSR for Ukraine, India, Russia and Mexico would \nimprove under both scenarios (Fig. 8). Whereas the self-sufficiency ratios of maize for Southeast Asia, Bangladesh \nand Iran will worsen under both scenarios. China’s SSR for maize stays almost similar to the level as the baseline. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 5.**Yield loss rates on maize in top 20 countries under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. \n\nthat maize yield would decrease severely. For the whole world more mitigation and adaptation actions should \nbe taken from now on. Food security would be a significant challenge in this century. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf", - "query": "What is a formal fallacy ?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "For formal fallacies, the source of the error is found in the form of the argument", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Fallacies are usually divided into formal and \ninformal fallacies.[38] For formal fallacies, the \nsource of the error is found in the*form*of the \nargument. For example, denying the antecedent \nis one type of formal fallacy, as in \"if Othello is a \nbachelor, then he is male; Othello is not a \nbachelor; therefore Othello is not male\".[88] But \nmost fallacies fall into the category of informal \nfallacies, of which a great variety is discussed in \nthe academic literature. The source of their error \nis usually found in the*content*or the*context*of \nthe \nare \nsometimes categorized as fallacies of ambiguity, \nfallacies of presumption, or \nfallacies of \nthe \nrelevance. For \nambiguity and vagueness of natural language are \nresponsible for their flaw, as in \"feathers are light; what is light cannot be dark; therefore feathers cannot \nbe dark\".[90] Fallacies of presumption have a wrong or unjustified premise but may be valid otherwise.[91] \nIn the case of fallacies of relevance, the premises do not support the conclusion because they are not \nrelevant to it.[92] \n\nargument.[89] Informal fallacies ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Fallacies**\n\nNot all arguments live up to the standards of correct reasoning. When they do not, they are usually \nreferred to as fallacies. Their central aspect is not that their conclusion is false but that there is some flaw \nwith the reasoning leading to this conclusion.[84] So the argument \"it is sunny today; therefore spiders \nhave eight legs\" is fallacious even though the conclusion is true. Some theorists, like John Stuart Mill, \ngive a more restrictive definition of fallacies by additionally requiring that they appear to be correct.[85] \nThis way, genuine fallacies can be distinguished from mere mistakes of reasoning due to carelessness. \nThis explains why people tend to commit fallacies: because they have an alluring element that seduces \npeople into committing and accepting them.[86] However, this reference to appearances is controversial \nbecause it belongs to the field of psychology, not logic, and because appearances may be different for \ndifferent people.[87] ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another characterization identifies informal logic with the study of non-deductive arguments. In this way, \nit contrasts with deductive reasoning examined by formal logic.[35] Non-deductive arguments make their \nconclusion probable but do not ensure that it is true. An example is the inductive argument from the \nempirical observation that \"all ravens I have seen so far are black\" to the conclusion \"all ravens are \nblack\".[36] \n\nA further approach is to define informal logic as the study of informal fallacies.[37] Informal fallacies are \nincorrect arguments in which errors are present in the content and the context of the argument.[38] A false \ndilemma, for example, involves an error of content by excluding viable options. This is the case in the \nfallacy \"you are either with us or against us; you are not with us; therefore, you are against us\".[39] Some \ntheorists state that formal logic studies the general form of arguments while informal logic studies \nparticular instances of arguments. Another approach is to hold that formal logic only considers the role of ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Formal logic**\n\nFormal logic is also known as symbolic logic and is widely used in mathematical logic. It uses a formal \napproach to study reasoning: it replaces concrete expressions with abstract symbols to examine the \nlogical form of arguments independent of their concrete content. In this sense, it is topic-neutral since it is \nonly concerned with the abstract structure of arguments and not with their concrete content.[10] ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Formal logic is interested in deductively valid arguments, for which the truth of their premises ensures \nthe truth of their conclusion. This means that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the \nconclusion to be false.[11] For valid arguments, the logical structure of the premises and the conclusion \nfollows a pattern called a rule of inference.[12] For example, modus ponens is a rule of inference \naccording to which all arguments of the form \"(1)*p*, (2) if*p*then*q*, (3) therefore*q*\" are valid, independent \nof what the terms*p*and*q*stand for.[13] In this sense, formal logic can be defined as the science of valid \ninferences. An alternative definition sees logic as the study of logical truths.[14] A proposition is logically \ntrue if its truth depends only on the logical vocabulary used in it. This means that it is true in all possible \nworlds and under all interpretations of its non-logical terms, like the claim \"either it is raining, or it is \nnot\".[15] These two definitions of formal logic are not identical, but they are closely related. For example, \nif the inference from*p*to*q*is deductively valid then the claim \"if*p*then*q*\" is a logical truth.[16] ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Informal**\n\nInformal logic is usually carried out in a less systematic way. It often focuses on more specific issues, like \ninvestigating a particular type of fallacy or studying a certain aspect of argumentation. Nonetheless, some \nframeworks of informal logic have also been presented that try to provide a systematic characterization of \nthe correctness of arguments.[141] ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Logic**\n\n**Logic**is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and \ninformal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid \ninferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow \nfrom premises based on the structure of arguments alone, \nindependent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated \nwith informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation \ntheory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural \nlanguage whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used \nas a countable noun, the term \"a logic\" refers to a specific logical \nformal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a \ncentral role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, \ncomputer science, and linguistics. \n\nLogic studies valid forms of \ninference like*modus ponens*. \n\nLogic studies arguments, which consist of a set of premises that leads to a conclusion. An example is the \nargument from the premises \"it's Sunday\" and \"if it's Sunday then I don't have to work\" leading to the \nconclusion \"I don't have to work\".[1] Premises and conclusions express propositions or claims that can be \ntrue or false. An important feature of propositions is their internal structure. For example, complex \npropositions are made up of simpler propositions linked by logical vocabulary like \n(if...then). Simple propositions also have parts, like \"Sunday\" or \"work\" in the example. The truth of a \nproposition usually depends on the meanings of all of its parts. However, this is not the case for logically \ntrue propositions. They are true only because of their logical structure independent of the specific \nmeanings of the individual parts. \n\n (and) or ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Formal logic needs to translate natural language \narguments into a formal language, like first-order logic, to \nassess whether they are valid. In this example, the letter \n\"c\" represents Carmen while the letters \"M\" and \"T\" stand \nfor \"Mexican\" and \"teacher\". The symbol \"∧\" has the \nmeaning of \"and\". \n**Informal logic**\n\nWhen understood in a wide sense, logic \nencompasses both formal and informal logic.[24] Informal logic uses non-formal criteria and standards to \nanalyze and assess the correctness of arguments. Its main focus is on everyday discourse.[25] Its \ndevelopment was prompted by difficulties in applying the insights of formal logic to natural language \narguments.[26] In this regard, it considers problems that formal logic on its own is unable to address.[27] \nBoth provide criteria for assessing the correctness of arguments and distinguishing them from \nfallacies.[28] \n\nMany characterizations of informal logic have been suggested but there is no general agreement on its \nprecise definition.[29] The most literal approach sees the terms \"formal\" and \"informal\" as applying to the \nlanguage used to express arguments. On this view, informal logic studies arguments that are in informal \nor natural language.[30] Formal logic can only examine them indirectly by translating them first into a \nformal language while informal logic investigates them in their original form.[31] On this view, the \nargument \"Birds fly. Tweety is a bird. Therefore, Tweety flies.\" belongs to natural language and is \n; (2) \nexamined by informal logic. But the formal translation \"(1) \n\" is studied by formal logic.[32] The study of natural language \narguments comes with various difficulties. For example, natural language expressions are often \nambiguous, vague, and context-dependent.[33] Another approach defines informal logic in a wide sense as \nthe normative study of the standards, criteria, and procedures of argumentation. In this sense, it includes \nquestions about the role of rationality, critical thinking, and the psychology of argumentation.[34] \n\n; (3) ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Formal logic uses formal languages to express and analyze arguments.[17] They normally have a very \nlimited vocabulary and exact syntactic rules. These rules specify how their symbols can be combined to \nconstruct sentences, so-called well-formed formulas.[18] This simplicity and exactness of formal logic \nmake it capable of formulating precise rules of inference. They determine whether a given argument is \nvalid.[19] Because of the reliance on formal language, natural language arguments cannot be studied \ndirectly. Instead, they need to be translated into formal language before their validity can be assessed.[20] \n\nThe term \"logic\" can also be used in a slightly different sense as a countable noun. In this sense,*a logic*is \na logical formal system. Distinct logics differ from each other concerning the rules of inference they \naccept as valid and the formal languages used to express them.[21] Starting in the late 19th century, many ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Formal semantics of natural language**\n\nFormal semantics is a subfield of logic, linguistics, and the philosophy of language. The discipline of \nsemantics studies the meaning of language. Formal semantics uses formal tools from the fields of \nsymbolic logic and mathematics to give precise theories of the meaning of natural language expressions. \nIt understands meaning usually in relation to truth conditions, i.e. it examines in which situations a ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf", - "query": "In early Chinese philosophy, what were the major influences regarding the philosophy of logic ?", - "target_page": 18, - "target_passage": "In Chinese philosophy, the School of Names and Mohism were particularly influential", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In Chinese philosophy, the School of Names and Mohism were particularly influential. The School of \nNames focused on the use of language and on paradoxes. For example, Gongsun Long proposed the \nwhite horse paradox, which defends the thesis that a white horse is not a horse. The school of Mohism \nalso acknowledged the importance of language for logic and tried to relate the ideas in these fields to the \nrealm of ethics.[197] \n\nIn India, the study of logic was primarily pursued by the schools of Nyaya, Buddhism, and Jainism. It \nwas not treated as a separate academic discipline and discussions of its topics usually happened in the \ncontext of epistemology and theories of dialogue or argumentation.[198] In Nyaya, inference is understood \nas a source of knowledge (pramāṇa). It follows the perception of an object and tries to arrive at \nconclusions, for example, about the cause of this object.[199] A similar emphasis on the relation to \nepistemology is also found in Buddhist and Jainist schools of logic, where inference is used to expand the \nknowledge gained through other sources.[200] Some of the later theories of Nyaya, belonging to the \nNavya-Nyāya school, resemble modern forms of logic, such as Gottlob Frege's distinction between sense \nand reference and his definition of number.[201] ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Haack, Susan (1978). \"1. 'Philosophy of logics' \".*Philosophy of Logics*(https://philpapers.or \ng/rec/HAAPOL-2). London and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978- \n0-521-29329-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207200551/https://philpapers.o \nrg/rec/HAAPOL-2) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. \nHaack, Susan (1996).*Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism*. University of \nChicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31133-3. \nHaaparanta, Leila (2009). \"1. Introduction\".*The Development of Modern Logic*. Oxford \nUniversity Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6. \nHansen, Hans (2020). \"Fallacies\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fallacies/).*The Stanford*\n*Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived (http \ns://web.archive.org/web/20210329182946/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fallacies/) from \nthe original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021. \nHartmann, Stephan; Sprenger, Jan (2010). \"Bayesian Epistemology\".*The Routledge*\n*Companion to Epistemology*(https://philpapers.org/rec/BOVSIO). London: Routledge. \npp. 609–620. ISBN 978-0-415-96219-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021051609 \n5047/https://philpapers.org/rec/BOVSIO) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved \n4 January 2022. \nHasse, Dag Nikolaus (2008). \"Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West\" \n(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of*\n*Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023. \nHawthorne, James (2021). \"Inductive Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-inductiv \ne/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford \nUniversity. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081805/https://plato.stanford.ed \nu/entries/logic-inductive/) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022. \nHintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). \"Philosophy of logic\" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosoph \ny-of-logic).*Encyclopædia Britannica*. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015042810173 \n2/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346240/philosophy-of-logic) from the original \non 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. \nHintikka, Jaakko J. (2023). \"Logical systems\" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic/Logical \n-systems).*Encyclopædia Britannica*. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021120718465 \n6/https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic/Logical-systems) from the original on 7 December \n2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021. \nHintikka, Jaakko (1970). \"Information, Deduction, and the A Priori\".*Noûs*.**4**(2): 135–152. \ndoi:10.2307/2214318 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2214318). ISSN 0029-4624 (https://searc \nh.worldcat.org/issn/0029-4624). JSTOR 2214318 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2214318). \nHintikka, Jaakko; Sandu, Gabriel (2006). \"What is Logic?\". In Jacquette, D. (ed.). \n*Philosophy of Logic*(https://philpapers.org/rec/JAAWIL). North Holland. pp. 13–39. \nISBN 978-0-444-51541-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207235525/https://ph \nilpapers.org/rec/JAAWIL) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December \n2021. \nHintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. \"History of logic\" (https://www.britannica.com/topi \nc/history-of-logic).*Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 23 September 2022. \nHonderich, Ted (2005).*The Oxford Companion to Philosophy*(https://philpapers.org/rec/HO \nNTOC-2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Archived (https://web.archive. \norg/web/20210129082636/https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from the original on 29 \nJanuary 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. \nHurley, Patrick J. (2015). \"4. Categorical Syllogisms\".*Logic: The Essentials*. Wadsworth. \npp. 189–237. ISBN 978-1-305-59041-0. \nIEP Staff. \"Deductive and Inductive Arguments\" (https://iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/). Archived (http \ns://web.archive.org/web/20100528032124/https://iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/) from the original on \n28 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2022. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Philosophy of logic and philosophical logic**\n*Philosophy of logic*is the philosophical discipline studying the scope and nature of logic.[59] It examines \nmany presuppositions implicit in logic, like how to define its basic concepts or the metaphysical \nassumptions associated with them.[158] It is also concerned with how to classify logical systems and \nconsiders the ontological commitments they incur.[159]*Philosophical logic*is one of the areas within the \nphilosophy of logic. It studies the application of logical methods to philosophical problems in fields like \nmetaphysics, ethics, and epistemology.[160] This application usually happens in the form of extended or \ndeviant logical systems.[161] ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The syllogistic logic developed by Aristotle predominated in the West until the mid-19th century, when \ninterest in the foundations of mathematics stimulated the development of modern symbolic logic.[202] \nMany see Gottlob Frege's*Begriffsschrift*as the birthplace of modern logic. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's \nidea of a universal formal language is often considered a forerunner. Other pioneers were George Boole, \nwho invented Boolean algebra as a mathematical system of logic, and Charles Peirce, who developed the \nlogic of relatives. Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, in turn, condensed many of these \ninsights in their work*Principia Mathematica*. Modern logic introduced novel concepts, such as functions, \nquantifiers, and relational predicates. A hallmark of modern symbolic logic is its use of formal language \nto precisely codify its insights. In this regard, it departs from earlier logicians, who relied mainly on \nnatural language.[203] Of particular influence was the development of first-order logic, which is usually \ntreated as the standard system of modern logic.[204] Its analytical generality allowed the formalization of \nmathematics and drove the investigation of set theory. It also made Alfred Tarski's approach to model \ntheory possible and provided the foundation of modern mathematical logic.[205] ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Vidyabhusana, Satis Chandra (1988).*A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and*\n*Modern Schools*. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 221. ISBN 978-81-208-0565-1. \nVleet, Van Jacob E. (2010). \"Introduction\".*Informal Logical Fallacies: A Brief Guide*(https://p \nhilpapers.org/rec/VLEILF). Upa. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-0-7618-5432-6. Archived (https://web.ar \nchive.org/web/20220228035654/https://philpapers.org/rec/VLEILF) from the original on 28 \nFebruary 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022. \nVäänänen, Jouko (2021). \"Second-order and Higher-order Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/ \nentries/logic-higher-order/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics \nResearch Lab, Stanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211030222316/ \nhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-higher-order/) from the original on 30 October 2021. \nRetrieved 23 November 2021. \nWalton, Douglas N. (1987).*Informal Fallacies: Towards a Theory of Argument Criticisms*(htt \nps://philpapers.org/rec/WALIFT). John Benjamins. ISBN 978-1-55619-010-0. Archived (http \ns://web.archive.org/web/20220302001111/https://philpapers.org/rec/WALIFT) from the \noriginal on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2022. \nWarren, Jared (2020).*Shadows of Syntax: Revitalizing Logical and Mathematical*\n*Conventionalism*(https://global.oup.com/academic/product/shadows-of-syntax-9780190086 \n152). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-008615-2. \nWashell, Richard F. (1973). \"Logic, Language, and Albert the Great\" (https://philpapers.org/r \nec/WASLLA-3).*Journal of the History of Ideas*.**34**(3): 445–50. doi:10.2307/2708963 (http \ns://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708963). JSTOR 2708963 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708963). \nWasilewska, Anita (2018).*Logics for Computer Science: Classical and Non-Classical*. \nSpringer. pp. 145–6. ISBN 978-3-319-92591-2. \nWeber, Zach. \"Paraconsistent Logic\" (https://iep.utm.edu/para-log/).*Internet Encyclopedia*\n*of Philosophy*. Retrieved 12 December 2021. \nWeddle, Perry (2011). \"Chapter 36. Informal logic and the eductive-inductive distinction\". \n*Across the Lines of Disciplines*(https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/97831108 \n67718.383/html). De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 383–388. doi:10.1515/9783110867718.383 (http \ns://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110867718.383). ISBN 978-3-11-086771-8. Archived (https://w \neb.archive.org/web/20211231172343/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/978 \n3110867718.383/html) from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. \nWesterståhl, Dag (1989). \"Aristotelian Syllogisms and Generalized Quantifiers\" (https://philp \napers.org/rec/WESASA).*Studia Logica*.**48**(4): 577–585. doi:10.1007/BF00370209 (https:// \ndoi.org/10.1007%2FBF00370209). S2CID 32089424 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/Corpu \nsID:32089424). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104182746/https://philpapers.o \nrg/rec/WESASA) from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022. \nWilbanks, Jan J. (1 March 2010). \"Defining Deduction, Induction, and Validity\" (https://link.sp \nringer.com/article/10.1007/s10503-009-9131-5).*Argumentation*.**24**(1): 107–124. \ndoi:10.1007/s10503-009-9131-5 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10503-009-9131-5). \nISSN 1572-8374 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8374). S2CID 144481717 (https://ap \ni.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144481717). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202201 \n08171721/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10503-009-9131-5) from the original on \n8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022. \nWilce, Alexander (2021). \"Quantum Logic and Probability Theory: 2.1 Realist Quantum \nLogic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantlog/#RealQuanLogi).*The Stanford*\n*Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved \n11 March 2023. \nWile, Bruce; Goss, John; Roesner, Wolfgang (2005).*Comprehensive Functional*\n*Verification: The Complete Industry Cycle*. Elsevier. p. 447. ISBN 978-0-08-047664-3. \nWillman, Marshall D. (2022). \"Logic and Language in Early Chinese Philosophy\" (https://plat \no.stanford.edu/entries/chinese-logic-language/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. \nMetaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Introduction. Retrieved 11 March 2023. ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " **Epistemology of logic**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Rautenberg, Wolfgang (1 July 2010).*A Concise Introduction to Mathematical Logic*. \nSpringer. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4419-1221-3. \nRendsvig, Rasmus; Symons, John (2021). \"Epistemic Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entri \nes/logic-epistemic/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, \nStanford University. Retrieved 11 March 2023. \nRestall, Greg; Standefer, Shawn (2023).*Logical Methods*. MIT Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0- \n262-54484-9. \nRichardson, Alan W. (1998).*Carnap's Construction of the World: The Aufbau and the*\n*Emergence of Logical Empiricism*. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521- \n43008-1. \nRini, Adriane (13 December 2010).*Aristotle's Modal Proofs: Prior Analytics A8-22 in*\n*Predicate Logic*. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 26. ISBN 978-94-007-0050-5. \nRitola, Juho (1 December 2008). \"Walton's Informal Logic: A Pragmatic Approach\" (https://d \noi.org/10.22329%2Fil.v28i4.2856).*Informal Logic*.**28**(4): 335. doi:10.22329/il.v28i4.2856 (h \nttps://doi.org/10.22329%2Fil.v28i4.2856). \nRocci, Andrea (8 March 2017).*Modality in Argumentation: A Semantic Investigation of the*\n*Role of Modalities in the Structure of Arguments with an Application to Italian Modal*\n*Expressions*. Springer. p. 26. ISBN 978-94-024-1063-1. \nRošker, Jana S. (May 2015). \"Classical Chinese Logic: Philosophy Compass\".*Philosophy*\n*Compass*.**10**(5): 301–309. doi:10.1111/phc3.12226 (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphc3.1222 \n6). \nRunco, Mark A.; Pritzker, Steven R. (1999).*Encyclopedia of Creativity*. Academic Press. \np. 155. ISBN 978-0-12-227075-8. \nRush, Penelope (2014). \"Introduction\".*The Metaphysics of Logic*(https://philpapers.org/rec/ \nRUSTMO-4). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-1-107-03964-3. Archived (htt \nps://web.archive.org/web/20211207184954/https://philpapers.org/rec/RUSTMO-4) from the \noriginal on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022. \nSadegh-Zadeh, Kazem (2015).*Handbook of Analytic Philosophy of Medicine*. Springer. \np. 983. ISBN 978-94-017-9579-1. \nSagüillo, José M. (2014). \"Hintikka on Information and Deduction\".*Teorema: Revista*\n*Internacional de Filosofía*.**33**(2): 75–88. ISSN 0210-1602 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/ \n0210-1602). JSTOR 43047609 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43047609). \nSarukkai, Sundar; Chakraborty, Mihir Kumar (2022).*Handbook of Logical Thought in India*. \nSpringer Nature. pp. 117–8. ISBN 978-81-322-2577-5. \nSchagrin, Morton L. \"Metalogic\" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/metalogic).*Encyclopædia*\n*Britannica*. Retrieved 23 September 2022. \nSchechter, Joshua. \"Epistemology of Logic – Bibliography\" (https://philpapers.org/browse/ep \nistemology-of-logic).*PhilPapers*. Retrieved 11 September 2022. \nSchlesinger, I. M.; Keren-Portnoy, Tamar; Parush, Tamar (1 January 2001).*The Structure of*\n*Arguments*. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 220. ISBN 978-90-272-2359-3. \nSchreiner, Wolfgang (2021).*Thinking Programs: Logical Modeling and Reasoning About*\n*Languages, Data, Computations, and Executions*. Springer Nature. p. 22. ISBN 978-3-030- \n80507-4. \nScott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2009). \"analytic induction\".*A Dictionary of Sociology*(https:// \nwww.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095410661). Oxford \nUniversity Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953300-8. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2022010 \n8173225/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095410661) \nfrom the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022. \nShapiro, Stewart; Kouri Kissel, Teresa (2022). \"Classical Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/e \nntries/logic-classical/#Sema).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics \nResearch Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Definition**\n\nThe word \"logic\" originates from the Greek word*logos*, which has a variety of translations, such as \nreason, discourse, or language.[4] Logic is traditionally defined as the study of the laws of thought or \ncorrect reasoning,[5] and is usually understood in terms of inferences or arguments. Reasoning is the \nactivity of drawing inferences. Arguments are the outward expression of inferences.[6] An argument is a \nset of premises together with a conclusion. Logic is interested in whether arguments are correct, i.e. \nwhether their premises support the conclusion.[7] These general characterizations apply to logic in the \nwidest sense, i.e., to both formal and informal logic since they are both concerned with assessing the \ncorrectness of arguments.[8] Formal logic is the traditionally dominant field, and some logicians restrict \nlogic to formal logic.[9] ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Classical**\n\nClassical logic is distinct from traditional or Aristotelian logic. It encompasses propositional logic and \nfirst-order logic. It is \"classical\" in the sense that it is based on basic logical intuitions shared by most \nlogicians.[117] These intuitions include the law of excluded middle, the double negation elimination, the \nprinciple of explosion, and the bivalence of truth.[118] It was originally developed to analyze \nmathematical arguments and was only later applied to other fields as well. Because of this focus on ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Gamut, L.T.F. (1991).*Logic, Language and Meaning Vol 1: Introduction to Logic*. University \nof Chicago Press. 5.5. ISBN 978-0-226-28085-1. \nGarson, James (2023). \"Modal Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/).*The*\n*Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. \nRetrieved 11 March 2023. \nGensler, Harry J. (2006).*The A to Z of Logic*. Scarecrow Press. pp. xliii–xliv. ISBN 978-1- \n4617-3182-5. \nGoble, Lou (2001). \"Introduction\".*The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic*(https://philpa \npers.org/rec/GOBTBG-2). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–8. ISBN 978-0-631-20692-7. Archived (htt \nps://web.archive.org/web/20211207184959/https://philpapers.org/rec/GOBTBG-2) from the \noriginal on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2022. \nGoodman, Lenn Evan (1992).*Avicenna*. Routledge. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-415-01929-3. \nGoodman, Lenn Evan (2003).*Islamic Humanism*. Oxford University Press. p. 155. \nISBN 978-0-19-513580-0. \nGroarke, Louis F. \"Aristotle: Logic\" (https://iep.utm.edu/aris-log/).*Internet Encyclopedia of*\n*Philosophy*. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211229235433/https://iep.utm.edu/aris \n-log/) from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2022. \nGroarke, Leo (2021). \"Informal Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-informal/).*The*\n*Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. \nArchived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220112030519/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lo \ngic-informal/) from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021. \nGómez-Torrente, Mario (2019). \"Logical Truth\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-trut \nh/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford \nUniversity. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211002190110/https://plato.stanford.ed \nu/entries/logical-truth/) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021. \nGödel, Kurt (1984). \"Russell's mathematical logic\". In Benacerraf, Paul; Putnam, Hilary \n(eds.).*Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings*(https://www.cambridge.org/core/boo \nks/abs/philosophy-of-mathematics/russells-mathematical-logic/4D82F215FABFE06149D03 \nEF1EF5BE7E4) (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 447–469. ISBN 978-0-521- \n29648-9. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091740/https://www.cambridge.or \ng/core/books/abs/philosophy-of-mathematics/russells-mathematical-logic/4D82F215FABFE \n06149D03EF1EF5BE7E4) from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022. \nHájek, Petr (3 September 2006). \"Fuzzy Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/Archives/Win201 \n2/entries/logic-fuzzy/).*Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, \nStanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023. \nHájek, Alan; Lin, Hanti (2017). \"A Tale of Two Epistemologies?\" (https://philpapers.org/rec/H \nJEATO).*Res Philosophica*.**94**(2): 207–232. doi:10.11612/resphil.1540 (https://doi.org/10.1 \n1612%2Fresphil.1540). S2CID 160029122 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16002 \n9122). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220104182746/https://philpapers.org/rec/HJ \nEATO) from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2022. \nHall, Cordelia; O'Donnell, John (2000).*Discrete Mathematics Using a Computer*. Springer \nScience & Business Media. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85233-089-7. \nHoude, R.; Camacho, L. (2003). \"Induction\".*New Catholic Encyclopedia*(https://www.encycl \nopedia.com/science-and-technology/computers-and-electrical-engineering/electrical-engine \nering/induction). ISBN 978-0-7876-4004-0. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220108 \n171720/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/computers-and-electrical-en \ngineering/electrical-engineering/induction) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved \n8 January 2022. \nHaack, Susan (1974).*Deviant Logic: Some Philosophical Issues*. CUP Archive. p. 51. \nISBN 978-0-521-20500-9. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf", - "query": "What is considered a deductively valid argument regarding logic ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "A deductively valid argument is one whose premises guarantee the truth of its conclusion", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Deductive**\nA deductively valid argument is one whose premises guarantee the truth of its conclusion.[11] For \ninstance, the argument \"(1) all frogs are amphibians; (2) no cats are amphibians; (3) therefore no cats are \nfrogs\" is deductively valid. For deductive validity, it does not matter whether the premises or the \nconclusion are actually true. So the argument \"(1) all frogs are mammals; (2) no cats are mammals; (3) \ntherefore no cats are frogs\" is also valid because the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.[65] \n\nAccording to an influential view by Alfred Tarski, deductive arguments have three essential features: (1) \nthey are formal, i.e. they depend only on the form of the premises and the conclusion; (2) they are a \npriori, i.e. no sense experience is needed to determine whether they obtain; (3) they are modal, i.e. that \nthey hold by logical necessity for the given propositions, independent of any other circumstances.[66] \n\nBecause of the first feature, the focus on formality, deductive inference is usually identified with rules of \ninference.[67] Rules of inference specify the form of the premises and the conclusion: how they have to be \nstructured for the inference to be valid. Arguments that do not follow any rule of inference are \ndeductively invalid.[68] The modus ponens is a prominent rule of inference. It has the form \"*p*; if*p*, then \n*q*; therefore*q*\".[69] Knowing that it has just rained ( ) and that after rain the streets are wet ( \n), one \ncan use modus ponens to deduce that the streets are wet ( ).[70] ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Formal logic is interested in deductively valid arguments, for which the truth of their premises ensures \nthe truth of their conclusion. This means that it is impossible for the premises to be true and the \nconclusion to be false.[11] For valid arguments, the logical structure of the premises and the conclusion \nfollows a pattern called a rule of inference.[12] For example, modus ponens is a rule of inference \naccording to which all arguments of the form \"(1)*p*, (2) if*p*then*q*, (3) therefore*q*\" are valid, independent \nof what the terms*p*and*q*stand for.[13] In this sense, formal logic can be defined as the science of valid \ninferences. An alternative definition sees logic as the study of logical truths.[14] A proposition is logically \ntrue if its truth depends only on the logical vocabulary used in it. This means that it is true in all possible \nworlds and under all interpretations of its non-logical terms, like the claim \"either it is raining, or it is \nnot\".[15] These two definitions of formal logic are not identical, but they are closely related. For example, \nif the inference from*p*to*q*is deductively valid then the claim \"if*p*then*q*\" is a logical truth.[16] ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "argument is made up of a chain of simple arguments. This means that the conclusion of one argument acts \nas a premise of later arguments. For a complex argument to be successful, each link of the chain has to be \nsuccessful.[43] \n\nArguments and inferences are either \ncorrect or incorrect. If they are correct \ntheir \ntheir premises support \nthen \nconclusion. In the incorrect case, this \nsupport \ntake \ndifferent forms corresponding to the \ndifferent types of reasoning.[62] The \nstrongest form of support corresponds \nto deductive reasoning. But even \narguments that are not deductively \nvalid may still be good arguments \ntheir premises offer non- \nbecause \ndeductive support to their conclusions. \nFor such cases, the term*ampliative*or \nused.[63] \n*inductive*\nDeductive arguments are associated \nwith formal logic in contrast to the \nrelation between ampliative arguments and informal logic.[64] \n\nis missing. It can \n\nArgument terminology used in logic ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Arguments can be either correct or incorrect. An argument is correct if its premises support its \nconclusion. Deductive arguments have the strongest form of support: if their premises are true then their \nconclusion must also be true. This is not the case for ampliative arguments, which arrive at genuinely new \ninformation not found in the premises. Many arguments in everyday discourse and the sciences are \nampliative arguments. They are divided into inductive and abductive arguments. Inductive arguments are \nstatistical generalization—such as inferring that all ravens are black, based on many individual \nobservations of black ravens.[2] Abductive arguments are inferences to the best explanation—for \nexample, when a doctor concludes that a patient has a certain disease, as the best explanation for the \nsymptoms that they are observed to suffer.[3] Arguments that fall short of the standards of correct \nreasoning often embody fallacies. Systems of logic are theoretical frameworks for assessing the \ncorrectness of arguments. \n\nLogic has been studied since antiquity. Early approaches include Aristotelian logic, Stoic logic, Nyaya, \nand Mohism. Aristotelian logic focuses on reasoning in the form of syllogisms. It was considered the \nmain system of logic in the Western world until it was replaced by modern formal logic, which has its \nroots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians such as Gottlob Frege. Today, the most commonly \nused system is classical logic. It consists of propositional logic and first-order logic. Propositional logic \nonly considers logical relations between full propositions. First-order logic also takes the internal parts of ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Paulson, Lawrence C. (February 2018). \"Computational Logic: Its Origins and Applications\" \n(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832843).*Proceedings of the Royal Society*\n*A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences*.**474**(2210): 1–14. arXiv:1712.04375 \n(https://arxiv.org/abs/1712.04375). Bibcode:2018RSPSA.47470872P (https://ui.adsabs.harv \nard.edu/abs/2018RSPSA.47470872P). doi:10.1098/rspa.2017.0872 (https://doi.org/10.109 \n8%2Frspa.2017.0872). PMC 5832843 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832 \n843). PMID 29507522 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29507522). S2CID 3805901 (http \ns://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3805901). \nPedemonte, Bettina (25 June 2018). \"Strategic vs Definitory Rules: Their Role in Abductive \nArgumentation and their Relationship with Deductive Proof\" (https://www.ejmste.com/article/ \nstrategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentation-and-their-relationship-with \n-5539).*Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education*.**14**(9): 1–17. \ndoi:10.29333/ejmste/92562 (https://doi.org/10.29333%2Fejmste%2F92562). ISSN 1305- \n8215 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1305-8215). S2CID 126245285 (https://api.semantics \ncholar.org/CorpusID:126245285). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207195246/h \nttps://www.ejmste.com/article/strategic-vs-definitory-rules-their-role-in-abductive-argumentati \non-and-their-relationship-with-5539) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved \n8 January 2022. \nPickel, Bryan (1 July 2020). \"Structured Propositions and Trivial Composition\" (https://doi.or \ng/10.1007%2Fs11229-018-1853-1).*Synthese*.**197**(7): 2991–3006. doi:10.1007/s11229- \n018-1853-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-018-1853-1). hdl:20.500.11820/3427c028- \nf2cb-4216-a199-9679a49ce71c (https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820%2F3427c028-f2cb-42 \n16-a199-9679a49ce71c). ISSN 1573-0964 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-0964). \nS2CID 49729020 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49729020). \nPietroski, Paul (2021). \"Logical Form: 1. Patterns of Reason\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entri \nes/logical-form/#pat).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, \nStanford University. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211002190116/https://plato.sta \nnford.edu/entries/logical-form/#pat) from the original on 2 October 2021. Retrieved \n4 December 2021. \nPlanty-Bonjour, Guy (2012).*The Categories of Dialectical Materialism: Contemporary Soviet*\n*Ontology*. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 62. ISBN 978-94-010-3517-0. \nPossin, Kevin (2016). \"Conductive Arguments: Why is This Still a Thing?\" (https://philpapers. \norg/rec/POSCAW-4).*Informal Logic*.**36**(4): 563–593. doi:10.22329/il.v36i4.4527 (https://do \ni.org/10.22329%2Fil.v36i4.4527). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220108171723/ht \ntps://philpapers.org/rec/POSCAW-4) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved \n8 January 2022. \nPriest, Graham; Tanaka, Koji; Weber, Zach (2018). \"Paraconsistent Logic\" (https://plato.stan \nford.edu/entries/logic-paraconsistent/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. \nMetaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 14 December 2021. \nPépin, Jean (2004). \"Logos\".*Encyclopedia of Religion*(https://www.encyclopedia.com/philo \nsophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/logos). ISBN 978-0-02- \n865733-2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211229134626/https://www.encyclopedi \na.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/logos) from the \noriginal on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. \nPutnam, H. (1969). \"Is Logic Empirical?\".*Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science*. \nVol. 5. pp. 216–241. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-3381-7_5 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94- \n010-3381-7_5). ISBN 978-94-010-3383-1. \nQuine, Willard Van Orman (1981).*Mathematical Logic*. Harvard University Press. p. 1. \nISBN 978-0-674-55451-1. \nRathjen, Michael; Sieg, Wilfried (2022). \"Proof Theory\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pro \nof-theory/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford \nUniversity. Retrieved 4 March 2023. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Notes**\n\na. However, there are some forms of logic, like imperative logic, where this may not be the \n\ncase.[42] \n\nb. Conductive arguments present reasons in favor of a conclusion without claiming that the \n\nreasons are strong enough to decisively support the conclusion. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Arguments and inferences**\nLogic is commonly defined in terms of arguments or inferences as the study of their correctness.[59] An \n*argument*is a set of premises together with a conclusion.[60] An*inference*is the process of reasoning \nfrom these premises to the conclusion.[43] But these terms are often used interchangeably in logic. \nArguments are correct or incorrect depending on whether their premises support their conclusion. \nPremises and conclusions, on the other hand, are true or false depending on whether they are in accord \nwith reality. In formal logic, a sound argument is an argument that is both correct and has only true \npremises.[61] Sometimes a distinction is made between simple and complex arguments. A complex ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Haack, Susan (1978). \"1. 'Philosophy of logics' \".*Philosophy of Logics*(https://philpapers.or \ng/rec/HAAPOL-2). London and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978- \n0-521-29329-7. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207200551/https://philpapers.o \nrg/rec/HAAPOL-2) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021. \nHaack, Susan (1996).*Deviant Logic, Fuzzy Logic: Beyond the Formalism*. University of \nChicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31133-3. \nHaaparanta, Leila (2009). \"1. Introduction\".*The Development of Modern Logic*. Oxford \nUniversity Press. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-19-513731-6. \nHansen, Hans (2020). \"Fallacies\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fallacies/).*The Stanford*\n*Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived (http \ns://web.archive.org/web/20210329182946/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fallacies/) from \nthe original on 29 March 2021. Retrieved 18 March 2021. \nHartmann, Stephan; Sprenger, Jan (2010). \"Bayesian Epistemology\".*The Routledge*\n*Companion to Epistemology*(https://philpapers.org/rec/BOVSIO). London: Routledge. \npp. 609–620. ISBN 978-0-415-96219-3. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021051609 \n5047/https://philpapers.org/rec/BOVSIO) from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved \n4 January 2022. \nHasse, Dag Nikolaus (2008). \"Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West\" \n(https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of*\n*Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 19 July 2023. \nHawthorne, James (2021). \"Inductive Logic\" (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-inductiv \ne/).*The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford \nUniversity. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220121081805/https://plato.stanford.ed \nu/entries/logic-inductive/) from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022. \nHintikka, Jaakko J. (2019). \"Philosophy of logic\" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosoph \ny-of-logic).*Encyclopædia Britannica*. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2015042810173 \n2/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/346240/philosophy-of-logic) from the original \non 28 April 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2021. \nHintikka, Jaakko J. (2023). \"Logical systems\" (https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic/Logical \n-systems).*Encyclopædia Britannica*. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2021120718465 \n6/https://www.britannica.com/topic/logic/Logical-systems) from the original on 7 December \n2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021. \nHintikka, Jaakko (1970). \"Information, Deduction, and the A Priori\".*Noûs*.**4**(2): 135–152. \ndoi:10.2307/2214318 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2214318). ISSN 0029-4624 (https://searc \nh.worldcat.org/issn/0029-4624). JSTOR 2214318 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2214318). \nHintikka, Jaakko; Sandu, Gabriel (2006). \"What is Logic?\". In Jacquette, D. (ed.). \n*Philosophy of Logic*(https://philpapers.org/rec/JAAWIL). North Holland. pp. 13–39. \nISBN 978-0-444-51541-4. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20211207235525/https://ph \nilpapers.org/rec/JAAWIL) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December \n2021. \nHintikka, Jaakko J.; Spade, Paul Vincent. \"History of logic\" (https://www.britannica.com/topi \nc/history-of-logic).*Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 23 September 2022. \nHonderich, Ted (2005).*The Oxford Companion to Philosophy*(https://philpapers.org/rec/HO \nNTOC-2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7. Archived (https://web.archive. \norg/web/20210129082636/https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2) from the original on 29 \nJanuary 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. \nHurley, Patrick J. (2015). \"4. Categorical Syllogisms\".*Logic: The Essentials*. Wadsworth. \npp. 189–237. ISBN 978-1-305-59041-0. \nIEP Staff. \"Deductive and Inductive Arguments\" (https://iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/). Archived (http \ns://web.archive.org/web/20100528032124/https://iep.utm.edu/ded-ind/) from the original on \n28 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2022. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another characterization identifies informal logic with the study of non-deductive arguments. In this way, \nit contrasts with deductive reasoning examined by formal logic.[35] Non-deductive arguments make their \nconclusion probable but do not ensure that it is true. An example is the inductive argument from the \nempirical observation that \"all ravens I have seen so far are black\" to the conclusion \"all ravens are \nblack\".[36] \n\nA further approach is to define informal logic as the study of informal fallacies.[37] Informal fallacies are \nincorrect arguments in which errors are present in the content and the context of the argument.[38] A false \ndilemma, for example, involves an error of content by excluding viable options. This is the case in the \nfallacy \"you are either with us or against us; you are not with us; therefore, you are against us\".[39] Some \ntheorists state that formal logic studies the general form of arguments while informal logic studies \nparticular instances of arguments. Another approach is to hold that formal logic only considers the role of ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Logic**\n\n**Logic**is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and \ninformal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid \ninferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow \nfrom premises based on the structure of arguments alone, \nindependent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated \nwith informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation \ntheory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural \nlanguage whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used \nas a countable noun, the term \"a logic\" refers to a specific logical \nformal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a \ncentral role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, \ncomputer science, and linguistics. \n\nLogic studies valid forms of \ninference like*modus ponens*. \n\nLogic studies arguments, which consist of a set of premises that leads to a conclusion. An example is the \nargument from the premises \"it's Sunday\" and \"if it's Sunday then I don't have to work\" leading to the \nconclusion \"I don't have to work\".[1] Premises and conclusions express propositions or claims that can be \ntrue or false. An important feature of propositions is their internal structure. For example, complex \npropositions are made up of simpler propositions linked by logical vocabulary like \n(if...then). Simple propositions also have parts, like \"Sunday\" or \"work\" in the example. The truth of a \nproposition usually depends on the meanings of all of its parts. However, this is not the case for logically \ntrue propositions. They are true only because of their logical structure independent of the specific \nmeanings of the individual parts. \n\n (and) or ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf", - "query": "What was the mean correctness score for LLM-generated handoff notes ?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "Correctness 4.52", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**RESULTS**In this study of 1600 EM patient records (832 [52%] female and mean [SD] age of 59.9 \n\n[18.9] years), LLM-generated handoff notes, compared with physician-written ones, had higher \n\nROUGE (0.322 vs 0.088), BERTScore (0.859 vs 0.796), and SCALE scores (0.691 vs 0.456), \n\nindicating the LLM-generated summaries exhibited greater similarity and more detail. As reviewed by \n\n3 board-certified EM physicians, a subsample of 50 LLM-generated summaries had a mean (SD) \n\nusefulness score of 4.04 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.36 [0.71] for physician-written) and mean \n\n(SD) patient safety scores of 4.06 (0.86) out of 5 (compared with 4.50 [0.56] for physician-written). \n\nNone of the LLM-generated summaries were classified as a critical patient safety risk. \n\n**CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE**In this cohort study of 1600 EM patient medical records, \n\nLLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes were determined superior compared with physician-written \n\nsummaries via conventional automated evaluation methods, but marginally inferior in usefulness ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Abstract**\n\n**IMPORTANCE**An emergency medicine (EM) handoff note generated by a large language model \n\nof EM-to-inpatient (IP) handoffs. \n\n**OBJECTIVE**To develop LLM-generated EM-to-IP handoff notes and evaluate their accuracy and \n\nsafety compared with physician-written notes. \n\n**DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS**This cohort study used EM patient medical records with \n\nacute hospital admissions that occurred in 2023 at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical \n\nEM-to-IP handoff notes. Using both conventional automated methods (ie, recall-oriented \n\nscore [BERTScore], and source chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation [SCALE]) \n\nand a novel patient safety-focused framework, LLM-generated handoff notes vs physician-written \n\nnotes were compared. Data were analyzed from October 2023 to March 2024. \n\n**EXPOSURE**LLM-generated EM handoff notes. \n\n**MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES**LLM-generated handoff notes were evaluated for (1) lexical \n\nsimilarity with respect to physician-written notes using ROUGE and BERTScore; (2) fidelity with \n\nrespect to source notes using SCALE; and (3) readability, completeness, curation, correctness, \n\nusefulness, and implications for patient safety using a novel framework. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Discussion**\n\nThe study demonstrated success in generating EM-to-IP handoff notes using both a fine tuned, \n\npretrained LLM and rule-based approaches within an end user–developed note template. It is \n\nimportant to note that (largely due to time constraints within the EM care delivery model) the \n\nperformance of EM-to-IP handoff notes was not the current standard of care in EM. The study site’s \n\nunique electronic handoff process enabled a comparison between physician-written and \n\nLLM-generated handoff notes. Traditional automated evaluations of the model output suggested ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine**\n\nsubsequently evaluated 2 ED-to-inpatient handoff notes for each patient: (1) the physician-written \n\nnote and (2) the LLM-generated note. \n\nOn a Likert scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is unacceptable and 5 is excellent, the 3 physicians rated the \n\ncompleteness, curation, readability, and correctness of the summary as shown in eTable 1 in \n\nSupplement 1. Physicians rated the usefulness of the summary, defined as the capability of the \n\nsummary being incorporated into a workflow where a physician would make edits before final \n\ncompletion, mitigating potential future self-referential learning loops and the downstream adverse \nconsequences.51 Likewise, the raters assessed potential patient safety implications of unmitigated \nmodel errors using a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 denotes life-threatening risks and 5 denotes no \n\nidentified patient safety risk for completeness, curation, readability, and the 4 subcategories within \n\ncorrectness (hallucination, faulty logic, knowledge gap, and bias), as well as the overall patient safety \nrisk.45 Evaluators arrived at prestudy consensus that a usefulness Likert score of at least a 3 out of 5 \nindicated that the LLM-generated summary likely demonstrated baseline acceptability for such a ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and 5 and a mean (SD) score of 4.96 (0.14), which is defined as the hallucinations posing mild to no \n\npatient safety risk. LLM-generated notes demonstrated a higher rate of incorrectness (9.6%) \n\ncompared with the physician-written notes (2.0%), although very few hallucinations. \n\nICC were 0.79 for completeness, 0.70 for curation, 0.59 for readability, 0.76 for correctness, \n\nand 0.74 for usefulness. These numbers suggest good reliability of agreement for completeness, \n\ncuration, correctness, and usefulness and suggest fair reliability for readability among the 3 raters. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine** Developing and Evaluating LLM-Generated Emergency Medicine Handoff Notes \n\nLLM-model training, an informatics professional (V.H.) worked over a period of 200 hours with 3 \n\nboard certified emergency medicine physician leaders with experience in formal quality and patient \n\nsafety review processes (M.M., A.F., and P.S.) to improve the dataset through manual curation and \n\nannotation. As the task of EM-handoff note generation is not dependent on racial characteristics of \n\nthe patients, we removed all mentions of race during the annotation stage as a means to avoid race \n\nbias; therefore, the model was trained to generate text without race-based assumptions. Although \n\nresource intensive, a small and carefully curated dataset of at least 1000 examples has been shown \nto be sufficient to produce remarkable results for the language model chosen.42 Given the size of \nour dataset, we created a train and test dataset with a ratio of 1500:100, with a higher ratio of data \n\nplaced in the training set and eschewed a validation set to lower the variance of the models. We used \n\nk-fold cross validation on the training dataset to avoid sampling bias for the hyperparameter \n\noptimization of the LLMs. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine** Developing and Evaluating LLM-Generated Emergency Medicine Handoff Notes \n\nrecords and perform manual comparative evaluations of 50 LLM-generated and 50 clinician- \n\ngenerated summary notes within the context of complex ED encounters. This approach is unlikely \n\nscalable, invoking complex postimplementation governance questions that remain unanswered in \n\nthe medical literature and invoke the need for future research focused on the possibility of AI \nperforming the clinical evaluations.56 Lastly, the relatively infrequent but potentially significant \npatient safety implications of model output incorrectness and incompleteness warrants further \n\nmodel refinement and repeat clinical evaluation, as described in the eAppendix 1 in Supplement 1 \n\noverview of our rigorous preimplementation model development and testing framework. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Conclusions**\n\nThis study’s results suggest promise for future thoughtful integration of LLM-generated EM-to-IP \n\nhandoff notes into clinical admission workflows, as well as the associated potential downstream \n\nquality and efficiency gains. Our novel clinical evaluation framework demonstrates an effective \n\npreimplementation strategy to measure potential patient safety implications of incorrectness \n\nidentified in LLM-generated clinical care summaries, which will guide future model refinement and \n\nimplementation strategies. In the absence of a current written standard of care in EM, this innovation \n\ncould represent a transformative advancement in the quality of EM-to-IP transitions of care. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]( EM )- to - inpatient ( IP ) handoff notes that scale for EM care )Eindinasteria, buthin cohort ribioficients, but therapy, but therapy, but therapy, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripheral, peripheral, peripherapy, peripherapy, peripheral, peripheral, peripheral, peripheral, pEM patient medical records using a novel scaling fromounicals, etc.LLM - generated EM - to - IP handoff notes had a mean usefulness of 4.04 out of 5 ( compared with 4.35 forobvoirian - written ) andameannatientsafety of 4.06 out of 5 ( compared with4.50 for physician - written ) with no rritical natient safety risksMeaning These findings suggest thevalue of a manual, patient safety -focused clinical evaluation of LLMmodels and the potential ofLLM - generated handoff notes to create a new standard of care in EM.\n
Question Can a large language model ( 11 M ) Renerate emergency medicine
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**JAMA Network Open | Emergency Medicine** Developing and Evaluating LLM-Generated Emergency Medicine Handoff Notes \n\n**Evaluation**\nIt is critical to ensure that AI systems are safe, ethical, and without bias in the clinical domain. For the \n\nproposed approach, we performed comprehensive automatic evaluations and a novel, rigorous, \n\npatient safety-focused clinical evaluation. The unique clinical evaluation framework was designed to \n\n(1) screen for and identify the common, specific correctness issues in LLMs observed in longform \n\nclinical summarization and (2) assess the potential patient safety implications associated with any \n\nincorrectness identified using a modified version of the World Health Organization’s International \nClassification for Patient Safety.45 \n\n**Automated Evaluations**\nWe used the summarization evaluation metrics of recall-oriented understudy for gisting evaluation \n(ROUGE),46 bidirectional encoder representations from transformers score (BERTScore),47 and \nsource chunking approach for large-scale inconsistency evaluation (SCALE).48 ROUGE computes the \noverlap of n-grams between the generated and reference summaries. For longform document \n\nsummarization, the following ROUGE scores are considered to be close to the reference summaries: \nROUGE-1, above 0.4; ROUGE-2, above 0.2; and ROUGE-L, above 0.3.46 BERTScore leverages the \npretrained contextual embeddings from BERT and matches words to compute a similarity score for \neach token in the candidate sentence with each token in the reference sentence. We used SCALE,48 a \nnatural language inference–based approach, to measure the faithfulness between the source \n\ndocument and the generated text. Further background is provided about SCALE in eAppendix 2 in \n\nSupplement 1. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "What are the improvements made to possible to the HadGEM3 and CMIP5 climate change models by UKCP18 ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "mprovements include better representation of the past climate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol processes and the ability to model important climate phenomena ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "What improvements \ndoes UKCP18 deliver? \n\nUKCP18 will benefit from a range of developments \nsince the release of UKCP09, including: \n• Greater understanding of user needs as a result \nof the adaptation community’s use of UKCP09 \nprojections and the subsequent feedback – user \nworkshops indicated that users supported the \ncontinued use of probabilistic projections and the \nimportance of spatially coherent information4. \n• Advances in climate models in recent years, such \nas the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM35 model \nand the CMIP56 set of models. Improvements \ninclude better representation of the past \nclimate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol \nprocesses and the ability to model important \nclimate phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern \nOscillation (ENSO). \n• Groundbreaking Met Office research on \nmodelling of extreme events in high resolution \nregional climate models7. \n• The increased quantity and range of observations \navailable since 2009. \n• Use of the new Met Office supercomputer, \nenabling a credible range of climate projections to \nbe generated in greater spatial detail. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Rather than using the original CMIP5 ensemble as in previous studies, the aim is to allow for \nan improved representation of atmospheric and land surface processes including extremes by \nusing higher spatial resolution [11]. \n\n**4**\n\nr \ns \nt \na \n. \nr \no \ny \na \nl \ns \no \nc \ni \ne \nt \ny \np \nu \nb \n\n. \n. \n\nHadGEM3 (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 3) is a configuration of the UK \nMet Office Unified Model (MetUM) which has been developed for use for both climate research \nand weather prediction applications. It is the result of converging the development of the Met \nOffice’s weather and climate global atmospheric model components so that, where possible, \natmospheric processes are modelled or parametrized seamlessly across spatial resolutions and \ntimescales. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nl \ni \ns \nh \nn \ng \n. \no \nr \ng \n\n. \n. \n. \ni \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nP \nh \n. \n. \n. \ni \nl \n. . \n\nT \nr \na \nn \ns \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \nR . \n\n. \nS \no \nc \n. \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n\nA \n**3**\n**7**\n**6**\n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n\n: \n2 \n0 \n1 \n6 \n0 \n4 \n5 \n2 \n\n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS**\n**20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations**\n**of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.**\n\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the \ndrivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of \nUKCP09. A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated \nusing an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model. These \nprojections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states \nto reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning. They will be \ngenerated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for \ntwo greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of \nCMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative \nto other climate models. \n\n**25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n**Captures natural variability and climate change . Updated models and**\n**observations. Provides seasonal scale projections.**\n\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for \nestimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis. Probabilistic projections will be \nupdated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest \nIPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest \nobservations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks. Projections will be on a 25 km grid for \nthe UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP0911. \nThe new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge \nof the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability \ndensity functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month. This \ncontrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided12. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The high-resolution simulations were performed using the HadGEM3A Global Atmosphere \n(GA) 3.0 model [12–14] at a resolution of N216 (0.556° of latitude by 0.833° of longitude with \ngridboxes of approx. 60 km length in mid-latitudes). This is the atmospheric component of \nthe HadGEM3-GC2 coupled climate model [15,16], which is part of the HadGEM3 family of \nclimate models [12]. This represents the third generation of HadGEM configurations, leading \non from the HadGEM2 family of climate model configurations [13] which was used for CMIP5. \nKey improvements over the previous model, HadGEM2, include increased vertical levels in the \natmosphere (85 compared to 38) and substantial changes to the model dynamics (ENDGame) [17]. \nThis version of the HadGEM3 model lies in the transition from CMIP5 to CMIP6 versions. The Met \nOffice is currently operationally running the coupled HadGEM3-GC2 model at N216 resolution \nfor seasonal and decadal forecasting and clear benefits are emerging from this use at higher \nresolution [18,19]. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What is UKCP18 \nand why do we need it? \n\nFollowing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate \nChange in December 2015, the Department of \nEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs announced a \nmajor upgrade to the UK Climate Projections. \n\nThe UKCP18 project will build upon the current set \nof projections (UKCP09) to provide the most up-to- \ndate assessment of how the climate of the UK may \nchange over the 21st century. This information \nwill be essential to future Climate Change Risk \nAssessments1 and to equip the UK with information \nto help adapt to the challenges and opportunities of \nclimate change in line with the National Adaptation \nProgramme2. \n\nOrganisations and individual users will use UKCP18 \nto inform risk assessments and adaptation plans \nto ensure they are resilient to extreme weather \nand climate change. Some organisations will use \nUKCP18 in responding to the Adaptation Reporting \nPower3 for example. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What can users expect from UKCP18? \n\nThere are three components to UKCP18: observations of historic climate, marine projections and projections over land. \nThese components are described below and summarised in Table 1. UKCP18 will provide each of these components at \na higher spatial and temporal resolution than UKCP09 and with more information on different types of uncertainty. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2. Murphy JM*et al.*2009*UK climate projections science report: climate change projections*. Exeter, UK: \n**26**\nMet Office Hadley Centre. See http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk. \n\n3. United Nations. 2010 Report of the Conference Parties on its fifteenth session, held in \nCopenhagen, 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference \nof the Parties at its fifteenth session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ \n11a01.pdf. \n\n4. United Nations. 2016 Report of the Conference Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris, \n30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum Part two: Action taken by the Conference of \nthe Parties at its twenty-first session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/ \n10a01.pdf. \n\n5. Hewitson B*et al.*2014 Regional context. In*Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and*\n*vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment*\n*report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*(eds VR Barros*et al.*), pp. 1133–1197. \nCambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. \n\n6. Dankers R*et al.*2013 First look at changes in flood hazard in the inter-sectoral impact model \nintercomparison project ensemble.*Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA***111**, 3257–3261. (doi:10.1073/ \npnas.1302078110) \n\n7. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In*Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and*\n*vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth*\n*Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*(eds CB Field*et al.*), pp. \n1–32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. \n8. Schewe J*et al.*2014 Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change.*Proc. Natl*\n*Acad. Sci. USA***111**, 3245–3250. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110) \n\n9. Schleussner C-F*et al.*2015 Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global \nwarming: the case of 1.5°C and 2°C.*Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss.***6**, 2447–2505. (doi:10.5194/ \nesdd-6-2447-2015) \n\n10. James R, Washington R, Schleussner C-F, Rogeli J, Conway D. 2017 Characterizing half-a- \ndegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global \nwarming targets.*WIREs Clim Change***8**, e457. (doi:10.1002/wcc.457) \n11. Haarsma RJ*et al.*2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for \nCMIP6.*Geosci. Model Dev.***9**, 4185–4208. (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016) \n\n12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke \nEC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation \nMet Office climate modelling system.*Geosci. Model Dev.***4**, 223–253. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4- \n223-2011). \n13. Martin GM*et al.*2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate \n\n30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, \nBetts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological \nforcing in determining future global water stress.*Glob. Environ. Change***23**, 1083–1097. \n(doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005) \n\n31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change \nimpact on European runoff and low flows – exploring the effects of forcing biases.*Hydrol.*\n*Earth Syst. Sci.***20**, 1785–1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785) \n32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying.*Nat. Clim.*\n*Change***6**, 946–949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046) \n\n33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing \nCO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity.*Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA***113**, \n10 019–10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113) \n34. Betts RA*et al.*2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon \ndioxide rise.*Nature***448**, 1037–1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045) \n\n35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases \non global runoff simulations of a land surface model.*Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.***21**, 4379–4401. \n(doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017) \n\n36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global \ndataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling.*J. Climate***19**, 3088–3111. \n(doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1) \n\n37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily \nGCM precipitation output.*J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.***118**, 3150–3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323) \n38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in \nregional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting \nframework.*Geosci. Model Dev.***10**, 3609–3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017) \n39. Mitchell D, James R, Forster PM, Betts RA, Shiogama H, Allen M. 2016 Realizing the impacts \nof a 1.5°C warmer world.*Nat. Clim. Change***6**, 735–737. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3055) \n40. Cox P*et al.*2008 Increase risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. \n*Nature***453**, 212–216. (doi:10.1038/nature06960) \n\n41. Betts RA, Cox PM, Collins M, Harris PP, Huntingford C, Jones CD. 2004 The role of \necosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest \ndieback under global climate warming.*Theor. Appl. Climatol.***78**, 157–175. (doi:10.1007/ \ns00704-004-0050-y) \n\n42. Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Chadwick R, Diffenbaugh NS, Fiorella RP. 2017 The role of CO2 \nplant physiological forcing in shaping future daily-scale precipitation.*J. Climate***30**, 2319–2340. \n(doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0603.1) ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Table 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.LandUpdated probability density functions presented as 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 5p (- 10 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 5p )-UK\n
Observations ( UK State of the Climate )Marine and coastal projectionsGlobal projectionsProbabilistic projections
High resolution projectionsCharacteristicsObserved trends ; long - term climatologies ; weather events for the preceding yearUpdated sea level rise and surge projections based on starting start start start surger model ( CS - 3 ) using CMIP5. EURO - CORDEX ‡Ensemble of P20 spatially series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model number of CMIPS models
Downscaled projections over the UK for - 10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall eventsScaleUKUKGlobal
UKSpatial resolutionaTo match land projectionsUK Coastline †6Okm25km12km *
2.2kmHighest temporal resolutionDaily / monthlyAnnualDailyMonthlyDaily
Sub - dailyPeriod of databulk of 20th century to present day1950 - 21001900 - 21001961 - 21001981 - 2080
1981 - 20002021 - 20402061 - 2080Emissions scenariosN / ARCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 H **RCP8.5 ; additional lower scenario ( for Met Office Hadley Centre model only )SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5RCP8.5
RCP8.5Variables available **Temperature, precipitation ( including snow ), sunshine, windSea level rise, storm surgeTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiationTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, solar radiationTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation
", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS**\n**Downscaled versions of the global model for the UK. For the most spatially**\n**detailed downscaling this includes hourly data. Simultaneous impacts captured**\n**at multiple UK locations.**\n\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance \nto adaptation at two different resolutions. The 12 km model provides a downscaled \nproduct that is similar to UKCP09’s 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global \nmodel and at a higher resolution. This may be especially useful for those interested in \nwater availability and some aspects of agriculture. A key reason for providing this data is \nthat users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX13. \nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting \nmodels at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving \natmospheric processes. Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the \ninformation provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and \npotential improvements in the diurnal cycle. \nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some \noutput, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained. Specific time \nslices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be \nconfirmed. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In this study, 5 climate models are selected, which are recommended by ISI-MIP (The Inter-Sectoral Impact \nModel Intercomparison Project); compared with other climate models, the five models could more effectively \nsupport impact assessment in different sectors and provide more reliable results. Based on the simulation results ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "Which causes of the rise of sea level will be considered by UKCP18 ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Sea-level rise projections will extend to 2100 and will include contributions from glaciers, ice sheets, freshwater reservoirs, groundwater and thermal expansion", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**MARINE PROJECTIONS**\n**Sea level rise. Storm surge. Past event case studies.**\n\nSea-level rise projections will extend to 2100 and will include contributions from glaciers, \nice sheets, freshwater reservoirs, groundwater and thermal expansion. Outputs will include \nan estimate of the year-to-year changes in sea level rise and a “plausible but highly unlikely” \nscenario known as H++. A new feature of UKCP18 will be assessing the credibility of making \nsea level rise projections to 2300. The projections will use the latest information from the \nCMIP5 models and application of the methods used in the Intergovernmental Panel on \nClimate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report10. \n\nThe UKCP09 storm surge projections will be updated to provide new estimates of the change \nin high water levels over the 21st Century. These estimates will be based on a combination of \nprojected mean sea level change and projections of change in the extremes due to changes in \natmospheric storminess. These “storminess” projections will use the same surge model used \nin operational weather forecasting, using the wind and pressure from the CMIP5 ensemble to \ndrive the surge. New understanding of the modification of large-scale sea level change signals \nas they pass from the open ocean onto the shelf sea around the UK will be incorporated into \nthe UKCP18 marine projections. UKCP18 will also include storm surge historical case studies \nderived from applying plausible future sea level change to historical extreme events. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What is UKCP18 \nand why do we need it? \n\nFollowing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate \nChange in December 2015, the Department of \nEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs announced a \nmajor upgrade to the UK Climate Projections. \n\nThe UKCP18 project will build upon the current set \nof projections (UKCP09) to provide the most up-to- \ndate assessment of how the climate of the UK may \nchange over the 21st century. This information \nwill be essential to future Climate Change Risk \nAssessments1 and to equip the UK with information \nto help adapt to the challenges and opportunities of \nclimate change in line with the National Adaptation \nProgramme2. \n\nOrganisations and individual users will use UKCP18 \nto inform risk assessments and adaptation plans \nto ensure they are resilient to extreme weather \nand climate change. Some organisations will use \nUKCP18 in responding to the Adaptation Reporting \nPower3 for example. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What can users expect from UKCP18? \n\nThere are three components to UKCP18: observations of historic climate, marine projections and projections over land. \nThese components are described below and summarised in Table 1. UKCP18 will provide each of these components at \na higher spatial and temporal resolution than UKCP09 and with more information on different types of uncertainty. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2. Murphy JM*et al.*2009*UK climate projections science report: climate change projections*. Exeter, UK: \n**26**\nMet Office Hadley Centre. See http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk. \n\n3. United Nations. 2010 Report of the Conference Parties on its fifteenth session, held in \nCopenhagen, 7 to 19 December 2009. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference \nof the Parties at its fifteenth session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/ \n11a01.pdf. \n\n4. United Nations. 2016 Report of the Conference Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris, \n30 November to 13 December 2015. Addendum Part two: Action taken by the Conference of \nthe Parties at its twenty-first session. See http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/ \n10a01.pdf. \n\n5. Hewitson B*et al.*2014 Regional context. In*Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and*\n*vulnerability. Part B: regional aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth assessment*\n*report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*(eds VR Barros*et al.*), pp. 1133–1197. \nCambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. \n\n6. Dankers R*et al.*2013 First look at changes in flood hazard in the inter-sectoral impact model \nintercomparison project ensemble.*Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA***111**, 3257–3261. (doi:10.1073/ \npnas.1302078110) \n\n7. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In*Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and*\n*vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth*\n*Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*(eds CB Field*et al.*), pp. \n1–32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. \n8. Schewe J*et al.*2014 Multimodel assessment of water scarcity under climate change.*Proc. Natl*\n*Acad. Sci. USA***111**, 3245–3250. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1222460110) \n\n9. Schleussner C-F*et al.*2015 Differential climate impacts for policy-relevant limits to global \nwarming: the case of 1.5°C and 2°C.*Earth Syst. Dynam. Discuss.***6**, 2447–2505. (doi:10.5194/ \nesdd-6-2447-2015) \n\n10. James R, Washington R, Schleussner C-F, Rogeli J, Conway D. 2017 Characterizing half-a- \ndegree difference: a review of methods for identifying regional climate responses to global \nwarming targets.*WIREs Clim Change***8**, e457. (doi:10.1002/wcc.457) \n11. Haarsma RJ*et al.*2016 High resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP v1.0) for \nCMIP6.*Geosci. Model Dev.***9**, 4185–4208. (doi:10.5194/gmd-9-4185-2016) \n\n12. Hewitt HT, Copsey D, Culverwell ID, Harris CM, Hill RSR, Keen AB, McLaren AJ, Hunke \nEC. 2011 Design and implementation of the infrastructure of HadGEM3: the next-generation \nMet Office climate modelling system.*Geosci. Model Dev.***4**, 223–253. (doi:10.5194/gmd-4- \n223-2011). \n13. Martin GM*et al.*2011 The HadGEM2 family of met office unified model climate \n\n30. Wiltshire A, Gornall J, Booth B, Dennis E, Falloon P, Kay G, McNeall D, McSweeney C, \nBetts R. 2013 The importance of population, climate change and CO2 plant physiological \nforcing in determining future global water stress.*Glob. Environ. Change***23**, 1083–1097. \n(doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.06.005) \n\n31. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2016 High-end climate change \nimpact on European runoff and low flows – exploring the effects of forcing biases.*Hydrol.*\n*Earth Syst. Sci.***20**, 1785–1808. (doi:10.5194/hess-20-1785) \n32. Milly PCD, Dunne KA. 2016 Potential evapotranspiration and continental drying.*Nat. Clim.*\n*Change***6**, 946–949. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3046) \n\n33. Swann ALS, Hoffman FM, Koven CD, Randerson JT. 2016 Plant responses to increasing \nCO2 reduce estimates of climate impacts on drought severity.*Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA***113**, \n10 019–10 024. (doi:10.1073/pnas.1604581113) \n34. Betts RA*et al.*2007 Projected increase in future river runoff through plant responses to carbon \ndioxide rise.*Nature***448**, 1037–1042. (doi:10.1038/nature06045) \n\n35. Papadimitriou LV, Koutroulis AG, Grillakis MG, Tsanis IK. 2017 The effect of GCM biases \non global runoff simulations of a land surface model.*Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.***21**, 4379–4401. \n(doi:10.5194/hess-21-4379-2017) \n\n36. Sheffield J, Goteti G, Wood EF. 2006 Development of a 50-year high-resolution global \ndataset of meteorological forcings for land surface modeling.*J. Climate***19**, 3088–3111. \n(doi:10.1175/JCLI3790.1) \n\n37. Grillakis MG, Koutroulis AG, Tsanis IK. 2013 Multisegment statistical bias correction of daily \nGCM precipitation output.*J. Geophys. Res. Atmos.***118**, 3150–3162. (doi:10.1002/jgrd.50323) \n38. Wartenburger R, Hirschi M, Donat MG, Greve P, Pitman AJ, Seneviratne SI. 2017 Changes in \nregional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting \nframework.*Geosci. Model Dev.***10**, 3609–3634. (doi:10.5194/gmd-10-3609-2017) \n39. Mitchell D, James R, Forster PM, Betts RA, Shiogama H, Allen M. 2016 Realizing the impacts \nof a 1.5°C warmer world.*Nat. Clim. Change***6**, 735–737. (doi:10.1038/nclimate3055) \n40. Cox P*et al.*2008 Increase risk of Amazonian drought due to decreasing aerosol pollution. \n*Nature***453**, 212–216. (doi:10.1038/nature06960) \n\n41. Betts RA, Cox PM, Collins M, Harris PP, Huntingford C, Jones CD. 2004 The role of \necosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest \ndieback under global climate warming.*Theor. Appl. Climatol.***78**, 157–175. (doi:10.1007/ \ns00704-004-0050-y) \n\n42. Skinner CB, Poulsen CJ, Chadwick R, Diffenbaugh NS, Fiorella RP. 2017 The role of CO2 \nplant physiological forcing in shaping future daily-scale precipitation.*J. Climate***30**, 2319–2340. \n(doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0603.1) ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Table 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.LandUpdated probability density functions presented as 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 5p (- 10 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 5p )-UK\n
Observations ( UK State of the Climate )Marine and coastal projectionsGlobal projectionsProbabilistic projections
High resolution projectionsCharacteristicsObserved trends ; long - term climatologies ; weather events for the preceding yearUpdated sea level rise and surge projections based on starting start start start surger model ( CS - 3 ) using CMIP5. EURO - CORDEX ‡Ensemble of P20 spatially series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model number of CMIPS models
Downscaled projections over the UK for - 10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall eventsScaleUKUKGlobal
UKSpatial resolutionaTo match land projectionsUK Coastline †6Okm25km12km *
2.2kmHighest temporal resolutionDaily / monthlyAnnualDailyMonthlyDaily
Sub - dailyPeriod of databulk of 20th century to present day1950 - 21001900 - 21001961 - 21001981 - 2080
1981 - 20002021 - 20402061 - 2080Emissions scenariosN / ARCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 H **RCP8.5 ; additional lower scenario ( for Met Office Hadley Centre model only )SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5RCP8.5
RCP8.5Variables available **Temperature, precipitation ( including snow ), sunshine, windSea level rise, storm surgeTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiationTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, solar radiationTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation
", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What improvements \ndoes UKCP18 deliver? \n\nUKCP18 will benefit from a range of developments \nsince the release of UKCP09, including: \n• Greater understanding of user needs as a result \nof the adaptation community’s use of UKCP09 \nprojections and the subsequent feedback – user \nworkshops indicated that users supported the \ncontinued use of probabilistic projections and the \nimportance of spatially coherent information4. \n• Advances in climate models in recent years, such \nas the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM35 model \nand the CMIP56 set of models. Improvements \ninclude better representation of the past \nclimate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol \nprocesses and the ability to model important \nclimate phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern \nOscillation (ENSO). \n• Groundbreaking Met Office research on \nmodelling of extreme events in high resolution \nregional climate models7. \n• The increased quantity and range of observations \navailable since 2009. \n• Use of the new Met Office supercomputer, \nenabling a credible range of climate projections to \nbe generated in greater spatial detail. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the past hundred years, the global climate has experienced great changes1–4. According to the sixth assess- \nment report of IPCC, the global average surface temperature increased by 1.09 °C between 1850 and 2020, and \nalmost all regions in the world experienced surface warming5. Due to global warming, the extreme climate events \nbecome more and more frequent, and the ecological environment problems caused by climate change are more \nand more serious, which restrict the sustainable development of human society and health6–10. Global warming \nhas gradually changed from a scientific issue to a major social issue of common concern to governments and \npeople of all countries11–13. In 2016, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate \nchange reached the Paris Agreement at the climate change conference in Paris14. Paris Agreement has indicated \nthat it is urgent to hold the increase in global average temperature well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels \nand pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 24: Main causes of mortality 2019, EU27**\n\n", - "page_start": 78, - "page_end": 78, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 The 2008 Climate Change Act allows UK government to mandate or invite certain organisations to produce reports to assess the impacts of \nclimate change on their operations and present proposals for adaptation.**https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-**\n**adaptationreporting-second-round-reports**\n2 Expected in 2018, the National Adaptation Programme will be supported by the Evidence Report of the Adaptation Sub-Committee of the \nCommittee on Climate Change (ASC):**https://www.theccc.org.uk/uk-climate-change-risk-assessment-2017/introduction-to-the-ccra/**\n3 Under the 2008 Climate Change Act, organisations are invited to produce Adaptation Reporting Power reports to assess the impacts of climate \nchange on their operations and present proposals for adaptation:**https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/climate-change-adaptation-**\n**reporting-second-round-reports**\n4 Spatial coherence means that climate projections can be compared between locations and aggregated over larger areas, enabling climate \nchange to be assessed consistently over larger study areas. \n5**http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/modelling-systems/unified-model/climate-models/hadgem3**\n6 Coupled model intercomparison project phase 5, see**http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/**\n7 Kendon, E. J., Roberts, N. M., Senior, C. A. & Roberts, M. J. Realism of rainfall in a very high resolution regional climate model. J. Clim. 25, \n5791–5806 (2012)**http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00562.1**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "What perdiod is covered by the 12 km resolution projection data of the UKCP18 ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "1981-2080", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 6 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "What can users expect from UKCP18? \n\nThere are three components to UKCP18: observations of historic climate, marine projections and projections over land. \nThese components are described below and summarised in Table 1. UKCP18 will provide each of these components at \na higher spatial and temporal resolution than UKCP09 and with more information on different types of uncertainty. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**DOWNSCALED HIGH RESOLUTION PROJECTIONS**\n**Downscaled versions of the global model for the UK. For the most spatially**\n**detailed downscaling this includes hourly data. Simultaneous impacts captured**\n**at multiple UK locations.**\n\nThe high resolution projections will provide information on types of weather of relevance \nto adaptation at two different resolutions. The 12 km model provides a downscaled \nproduct that is similar to UKCP09’s 25 km simulations but driven by an improved global \nmodel and at a higher resolution. This may be especially useful for those interested in \nwater availability and some aspects of agriculture. A key reason for providing this data is \nthat users will be able to compare it directly with EURO-CORDEX13. \nThe global projections will also be downscaled to 2.2 km using a process of nesting \nmodels at finer resolution that maintains the integrity of the representation of evolving \natmospheric processes. Key benefits of simulations at this resolution will be the \ninformation provided on high impact events such as localised heavy rainfall in summer and \npotential improvements in the diurnal cycle. \nThe output will be available at a time resolution of 3-hourly, possibly higher for some \noutput, for a high emission scenario. Spatial coherence will be maintained. Specific time \nslices (e.g. 2061-2080) will be made available with the exact nature of these still to be \nconfirmed. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What improvements \ndoes UKCP18 deliver? \n\nUKCP18 will benefit from a range of developments \nsince the release of UKCP09, including: \n• Greater understanding of user needs as a result \nof the adaptation community’s use of UKCP09 \nprojections and the subsequent feedback – user \nworkshops indicated that users supported the \ncontinued use of probabilistic projections and the \nimportance of spatially coherent information4. \n• Advances in climate models in recent years, such \nas the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM35 model \nand the CMIP56 set of models. Improvements \ninclude better representation of the past \nclimate, the inclusion of more cloud and aerosol \nprocesses and the ability to model important \nclimate phenomena such as the El-Niño Southern \nOscillation (ENSO). \n• Groundbreaking Met Office research on \nmodelling of extreme events in high resolution \nregional climate models7. \n• The increased quantity and range of observations \navailable since 2009. \n• Use of the new Met Office supercomputer, \nenabling a credible range of climate projections to \nbe generated in greater spatial detail. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What is UKCP18 \nand why do we need it? \n\nFollowing the historic Paris Agreement on Climate \nChange in December 2015, the Department of \nEnvironment, Food and Rural Affairs announced a \nmajor upgrade to the UK Climate Projections. \n\nThe UKCP18 project will build upon the current set \nof projections (UKCP09) to provide the most up-to- \ndate assessment of how the climate of the UK may \nchange over the 21st century. This information \nwill be essential to future Climate Change Risk \nAssessments1 and to equip the UK with information \nto help adapt to the challenges and opportunities of \nclimate change in line with the National Adaptation \nProgramme2. \n\nOrganisations and individual users will use UKCP18 \nto inform risk assessments and adaptation plans \nto ensure they are resilient to extreme weather \nand climate change. Some organisations will use \nUKCP18 in responding to the Adaptation Reporting \nPower3 for example. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**60KM GLOBAL PROJECTIONS**\n**20 plausible climate futures. Latest Hadley Centre climate model. Simulations**\n**of extreme weather. Simultaneous impacts captured at multiple locations.**\n\nThis resolution will enable more realistic simulations of climate for the UK and capture the \ndrivers of extreme weather, a significant advance on the 300 km-resolution simulations of \nUKCP09. A set of 20 plausible global projections of 21st century climate will be generated \nusing an ensemble of the Met Office Hadley Centre HadGEM3 climate model. These \nprojections will be selected to represent a wide range of possible future climate states \nto reflect key uncertainties, informing a risk-based approach to planning. They will be \ngenerated to provide spatially coherent daily data at a horizontal resolution of 60 km for \ntwo greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. These will be compared with an ensemble of \nCMIP5 models to provide additional information on uncertainties in the projections relative \nto other climate models. \n\n**25KM PROBABILISTIC PROJECTIONS**\n**Captures natural variability and climate change . Updated models and**\n**observations. Provides seasonal scale projections.**\n\nBased on the established, peer-reviewed, ground-breaking method of UKCP09 for \nestimating uncertainty for use in risk-based analysis. Probabilistic projections will be \nupdated using an up-to-date collection of Met Office climate simulations and the latest \nIPCC-assessed simulations to estimate the model uncertainties, incorporate the latest \nobservations and estimate carbon cycle feedbacks. Projections will be on a 25 km grid for \nthe UK at monthly intervals for several emission scenarios, including one used in UKCP0911. \nThe new probabilistic projections will indicate the range of uncertainty in our knowledge \nof the climate system and natural variability through the 21st century, using probability \ndensity functions to provide information on how climate varies from month to month. This \ncontrasts with UKCP09 for which only 30-year means were provided12. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Table 1 below indicates the likely dimensions of the outputs for each of the components as of July 2017.LandUpdated probability density functions presented as 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 30 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 5p (- 10 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 50 - 5p )-UK\n
Observations ( UK State of the Climate )Marine and coastal projectionsGlobal projectionsProbabilistic projections
High resolution projectionsCharacteristicsObserved trends ; long - term climatologies ; weather events for the preceding yearUpdated sea level rise and surge projections based on starting start start start surger model ( CS - 3 ) using CMIP5. EURO - CORDEX ‡Ensemble of P20 spatially series of the Met Office Hadley Centre model number of CMIPS models
Downscaled projections over the UK for - 10 spatially coherent time series. 2.2 km model provides realistic information on heavy rainfall eventsScaleUKUKGlobal
UKSpatial resolutionaTo match land projectionsUK Coastline †6Okm25km12km *
2.2kmHighest temporal resolutionDaily / monthlyAnnualDailyMonthlyDaily
Sub - dailyPeriod of databulk of 20th century to present day1950 - 21001900 - 21001961 - 21001981 - 2080
1981 - 20002021 - 20402061 - 2080Emissions scenariosN / ARCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5 H **RCP8.5 ; additional lower scenario ( for Met Office Hadley Centre model only )SRES A1B, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 RCP8.5RCP8.5
RCP8.5Variables available **Temperature, precipitation ( including snow ), sunshine, windSea level rise, storm surgeTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiationTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, solar radiationTemperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation
", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "How can I get the information and when? \nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available \nthrough a dedicated website. \n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised \nvisualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users. \n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the \nlatest information visit: \n**http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125**\n\n*UKCP Project Team*\n\n*July 2017*", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OBSERVATIONS**\n**Annual report: State of the UK Climate. Downloadable data.**\nThe “State of the UK Climate” report for 2017 will be included as part of the UKCP18 package, \nbringing the observed data right up to date. This annual update8 covers trends, the multi- \ndecade climate record and significant weather events such as the early July 2015 hot spell \nand the exceptionally mild and wet December of the same year. \n\nQuality controlled UK observational datasets from the Met Office observing network, provided \nat spatial resolutions to match the land projections and for pre-defined administrative regions \nand river basins, will be available under an Open Government Licence9. For variables such as \ntemperature and precipitation these data sets will span the late 19th Century to the present \nday and will be provided for daily, monthly, seasonal, annual and long term averages. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The high-resolution simulations were performed using the HadGEM3A Global Atmosphere \n(GA) 3.0 model [12–14] at a resolution of N216 (0.556° of latitude by 0.833° of longitude with \ngridboxes of approx. 60 km length in mid-latitudes). This is the atmospheric component of \nthe HadGEM3-GC2 coupled climate model [15,16], which is part of the HadGEM3 family of \nclimate models [12]. This represents the third generation of HadGEM configurations, leading \non from the HadGEM2 family of climate model configurations [13] which was used for CMIP5. \nKey improvements over the previous model, HadGEM2, include increased vertical levels in the \natmosphere (85 compared to 38) and substantial changes to the model dynamics (ENDGame) [17]. \nThis version of the HadGEM3 model lies in the transition from CMIP5 to CMIP6 versions. The Met \nOffice is currently operationally running the coupled HadGEM3-GC2 model at N216 resolution \nfor seasonal and decadal forecasting and clear benefits are emerging from this use at higher \nresolution [18,19]. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf", - "query": "How many articles compose the Syntec French collective bargaining agreement ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The Syntec French collective bargaining agree- ment comprises around 90 articles", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "3.1.1 Syntec (Retrieval) \n\nThe Syntec French collective bargaining agree- \nment3 comprises around 90 articles. Despite its \ntopic, the language used does not feature the speci- \nficity of the legal vocabulary, making the data \nsuitable for benchmarking general-purpose mod- \nels. The articles have been scraped for use as doc- \numents. Four annotators were divided into two \ngroups. Each group was given half of the articles \nand asked to choose an article and write a question \nabout it. Each annotator wrote 25 questions. Thus, \na hundred questions have been manually created \nand paired with the articles containing the answer4. \nExamples of the dataset are available in the ap- \npendix Figure 5. This dataset could also be used \nfor text classification, clustering or topic modeling. \nRegarding quality checks, every article’s integrity \nhas been reviewed while manually creating ques- \ntions. We also manually checked that the questions \ncould only be answered using the annotated article. \n\n3 MTEB for French \n\nIn this section, we describe the datasets and the \nmodels that we propose for the French extension \nof MTEB. We also list the research questions we \nwant to discuss with the results. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 38: Workforce structure, demography – Eurostat**\n\n", - "page_start": 108, - "page_end": 108, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "HAVE AGREED \n\n**I.1.1.1.1.**Article 1 Subject matter \n\n**1.1**\n\nThis specific contract implements framework contract (FWC) No ECHA/2019/355 \nsigned by the parties on [*complete date*]*.*\n\n**1.2**\n\nIn accordance with the provisions set out in the FWC and in this specific contract \nand [its][their] annex[es], which form an integral part of it, the contractor must \nprovide the [following services:] [services specified in Annex [*complete*]*.*] \n\n**I.1.1.1.2.**Article 2 Entry into force and duration \n\n**2.1** This specific contract enters into force on the date on which the last party signs it. \n\n**2.2**\nThe provision of the services starts from the date of entry into force of this specific \ncontract. \n\n**2.3**\n\nThe provision of the services must not exceed [*complete*]**[**days] [months**]**. The \nparties may extend the duration by written agreement before it elapses and before \nexpiry of the FWC. \n\n**I.1.1.1.3.**Article 3 Price \n\n**3.1**\n\nThe price payable under this specific contract excluding reimbursement of expenses \nis EUR [*amount in figures and in words*]. ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 8: Hours worked per week of full-time employment, EU27 – Eurostat**\n\n", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "47 Adăscăliței et al., 2021: The intensification of work in Europe: A multilevel analysis \n\n48 EU-OSHA, 2002: Report - New forms of contractual relationships and the implications for occupational safety \nand health (p. 7). \n\n49 Eurofound, 2011: Impact of subcontracting on working conditions ", - "page_start": 142, - "page_end": 142, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1998**\nEmployee \nShare Plan \n**1999**\nEmployee \nShare Plan/ \nExecutive \nShare Plan \n\n**2000**\nEmployee \nShare Plan/ \nExecutive \nShare Plan/ \nExercise of \nOptions/ \nRestricted \nShares \n**2001**\nEmployee \nShare Plan/ \nExecutive \nShare Plan/ \nExercise of \nOptions/ \nShare Buy \n-back/ \nSchemes of \nArrangement ", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(viii) paragraph 25 (chemical weapons inspectors), \n(ix) paragraph 26 (space workers), \n(x) paragraph 28 (oil workers), \n(xi) paragraph 29 (offshore oil and gas workers) unless paragraph (4) applies to the ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 37: Share of 10 main economic activities in EU total employment 1996 and 2019 (%), EU28 –**\n**Eurostat266**\n\n", - "page_start": 101, - "page_end": 101, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[*repeat these data as many times as there are contractors in case of joint tender and*\n*continue numbering*] \n\n([collectively] \"the contractor\"), represented for the purposes of signing this specific \ncontract by [*forename, surname and function of legal representative*,] ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**No [*complete*]**\n\n**implementing framework contract No ECHA/2019/355**\n\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented \nfor the purposes of signing this specific contract by [*forename, surname, function,*\n*department of authorising officer*], \n\nand ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf", - "query": "In the context of research publication, what is HAL ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "Hyper Articles en Ligne (HAL) is a French open archive of scholarly documents from all academic fields.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "3.1.2 HAL (Clustering) \n\nHyper Articles en Ligne (HAL) is a French open \narchive of scholarly documents from all academic \nfields. Scrapping this resource, we fetched 85,000 \npublications in French5. We extracted IDs, titles \nand the author’s choice among domain labels. The \nlast 2 are provided by authors when submitting \ntheir papers to HAL. Since domain annotations are \nprovided, the dataset can be used for many tasks, \nsuch as topic modeling or text classification. To en- \nsure the dataset quality is suitable for a benchmark, \nfurther data cleaning has been performed: \n\n3.1 New Datasets \n\nWe identified 7 datasets relevant to French in the ex- \nisting MTEB, which we assume are of good quality. \nWe complemented these with 8 external relevant \ndatasets proposed in the literature, such as BSARD \n(Louis and Spanakis, 2022) and Alloprof (Lefebvre- \nBrossard et al., 2023), which are proven to be good \nquality. We created 3 new ones presented in Table 1 \nand assessed their quality with various procedures \nand metrics. In addition to all performed checks, \nwe run multiple models on these datasets and pro- \nvide results to show that they are neither trivial nor \nimpossible to solve (see Tables 10, 11, 12 and 13). \nTherefore, as of today, our French MTEB \nruns on 18 datasets. Some datasets are framed \ndifferently according to the task category they \nare used with. For example, MasakhaNEWS \ndataset \nis used for \nboth Classification (MasakhaNEWSClassification) \nand Clustering (MasakhaNEWSClusteringS2S and ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which \npermits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Open Access.**This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. \n\nJAMA Network Open. 2024;7(12):e2448723. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723 (Reprinted) ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed8.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSEPARATION AT STALL ", - "page_start": 74, - "page_end": 74, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntail, the horizontal tail experiences ", - "page_start": 276, - "page_end": 276, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2See also the recent findings on adversarial triggers, which \nget the model to produce a certain output even though they \nare not well-formed from the point of view of a human reader \n(Wallace et al., 2019a). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "HAL Figure 6 is an extract from the HAL \ndataset. Table 4 lists the distribution of classes \n(domain field) for the HAL dataset on raw \nsubset and mteb_eval subset, which is used \nfor MTEB evaluation. \nLabels descriptions \ncan be found at this URL: https://api.archives- \nouvertes.fr/ref/domain/?q=*:*&rows=393 or in Ta- \nble 4. After pre-processing, mteb_eval covers titles \nfrom 10 domains as classes with less than 500 sam- \nples were removed. In the MTEB evaluation subset \nof the dataset, titles composed of 2 words or less \nhave been removed (371 samples), resulting in an \naverage word count of 13.4. Figure 7 shows the \nword count distribution per title. Furthermore, the \ndataset has been cleaned up by manually remov- \ning all non-French titles. Additionally, it can be \nobserved in Table 4 that in the original raw dataset, \nthe shs and sdv classes represent by far the majority \nof the dataset samples with respectively 58706 sam- \nples (73%) and 11049 samples (13%). In order to ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted \n\nin any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, \n\nrecording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in \n\nwriting from the publisher. Subject to any applicable licensing terms and conditions in \n\nthe case of electronically supplied publications, a person may engage in fair dealing \n\nwith a copy of this publication for his or her personal or private use, or his or her \n\nresearch or private study. See Section 12(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n- STALL \n\nLIFT \nCOEFFICIENT \n\nCL ", - "page_start": 376, - "page_end": 376, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License. \nFAccT ’21, March 3–10, 2021, Virtual Event, Canada \nACM ISBN 978-1-4503-8309-7/21/03. \nhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf", - "query": "What is the effect of embedding dimension on embedding representation quality ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "we observe a performance correla- tion with the embedding dimension and the model’s number of parameters, which are often correlated themselves", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 5 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "But this is not to say that there is no room for \nimprovement. Ethayarajh (2019) measure how \nsimilar the embeddings for identical words are in \nevery layer, reporting that later BERT layers pro- \nduce more context-specific representations3. They \nalso find that BERT embeddings occupy a narrow \ncone in the vector space, and this effect increases \nfrom the earlier to later layers. That is, two ran- \ndom words will on average have a much higher \ncosine similarity than expected if embeddings \nwere directionally uniform (isotropic). Since \nisotropy was shown to be beneficial for static word \nembeddings (Mu and Viswanath, 2018), this might \nbe a fruitful direction to explore for BERT. \n\nAnother direction is information-theoretic prob- \ning. Pimentel et al. (2020) operationalize prob- \ning as estimating mutual information between the \nlearned representation and a given linguistic prop- \nerty, which highlights that the focus should be not \non the amount of information contained in a rep- \nresentation, but rather on how easily it can be ex- \ntracted from it. Voita and Titov (2020) quantify \nthe amount of effort needed to extract information \nfrom a given representation as minimum descrip- \ntion length needed to communicate both the probe \nsize and the amount of data required for it to do \nwell on a task. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Embeddings are dense vector representations that \ncapture the semantics of an input. The first emblem- \natic example is Word2Vec, introduced by Mikolov \net al. (2013). It consists of neural architectures \ntrained to learn high-quality word representations \nfrom contextual relationships in vast amounts of \ntext. Other models were proposed since then, lever- \naging the transformer architecture (Vaswani et al., \n2017) to produce both generic and contextualized \nword embeddings using self-attention. Many mod- \nels now exist with various architectures, mono- \nlingual or multilingual, pre-trained or fine-tuned \n(Naseem et al., 2021; Ding et al., 2023). \n\n2 Related Work \n\nSentence Embeddings Sentence embeddings are \nrequired for many language tasks, such as Semantic \nTextual Similarity (STS) and knowledge retrieval. \nMany models have been proposed in the litera- \nture, leveraging pooling strategies (Devlin et al., \n2019; Muennighoff, 2022) or similarity fine-tuning \n(Reimers and Gurevych, 2019) using a contrastive \nframework (Gao et al., 2021; Neelakantan et al., \n2022; Ni et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2022; Zhang \net al., 2023), leveraging prompts (Wang et al., 2023) \nor a two steps training process (Chen et al., 2024; \nLee et al., 2024). Few French-language models \nhave been proposed in the literature (Martin et al., \n\nIn this work, our primary objective is to in- \ntroduce a large-scale embedding benchmark for ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "tation and, in practical applications, the under- \nlying storage and compute costs. We selected \nmodels with embedding dimensions ranging \nfrom 384 to 4096. \n\net al., 2019), their variants optimized for semantic \nsimilarity (Reimers and Gurevych, 2019), numer- \nous multilingual models performing at the top on \nMTEB (e.g E5 and T5), Bloom variants (Zhang \net al., 2023), models based on very recent power- \nful LLMs (Wang et al., 2023; Faysse et al., 2024) \nand finally the proprietary models of OpenAI, Co- \nhere and Voyage. Certain models were selected in \nmultiple sizes to isolate the dimensionality effect \neffectively. We provide information on the mod- \nels’ licenses as reported in the Hugging Face hub10. \nHowever, we encourage readers to conduct further \nresearch before utilizing a model. \n• Sequence length: Being the number of to- \nkens that a model can consider as input, the \nsequence length is important as it impacts the \nunit that can be encoded (sentence, paragraph, \ndocument). However, encoding overly long \nsequences requires efficiently storing the rele- \nvant information into a single vector. Among \nthe selected methods, this criterion varies \nfrom 128 tokens to 32768. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4 Localizing linguistic knowledge \n\n4.1 BERT embeddings \n\nIn studies of BERT, the term \"embedding\" refers \nto the output of a Transformer layer (typically, the \nfinal one). Both conventional static embeddings \n(Mikolov et al., 2013) and BERT-style embeddings \ncan be viewed in terms of mutual information max- \nimization (Kong et al., 2019), but the latter are \ncontextualized. Every token is represented by a \nvector dependent on the particular context of occur- \nrence, and contains at least some information about \nthat context (Miaschi and Dell’Orletta, 2020). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• Quantity: The aim was to compare a substan- \ntial number of models (51 in total) to provide \ncomprehensive results, facilitating the com- \nmunity in selecting effective French models. \n\n• Relevance: \n\n• To avoid bias, we use the BM25 algorithm \n(Robertson and Jones, 1976) (which is a deter- \nministic method) to rank documents in terms \nof relevance regarding each query. \n\n• The top 10 documents that are not labeled as \n\nrelevant constitute the negative samples. \n\nWe recognize that this process leads to a high cor- \nrelation between the retrieval and reranking tasks. \nWe still think it is essential to make the latter avail- \nable, with an open door to future improvement8. \n• Variety: Diverse model types were included \nto offer an insightful analysis across vari- \nous model characteristics (dimension, training \nstrategy, etc.). \n\nIn line with the third objective, we explicit below \nthe studied characteristics of embedding models \nthat will be discussed with the results. \n\n7SummEvalFr available at: https://huggingface.co./ \ndatasets/lyon-nlp/summarization-summeval-fr-p2p \nhttps: \n8SyntecReranking \n\nat: \n//huggingface.co/datasets/lyon-nlp/ \nmteb-fr-reranking-syntec-s2p \ning available at: \nlyon-nlp/mteb-fr-reranking-alloprof-s2p \n\navailable \n\nand AlloprofRerank- \nhttps://huggingface.co./datasets/ \n\n• Embedding dimension: This critical element \ninfluences the expressiveness of the represen- ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1 shows a global model comparison \nacross all datasets. The models are arranged hori- \nzontally according to their performance, with the \nbest models on the left. The black bars repre- \nsent the statistical equivalence between the mod- \nels’ performances. The statistically equivalent \ntop performers for this benchmark are OpenAI’s \nmodels text-embedding-3-large, text-embedding-3- \nsmall and text-embedding-ada-002. Interestingly, \nmany models do not show a significant perfor- \nmance gap between their base and large flavours. \nSome French models stand out among the multi- \nlingual models, such as Solon-embeddings-large- \n0.1, sentence_croissant_alpha_v0.3 and sentence- \ncamembert-large. \nFurthermore, we observe a performance correla- \ntion with the embedding dimension and the model’s \nnumber of parameters, which are often correlated \nthemselves. This appears very clearly on the rela- \ntive ranking of E5 and T5 models (see Figure 1). \nHowever, some small models perform very well \non the benchmark, such as the standard version \nof the multilingual universal sentence encoder or \nSolon-embeddings-base-1.0. Notably, the maxi- \nmum sequence length, while an important criterion \nfor generative tasks with LLMs, is less correlated \nwith performance than the other dimensions. This \ncan be explained by many datasets containing rel- \natively small texts (see appendix Table 3 showing \nthat 14 datasets have less than 50 tokens). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Handy to Know…**\n Embedding is normally only done when it is \nnecessary to print the worksheet and the \ndata together. ", - "page_start": 56, - "page_end": 56, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Since BERT embeddings are contextualized, an \ninteresting question is to what extent they cap- \nture phenomena like polysemy and homonymy. \nThere is indeed evidence that BERT’s contextu- \nalized embeddings form distinct clusters corre- \nsponding to word senses (Wiedemann et al., 2019; \nSchmidt and Hofmann, 2020), making BERT suc- \ncessful at word sense disambiguation task. How- \never, Mickus et al. (2019) note that the representa- \ntions of the same word depend on the position \nof the sentence in which it occurs, likely due to \nthe NSP objective. This is not desirable from the \nlinguistic point of view, and could be a promising \n\n3Voita et al. (2019a) look at the evolution of token embed- \ndings, showing that in the earlier Transformer layers, MLM \nforces the acquisition of contextual information at the expense \nof the token identity, which gets recreated in later layers. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4: 2D projection of tasks’ data. 90 random samples per task’s data are embedded using multlingual-e5-small \nmodel (Wang et al., 2022). The embeddings are reduced to 2 dimensions using PCA. The centroid of each task’s \ndata is represented, along with the ellipse showing the standard deviation along each axis. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nFigure 3.2: Representation of Properties ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf", - "query": "What is the maximum amount covered by the FWC of the europeean chemical agency ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "The maximum amount covering all purchases under this FWC, including all renewals and reimbursement of expenses is EUR 1 000 000 (one million)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "[The maximum amount covering all services to be provided under this specific \ncontract including reimbursement of expenses and excluding price revision is EUR \n[*amount in figures and in words*].] \n\n**3.2**\n\n[Reimbursement of expenses is not applicable to this specific contract.] [Within the \nmaximum amount, up to EUR [*amount in figures and in words*] is earmarked for \nexpenses, which must be reimbursed in accordance with the FWC]. \n\n***\n\n**I.1.1.1.4.**Article 4 communication details \n\nFor the purpose of this specific contract, communications must be sent to the following \naddresses: \n\nContracting authority: \n\nEuropean Chemicals Agency \n\n [Directorate [*complete*]] \n\n[Unit [*complete*]] \n\n[*Postcode and city*] \n\nE-mail: [*insert functional mailbox*] ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Within a maximum of 5 working days of a specific contract or order form being sent by the \nAgency to the contractor, the Agency shall receive it back, duly signed and dated. The \nperiod allowed for the execution of the tasks shall start to run on the date of signature of \nthe specific contract or order form by both parties. \n\n**I.5. Prices**\n\n**I.5.1. Maximum amount of the FWC and maximum prices**\n\nThe maximum amount covering all purchases under this FWC, including all renewals and \nreimbursement of expenses is**EUR 1 000 000**(one million). However, this does not bind \nthe contracting authority to purchase for the maximum amount. \n\nThe maximum unit prices of the services are: \n\nSenior experts: \nExperts: [ ] EUR per man-day \n[ ] EUR per man-day \n\n**I.5.2. Price revision index**\n\nPrice revision is determined by the formula set out in Article II.20 and using the trend in \nthe harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICP) ‘Euro area (19 countries)’ published at \nhttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/hicp/data/database under HICP (2015 = 100) - monthly \ndata (index) (prc_hicp_midx).] ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**I.3.3**The FWC is concluded for a period of 24 months with effect from the date of its \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
L3A The parties must sign any specific contract before the FWC expires.The FWC continues to apply to such specific contracts after its expiry. The services relating to such specific contracts must be performed no later than six months after the expiry of the FWC.
1.3. 5 Renewal of the FWCThe FWC is renewed automatically 2 times for 12 months each, unless one of the parties receives formal notification to the contrary at least three months before the end of the ongoing duration. Renewal does not change or postpone any existi
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**I.6.3. Payment of the balance**\n\n1. The contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) may claim the payment of the \nbalance in accordance with Article II.21.6. \n\nThe contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) must send an invoice in paper format \nor via*e-PRIOR*for payment of the balance due under a specific contract, as provided for \nin the tender specifications and accompanied by the following: \n\n a list of all*pre-existing rights*to the*results*or parts of the*results*or a declaration stating \n\nthat there are no such*pre-existing rights*, as provided for in Article II.13.4; \n\n document of acceptance by ECHA of the deliverables as defined in the*tender*\n\n*specifications or specific contract*\n\n statements of reimbursable expenses in accordance with Article II.22. \n\n2. The contracting authority must approve the submitted documents and pay within 30 \ndays from receipt of the invoice. \n\n3. The contracting authority may suspend the time limit for payment specified in point 2 \nin accordance with Article II.21.7. Once the suspension is lifted, the contracting authority \nshall give its approval and pay within the remainder of the time-limit indicated in point 2 \nunless it rejects partially or fully the submitted documents. \n\n**I.6.4. Performance guarantee**\n\nPerformance guarantee is not applicable to this FWC. \n\n**I.6.5. Retention money guarantee**\n\nRetention money guarantee is not applicable to this FWC. \n\n**I.7. Bank account**\n\nPayments must be made to the contractor’s (or leader’s in the case of a joint tender) bank \naccount denominated in euro, identified as follows: \n\nName of bank: \n\nFull address of branch: \n\nExact denomination of account holder: \n\nFull account number including bank codes: \n\n[IBAN1 code:] \n\n**I.8. Communication details**\n\nFor the purpose of this FWC, communications must be sent to the following addresses: \n\nContracting authority: \n\nEuropean Chemicals Agency \nDirectorate and Unit D3, Risk Management I \nTelakkakatu 6 \n00150 Helsinki \nFinland \nE-mail: [insert functional mailbox] ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table of Content**\n\n**Table of Content ................................................................................................. 3**\n\n**I. Special Conditions ........................................................................................ 5**\n\nI.1. Order of priority of provisions .......................................................................................... 5 \n\nI.2. Subject matter ............................................................................................................... 5 \n\nI.3. Entry into force and duration of the FWC ........................................................................... 5 \n\nI.4. Appointment of the contractor and implementation of the FWC ............................................ 5 \n\nI.5. Prices............................................................................................................................ 6 \n\nI.6. Payment arrangements ................................................................................................... 7 \n\nI.7. Bank account ................................................................................................................. 8 \n\nI.8. Communication details .................................................................................................... 8 \n\nI.9. Data controller ............................................................................................................... 9 \n\nI.10. Exploitation of the results of the FWC .............................................................................. 9 \n\nI.11. Termination by either party ......................................................................................... 11 \n\nI.12. Applicable law and settlement of disputes ...................................................................... 11 \n\nI.13. Interinstitutional FWC ................................................................................................. 11 \n\nI.14. Service provided on the premises of the contracting authority .......................................... 11 \n\nI.15. Other special conditions .............................................................................................. 11 \n\n**II. GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES . 13**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "HAVE AGREED \n\n**I.1.1.1.1.**Article 1 Subject matter \n\n**1.1**\n\nThis specific contract implements framework contract (FWC) No ECHA/2019/355 \nsigned by the parties on [*complete date*]*.*\n\n**1.2**\n\nIn accordance with the provisions set out in the FWC and in this specific contract \nand [its][their] annex[es], which form an integral part of it, the contractor must \nprovide the [following services:] [services specified in Annex [*complete*]*.*] \n\n**I.1.1.1.2.**Article 2 Entry into force and duration \n\n**2.1** This specific contract enters into force on the date on which the last party signs it. \n\n**2.2**\nThe provision of the services starts from the date of entry into force of this specific \ncontract. \n\n**2.3**\n\nThe provision of the services must not exceed [*complete*]**[**days] [months**]**. The \nparties may extend the duration by written agreement before it elapses and before \nexpiry of the FWC. \n\n**I.1.1.1.3.**Article 3 Price \n\n**3.1**\n\nThe price payable under this specific contract excluding reimbursement of expenses \nis EUR [*amount in figures and in words*]. ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**II.4. Provision of services**\n\n**II.4.1**Signature of the FWC does not guarantee any actual purchase. The contracting \n\nauthority is bound only by specific contracts implementing the FWC. \n\n**II.4.2**The contractor must provide services of high quality standards, in accordance with \nthe state of the art in the industry and the provisions of this FWC, in particular the \ntender specifications and the terms of its tender. Where the contracting authority \nhas the right to make modifications to the*results*, they must be delivered in a \nformat and with the necessary information which effectively allow such \nmodifications to be made in a convenient manner. \n\n**II.4.3**The contractor must comply with the minimum requirements provided for in the \ntender specifications. This includes compliance with applicable obligations under \nenvironmental, social and labour law established by Union law, national law and \ncollective agreements or by the international environmental, social and labour law \nprovisions listed in Annex X to Directive 2014/24/EU43, compliance with data \nprotection obligations resulting from Regulation (EU) 2016/67954 and Regulation \n(EU) 2018/17255. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**I. Special Conditions**\n\n**I.1. Order of priority of provisions**\n\nIf there is any conflict between different provisions in this FWC, the following rules must \nbe applied: \n\n(a) The provisions set out in the special conditions take precedence over those in the \n\nother parts of the FWC. \n\n(b) The provisions set out in the general conditions take precedence over those in the \n\n*order form*and specific contract (Annex III) \n\n(c) The provisions set out in the*order form*and specific contract (Annex III) take \n\nprecedence over those in the other annexes. \n\n(d) The provisions set out in the tender specifications (Annex I) take precedence over \n\nthose in the tender (Annex II). \n\n(e) The provisions set out in the FWC take precedence over those in the specific \n\ncontracts. \n\n(f) The provisions set out in the specific contracts take precedence over those in the \n\nrequests for services. \n\nAny reference to specific contracts applies also to order forms. \n\n**I.2. Subject matter**\n\nThe subject matter of the FWC is scientific support to ECHA for work on restrictions, \ndose-response functions, Annex XIV, POPs and dossier evaluation. \n\n**I.3. Entry into force and duration of the FWC**", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "According to the detailed register data of the Swedish Chemicals Agency, 10 million tonnes of synthetic \nchemicals were used in Sweden in 2019 that were classified as hazardous to health and the environment \n(not counting petrol). That equals approximately 1 ton per citizen of such chemicals. 294 \n\nThe ESENER 2019 survey provides information about**sectors that reported a particularly high**\n**prevalence of dangerous substances**. The percentage of enterprises reporting handling or exposure \nto chemicals are: 50% in ‘Manufacturing’, 49% in ‘Construction, waste management, and water and \nelectricity supply’, and 47% in ‘Human health and social work activities’. 295 \n\nThe prevention of risks from the use of chemicals at workplaces is done according to extensive \nregulatory frameworks. The most relevant pieces of legislation at the EU level are the OSH Framework \nDirective, the Chemical Agents Directive, and the Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive. Legislation in \nother policy areas contributes to the reduction of risks from dangerous substances in workplaces, such \nas EU legislation on chemical substances and mixtures (CLP, the regulation on classification, labelling \nand packaging of chemicals, its predecessor directive was already issued in 1967; REACH the \nregulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals from 2007; and also \nspecific EU and international legislation on specific aspects such as chemicals in waste, storage and \ntransport, in specific products like batteries and cars, in specific sectors like agriculture, in natural \nenvironments like in water and soil, and in consumer products like food, detergents and cosmetics). ", - "page_start": 106, - "page_end": 106, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*453 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en*\n454 European Maritime Safety Agency EMSA (http://www.emsa.europa.eu/ ), Section on Safety and Security \nhttp://www.emsa.europa.eu/we-do/safety.html \n455 Fundamental Rights Agency FRA, https://fra.europa.eu/en, Section on ‘Trafficking and labour exploitation, e.g \nthe report from June 2021 titled: Protecting migrants in an irregular situation from labour exploitation – Role of the \nEmployers Sanctions Directive \n456 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA (https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/), \nSection ‘Best practice’, Policy and practice briefings: Work places, https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best- \npractice/briefings/workplace_en \nQuite unknown and difficult to estimate: between one and nine percent of the employees take so-called neuro \n\nEuropean Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA \n158 ", - "page_start": 157, - "page_end": 157, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf", - "query": "How can I get compensation if the european chemical agency terminates a contract we have ?", - "target_page": 11, - "target_passage": "If the FWC or a specific contract is terminated: a) neither party is entitled to compensation", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 6 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**No [*complete*]**\n\n**implementing framework contract No ECHA/2019/355**\n\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented \nfor the purposes of signing this specific contract by [*forename, surname, function,*\n*department of authorising officer*], \n\nand ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[The maximum amount covering all services to be provided under this specific \ncontract including reimbursement of expenses and excluding price revision is EUR \n[*amount in figures and in words*].] \n\n**3.2**\n\n[Reimbursement of expenses is not applicable to this specific contract.] [Within the \nmaximum amount, up to EUR [*amount in figures and in words*] is earmarked for \nexpenses, which must be reimbursed in accordance with the FWC]. \n\n***\n\n**I.1.1.1.4.**Article 4 communication details \n\nFor the purpose of this specific contract, communications must be sent to the following \naddresses: \n\nContracting authority: \n\nEuropean Chemicals Agency \n\n [Directorate [*complete*]] \n\n[Unit [*complete*]] \n\n[*Postcode and city*] \n\nE-mail: [*insert functional mailbox*] ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**DRAFT FRAMEWORK CONTRACT FOR SERVICES**\n\n**NUMBER — ECHA/2019/355**\n\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented \nfor the purposes of signing this framework contract by [*forename, surname, function,*\n*directorate of authorising officer*], \n\nof the one part and \n\n2. [*Full official name*] \n\n[*Official legal form*] \n\n**[***Statutory registration number or ID or passport number***]**\n\n[*Full official address*] \n\n[*VAT registration number*] \n\n[appointed as the leader of the group by the members of the group that submitted the \njoint tender] \n\n[*For joint tenders,*r*epeat these data as many times as there are contractors and continue*\n*numbering*] \n\n([collectively] ‘the contractor’), represented for the purposes of the signature of this \nframework contract by [*forename, surname, function of legal representative and name of*\n*company in the case of a joint tender*], \n\non the other part, ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(g) if the contractor does not comply with applicable obligations under environmental, \nsocial and labour law established by Union law, national law, collective agreements \nor by the international environmental, social and labour law provisions listed in \nAnnex X to Directive 2014/24/EU; \n\n(h) if the contractor is in a situation that could constitute a*conflict of interest*or a \n\n*professional conflicting interest*as referred to in Article II.7; \n\n(i) if a change to the contractor’s legal, financial, technical, organisational or ownership \nsituation is likely to substantially affect the*implementation of the FWC*or \nsubstantially modify the conditions under which the FWC was initially awarded; \n(j) in the event of*force majeure*, where either resuming implementation is impossible \nor the necessary ensuing amendments to the FWC or a specific contract would mean \nthat the tender specifications are no longer fulfilled or result in unequal treatment \nof tenderers or contractors; \n\n(k) if the needs of the contracting authority change and it no longer requires new \nservices under the FWC; in such cases ongoing specific contracts remain unaffected; \n(l) if the termination of the FWC with one or more of the contractors means that the \nmultiple FWC with reopening of competition no longer has the minimum required \nlevel of competition; \n\n(m) if the contractor is in breach of the data protection obligations resulting from \n\nArticle II.9.2; \n\n(n) if the contractor does not comply with the applicable data protection obligations \nresulting from Regulation (EU) 2016/679. \n\n**II.18.2. Grounds for termination by the contractor**\n\nThe contractor may terminate the FWC or any on-going specific contract if the contracting \nauthority fails to comply with its obligations, in particular the obligation to provide the \ninformation needed for the contractor to implement the FWC or to perform a specific \ncontract as provided for in the tender specifications. \n\n**II.18.3. Procedure for termination**\n\nA party must*formally notify*the other party of its intention to terminate the FWC or a \nspecific contract and the grounds for termination. \n\nThe other party has 30 days following the date of receipt to submit observations, including \nthe measures it has taken or will take to continue fulfilling its contractual obligations. \nFailing that, the decision to terminate becomes enforceable the day after the time limit for \nsubmitting observations has elapsed. \n\nIf the other party submits observations, the party intending to terminate must*formally*\n*notify*it either of the withdrawal of its intention to terminate or of its final decision to \nterminate. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " the relevant progress report or deliverable accepted by ECHA \n\n statements of reimbursable expenses in accordance with Article II.22. \n\nThe contracting authority must approve the submitted documents or deliverables and pay \nwithin 30 days from receipt of the invoice. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**I.6.3. Payment of the balance**\n\n1. The contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) may claim the payment of the \nbalance in accordance with Article II.21.6. \n\nThe contractor (or leader in the case of a joint tender) must send an invoice in paper format \nor via*e-PRIOR*for payment of the balance due under a specific contract, as provided for \nin the tender specifications and accompanied by the following: \n\n a list of all*pre-existing rights*to the*results*or parts of the*results*or a declaration stating \n\nthat there are no such*pre-existing rights*, as provided for in Article II.13.4; \n\n document of acceptance by ECHA of the deliverables as defined in the*tender*\n\n*specifications or specific contract*\n\n statements of reimbursable expenses in accordance with Article II.22. \n\n2. The contracting authority must approve the submitted documents and pay within 30 \ndays from receipt of the invoice. \n\n3. The contracting authority may suspend the time limit for payment specified in point 2 \nin accordance with Article II.21.7. Once the suspension is lifted, the contracting authority \nshall give its approval and pay within the remainder of the time-limit indicated in point 2 \nunless it rejects partially or fully the submitted documents. \n\n**I.6.4. Performance guarantee**\n\nPerformance guarantee is not applicable to this FWC. \n\n**I.6.5. Retention money guarantee**\n\nRetention money guarantee is not applicable to this FWC. \n\n**I.7. Bank account**\n\nPayments must be made to the contractor’s (or leader’s in the case of a joint tender) bank \naccount denominated in euro, identified as follows: \n\nName of bank: \n\nFull address of branch: \n\nExact denomination of account holder: \n\nFull account number including bank codes: \n\n[IBAN1 code:] \n\n**I.8. Communication details**\n\nFor the purpose of this FWC, communications must be sent to the following addresses: \n\nContracting authority: \n\nEuropean Chemicals Agency \nDirectorate and Unit D3, Risk Management I \nTelakkakatu 6 \n00150 Helsinki \nFinland \nE-mail: [insert functional mailbox] ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**I.11. Termination by either party2**\n\nEither party may terminate the FWC and/or the FWC and specific contracts by sending \n*formal notification*to the other party with three months written notice. \n\nIf the FWC or a specific contract is terminated: \n\na) neither party is entitled to compensation; \n\nb) the contractor is entitled to payment only for the services provided before \ntermination takes effect. \n\nThe second, third and fourth paragraphs of Article II.18.4 apply. \n\n**I.12. Applicable law and settlement of disputes**\n\n**I.12.1**The FWC is governed by Union law, complemented, where necessary, by the law of \n\nFinland. \n\n**I.12.2**The courts of Finland have exclusive jurisdiction over any dispute regarding the \n\ninterpretation, application or validity of the FWC. \n\n**I.13. Interinstitutional FWC**\n\nNot applicable \n\n**I.14. Service provided on the premises of the contracting authority**\n\nNot applicable. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "If the contractor submits observations, the contracting authority, taking into account the \nrelevant observations, must*notify*the contractor: \n\n(a) of the withdrawal of its intention to apply liquidated damages; or \n\n(b) of its final decision to apply liquidated damages and the corresponding amount. \n\n**II.15.3. Nature of liquidated damages**\n\nThe parties expressly acknowledge and agree that any amount payable under this Article \nis not a penalty and represents a reasonable estimate of fair compensation for the damage \nincurred due to failure to provide the services within the applicable time limits set out in \nthis FWC. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*a specific contract*or any part of it: \n\n(a) if the procedure for awarding the FWC or a specific contract or the*implementation of*\n*the FWC*proves to have been subject to*irregularities, fraud or breach of obligations*; \n\n(b) in order to verify whether the presumed*irregularities, fraud*or*breach of obligations*\nhave actually occurred. \n\nThe contracting authority must*formally notify*the contractor of the suspension and the \nreasons for it. Suspension takes effect on the date of*formal notification*, or at a later date \nif the*formal notification*so provides. \n\nThe contracting authority must*notify*the contractor as soon as the verification is \ncompleted whether: \n\n(a) it is lifting the suspension; or \n(b) it intends to terminate the FWC or a specific contract under Article II.18.1(f) or \n(j). \n\nThe contractor is not entitled to compensation for suspension of any part of the FWC or a \nspecific contract. \n\nThe contracting authority may in addition suspend the time allowed for payments in \naccordance with Article II.21.7. \n\n**II.18. Termination of the FWC**\n\n**II.18.1. Grounds for termination by the contracting authority**\n\nThe contracting authority may terminate the FWC or any on-going specific contract in the \nfollowing circumstances: ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "quality or continuity of the services. The parties may agree to draw up a transition plan \ndetailing the contractor’s assistance unless such plan is already detailed in other \ncontractual documents or in the tender specifications. The contractor must provide such \nassistance at no additional cost, except if it can demonstrate that it requires substantial \nadditional resources or means, in which case it must provide an estimate of the costs \ninvolved and the parties will negotiate an arrangement in good faith. \n\n**II.18.4. Effects of termination**\n\nThe contractor is liable for damage incurred by the contracting authority as a result of the \ntermination of the FWC or a specific contract, including the additional cost of appointing \nand contracting another contractor to provide or complete the services, except if the \ndamage is a result of a termination in accordance with Article II.18.1(j), (k) or (l) or Article \nII.18.2. The contracting authority may claim compensation for such damage. \n\nThe contractor is not entitled to compensation for any loss resulting from the termination \nof the FWC or a specific contract, including loss of anticipated profits, unless the loss was \ncaused by the situation specified in Article II.18.2. \n\nThe contractor must take all appropriate measures to minimise costs, prevent damage and \ncancel or reduce its commitments. ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf", - "query": "According to the european chemical agency contracts, what is considers a grave professional misconduct ?", - "target_page": 14, - "target_passage": "'Grave professional misconduct': a violation of applicable laws or regulations or ethical standards of the profession to which a contractor or a related person belongs, including any conduct leading to sexual or other exploitation or abuse, or any wrongful conduct of the contractor or a related person which has an impact on its professional credibility where such conduct denotes wrongful intent or gross negligence.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "*453 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en*\n454 European Maritime Safety Agency EMSA (http://www.emsa.europa.eu/ ), Section on Safety and Security \nhttp://www.emsa.europa.eu/we-do/safety.html \n455 Fundamental Rights Agency FRA, https://fra.europa.eu/en, Section on ‘Trafficking and labour exploitation, e.g \nthe report from June 2021 titled: Protecting migrants in an irregular situation from labour exploitation – Role of the \nEmployers Sanctions Directive \n456 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EMCDDA (https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/), \nSection ‘Best practice’, Policy and practice briefings: Work places, https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/best- \npractice/briefings/workplace_en \nQuite unknown and difficult to estimate: between one and nine percent of the employees take so-called neuro \n\nEuropean Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA \n158 ", - "page_start": 157, - "page_end": 157, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*‘1. the transfer of risks in the (practical) conditions of work to non-permanent employees and to*\n*subcontractors;*\n*2. segmentation in the workforce based on differences in contractual conditions of employment (working*\n*hours, job insecurity, and qualifications).*\n*In the first scenario, risks directly related to working conditions (bad ambient and ergonomic conditions)*\n\nEuropean Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA \n37 ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Union budget, ii) the non-disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation, with \nthe same effect or iii) the misapplication of such funds or assets for purposes other than \nthose for which they were originally granted, which damages the Union's financial interests; \n\n**'Grave professional misconduct':**a violation of applicable laws or regulations or ethical \nstandards of the profession to which a contractor or a related person belongs, including \nany conduct leading to sexual or other exploitation or abuse, or any wrongful conduct of \nthe contractor or a related person which has an impact on its professional credibility where \nsuch conduct denotes wrongful intent or gross negligence. \n\n**‘Implementation of the FWC’**: the purchase of services envisaged in the FWC through \nthe signature and*performance of specific contracts*; \n\n**‘Interface control document’**: the guideline document which lays down the technical \nspecifications, message standards, security standards, checks of syntax and semantics, \netc. to facilitate machine-to-machine connection. This document is updated on a regular \nbasis; \n\n**‘Irregularity’**: any infringement of a provision of Union law resulting from an act or \nomission by an economic operator, which has, or would have, the effect of prejudicing the \nUnion’s budget. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**No [*complete*]**\n\n**implementing framework contract No ECHA/2019/355**\n\n1. The European Chemicals Agency in Helsinki (‘the contracting authority’), represented \nfor the purposes of signing this specific contract by [*forename, surname, function,*\n*department of authorising officer*], \n\nand ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "particularly dangerous work environments like road maintenance, combined with better organisational \nmeasures; quality systems that promote continuous repair and maintenance of tools; regular instructions \nby safety representatives and safety coordinators, and guarantee of minimum safety standards of \nmachines and products by European standards like CE and CEE. ", - "page_start": 62, - "page_end": 62, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "According to the detailed register data of the Swedish Chemicals Agency, 10 million tonnes of synthetic \nchemicals were used in Sweden in 2019 that were classified as hazardous to health and the environment \n(not counting petrol). That equals approximately 1 ton per citizen of such chemicals. 294 \n\nThe ESENER 2019 survey provides information about**sectors that reported a particularly high**\n**prevalence of dangerous substances**. The percentage of enterprises reporting handling or exposure \nto chemicals are: 50% in ‘Manufacturing’, 49% in ‘Construction, waste management, and water and \nelectricity supply’, and 47% in ‘Human health and social work activities’. 295 \n\nThe prevention of risks from the use of chemicals at workplaces is done according to extensive \nregulatory frameworks. The most relevant pieces of legislation at the EU level are the OSH Framework \nDirective, the Chemical Agents Directive, and the Carcinogens and Mutagens Directive. Legislation in \nother policy areas contributes to the reduction of risks from dangerous substances in workplaces, such \nas EU legislation on chemical substances and mixtures (CLP, the regulation on classification, labelling \nand packaging of chemicals, its predecessor directive was already issued in 1967; REACH the \nregulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals from 2007; and also \nspecific EU and international legislation on specific aspects such as chemicals in waste, storage and \ntransport, in specific products like batteries and cars, in specific sectors like agriculture, in natural \nenvironments like in water and soil, and in consumer products like food, detergents and cosmetics). ", - "page_start": 106, - "page_end": 106, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "413 Beck and Lenhardt, 2019; Lenhardt and Beck, 2016; Baldock et al., 2006: Influences on Small-Firm \nCompliance-Related Behaviour: The Case of Workplace Health and Safety, in: Environment and Planning C: \nPolitica and space https://doi.org/10.1068/c0564 ; \n\n414 Kooperationsstelle Hamburg et. al.. 2010: Contract to analyse and evaluate the impact of the practical \nimplementation in the workplace of national measures implementing Directive 98/24/EC on Chemical Agents Final \nReport, Ch. 5 on Risk assessment. The percentage of adequate risk assessments in Member States varies \nbetween 10% and 50%, https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=10152&langId=en ", - "page_start": 156, - "page_end": 156, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Obviously,**most informal, and**— in particular —**irregular and illegal types of work do not respect**\nlegal OSH obligations — and at the same time legal monitoring obligations also fail. The EU \nFundamental Rights Agency (FRA) published several case studies and examples in a series called \n‘Severe labour exploitation reports; 359 these studies provide an insight into most irregular working \nconditions. \n\n**Undeclared work**is defined as paid and lawful (not criminal) activity but undeclared to public authorities. (‘paid \nactivities that are lawful as regards their nature but not declared to public authorities, taking into account the \ndifferences in the regulatory systems of Member States’.) \n\nIn 2018, the European Commission estimated the scale of**undeclared work**in the EU. According to this estimate, \non average, 11.6% of total labour input in the private sector is undeclared, and undeclared work constitutes on \naverage 16.4% of gross value added. The main sectors according to the Special Flash Eurobarometer from 2019360 \nare personal services (childcare/elderly care/cleaning) followed by construction and hospitality services.361 The \n‘European Platform tackling undeclared work’ provides fact sheets about the type and quantity of undeclared work \nin all EU Member States.362 ", - "page_start": 122, - "page_end": 122, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "47 Adăscăliței et al., 2021: The intensification of work in Europe: A multilevel analysis \n\n48 EU-OSHA, 2002: Report - New forms of contractual relationships and the implications for occupational safety \nand health (p. 7). \n\n49 Eurofound, 2011: Impact of subcontracting on working conditions ", - "page_start": 142, - "page_end": 142, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[The maximum amount covering all services to be provided under this specific \ncontract including reimbursement of expenses and excluding price revision is EUR \n[*amount in figures and in words*].] \n\n**3.2**\n\n[Reimbursement of expenses is not applicable to this specific contract.] [Within the \nmaximum amount, up to EUR [*amount in figures and in words*] is earmarked for \nexpenses, which must be reimbursed in accordance with the FWC]. \n\n***\n\n**I.1.1.1.4.**Article 4 communication details \n\nFor the purpose of this specific contract, communications must be sent to the following \naddresses: \n\nContracting authority: \n\nEuropean Chemicals Agency \n\n [Directorate [*complete*]] \n\n[Unit [*complete*]] \n\n[*Postcode and city*] \n\nE-mail: [*insert functional mailbox*] ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf", - "query": "What or Corning's corporate values ?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": "Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, Innovation, Independence, and The Individual", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "C O R P O R A T E V A L U E S : \nCorning’s Values provide an unchanging moral and ethical \ncompass that guides the actions of everyone in the company. The \ncorporate values are: Quality, Integrity, Performance, Leadership, \nInnovation, Independence, and The Individual. \n\nT O T A L Q U A L I T Y : \nIn alignment with the quality policy of the corporation, our policy is \nto achieve Total Quality performance. Total Quality performance \nmeans understanding who the customer is, what the requirements \nare, and meeting those requirements better than anyone else, \nwithout error, on time, every time. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "S C I E N C E & T E C H N O L O G Y \n\nCorning’s long history of extraordinary innovation continues in \nthe context of managing the sensitive balance between the near-term \nalignment of R&D and business objectives, and longer-range \ndiscovery research and new opportunity creation. \n\nOver the past year, we adjusted our R&D spending to align \nwith business conditions. At the same time, we carefully preserved \nour core technology capabilities to ensure our capacity to lead our \nmarkets and create life-changing innovations. \n\nWe have tightened our focus on high-impact projects and have \nstreamlined our processes to develop and commercialize promising \nopportunities more quickly and efficiently. We have emphasized \nour patent processes to ensure strong competitive positions from the \ncritical intellectual assets of our scientific organization. \n\nOur R&D organization is aligned with our operating goals and \nplays a critical role in meeting them. Our scientists and engineers \nare closely linked to our operations and are focused not only on \nnew product development, but also new process development. They \nare discovering new ways to manufacture innovative products with \nlowered cost and increased quality performance. \n\nInnovation is one of Corning’s core Values. It is the everyday \nlanguage and mindset of the company. Even in the face of difficult \neconomic conditions, we will pursue our tradition of developing \nbreakthrough technologies for the markets we serve — from \ntelecommunications to environmental — and will capitalize on the \ncreation of new market opportunities made possible by our strong \ncommitment to research and development. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We know that our shareholders are most eager to see a \n\ngreater return on their investment with Corning, and of \n\ncourse our return to profitability will be key to building back \n\nWall Street’s confidence. We are 100 percent committed \n\nto reaching that goal of profitability in 2003 — and doing \n\nso within the rigorous compliance rules by which we \n\nhave always been guided. Integrity characterizes all our \n\nrelationships, both inside and outside of Corning, and we \n\nwill never compromise that foundation of our reputation. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Corning Incorporated is more than the sum of its parts—much \nmore than a commercial enterprise. \n\nI continue to be extremely excited about the future opportunities \nemerging from our 152-year legacy of scientific innovations. \nWe are concentrating our efforts on high-impact, near-term \ngrowth initiatives with emphasis on our liquid-crystal display, \ndiesel filter, and chemical processing projects. \n\nWe have a time-tested set of Values and we rely on them \nto guide our every action. We also hold dear the pride of \nassociation that all who touch our corporation feel. \nShareholders, customers and employees understand that your \ncorporation has, for more than 150 years, produced useful \nand industry-creating products that have changed the lives \nof mankind. \n\nAnd we are certainly not giving up on optical communica- \ntions. We have the biggest share of the optical fiber market, \nby far, and continue to be the low-cost producer for anyone \nneeding to move information from place to place. So while \nwe’ve scaled back on production of fiber and other optical \nproducts, we certainly believe that they will continue to be \nan important part of our product mix again in the future. The \noptical communications industry is still in its infancy and we \nwill capitalize on our leadership position to grow both our \nearnings and return on shareholder equity. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We will long remember 2002 as one of the most challenging years — if not the most challenging — in Corning Incorporated’s \n\nlong history. I quickly became even more steeped in these challenges in April when, at the request of our Board of Directors, \n\nI returned to the company as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCORPORATE GOVERNANCE ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**SMFG CSR Values**\n\n**CSR Group Initiatives**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "● We shall endeavor to develop and prosper with our customers by \noffering top-quality, highly-valued products and services. \n\n● We shall engage in solid management by disclosing appropriate \ninformation and developing our internal control system in an effort \nto maximize our shareholders’ value. \n\n● We shall contribute to society and preserve the natural environ- \nment by continuously and proactively implementing initiatives \nincluding social and environmental activities. \n\n● We shall foster a free and active business environment which \nrespects individuals and allows each employee to realize his or her \nfull potential. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Since that time, I am increasingly convinced that, despite our downturn, the long - term fature of Corning remains bright andfilled with opportunity.But in the meantime, we have been living in a very difficult reality – one marked by ongoing quarterly losses and drops inrevenue... Six, our shareholders — dong with our employees and our friends in the communities we serve — felt the pain. We all assessed our breasses opened by hydroplased as sessions?Alasaumino notoxicity relexina, susterin ( r ) # wandeming group activities allowing allowed allows during allows would be next as susted, value continued its seemingly referenties decline.With the severe drop - off in revenues from our telecomminications customers, we knew we could no longer afford to keep up the costly infrastructure of facilities and staff we had in place. Pat simply, we couldn ' s speed more than we were makiWe also keew our strengths — and they were map? We keew were not → not had we ever been − menly atelecomminications company. Rather, we are a technology company, with the materials and process experies to createIde - changing products. That ' s what we ' ve been for all of our 152 years ; that ' s what we ' ll continue to be.And we knew something else... that our Vulues, the historic strength of our company, were alive and well. Quality, Integrity,Performance, Leadership, Imovation, Budependence and The Individual continue to guide our every move, and continue to set to appet from other companies — expecially those caught in the accounting scandals that marred the besiness wors
", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "C O R N I N G T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S \n\nThe ongoing malaise of the telecommunications industry led \nCorning to initiate significant restructurings during 2002. Optical \nfiber plant closings and workforce reductions were evidence of our \ncomprehensive plan to align expenses with dramatically lowered \nrevenues in our telecommunications businesses. Despite industry \nweakness, we remain the global leader in the manufacturing and sale \nof optical communications products. Our position will serve us well \nwhen the inevitable growth of this dynamic market returns. \n\nFor the near-term, we are focused on maintaining our leading position \nacross our markets and with our customers. Through our many \ngenerations of manufacturing technology development, we are \nrestoring our businesses to profitability despite continued pricing \npressure and low-volume growth expectations. \n\nLooking further ahead, we remain committed to creating innovative \noptical communications products that meet even tighter quality, \ncapability and cost requirements for our customers. We are empha- \nsizing metro and access segments of the market as our major oppor- \ntunities. And we are watching carefully for signs of market recovery. \nWhen that time comes, we will be poised for growth once again. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf", - "query": "As a Corning's investor, how can I get a summary of the annual meeting of shareholders ?", - "target_page": 11, - "target_passage": "A summary report of the proceedings at the annual meeting will be available without charge upon written request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and Assistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ-E2-10, Corning, NY 14831", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
to shareholders on or about March 12.2003. The proxy statement can also be accessed electronically through the Investorforward - looking statements involve risks and uncertainties that may cause the outcome to be materially different. Such
Relations category of the Corning home page on the Internet at www. corning. com. A summary report of the proceedingsrisks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to :
at the annual meeting will be available without charge uponStrategies
written request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary andStrategy ( malaria )
Assistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ - E2 - 10,Specificity, prevention, specification, specification, specification, specification, specification, specification, specification, specification, specification, specialized, specification, specialized, specificatiop
Corning, NY 14831.Controllinteractions
ADD1T10NAL INFORMAT10N— cost reductions,
A copy of Corning ’ s 2002 Annual Report on Form 10 - K filed— availability and costs of critical material :
with the Securities and Exchange Commission is available— new product development and commerci
upon written request to Ms. Denise A. Hauselt, Secretary and— attracting and retaining key personnel,
Assistant General Counsel, Corning Incorporated, HQ - E2 - 10,— order activity and demand from major custor
Corning, NY 14831. The Annual Report on Form 10 - K can— fluctuations in capital spending by customers
also be accessed electronically through the Investor Relationsin the telecommunications industry and other
category of the home page on the Internet at :business segments,
www. corning. com− financial condition of customers,
IN VESTOR TNFORMAT1ON— changes in the mix of sales between premium
Investment analysts who need additional information mayand non - premium products,
contact Mr. Kenneth C. Sofio, Manager of Investor Relations,— facility expansions and new plant start - up costs,
Corning Incorporated, HQ - E2 - 25, Corning, NY 14831 ;— adverse intigalison or regulatory developments, including
Telephone 607.974.9000future or pending tax legislation,
C 0 M MO N S TOC K— capital resource and cash flow activities,
Corning Incorporated common stock is listed on the− capital spending,
New York Stock Exchange and the SWX Swiss Exchange.— equity company activities,
In addition, it is traded on the Boston, Midwest, Pacific− interest costs,
and Philadelphia stock exchanges. Common stock options— acquisition and divestiture activity,
are traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange. The— the rate of technology change,
abbreviated ticker symbol for Corning Incorporated is “ GLW.”— the ability to enforce patents,
TRANSFER AGENT AND REGISTRAR— product performance issues,
Computershare Investor Services LLLC— stock price fluctuations, and
P. O. Box A - 3504— other risks detailed in Corning ’ s SEC filings.
Chicago, IL 60690 - 3504Neither this report nor any statement contained herein is
Telephone : 800.255.0461furnished in connection with any offering of securities or for
Website : www. computershare. comthe purpose of promoting or influencing the sale of securities.
CHANGE of ADDRESSCorning is an equal opportunity employer.
Report change of address to ComputershareCorning is an equal opportunity employer.
Investor Services at the above address.Printed in USA
IN DEPENDENT ACCOUNTANTS() Corning Incorporated 2003
PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP1301 Avenue of the Americas
New York, NY 10019Corning Incorporated
One Riverfront PlazaMean ( SD )
Corning, NY 14831 - 000.60.97.9000WWW. C
www. corning. com02BR24601EN
", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Additional information about dividends, principal market of trade and number of stockholders on page 45 of the Annual Stockholders' Report for the year \nended October 25, 2003, is incorporated herein by reference. The Company's Common Stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since \nJanuary 16, 1990. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Additional Information**compiled as at 12 March 2015 \n\n**Shareholding**\n\n**Substantial Shareholders**\nThe names of the substantial shareholders in the Company, the number of equity securities to which each substantial \nshareholder and substantial holder’s associates have a relevant interest, as disclosed in substantial holding notices \ngiven to the Company: ", - "page_start": 110, - "page_end": 110, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We know that our shareholders are most eager to see a \n\ngreater return on their investment with Corning, and of \n\ncourse our return to profitability will be key to building back \n\nWall Street’s confidence. We are 100 percent committed \n\nto reaching that goal of profitability in 2003 — and doing \n\nso within the rigorous compliance rules by which we \n\nhave always been guided. Integrity characterizes all our \n\nrelationships, both inside and outside of Corning, and we \n\nwill never compromise that foundation of our reputation. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nAUDIT COMMITTEE \nMEETINGS WITH \nINTERNAL & EXTERNAL \nAUDITORS \nANNUAL REVIEWS \nOF BOARD & DIRECTOR \nPERFORMANCE ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 11.*EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION***\n\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, commencing with \"Summary Compensation Table\" on page 12 through page 15 and \"Compensation of \nDirectors\" on page 5 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by \nreference. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\nThe Hartford Financial \nServices Group, Inc. \n690 Asylum Avenue \nHartford, Connecticut 06115 \n860-547-5000 \n\n**Internet Address**\nhttp://www.thehartford.com \n\n**Annual Meeting**\nShareholders are cordially invited to attend The Hartford’s \nAnnual Meeting of Shareholders, which will be held on \nThursday, April 18, 2002 at 9:00 a.m. in the Wallace Stevens \nTheater at The Hartford Financial Services Group, Inc.’s \nhome office at 690 Asylum Avenue, Hartford, Connecticut. \nShareholders of record as of February 28, 2002 are entitled \nto notice of, and to vote at, the Annual Meeting. \n\n**Form 10-K and Other Information**\nShareholders may receive, without charge, a copy of \nThe Hartford’s Form 10-K (without exhibits) filed with the \nSecurities and Exchange Commission for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2001 by contacting 1-888-FACT-HIG. Forms \n10-Q, press releases, and other shareholder communications \nare also available through this toll-free number. \n\n**Transfer Agent/Shareholder Records**\nFor information or assistance regarding stock records, \ndividend checks or stock certificates, please contact \nThe Hartford��s transfer agent: \n\nThe Bank of New York \nShareholder Relations Department–11E \nP.O. Box 11258 \nChurch Street Station \nNew York, NY 10286 \n800-254-2823 ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 12.*SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS***\n\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, under \"Principal Stockholders\" and \"Security Ownership of Management\" on pages 7 through 9 and \ninformation under \"Equity Compensation Plan Information\" on page 15 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held \nJanuary 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 13.*CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS***\n\nInformation under \"Other Information Relating to Directors, Nominees, and Executive Officers\" for the year ended October 25, 2003, as set forth on page \n17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**PART III**\n\n**Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.**\n\nThe information required under this item is included in the following sections of our Proxy Statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of \nShareholders, the sections of which are incorporated by reference herein and will be filed within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year: \n\nExecutive Officers \nDirector Elections \nBoard Committees and Charters \nDirector Nominating Process \nWebsite Access to Corporate Governance Documents \nSection 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance \nCorporate Governance \n\nThe certifications of our President and Chief Financial Officer required pursuant to Sections 302 and 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 \nare included as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and were included as exhibits to each of our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q. \nOur President certified to the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) on May 15, 2014 pursuant to Section 303A.12(a) of the NYSE’s listing \nstandards, that he was not aware of any violation by the Company of the NYSE’s corporate governance listing standards as of that date. ", - "page_start": 79, - "page_end": 79, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf", - "query": "How many employees did Corning company count at the end of 2002 ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "We are continuing to invest in our people — all 23,200 of them", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "We will long remember 2002 as one of the most challenging years — if not the most challenging — in Corning Incorporated’s \n\nlong history. I quickly became even more steeped in these challenges in April when, at the request of our Board of Directors, \n\nI returned to the company as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We take great pride in saying that Corning continues to be \n\na financially sound company, thanks to the aggressive \n\nstrategies we executed throughout 2002. Although it has \n\nbeen a very painful process, we have dramatically slowed \n\nthe rate at which we are spending cash. We ended the year \n\nwith a balance of cash and short-term investments of \n\n$2.1 billion. And we have access to $2 billion in credit \n\nthat we haven’t touched — and don’t plan to. We also \n\ncontinue to pay down debt each quarter. This, combined \n\nwith our plan to return to profitability in 2003, gives us \n\na high degree of confidence in our ability to meet any \n\nfuture financial obligations. So, we feel very good about our \n\nliquidity position right now. \n\nThe ongoing economic weakness and uncertainty in world \n\nevents continue to make the overall business environment \n\na volatile one. Still, we have greatly improved our ability \n\nto forecast revenues and expenses quarter-to-quarter, and \n\nwe are encouraged by the near-term growth potential of \n\nour non-telecommunications businesses — especially our \n\nliquid-crystal display, environmental and semiconductor \n\nbusinesses. If these markets continue to grow as we expect, \n\nwe are confident that we will be able to meet our goals. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "C O R N I N G T E L E C O M M U N I C A T I O N S \n\nThe ongoing malaise of the telecommunications industry led \nCorning to initiate significant restructurings during 2002. Optical \nfiber plant closings and workforce reductions were evidence of our \ncomprehensive plan to align expenses with dramatically lowered \nrevenues in our telecommunications businesses. Despite industry \nweakness, we remain the global leader in the manufacturing and sale \nof optical communications products. Our position will serve us well \nwhen the inevitable growth of this dynamic market returns. \n\nFor the near-term, we are focused on maintaining our leading position \nacross our markets and with our customers. Through our many \ngenerations of manufacturing technology development, we are \nrestoring our businesses to profitability despite continued pricing \npressure and low-volume growth expectations. \n\nLooking further ahead, we remain committed to creating innovative \noptical communications products that meet even tighter quality, \ncapability and cost requirements for our customers. We are empha- \nsizing metro and access segments of the market as our major oppor- \ntunities. And we are watching carefully for signs of market recovery. \nWhen that time comes, we will be poised for growth once again. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Gross profit was $22.2 million in 2003, compared with $20.3 million in 2002 and $21.8 million in 2001. The Company’s gross profit in 2003 was 35 \npercent of revenues compared with 34 percent of revenues in 2002 and 38 percent of revenues in 2001. The increase in gross profit percentage in 2003 ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " 2002 \n*(in thousands)*\n792 \n28,949 \n49,495 \n104,833 \n$184,069 \n\n2001 **2003**\n\n$ $ \n\n775 \n20,375 \n45,188 \n88,007 \n$ \n$ 154,345 \n\n**$**\n\n**802**\n**30,956**\n**51,041**\n**114,632**\n**$197,431**\n\n$ ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Research and Development**\n\nResearch and development continues to be a vital part of the Company's strategy to extend existing brands and expand into new branded items. The \nexpenditures for research and development for fiscal 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively, were $13,165,000, $12,097,000 and $11,478,000. There are 42 \nprofessional employees engaged in full time research, 19 in the area of improving existing products and 23 in developing new products. \n\n**Employees**\n\nAs of October 25, 2003, the Company had over 16,000 active employees. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All that said, we are preserving what we believe is a strong \nliquidity position. And our balance sheet will continue to \nimprove in 2003 as we gain more benefits from last year’s \nrestructuring actions. We will continue to maintain our focus \non improving our cash flow and reducing our debt levels as \nwe look ahead to our longer-term goal of regaining an invest- \nment-grade debt rating. \n\nThe plan — painful though it is — is working. \n\n**P R E S E R V I N G O U R F I N A N C I A L H E A L T H**\n\nNow, let’s take a look at our financial picture. Our 2002 sales \nfrom continuing operations were $3.2 billion, a significant \ndecline from 2001 sales of $6.1 billion. Losses in our \ntelecommunications segment and significant restructuring \nand impairment charges drove a net loss of $1.3 billion or \n$1.39 per share in 2002. \n\n**R E T U R N I N G T O P R O F I T A B I L I T Y**\n\nIn 2003, we will focus our energy on the plan to return to \nprofitability. We are on track to reach that goal, and let me \nexplain a few of the reasons why. \n\nDespite these lowered revenues and net loss, I take great \npride in saying that Corning continues to be a financially \nsound company. We developed a three-part plan for achieving \nthis goal: maintaining significant cash balances; using excess \ncash to reduce our debt; and continuing to have access to our \n$2 billion revolving line of credit. And we have achieved \nsignificant success in each of these areas. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_GLW_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " 2002 2001 \n\n$ 108,436,645 $ 112,150,214 \n\n 70,000,000 72,975,000 \n\n178,436,645 185,125,214 \n\n2,324,425 1,374,285 ", - "page_start": 67, - "page_end": 67, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Revenue.*Revenue was $2,708.1 million, $2,517.8 million and $2,365.1 million for the years ended \nDecember 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively. Revenue increased by $190.3 million, or 7.6%, from 2003 to ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf", - "query": "What is the shortcut to mute myself in MS teams ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "Use [Ctrl]+[Shift]+[M] for a shortcut to mute and unmute during meetings.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Set up**\n\n**Explore**\nOnce you sign in,**connect**with your team in \nchat, channels, calls, and meetings. \n\n**Download**the app for desktop and mobile to \naccess Teams with the best performance \nanywhere you go. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Present in meetings**\n\n**Video**\nTurn your camera on or off. You can also select the … button near the camera \nto access audio and video settings. \n\n**5**\n\n1. Screen share from the Share button at the top of your \n\nmeeting window. \n\n2. Choose what screen or window you want to share. Don't forget \n\n**6**\nto include audio if you're sharing something with sound. \n\n3. When you are finished, use the share button at the top of your \n\nmeeting window to stop sharing. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3**\n\n**Activity**\nFind notifications for all recent actions to stay on top of \nthings. You can manage your notifications according to \nyour preferences. \n\n**1** **6**\n\n**4**\n\n**Chat**\nMessage someone or a group of people. This tab brings \nup the list of all your chats. \n\n**2** **7**\n\n**5**\n\n**Teams**\nCreate teams and channels to gather people together \nin focused spaces with conversations and files. This tab \nbrings up a list of all the teams you are a part of. \n\n**3**\n\n**Help**\nLearn more about Teams with articles and training \ncontent. Stay up to date with the latest features, \nand report problems when things aren’t working out. \n\n**8**\n\n**6**\n\n**Calendar**\nBring up your calendar to view, create, and respond \nto meetings. \n\n**4**\n\n**Search**\nSearch for people, files, meetings, or conversations \nin Teams, then filter results to find just what you need. \n\n**9**\n\n**Calls**\nStart video and audio calls by dialing a phone number \nor placing a call over the internet. View your call history \nand voicemail. \n\n**5**\n\n**Profile**\nSelecting your profile picture shows you a menu where \nyou can customize your profile, find saved messages, or \nset your status and a message people can see when \nthey try to reach you. \n\n**10**\n\n**7**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To**create a new chat**, press [CTRL] + [N] (or look for the pen symbol at the \ntop of the chat list) and add the names of anyone you want to include. Type \nyour message and select Send or hit [Enter]. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Teams and channels**\n\nWhen you are invited to a new Team, it will automatically appear on the left \npanel along with all its associated channels. You can choose to \"show\" the \nmost relevant chanels and \"hide\" the rest. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people. \n\n**1**\n\n**Join meetings**\n\n1. From the calendar tab, select the meeting you intend to join, \n\nthen select join. . \n\n2. A new screen will show up. Here you can choose how you \n**3**\n\nwant to appear in the meeting, and your audio preferences. \n\n3. Then select join now. . ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help \nyou get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Hit the ground running now!**Build confidence by trying things on your own. Go to the meet now button \n(at the top right corner on the Calendar tab) to play around and test all the meetings functionalities before you're in the spotlight! ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n1:1 Chat \n\nGroup Chat \n\nMeeting Chat ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***delete***a***chart***: \n\n1. Click on the worksheet to see the chart, then \nclick on the chart to select it \n\n\n2. Press ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf", - "query": "How can I make a channel visible to an invited member ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Channels can be: • Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your organization who are not on the team)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Teams and channels**\n\nWhen you are invited to a new Team, it will automatically appear on the left \npanel along with all its associated channels. You can choose to \"show\" the \nmost relevant chanels and \"hide\" the rest. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people. \n\n**1**\n\n**Join meetings**\n\n1. From the calendar tab, select the meeting you intend to join, \n\nthen select join. . \n\n2. A new screen will show up. Here you can choose how you \n**3**\n\nwant to appear in the meeting, and your audio preferences. \n\n3. Then select join now. . ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Channels**\nA**channel**is a central hub for a specific topic, within the larger team, where \npeople can hold focused conversations and organize a library of files. \n\nChannels can be: \n• Standard (visible to everyone on the team) \n• Private (only visible to select team members) \n• Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your \n\norganization who are not on the team) ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Teams**\nA**team**is a broad group of people that work together to get something \ndone. You can choose who is part of the team, and people can only access \nshared content by invitation. All teams are created with an associated \nGeneral channel that includes all team members by default. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To**create a new chat**, press [CTRL] + [N] (or look for the pen symbol at the \ntop of the chat list) and add the names of anyone you want to include. Type \nyour message and select Send or hit [Enter]. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Meeting essentials**\n**Meeting controls**\n\nWhen you join meetings, a different window will pop-up. These are the controls you need to know: \n\n**Create meetings**\n\n1. \n\nSelect**+ New meeting**or double-click on a time in your \ncalendar to create a new meeting. \n**1** **2** **3** **4** **5** **6**\n\n2. Add people, a location and any notes. \n\n3. Send your invite. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Share your work with others \n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the**Share**button in the \ntop right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your \ndocument or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have \nWord, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Adding a Fibre Channel port**\nTo add a Fibre Channel port, complete the following steps: \n\n1. Click**Fibre Channel Port**(see Figure 8-52 on page 362). The Add Fibre Channel Ports \nwindow opens (see Figure 8-53). ", - "page_start": 384, - "page_end": 384, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n1:1 Chat \n\nGroup Chat \n\nMeeting Chat ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Set up**\n\n**Explore**\nOnce you sign in,**connect**with your team in \nchat, channels, calls, and meetings. \n\n**Download**the app for desktop and mobile to \naccess Teams with the best performance \nanywhere you go. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf", - "query": "How can I notify a collegue mentionned in a chat message in Teams ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "Tag a teammate in a message by typing the @ symbol followed by their name. They will receive a special notification calling for their attention.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "To**create a new chat**, press [CTRL] + [N] (or look for the pen symbol at the \ntop of the chat list) and add the names of anyone you want to include. Type \nyour message and select Send or hit [Enter]. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3**\n\n**Activity**\nFind notifications for all recent actions to stay on top of \nthings. You can manage your notifications according to \nyour preferences. \n\n**1** **6**\n\n**4**\n\n**Chat**\nMessage someone or a group of people. This tab brings \nup the list of all your chats. \n\n**2** **7**\n\n**5**\n\n**Teams**\nCreate teams and channels to gather people together \nin focused spaces with conversations and files. This tab \nbrings up a list of all the teams you are a part of. \n\n**3**\n\n**Help**\nLearn more about Teams with articles and training \ncontent. Stay up to date with the latest features, \nand report problems when things aren’t working out. \n\n**8**\n\n**6**\n\n**Calendar**\nBring up your calendar to view, create, and respond \nto meetings. \n\n**4**\n\n**Search**\nSearch for people, files, meetings, or conversations \nin Teams, then filter results to find just what you need. \n\n**9**\n\n**Calls**\nStart video and audio calls by dialing a phone number \nor placing a call over the internet. View your call history \nand voicemail. \n\n**5**\n\n**Profile**\nSelecting your profile picture shows you a menu where \nyou can customize your profile, find saved messages, or \nset your status and a message people can see when \nthey try to reach you. \n\n**10**\n\n**7**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Set up**\n\n**Explore**\nOnce you sign in,**connect**with your team in \nchat, channels, calls, and meetings. \n\n**Download**the app for desktop and mobile to \naccess Teams with the best performance \nanywhere you go. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Teams and channels**\n\nWhen you are invited to a new Team, it will automatically appear on the left \npanel along with all its associated channels. You can choose to \"show\" the \nmost relevant chanels and \"hide\" the rest. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Participants**\nClick to see who has been invited to the meeting, or to add new people. \n\n**1**\n\n**Join meetings**\n\n1. From the calendar tab, select the meeting you intend to join, \n\nthen select join. . \n\n2. A new screen will show up. Here you can choose how you \n**3**\n\nwant to appear in the meeting, and your audio preferences. \n\n3. Then select join now. . ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n1:1 Chat \n\nGroup Chat \n\nMeeting Chat ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help \nyou get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To**share a file**select “Attach” under the box where you type messages, select \nthe file location and then the file you want. Depending on the location of the file, \nyou’ll get options for uploading a copy, sharing a link, or other ways to share. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Channels**\nA**channel**is a central hub for a specific topic, within the larger team, where \npeople can hold focused conversations and organize a library of files. \n\nChannels can be: \n• Standard (visible to everyone on the team) \n• Private (only visible to select team members) \n• Shared (visible to invited team members and external members of your \n\norganization who are not on the team) ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Teams**\nA**team**is a broad group of people that work together to get something \ndone. You can choose who is part of the team, and people can only access \nshared content by invitation. All teams are created with an associated \nGeneral channel that includes all team members by default. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf", - "query": "What are the 3 prerequisites to be elligible as president of Botswana ?", - "target_page": 18, - "target_passage": "A person shall be qualified for election as President if, and shall not be qualified unless, he or she- (a) is a citizen of Botswana by birth or descent; (b) has attained the age of 30 years; and (c) is qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**CHAPTER III**\n**Citizenship (ss 20-29: repealed)**\n\n**20 to 29 inclusive.** **[Repealed.]**\n\n**CHAPTER IV**\n**The Executive (ss 30-56)**\n**PART I**\n**The President and the Vice-President (ss 30-41)**\n\n**30. Office of President**\n\nThere shall be a President of the Republic of Botswana who shall be the Head of \n\nState. \n**31. First President**\n\n(1) The first President shall be the person who immediately before 30th \n\nSeptember, 1966 holds the office of Prime Minister under the Constitution. \n\n(2) The first President shall be deemed to have assumed office at the coming into \n\noperation of this Constitution. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The Republic (ss 1-2)**\n\n**1.** **Declaration of Republic**\n\nBotswana is a sovereign Republic. \n\n**2.** **Public Seal**\n\nThe Public Seal of the Republic shall be such device as may be prescribed by or \n\nunder an Act of Parliament. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]the result of the electron is associationed or, as the case may be, the declaration that no cardibitate has been electrone ( sected ) as the Speaker shaf appoint, and shafl electra person to the othlice of President in such manner as is preschthat office on the day upon which he or she is declared elected.( 8 ) Without prejudice to the provisions of section 92 of this Constitution, anElected Member of the National Assembly may, in the event of there being one or more successful election petlions following a general election, move, at the first stiffing of the Assembly after the resultant by - elections have been decidemajority of the Elected Members of the Assembly ; and in the voling on that question the Specially Elected Members of the Assembly shall have no vole. If it appears as a resultof the voling on that question that the President does not enjoy the support of a majority of the elected Members of the Assembly, the cffice of President shall become vacant. ( 9 ) Any Elected Member of the Assembly may give notice to the Presehe or she intends to move in the Assembly a motion under subsection ( II ) and notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution the Presubert shall not after receipl of any such notice be empowered to discover Partiament before thenof this section the axats of the Specially Elected Members of the Assembly shall also become vaccine and the election of a percent to the office of President shall take place before the election of the Specially Elected Members. ( 11 ) In thio\" Parliamentary cardidate \" means a candidate in the Parliamentary election ;\" the Parliamentary election \" means the general election to elect those Members of the National Assembly who are referred to in section S9 ; D1, pI ; D1, pI ; D2 ), Dfollowing any dissolution of Parliament ; \" Presidential candidate \" means a candidate for the office of President ;“ the returning officer ” means the returning officer specified in section 38 of this Constitution.33. Qualification for election as President ( 1 ) A person shall be qualified for election as President if, and shall not bequalified unless, he or she - ( a )( b ) has attained the age of 30 years ; and( c ) is qualified to be elected as a Member of the National Assembly.( 2 ) Notwithstanding any other law to the contrary, for the purposes of this section and section 3B( a ) the term “ olizen by birth ” shall be understood to include only those persons who became citizens of Botswara prior to the amendment of the law relating to citizenship by the Clizenship Act.( d ) gyperson who, although his or her father was a cilizen of Botswana at the time of that person ’ s birth, had, by virtue of his or her having been born outsideBotswana, to be registered as a citizen of Botswana, under the law relating to\n
", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]( 2 ) The President shall case to hold the office of President if at any time during er tenure of office any circumstances arise that would, if he or she were not a. If the National Assembly, cause him or her to be disqualified for election-( 3 ) The President shall cease to hold office of President at the expiry of thescribed under subsection ( 1 ) of this section, or when the person elected at the on of President following a dissolution of Parliament assumes office. acancy in office of President( 1 ) Whenever the President dies, resigns or ceases to hold office, the Vice - Int shall assume office as President with effect from the date of the death, tion or ceasing to be President.( 2 ) If the office of President -becomes vacant in circumstances in which there is no Vice - President ; oris vacant whilst the Vice - President is absent from Botswana or is, by reason of physical or mental infirmity unable to perform the functions of his or her office, actions of the office of President shall, until such time as a new President asaccordance with this section or section 32 of this Constitution. be performed by inister as the Cabinet shall appoint. For the purposes of this subsection, aate of the Onief Justice that the Vice - President is by reason of physical or mentally unable to discharge the functions of his or her cifice, phall, in respect of any which it is in force, be conclusive and shall not be questioned in any court.1.at the election every Member of the Assembly except the Speaker shall be entitled to vote ;the votes of the Members of the Assembly who are entitled to vote shall begiven by ballot in such manner as not to disclose how any particular Member voted, and any person who receives the votes of more than one half of the tonumber of persons entitled to vote shall be declared elected as President ; a person elected as President under this section shall assume the office ofPresident on the day upon which he or she is declared to be elected ;not more than three ballots shall be taken unless in the opinion of the Spoaker the holding of further ballots is likely to result in the election of a President, in< underline > Copyright Government of Botswana \n
Tenure of office of President( 1 ) The President shall, subject to the provisions of this section, hold office for an ate period not exceeding 10 years beginning from the date of his or her first plion of office of President after the commercement of this Act.
( 3 ) Any person performing the functions of the office of President by virtue of tion ( 1 ) or ( 2 ) of this section shall not exercise the power of the President to the appointment of Vice - President or to dissolve Parliament.( 4 ) If the office of President becomes vacant, the National Assembly shall, unlessent is dissolved, and notwithstanding that it may be prorogued, meet on theas may after the office of President becomes vacant, or on such earlier day as may ointed by the Speaker, and shall elect a person to the diffice in such manner as is seed by the next following subsection and, subject thereto, by or under an Act o
( 5 ) In an election of a President under this section -the Speaker shall preside at the meeting and conduct the election ;a person may be a candidate if and shall not be a candidate unless he or she has been nominated as a candidate with his or her consent prior to the sitting
", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**PART III**\n**Executive Functions (ss 47-56)**\n\n**47. Functions of President**\n\n(1) The executive power of Botswana shall vest in the President and, subject to \n\nthe provisions of this Constitution, shall be exercised by him or her either directly or \nthrough officers subordinate to him or her. \n\n(2) In the exercise of any function conferred upon him or her by this Constitution \nor any other law the President shall, unless it is otherwise provided, act in his or her own \ndeliberate judgment and shall not be obliged to follow the advice tendered by any other ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**32. Election of President after dissolution of Parliament**\n\n(1) Whenever Parliament is dissolved an election shall be held to the office of \nPresident in such manner as is prescribed by this section and, subject thereto, by or \nunder an Act of Parliament. \n\n(2) Nominations in the election of a President shall be delivered to the returning \nofficer on such day and at such time as may be prescribed by or under any law for the \ntime being in force in Botswana; the nomination of a candidate in an election of a \nPresident shall not be valid unless it is supported, in such manner as may be prescribed \nby or under an Act of Parliament, by not less than 1000 persons registered as voters for \nthe purpose of elections to the Assembly. \n\n(3) The following provisions shall then apply- \n\n(a) \n\na person nominated as a Parliamentary candidate may, at the time of his or her \nnomination and subject to the provisions of paragraph (b), declare in such \nmanner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament which of the \ncandidates in the election of President he or she supports, but the nomination of \na Parliamentary candidate shall be valid notwithstanding that the nomination \npaper does not contain such a declaration; \nsuch a declaration shall not be made in relation to any Presidential candidate \nunless that candidate has signified, in such manner as may be prescribed by or \nunder an Act of Parliament, his or her consent to the making of a declaration in \nhis or her favour by that Parliamentary candidate; ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**57. Parliament**\n\nThere shall be a Parliament of Botswana which shall consist of the President and \n\na National Assembly. \n**58. Composition of National Assembly**\n\n(1) The President shall be ex-officio a member of the National Assembly, and \n\nshall be entitled to speak and to vote in all proceedings of the National Assembly. \n\n(2) In addition to the President the National Assembly shall consist of- \n\n(a) \n\n57 Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of \nthis Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the provisions of any \nAct of Parliament; and \nfour Specially Elected Members who shall be elected in accordance with the \nFirst Schedule to this Constitution and subject thereto in accordance with the \nprovisions of any Act of Parliament. \n\n(3) If a person who is not a member of the National Assembly is elected to the \noffice of Speaker of the National Assembly, that person shall, by virtue of holding that \noffice, be a member of the Assembly in addition to the members referred to in \nsubsections (1) and (2) of this section. \n**59. Speaker**\n\n(1) There shall be a Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be elected by \nthe Members of the Assembly from among persons who are Members of the Assembly \nor from among persons who are not Members of the Assembly. \n\n(2) The President, the Vice-President, a Minister, an Assistant Minister or a \n\npublic officer shall not be qualified to be elected as Speaker. \n(3) The Speaker shall vacate his or her office- \n\n(a) \n\nif, having been elected from among the Members of the National Assembly, he \nor she ceases to be a Member of the Assembly otherwise than by reason of a \ndissolution of Parliament or if he or she is required by virtue of section 68(2) to \n(3) of this Constitution, to cease to perform his or her functions as a Member of \nthe Assembly; \nif any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not Speaker, would disqualify \nhim for election as such; \n\n(b) \n\n(c) when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution of Parliament; or \n(d) \n\nif he or she is removed from office by a resolution of the Assembly supported by \nthe votes of not less than two-thirds of all the Members thereof. \n\n(4) No business shall be transacted in the National Assembly (other than an \nelection to the office of Speaker) at any time when the office of Speaker is vacant. \n**60. Deputy Speaker**\n\n(1) There shall be a Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly who shall be \nelected from among the persons who are Members of the Assembly other than the \nPresident, the Vice-President, Ministers or Assistant Ministers. \n\n(2) The Members of the National Assembly shall elect a person to the office of \n\nDeputy Speaker when the Assembly first sits after any dissolution and, if the office \nbecomes vacant otherwise than by reason of the dissolution of the Assembly, at the first \nsitting of the Assembly after the office becomes vacant. \n\n(3) The Deputy Speaker shall vacate his or her office- \n\n(a) \n\nif he or she ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly, otherwise than \nby reason of a dissolution of Parliament; \nif any circumstances arise that, if he or she were not Deputy Speaker, would \ndisqualify him or her for election as such; \nif he or she is required, by virtue of section 68(2) to (3) of this Constitution, to \ncease to perform his or her functions as a Member of the Assembly; \n\n(b) \n\n(c) ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(c) where the Parliamentary election is contested in any constituency a poll shall be \ntaken in that constituency at which the votes shall be given by ballot, and for the \npurposes of that poll any Parliamentary candidate who declared support in \naccordance with paragraph (a) for a particular Presidential candidate shall use \nthe same voting colour and symbol, if any, as may have been allocated under \nany law for the time being in force in Botswana to that Presidential candidate for \nthe purposes of the Presidential election; \nthe returning officer shall declare to be elected as President any candidate for \nwhom support has been declared in accordance with paragraph (a) above by \nnot less than such number of persons elected as Members of the National \nAssembly in the Parliamentary election as corresponds to more than half the \ntotal number of seats for Elected Members in the Assembly, and if there is no \nsuch person the returning officer shall declare that no candidate has been \nelected. \n\n(d) \n\n(4) Parliament may make provision whereby the time for nominating Presidential \n\ncandidates may be extended in the event of there being no qualified candidate \nnominated at the expiration of the time for the delivery of such nominations. \n\n(5) Where, at the expiration of the time for the delivery of nominations in the ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
that the President is unable to authorize another person under this section to perform the functions of his or her office ; or
( b )the Vice - President is by reason of physical or mental infirmity unable to discharge the functions of his or her office.
shall, in respect of any period for which it is in force, be conclusive and shall not bequestioned in any court :
Provided that any such certificate as is referred to in paragraph ( a ) of this subsection shall casse to have effect if the President notifies any person undersubsection ( 4 ) of this section that he or she is about to resume the functions of the office of President.
37. Oath of PresidentA person assuming the office of President shall, before entering upon the duties
of that office, take and subscribe such caths as may be prescribed by Parliament 38. Returning officer at elections of President( 1 ) The Chief ulce shall be the returning officer for the purposes of elections to
the office of President.( 2 ) Any question which may arise as to whether -
( a )any provision of this Constitution or any law relating to the election of a
President under section 32 or 35 of this Constitution has been complied with ; or( b )
any person has been validly elected as President under those sections,shall be referred to and determined by the returning officer whose decision shall not be questioned in any court.
39. Vice President( 1 ) There shall be a Vice - President who shall be appointed by the President from
among the Elected Members of the National Assembly who are citizens of Botswana bybirth or descent, which appointment shall be endorsed by the said Elected Members. ( 2 ) The Vice - President shall continue in office until a person elected at the next
election of President under section 32 or 35 of this Constitution assumes office :Provided that the office of Vice - President shall become vacant -
( i )if the appointment of the holder of the office is revoked by the President ; or
( ii ) if the holder of the office ceases to be a Member of the National Assembly forany other reason than a dissolution of Parilament.( 3 ) The Vice - President shall not enter upon the duties of his or her office unleas
he or she has taken and subscribed the oath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his or her office as may be prescribed by Parliament.( 4 ) If the Vice - President is absent from Botswana or is incapable by reason of
iliness or any other cause of discharging the functions of his or her office, the Presidentmay appoint a person, from among the Members of the Assembly. to perform the
functions of the office of Vice - Preoident and any person so appointed may dischargethose functions accordingly :
Provided that a person appointed under this subsection shall cease to performthe functions of the office of Vice - President -
( i )if his or her appointment is revoked by the President ;
( ii ) if he or she ceases to be a Member of the Assembly otherwise than by reason of a dissolution of Parliament ;( iii )
upon the assumption by any person of the office of President ; or( iv )
upon the President giving him or her notice that the Vice - President is about to resume his or her functions.( 5 ) Where the Vice - President is performing the functions of the office of President
in accordance with section 35 or 36 of this Constitution he or she may appoint a person.
", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(1) The Chief Justice shall be appointed by the President. \n(2) The other judges of the High Court shall be appointed by the President, acting \n\nin accordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. \n\n(3) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a judge of the High Court \n\nunless- \n(a) \n\nhe or she holds, or has held office, as a judge of a court having unlimited \njurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in Botswana, in a Commonwealth \ncountry or in any country outside the Commonwealth that may be prescribed by \nParliament or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from such a court; or \nhe or she is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney in such a court and \nhas been qualified for not less than ten years to practise as an advocate or \nattorney in such a court; \nhe or she is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney and he or she has \nhad the experience in the teaching of law in a recognised university for not less \nthan ten years; or \nhe or she is a Chief Magistrate who has held that office for not less than five \nyears. \n\n(b) \n\n(4) In computing, for the purposes of subsection (3) of this section, the period ", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf", - "query": "What is the condition to be allowing to access the position of Director of public prosecution in Botswana ?", - "target_page": 25, - "target_passage": "A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "holding or acting in such offices shall, subject to the provisions of sections 113 and 114 \nof this Constitution, vest in the President. \n\n(2) The offices to which this section applies are- \n\n(a) Ambassador, High Commissioner or other principal representative of Botswana \n\nin any other country or accredited to any international organisation; \n\n(b) Secretary to the Cabinet; \n(c) Attorney-General; \n(cA) Director of Public Prosecutions; \n(d) Permanent Secretary; \n(e) Commissioner of Police; and \n(f) \n\nany other superscale office (other than an office to which this Constitution \nmakes specific provision for appointment or an office to which appointment is \nmade under the provisions of section 104 of this Constitution) which may be \nprescribed by Act of Parliament. \n\n**113. Tenure of office of Director of Public Prosecutions**\nprovisions of this section, a person appointed as Director of Public Prosecutions shall \nhold office for a 5 year renewable term or until he or she attains the age of 60 years, \nwhichever is the earlier. \n\n(1) Subject to the \n\n(2) A person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions may be \nremoved from office only for inability to perform the functions of his or her office (whether \narising from infirmity of body or mind or any other cause) or for misbehaviour or for \nincompetence and shall not be so removed except in accordance with the provisions of \nthis section. \n\n(3) If the President considers that the question of removing a person holding the \n\noffice of Director of Public Prosecutions from office ought to be investigated then- \n\n(a) \n\nhe or she shall appoint a tribunal which shall consist of a Chairman and not less \nthan two other members, who hold or have held high judicial office; and \nthe tribunal shall enquire into the matter and report on the facts thereof to the \nPresident and advise the President whether the person holding the office of \nDirector of Public Prosecutions ought to be removed from office under this \nsection for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour or for incompetence. \n(4) Where a tribunal appointed under subsection (3) of this section advises the \n\n(b) \n\nPresident that a person holding the office of Director of Public Prosecutions \nought to be removed from office for inability as aforesaid or for misbehaviour or \nfor incompetence, the President shall remove such person from office. \n\n(5) If the question of removing a person holding the office of Director of Public \n\nProsecutions from office has been referred to a tribunal under this section, the President \nmay suspend that person from performing the functions of his or her office, and any such \nsuspension may at any time be revoked by the President and shall in any case cease to \nhave effect if the tribunal advises the President that the person ought not to be removed \nfrom office. \n**114. Tenure of office of Auditor-General**", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
General unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Count.( 3 ) The Attomay - General shall be the principal legal adviser to the Government. ( 4 ) A person holding the Office of Attomay - General shall vaccin the of her office when he or she attains the age of 6 ) years or such other age as may be prescribea
S1A. Director of Public Prosecutions ( 1 ) There shall be a Director of Prablic Prosecutions appointed by the President whose child be a public effice and whice shall be adjusted to the administrative supervision of the Attemney - Centeral( 2 ) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed to the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions unless he or she is qualified to be appointed to the Office of a Judge of the High Court.
( 3 ) The Director of Public Prosecutions shall have power in any case in which he or she considers it desirable to do so -( a ) to institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any count ( other than a court martial ) in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed by that person ;
( b )to take over and continue any such criminal proceedings that have been instituted or undertaken by any other person or authority ; and
( c )to discontinue, at any stage before judgment is delivered, any such criminal proceedings instituted or undertaken by himself or herself or any other person or authority.
be exerciseed by him or her in person or by officers subordinate to him or her acting in accordance with his or her general or special authority. ( S ) For the purposes of this section any appeal from any judgment in any criminal proceedings bedpurpose of any such proceedings, to any other count shall be deemed to be part of those proceedings : Provided that the power conterred on the Director of Public Prosecutions by
subsection ( 3 )( c ) of this section shall not be exercised in relation to any appeal by a person convicted in any criminal proceedings or to any case stated or question of lareserved at the instance of such person.( 6 ) In the exercise of the functions vested in him or her by subsection ( 3 ) of this section the Director of Public Prosecutions shall not be subject to the direction or control
of any other person or authority : Provided that -( a )
where any other person or authority has instituted criminal proceedings, nothing in this subsection shall prevent the withdrawal of those proceedings by or at the instance of that person or authority, and with the leave of the court, and( b )
before exercising his or her powers in relation to cases considered by the Attory - General to be of national importance, the Director of Public Prosecutione shall consult the Attorney - General.52.
Permanent SecretariesWhere any Minister has been charged with responsibility for any department ofGovernment, he or she shall exercise general direction and control over that department and, subject to such direction and control, the department shall be under the supervision of a Permanent Secretary whose office shall be a public ofi
53.Prerogative of Mercy The President may -
", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his or her race, place oforigin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and( 1 ) No person shall be deprived of his or her life intentionally save in execution ofthe sentence of a court in respect of an offence under the law in force in Botswana of which he or she has been convicted.( 2 ) A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his or her life infor the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny ; or( d )( d )for the purpose of bringing him or her before a court in execution of the order of a court ;\n
Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual ( ss 3 - 19 )
3.Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual
Whereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following, namely -( a )life, liberty, security of the person and the protection of the law ;
( b )freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association ; and( c )
protection for the privacy of his or home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation,the provisions of this Chapter shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection tothose rights and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained
in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any individual does not prejudion the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest.4. Protection of right to life
contravention of subsection ( 1 ) of this section if he or she dies as the result of the use, to such extent and in such circumstances as are permitted by law, of such force as sis reasonable -( a )for the defence of any person from violence or for the defence of property ;
( b )in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained ;( c )
in order to prevent the commission by that person of a criminal offence,or if he or she dies as the result of a lawful act of war.5. Protection
Protection of right to personal liberty( 1 ) No person shall be deprived of his or her personal liberty save as may beauthorized by law in any of the following cases, that is to saya
( a )in execution of the senterce or order of a court, whether established for Extowana or some other country, in respect of a criminal offence of which she has been convicted ;( b )
in execution of the order of a court of record punishing him or her for contempt of that or another court ;( c )in execution of the order of a court made to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed on him or her by law ;
( e )upon reasonable suspicion of his or her having committed, or being about to commit, a criminal offerice under the law in force in Botswana ;( f )
under the order of a court or with the consent of his or her parent or guardian,
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
( 2 ) The resignation of any person from any office established by this Constitutionshall be effect on the date or at the limite educated in the verbing soping the resignalition or, I ' re outl date or time is so indicated, at the lime the writing is received by the parason or authority to whom II is addressed or by any person auta
or she may. If qualified, again be appointed or elected to hold that office in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. ( 2 ) Where a power is conferred by this Constitution upon any percon to make anyappointment to any office, a person may be appointed to that office nohwithstanding that some other person may be holding that office, when that other person is on leave of absence person the relinquishment of the office, and where two or mo
holding the same office by reason of an appointment made in pursuace of this subseclin, then, for the purposes of any function conferred upon the holder of that office, the person last appointed shall be deemed to be the sole holder of the ofi( 1 ) In this Constitution unless the context atherwise requires -“ the Assembly ” means the National Assembly :
\" Elotswana \" means the territory that, on 28th September, 1956, was comprised omer Protectorate of Bechuanaland ;\" Tinancial year \" means the period of 12 months ending on 31st March in any year or on such other day as Parliament may prescribe ;
“ The Gazette ” means the Botswana Government Gazetter, \" high judicial office \" means the office of a judge of a coujuntadiction in civil and criminal matters in Botswana, a Commonwealth country or in any country outside the Commonwealth that may be prescribed by Parliament or the office of judge of a count having jurisdiction in appeals from such a cou
“ Kgosana ” ( pl. Dikgosana ) means Headman ; “ Kgosi ” ( pl. Dikgosi ) means Chief or Sub - Chie\" cath \" includes affirmation :
\" the cath of allegiance \" means such cath of allegiance as may be prescribedby law1 * public office * means, subject to the provisions of subsections ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of this
section, an office of emolument in the public service ; \" public officer \" means a person holding or acting in any public office ; \"\" the public service \" means the civil service of the Government ;\" session \" means the sittings of the National Assembly beginning when it first
sits after the coming into operation of the Constitution or after Parliament is prorogued or dissolved at any time and ending when Parliament is prorogued or is dissolved without having been pronogued ;\" sitting \" means a period during which the National Assembly is sitting without
adjournment and includes any period during which it is in committee ; “ subordinate court ” means any court established for Botswana other than -( a ) the Court of Appeal ;
( b ) the High Court ;( c )
a court martial ; or
", - "page_start": 53, - "page_end": 53, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CHAPTER III**\n**Citizenship (ss 20-29: repealed)**\n\n**20 to 29 inclusive.** **[Repealed.]**\n\n**CHAPTER IV**\n**The Executive (ss 30-56)**\n**PART I**\n**The President and the Vice-President (ss 30-41)**\n\n**30. Office of President**\n\nThere shall be a President of the Republic of Botswana who shall be the Head of \n\nState. \n**31. First President**\n\n(1) The first President shall be the person who immediately before 30th \n\nSeptember, 1966 holds the office of Prime Minister under the Constitution. \n\n(2) The first President shall be deemed to have assumed office at the coming into \n\noperation of this Constitution. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to \n\nbe inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in \nquestion makes provision- \n\n(a) \n\nthat is reasonably required in the interests of defence, public safety, public \norder, public morality, public health, town and country planning, the \ndevelopment and utilization of mineral resources, for the purpose of any census \nor in order to secure the development or utilization of any property for a purpose \nbeneficial to the community; \nthat is reasonably required for the purpose of protecting the rights or freedoms \nof other persons; \nthat authorizes an officer or agent of the Government of Botswana, a local \ngovernment authority or a body corporate established by law for a public \npurpose to enter on the premises of any person in order to inspect those \npremises or anything thereon for the purpose of any tax, rate or duty or in order \nto carry out work connected with any property that is lawfully on those premises \nand that belongs to that Government, authority or body corporate, as the case \nmay be; or \nthat authorizes, for the purpose of enforcing the judgment or order of a court in \nany civil proceedings, the search of any person or property by order of a court \nor entry upon any premises by such order, \n\n(d) ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(2) Subject to the provisions of subsections (6), (7) and (8) of this section, no \n\nperson shall be treated in a discriminatory manner by any person acting by virtue of any \nwritten law or in the performance of the functions of any public office or any public \nauthority. \n\n(3) In this section, the expression \"discriminatory\" means affording different \n\ntreatment to different persons, attributable wholly or mainly to their respective \ndescriptions by race, tribe, place of origin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex \nwhereby persons of one such description are subjected to disabilities or restrictions to \nwhich persons of another such description are not made subject or are accorded \nprivileges or advantages which are not accorded to persons of another such description. \n\n(4) Subsection (1) of this section shall not apply to any law so far as that law \n\nmakes provision- \n\n(a) \n(b) with respect to persons who are not citizens of Botswana; \n(c) with respect to adoption, marriage, divorce, burial, devolution of property on \n\nfor the appropriation of public revenues or other public funds; \n\ndeath or other matters of personal law; ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**\"disciplinary law\"**means a law regulating the discipline of any disciplined force; \n**\"disciplined force\"**means- \na naval, military or air force; \na police force; or \na prison service; (a) \n(b) \n(c) \n\n**\"legal representative\"**means a person entitled to practise in Botswana as an \n\nadvocate or attorney; \n\n**\"member\"**, in relation to a disciplined force, includes any person who, under the \n\nlaw regulating the discipline of that force, is subject to that discipline. \n\n(2) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised under \nan Act of Parliament, nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary \nlaw of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the \nprovisions of this Chapter other than sections 4, 6 and 7. \n\n(3) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised \n\notherwise than as aforesaid and lawfully present in Botswana, nothing contained in or \ndone under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be \ninconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "under such a provision as is referred to in subsection (3)(a) of this section (other than a \nrestriction which is applicable to persons generally or to general classes of persons) so \nrequests at any time during the period of that restriction not earlier than six months after \nthe order was made or six months after he or she last made such request, as the case \nmay be, his or her case shall be reviewed by an independent and impartial tribunal \npresided over by a person, qualified to be enrolled as an advocate in Botswana, \nappointed by the Chief Justice. \n\n(5) On any review by a tribunal in pursuance of this section of the case of a \n\nperson whose freedom of movement has been restricted, the tribunal may make \nrecommendations, concerning the necessity or expediency of continuing the restriction \nto the authority by which it was ordered but, unless it is otherwise provided by law, that \nauthority shall not be obliged to act in accordance with any such recommendations. \n**15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc.**\n\n(1) Subject to the provisions of subsections (4), (5) and (7) of this section, no law \n\nshall make any provision that is discriminatory either of itself or in its effect. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "provided by Parliament shall have all the powers of such a court. \n**100. Appointment of judges of Court of Appeal**\n\n(1) The President of the Court of Appeal shall, unless that office is held ex-officio \n\nby the Chief Justice, be appointed by the President. \n\n(2) The Justices of Appeal, if any, shall be appointed by the President, acting in \n\naccordance with the advice of the Judicial Service Commission. \n\n(3) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Court of \n\nAppeal unless- \n\n(a) \n\nhe or she holds, or has held office as, a judge of a court having unlimited \njurisdiction in civil and criminal matters in Botswana, in a Commonwealth \ncountry or in any country outside the Commonwealth that may be prescribed by \nParliament or a court having jurisdiction in appeals from such a court; or \nhe or she is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney in such a court and \nhas been qualified for not less than ten years to practise as an advocate or \nattorney in such a court; or \nhe or she is qualified to practise as an advocate or attorney and he or she has \nhad experience in the teaching of law in a recognised university for not less \nthan ten years. \n\n(b) ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf", - "query": "What are considered \"disciplined force\" according to Botswana constitution ?", - "target_page": 16, - "target_passage": "\"disciplined force\" means- (a) a naval, military or air force; (b) a police force; or (c) a prison service", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**\"disciplinary law\"**means a law regulating the discipline of any disciplined force; \n**\"disciplined force\"**means- \na naval, military or air force; \na police force; or \na prison service; (a) \n(b) \n(c) \n\n**\"legal representative\"**means a person entitled to practise in Botswana as an \n\nadvocate or attorney; \n\n**\"member\"**, in relation to a disciplined force, includes any person who, under the \n\nlaw regulating the discipline of that force, is subject to that discipline. \n\n(2) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised under \nan Act of Parliament, nothing contained in or done under the authority of the disciplinary \nlaw of that force shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of any of the \nprovisions of this Chapter other than sections 4, 6 and 7. \n\n(3) In relation to any person who is a member of a disciplined force raised \n\notherwise than as aforesaid and lawfully present in Botswana, nothing contained in or \ndone under the authority of the disciplinary law of that force shall be held to be \ninconsistent with or in contravention of any of the provisions of this Chapter. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]freedoms of the individual, that is to say, the right, whatever his or her race, place oforigin, political opinions, colour, creed or sex, but subject to respect for the rights and( 1 ) No person shall be deprived of his or her life intentionally save in execution ofthe sentence of a court in respect of an offence under the law in force in Botswana of which he or she has been convicted.( 2 ) A person shall not be regarded as having been deprived of his or her life infor the purpose of suppressing a riot, insurrection or mutiny ; or( d )( d )for the purpose of bringing him or her before a court in execution of the order of a court ;\n
Protection of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms of the Individual ( ss 3 - 19 )
3.Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual
Whereas every person in Botswana is entitled to the fundamental rights and
freedoms of others and for the public interest to each and all of the following, namely -( a )life, liberty, security of the person and the protection of the law ;
( b )freedom of conscience, of expression and of assembly and association ; and( c )
protection for the privacy of his or home and other property and from deprivation of property without compensation,the provisions of this Chapter shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection tothose rights and freedoms subject to such limitations of that protection as are contained
in those provisions, being limitations designed to ensure that the enjoyment of the said rights and freedoms by any individual does not prejudion the rights and freedoms of others or the public interest.4. Protection of right to life
contravention of subsection ( 1 ) of this section if he or she dies as the result of the use, to such extent and in such circumstances as are permitted by law, of such force as sis reasonable -( a )for the defence of any person from violence or for the defence of property ;
( b )in order to effect a lawful arrest or to prevent the escape of a person lawfully detained ;( c )
in order to prevent the commission by that person of a criminal offence,or if he or she dies as the result of a lawful act of war.5. Protection
Protection of right to personal liberty( 1 ) No person shall be deprived of his or her personal liberty save as may beauthorized by law in any of the following cases, that is to saya
( a )in execution of the senterce or order of a court, whether established for Extowana or some other country, in respect of a criminal offence of which she has been convicted ;( b )
in execution of the order of a court of record punishing him or her for contempt of that or another court ;( c )in execution of the order of a court made to secure the fulfilment of any obligation imposed on him or her by law ;
( e )upon reasonable suspicion of his or her having committed, or being about to commit, a criminal offerice under the law in force in Botswana ;( f )
under the order of a court or with the consent of his or her parent or guardian,
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]for his or her education or wellare during any period ending not later than the date when he or she attains the age of 18 years ;reasonably practicable, in a language that he or she understands, of the reasons for his or her arrest or detention.upon reasonable suspicion of his or her having committed, or being about to commit, a criminal offence under the law in force in Botswana,include( b )\n
( g )for the purpose of preventing the spread of an infectious or contagious disease ; in the case of a person who is, or an easonably suspected to be, of unsoured mind, addicted to drugs or alcohol, or a vagrant, for the purpose of his or her care ore
( i )for the purpose of preventing the unlawed ventry of that person into Battwana, or for the purpose of effecting the expulsion, extradition or other lawful removal of that person from Bobwara, or for the purpose of restricting that person wh
( j )to such extent as may be necessary it the execution of a larkeful order requiring that person to remain within a specified area within 800waras or prohebring from for hier from being within tootch an areas, or it is such exercise to they do res
( k )for the purpose of ensuring the safety of aircraft in flight. 2 : Any person who is arrested or detained shall be informed as soon as
( 3 ) Any person who is arrested or detained -( a )
for the purpose of bringing him or her before a court in execution of the order of a court ; or( b )
and who and released, shall be brought as soon as is neasonatily practicable before a count ; and if any person arreasonaled or detailed as mentioned in paragraphy [ 6 ] of this subsection is not tried whitine a reasonable time, then, without( 4 ) Any person who is unlawfully arrested or detained by any other person shall be entitled to compensation therefor from that other person. 6. Protection from slavery and forceed labour
( 1 ) No person shall be held in slavery or servitude( 2 ) No person shall be required to perform forced labour. ( 3 ) For the purposes of this section, the expression “ force
( a )any labour required in consequence of the serilence or order of a court ;
Ideasur required if any person while he or she is lawfully detamed that, frough not required in consequence of the sentence or order of a court, is reasonably necessary in the interests of hyperne or for the maintenance of the place at whichi( c )
any labour required of a member of a disciplined force in pursuance of his or her dules as such or, in the case of a person who has conscientious objections to eervice as a member of a navali, military or air force, any labour that that person is r
", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "her lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this \nsection. \n\n(3) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to \n\nbe inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in \nquestion makes provision- \n\n(a) \n\nfor the imposition of restrictions that are reasonably required in the interests of \ndefence, public safety, public order, public morality or public health or the \nimposition of restrictions on the acquisition or use by any person of land or \nother property in Botswana and except so far as that provision or, as the case \nmay be, the thing done under the authority thereof, is shown not to be \nreasonably justifiable in a democratic society; \nfor the imposition of restrictions on the freedom of movement of any person who \nis not a citizen of Botswana; \nfor the imposition of restrictions on the entry into or residence within defined \nareas of Botswana of persons who are not Bushmen to the extent that such \nrestrictions are reasonably required for the protection or well-being of Bushmen; \nfor the imposition of restrictions upon the movement or residence within \nBotswana of public officers; or \n....... \n\n(b) \n\n(c) \n\n(4) If any person whose freedom of movement has been restricted by order ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
( 2 ) The resignation of any person from any office established by this Constitutionshall be effect on the date or at the limite educated in the verbing soping the resignalition or, I ' re outl date or time is so indicated, at the lime the writing is received by the parason or authority to whom II is addressed or by any person auta
or she may. If qualified, again be appointed or elected to hold that office in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution. ( 2 ) Where a power is conferred by this Constitution upon any percon to make anyappointment to any office, a person may be appointed to that office nohwithstanding that some other person may be holding that office, when that other person is on leave of absence person the relinquishment of the office, and where two or mo
holding the same office by reason of an appointment made in pursuace of this subseclin, then, for the purposes of any function conferred upon the holder of that office, the person last appointed shall be deemed to be the sole holder of the ofi( 1 ) In this Constitution unless the context atherwise requires -“ the Assembly ” means the National Assembly :
\" Elotswana \" means the territory that, on 28th September, 1956, was comprised omer Protectorate of Bechuanaland ;\" Tinancial year \" means the period of 12 months ending on 31st March in any year or on such other day as Parliament may prescribe ;
“ The Gazette ” means the Botswana Government Gazetter, \" high judicial office \" means the office of a judge of a coujuntadiction in civil and criminal matters in Botswana, a Commonwealth country or in any country outside the Commonwealth that may be prescribed by Parliament or the office of judge of a count having jurisdiction in appeals from such a cou
“ Kgosana ” ( pl. Dikgosana ) means Headman ; “ Kgosi ” ( pl. Dikgosi ) means Chief or Sub - Chie\" cath \" includes affirmation :
\" the cath of allegiance \" means such cath of allegiance as may be prescribedby law1 * public office * means, subject to the provisions of subsections ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of this
section, an office of emolument in the public service ; \" public officer \" means a person holding or acting in any public office ; \"\" the public service \" means the civil service of the Government ;\" session \" means the sittings of the National Assembly beginning when it first
sits after the coming into operation of the Constitution or after Parliament is prorogued or dissolved at any time and ending when Parliament is prorogued or is dissolved without having been pronogued ;\" sitting \" means a period during which the National Assembly is sitting without
adjournment and includes any period during which it is in committee ; “ subordinate court ” means any court established for Botswana other than -( a ) the Court of Appeal ;
( b ) the High Court ;( c )
a court martial ; or
", - "page_start": 53, - "page_end": 53, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**16. Derogation from fundamental rights and freedoms**\n\n(1) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to \n\nbe inconsistent with or in contravention of section 5 or 15 of this Constitution to the \nextent that the law authorizes the taking during any period when Botswana is at war or \nany period when a declaration under section 17 of this Constitution is in force, of \nmeasures that are reasonably justifiable for the purpose of dealing with the situation that \nexists during that period. \n\n(2) Where a person is detained by virtue of such an authorization as is referred to \n\nin subsection (1) of this section the following provisions shall apply- \n\n(a) \n\nhe or she shall, as soon as reasonably practicable and in any case not more \nthan five days after the commencement of his or her detention, be furnished \nwith a statement in writing in a language that he or she understands specifying \nin detail the grounds upon which he or she is detained; \nnot more than 14 days after the commencement of his or her detention, a \nnotification shall be published in the Gazette stating that he or she has been \ndetained and giving particulars of the provision of law under which his or her \n\n(b) ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]justifiable in the circumstances of any situation arising or existing during that period or as a result of that other emergency or calamity, for the purpose of dealing with that situation ; orany labour reasonably required as part of reasonable and normal communal or other civic obligations.7.( 1 ) No person shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading ment or other treatment.be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law inB. Protection from deprivation of propertyno interest in or right over property of any description shall be compulsorily acquired, except where the following conditions are satisfied, that is to say -the taking of possession or acquisition is necessary or expedient -in the interests of defence, public safety, public order, public morality, public health, town and country planning or land settlement ;in order to secure the development or utilization of that, or other, property for a purpose beneficial to the community ; orin order to secure the development or utilization of the mineral resources of Botswana ; andprovision is made by a law applicable to that taking of possession or acquisition -for the prompt payment of adequate compensation ; andsecuring to any percein having an interest in or right over the property a right of secones to the High Count withine direct or on appeak from any other authority, for the determination of his or her interest or right, the legally of the taking\n
( e )
Protection from inhuman treatment
( 2 ) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to
question authorizes the infliction of any description of punishment that was lawful in the country immediately before the coming into operation of this Constitution.
( 1 ) No property of any description shall be compulsorily taken possession of, and
( a )
( i )
( ii )
( iii )
( b )
( i )
( ii )
( 2 ) No person who is entitled to compensation under this section shall be
prevented from remttiting, within a reasonable forme after has reashed any amount of that compensation, the whole of that amount ( hee from any deduction, charge or tax made or level in respect of its remission ) to any country of his or her coto any Lew applicable to the taking of possession of minerals or the acquisition of rights to minerals if that law makes provision for the payment at reasonable intervals of adequate royatilies.( 4 ) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to
be inconsistent with or in contravention of subsection ( 2 ) of this section to the extent that the law in question authorizes -( a )the attachment, by order of a court, of any amount of compensation to which a person is entitled in satisfaction of the judgment of a count or pending the determination of civil proceedings to which he or she is a party ; or
( b )the imposition of reasonable restrictions on the manner in which any amount of
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**PART III**\n**Executive Functions (ss 47-56)**\n\n**47. Functions of President**\n\n(1) The executive power of Botswana shall vest in the President and, subject to \n\nthe provisions of this Constitution, shall be exercised by him or her either directly or \nthrough officers subordinate to him or her. \n\n(2) In the exercise of any function conferred upon him or her by this Constitution \nor any other law the President shall, unless it is otherwise provided, act in his or her own \ndeliberate judgment and shall not be obliged to follow the advice tendered by any other ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The Republic (ss 1-2)**\n\n**1.** **Declaration of Republic**\n\nBotswana is a sovereign Republic. \n\n**2.** **Public Seal**\n\nThe Public Seal of the Republic shall be such device as may be prescribed by or \n\nunder an Act of Parliament. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CHAPTER III**\n**Citizenship (ss 20-29: repealed)**\n\n**20 to 29 inclusive.** **[Repealed.]**\n\n**CHAPTER IV**\n**The Executive (ss 30-56)**\n**PART I**\n**The President and the Vice-President (ss 30-41)**\n\n**30. Office of President**\n\nThere shall be a President of the Republic of Botswana who shall be the Head of \n\nState. \n**31. First President**\n\n(1) The first President shall be the person who immediately before 30th \n\nSeptember, 1966 holds the office of Prime Minister under the Constitution. \n\n(2) The first President shall be deemed to have assumed office at the coming into \n\noperation of this Constitution. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf", - "query": "How much does AWS lambda charge when the function is not running ?", - "target_page": 52, - "target_passage": "there is no charge when your code is not running", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Unlike traditional servers, Lambda functions do not run constantly. When a function is triggered by \n\nan event, this is called an*invocation*. Lambda functions are limited to 15 minutes in duration, but \n\non average, across all AWS customers, most invocations last for less than a second. ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Serverless \n\ncould be listening. The handler function might create and send another event to an SNS queue so \n\nthat alerts for high temperature are sent to users through SMS messages. \n\nThe function finally wraps up the JSON weather data into a new event and sends it back to API \n\ngateway. Afterward, the function continues to handle hundreds of additional requests. Request \n\nfrom users slow down after 2AM, so after some time the Lambda service will tear down the \n\nfunction execution environment to conserve resources. As a Customer, you will only be charged for \n\nfunction usage. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Within the Lambda service, your function code is stored in a code package, deployed as a .zip or a \n\ncontainer image. All interaction with the code occurs through the Lambda API. There is no direct \ninvocation of functions from outside of the Lambda service. ", - "page_start": 51, - "page_end": 51, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Next, API Gateway integrates with Lambda, a compute service, to handle the new event. Lambda \n\nfunction code parses the parameters in the inbound event, connects to the data store, and retrieves \n\nthe cart. The function queries the database API through an SDK library. Because the DynamoDB \n\ndatabase is also serverless and built to respond with low latency, there is no need for a connection \n\npool. \n\nAfter converting currency to USD and removing unavailable items, the function sends the result as \n\na new event to API Gateway. \n\nFinally, API Gateway converts the event into a response to send to the waiting client. \n\nThe method with which a function is invoked should be informed by your application archecture \n\nand needs. For example, batch-processing patterns have different applications to on-demand data \n\nprocessing. Understanding these paradigm differences can also help customers decide between \n\nAWS services. \n\nDeploying a microservice as a containerized application on Fargate could be more appropriate if \n\nthe microservice is primarily used for batch data processing. Whereas a Lambda function would be \n\nmuch more straight-forward to deploy and maintain in applications that require on-demand data \n\nprocessing. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**How Lambda invokes your function (runtime environment)**\n\nLambda invokes your function in an*execution environment*, which contains a secure and isolated \n\n*runtime environment*. \n\n• A*runtime*provides a language-specific environment which relays invocation events, context \n\ninformation, and responses between the Lambda and your functions. \n\n• An*execution environment*manages the processes and resources that are required to run the \n\nfunction. ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**How to write logs with serverless applications**\n\nYou might have noticed the logging statements in the preceding handler code. Where do those log \n\nmessages go? \n\nDuring invocation, the Lambda runtime automatically captures function output to Amazon \n\nCloudWatch. \n\nIn addition to logging your function's output, the runtime also logs entries when function \n\ninvocation starts and ends. This includes a report log with the request ID, billed duration, ", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Subsequent events will invoke the handler again, without the initialization delay. During this cycle, \n\nthe function stays in memory, so clients and variables declared outside of the handler method can \n\nbe reused. \n\nAfter a period of time, Lambda will eventually tear down the runtime. This can happen for a variety \n\nof reasons; some examples: scaling down to conserve resources, updating the function, updating \n\nthe runtime. \n\nThe function**handler**is the essential component of your function code. As noted previously, the \nhandler is the entry point, but it may not be the only function in your code. In fact, a best practice \n\nis keeping the handler sparse and doing the actual processing in other functions in your code. \n\nHere are some example**handlers**: \n\nPython ", - "page_start": 56, - "page_end": 56, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Stateless data**\n\nWhen building Lambda functions, you should assume that the environment exists only for a single \n\ninvocation. The function should initialize any required state when it is first started – for example, \n\nfetching a shopping cart from a DynamoDB table. It should commit any permanent data changes \n\nbefore exiting to a durable store such as Amazon S3, DynamoDB, or Amazon SQS. It should not rely \n\non any existing data structures or temporary files, or any internal state that would be managed by \n\nmultiple invocations (such as counters or other calculated, aggregate values). \n\nLambda provides an initializer before the handler where you can initialize database connections, \n\nlibraries, and other resources. Since execution environments are reused where possible to \n\nimprove performance, you can amortize the time taken to initialize these resources over multiple \n\ninvocations. However, you should not store any variables or data used in the function within this \n\nglobal scope. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Serverless \n\n**Compute**\n\n•**AWS Lambda**- serverless compute functions; responsible for nearly all processing in serverless \n\nprojects \n\n•**Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud**- non-serverless compute alternative; useful when you need \n\nalways-on and fully customizable capabilities. EC2 is often used for initial “lift and shift” \n\nmigration to the cloud. You can continue to use EC2 while migrating portions of your workflow \n\nto serverless patterns. \n\n•**AWS App Runner**- fully managed service to deploy your containerized web applications and \nAPIs. App Runner will scale compute instances and network resources automatically based on \n\nincoming traffic. \n\n•**AWS Fargate**- serverless computer for clusters of containers; useful when you need custom \n\ncontainers but do not want to maintain and manage the infrastructure or cluster. ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Programming Model**\n\nThe Lambda service provides the same event-based programming model for all languages. The \n\nLambda runtime passes an*invocation event*and*context*to your Lambda function*handler*which \n\ndoes some work and produces a resulting event: ", - "page_start": 54, - "page_end": 54, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf", - "query": "What is the role of resource policies of lambda functions ?", - "target_page": 60, - "target_passage": "resource policy: Defines which events are authorized to invoke the function.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Using IAM roles to describe a Lambda function’s permissions, decouples security configuration \n\nfrom the code. This helps reduce the complexity of a lambda function, making it easier to maintain. \n\nA Lambda function’s resource and execution policy should be granted the minimum required \n\npermissions for the function to perform it’s task effectively. This is sometimes referred to as the \n\nrule of least privilege. As you develop a Lambda function, you expand the scope of this policy to \n\nallow access to other resources as required. ", - "page_start": 59, - "page_end": 59, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Logging and debugging go hand in hand. Traces of events are available with Amazon X-Ray for \n\ndebugging. \n\n**Securing functions**\n\nAWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) is the service used to manage access to AWS services. \n\nLambda is fully integrated with IAM, allowing you to control precisely what each Lambda function \n\ncan do within the AWS Cloud. There are two important things that define the scope of permissions \n\nin Lambda functions: \n\n•*resource policy*: Defines which events are authorized to invoke the function. \n\n•*execution role policy*: Limits what the Lambda function is authorized to do. ", - "page_start": 59, - "page_end": 59, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Additional resources**\n\nOfficial AWS documentation: \n\n• AWS Identity and Access Management Documentation \n\n• Example IAM identity-based policies - an extensive list of example policies, including AWS \n\nLambda: Allows a lambda function to access an Amazon DynamoDB table which is useful in \n\nmicroservices \n\n• Grant least privilege section of the*Policies and permissions*chapter suggests a method to refine \n\npermissions for increased security ", - "page_start": 49, - "page_end": 49, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Resources**\n\n*Resources*are the AWS resources the action will act upon. \n\nAll AWS resources are identified by an Amazon Resource Name (ARN) . Because AWS services are \n\ndeployed all over the world, ARNs function like an addressing system to precisely locate a specific \ncomponent. ARNs have hierarchical structures: ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**How Lambda invokes your function (runtime environment)**\n\nLambda invokes your function in an*execution environment*, which contains a secure and isolated \n\n*runtime environment*. \n\n• A*runtime*provides a language-specific environment which relays invocation events, context \n\ninformation, and responses between the Lambda and your functions. \n\n• An*execution environment*manages the processes and resources that are required to run the \n\nfunction. ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Serverless \n\n**Advanced topics**\n\nYou can do a lot just using AWS managed policies. As you progress on your journey, you should \n\nexplore the following more advanced topics. \n\n**Resource-based policies**\n\nWhen you create a permissions policy to restrict access to a resource, you can choose an*identity-*\n*based policy*or a*resource-based policy*. \n\n**Identity-based policies**are attached to a user, group, or role. These policies let you specify what \nthat identity can do (its permissions). For example, you can attach the policy to the group named \n\nRemoteDataMinders, stating that group members are allowed to get items from an Amazon \n\nDynamoDB table named MyCompany. \n\n**Resource-based policies**are attached to a resource. For example, you can attach resource-based \npolicies to Amazon S3 buckets, Amazon Simple Queue Service queues, VPC endpoints, and AWS \n\nKey Management Service encryption keys. \n\nWith resource-based policies, you can specify who has access to the resource and what actions they \n\ncan perform on it. \n\n**Related resource(s):**\n\n• Identity-based and resource-based policies in the official documentation \n\n• AWS Services that work with IAM is a comprehensive list of services, including which ones \n\nsupport resource-based policies ", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Protect your API**\n\nTo authenticate and authorize access to your Rest APIs, you can choose from the following: \n\n• Amazon Cognito user pools as an identity source for who access the API. \n\n• Lambda functions to control access to APIs by using a variety of identity sources. \n\n• Resource-based policies to allow or deny specified access from source IP addresses or VPC \n\nendpoints. \n\n• AWS Identity and Access Management roles, policies, and IAM tags to control access for who can \n\ninvoke certain APIs. ", - "page_start": 70, - "page_end": 70, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Programming Model**\n\nThe Lambda service provides the same event-based programming model for all languages. The \n\nLambda runtime passes an*invocation event*and*context*to your Lambda function*handler*which \n\ndoes some work and produces a resulting event: ", - "page_start": 54, - "page_end": 54, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Unlike traditional servers, Lambda functions do not run constantly. When a function is triggered by \n\nan event, this is called an*invocation*. Lambda functions are limited to 15 minutes in duration, but \n\non average, across all AWS customers, most invocations last for less than a second. ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• API HTTP request for a user is received and authentication is checked \n• The call matched the API GET method and users resource, which is integrated with a get-users \n\nLambda function \n\n• Permissions were verified before invoking the AWS resource \n\n• Lambda function sends queries to retrieve items from a data store \n\n• Data is wrapped in an HTTP response to be returned to the client ", - "page_start": 66, - "page_end": 66, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf", - "query": "Why can't I use SnapStart on my function tagged with $LATEST ?", - "target_page": 63, - "target_passage": " You can use SnapStart only on published function versions and aliases that point to versions. You can't use SnapStart on a function's unpublished version ($LATEST)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "As you progress on your journey, you should explore the following more advanced topics. \n\n• Connect services with event source mapping \n\n• Deploy code in containers \n\n• Add additional code with layers \n\n• Augment functions with extensions \n\n• Launch functions faster with SnapStart \n\n• Connect to functions with Function URLs ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With SnapStart, Lambda initializes your function when you publish a function version. Lambda \n\ntakes a Firecracker microVM snapshot of the memory and disk state of the initialized execution \n\nenvironment, encrypts the snapshot, and caches it for low-latency access. ", - "page_start": 62, - "page_end": 62, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntakeoff-cannot ", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Launch functions faster with SnapStart**\n\nLambda SnapStart for Java can improve startup performance by up to 10x at no extra cost, \n\ntypically with no changes to your function code. The largest contributor to startup latency (often \n\nreferred to as cold start time) is the time that Lambda spends initializing the function, which \n\nincludes loading the function's code, starting the runtime, and initializing the function code. ", - "page_start": 62, - "page_end": 62, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nhasChild ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nhasFriend ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nLIMIT LOAD \n\n100% \nLIMIT LOAD ", - "page_start": 362, - "page_end": 362, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nhasPet ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " PUSH ", - "page_start": 284, - "page_end": 284, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nPUSH ", - "page_start": 289, - "page_end": 289, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf", - "query": "At Shentel company, what determines an employees pension ?", - "target_page": 22, - "target_passage": "Pension benefits are based primarily on the employee's compensation and years of service", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 8 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "12. PENSION AND PROFIT SHARING PLANS: \n\nThe Company has a defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all of its employees. The benefits are based \non years of service and a percentage of the employee’s qualifying compensation during the final years of \nemployment. The Company’s funding policy is to contribute annually the amount necessary to satisfy the Internal \nRevenue Service’s funding standards. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to \nservice to date but also for those expected to be earned in the future. ", - "page_start": 84, - "page_end": 84, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nPENSION ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NOTE 22: PENSIONS \n\nWe have contributory and non-contributory defined benefit pension \nplans that are made available to most of our employees. The plans \nprovide pensions based on years of service, years of contributions and \nearnings. We do not provide any non-pension post-retirement benefits. \nWe also provide unfunded supplemental pension benefits to certain \nexecutives. \n\nThe assets of the defined benefit pension plans are held in segregated \naccounts isolated from our assets. We administer the defined benefit \npension plans pursuant to applicable regulations, the Statement of \nInvestment Policies and Procedures and to the mandate of the Pension \nCommittee of the Board of Directors. The Pension Committee of the \nBoard of Directors oversees our administration of the defined benefits \npension plans, which includes the following principal areas: \n(cid:129) overseeing the funding, administration, communication and \ninvestment management of the plans \n(cid:129) selecting and monitoring the performance of all \n\nthird parties \nperforming duties in respect of the plans, including audit, actuarial \nand investment management services \n(cid:129) proposing, considering and approving amendments to the defined \nbenefit pension plans \n(cid:129) proposing, considering and approving amendments of the Statement \nof Investment Policies and Procedures \n(cid:129) reviewing management and actuarial reports prepared in respect of \nthe administration of the defined benefit pension plans \n(cid:129) reviewing and approving the audited financial statements of the \ndefined benefit pension plan funds. ", - "page_start": 121, - "page_end": 121, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "It is the Company’s investment policy to maintain 66 percent to 79 percent of the plan’s assets in equity securities and 21 percent to 31 percent of its assets \nin debt securities with the balance invested in a money market account to meet liquidity requirements for distributions. The asset allocation at December \n31, 2003 represents the targeted asset allocation at that time. Based upon the plan’s current over-funded position, the Company expects to make no \ncontributions to its pension plan in 2004. \n\nThe Company also sponsors a defined contribution plan for all employees. Each participant may contribute certain amounts of eligible compensation. The \nCompany makes a matching contribution to the plan. The Company’s contribution under this plan was $202,000 in 2003, $302,000 in 2002 and $258,000 \nin 2001. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2003 was the 10th anniversary of Shentel’s decision to enter the PCS \n\nbusiness and the 8th year operating as a Sprint PCS Affiliate. This year was a \nsignificant milestone for Shentel’s PCS business, as we posted our first \nprofitable quarter and recorded net income for the year of $0.3 million versus a \nnet loss of $5.4 million in 2002. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "employees. Pension expense for this plan amounted to $309,000, \n\n$309,000, and $310,000 in 2003, 2002, and 2001, respectively. \n\n**Postretirement Health Care**\n\nIn accordance with the guidelines of revised SFAS No. 132, “Employers’ \n\nDisclosures about Pensions and other Postretirement Benefits,” the fol- \n\nlowing table sets forth the funded status of the plan, reconciled to the \n\naccrued postretirement benefits cost recognized in the Company’s bal- \n\nance sheet at: \n\n**2003** 2002 2001 ", - "page_start": 50, - "page_end": 50, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We make contributions to the plans to secure the benefits of plan \nmembers and invest in permitted investments using the target ranges \nestablished by our Pension Committee, which reviews actuarial \nassumptions on an annual basis. \n\n**Assumptions**\nThere are significant assumptions that are used in the calculations \nprovided by our actuaries, and it is the responsibility of management to \ndetermine which assumptions could result in a significant impact when \ndetermining the accrued benefit obligations and pension expense. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
EmployerEmployeeTotal
2013$ 101$ ≥ 6$ 127
3 / 17eq> 11 / 8
", - "page_start": 122, - "page_end": 122, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company reports revenues as wireless, wireline and other revenues. These revenue classifications are defined as \nfollows: Wireless revenues are made up of the Personal Communications Company (a PCS Affiliate of Sprint), and the \nMobile Company. Wireline revenues include the following subsidiary revenues in the financial results: Telephone \nCompany, Network Company, Cable Television Company, and the Long Distance Company. Other revenues are \ncomprised of the revenues of ShenTel Service Company, the Leasing Company, ShenTel Communications Company \nand the Holding Company. For additional information on the Company's business segments, see Note 14 to audited \nconsolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report. \n\nThe Company participates in the telecommunications industry, which requires substantial investment in fixed assets or \nplant. This significant capital requirement may preclude profitability during the initial years of operation. The strategy \nof the Company is to grow and diversify the business by adding services and geographic areas that can leverage the \nexisting plant, but to do so within the opportunities and constraints presented by the industry. For many years the \nCompany focused on reducing reliance on the regulated telephone operation, which up until 1981 was the primary \nbusiness within the Company. This initial diversification was concentrated in other wireline businesses, such as the \ncable television and regional fiber facility businesses, but in 1990 the Company made its first significant investment in \nthe wireless sector through its former investment in the Virginia 10 RSA Limited partnership. By 1998, revenues of \nthe regulated telephone operation had decreased to 59.2% of total revenues. In that same year more than 76.6% of the \nCompany’s total revenue was generated by wireline operations, and initiatives were already underway to make wireless \na more significant contributor to total revenues. ", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Retirement plans:***The Company maintains a noncontributory defined benefit plan covering substantially all \nemployees. Pension benefits are based primarily on the employee's compensation and years of service. The \nCompany's policy is to fund the maximum allowable contribution calculated under federal income tax regulations. \nDuring 2003, the Company adopted an Executive Supplemental Retirement Plan for selected employees. This is an \nunfunded plan and is maintained primarily for the purpose of providing deferred compensation for a select group of \nmanagement or highly compensated employees. The Company also maintains a defined contribution plan under which \nsubstantially all employees may defer a portion of their earnings on a pre-tax basis, up to the allowable federal \nmaximum. The Company may make matching and discretionary contributions to this plan. Neither of the funded \nretirement plans holds Company stock in the respective portfolios. \n\n***Income taxes:***Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities \nare recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between financial statement carrying amounts \nof existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using \nenacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be \nrecovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in \nthe period that includes the enactment date. The Company evaluates the recoverability of tax assets generated on a \nstate-by-state basis from net operating losses apportioned to that state. Management uses a more likely than not \nthreshold to make that determination and has established a valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets, in case \nthey may not be recoverable. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEMPLOYEE \nEXPERIENCE ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf", - "query": "At the end of 2003, how many available-for-sales investments did Shenandoah company count in its portfolio ?", - "target_page": 53, - "target_passage": "The Company’s available-for-sale portfolio at December 31, 2003 is made up of two investments", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Net income was $4.5 million, a decrease of $11.9 million or 72.4%. The decrease is primarily the result of the $21.7 \nmillion decline in investment results due to the impact of the VeriSign gain recorded in 2001, and the loss on the sale \nof the VeriSign stock in 2002. \n\n**Investments in Non-Affiliated Companies**\n\nThe Company has investments in several available-for-sale securities, which the Company may choose to liquidate \nfrom time to time, based on market conditions, capital needs, other investment opportunities, or a combination of any \nnumber of these factors. As a result of the uncertainty of these factors, there is also uncertainty as to what the value of \nthe investments may be when they are sold. \n\nThe fair value of the Company’s available-for-sale securities was $0.2 million at the end of 2003, compared to $0.2 \nmillion at the end of 2002. The Company’s available-for-sale portfolio at December 31, 2003 is made up of two \ninvestments, both of which are within the telecommunications industry. Due to the volatility of the securities markets, \nparticularly in the telecommunications industry, there is uncertainty about the ultimate value the Company will realize \nwith respect to these investments in the future. ", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "10 \n\n0 \n2000 1999 2001 2002 \n\n44 \n\n**Capital Expenditures**\n**($ millions)**\n\n80 \n29 \n\n23 \n60 \n\n16 \n40 \n12 \n\n20 \n\n0 \n0 \n2003 1999 2001 2002 2000 \n\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 6 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Net income from continuing operations was $9.8 million, an increase of $12.7 million from 2002. The results are \nprimarily made up of the improvement in the PCS operation and the one-time impact of the losses on the sale of \nVeriSign stock in 2002. \n\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 48 ", - "page_start": 49, - "page_end": 49, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There were no gross realized gains on available-for-sale securities included in income in 2003 or 2002, while there \nwere $17.7 million for 2001. Gross realized losses included in income in 2003, 2002 and 2001 were $3 thousand, $9.0 \nmillion and $3.0 million, respectively. \n\nChanges in the unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities during the years ended December 31, 2003, \n2002 and 2001 reported as a separate component of shareholders' equity are as follows: ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Note 3. Securities and Investments (Continued)**\n\n2002 \n*(in thousands)*\n\n2001 **2003**\n\nAvailable-for-sale securities: \nBeginning Balance \nUnrealized holding gains (losses) during the year, net \nReclassification of recognized (gains) during the year, net \n\n$ 68 \n(75) \n- \n(7) \n(3) \n(4) \n\n$ \n\n9,153 \n5,615 \n(14,700) \n68 \n26 \n42 \n\n$ **$**\n\n**(7)**\n**48**\n**-**\n**41**\n**15**\n**26** Deferred tax effect related to net unrealized gains \nEnding Balance $ $ **$** $ ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2003 Financial Statements**\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "on equity(a), which provides a good indication of how well we are utilizing investors’ dollars, has steadily \n\nincreased in recent years, from five percent in 1999 to 12 percent in 2003. This compares favorably to the \n\naverage return on equity for our industry, reported at 10.7 percent by statistical research sources. \n\nThe company’s ability to generate strong cash flow continued to flourish in 2003. This is a key strength \n\nfor our company, as it enables us to pursue a number of value-creating initiatives. \n\n• We initiated the payment of quarterly dividends on the company’s common stock in \n\nSeptember 2003. Recent changes in tax laws make this an efficient avenue for \n\nproviding a return to our shareholders and, with continuing growth in earnings and \n\ncash flow, we plan to increase the dividend periodically. \n\n• We repurchased 193,814 shares of our common stock in 2003. Over the last five \n\nyears, we have repurchased nearly two million shares of our stock, a strategy we \n\nregard as a wise investment for our company and our stockholders. \n\n• We reduced debt by $6 million, from $10.3 million at the end of 2002 to $4.3 million ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2003, the Company issued $600 million of 6% Senior Notes due 2009. In \n2004, the Company issued $525 million of 5.875% senior notes due 2014. Of this \namount, $225 million of the senior notes were issued pursuant to the Company’s \nshelf registration statement, which completed the available securities issuances under \nthat registration statement and $300 million of the senior notes were issued through \na Rule 144A offering and subsequently exchanged for registered notes with identical ", - "page_start": 65, - "page_end": 65, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nAs at the date of this report the Company had a total of 7,115,000 unissued shares S H A R E O P T I O N S \n\nunder option as follows:**30 November 2000 Options**", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf", - "query": "What was the main reason of the decrease of customer base of the Shenandoah and Virginia 10 RSA partnership ?", - "target_page": 51, - "target_passage": "he decline was the result of competition with digital technologies and increased competition from national carriers in the area", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Significant Transactions**\n\nThe Company had several significant transactions during 2003. The largest was the sale of its 66% interest in the \nVirginia 10 RSA cellular operation, as described above. The Company originally entered into the agreement with \nVerizon Wireless in November 2002. The Company was the general partner of the limited partnership which operated \nan analog cellular network in the six-county area of Northwestern Virginia, including Clarke, Frederick, Page, \nRappahannock, Shenandoah, and Warren counties, and the city of Winchester. The sales price was $37.0 million plus \nthe Company’s 66% share of the partnership’s working capital, which was approximately $1.7 million. The Company \nwas required to do a working capital true up following the closing, from which the Company recorded a charge for $23 \nthousand after taxes. In the fourth quarter the Company recorded an additional charge for taxes of $0.2 million to \nreflect the consolidated effective tax rate based on the final operating results for the year. \n\nThe sale of this business is reflected in the discontinued operations section of the income statement along with the \nresults of operations for the two months of 2003 that the operation remained a part of the Company. ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Income from discontinued operations was $22.4 million after taxes, an increase of $15.0 million or 202%. The income \nfrom discontinued operations in 2003 includes the sale of the partnership interest in February 2003 and results from the \ntwo months of its operations in 2003. \n\nThe Company adopted FAS 143 “Accounting for Asset Retirement Obligations.” effective January 1, 2003, and as a \nresult recorded a charge to earnings for the cumulative effect of this change in accounting of $76 thousand after taxes. \n\nNet income was $32.1 million, an increase of $27.6 million or 610%. The increase is a result of improved operating \nresults in the PCS operations, the 2002 VeriSign stock loss and the sale of the cellular operations. \n\n**DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS**\nThe Company invested $2.0 million in the Virginia 10 RSA limited partnership in the early 1990’s. The partnership’s \nlocal customer base peaked in early 2000 with nearly 12,000 subscribers, then steadily declined to 6,700 by December \n31, 2002. The decline was the result of competition with digital technologies and increased competition from national \ncarriers in the area. As a result of the decline in the subscriber base, and the need for extensive capital expenditures to \ntransform the analog network into a digital cellular network, the Company elected to sell its 66% interest in the \npartnership to one of the minority partners. The agreement was signed in November 2002, and closing was February \n28, 2003. The Company’s portion of the net income from its operations for 2003, 2002 and 2001 was $1.2 million, \n$7.4 million and $6.7 million, respectively. ", - "page_start": 50, - "page_end": 50, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)**\n\n***Reclassifications:***Certain amounts reported in the 2002 and 2001 financial statements have been reclassified to \nconform with the 2003 presentation, with no effect on net income or shareholders' equity. \n\n**Note 2. Discontinued Operations**\n\nIn November 2002, the Company entered into an agreement to sell its 66% General Partner interest in the Virginia 10 \nRSA Limited Partnership (cellular operation) to Verizon Wireless for $37.0 million. The closing of the sale took place \nat the close of business on February 28, 2003. The total proceeds received were $38.7 million, including $5.0 million \nheld in escrow, and a $1.7 million adjustment for estimated working capital at the time of closing. There was a post \nclosing adjustment based on the actual working capital balance as of the closing date, which resulted in a $39 thousand \ncharge for the Company. The $5.0 million escrow was established for any contingencies and indemnification issues \nthat may arise during the two-year post-closing period and is included in deferred charges and other assets in the 2003 \nconsolidated balance sheet. The Company’s gain on the transaction was approximately $35 million. Post closing, the \nCompany provided transition services to Verizon for a period of approximately three months, with compensation for \nthose services being approximately $40 thousand per month during the transition period. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The $5.0 million placed in escrow, as part of the sales agreement on the Virginia 10 RSA limited partnership, should be \nreleased after February 28, 2005. There are no known claims that have been filed against the amount in escrow. \n\nThe Company spent $12.5 million on capital projects in 2003, or about $7.0 million below what was budgeted for the \nyear. The variance was primarily due to postponing construction of an additional diverse fiber route and the delay of \nthe second phase of renovations on the Shentel Center in Edinburg, Virginia. \n\nThe Company has no other off-balance sheet arrangements and has not entered into any transactions involving \nunconsolidated, limited purpose entities or commodity contracts. \n\nCapital expenditures budgeted for 2004 total approximately $30 million, including approximately $20 million for \nadditional PCS base stations, additional towers, and switch upgrades to enhance the PCS network. Improvements and \nreplacements of approximately $5 million are planned for the telephone operation. The remaining $5 million covers \nbuilding renovations, vehicles, office equipment, and other miscellaneous capital needs. \n\nThe Company anticipates using funds from operations, to the extent they are available to fund the capital expenditures \nand the payment of debt and interest. Due to lower than expected tax expenses in 2003, the Company will apply the \ntax receivable to the 2004-year tax liability. It is anticipated by no later than second quarter of 2004, additional federal \ntax payments will be due based on anticipated profits expected to be generated in the operation. ", - "page_start": 54, - "page_end": 54, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The wireless industry in the late 1990’s became increasingly competitive and the Company was not immune to these \nindustry issues. The Clear PaySM program, introduced by Sprint as a no-deposit offering in 2001, attracted high credit \nrisk customers in the Company’s markets. As the results began to materialize, the Company implemented deposits on \nthis program (mid-April 2002), and experienced high levels of customer turnover (churn) and uncollectable accounts. \nThe write-offs of uncollectable accounts peaked in the third quarter of 2002. During the fourth quarter of 2002 there \nwas some evidence that the strengthened credit policy was having a favorable impact. Nonetheless, the 2002 net loss \nin the PCS operation was $5.4 million, as compared to $5.5 million in 2001. Despite the disappointing financial results \nfor 2002, the PCS customer base grew by over 40%. While the PCS operation was adding customers, the cellular \noperation continued to lose its local customer base. \n\nThe growing belief that national branding was critical to our wireless operations, the expectation that roaming revenues \nfrom our analog cellular operation would not continue to grow, and the increase in the number of wireless competitors \nin our markets, prompted the Company to exit the cellular business in order to focus on our PCS operations. The \nCompany entered into an agreement on November 21, 2002, to sell its 66% ownership interest in the Virginia 10 RSA \ncellular operation which was classified as a discontinued operation. The closing occurred February 28, 2003. The \nCompany received $37.0 million in proceeds, including $5.0 million in escrow for two years and $1.7 million for \nworking capital. ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company is required to participate in national and regional third party distribution programs formulated and \nnegotiated by Sprint. Sprint has entered into reseller agreements which may impact the Company. These distribution \nand reseller programs may have an adverse effect on the results of the Company. \n\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 54 ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Shenandoah Long Distance Company (Long Distance) Provides long distance services. \n\nShenandoah Network Company (Network) Leases interstate fiber optic facilities. \n\nShenTel Communications Company (Shen Comm) Provides DSL services as a CLEC operation. \n\nShenandoah Personal Communications Company (PCS) \n\nAs a PCS Affiliate of Sprint, provides digital wireless \nservice to a portion of a four-state area covering the \nregion from Harrisburg, York and Altoona, \nPennsylvania, to Harrisonburg, Virginia. \n\nThe accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting \npolicies. Each segment accounts for inter-segment sales and transfers as if the sales or transfers were to outside parties. \n\nIncome (loss) recognized from equity method nonaffiliated investees by segment is as follows: \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
YearHoldingTelephoneConsolidated Totals
( in thousands )
2003$( 441 )$ 65
$ _ ( 376 )2002$( 822 )
$ 45$ ( 777 )2001$
", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2003, we focused on improving our distribution channels. We \n\nexpanded and relocated our stores in Harrisonburg and Winchester, \nVirginia to handle our growing customer base. At our Edinburg, \nVirginia store, we expanded both our hours and office space. We \ncontinue to increase our direct sales force to expand our base of \nbusiness customers. To make it convenient for our potential \ncustomers, we also grew the number of local third-party sales \npartners. \n\nA much publicized development in our industry was the introduction of Wireless Local Number Portability \n(WLNP) on November 24th, 2003. Starting on that day, customers in the 100 largest population centers in the \nUnited States were able to change wireless carriers while keeping their existing phone number. WLNP will be \navailable in the entire country on May 24, 2004. To date, this change has had only a minor impact on Shentel’s \ncustomer base. \n\nWe continue to work to make PCS a growth vehicle of revenue and net income for Shenandoah \n\nTelecommunications Company. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company continued its efforts to successfully grow revenues and profits from other lines of business and by \nfurnishing more and newer services in our enlarged footprint extending beyond Shenandoah County. Revenues from our \ninformation access services, which includes contract work on the 511Virginia Travel Project and Internet access services, \nincreased $0.6 million, to $7.0 million during 2003. The Virginia Department of Transportation has requested proposals \nto continue the 511 project for future years, as well as to expand it to cover all the interstate highways throughout the \nCommonwealth. The success of the project to date has attracted many other bidders competing against our Company to \nwin the contracts. Our recently launched regional phone book, Shentel Pages, exceeded our initial revenue expectations. \nIt is hoped that a single source of phone listings and Yellow Page advertising, in both printed and online versions, will \nincreasingly be demanded by residents and businesses in the northern Shenandoah Valley region. \n\nWhile our 2003 results have been good, we recognize we still have many challenges to overcome in order to continue \n\nour history of profitable long-term growth. Foremost is sustaining profitability in our PCS business which is so heavily \ndependent on Sprint's decisions and overall success with PCS. Our recently announced amendment to our Sprint \nagreements will provide some cost savings and allow us greater certainty in fees paid to Sprint. The recently announced \nmerger between two of Sprint's competitors may provide some much needed consolidation in the U.S. wireless industry. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "During the 1990’s significant investments were made in the cellular and PCS (wireless) businesses. The VA 10 RSA \ncellular operation, in which the Company held a 66% interest and was the general partner, experienced rapid revenue \ngrowth and excellent margins in the late 1990’s. The cellular operation covered only six counties, and became \nincreasingly dependent on roaming revenues. Management believed the roaming revenues and associated margins \nwould be unsustainable as other wireless providers increasingly offered nationally-branded services with significantly \nreduced usage charges. To position it to participate in the newer, more advanced, digital wireless services, in 1995 the \nCompany entered the PCS business through an affiliation with American Personal Communications (APC), initiating \nservice along the Interstate 81 corridor from Harrisonburg, Virginia to Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. This territory was \na very close match to the Company’s fiber network, thereby providing economic integration that might not be available \nto other wireless carriers. In 1999, the Company entered a new affiliation arrangement with Sprint, the successor to \nAPC (which introduced the Company to a nationally-branded wireless service) and expanded the PCS footprint further \ninto Central Pennsylvania. The Company’s combined capital investment in 2000 and 2001 in the PCS operation was \n$45.1 million. ", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf", - "query": "As a product manager, how can I reject an inventory in NAIIS ?", - "target_page": 38, - "target_passage": "Log in as PM. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” Press the “Reject” button ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**10.5.2 Rejection of an inventory**\n\n1. Log in as NFP. \n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”. \n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears. \n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 66). \n5. Press the “Send for Rejection” button (figure 66, b). \n\nOnce the “Send for Rejection” button was pressed, the status of the selected inventory changes to \n“awaiting_rejection” (figure 67, a). \n\n***Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM that the inventory has been rejected. Therefore, the PM \nwill be able to reject the submission. Proceed to section 10.4.2. ", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**10.4.2 Rejection of an Inventory**\n\n1. Log in as PM. \n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”. \n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears. \n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 62, a). \n5. Press the “Reject” button (figure 62, b). \n\n***Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM, once the “Reject” button has been pressed. And the \nstatus changed to “Awaiting_rejection_check” (figure 63). ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 67. Work on Inventories screen – Rejection of an inventory - Status = rejected_approval***\n\n", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**10.5 Approval or Rejection of an inventory (NFP)**\n\nThis section describes how the NFP approves or rejects an inventory after being sent for approval by the PM \n(See section 10.4). \n\n**10.5.1 Approval of an inventory**\n\n1. Log in as NFP. \n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”. \n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears. \n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 64). \n5. Press the “Approve” button (figure 64, b). \n\nOnce the “Approve” button was pressed, the status of the selected inventory changes to “approved” (figure \n65, b). \n\n***Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM that the inventory has been approved. Therefore, the PM \nmay proceed to selecting the tables for preparing the official submission (See section 10.6). ", - "page_start": 39, - "page_end": 39, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "5. Click the appropriate Inventory year on “Work on Inventories” under “Submission” (figure 56, a). \n6. Press the “Start Inventory” button to start the inventory (figure 56, b). Once pressed, the status changes to \n“started” (figure 57). \n\n***Once the “Start Inventory” button has been pressed by the NFP or PM, a notification email will be sent to all \nSE’s with the information that a new inventory was created. SE’s and PM’s can start entering their data into the \nNAIIS software. More details on how to do the data entry please see section 4.1 above. ", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 66. Work on Inventories screen – Rejection of an inventory - Status = awaiting_approval***\n\n", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 62. Work on Inventories screen –Reject - Status = check***\n\n", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Contents**\n1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4 \n\n2 General information ..................................................................................................................... 4 \n\n2.1 System overview ............................................................................................................... 4 \n\n2.2 Pending NAIIS features .................................................................................................... 5 \n\n2.3 Contact .................................................................................................................................. 5 \n\n3 Getting started .............................................................................................................................. 6 \n\n3.1 User Access, Roles and Privileges ........................................................................................ 6 \n\n3.2 How to access/ log out / create a GHG inventory ................................................................. 6 \n\n3.2.1 How to access the NAIIS application ............................................................................ 6 \n\n3.2.2 Create, Start, Add new and View GHG inventory year ................................................. 8 \n\n3.2.3 Initial screen / menu tab of the NFP, PM and SE ........................................................ 13 \n\n3.2.4 How to log out .............................................................................................................. 13 \n\n3.3 User management ................................................................................................................ 14 \n\n3.3.1 Add User ...................................................................................................................... 14 \n\n3.3.2 Disable/Enable User ..................................................................................................... 15 \n\n3.3.3 View User ..................................................................................................................... 16 \n\n4 Using the system ........................................................................................................................ 17 \n\n4.1 Data Entry ........................................................................................................................... 17 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 63. Work on Inventories screen – Propose Rejection - Status = awaiting_rejection_check***\n\n", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**10.4.1 Send for approval of an Inventory**\n\n1. Log in as PM. \n2. Click on “View Inventories Progress” under sub menu “Submission Management”. \n3. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears. \n4. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the Inventory name under column “Name” (figure 60, a). \n5. Press the “Send for Approval” button to send it to NFP for his/her review and approval of the inventory \n(figure 60, b). \n\n***Note: A notification email will be sent to the PM, once the “Send for Approval” has been pressed. And the \nstatus changed to “Awaiting_approval” (figure 61). ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf", - "query": "What is the global warming potential of Perfluorohexane ?", - "target_page": 48, - "target_passage": "7,400", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In the past hundred years, the global climate has experienced great changes1–4. According to the sixth assess- \nment report of IPCC, the global average surface temperature increased by 1.09 °C between 1850 and 2020, and \nalmost all regions in the world experienced surface warming5. Due to global warming, the extreme climate events \nbecome more and more frequent, and the ecological environment problems caused by climate change are more \nand more serious, which restrict the sustainable development of human society and health6–10. Global warming \nhas gradually changed from a scientific issue to a major social issue of common concern to governments and \npeople of all countries11–13. In 2016, nearly 200 parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on climate \nchange reached the Paris Agreement at the climate change conference in Paris14. Paris Agreement has indicated \nthat it is urgent to hold the increase in global average temperature well below 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels \nand pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Policy Sustain. Dev.**2009**, 51, 12–23. [CrossRef] \nRoxburgh, N.; Guan, D.; Shin, K.J.; Rand, W.; Managi, S.; Lovelace, R.; Meng, J. Characterising climate change \ndiscourse on social media during extreme weather events. Glob. Environ. Chang.**2019**, 54, 50–60. [CrossRef] \nSchuldt, J.P.; Konrath, S.H.; Schwarz, N. “Global warming” or “climate change”? Whether the planet is \nwarming depends on question wording. Public Opin. Q.**2011**, 75, 115–124. [CrossRef] \nVillar, A.; Krosnick, J.A. Global warming vs. climate change, taxes vs. prices: Does word choice matter? \nClim. Chang.**2011**, 105, 1–12. [CrossRef] \nJang, S.M.; Hart, P.S. Polarized frames on “climate change” and “global warming” across countries and \nstates: Evidence from Twitter big data. Glob. Environ. Chang.**2015**, 32, 11–17. [CrossRef] \nUnited States Environmental Protection Agency. Climate Change: Basic Information. Available online: \nhttps://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climatechange/climate-change-basic-information_.html (accessed on \n10 October 2019). ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1. Introduction**\n\nThe public’s distinct understanding of the cause and effect of the global climate issue is an obstacle \nto joint mitigation actions. In addition to a diversity of views co-existing in the public discourse [1,2], \nprevious studies noticed that the public had even failed to reach an agreement on whether “climate \nchange” or “global warming” is the most appropriate definition of the global climate concern [3–5]. \nAccording to the definition provided by [6], global warming describes global climate issues as \na continuous increase in the average temperature of Earth’s surface due to anthropogenic emissions \nof greenhouse gases, whereas climate change includes not only temperature rise but also a range of \n\nInt. J. Environ. Res. Public Health**2020**, 17, 1062; doi:10.3390/ijerph17031062 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Greenhouse gasChemical formula1995 IPCC GWP
Carbon dioxideCO21
MethaneCH421
Nitrous oxideN2O310
HFC - 23CHF311.700
HFC - 32CH2F2650
HFC - 41CH3F150
HFC - 43 - 10meeC5H2F101.300
HFC - 125C2HF52.800
HFC - 134C2H2F41.000
HFC - 134aCH2FCF31.300
HFC - 152aC2H4F2140
HFC - 143C2H3F3300
HFC - 143aCF3CH33.800
HFC - 227eaC3HF72.900
HFC - 236faC3H2F66.300
HFC - 254caC3H3F5560
PerfluoromethaneCF46.500
PerfluroethaneC2F69.200
PerfluoropropapeC3F87.000
PerfluorobutaneC2F107.000
Perfluorocyclobutanec - c4F88.700
PerfluoropentaneC5F127.500
PerfluorohexaneC6F147.400
Sulphur hexafluorideSF623.900
", - "page_start": 47, - "page_end": 47, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The status of the two discourses varied significantly in the more recent years in the study period. \nData from Google in prior study suggested that the search record for global warming was larger \nthan that of climate change in earlier times [13]. The authors found that in the battle to be the most \nrepresentative hashtag for global climate concern, #climatechange showed growing popularity and \nbecame an overwhelming trending topic compared with #globalwarming. Also, #climatechange \nshowed a stronger ability to incorporate diverse hashtags into its discourse in both relative and absolute \ndimensions. Comparatively, the popularity of the global warming discourse among social media \nusers did not increase apparently in terms of tweets volume and hashtag diversity, especially when \nconsidering the yearly increase in Twitter users. The reason for the observed shift in public discourse \ntoward climate change from global warming may be attributed to the high exposure of climate change \nin the media and scientific reports in recent years [13]. Previous studies noted that perceived scientific \nconsensus can increase acceptance of science [101]. Though global warming has been commonly used \nsince the 1980s to describe the world-wide temperature rise, climate change is preferred by scientists to \nrefer a range of complex changes of climate [102]. Pew found science-related accounts draw millions \nof followers on Facebook and volume of posts they released climbed in past years [103]. Climate \nscientists are found to be opinion makers on Twitter [104]. As social media has become an emerging \nplatform for science popularization, scientific community might contribute to the prevalence of climate \nchange discourse by talking about climate change facts and mitigating measures [75]. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The impact of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C**\n**global warming on global maize**\n**production and trade**\n\n**OPEN**\n\n**Kuo Li1** ***, Jie Pan1, Wei Xiong2, Wei Xie3 & Tariq Ali3**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Different frames concerning the global climate concern are popular among the public, politicians, \nenvironmentalists, and the media [1,28,29]. Big data analyses have indicated that when interpreting \nclimate events, individuals’ preference for frameworks was influenced by demographics [5] and \nsocial-political background [2]. Different choices of frameworks can evoke different psychological \nprocesses [30], promote or inhibit engagement intentions [31], or gain approval on various levels [32]. \nStudies have noted that the frameworks of climate change and global warming may result from \ndifferent political indications. The American Republican-leaning states show more preference for \nglobal warming than climate change compared with Democratic-leaning states, and global warming is \nmore connected with “hoax” in questioning the reality of the global climate issue [5]. Conservatives \nare more likely to link heat-related phenomena to global warming, whereas liberals associate these \nfacts equally with both frames [27]. An earlier survey conducted by [4] argued that wording choice \nmight not influence the whole population similarly. For the whole sample and politically independent \nindividuals, the two terminologies were equally serious, but climate change seemed more serious \ncompared with global warming among the Republicans, and the Democrats held the opposite opinion. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 1.**The number of tweets containing #climatechange or #globalwarming, and their ratio from \n2009 to 2018 (**a**). The number of hashtags contained in the “climate change” or “global warming” \ndatasets, and their ratio from 2009 to 2018 (**b**). ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed10.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are also several uncertainties and limitations. Firstly, there is no unified understanding of how to cal- \nculate the temperature rise of 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C relative to pre-industrial levels in the worldwide. At present the \nresearch on climate prediction and impact assessment under global warming 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C usually adopts \nmulti-mode ensemble average methods61,62, which could obtain the warming response under the condition of \ninstantaneous change, rather than the warming process under the stable state expected by the long-term goal. If \nwe expect to obtain the accurate results, the model prediction test should be estimated to form proprietary sce- \nnarios for global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C63,64, which could support for the impacts assessment on different \nsectors. Some institutions are carrying out climate change predictions under the lower emission scenarios (global \nwarming 1.5 °C or 2.0 °C). At the same time, in order to achieve the goal of controlling temperature by 1.5 °C at \nthe end of the twenty-first century, it is urgent to take actions to reduce emissions and develop along the track \nof low energy consumption65,66; but it is a great challenge for human society to achieve this goal. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf", - "query": "How can I request access to NAIIS ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "Requests for access to, inquiries on the use of the software, and comments on the design and functionalities of the application should be sent to the dedicated e-mail address naiisapp@unfccc.int.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "***Figure 4. Log-in page of the NAIIS Web Application***\n\n", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.3 Contact**\n\nRequests for access to, inquiries on the use of the software, and comments on the design and functionalities of the \napplication should be sent to the dedicated e-mail address**naiisapp@unfccc.int**. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Press the ‘Enter key’ and the non-Annex I Greenhouse Gas Inventories web page appears. \n\nTo access the NAIIS application, click on the image NAIIS Web Application, the right hand side of the screen. (figure \n3, number 1) and the log-in page will be displayed. (figure 4) ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.2 How to access/ log out / create a GHG inventory**\n\n**3.2.1 How to access the NAIIS application**\n\nOpen any internet browser (i.e. Internet Explorer, Firefox, etc.) and type in the following URL http://unfccc.int/7627 on \nthe browser’s address bar. (figure 1 and figure 2) ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Contents**\n1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4 \n\n2 General information ..................................................................................................................... 4 \n\n2.1 System overview ............................................................................................................... 4 \n\n2.2 Pending NAIIS features .................................................................................................... 5 \n\n2.3 Contact .................................................................................................................................. 5 \n\n3 Getting started .............................................................................................................................. 6 \n\n3.1 User Access, Roles and Privileges ........................................................................................ 6 \n\n3.2 How to access/ log out / create a GHG inventory ................................................................. 6 \n\n3.2.1 How to access the NAIIS application ............................................................................ 6 \n\n3.2.2 Create, Start, Add new and View GHG inventory year ................................................. 8 \n\n3.2.3 Initial screen / menu tab of the NFP, PM and SE ........................................................ 13 \n\n3.2.4 How to log out .............................................................................................................. 13 \n\n3.3 User management ................................................................................................................ 14 \n\n3.3.1 Add User ...................................................................................................................... 14 \n\n3.3.2 Disable/Enable User ..................................................................................................... 15 \n\n3.3.3 View User ..................................................................................................................... 16 \n\n4 Using the system ........................................................................................................................ 17 \n\n4.1 Data Entry ........................................................................................................................... 17 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Note:**Make sure that your PC or notebook has a network route to the system IP \naddress that you specified. In particular, you can access the management GUI from \nany management console that is connected to the same subnet as the system. Enter \nthe system IP address on a supported browser to access the management GUI. ", - "page_start": 113, - "page_end": 113, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3 Getting started**\n\n**3.1 User Access, Roles and Privileges**\n\nThe users of the application are the members of the national team(s) of non-Annex I Parties involved in the \npreparation of their national GHG inventories, and each user is assigned a role. \n\nThe table below explains the different levels of the access rights and corresponding explanation for each role. It is \nimportant to note that the roles are not necessarily identical to a person’s title (e.g. National Focal Point) and that a \nperson can take on several roles (which may be necessary for some countries). \n\nThere are three types of access rights (roles) to the NAIIS application: ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.3.3 View User**\n\nThis function enables NFP and PM to view all users of their country. \n\n Log in as NFP or PM \n Hover the cursor on the “Users Management” tab and click on the “Users Administration” button. (see figure 21); \nthis opens the Users Administration screen (figure 22). \n\n***Figure 21. Users Administration***\n\n Click on the row of the respective user to be viewed (figure 22a). All information of the selected user will be \ndisplayed on the**General Properties**,**Sector**and**Role**boxes (figure 22b). \n\n***Figure 22. Users Administration***\n\n*NAIIS-User-Manual.Docx* Page 16 10/02/2013 ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2 General information**\n\nThe NAIIS is a web-based application designed to enable non-Annex I Parties estimate their national GHG \ninventories according to the UNFCCC guidelines and using the IPCC methodologies, and to report the results in their \nnational communications and biennial update reports. \n\n**2.1** **System overview**\n\nThe NAIIS web application has the following functionalities: \n\n1. User management (only for the user roles NFP and PM) \n2. Submission management \n3. Data entry \n4. Key category analysis \n5. Reporting tables \n6. Data Export/Import \n7. Completeness \n8. Consistency \n\nThe NAIIS web application allows input of data through three different channels: \n\n1. Manual input into the entry grids \n2. Partial or full import of data from Excel \n3. Bulk import of data from XML \n\nThe GHG emissions totals, by gas and by sector, are automatically calculated and saved based on the values \nentered for activity data (AD), emission factors and other relevant parameters. In addition, the software facilitates the \nreporting of other category specific information, for example, the choice of the method for activity data and emission \nfactors. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nNAVAIR ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf", - "query": "What is the problem regarding the use of the Book3 dataset ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The Books3 dataset contains text from over 170,000 books,2 which are a mix of in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. It is believed to have been originally sourced from a website that was not authorized to distribute all of the works", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "***1. Introduction***1 \n\nWhile the field of artificial intelligence research and technology has a long history, broad \npublic attention grew over the last year in light of the wide availability of new generative AI \nsystems, including large language models (LLMs) like GPT-4, Claude, and LLaMA-2. These \ntools are developed using machine learning and other techniques that analyze large datasets \nof written text, and they are capable of generating text in response to a user’s prompts. \n\nWhile many large language models rely on website text for training, books have also played \nan important role in developing and improving AI systems. Despite the widespread use of e- \nbooks and growth of sales in that market, books remain difficult for researchers and \nentrepreneurs to access at scale in digital form for the purposes of training AI. \n\nIn 2023, multiple news publications reported on the availability and use of a dataset of books \n The Books3 dataset contains text from over 170,000 books, \ncalled “Books3” to train LLMs. \nwhich are a mix of in-copyright and out-of-copyright works. It is believed to have been \noriginally sourced from a website that was not authorized to distribute all of the works \ncontained in the dataset. In lawsuits brought against OpenAI, Microsoft, Meta, and \nBloomberg related to their LLMs, the use of Books3 as training data was specifically cited. 3 \n\n2 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***5. Examining approaches to building a books data***\n***commons***\n\nThere are many possible permutations for building a books data commons. To structure our \nexploration, we focused on two particular tracks, discussed below. We chose these tracks \nmindful of the above legal issues, and because there are already existence proofs that help \nto illuminate tradeoffs, challenges and potential paths forward for each. \n\n*5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books*\n\n**Existing Project Example : The Pile v2**\n27 \n\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile — a large, \ndiverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own \ntraining of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28 \n\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets. \nThe first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second \nand third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books \nby otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published \nprior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project \nGutenberg. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "engagement. And, at least in the U.S., it could generate billions of dollars in damages if the \nspecific design choices and technical constraints are not adequate to justify a finding of fair \nuse. \n\nThis sort of books dataset could be built by expanding use of in-copyright books that have \nalready been digitized from existing libraries and other sources. Specifically, workshop \nparticipants mentioned that the Internet Archive, HathiTrust, and Google as entities that have \ndigitized books and could repurpose their use to build a books commons, although \nchallenges with using these datasets were noted. The Internet Archive is in the midst of \nlitigation brought by book publishers for its program for lending digital books; while not \ndirectly relevant to the issue of AI training using their corpus of books, this sort of litigation \ncreates a chilling effect on organizations seeking to make new uses of these digitized books. \nMeanwhile, Google encumbered HathiTrust’s digital copies with certain contractual \nrestrictions, which would need to be addressed to develop a books dataset for AI training, \nand Google itself is unlikely to share its own copies while it provides them a competitive \nadvantage. \n\nPerhaps as a matter of public policy, these existing copies could be made more freely \navailable. For instance, to ensure robust competition around AI and advance other public \ninterests, policymakers could remove legal obstacles to the sharing of digitized book files for \nuse in AI training. Alternatively, policymakers could go further and affirmatively compel \nsharing access to these digital book files for AI training. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Today, the Center’s tools are not suitable for AI training, in that they don’t allow the specific \ntypes of technical manipulation of underlying text necessary to train an AI. Nevertheless, the \nCenter demonstrates that building a books data commons for computational analysis is \npossible, and in turn points to the possibility of creating such a resource for AI training. 36 \n\n**Implications of Overall Approach**\n\nBy relying on existing limitations and exceptions in copyright law, the number of books one \ncould include in the corpus of a books data commons is far greater and more diverse. Of \ncourse, a bigger dataset doesn’t necessarily mean a higher quality dataset for all uses of AI \nmodels; as HathiTrust shows, even a multimillion book corpus can skew in various \ndirections. Still, dataset size generally remains significant to an LLM’s performance – the \nmore text one can train on, or rather the more tokens for training the model, the better, at \n 37 \nleast along a number of performance metrics. \n\nWhile holding the potential for a broader and more diverse dataset, a key limitation in \npursuing this approach is that it is only feasible where relevant copyright limitations and \nexceptions exist. Even then, legal uncertainty means that going down this path is likely to \nlitigation and regulatory \ngenerate, at a minimum, expensive and time-consuming ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*What dataset management practices are necessary?*\n\nNo matter how a books data commons gets built, it will be important to consider broader \naspects of data governance. For example: \n\n•**Dataset documentation and transparency:**Transparent documentation is important \nfor any dataset used for AI training. A datasheet is a standardized form of \ndocumentation that includes information about provenance and composition of data, \nand includes information on management practices, recommended uses or collection \nprocess. \n\n•**Quality assurance:**Above, we note the many features that make books useful for AI \ntraining, as compared with web data, for example. That said, the institution managing \na books commons dataset may still want to collect and curate the collection to meet \nthe particular purposes of its users. For instance, it may want to take steps to \nmitigate biases inherent in the dataset, by ensuring books are representative of a \nvariety of languages and geographies. \n\n•**Understanding uses:**The institution managing a books commons dataset could \nmeasure and study how the dataset is used, to inform future improvements. Such \nmonitoring may also enable accountability measures with respect to uses of the \ndataset. Introducing community norms for disclosing datasets used in AI training and \nother forms of AI research would facilitate such monitoring. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***7. Conclusion***\n\nThis paper is a snapshot of an idea that is as underexplored as it is rooted in decades of \nexisting work. The concept of mass digitization of books, including to support text and data \nmining, of which AI is a subset, is not new. But AI training is newly of the zeitgeist, and its \ntransformative use makes questions about how we digitize, preserve, and make accessible \nknowledge and cultural heritage salient in a distinct way. \n\nAs such, efforts to build a books data commons need not start from scratch; there is much \nto glean from studying and engaging existing and previous efforts. Those learnings might \ninform substantive decisions about how to build a books data commons for AI training. For \ninstance, looking at the design decisions of HathiTrust may inform how the technical \ninfrastructure and data management practices for AI training might be designed, as well as \nhow to address challenges to building a comprehensive, diverse, and useful corpus. In \naddition, learnings might inform the process by which we get to a books data commons — \nfor example, illustrating ways to attend to the interests of those likely to be impacted by the \ndataset’s development. 41 \n\nWhile this paper does not prescribe a particular path forward, we do think finding a path (or \npaths) to extend access to books for AI training is critical. In the status quo, large swaths of \nknowledge contained in books are effectively locked up and inaccessible to most everyone. \nGoogle is an exception — it can reap the benefits of their 40 million books dataset for \nresearch, development, and deployment of AI models. Large, well-resourced entities could \ntheoretically try to replicate Google’s digitization efforts, although it would be incredibly \nexpensive, impractical, and largely duplicative for each entity to individually pursue their own \nefforts. Even then, it isn’t clear how everyone else — independent researchers, entrepreneurs, \nand smaller entities — will have access. The controversy around the Books3 dataset \ndiscussed at the outset should not, then, be an argument in favor of preserving the status \nquo. Instead, it should highlight the urgency of building a books data commons to support an \nAI ecosystem that provides broad benefits beyond the privileged few. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Books3 controversy highlights a critical question at the heart of generative AI: what role \ndo books play in training AI models, and how might digitized books be made widely \naccessible for the purposes of training AI? What dataset of books could be constructed and \nunder what circumstances? \n\nIn February 2024, Creative Commons, Open Future and Proteus Strategies convened a series \nof workshops to investigate the concept of a responsibly designed, broadly accessible \ndataset of digitized books to be used in training AI models. Conducted under the Chatham \nHouse Rule, we set out to ask if there is a possible future in which a “books data commons \nfor AI training” might exist, and what such a commons might look like. The workshops \nbrought together practitioners on the front lines of building next-generation AI models, as \nwell as legal and policy scholars with expertise in the copyright and licensing challenges \nsurrounding digitized books. Our goal was also to bridge the perspective of stewards of ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "mitigate the class imbalance while preserving the \nmajority of those classes, they have been randomly \nsubsampled to 6701 and 4803 samples. Further- \nmore, baseline models have been trained and tested \nto assess the usability of this dataset in other tasks, \nsuch as classification and topic modeling. Table 5 \nshows the results obtained. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "•**Breadth, Diversity, and Mitigating Bias:**Books can serve a critical role in ensuring AI \nmodels are inclusive of a broad range of topics and categories that may be under- \nrepresented in other content. For all that the Internet has generated an explosion in \nhuman creativity and information sharing, it generally represents only a few decades \nof information and a small portion of the world’s creative population. A books \ndataset, by comparison, is capable of representing centuries of human knowledge. As \na result such a dataset can help ensure AI systems behavior is based on centuries of \nhistorical information from modern books. It can help ensure broad geographic and \nlinguistic diversity. What’s more, the greater breadth and diversity of high-quality \ncontent help mitigate challenges around bias and misinformation. Using a more \ndiverse pool of training data can help support the production of a model and outputs \nof the model that are more representative of that diversity. Books can be useful in \nevaluation datasets to test existing models for memorization capabilities, which can \nhelp prevent unintended reproduction of existing works. Of course, this is all \ncontingent on actual composition of the corpus; in order to have the benefits \ndescribed, the books would need to be curated and included with characteristics like \ntime, geographic and linguistic diversity. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " There are certain technical challenges in using books in AI training as well, given the nature of the \n8 \nformat. First, one must address whether a book is already in digital form. For the vast majority of books, \nthat is not the case. One first needs to digitize the book, and convert it to a digital text file using optical \ncharacter recognition (OCR), or use a born-digital version (although we return to specific limitations on \nthat approach below). Second, once a book is in digital text form, it must be converted into a text format \nthat is suitable for AI training. Text conversion tools transfer the content of books into complete text \nfiles, which is akin to the type of conversion that must be done between a Microsoft Word or Adobe PDF \nfile format and a simple .txt format. This conversion is generally not adequate for the purpose of AI \ntraining; researchers have found that post-processing is required to ensure these text files are properly \nformatted for the purposes of tokenization. For example, when building the dataset known as The Pile, \nresearchers had to modify an existing epub-to-text converter tool to ensure that document structure \nacross chapters was preserved to match the table of contents, that tables of data were correctly \nrendered, to convert numbered lists from digitally legible lists of “1\\.” to “1.”, and to replace unicode \npunctuation with ascii punctuation. See Discussion in 4.3.2 in Bandy, Jack, and Nicholas Vincent. \n*Addressing “Documentation Debt” in Machine Learning Research: A Retrospective Datasheet for*\n*BookCorpus*. 2021, https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.05241.pdf. and C.16 of The Pile documentation in Gao, \nLeo, et al.*The Pile: An 800GB Dataset of Diverse Text for Language Modeling*, https://arxiv.org/pdf/ \n2101.00027.pdf. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf", - "query": "In the United States, before which date is book out of copyright for sure ?", - "target_page": 9, - "target_passage": "In the United States, all books published or released before 1929 are in the public domain. While use of these books provides maximal certainty for the AI developer to train on", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "***4. Copyright, Licensing, & Access to Books for***\n***Training***\n\nEven if books can be acquired, digitized, and made technically useful for AI training, the \ndevelopment of a books data commons would necessarily need to navigate and comply with \ncopyright law. \n\n**Out-of-Copyright Books:**A minority of books are old enough to be in the public domain and \nout of copyright, and an AI developer could use them in training without securing any \ncopyright permission. In the United States, all books published or released before 1929 are in \nthe public domain. While use of these books provides maximal certainty for the AI developer \nto train on, it is worth noting that the status of whether a book is in the public domain can be \ndifficult to determine. \n For instance, books released between 1929 and 1963 in the U.S. are \nout of copyright if they were not subject to a copyright renewal; however, data on copyright \nrenewals is not easily accessible. \n\n14 \n\nWhat’s more, copyright definitions and term lengths vary among countries. Even if a work is \nin the public domain in the US, it may not be in other countries. \n Countries generally use the \nlife of the last living author + “x” years to determine the term of copyright protection. For \nmost countries, “x” is either 50 years (the minimum required by the Berne Convention) or 70 \nyears (this is the case for all member states of the European Union and for all works \npublished in the U.S. after 1978). This approach makes it difficult to determine copyright \nterms with certainty because it requires information about the date of death of each author, \nwhich is often not readily available. \n\n15 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " See e.g. Heald, Paul J. “How Copyright Makes Books and Music Disappear (and How Secondary \n16 \nLiability Rules Help Resurrect Old Songs).” Illinois Program in Law, Behavior and Social Science Paper \nNo. LBSS14-07 Illinois Public Law Research Paper No. 13-54 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2290181. \nAccessed 4 Jan. 2020, at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2290181; Rosen, \nRebecca J. “Why Are so Few Books from the 20th Century Available as Ebooks?”*The Atlantic*, 18 Mar. \n2014, www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/03/why-are-so-few-books-from-the-20th-century- \navailable-as-ebooks/284486/. See also “Google Book Search Settlement and Access to Out of Print \nBooks.”*Google Public Policy Blog*, publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2009/06/google-book-search- \nsettlement-and.html. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024 (discussing this issue in the context of the failed class- \naction settlement between Google, the Authors Guild, and the Association of American Publishers). \nGoogle’s final brief in the settlement proceedings notes the “prohibitive transaction costs of identifying \nand locating individual Rightsholders of these largely older, out-of-print books” — see this brief at https:// \nweb.archive.org/web/20130112060651/http://thepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/ \ngoogle_final_approval_support.pdf. The Authors Guild and Association of American Publishers also \njustified the settlement’s terms in light of the fact that “the transaction costs involved in finding \ncopyright owners and clearing the rights are too high”; while they argued that most works are not truly \n“orphans,” they note that total transaction costs as a whole (including, for example, determining whether \nthe author or publisher holds the rights and then negotiating rates) are so high as to block uses of out- \nof-print works anyway — see this brief at https://web.archive.org/web/20130112060213/http:// \nthepublicindex.org/docs/amended_settlement/Supplemental_memorandum_of_law.pdf. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " For a sense of the complexity, see e.g. Melissa Levine, Richard C. Adler.*Finding the Public Domain:*\n\n14 \n*Copyright Review Management System Toolkit*. 2016, quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/ \n14616082.0001.001. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.; Kopel, Matthew. “LibGuides: Copyright at Cornell Libraries: \nCopyright Term and the Public Domain.” guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain; \nMannapperuma, Menesha, et al.*Is It in the Public Domain? A HANDBOOK for EVALUATING the*\n*COPYRIGHT STATUS of a WORK CREATED in the UNITED STATES*. 1923. \n\n See e.g. Moody, Glyn. “Project Gutenberg Blocks Access in Germany to All Its Public Domain Books \n\n15 \nbecause of Local Copyright Claim on 18 of Them.”*Techdirt*, 7 Mar. 2018, www.techdirt.com/ \n2018/03/07/project-gutenberg-blocks-access-germany-to-all-public-domain-books-because-local- \ncopyright-claim-18-them/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The authors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and \n\nto acknowledge the use of copyright material. Should any infringement of copyright \n\nhave occurred, please contact the publisher, and every effort will be made to rectify \n\nomissions or errors in the event of a reprint or new edition. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "with. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most \nare not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted \nworks and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16 \n\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially \nthose that have or have had limited commercial value. \n Put differently, the barrier to using \nmost books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources, \nlicensing would not enable access to most works. \n\n17 \n\n**Permissively licensed works**\n\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as \nworks placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular \nuses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their \nfollow-on use). \n\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion \ndepends on whether the license’s terms can be complied with in the context of AI training. \nFor instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper \nattribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public \nDomain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18 ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Reliance on Copyright Limitations and Exceptions**\n\nEven if a book is in copyright, it’s possible that copying books for AI training may be covered \nby existing limitations and exceptions to copyright law in particular jurisdictions. For \nexample: \n\n• In the United States, many argue using existing works to train generative AI is “fair \nuse,” consistent with existing law and legal precedents. \n This is the subject of a \nnumber of currently active court cases, and different actors and tools may yield \ndifferent results, as fair use is applied case-by-case using a flexible balancing test. \n\n19 \n\n• In the European Union, there are explicit exceptions in the law for “text and data \nmining” uses of in-copyright works, both for non-commercial research and for \ncommercial purposes. However, for commercial uses and for users outside of \nresearch and heritage institutions, they must respect the rights of rightsholders who \nchoose to “reserve their rights” (i.e., opt-out of allowing text and data mining) via \n The exception also requires that users have “lawful \nmachine readable mechanisms. \naccess” to the works. \n\n20 \n\n• Finally, Japan provides a specific text and data mining exception, without any \ncomparable opt-out requirement for commercial uses as is embedded in EU law. 21 ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**In-Copyright Books:**The vast majority of books are in copyright, and, insofar as the training \nprocess requires making a copy of the book, the use in AI training may implicate copyright \nlaw. Our workshop covered three possible paths for incorporating such works. \n\n**Direct licensing**\n\nOne could directly license books from rightsholders. There may be some publishers who are \nwilling to license their works for this purpose, but it is hard to determine the scale of such \naccess, and, in any event, there are significant limits on this approach. Along with the \nchallenge (and expense) of reaching agreements with relevant rightsholders, there is also the \npractical difficulty of simply identifying and finding the rightsholder that one must negotiate ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "It is also important to note two other issues that can affect the application of limitations and \nexceptions, in particular, their application to e-books. \n\nThe first important limitation is that almost every digital book published today comes with a \nset of contractual terms that restrict what users can do with it. In many cases, those terms \nwill explicitly restrict text data mining or AI uses of the content, meaning that even where \ncopyright law allows for reuse (for example, under fair use), publishers by contract can \nimpose restrictions anyway. In the United States, those contract terms are generally thought \nto override the applicability of fair use or other limitations and exceptions. \n Other \njurisdictions, such as those in the EU, provide that certain limitations and exceptions cannot \nbe contractually overridden, though experience to date varies with how those anti-contractual \noverride protections work in practice. \n\n23 \n\n 24 \n\nThe second limitation is the widespread adoption of “anti-circumvention” rules in copyright \nlaws and the interplay of these with a choice to rely on copyright limitations and exceptions. \nDigital books sold by major publishers are generally encumbered with “digital rights \nmanagement” (DRM) that limits how someone can use the digital file. For instance, DRM can \nlimit the ability to make a copy of the book, or even screenshot or excerpt from it, among \nother things. Anti-circumvention laws restrict someone's ability to evade these technical \nrestrictions, even if it is for an ultimately lawful use. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Workshop participants discussed different types of opt-outs that could be built. For example, \nopt-outs could be thought of not in blanket terms, but only as applied to certain uses, for \nexample to commercial uses of the corpus, but not research uses. This could build on or \nmirror the approach that the EU has taken in its text and data mining exceptions to \ncopyright. \n Opt-outs might be more granular, by focusing on allowing or forbidding particular \nuses or other categories of users, given that rights holders have many different sets of \npreferences. \n\n38 \n\nAnother question is about*who*can opt-out particular works from the dataset. This could \nsolely be an option for copyright holders, although authors might be allowed to exercise an \nopt-out for their books even if they don’t hold the copyrights. This might create challenges if \nthe author and rightsholder disagree about whether to opt a particular book out of the \ncorpus. Another related issue is that individual books, such as anthologies, may comprise \nworks created (and rights held) by many different entities. The images in a book may have \ncome from third-party sources, for instance, or a compendium of poetry might involve many ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " See e.g. Comments from Sprigman, Samuelson, Sag to Copyright Office, October 2023, at https:// \n19 \nwww.regulations.gov/comment/COLC-2023-0006-10299 as well as many other submissions to the US \ncopyright office; see also Advocacy, Katherine Klosek, Director of Information Policy and Federal \nRelations, Association of Research Libraries (ARL), and Marjory S. Blumenthal, Senior Policy Fellow, \nAmerican Library Association (ALA) Office of Public Policy and. “Training Generative AI Models on \nCopyrighted Works Is Fair Use.”*Association of Research Libraries*, 23 Jan. 2024, www.arl.org/blog/ \ntraining-generative-ai-models-on-copyrighted-works-is-fair-use/. \n\n See Articles 3 and 4 of the EU’s Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market \n20 \n— https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj. \n\n Japan clarified its laws in 2018 to make clear that this type of use is permitted — see discussion in \n\n21 \nTestimony of Matthew Sag, July 2023, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ \n2023-07-12_pm_-_testimony_-_sag.pdf, see also Fiil-Flynn, S.*et al.*(2022)*Legal reform to enhance global*\n*text and Data Mining Research*,*Science*. Available at: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/ \nscience.add6124 (Accessed: 28 Sept. 2023). ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf", - "query": "What of the main imporvement of the Pile v2 dataset in comparison to its first version ?", - "target_page": 13, - "target_passage": "Among other things, v2 would “have many more books than the original Pile had, for example, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.” At the same time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed content", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "As the awareness about The Pile dataset grew, certain rightsholders began sending copyright \nnotices to have the dataset taken down from various websites. \n\nDespite the takedown requests, the importance of books to EleutherAI and the broader \ncommunity’s AI research remained. In hoping to forge a path forward EleutherAI announced \n 29 \nin 2024 that they would create a new version of the dataset, which they will call The Pile v2. \nAmong other things, v2 would “have many more books than the original Pile had, for \nexample, and more diverse representation of non-academic non-fiction domains.” At the \nsame time, it would only seek to include public domain books and permissively licensed \ncontent. As before, this corpus focuses on English language books. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***5. Examining approaches to building a books data***\n***commons***\n\nThere are many possible permutations for building a books data commons. To structure our \nexploration, we focused on two particular tracks, discussed below. We chose these tracks \nmindful of the above legal issues, and because there are already existence proofs that help \nto illuminate tradeoffs, challenges and potential paths forward for each. \n\n*5a. Public domain and permissively licensed books*\n\n**Existing Project Example : The Pile v2**\n27 \n\nIn 2020, the nonprofit research group EleutherAI constructed and released The Pile — a large, \ndiverse, open dataset for AI training. EleutherAI developed it not only to support their own \ntraining of LLMs, but also to lower the barriers for others. 28 \n\nAlong with data drawn from the web at large, The Pile included books from three datasets. \nThe first dataset was the Books3 corpus referenced at the outset of this paper. The second \nand third books datasets were smaller: BookCorpus2, which is a collection of 17,868 books \nby otherwise unpublished authors; and a 28,752 books in the public domain and published \nprior to 1919, drawn from a volunteer effort to digitize public domain works called Project \nGutenberg. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "versus pixel prediction objective, b) the construction of \nthe pretraining data distribution, c) the feature pooling \nstrategy for leveraging the model’s representations in \ndownstream tasks, and d) the masking strategy, towards \nidentifying: what to predict from what? ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 5 Comparison with Pixel Prediction Methods. We compare V-JEPA with OmniMAE (Girdhar et al., 2023), Video- \nMAE (Tong et al., 2022), and Hiera (Ryali et al., 2023), which leverage a pixel-reconstruction loss. All models are trained using \na ViT-L architecture or a comparable Hiera-L. We evaluate the approaches on downstream image tasks (IN1K, Places205, \niNat201) and video tasks (K400, SSv2, AVA) in both frozen evaluation (with a frozen backbone), and end-to-end fine-tuning. \nAll models are evaluated at resolution 224. On K400 and SSv2 we follow the standard practice of reporting accuracy from \nseveral spatial and temporal views from the video. In frozen evaluation, V-JEPA outperforms the baselines on all downstream \ntasks, except ImageNet, where the model achieves 74.8% compared to 75.1% of an OmniMAE model trained directly on \nImageNet. V-JEPA also achieves the best fine-tuning performance amongs all ViT-L models and matches the Hiera-L on \nSSv2. The V-JEPA results are achieved while processing significantly fewer examples during pretraining. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.2 Datasets (Data Platform)**\n\nThe**datasets section is the main access point for browsing, filtering and searching the datasets**. It \noffers a faceted search, a full text search and a geographical search. The dataset view provides access \nand information to the distributions of the dataset. \n\nThe home page of this section appears like this: ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "E.3 Sample Efficiency of pretraining \n\nWe compare the sample efficiency of pretraining various state-of-the-art image and video models. Specifically, we \nlook at the number of samples (image or video clips) processed by the network during pretraining, which is larger \nthan the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch training. Notably, our results with V-JEPA are obtained \nwhile processing an order of magnitude fewer samples than previous methods, and notably two orders of magnitude \nfewer samples than OpenCLIP. We believe that further investment towards improving the video pretraining data \ndistribution could lead to substantial gains in downstream image and video tasks. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Day2Day control dataset*. To compare our findings against a control \ngroup of nonpregnant densely-sampled individuals, we used the Day- \n2Day dataset23 which offered comparable whole-brain T1 and T2 MTL \nscans for eight participants (two male) scanned 12–50 times over 2–7 \nmonths. Each participant was run through the ANTs CT and ASHS pro- \ncessing pipelines as outlined above (‘Cortical volume and thickness’ \nand ‘Hippocampal segmentation’). To note, for each participant, we \ncreated an SST based on their first two sessions for consistency with \nthe primary dataset; subfield volumes for the T2 MTL scans did not \nundergo manual retouching. Due to missing header information on \nthe publicly available diffusion scans, we were unable to benchmark \nour white matter changes with the Day2Day dataset. \n\n**Statistical analysis.**Statistical analyses were conducted using R (sMRI; \nversion 3.4.4) and DSI Studio (dMRI; Chen-2022-07-31). ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Implications of the The Overall Approach**\n\nStepping back from The Pile v2 specifically, or any particular existing collection of books or \ndataset built on their basis, we want to understand the implications of relying on public \ndomain works and expressly licensed works in building a books commons. \n\nThe benefits are relatively straightforward. Both categories, by definition come with express \npermission to use the books in AI training. The cost of acquiring the books for this use may \nbe effectively zero or close to it, when considering public domain and “openly” licensed \nbooks that allow redistribution and that have already been digitized. \n\nBut this approach comes with some clear limitations. First, as noted above, for many books \nin the public domain, their status as such is not always clear. And with respect to \npermissively licensed books, it is not always clear whether and how to comply with the \nlicense obligations in this context. \n\nSetting aside those challenges, the simple fact is that relying on public domain and existing \npermissively licensed books would limit the quantity and diversity of data available for \ntraining, impacting performance along different dimensions. Only a small fraction of books \never published fall into this category, and the corpus of books in this category is likely to be \nskewed heavily towards older public domain books. This skew would, in turn, impact the \n For instance, relying on books from before 1929 would not \ncontent available for AI training. \nonly incorporate outdated language patterns, but also a range of biases and misconceptions \nabout race and gender, among other things. Efforts could be made to get people to \npermissively license more material — a book drive for permissive licensing, so to speak; this \napproach would still not encompass most books, at least when it comes to past works. \n\n30 \n\n 31 ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Comparison with video models. Compared to \nlarge-scale video baselines, the V-JEPA models outper- \nform all previous models on every downstream video \nThe V-JEPA models narrow the gap with image models \non image classification tasks. \nIn particular, V-JEPA \nachieves a score of 77.4% on ImageNet using a one- \n\n8 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4 SSv2 fine-tuning performance vs. Samples Seen. We \nreport SSv2 fine-tuning for V-JEPA and pixel-reconstruction \nbaselines using a ViT-L/16 or Hiera-L architecture. V-JEPA \noutperforms all pixel-reconstruction methods using a ViT- \nL/16 and matches the Hiera-L performance while seeing \nsignificantly less samples during pretraining. \n\nFigure 5 SSv2 frozen-evaluation performance vs. Pretraining \nTime. Wallclock times for all methods are measured on a \nsingle GPU with a batch size of 10 clips, using the official \ncodebases for VideoMAE and VideoMAEv2, and linearly \nextrapolated assuming a global batch size of 2400 samples. \nHowever, note that the SSv2 accuracies of video pixel pre- \ndiction methods are actually obtained with small batch sizes \nand significantly longer training schedules. V-JEPA out- \nperforms pixel-reconstruction methods while training signifi- \ncantly faster. ageNet; hence, V-JEPA achieves comparable ImageNet \nperformance despite only pretraining on video. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news1.pdf", - "query": "Where will the 2024 AI + Energy summit take place ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT \n\nNew Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With \nEnergy \n\n07/31/2024 \n\n (AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain \n\nAmerica’s global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative \n\nwith a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit \n\nSeries. \n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, \n\nD.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and \n\ntechnologists to address the challenges of AI’s energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant \n\nenergy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote \n\npartnerships between AI and energy stakeholders. \n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy \n\nefficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in \n\novercoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced \n\ncomputing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In November 2023, the first global AI Safety Summit was held in Bletchley Park in the UK to discuss the \nnear and far term risks of AI and the possibility of mandatory and voluntary regulatory frameworks.[314] \n28 countries including the United States, China, and the European Union issued a declaration at the start \nof the summit, calling for international co-operation to manage the challenges and risks of artificial \nintelligence.[315][316] In May 2024 at the AI Seoul Summit, 16 global AI tech companies agreed to safety \ncommitments on the development of AI.[317][318] ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SCSP’s recent “Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,” raises many issues related to AI and energy, \n\nincluding recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and \n\nother issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American \n\nadversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts. \n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP’s Next-Generation Energy Action Plan. \n\nArticle Link \n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with… ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\nIn January 2024, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released*Electricity 2024, Analysis and Forecast*\n*to 2026*, forecasting electric power use.[203] This is the first IEA report to make projections for data \ncenters and power consumption for artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency. The report states that power \ndemand for these uses might double by 2026, with additional electric power usage equal to electricity \nused by the whole Japanese nation.[204] \n\nProdigious power consumption by AI is responsible for the growth of fossil fuels use, and might delay \nclosings of obsolete, carbon-emitting coal energy facilities. There is a feverish rise in the construction of \ndata centers throughout the US, making large technology firms (e.g., Microsoft, Meta, Google, Amazon) \ninto voracious consumers of electric power. Projected electric consumption is so immense that there is \nconcern that it will be fulfilled no matter the source. A ChatGPT search involves the use of 10 times the \nelectrical energy as a Google search. The large firms are in haste to find power sources – from nuclear \nenergy to geothermal to fusion. The tech firms argue that – in the long view – AI will be eventually \nkinder to the environment, but they need the energy now. AI makes the power grid more efficient and \n\"intelligent\", will assist in the growth of nuclear power, and track overall carbon emissions, according to \ntechnology firms.[205] ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A 2024 Goldman Sachs Research Paper,*AI Data Centers and the Coming US Power Demand Surge*, \nfound \"US power demand (is) likely to experience growth not seen in a generation....\" and forecasts that, \nby 2030, US data centers will consume 8% of US power, as opposed to 3% in 2022, presaging growth for \nthe electrical power generation industry by a variety of means.[206] Data centers' need for more and more \nelectrical power is such that they might max out the electrical grid. The Big Tech companies counter that \nAI can be used to maximize the utilization of the grid by all.[207] \n\nIn 2024, the*Wall Street Journal*reported that big AI companies have begun negotiations with the US \nnuclear power providers to provide electricity to the data centers. In March 2024 Amazon purchased a \nPennsylvania nuclear-powered data center for $650 Million (US).[208] Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang said \nnuclear power is a good option for the data centers.[209] \n\nIn September 2024, Microsoft announced an agreement with Constellation Energy to re-open the Three \nMile Island nuclear power plant to provide Microsoft with 100% of all electric power produced by the \nplant for 20 years. Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in \n1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive \nsafety scrutiny from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. If approved (this will be the first ever US \nre-commissioning of a nuclear plant), over 835 megawatts of power – enough for 800,000 homes – of ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Areas of Exploration**\n\n**Support for Creators in the**\n**Time of Artificial Intelligence**\n\nIn 2023, we convened hundreds via \nroundtables, community conferences \n(e.g.**MozFest**,**Wikimania**), and public \nevents (e.g. symposium on**Generative**\n**AI & Creativity**)to debate copyright law, \nthe ethics of open sharing, and other \nrelevant areas that touch AI. \n\nAt our CC Global Summit, participants \ndrafted**community-driven principles**\non AI that are a valuable input and will \nhelp inform the organization’s thinking \nas we determine CC’s exact role in the AI \nspace. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Regulation**\n\nThe regulation of artificial intelligence is the development \nof public sector policies and laws for promoting and \nregulating AI; it is therefore related to the broader regulation \nof algorithms.[302] The regulatory and policy landscape for \nAI is an emerging issue in jurisdictions globally.[303] \nAccording to AI Index at Stanford, the annual number of \nAI-related laws passed in the 127 survey countries jumped \nfrom one passed \nin 2022 \nalone.[304][305] Between 2016 and 2020, more than 30 \ncountries adopted dedicated strategies for AI.[306] Most EU \nmember states had released national AI strategies, as had \nCanada, China, India, Japan, Mauritius, \nthe Russian \nFederation, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, U.S., and \nVietnam. Others were in the process of elaborating their own AI strategy, including Bangladesh, Malaysia \nand Tunisia.[306] The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence was launched in June 2020, stating a \nneed for AI to be developed in accordance with human rights and democratic values, to ensure public \nconfidence and trust in the technology.[306] Henry Kissinger, Eric Schmidt, and Daniel Huttenlocher \npublished a joint statement in November 2021 calling for a government commission to regulate AI.[307] \nIn 2023, OpenAI leaders published recommendations for the governance of superintelligence, which they \nbelieve may happen in less than 10 years.[308] In 2023, the United Nations also launched an advisory \nbody to provide recommendations on AI governance; the body comprises technology company \nexecutives, governments officials and academics.[309] In 2024, the Council of Europe created the first \ninternational legally binding treaty on AI, called the \"Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence \nand Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law\". It was adopted by the European Union, the United \nStates, the United Kingdom, and other signatories.[310] \n\nin 2016 to 37 passed ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "energy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is \ndependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act.[210] The \nUS government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades \nNuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October \n2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a \nnuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of \nConstellation.[211] \n\nAfter the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of \nTaoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages.[212] Taiwan aims to \nphase out nuclear power by 2025.[212] On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of \ndata centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban.[212] \n\nAlthough most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident, \naccording to an October 2024*Bloomberg*article in Japanese, cloud gaming services company Ubitus, in \nwhich Nvidia has a stake, is looking for land in Japan near nuclear power plant for a new data center for \ngenerative AI.[213] Ubitus CEO Wesley Kuo said nuclear power plants are the most efficient, cheap and \nstable power for AI.[213] ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FAccT ’21, March 3–10, 2021, Virtual Event, Canada \n\nAdvances in Artificial Intelligence, EAAI 2020, New York, NY, USA, February 7-12, \n2020. AAAI Press, 8968–8975. https://aaai.org/ojs/index.php/AAAI/article/ \nview/6428 ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news1.pdf", - "query": "What is the United States SCSP ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "he Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative with a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nUSA ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nUSA ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSentra CA (USA) ", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nUSCHARGE ", - "page_start": 127, - "page_end": 127, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nNEWSUSA ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "news3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nBrian E. Stern ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nJoseph Scalzo ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nRobert L. Katz ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " Richard H. Stanley ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**CSR REPORT 2011**10 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news1.pdf", - "query": "What are some example of uses AI by the US departement of energy ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced computing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Other industry-specific tasks**\n\nThere are also thousands of successful AI applications used to solve specific problems for specific \nindustries or institutions. In a 2017 survey, one in five companies reported having incorporated \"AI\" in \nsome offerings or processes.[178] A few examples are energy storage, medical diagnosis, military \nlogistics, applications that predict the result of judicial decisions, foreign policy, or supply chain \nmanagement. \n\nAI applications for evacuation and disaster management are growing. AI has been used to investigate if \nand how people evacuated in large scale and small scale evacuations using historical data from GPS, \nvideos or social media. Further, AI can provide real time information on the real time evacuation \nconditions.[179][180][181] \n\nIn agriculture, AI has helped farmers identify areas that need irrigation, fertilization, pesticide treatments \nor increasing yield. Agronomists use AI to conduct research and development. AI has been used to predict \nthe ripening time for crops such as tomatoes, monitor soil moisture, operate agricultural robots, conduct \npredictive analytics, classify livestock pig call emotions, automate greenhouses, detect diseases and pests, \nand save water. \n\nArtificial intelligence is used in astronomy to analyze increasing amounts of available data and \napplications, mainly for \"classification, regression, clustering, forecasting, generation, discovery, and the \ndevelopment of new scientific insights.\" For example, it is used for discovering exoplanets, forecasting \nsolar activity, and distinguishing between signals and instrumental effects in gravitational wave \nastronomy. Additionally, it could be used for activities in space, such as space exploration, including the \nanalysis of data from space missions, real-time science decisions of spacecraft, space debris avoidance, \nand more autonomous operation. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Power needs and environmental impacts**\n\nIn January 2024, the International Energy Agency (IEA) released*Electricity 2024, Analysis and Forecast*\n*to 2026*, forecasting electric power use.[203] This is the first IEA report to make projections for data \ncenters and power consumption for artificial intelligence and cryptocurrency. The report states that power \ndemand for these uses might double by 2026, with additional electric power usage equal to electricity \nused by the whole Japanese nation.[204] \n\nProdigious power consumption by AI is responsible for the growth of fossil fuels use, and might delay \nclosings of obsolete, carbon-emitting coal energy facilities. There is a feverish rise in the construction of \ndata centers throughout the US, making large technology firms (e.g., Microsoft, Meta, Google, Amazon) \ninto voracious consumers of electric power. Projected electric consumption is so immense that there is \nconcern that it will be fulfilled no matter the source. A ChatGPT search involves the use of 10 times the \nelectrical energy as a Google search. The large firms are in haste to find power sources – from nuclear \nenergy to geothermal to fusion. The tech firms argue that – in the long view – AI will be eventually \nkinder to the environment, but they need the energy now. AI makes the power grid more efficient and \n\"intelligent\", will assist in the growth of nuclear power, and track overall carbon emissions, according to \ntechnology firms.[205] ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT \n\nNew Artificial Intelligence Summit Series Begins With \nEnergy \n\n07/31/2024 \n\n (AI) continues to transform the United States and the world. To promote and inform rapid advancements in AI and maintain \n\nAmerica’s global competitiveness, the Special Competitive Studies Project (SCSP), a nonprofit and nonpartisan initiative \n\nwith a goal of making recommendations to strengthen America's long-term competitiveness in AI, announces the AI+ Summit \n\nSeries. \n\nThe series kicks off with the topic of energy. The AI + Energy Summit, scheduled for September 26, 2024, in Washington, \n\nD.C., will bring together policy makers, energy industry leaders, top government and academic energy researchers, and \n\ntechnologists to address the challenges of AI’s energy consumption and develop solutions for a resilient and abundant \n\nenergy future. The event also aims to address the implications of AI and energy for national security and promote \n\npartnerships between AI and energy stakeholders. \n\nAI and other emerging technologies can help the United States take the lead in energy areas including maximizing energy \n\nefficiencies, discovering new materials, and enabling new forms of power generation. AI also has a role to play in \n\novercoming energy challenges. The Department of Energy (DOE) already uses AI in several areas including advanced \n\ncomputing, emergency response, environmental modeling, climate forecasting, and materials research. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Applications**\n\nAI and machine learning technology is used in most of the essential applications of the 2020s, including: \nsearch engines (such as Google Search), targeting online advertisements, recommendation systems \n(offered by Netflix, YouTube or Amazon), driving internet traffic, targeted advertising (AdSense, \nFacebook), virtual assistants (such as Siri or Alexa), autonomous vehicles (including drones, ADAS and \nself-driving cars), automatic language translation (Microsoft Translator, Google Translate), facial \nrecognition (Apple's Face ID or Microsoft's DeepFace and Google's FaceNet) and image labeling (used \nby Facebook, Apple's iPhoto and TikTok). The deployment of AI may be overseen by a Chief automation \nofficer (CAO). ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Military**\nVarious countries are deploying AI military applications.[163] The main applications enhance command \nand control, communications, sensors, integration and interoperability.[164] Research is targeting \nintelligence collection and analysis, \ninformation operations, and \nsemiautonomous and autonomous vehicles.[163] AI technologies enable coordination of sensors and \neffectors, threat detection and identification, marking of enemy positions, target acquisition, coordination \nand deconfliction of distributed Joint Fires between networked combat vehicles involving manned and \nunmanned teams.[164] \n\nlogistics, cyber operations, \n\nAI has been used in military operations in Iraq, Syria, Israel and Ukraine.[163][165][166][167] ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Sexuality**\n\nApplications of AI in this domain include AI-enabled menstruation and fertility trackers that analyze user \ndata to offer prediction,[138] AI-integrated sex toys (e.g., teledildonics),[139] AI-generated sexual \neducation content,[140] and AI agents that simulate sexual and romantic partners (e.g., Replika).[141] AI is \nalso used for the production of non-consensual deepfake pornography, raising significant ethical and legal \nconcerns.[142] \n\nAI technologies have also been used to attempt to identify online gender-based violence and online \nsexual grooming of minors.[143][144] ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SCSP’s recent “Action Plan for U.S. Leadership in Next-Generation Energy,” raises many issues related to AI and energy, \n\nincluding recommendations for the government to bring America forward. The AI+ Energy Summit will highlight these and \n\nother issues, and promote collaboration to solve problems. The stakes are high; if the U.S. falls short on energy, American \n\nadversaries could gain the upper hand in AI leadership, according to SCSP experts. \n\nVisit scsp.ai to learn more about the AI+Energy Summit and the SCSP’s Next-Generation Energy Action Plan. \n\nArticle Link \n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/new-artificial-intelligence-summit-series-begins-with… ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A 2024 Goldman Sachs Research Paper,*AI Data Centers and the Coming US Power Demand Surge*, \nfound \"US power demand (is) likely to experience growth not seen in a generation....\" and forecasts that, \nby 2030, US data centers will consume 8% of US power, as opposed to 3% in 2022, presaging growth for \nthe electrical power generation industry by a variety of means.[206] Data centers' need for more and more \nelectrical power is such that they might max out the electrical grid. The Big Tech companies counter that \nAI can be used to maximize the utilization of the grid by all.[207] \n\nIn 2024, the*Wall Street Journal*reported that big AI companies have begun negotiations with the US \nnuclear power providers to provide electricity to the data centers. In March 2024 Amazon purchased a \nPennsylvania nuclear-powered data center for $650 Million (US).[208] Nvidia CEO Jen-Hsun Huang said \nnuclear power is a good option for the data centers.[209] \n\nIn September 2024, Microsoft announced an agreement with Constellation Energy to re-open the Three \nMile Island nuclear power plant to provide Microsoft with 100% of all electric power produced by the \nplant for 20 years. Reopening the plant, which suffered a partial nuclear meltdown of its Unit 2 reactor in \n1979, will require Constellation to get through strict regulatory processes which will include extensive \nsafety scrutiny from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission. If approved (this will be the first ever US \nre-commissioning of a nuclear plant), over 835 megawatts of power – enough for 800,000 homes – of ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Artificial intelligence**\n\n**Artificial intelligence**(**AI**), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly \ncomputer systems. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and \nsoftware that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take \nactions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.[1] Such machines may be called AIs. \n\nHigh-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search); \nrecommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix); virtual assistants (e.g., Google \nAssistant, Siri, and Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); generative and creative tools (e.g., \nChatGPT and AI art); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go). However, \nmany AI applications are not perceived as AI: \"A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general \napplications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common \nenough it's not labeled AI anymore.\"[2][3] \n\nVarious subfields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The \ntraditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural \nlanguage processing, perception, and support for robotics.[a] General intelligence—the ability to complete \nany task performed by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals.[4] To \nreach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including \nsearch and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on \nstatistics, operations research, and economics.[b] AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, \nneuroscience, and other fields.[5] ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf", - "query": "How can I contact Investor Relations of HON industries through email ?", - "target_page": 63, - "target_passage": "E-mail: investorrelations@honi.com", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
SCHEDULE OF QUARTERLY RESULTSINVESTOR RELATIONSCOMMON STOCK
Send inquiries to :HON INDUSTRIES common stock tradesThe Company operates on a fiscal year ending
Investor Relationson the New York Stock Exchange under theon the Saturday nearest December 31. Quar -
HON INDUSTRIES Inc.symbol : HNI. Stock price quotations can beterly results are typically announced within 25
414 East Third Streetfound in major daily newspapers and Thedays after the end of each quarter, and audited
Muscatine, IA 52761Wall Street Journal.results are typically announced within 40 days
Telephone : 56 ( 3.264.7400after year - end.Fax : 563.264.7655
TRANSFER AGENTFISCAL zoo4E - mail : investorrelations @ honi. com
Shareholders may report a change of address or make inquiries by writing or calling :QUARTER - END DATESCORPORATE HEADQUARTERS
1st Quarter : Saturday, April 3HON INDUSTRIES Inc.Computershare Investor Services, LLC
2nd Quarter : Saturday, July 3414 East Third Street2 North LaSalle Street
3rd Quarter : Saturday, October 2P. O. Box 1109Chicago, IL 60602
4th Quarter : Saturday, January 1Muscatine, IA 52761 - 0071Telephone : 312.588.4991
AN NUAL MEETINGTelephone : 56 ( 3.264.7400The Company ’ s annual shareholders ’ meeting
Fax : 563.264.7217will be held at 10 : 30 a. m. on May 4.2004, atWebsite : www. honi. com
the Holiday Inn, Highways 61 & 38 North,Muscatine, Iowa. Shareholders and otherINDEPENDENT PUBLIC
interested investors are encouraged to attendPricewaterhouseCoopers LLPthe meeting.
One North Wacker DriveChicago, IL 60606
", - "page_start": 62, - "page_end": 62, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FOR FURTHER INFORMATION,**\n**PLEASE CONTACT**\n\n**Investor Relations**\n**Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.**\nGlobal Communications, CSR and IR Division \n17-1, Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku \nTokyo 104-8023, Japan \nphone: +81(0)3-5565-2334 \nfax: +81(0)3-3546-2669 \ne-mail: nissan-ir@mail.nissan.co.jp ", - "page_start": 111, - "page_end": 111, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We, the members of HON INDUSTRIES, are dedicated to creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders, to \n\nexceeding our customers’ expectations, and to making our company a great place to work. We will always treat each \n\nother, as well as customers, suppliers, shareholders, and our communities, with fairness and respect. \n\nOur success depends upon business simplification, rapid continuous improvement, and innovation in every- \n\nthing we do, individual and collective integrity, and the relentless pursuit of the following long-standing beliefs: \n\n**W E W I L L B E P R O F I T A B L E .**\n\nWe pursue mutually profitable relationships with customers and suppliers. Only when our company achieves an ade- \n\nquate profit can the other elements of this Vision be realized. \n\n**W E W I L L C R E A T E L O N G - T E R M V A L U E F O R S H A R E H O L D E R S .**\n\nWe create long-term value for shareholders by earning financial returns significantly greater than our cost of capital and \n\npursuing profitable growth opportunities. We will safeguard our shareholders’ equity by maintaining a strong balance \n\nsheet to allow flexibility in responding to a continuously changing market and business environment. ", - "page_start": 63, - "page_end": 63, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Dear Shareholders:**\n\nWe, the members of the HON INDUSTRIES Board of Directors, believe that integrity is central to good corporate governance. This belief is \n\nreflected in the HON INDUSTRIES vision statement (shown on the back of this annual report), adopted many years ago. Our Vision statement \n\nrepresents much more than a traditional “mission,” and it goes much deeper than company policy. The beliefs and values represented in that \n\ndocument are the very foundation of our corporate culture, and guide the attitude and actions of every member, every day. \n\nFrom its beginnings, HON INDUSTRIES has sought to implement its vision through sound policies and practices, and by maintaining \n\na strong Board composed predominantly of outside directors. We are fully committed to executing our responsibilities, and we will continue to \n\nmaintain the company’s long-standing tradition of an independent, well-informed, active, and engaged Board of Directors. \n\nOur board meetings and procedures have been developed and refined to encourage open and informed communication. The company’s \n\naccounting policies have always been conservative and straightforward. The Board’s three committees — Audit; Human Resources and \n\nCompensation; Public Policy and Corporate Governance — have consisted entirely of non-management directors for many years. \n\nDuring 2003, we have given significant attention to the newly released rules emanating from the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "New York Stock Exchange listing requirements — rules intended to improve corporate governance across the country. It is gratifying to report that \n\nHON INDUSTRIES governance practices were already in accord with the spirit of the rules. \n\nIt is an honor to serve as directors of HON INDUSTRIES. We are very proud to represent you, the shareholder, as we oversee the man- \n\nagement of this great company. Please be assured that we intend to remain vigilant and focused on good corporate governance. ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of HON INDUSTRIES Inc.**\n\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001, \n\nDecember 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders equity, and cash flows for each of \n\nthe fiscal years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an \n\nopinion on these financial statements based on our audits. \n\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that \n\nwe plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit \n\nincludes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing \n\nthe accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. \n\nWe believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. \n\nIn our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of \n\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc. and Subsidiaries as of December 29, 2001, December 30, 2000*, and January 1, 2000*, and the results of its operations ", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**To the Board of Directors and Shareholders, HON INDUSTRIES Inc.:**\n\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity, and cash \n\nflows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of HON INDUSTRIES Inc. and its subsidiaries at January 3, 2004, and \n\nDecember 28, 2002, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the fiscal years ended January 3, 2004, and December 28, 2002, \n\nin conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. These financial statements are the responsibility of \n\nthe Company’s management; our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our \n\naudits of these statements in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America, which require that we plan \n\nand perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes \n\nexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used \n\nand significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As we celebrate our 60th year, HON INDUSTRIES has seen leaner, more focused, and have more clearly defined brands \n\nmuch change. The industry has changed. The world has than ever before. Our challenge is to grow, aggressively and \n\nchanged. Our business has changed. What has not changed profitably, through market-driven solutions while maintain- \n\nare the culture and values on which we were founded: integ- ing focus on what we do best — operational excellence. Our ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**ALAN HORN, CPA, CA**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Management is responsible for the preparation and integrity of the consolidated financial statements and other financial information presented \n\nin this report. That responsibility is accomplished using internal controls designed to provide reasonable assurance as to the integrity and accuracy \n\nof the Company’s financial records and to adequately safeguard, verify, and maintain accountability of assets. Such controls are based on estab- \n\nlished written policies and procedures, are implemented by trained personnel with an appropriate segregation of duties, and are monitored \n\nthrough a comprehensive internal audit program. These policies and procedures prescribe that the Company and all its members are to maintain \n\nthe highest ethical and business standards. \n\nPricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP, independent accountants, is retained to audit HON INDUSTRIES’ financial statements. Their accompa- \n\nnying report is based on audits conducted in accordance with auditing standards, generally accepted in the United States. \n\nThe Board of Directors exercises its responsibility for these financial statements through its Audit Committee, which consists entirely of \n\nindependent board members. The Audit Committee meets periodically with the independent accountants and with the Company’s internal audi- \n\ntors, both privately and with management present, to review accounting, auditing, internal controls, and financial reporting matters. ", - "page_start": 59, - "page_end": 59, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf", - "query": "What explains the decrease in net sales of HON industries in 2002 ?", - "target_page": 34, - "target_passage": "The decrease in 2002 was due to the decline in the office furniture market due to unstable economic conditions and the deletion of less profitable product lines in the hearth products segment", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]2001\n
( Amounts in thousands )For the Years20032002
NET CASH FLOWS FROM ( TO ) OPERATING ACTIVITIES :Net income$ 98.105$ 91.360
$ 74.407
Noncash items included in net income :Depreciation and amortization72.77268.755
81.385Other postretirement and postemployment benefits2.1662.246
1.757Deferred income taxes( 3.314 )2.321
6.962
Loss on sales, retirements and impairments of property,plant and equipment5.4158.976
16.200Stock issued to retirement plan4.6785.750
—Other — net3912.613
109
Changes in working capital, excluding acquisition and disposition :Receivables1.006( 19.414 )
47.897Inventories( 3.004 )2.348
35.048Prepaid expenses and other current assets1.5082.431
( 1.661 )Accounts payable and accrued expenses( 35.288 )37.857
( 26.149 )Income taxes2.218( 2.370 )
( 5.957 )Increase ( decrease ) in other liabilities( 5.379 )( 482 )
( 2.198 )Net cash flows from ( to ) operating activities141.274202.391
227.800
NET CASH FLOWS FROM ( TO ) INVESTING ACTIVITIES :Capital expenditures( 34.842 )( 25.885 )
( 36.851 )Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment1.808−
—Capitalized software( 2.666 )( 65 )
( 1.757 )Additional purchase consideration( 5.710 )−
( 8.748 )Short - term investments — net( 49.326 )( 16.377 )
—Purchase of long - term investments( 5.742 )( 22.493 )
—Sales or maturities of long - term investments15.000−
—Other — net2.924
343Net cash flows from ( to ) investing activities( 81.478 )( 63.896 )
( 47.013 )
NET CASH FLOWS FROM ( TO ) FINANCING ACTIVITIES :Purchase of HON INDUSTRIES common stock( 21.512 )( 15.736 )
( 35.059 )Proceeds from long - term debt761825
36.218Payments of note and long - term debt( 20.992 )( 35.967 )
( 87.365 )Proceeds from sale of HON INDUSTRIES common stock12.0632.096
9.449Dividends paid( 30.299 )( 29.386 )
( 28.373 )Net cash flows from ( to ) financing activities( 59.979 )( 78.168 )
( 105.130 )Net increase ( decrease ) in cash and cash equivalents( 183 )60.327
75.657Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year139.16578.838
3.181Cash and cash equivalents at end of year138.982139.165
78.838
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURRS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION :
Cash paid during the year for :Interest$3.408
$ 5.062$ 8.646Income taxes$
", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As we celebrate our 60th year, HON INDUSTRIES has seen leaner, more focused, and have more clearly defined brands \n\nmuch change. The industry has changed. The world has than ever before. Our challenge is to grow, aggressively and \n\nchanged. Our business has changed. What has not changed profitably, through market-driven solutions while maintain- \n\nare the culture and values on which we were founded: integ- ing focus on what we do best — operational excellence. Our ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Nature of Operations** date. Equity securities are classified as available-for-sale and are stated \n\nHON INDUSTRIES Inc., with its subsidiaries (the “Company”), is a at current market value with unrealized gains and losses included as a \n\nprovider of office furniture and hearth products. Both industries are separate component of equity, net of any related tax effect. Debt securi- \n\nreportable segments; however, the Company’s office furniture business ties are classified as held-to-maturity and are stated at amortized cost. \n\nis its principal line of business. Refer to the Operating Segment The specific identification method is used to determine realized gains \n\nInformation note for further information. Office furniture products are and losses on the trade date. Short-term investments include municipal \n\nsold through a national system of dealers, wholesalers, mass merchan- bonds, money market preferred stock, and U.S. treasury notes. Long- \n\ndisers, warehouse clubs, retail superstores, end-user customers, and to term investments include U.S. government securities, municipal bonds, \n\nfederal and state governments. Dealer, wholesaler, and retail super- certificates of deposit, and asset- and mortgage-backed securities. \n\nstores are the major channels based on sales. Hearth products include ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We, the members of HON INDUSTRIES, are dedicated to creating long-term value for all of our stakeholders, to \n\nexceeding our customers’ expectations, and to making our company a great place to work. We will always treat each \n\nother, as well as customers, suppliers, shareholders, and our communities, with fairness and respect. \n\nOur success depends upon business simplification, rapid continuous improvement, and innovation in every- \n\nthing we do, individual and collective integrity, and the relentless pursuit of the following long-standing beliefs: \n\n**W E W I L L B E P R O F I T A B L E .**\n\nWe pursue mutually profitable relationships with customers and suppliers. Only when our company achieves an ade- \n\nquate profit can the other elements of this Vision be realized. \n\n**W E W I L L C R E A T E L O N G - T E R M V A L U E F O R S H A R E H O L D E R S .**\n\nWe create long-term value for shareholders by earning financial returns significantly greater than our cost of capital and \n\npursuing profitable growth opportunities. We will safeguard our shareholders’ equity by maintaining a strong balance \n\nsheet to allow flexibility in responding to a continuously changing market and business environment. ", - "page_start": 63, - "page_end": 63, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Fiscal year 2003 ( For the year ended Mer. 31.2004 )Eliminations\n
JapanNorth AmericaEuropeOther foreign countriesTotalConsolidated
Millions of yen
Sales to third parties --------------------------------------------¥ 2.559.806¥ 3.278.966¥ 1.164.032¥ 426.415¥ 7.429.219¥–¥ 7.429.219
Inter - area sales and transfers -------------------------------------1.725.49135.38431.6904.6631.797.228( 1.797.228 )–Tofal sales ------------------------------------------
4.285.2973.314.3501.195.722431.0789.226.447( 1.797.228 )7.429.219Operating expenses →— ‐– ‐– ‐–––––––––––––3.932.835
2.914.5291.146.549412.9388.406.851( 1.802.487 )6.604.364Operating income --------------------------------------------------------¥ 352.462Y
399.821¥ __49.173¥_18.140¥_819.596Y5.259¥ 824.855Tofal assets -----------------------------------------------¥ 4.805.718
¥fi64.382¥ 607.926¥ 219.109¥ 9.297.135¥( 1.437.279 )¥ 7.859.856
", - "page_start": 102, - "page_end": 102, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Fiscal year 2002 ( For the year ended Mar. 31.2003 )Automobile and EliminationsSales FinancingConsolidated total
Net salest ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------¥ 6.432.720¥ 395.868¥ 6.828.588
Cost of sales -------------------------------------------------------------------------4.617.368254.9564.872.324
Gross profit -----------------------------------------------------1.815.352140.9121.956.264
Operating income ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------677.34859.882737.230
Operating income as a percentage of net sales -----10.5 %15.1 %10.8 %
Net financial cost ---------------------------------------------------------------------( 16.543 )3( 16.540 )
Income before income taxes and minority interests -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------634.81859.806694.624
Net income ---------------------------------------------------------¥ 458.6¥36.554
¥495.165Total net financial cost -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------κ_ ( 16.5 )
Ψ3Y( 16.540 )
Intersegment elimination -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( 5.677 )−( 5.677 )
Net financial cost for segment →—~~~~–~––––––––––––––( 10.866 )3( 10.863 )
", - "page_start": 98, - "page_end": 98, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Nissan Motor Co, Ltd. and Consolidated Subsidiaries Fiscal years 2004.2003 and 2002
Millions of yen2004.31.202003Me. 31.20042002Met 31.2008
Net sales¥ 8.576.277¥ 7.429.219¥ 6.828.588
Cost of sales ( N = 166 #< 11 )6.351.2695.310.1724.872.324
Gross profit2.225.0082.119.0471.956.264
Selling, general and administrative expenses ( Notes 6ond 11 )1.363.8481.294.1921.219.034
Operating income861.160824.855737.230
Other income ( expenses ):Interest income14.93410.321
7.566Interest expense( 26.656 )( 27.290 )
( 25.060 )Equity in earnings of unconsolidatedsubsidiaries and affiliates36.790
11.62311.395Other, net ( Note 12 )( 92.995 )
( 83.012 )( 36.507 )( 67.927 )( 88.358 )
( 42.606 )Income before income taxes andminority interests793.233
736.497694.624Income taxes ( Nete 15 ):Current
179.226137.745113.185Deferred
78.83781.29585.513258.063
219.040198.698Minority interests( 22.889 )
( 13.790 )( 761 )Net income ( Note 18 )¥ 512.281
¥ 503.667¥495.165
", - "page_start": 75, - "page_end": 75, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(% of net revenue) \n5.8% \n**478**\n6 \n427 \n**5.6%**\n**398**\n4.8% \n354 \n5 \n**4.6%**\n300 \n4 \n\n3 \n**’04**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Gross profit was $22.2 million in 2003, compared with $20.3 million in 2002 and $21.8 million in 2001. The Company’s gross profit in 2003 was 35 \npercent of revenues compared with 34 percent of revenues in 2002 and 38 percent of revenues in 2001. The increase in gross profit percentage in 2003 ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf", - "query": "What operations were discontinued in 1997 by Atrion Corp ?", - "target_page": 17, - "target_passage": "During 1997, the Company sold all of its natural gas operations. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Atrion Corporation and subsidiaries \nas of December 31, 2001 and 2000 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, \n2001 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Atrion Corporation \nand Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2003 and 2002, and the consolidated results of their operations and their consolidated cash flows for the years then \nended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As discussed above, the financial statements of Atrion Corporation and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2001, and for the year then ended were audited by \nother auditors who have ceased operations. As described in Note 2, these financial statements have been revised to include the transitional disclosures required \nby Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, which was adopted by the Company as of January 1, 2002. Our \naudit procedures with respect to the disclosures in Note 2 with respect to 2001 included agreeing the previously reported net income to the previously issued \nfinancial statements and the adjustments to reported net income representing amortization expense (including any related tax effects) recognized in those \nperiods related to goodwill to the Company’s underlying records obtained from management. We also tested the mathematical accuracy of the reconciliation \nof adjusted net income to reported net income, and the related income-per-share amounts. In our opinion, the disclosures for 2001 in Note 2 are appropriate. \nHowever, we were not engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the 2001 financial statements of the Company other than with respect to such \ndisclosures and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance on the 2001 financial statements taken as a whole. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n2004 \nAnnual Report \nYear Ended March 31, 2005 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Atrion Corporation: \n\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Atrion Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2003 \nand 2002, and the related consolidated statements of income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial \nstatements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. \nThe financial statements of Atrion Corporation and Subsidiaries as of and for the year in the period ended December 31, 2001, were audited by other auditors \nwho have ceased operations. Those auditors expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements in their report dated February 25, 2002. \n\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan \nand perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes \nexamining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting \nprinciples used and significant estimates made by management as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits \nprovide a reasonable basis for our opinion. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "S U M M A R Y O F S I G N I F I C A N T A C C O U N T I N G P O L I C I E S 1 \n\nAtrion Corporation designs, develops, manufactures and markets products primarily for the medical and health care industry. The Company markets its \nproducts throughout the United States and internationally. The Company’s customers include hospitals, distributors, and other manufacturers. As of \nDecember 31, 2003, the principal subsidiaries of the Company through which it conducted its operations were Atrion Medical Products, Inc. (“Atrion \nMedical Products”), Halkey-Roberts Corporation (“Halkey-Roberts”) and Quest Medical, Inc. (“Quest Medical”). \n\n**P R I N C I P L E S O F C O N S O L I D A T I O N**\nThe consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Atrion Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”). All significant intercompany \ntransactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. \n\n**F A I R V A L U E**\nThe carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these \nitems. The carrying amount of debt approximates fair value as the interest rate is tied to market rates. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Comparison of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998**\n\n**Annual Consolidated Revenues**\n27% increase for full year \n2000 over 1999 \n**5 2 . 7**\n\n**4 1 . 5**", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**We manage our assets and resources carefully.**\n\nOur financial strategy centers on building the strength and stability that will position our company for \n\nongoing growth. We approach the management of our resources with discipline and diligence, striking the \n\nbalance that allows us to accomplish our objectives: Funding the current needs of the business, maintaining a \n\nEBITDA Per Diluted Share From \nContinuing Operations(a) strong financial foundation, and investing in the resources, technology and assets that will ensure operating \n\nefficiency and fuel future growth. The soundness of this strategy was reflected once again in our financial \n\nresults for 2003. \n\nFor the fifth consecutive year, Atrion’s earnings per diluted share from continuing operations increased \n$7 \n\nby more than 15 percent, rising from $2.18 in 2002 to $2.66 in 2003, a 22 percent improvement. In light of \n6 \nthe economic pressures which have challenged virtually every business in recent years, we view five \n5 \nconsecutive years of EPS growth—ranging from 16 percent to over 50 percent—as a sign of solid financial \n\n4 strength and a testament to the viability of our strategy. Including a gain from discontinued operations of $ .09 \n\nper share, net income totaled $2.75 per diluted share for 2003. \n3 \n$2.70 \nRevenues for 2003 increased five percent to $62.8 million, from $59.5 million in the prior year. Return \n2 \n\n1 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Grant Thornton LLP \nDallas, Texas \nFebruary 13, 2004 \n\n*This is a copy of the audit report previously issued by Arthur Andersen LLP in connection with Atrion Corporation and Subsidiaries Annual Report*\n*for the year ended December 31, 2001. This audit report has not been reissued by Arthur Andersen LLP in connection with this Annual Report. The*\n*consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2001 and 2000 and the consolidated statements of income and cash flows for the years ended*\n*December 31, 2000 and 1999 referred to in this report have not been included in the accompanying financial statements.*\n\nTo the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Atrion Corporation: \n\nWe have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Atrion Corporation (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2001 \nand 2000 and the related consolidated statements of income and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2001. These financial \nstatements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. \n\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit \nto obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence \nsupporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made \nby management as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf", - "query": "How much share of Atrion's revenues did its major customer representin in 2003 ? ", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "The Company had one major customer which represented approximately $9.1 million (14.4 percent", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "R E V E N U E S F R O M M A J O R C U S T O M E R S 9 \n\nThe Company had one major customer which represented approximately $9.1 million (14.4 percent), $7.4 million (12.4 percent) and $11.0 million \n(19.1 percent) of the Company’s operating revenues during the years 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our financial performance earned recognition from*Investors Business Daily*, which ranked Atrion sixth \n\non its list of Market-Leading Medical Stocks in November 2003. During the year, our stock price more than \n\ndoubled, ending the year at $45.44, up from $22.50 at year-end 2002. Over the last five years, our stock price \n\nhas increased by 468 percent. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Atrion Corporation \nand Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2003 and 2002, and the consolidated results of their operations and their consolidated cash flows for the years then \nended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Note 11. Major Customers**\n\nThe Company has one major customer and relationship that is a significant source of revenue. In 2003, as during the \npast number of years, the Company's relationship with Sprint continued to increase, due to growth in the PCS business \nsegment. Approximately 61.2% of total revenues in 2003 were generated by or through Sprint and its customers using \nthe Company's portion of Sprint’s nationwide PCS network. This was compared to 57.6% in 2002, and 47.1% of total \nrevenue in 2001. No other customer relationship on a stand-alone basis generates more than 2.5% of the Company’s \ntotal revenue for 2003, 2002 and 2001. ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Gross profit was $22.2 million in 2003, compared with $20.3 million in 2002 and $21.8 million in 2001. The Company’s gross profit in 2003 was 35 \npercent of revenues compared with 34 percent of revenues in 2002 and 38 percent of revenues in 2001. The increase in gross profit percentage in 2003 ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Atrion Corporation and subsidiaries \nas of December 31, 2001 and 2000 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, \n2001 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(% of net revenue) \n5.8% \n**478**\n6 \n427 \n**5.6%**\n**398**\n4.8% \n354 \n5 \n**4.6%**\n300 \n4 \n\n3 \n**’04**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In recent years, the economic climate has presented significant \nchallenges to growth—and, in some cases, survival—for American \nbusinesses. The companies that have fared well are those with solid \nfinancial foundations and sound growth strategies that provide a \nmeasure of protection against the changing winds of the economy. \nAtrion is one of those companies. For the past five years, we have \nproduced earnings per share growth of more than 15 percent each \nyear. Despite fluctuations in our markets and product demand, we \nhave continued to return value to our stockholders through strong \nearnings growth, year after year. As a leading provider of medical \ndevices and components to niche markets in the health care \nindustry, we are committed to doing everything we can to continue \nthat level of performance. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**We manage our assets and resources carefully.**\n\nOur financial strategy centers on building the strength and stability that will position our company for \n\nongoing growth. We approach the management of our resources with discipline and diligence, striking the \n\nbalance that allows us to accomplish our objectives: Funding the current needs of the business, maintaining a \n\nEBITDA Per Diluted Share From \nContinuing Operations(a) strong financial foundation, and investing in the resources, technology and assets that will ensure operating \n\nefficiency and fuel future growth. The soundness of this strategy was reflected once again in our financial \n\nresults for 2003. \n\nFor the fifth consecutive year, Atrion’s earnings per diluted share from continuing operations increased \n$7 \n\nby more than 15 percent, rising from $2.18 in 2002 to $2.66 in 2003, a 22 percent improvement. In light of \n6 \nthe economic pressures which have challenged virtually every business in recent years, we view five \n5 \nconsecutive years of EPS growth—ranging from 16 percent to over 50 percent—as a sign of solid financial \n\n4 strength and a testament to the viability of our strategy. Including a gain from discontinued operations of $ .09 \n\nper share, net income totaled $2.75 per diluted share for 2003. \n3 \n$2.70 \nRevenues for 2003 increased five percent to $62.8 million, from $59.5 million in the prior year. Return \n2 \n\n1 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf", - "query": "What was Atrion's gross profit in 2003 (in thousands) ? ", - "target_page": 10, - "target_passage": "Gross Profit 22,239", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Gross profit was $22.2 million in 2003, compared with $20.3 million in 2002 and $21.8 million in 2001. The Company’s gross profit in 2003 was 35 \npercent of revenues compared with 34 percent of revenues in 2002 and 38 percent of revenues in 2001. The increase in gross profit percentage in 2003 ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our financial performance earned recognition from*Investors Business Daily*, which ranked Atrion sixth \n\non its list of Market-Leading Medical Stocks in November 2003. During the year, our stock price more than \n\ndoubled, ending the year at $45.44, up from $22.50 at year-end 2002. Over the last five years, our stock price \n\nhas increased by 468 percent. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Atrion Corporation and subsidiaries \nas of December 31, 2001 and 2000 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, \n2001 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Atrion Corporation \nand Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2003 and 2002, and the consolidated results of their operations and their consolidated cash flows for the years then \nended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Revenue.*Revenue was $2,708.1 million, $2,517.8 million and $2,365.1 million for the years ended \nDecember 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively. Revenue increased by $190.3 million, or 7.6%, from 2003 to ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In recent years, the economic climate has presented significant \nchallenges to growth—and, in some cases, survival—for American \nbusinesses. The companies that have fared well are those with solid \nfinancial foundations and sound growth strategies that provide a \nmeasure of protection against the changing winds of the economy. \nAtrion is one of those companies. For the past five years, we have \nproduced earnings per share growth of more than 15 percent each \nyear. Despite fluctuations in our markets and product demand, we \nhave continued to return value to our stockholders through strong \nearnings growth, year after year. As a leading provider of medical \ndevices and components to niche markets in the health care \nindustry, we are committed to doing everything we can to continue \nthat level of performance. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**We manage our assets and resources carefully.**\n\nOur financial strategy centers on building the strength and stability that will position our company for \n\nongoing growth. We approach the management of our resources with discipline and diligence, striking the \n\nbalance that allows us to accomplish our objectives: Funding the current needs of the business, maintaining a \n\nEBITDA Per Diluted Share From \nContinuing Operations(a) strong financial foundation, and investing in the resources, technology and assets that will ensure operating \n\nefficiency and fuel future growth. The soundness of this strategy was reflected once again in our financial \n\nresults for 2003. \n\nFor the fifth consecutive year, Atrion’s earnings per diluted share from continuing operations increased \n$7 \n\nby more than 15 percent, rising from $2.18 in 2002 to $2.66 in 2003, a 22 percent improvement. In light of \n6 \nthe economic pressures which have challenged virtually every business in recent years, we view five \n5 \nconsecutive years of EPS growth—ranging from 16 percent to over 50 percent—as a sign of solid financial \n\n4 strength and a testament to the viability of our strategy. Including a gain from discontinued operations of $ .09 \n\nper share, net income totaled $2.75 per diluted share for 2003. \n3 \n$2.70 \nRevenues for 2003 increased five percent to $62.8 million, from $59.5 million in the prior year. Return \n2 \n\n1 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2003 2002 \n\n$ 62,803 $ 59,533 $ 57,605 $ 51,447 $ 49,917 \n\n4,892 4,065 4,262 2,663 2,128 \n\n2,589(b) 9,754(c) 5,057 2,792 2,293 \n\n60,050 60,807 65,555 63,690 64,640 \n\n4,287 10,337 17,125 7,400 10,417 \n\n2.66 2.18 1.88 1.25 .81 \n\n1.39(b) 4.30(c) 2.75 1.31 .87 \n\n.24(a) — — — — \n\n1,839 1,863 2,272 2,135 2,631 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2003 Financial Statements**\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf", - "query": "What the name of the first bridge buildt over Danube ?", - "target_page": 16, - "target_passage": "he Chain Bridge was the first bridge over the Danube", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**CHAIN BRIDGE, Budapest**\n\nThe Chain Bridge, built from 1839 to 1849, was the \n\nfirst bridge over the Danube, linking the cities \n\nBuda and Pest. Measuring 380 meters long and \n\n15.7 meters wide, it is supported by pillars \n\nshaped like antique triumphal arches. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CHARLES BRIDGE, Prague**\n\nDating back to the 14th century, the Charles \n\nBridge is one of the jewels of Gothic architecture. \n\nThis stone bridge, built by Charles IV, the Czech \n\nKing and Holy Roman Emperor, created a reliable \n\nconnection between the Lesser and the Old Town \n\nand gave way to the merging of life of both banks. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**B R O O K LYN BRIDGE, New Yo r k**\n\nThe Brooklyn Bridge, proudly standing over the East River and \n\nconnecting the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan, endures as \n\none of the most famous bridges in America. When completed in \n\nMay 1883, the 5989-foot-long Brooklyn Bridge was the largest \n\nsuspension bridge in the world. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**RIVER TYNE BRIDGES, Newcastle**\n\nSix bridges dominate the Tyne between Newcastle \n\nand Gateshead, enabling innovative railway and \n\nroadway advances over the past two centuries. At \n\nthe time of its completion in 1929, the Tyne Bridge \n\nwas the world’s longest single span bridge. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE, Sydney**\n\nSince its opening in March 1932, the Sydney Harbour Bridge \n\nhas held a special place for immigrants upon their arrival to \n\nAustralia. This grand arch remains a distinctive landmark \n\nfor what many consider to be the most beautiful harbour \n\nin the world. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Lyon has two major railway stations: Lyon-Part-Dieu, which was built to \naccommodate the TGV, and Lyon Perrache, an older station that now provides mostly \nregional service. Smaller railway stations include Gorge-de-Loup, Vaise, Saint-Paul \nand Jean Macé. Lyon was the first city to be connected to Paris by the TGV in \n1981.[76] Since that time the TGV train network has expanded and links Lyon directly \nto Perpignan, Toulouse, Nice, Marseille, Strasbourg, Nantes and Lille. International \ntrains operate directly to Madrid, Barcelona, Milan, Turin, Geneva, Frankfurt, \nLuxembourg, Brussels and London. \n\nThe city is at the heart of a dense road network and is located at the meeting point of \nseveral highways: A6 to Paris, A7 Marseille, A42 to Geneva, and A43 to Grenoble. \nThe city is now bypassed by the A46. A double motorway tunnel passes under \nFourvière, connecting the A6 and the A7 autoroutes, both forming the \"Autoroute du \nSoleil\". \n\nT1 tramway on the Raymond Barre \nbridge ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3.3 \n2 \n\nIron Age, Denmark \n(first to third century CE) \n\n3 \nFriesland, the Netherlands \n(fifth to sixth century CE) \n\nII I III \n13 \n\n6 \nMedieval Poland (tenth \nto eleventh century CE) \nWielbark, Poland \n(first to third century CE) \n3 \n\nLa Tène, Slovakia \n(first century BCE \nto first century CE) \n\n2 \nBaiuvarii \n(fifth century CE) \n1 \n9 \nZohor, Slovakia \n(first to second \ncentury CE) \nLongobard \n(sixth century CE) \nI II 7 \n\nEarly medieval \nSlovakia \n(third to fifth century CE) \n\n4.7 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Scandinavian_Peninsula_EIA(I) \nScandinavian_Peninsula_EIA(II) \nSlovakia_Zohor_Germanic_Roman \nSlovakia_earlyMED \nSlovenia.lronRoman \nSlovenia.Roman.oNorthEurope ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Both Vieux Lyon and the slopes of Croix-Rousse are known for their narrow \npassageways (named*traboules*) that pass through buildings and link streets on either \nside. The first examples of traboules are thought to have been built in Lyon in the 4th \ncentury.[54] The traboules allowed the inhabitants to get from their homes to the Saône \nquickly and allowed the canuts on the Croix-Rousse hill to get from their workshops \nto the textile merchants at the foot of the hill. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFLIGHT 1 \n\nI DIRECTION ", - "page_start": 423, - "page_end": 423, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf", - "query": "What was the total amount of operating expenses of 2000 by Network Wordwide in 2000 ?", - "target_page": 17, - "target_passage": "Total operating expenses increased to $88.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Operating Expenses**Total operating expenses increased to $88.1 million for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2000 from $68.3 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 and from $34.5 \nmillion for the year ended December 31, 1998. The increase from 1999 to 2000 can be broken down \nby segment as follows: (1) a $3.5 million increase in Network Services Segment operating costs due to growth in the size of the network \noperations; (2) a $15.2 million increase in Software Services Segment due to write down of intangibles of $11.2 million and investment in \npersonnel and re s o u rces; and (3) a $1.1 million increase in Corporate Services Segment operating costs due to the expended operations. The \ni n c rease from 1998 to 1999 can be broken down by segment as follows: (1) a $13.0 million increase in Network Services Segment operating costs, \n(2) the addition of $19.6 million of Software Solutions Segment operating costs, and (3) a $1.2 million increase in Corporate Services Segment \noperating costs. Operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 are discussed more fully in the Segment Results of \nOperations sections below. \n\n**1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000**", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The following tables present the segment results of the Company’s operations for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998. \n\nYear Ended December 31, 2000 \nNetwork Serv i c e s \n\nCentral \nE u rope We s t e rn \nE u rope S o f t w a re \nSolutions C o r p o r a t e \nS e rvices To t a l \n\nTotal Revenues \nTotal operating expenses $ 1 8 , 5 9 9. \n( 2 1 , 6 6 9 ) \n$ 1 6 , 0 0 6. $ \n\nOperating loss. \nI n t e rest income \nI n t e rest expense \nF o reign exchange (loss)/gain, net \n\nNet loss before income taxes $ ( 4 , 4 1 3 ) $ ( 2 , 8 8 3 ) $ ( 8 2 4 ) \n\nSegment assets \nFixed assets \nD e p reciation and amort i z a t i o n \nAsset write down $ 2 5 , 6 9 7. \n1 7 , 1 4 5. \n3 , 9 7 7. \n6 6 8. $ 1 6 , 7 5 5 \n1 1 , 7 0 7. \n2 , 8 8 4. \n1 1 0. \n\n$ ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Operating Loss**The Company generated an operating loss of $35.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to $26.8 million \nfor the year ended December 31, 1999 and $22.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The increased operating loss from 1999 to 2000 \nis due to the net effect of three factors: (1) a $6.8 million decrease in the operating loss from the Company’s Network Services Segment; (2) a \n$14.3 million increase in the operating loss from the Company’s Software Solutions Segment; and (3) a $1.1 million increase in the operating loss \nf rom the Company’s Corporate Services Segment. The increased operating loss from 1998 to 1999 is due to the net effect of three factors: (1) a \n$1.9 million decrease in operating losses from the Company’s Network Services Segment; (2) the addition of $4.8 million in operating losses fro m \nthe Company’s Software Solutions Segment; and (3) a $1.3 million increase in operating losses from the Company’s Corporate Services Segment. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "10 \n\n0 \n2000 1999 2001 2002 \n\n44 \n\n**Capital Expenditures**\n**($ millions)**\n\n80 \n29 \n\n23 \n60 \n\n16 \n40 \n12 \n\n20 \n\n0 \n0 \n2003 1999 2001 2002 2000 \n\nSHENANDOAH TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY ■ 6 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4**\n\nThe operating expenses for the We s t e rn European Sub-segment totaled $18.9 million for the year \nended December 31, 2000 as compared to $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an increase of 15%. The increase in operating \nexpenses is largely the result of an increase in the number of ATMs operated by the Company from 621 at December 31, 1999 to 787 at \nDecember 31, 2000, and increased transaction volumes. \n\nThe operating expenses for the Other ATM Operations Sub-segment were $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 as compared to \n$2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an increase of 9%. The operating expenses from this segment are the result of the acquisition \nof the Dash network located in the United States in August 1999 and the unallocated costs associated with the Company's processing facilities. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Network operating costs were $32.5 million, an increase of $5.8 million or 21.5%. Line and switching costs were $9.7 \nmillion, an increase of $2.6 million or 37.4%, due principally to the impact of the expanded PCS network. Travel \nexpense, generated by the Company’s PCS subscribers’ use of minutes on other providers’ portions of the Sprint \nwireless network, was $10.7 million, an increase of $0.9 million or 8.4%. The increase in customer travel usage more \nthan offset the travel rate explained above in travel revenue. Plant specific costs were $9.6 million, which include the \noperation, and maintenance of the networks increased $2.3 million or 30.7%. Tower, building, and land rentals, as well \nas PCS equipment maintenance, were major contributors to the increase in plant specific expenses. Other network \ncosts such as power, network administration, and engineering, were $2.7 million, the same as in 2001. ", - "page_start": 51, - "page_end": 51, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Operating Loss**The total Network Services Segment operating loss decreased to $6.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $12.9 \nmillion for the year ended December 31, 1999, an improvement of 53%, as a result of the factors discussed above. The Central European Sub- \nsegment re c o rded an operating loss of $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to a loss of $8.0 million for the year ended \nDecember 30, 1999, an improvement of 61%, as a result of the factors discussed above. The We s t e rn European Sub-segment operating loss \nd e c reased to $2.3 million for year ended December 31, 2000 compared to a loss of $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an \ni m p rovement of 39%, as a result of the factors discussed above. The Other ATM Operations Sub-segment incurred an operating loss of $700,000 \nfor the year ended December 31, 2000 compared to a loss of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an improvement of 30%, as a \nresult of the factors discussed above. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Network operating costs were $33.6 million, an increase of $1.1 million or 3.4%. The largest item in network \noperating costs is travel expense. These costs made up 31.8% and 32.9% of the total network and other costs in 2003 \nand 2002, respectively. Travel expense is the cost of minutes used by the Company’s PCS subscribers on Sprint or \nother Sprint Affiliates’ networks. Travel expense in 2003 was $10.8 million, an increase of $0.1 million due to a \nsignificant increase in travel minutes in 2003 which was offset by the impact of the rate decline. The travel rate \ndeclined from $0.10 per minute in 2002 to $0.058 per minute in 2003. Our PCS customers increased their average \nmonthly travel minutes by 22% compared to 2002. In 2002, the average customer’s travel usage was 130 minutes per \nmonth and in 2003 that average travel usage increased to 159 minutes per month. \n\nNetwork infrastructure maintenance costs were $4.9 million or 14.6% of total network operating costs, a decrease of \n$0.2 million from 2002. Rent for towers, tower sites, and buildings increased $0.9 million or 27.3% to $4.2 million. \nLease escalators plus the increase in the number of sites leased contributed to the increase. Line costs in 2003 were \n$9.8 million or 29.1% of the network operating costs, an increase of $0.1 million. \n\nDepreciation and amortization expense was $16.6 million, an increase of $2.1 million or 14.8%. The PCS operation had \ndepreciation expense of $10.2 million, an increase of $1.6 million or 18.9%. The 16 additional PCS base stations placed \nin service during 2003 resulted in higher depreciation expense for the year. In the telephone operation, depreciation ", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As a percentage of network revenue, direct operating costs fell from 83% for the year ended December 31, 1999 to 66% for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2000. On a per ATM basis the direct operating costs fell from $12,782 per ATM for the year ended December 31, 1999 to $9,807 \nper ATM for the year ended December 31, 2000, an improvement of 23%. On a per transaction basis the direct operating costs fell from $0.66 \nper transaction for the year ended December 31, 1999 to $0.46 per transaction for the year ended December 31, 2000, an improvement of 30%. \n\nSegment salaries and benefits increased to $7.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $7.2 million for the year ended December \n31, 1999, an increase of 3%. The increase in the year-on-year expenses reflect the continued expansion of the operations to We s t e rn Euro p e a n \nmarkets with significantly higher labor costs than Central Europe as well as some increases in staff levels at the processing center re q u i red to \nmaintain quality service in line with the rising transaction volumes. As a percentage of Network Services Segment revenue, salaries and benefits \nfell from 27% for the year ended December 31, 1999 to 20% for the year ended December 31, 2000. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company’s re s e a rch and development costs incurred for computer products to be sold, leased or otherwise marketed totaled $6.7 \nmillion, $3.2 million and $153,000 for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998, re s p e c t i v e l y. In 2000, $1.0 million was \ncapitalized and appears on the Company’s balance sheet in prepaid expenses and other assets, net of accumulated amortization of $137,000. \nIn 1999, $322,000 was capitalized, net of accumulated amortization of $70,000. ", - "page_start": 45, - "page_end": 45, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf", - "query": "What was the share of revenues of Netwrok Wordwide made in Poland and Hungary in 2000 ?", - "target_page": 24, - "target_passage": "In 2000, 30% of the Company’s revenues were generated in Poland and Hungary", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Foreign Exchange Exposure**\n\nIn 2000, 30% of the Company’s revenues were generated in Poland and Hungary, as compared to 27% in 1999 and 73% in 1998. The 2000 \nf i g u re has increased due to the increase in revenues for the Polish operations. In Hungary the majority of revenues received are denominated in \nHungarian Forint and in Poland, the majority of revenues are denominated in Polish Zloty. However the majority of these foreign curre n c y \ndenominated contracts are linked either to inflation or the retail price index. While it remains the case that a significant portion of the Company’s \ne x p e n d i t u res are made in or are denominated in U.S. Dollars the Company is also striving to achieve more of its expenses in local currencies to \nmatch its revenues. \n\nThe Company estimates that a further 10% depreciation in foreign exchange rates of the Deutsche Mark, Hungarian Forint, Polish Zloty and the \nBritish Pound Sterling against the U.S. dollar, would have the combined effect of a $7.1 million decrease in the re p o rted net loss. This was \nestimated using 10% of the Company’s net losses after adjusting for unusual impairment and other items including U.S. dollar denominated or \nindexed expenses. The Company believes that this quantitative measure has inherent limitations. It does not take into account any govern m e n t a l \nactions or changes in either customer purchasing patterns or the Company’s financing or operating strategies. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Network Services: Revenue**\n39% increase for full year 2000 over 1999 \n\nRevenues for the Central European Sub-segment totaled $18.6 million for the year ended December \n31, 2000 as compared to $12.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an increase of 47%. \nThe increase in revenues is largely the result of an increase in the number of ATMs operated by the \nCompany from 1,203 at December 31, 1999 to 1,391 at December 31, 2000, and incre a s e d \ntransaction volumes. \n\n**3 6 . 9**\n\n**2 6 . 5**\n\nRevenues for the We s t e rn European Sub-segment totaled $16.6 million for the year ended December \n31, 2000 as compared to $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an increase of 31%. \nThe increase in revenues is largely the result of an increase in the number of ATMs operated by the \nCompany from 621 at December 31, 1999 to 787 at December 31, 2000, and increased transaction \nvolumes. \n\n**1 1 . 5**\n\n**5 . 3**\n\n**1 . 3**\n**0 . 1**", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(% of net revenue) \n5.8% \n**478**\n6 \n427 \n**5.6%**\n**398**\n4.8% \n354 \n5 \n**4.6%**\n300 \n4 \n\n3 \n**’04**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As the Network Services Segment continued to grow throughout 1999, the Company’s management began to divide the internal org a n i z a t i o n \nof the segment into Sub-segments. Accord i n g l y, beginning in January 2000, the Company divided the Network Services Segment into thre e \nSub-segments: “Central European Sub-segment” (including Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Greece and Romania), “We s t e rn \nE u ropean Sub-segment” (including Germ a n y, France, and the United Kingdom) and “Other Operations Sub-segment” (including the United \nStates and unallocated processing center costs). Where practical, certain amounts have been reclassified to reflect the change in intern a l \nre p o rting. The Company is unable to present Network Services Segment assets by Sub-segment as of December 31, 1999. Prior to January 1, \n2000, certain assets that were used to provide support services to the Company as a whole were included in the assets in the balance sheet of \nthe Company’s wholly owned Hungarian subsidiary, Bank Tech. In order to segregate corporate assets from those of the Hungarian \noperations, these assets were transferred as of December 31, 1999, from Bank Tech to an existing Hungarian shell company, Administrative \nS e rvices. Those assets are now shown under the Other Operations Sub-segment. ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company re c o rded an $800,000 write-down of certain ATM hard w a re assets associated with the \np u rchase of the Budapest Bank ATM network in May 2000 and the Service Bank ATM network in \nM a rch 1999 (see Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements – Asset Write Down). In addition, \nthe Company re c o rded a one-time gain in its Central European Sub-segment of $1.2 million. The \ngain is related to a change in Hungarian law that eliminates a major portion of the Company’s \nliability for import taxes on ATM hard w a re to the Hungarian government. The gain is included as an \nelement of direct operating costs. \n\n**Network Services: EBITDA**\n**1 . 3**\n\n**0 . 7**\n**0 . 4**\n\n**- 0 . 7**\n\nThe operating expenses for the Central European Sub-segment totaled $21.7 million for the year \nended December 31, 2000 as compared to $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an \ni n c rease of 5%. The increase in operating expenses is largely the result of an increase in the number \nof ATMs operated by the Company from 1,203 at December 31, 1999 to 1,391 at December 31, \n2000, and increased transaction volumes. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Taken together, our transaction growth and expanding number of consumer touchpoints \n\ntranslated into an accelerating and recurring revenue stream, which greatly improved our \n\nbottom line. Our 2000 revenue of $52.7 million represented a 27% increase over the \n\ncompany’s 1999 revenue of $41.5 million. Euronet’s 2000 EBITDA also improved \n\n$2.4 million, or 14.5%, over 1999. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Selling, general and administrative costs allocated to the Network Services Segment decreased to $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, \n2000 from $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The $500,000 cost decrease for the year ended December 31, 2000 results fro m \nthe net effect of (1) a $600,000 increase in the allocation of costs from the selling, general and administrative line of the Budapest pro c e s s i n g \ncenter to the operating cost line, as discussed above, from $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 to $3.5 for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2000 and (2) a $100,000 increase in costs associated with the expansion of the Company’s network operations. \n\nD e p reciation and amortization increased to $8.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $7.4 million for the year ended December \n31, 1999. The increases are due primarily to the increase in the number of owned ATMs as discussed pre v i o u s l y. The Company also re c o rded an \n$800,000 write-down of certain ATM hard w a re assets for the year ended December 31, 2000, as previously discussed. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The following tables present the segment results of the Company’s operations for the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998. \n\nYear Ended December 31, 2000 \nNetwork Serv i c e s \n\nCentral \nE u rope We s t e rn \nE u rope S o f t w a re \nSolutions C o r p o r a t e \nS e rvices To t a l \n\nTotal Revenues \nTotal operating expenses $ 1 8 , 5 9 9. \n( 2 1 , 6 6 9 ) \n$ 1 6 , 0 0 6. $ \n\nOperating loss. \nI n t e rest income \nI n t e rest expense \nF o reign exchange (loss)/gain, net \n\nNet loss before income taxes $ ( 4 , 4 1 3 ) $ ( 2 , 8 8 3 ) $ ( 8 2 4 ) \n\nSegment assets \nFixed assets \nD e p reciation and amort i z a t i o n \nAsset write down $ 2 5 , 6 9 7. \n1 7 , 1 4 5. \n3 , 9 7 7. \n6 6 8. $ 1 6 , 7 5 5 \n1 1 , 7 0 7. \n2 , 8 8 4. \n1 1 0. \n\n$ ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Revenues**The Company’s total revenues increased to $52.7 million for the year ended December \n31, 2000 from $41.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 and $11.9 million for the year \nended December 31, 1998. The increase in revenues from 1999 to 2000 is primarily due to two \nfactors: (1) a $10.4 million increase in Network Services Segment revenues resulting from the \ni n c rease in transaction volumes in the Company owned ATMs and an increase in the number of AT M s \noperated by the Company during this period; and (2) an increase of $800,000 in Software Solutions \nSegment revenues. The increase in revenues from 1998 to 1999 is primarily due to two factors: (1) a \n$15.0 million increase in Network Services Segment revenues resulting from the increase in \ntransaction volume attributable to an increase in the number of ATMs operated by the Company \nduring this period; and (2) the addition of $14.6 million of Software Solutions Segment re v e n u e s . \nRevenues for the years ended December 31, 2000 and 1999 are discussed more fully in the Segment \nResults of Operations sections below. \n\n**1 1 . 9**\n\n**5 . 3**\n\n**1 . 3**\n**0 . 1**", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000**\n\nRevenues for the Other ATM Operations Sub-segment were $1.7 million for the year ended \nDecember 31, 2000 as compared to $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999, an incre a s e \nof 41%. The revenues from this segment are the result of the acquisition of the Dash network located in the United States in August 1999. \n\nOf total segment revenue, approximately 87% is attributable to those ATMs owned by the Company for the year ended December 31, 2000 and \n94% for the year ended December 31, 1999. Of total transactions processed, approximately 78% is attributable to those ATMs owned by the \nCompany for the year ended December 31, 2000 and 76% for the year ended December 31, 1999. The Company believes the shift from a larg e l y \np ro p r i e t a ry, Euronet Worldwide owned ATM network to a more balanced mix between pro p r i e t a ry ATMs and customer-owned ATMs is a positive \ndevelopment and will provide higher marginal re t u rns on investments. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf", - "query": "Under which name was the Applied company initially fouded ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "The Company was founded in 1923 by Joseph M. Bruening as The Ohio Ball Bearing Company", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In January 2013, Applied \n\nIndustrial Technologies \n\nwill celebrate its 90th \n\nanniversary. The Company \n\nwas founded in 1923 by \n\nJoseph M. Bruening as \n\nThe Ohio Ball Bearing \n\nCompany, a distributor \n\nof bearings to customers \n\nin Cleveland, Ohio. Over \n\nthe years, the Company \n\ngrew to become a regional \n\ndistributor of bearings, \n\nthen an international \n\ndistributor of a wide range \n\nof industrial technologies \n\nand components. Today, \n\nnearly 90 years since our \n\nbeginning, customers \n\nserved by Applied \n\nbenefit from our years of \n\naccumulated experience, \n\nexpertise and exceptional \n\nability to improve our \n\ncustomers’ operations. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As we look ahead, we see a bright future with excellent opportunities for \n\ngrowth and increased profitability – organically, via acquisition, and through \n\nour technology investments.*We are in exciting times, and we firmly believe*\n\n*our best days are ahead.*\n\nThank you for your ongoing investment and support of Applied. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nis applied. ", - "page_start": 330, - "page_end": 330, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NOTE 15: SUBSEQUENT EVENT \n\nOn August 1, 2012, the Company acquired SKF's company-owned distribution businesses in Australia and New Zealand for cash \nconsideration. These businesses will expand Applied's global capabilities and are part of the Service Center Based Distribution \nsegment. The Company funded the acquisition from its available cash and existing revolving credit facilities. Results of operations \nacquired will be included in the Company's results of operations from the date of closing. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " **The Soul of the Company**", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "management solutions that provide added value to its customers. \n\nWe have a long tradition of growth dating back to 1923, the year \n\nYEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2012 vs. 2011 \nThe following table is included to aid in review of Applied’s \nour business was founded in Cleveland, Ohio. At June 30, 2012, \n\nbusiness was conducted in the United States, Canada, Mexico \nstatements of consolidated income. \nand Puerto Rico from 476 facilities. \n\nWhen reviewing the discussion and analysis set forth below, \n\nplease note that the majority of SKUs we sell in any given year \n\nwere not sold in the prior year, resulting in the inability to \n\nquantify certain commonly used comparative metrics analyzing \n\nsales, such as changes in product mix and volume. \n\nOur fiscal 2012 sales were $2.4 billion, an increase of $162.6 \n\nmillion or 7.3% compared to the prior year. Net sales from \n\nacquired businesses added $16.6 million or 0.7% to the current \n\nyear. Gross margin of 27.6% compares to 27.7% in the prior \n\nyear. Our operating margin increased to 7.1% compared to the ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCORPORATE GOVERNANCE ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "management solutions that provide added value to its customers. \n\nWe have a long tradition of growth dating back to 1923, the year \nYEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2012 vs. 2011 \nour business was founded in Cleveland, Ohio. At June 30, 2012, \nThe following table is included to aid in review of Applied’s \nbusiness was conducted in the United States, Canada, Mexico \nstatements of consolidated income. \nand Puerto Rico from 476 facilities. \n\nWhen reviewing the discussion and analysis set forth below, \nChange in \nplease note that the majority of SKUs we sell in any given year Year Ended June 30, $'s Versus \nAs a % of Net Sales Prior Period \nwere not sold in the prior year, resulting in the inability to \n\n**2012** 2011 % Increase quantify certain commonly used comparative metrics analyzing \n\nsales, such as changes in product mix and volume. Net Sales **100.0 %**100.0 % 7.3 % \n\nGross Profit **27.6 %** 27.7 % 6.7 % Our fiscal 2012 sales were $2.4 billion, an increase of $162.6 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nmanagement team ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf", - "query": "By how much does Applied company plan to contribute to its pension benefits between 2018 and 2022 ?", - "target_page": 36, - "target_passage": "2018 through 2022 15,200", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "12. PENSION AND PROFIT SHARING PLANS: \n\nThe Company has a defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all of its employees. The benefits are based \non years of service and a percentage of the employee’s qualifying compensation during the final years of \nemployment. The Company’s funding policy is to contribute annually the amount necessary to satisfy the Internal \nRevenue Service’s funding standards. Contributions are intended to provide not only for benefits attributed to \nservice to date but also for those expected to be earned in the future. ", - "page_start": 84, - "page_end": 84, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "It is the Company’s investment policy to maintain 66 percent to 79 percent of the plan’s assets in equity securities and 21 percent to 31 percent of its assets \nin debt securities with the balance invested in a money market account to meet liquidity requirements for distributions. The asset allocation at December \n31, 2003 represents the targeted asset allocation at that time. Based upon the plan’s current over-funded position, the Company expects to make no \ncontributions to its pension plan in 2004. \n\nThe Company also sponsors a defined contribution plan for all employees. Each participant may contribute certain amounts of eligible compensation. The \nCompany makes a matching contribution to the plan. The Company’s contribution under this plan was $202,000 in 2003, $302,000 in 2002 and $258,000 \nin 2001. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Contributions**\n\nThe Company expects to contribute $0.5 million to the noncontributory defined benefit plan in 2004, and contributed \n$0.4 million in 2003, and $0.3 million in 2002. \n\n31 ■ 2003 ANNUAL REPORT ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " Fiscal 2004 \n Fiscal 2005 \n Fiscal 2006 \n Fiscal 2007 \n Fiscal 2008 \n Fiscal 2009 – 2013 1,133 \n1,189 \n1,195 \n1,217 \n 1,265 \n 6,874 \nies. The Company’s funding policy is generally to contribute annually \n\n*Expected Contributions During Fiscal 2004*\n Total $ 12,873 \nthe minimum actuarially computed amount. Net pension costs relating \n\nto these plans were $176,000; $0; and $0 for 2003, 2002, and 2001, \nPlan Assets – Percentage of Fair Value by Category \n**2003**\nrespectively. The actuarial present value of obligations, less related plan \n\n Equity \n Debit \n Other **0%**\n**0%**\n**100%**\n\nassets at fair value, is not significant. \n\nThe Company also participates in a multiemployer plan, \n Total **100%**\nwhich provides defined benefits to certain of the Company’s union ", - "page_start": 50, - "page_end": 50, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "employees. Pension expense for this plan amounted to $309,000, \n\n$309,000, and $310,000 in 2003, 2002, and 2001, respectively. \n\n**Postretirement Health Care**\n\nIn accordance with the guidelines of revised SFAS No. 132, “Employers’ \n\nDisclosures about Pensions and other Postretirement Benefits,” the fol- \n\nlowing table sets forth the funded status of the plan, reconciled to the \n\naccrued postretirement benefits cost recognized in the Company’s bal- \n\nance sheet at: \n\n**2003** 2002 2001 ", - "page_start": 50, - "page_end": 50, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NOTE 10: BENEFIT PLANS \n\nRetirement Savings Plan \n\nSubstantially all U.S. associates participate in the Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. Retirement Savings Plan. Participants may elect \nto contribute up to 50% of their compensation, subject to Internal Revenue Code maximums. The Company makes a discretionary \nprofit-sharing contribution to the Retirement Savings Plan generally based upon a percentage of the Company’s U.S. income before \nincome taxes and before the amount of the contribution (5% for fiscal 2012, 2011 and 2010). The Company partially matches \n401(k) contributions by participants; this match was suspended from January 1, 2009 to June 30, 2010. The Company’s expense for \nprofit sharing and matching of associates’ 401(k) contributions was $10,866, $11,251 and $4,891 during fiscal 2012, 2011 and \n2010, respectively. \n\nDeferred Compensation Plans \n\nThe Company has deferred compensation plans that enable certain associates of the Company to defer receipt of a portion of their \ncompensation and non-employee directors to defer receipt of director fees. The Company funds these deferred compensation \nliabilities by making contributions to rabbi trusts. Assets held in these rabbi trusts consist of investments in money market and ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Note 9. Retirement Plans (Continued)**\n\nThe Company's matching contributions to the defined contribution plan were approximately $228 thousand, $210 \nthousand and $182 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2003, 2002 and 2001, respectively. \n\nIn May 2003, the Company adopted an unfunded nonqualified supplemental executive retirement plan for named \nexecutives. The plan was established to provide retirement benefits in addition to those provided under the Retirement \nPlan that covers all employees. The following table presents the actuarial information for the plan. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We make contributions to the plans to secure the benefits of plan \nmembers and invest in permitted investments using the target ranges \nestablished by our Pension Committee, which reviews actuarial \nassumptions on an annual basis. \n\n**Assumptions**\nThere are significant assumptions that are used in the calculations \nprovided by our actuaries, and it is the responsibility of management to \ndetermine which assumptions could result in a significant impact when \ndetermining the accrued benefit obligations and pension expense. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
EmployerEmployeeTotal
2013$ 101$ ≥ 6$ 127
3 / 17eq> 11 / 8
", - "page_start": 122, - "page_end": 122, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The following table provides information for pension plans with projected benefit obligations and accumulated benefit obligations in \nexcess of plan assets: \n\nPension Benefits \n\n**2012** 2011 \n\n**$**\n**47,151**$ 53,490 \n\n**47,151** 43,528 \n\n**6,439** 6,056 \n\nThe net periodic costs are as follows: \n\nPension Benefits Retiree Health Care Benefits \n\nYear Ended June 30, **2012--** 2011-- 2010-- **2012--** 2011-- 2010-- \n\nService cost **$**\n**289**$ 460 $ 574**$** **30**$ 39 $ 52 \n\nInterest cost \n**2,047** 2,232 2,911 **237** 235 259 \n\n— — — \nExpected return on plan assets **(396 )** (385 ) (351 ) \n\nRecognized net actuarial loss (gain) \n**644** 1,449 924 \n**(72 )** (83 ) (87 ) \n\nAmortization of prior service cost \n**412** 710 797 **139** 139 148 \n\n— — —— — — \nRecognition of prior service cost upon plan curtailment \n**3,117**\n\nNet periodic cost **$**\n**6,113**$ 4,466 $ 4,855**$** **334**$ 330 $ 372 ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The accumulated benefit obligation for the pension plan was $4,801,000 and $4,170,000 at December 31, 2003 and 2002, respectively. The components \nof net periodic pension cost for 2003, 2002 and 2001 were as follows (in thousands): \n\nYEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, \n2003 2002 2001 \n\n**C O M P O N E N T S O F N E T P E R I O D I C P E N S I O N C O S T :**\n\nService cost $ 214 $ 320 $ 369 \n\nInterest cost 298 307 296 \n\nExpected return on assets (349) (405) (477) \n\nPrior service cost amortization (37) 7 6 \n\nActuarial loss 128 28 — \n\nTransition amount amortization (44) (44) (44) \n\nNet periodic pension cost $ 210 $ 213 $ 150 ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf", - "query": "What does Applied has to say regarding the potential creadit risk it could be exposed to ?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "The Company has a broad customer base representing many diverse industries primarily across North America. As such, the Company does not believe that a significant concentration of credit risk exists in its accounts receivable", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nPotential pitfalls and warnings are presented like this. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nis applied. ", - "page_start": 330, - "page_end": 330, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As we look ahead, we see a bright future with excellent opportunities for \n\ngrowth and increased profitability – organically, via acquisition, and through \n\nour technology investments.*We are in exciting times, and we firmly believe*\n\n*our best days are ahead.*\n\nThank you for your ongoing investment and support of Applied. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nis restricted ", - "page_start": 332, - "page_end": 332, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nis desirable to fit the approach into ", - "page_start": 390, - "page_end": 390, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nIt is important to realize that ", - "page_start": 253, - "page_end": 253, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nIt is difficult ", - "page_start": 402, - "page_end": 402, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCREASED POSIT,VE \nTIC STABILITY ", - "page_start": 265, - "page_end": 265, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]The Ciroup ' s exposure to interest rate risk for classes of financial asserts and financial liabilities, at 30 ( uve 2013 and 30 ) une 2012 are set out as follows :Financial assetsCash and cash equivalentsPayablesFinancial assetsCash and cash equivalentsPayables\n
Floating interest rate ($ 100 )Tood interest maturing in year or less $ CCONon - interest bearing 5 ′ 000Totals ’ DDD2013
32.969–1832.987Receivables
––9.4319.431Restricted cash
5.474––5.474Available - for - sale financial assets
––767767Other financial assets
7.271–5377.808Total financial assets
45.714–10.75356.467Financial liabilities
––( 47.106 )( 47.106 )Borrowings
( 191.995 )( 10.570 )–( 202.565 )Derivatives held for trading
––( 1.271 )( 1.271 )Total financial liabilities
( 191.995 )( 10.570 )( 48.377 )( 250.942 )Net financial ( liabilities ) / assets
( 146.281 )( 10.570 )( 37.624 )( 194.475 )2012
73.00516.5821.03690.623Receivables
––12.22612.226Other financial assets
1.490–3.1804.670Available - for - sale financial assets
––1.7511.751Total financial assets
74.49516.58218.193109.270Financial liabilities
––( 49.278 )( 49.278 )Borrowings
( 148.625 )( 8.919 )–( 157.544 )Derivatives held for trading
––( 2.685 )( 2.685 )Total financial liabilities
( 148.625 )( 8.919 )( 51.963 )( 209.507 )Net financial ( liabilities ) / assets
( 74.130 )7.663( 33.770 )( 100.237 )
", - "page_start": 102, - "page_end": 102, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nis necessary to consider that ", - "page_start": 255, - "page_end": 255, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf", - "query": "To what system of logic do OWL ontologies belong to ?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "OWL ontologies are an implementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Ontologies are used to capture knowledge about some domain of interest. An ontology describes the \nconcepts in the domain and also the relationships that hold between those concepts. Different ontology \nlanguages provide different facilities. The most recent development in standard ontology languages is \nOWL from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). A good primer on the basic concepts of OWL can \nbe found at: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ \n\nOWL makes it possible to describe concepts in an unambiguous manner based on set theory and logic. \nComplex concepts can be built up out of simpler concepts. The logical model allows the use of a reasoner \nwhich can check whether all of the statements and definitions in the ontology are mutually consistent and \ncan also recognize which concepts fit under which definitions. The reasoner can therefore help to \nmaintain the hierarchy correctly. This is particularly useful when dealing with cases where classes can \nhave more than one parent. The reasoner can also infer additional information. For example, if two \nproperties are inverses only one value needs to be asserted by the user and the inverse value will be \nautomatically inferred by the reasoner. \n\n3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies \nAn OWL ontology consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals. OWL ontologies are an \nimplementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic. A class in \nOWL is a set, a property is a binary relation, and an individual is an element of a set. Other concepts from \nset theory are also implemented in OWL such as Disjoint sets, the Empty set (owl:Nothing), inverse ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4.1 Named Classes \nThe main building blocks of an OWL ontology are classes. In Protégé 5, editing of classes can be done in \nthe Entities tab. The Entities tab has a number of sub-tabs. When you select it, the default should be the \nClass hierarchy view as shown in Figure 4.5.4 All empty ontologies contains one class called owl:Thing. \nOWL classes are sets of individuals. The class owl:Thing is the class that represents the set containing \nall individuals. Because of this all classes are subclasses of owl:Thing. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Chapter 1 Introduction4
1.1 Licensing4
1.2 Conventions4
Chapter 2 Requirements and the Protege User Interface6
Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies?6
3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies6
3.1. 1 Individuals.7
3.1. 2 Properties8
3.1. 3 Classes8
Chapter 4 Building an OWL Ontology10
4.1 Named Classes13
4.2 Using a Reasoner15
4.4 Using Create Class Hierarchy17
4.5 Create a PizzaTopping Hierarchy19
4.6 OWL Properties22
4.7 Inverse Properties23
4.8 OWL Object Property Characteristics24
4.8. 1 Functional Properties24
4.8. 2 Inverse Functional Properties.25
4.8. 3 Transitive Properties25
4.8. 4 Symmetric and Asymmetric Properties...25
4.8. 5 Reflexive and Irreflexive Properties26
4.8. 6 Reasoners Automatically Enforce Property Characteristics26
4.9 OWL Property Domains and Ranges26
4.10 Describing and Defining Classes29
4.10.1 Property restrictions29
4.10.2 Existential Restrictions31
4.10.3 Creating Subclasses of Pizza33
4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can ’ t Have Members37
4.11 Primitive and Defined Classes ( Necessary and Sufficient Axioms )38
4.12 Universal Restrictions41
4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning42
", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " **Epistemology of logic**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "next section. Which option you choose for your ontology will depend on the specific requirements you \nhave as well as the standards established by your organization or organizations that you work with. \n\nFinally, another name related concept you should be aware of is the concept of a namespace. If you have \nworked with most modern programming languages such as Python or Java, you are already familiar with \nthe concept of a namespace. The concept is identical in OWL. A namespace is used to avoid naming \nconflicts between different ontologies. For example, you may have a class called Network in an ontology \nabout telecommunications. You might also have a class called Network in an ontology about graph \ntheory. The two concepts are related but are different. Just as with programming languages you use \nnamespace prefixes to determine what specific namespace a name refers to. E.g., in this example you \nmight have the prefix tc for the Telecom ontology and gt for the Graph Theory ontology. Thus, when \nyou referred to the Network class for the Telecom ontology you would use tc:Network and \ngt:Network for the graph theory class. \n\nNote that you already have some experience with other namespaces. The OWL namespace prefix is owl \nand is used to refer to classes such as owl:Thing and owl:Nothing. The Resource Description \nFramework Schema (RDFS) is a model that OWL is built on top of and thus some properties that \nontologies use such as rdfs:label leverage this namespace. ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- \nbased system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an \napplication-independent manner, in practice,**concepts and relations**\n**represented largely depend on one or more business use cases**. As \nwe designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need \nto consider it within its**real-world usage context**. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3.3: Representation of Classes containing Individuals \n\n3.1.3 Classes \nOWL classes are sets that contain individuals. They are described using formal (mathematical) \ndescriptions that rigorously define the requirements for membership of the class. For example, the class \nCat would contain all the individuals that are cats in our domain of interest.2 Classes may be organized \ninto a superclass-subclass hierarchy, which is also known as a taxonomy. However, taxonomies are often \ntrees. I.e., each node has only one parent node. Class hierarchies in OWL are not restricted to be trees and \nmultiple inheritance can be a powerful tool to represent data in an intuitive manner. \n\nSubclasses specialize (aka*are subsumed by*) their superclasses. For example, consider the classes Animal \nand Dog – Dog might be a subclass of Animal (so Animal is the superclass of Dog). This says that*All*\n*dogs are animals*,*All members of the class*Dog*are members of the class*Animal. OWL and Protégé \n\n2 Individuals can belong to more than one class and classes can have more than one superclass. Unlike OOP where \nmultiple inheritance is typically unavailable or discouraged it is common in OWL. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "OWL classes are assumed to overlap, i.e., by default they are not disjoint. This is often useful \nbecause in OWL, unlike in most object-oriented models, multiple inheritance is not discouraged \nand can be a powerful tool to model data. If we want classes to be disjoint, we must explicitly \ndeclare them to be so. It is often a good development strategy to start with classes that are not \ndisjoint and then make them disjoint once the model is more fully fleshed out as it is not always \nobvious which classes are disjoint from the beginning. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To understand what is going on you first need to understand that each SPARQL query consists of two \nparts. The first part at the beginning consists of several namespace prefixes. These statements consist of \nthe prefix used for a particular namespace as well as the IRI associated with this namespace. Recall that \nthese concepts were described in chapter 7. You may be wondering where all these prefixes came from \nsince you didn’t add them to your ontology. The answer is that every OWL ontology comes with a set of \nnamespaces and prefixes that are required to define the ontology. \n\nAlso, to understand SPARQL you need to “peak under the hood” of OWL. So far, we have been \ndiscussing concepts in purely logical and set theoretic terms, i.e., at the semantic level. However, like any \nlanguage or database there is a lower level that describes how the concepts are mapped to actual data. In a \nrelational database the fundamental construct to represent data is a table. In OWL the fundamental \nconstruct is a triple. OWL is actually built on top of RDFS which is a language built on top of RDF. RDF \n(Resource Description Framework) is a language to describe graphs (in the mathematical sense of the \nterm). I.e., to describe nodes and links. ", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "So far, we have created some simple named classes and subclasses which hopefully seem \nintuitive and obvious. However, what does it actually mean to be a subclass of something in \nOWL? For example, what does it mean for VegetableTopping to be a subclass of \nPizzaTopping? In OWL subclass means*necessary implication*. I.e., if VegetableTopping is a \nsubclass of PizzaTopping then*all*instances of VegetableTopping are also instances of \nPizzaTopping. It is for this reason that we try to have standards such as having all \nPizzaTopping classes end with the word “Topping”. Otherwise, it might seem we are saying \nthat anything that is a kind of*Ham*like the*Ham*in your sandwich is a kind of MeatTopping or \nPizzaTopping which is not what we mean. For large ontologies strict attention to the naming \nof classes and other entities can prevent potential confusion and bugs. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf", - "query": "Concerning ontologies, what is an anonymous class ?", - "target_page": 30, - "target_passage": "They are created by the reasoner when you use class expressions. For example, if you define the range of a property to be PizzaTopping or PizzaBase then the reasoner will create an anonymous class representing the intersection of those two classes", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "4.1 Named Classes \nThe main building blocks of an OWL ontology are classes. In Protégé 5, editing of classes can be done in \nthe Entities tab. The Entities tab has a number of sub-tabs. When you select it, the default should be the \nClass hierarchy view as shown in Figure 4.5.4 All empty ontologies contains one class called owl:Thing. \nOWL classes are sets of individuals. The class owl:Thing is the class that represents the set containing \nall individuals. Because of this all classes are subclasses of owl:Thing. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A restriction always describes a class. Sometimes (as we will soon see) it can be a defined class. \nOther times it may be an anonymous class. In all cases the class contains all of the individuals \nthat satisfy the restriction, i.e., all of the individuals that have the relationships required to be a \nmember of the class. In section 9.2 one of our SPARQL queries will return several anonymous \nclasses. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Ontologies are used to capture knowledge about some domain of interest. An ontology describes the \nconcepts in the domain and also the relationships that hold between those concepts. Different ontology \nlanguages provide different facilities. The most recent development in standard ontology languages is \nOWL from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). A good primer on the basic concepts of OWL can \nbe found at: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ \n\nOWL makes it possible to describe concepts in an unambiguous manner based on set theory and logic. \nComplex concepts can be built up out of simpler concepts. The logical model allows the use of a reasoner \nwhich can check whether all of the statements and definitions in the ontology are mutually consistent and \ncan also recognize which concepts fit under which definitions. The reasoner can therefore help to \nmaintain the hierarchy correctly. This is particularly useful when dealing with cases where classes can \nhave more than one parent. The reasoner can also infer additional information. For example, if two \nproperties are inverses only one value needs to be asserted by the user and the inverse value will be \nautomatically inferred by the reasoner. \n\n3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies \nAn OWL ontology consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals. OWL ontologies are an \nimplementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic. A class in \nOWL is a set, a property is a binary relation, and an individual is an element of a set. Other concepts from \nset theory are also implemented in OWL such as Disjoint sets, the Empty set (owl:Nothing), inverse ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Primitive classes. These are classes that are defined by conditions that are*necessary*(but not \nsufficient) to hold for any individuals that are instances of that class or its subclasses. The \ncondition may be as simple as:*Class A is a subclass of class B*. To start with we will define \nprimitive classes first and then defined classes. When the reasoner encounters an individual that is \nan instance of a primitive class it infers that all the conditions defined for that class must hold for \nthat individual. \n\n2. Defined classes. These are classes that are defined by both*necessary*and*sufficient*conditions. \nWhen the reasoner encounters an individual that satisfies all the conditions for a defined class it \nwill make the inference that the individual is an instance of that class. The reasoner can also use \nthe conditions defined on classes to change the class hierarchy, e.g., to infer that*Class A is a*\n*subclass of Class B*. We will see examples of this later in the tutorial. \n\n3. Anonymous classes. These are classes that you won’t encounter much and that won’t be \n\ndiscussed much in this tutorial, but it is good to know about them. They are created by the \nreasoner when you use class expressions. For example, if you define the range of a property to be \nPizzaTopping or PizzaBase then the reasoner will create an anonymous class representing \nthe intersection of those two classes. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "So far, we have created some simple named classes and subclasses which hopefully seem \nintuitive and obvious. However, what does it actually mean to be a subclass of something in \nOWL? For example, what does it mean for VegetableTopping to be a subclass of \nPizzaTopping? In OWL subclass means*necessary implication*. I.e., if VegetableTopping is a \nsubclass of PizzaTopping then*all*instances of VegetableTopping are also instances of \nPizzaTopping. It is for this reason that we try to have standards such as having all \nPizzaTopping classes end with the word “Topping”. Otherwise, it might seem we are saying \nthat anything that is a kind of*Ham*like the*Ham*in your sandwich is a kind of MeatTopping or \nPizzaTopping which is not what we mean. For large ontologies strict attention to the naming \nof classes and other entities can prevent potential confusion and bugs. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Chapter 1 Introduction4
1.1 Licensing4
1.2 Conventions4
Chapter 2 Requirements and the Protege User Interface6
Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies?6
3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies6
3.1. 1 Individuals.7
3.1. 2 Properties8
3.1. 3 Classes8
Chapter 4 Building an OWL Ontology10
4.1 Named Classes13
4.2 Using a Reasoner15
4.4 Using Create Class Hierarchy17
4.5 Create a PizzaTopping Hierarchy19
4.6 OWL Properties22
4.7 Inverse Properties23
4.8 OWL Object Property Characteristics24
4.8. 1 Functional Properties24
4.8. 2 Inverse Functional Properties.25
4.8. 3 Transitive Properties25
4.8. 4 Symmetric and Asymmetric Properties...25
4.8. 5 Reflexive and Irreflexive Properties26
4.8. 6 Reasoners Automatically Enforce Property Characteristics26
4.9 OWL Property Domains and Ranges26
4.10 Describing and Defining Classes29
4.10.1 Property restrictions29
4.10.2 Existential Restrictions31
4.10.3 Creating Subclasses of Pizza33
4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can ’ t Have Members37
4.11 Primitive and Defined Classes ( Necessary and Sufficient Axioms )38
4.12 Universal Restrictions41
4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning42
", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "next section. Which option you choose for your ontology will depend on the specific requirements you \nhave as well as the standards established by your organization or organizations that you work with. \n\nFinally, another name related concept you should be aware of is the concept of a namespace. If you have \nworked with most modern programming languages such as Python or Java, you are already familiar with \nthe concept of a namespace. The concept is identical in OWL. A namespace is used to avoid naming \nconflicts between different ontologies. For example, you may have a class called Network in an ontology \nabout telecommunications. You might also have a class called Network in an ontology about graph \ntheory. The two concepts are related but are different. Just as with programming languages you use \nnamespace prefixes to determine what specific namespace a name refers to. E.g., in this example you \nmight have the prefix tc for the Telecom ontology and gt for the Graph Theory ontology. Thus, when \nyou referred to the Network class for the Telecom ontology you would use tc:Network and \ngt:Network for the graph theory class. \n\nNote that you already have some experience with other namespaces. The OWL namespace prefix is owl \nand is used to refer to classes such as owl:Thing and owl:Nothing. The Resource Description \nFramework Schema (RDFS) is a model that OWL is built on top of and thus some properties that \nontologies use such as rdfs:label leverage this namespace. ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nIndividuals are also known as*instances*. Individuals can be referred to as*instances of classes*. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3.3: Representation of Classes containing Individuals \n\n3.1.3 Classes \nOWL classes are sets that contain individuals. They are described using formal (mathematical) \ndescriptions that rigorously define the requirements for membership of the class. For example, the class \nCat would contain all the individuals that are cats in our domain of interest.2 Classes may be organized \ninto a superclass-subclass hierarchy, which is also known as a taxonomy. However, taxonomies are often \ntrees. I.e., each node has only one parent node. Class hierarchies in OWL are not restricted to be trees and \nmultiple inheritance can be a powerful tool to represent data in an intuitive manner. \n\nSubclasses specialize (aka*are subsumed by*) their superclasses. For example, consider the classes Animal \nand Dog – Dog might be a subclass of Animal (so Animal is the superclass of Dog). This says that*All*\n*dogs are animals*,*All members of the class*Dog*are members of the class*Animal. OWL and Protégé \n\n2 Individuals can belong to more than one class and classes can have more than one superclass. Unlike OOP where \nmultiple inheritance is typically unavailable or discouraged it is common in OWL. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can’t Have Members \nNext, we are going to use the reasoner to detect a class with a definition that means it can never have any \nmembers. In the current version of Protégé when the reasoner detects an inconsistency or problem on \nsome operating systems the UI can occasionally lock up and be hard to use. So to make sure you don’t \nlose any of your work save your ontology using File>Save. \n\nSometimes it can be useful to create a class that we think should be impossible to instantiate to make sure \nthe ontology is modeled as we think it is. Such a class is called a Probe Class. \n\n**Exercise 19: Add a Probe Class called ProbeInconsistentTopping**\n\n__ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf", - "query": "When to use an enumerated class in OWL ontologies ?", - "target_page": 46, - "target_passage": "When a property has only a few possible values it can be useful to create a class to represent those values and to explicitly define the class by listing each possible value", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "4.1 Named Classes \nThe main building blocks of an OWL ontology are classes. In Protégé 5, editing of classes can be done in \nthe Entities tab. The Entities tab has a number of sub-tabs. When you select it, the default should be the \nClass hierarchy view as shown in Figure 4.5.4 All empty ontologies contains one class called owl:Thing. \nOWL classes are sets of individuals. The class owl:Thing is the class that represents the set containing \nall individuals. Because of this all classes are subclasses of owl:Thing. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "next section. Which option you choose for your ontology will depend on the specific requirements you \nhave as well as the standards established by your organization or organizations that you work with. \n\nFinally, another name related concept you should be aware of is the concept of a namespace. If you have \nworked with most modern programming languages such as Python or Java, you are already familiar with \nthe concept of a namespace. The concept is identical in OWL. A namespace is used to avoid naming \nconflicts between different ontologies. For example, you may have a class called Network in an ontology \nabout telecommunications. You might also have a class called Network in an ontology about graph \ntheory. The two concepts are related but are different. Just as with programming languages you use \nnamespace prefixes to determine what specific namespace a name refers to. E.g., in this example you \nmight have the prefix tc for the Telecom ontology and gt for the Graph Theory ontology. Thus, when \nyou referred to the Network class for the Telecom ontology you would use tc:Network and \ngt:Network for the graph theory class. \n\nNote that you already have some experience with other namespaces. The OWL namespace prefix is owl \nand is used to refer to classes such as owl:Thing and owl:Nothing. The Resource Description \nFramework Schema (RDFS) is a model that OWL is built on top of and thus some properties that \nontologies use such as rdfs:label leverage this namespace. ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Ontologies are used to capture knowledge about some domain of interest. An ontology describes the \nconcepts in the domain and also the relationships that hold between those concepts. Different ontology \nlanguages provide different facilities. The most recent development in standard ontology languages is \nOWL from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). A good primer on the basic concepts of OWL can \nbe found at: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ \n\nOWL makes it possible to describe concepts in an unambiguous manner based on set theory and logic. \nComplex concepts can be built up out of simpler concepts. The logical model allows the use of a reasoner \nwhich can check whether all of the statements and definitions in the ontology are mutually consistent and \ncan also recognize which concepts fit under which definitions. The reasoner can therefore help to \nmaintain the hierarchy correctly. This is particularly useful when dealing with cases where classes can \nhave more than one parent. The reasoner can also infer additional information. For example, if two \nproperties are inverses only one value needs to be asserted by the user and the inverse value will be \nautomatically inferred by the reasoner. \n\n3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies \nAn OWL ontology consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals. OWL ontologies are an \nimplementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic. A class in \nOWL is a set, a property is a binary relation, and an individual is an element of a set. Other concepts from \nset theory are also implemented in OWL such as Disjoint sets, the Empty set (owl:Nothing), inverse ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4.23 The Reasoner Inferred that Margherita and Soho Pizzas are subclasses of VegetarianPizza \n\n4.14 Defining an Enumerated Class \nA powerful tool in the object-oriented programming (OOP) community is the concept of design patterns. \nThe idea of a design pattern is to capture a reusable model that is at a higher level of abstraction than a \nspecific code library. One of the first and most common design patterns was the Model-View-Controller \npattern first used in Smalltalk and now almost the default standard for good user interface design. Since \nthere are significant differences between OWL and standard OOP the many excellent books on OOP \ndesign patterns don’t directly translate into OWL design patterns. Also, since the use of OWL is more \nrecent than OOP there does not yet exist the excellent documentation of OWL patterns that the OOP \ncommunity has. However, there are already many design patterns that have been documented for OWL \nand that can provide users with ways to save time and to standardize their designs according to best \npractices. \n\nOne of the most common OWL design patterns is an enumerated class. When a property has only a few \npossible values it can be useful to create a class to represent those values and to explicitly define the class \nby listing each possible value. We will show an example of such an enumerated class by creating a new ", - "page_start": 44, - "page_end": 44, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "So far, we have created some simple named classes and subclasses which hopefully seem \nintuitive and obvious. However, what does it actually mean to be a subclass of something in \nOWL? For example, what does it mean for VegetableTopping to be a subclass of \nPizzaTopping? In OWL subclass means*necessary implication*. I.e., if VegetableTopping is a \nsubclass of PizzaTopping then*all*instances of VegetableTopping are also instances of \nPizzaTopping. It is for this reason that we try to have standards such as having all \nPizzaTopping classes end with the word “Topping”. Otherwise, it might seem we are saying \nthat anything that is a kind of*Ham*like the*Ham*in your sandwich is a kind of MeatTopping or \nPizzaTopping which is not what we mean. For large ontologies strict attention to the naming \nof classes and other entities can prevent potential confusion and bugs. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "OWL classes are assumed to overlap, i.e., by default they are not disjoint. This is often useful \nbecause in OWL, unlike in most object-oriented models, multiple inheritance is not discouraged \nand can be a powerful tool to model data. If we want classes to be disjoint, we must explicitly \ndeclare them to be so. It is often a good development strategy to start with classes that are not \ndisjoint and then make them disjoint once the model is more fully fleshed out as it is not always \nobvious which classes are disjoint from the beginning. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3.3: Representation of Classes containing Individuals \n\n3.1.3 Classes \nOWL classes are sets that contain individuals. They are described using formal (mathematical) \ndescriptions that rigorously define the requirements for membership of the class. For example, the class \nCat would contain all the individuals that are cats in our domain of interest.2 Classes may be organized \ninto a superclass-subclass hierarchy, which is also known as a taxonomy. However, taxonomies are often \ntrees. I.e., each node has only one parent node. Class hierarchies in OWL are not restricted to be trees and \nmultiple inheritance can be a powerful tool to represent data in an intuitive manner. \n\nSubclasses specialize (aka*are subsumed by*) their superclasses. For example, consider the classes Animal \nand Dog – Dog might be a subclass of Animal (so Animal is the superclass of Dog). This says that*All*\n*dogs are animals*,*All members of the class*Dog*are members of the class*Animal. OWL and Protégé \n\n2 Individuals can belong to more than one class and classes can have more than one superclass. Unlike OOP where \nmultiple inheritance is typically unavailable or discouraged it is common in OWL. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Chapter 1 Introduction4
1.1 Licensing4
1.2 Conventions4
Chapter 2 Requirements and the Protege User Interface6
Chapter 3 What are OWL Ontologies?6
3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies6
3.1. 1 Individuals.7
3.1. 2 Properties8
3.1. 3 Classes8
Chapter 4 Building an OWL Ontology10
4.1 Named Classes13
4.2 Using a Reasoner15
4.4 Using Create Class Hierarchy17
4.5 Create a PizzaTopping Hierarchy19
4.6 OWL Properties22
4.7 Inverse Properties23
4.8 OWL Object Property Characteristics24
4.8. 1 Functional Properties24
4.8. 2 Inverse Functional Properties.25
4.8. 3 Transitive Properties25
4.8. 4 Symmetric and Asymmetric Properties...25
4.8. 5 Reflexive and Irreflexive Properties26
4.8. 6 Reasoners Automatically Enforce Property Characteristics26
4.9 OWL Property Domains and Ranges26
4.10 Describing and Defining Classes29
4.10.1 Property restrictions29
4.10.2 Existential Restrictions31
4.10.3 Creating Subclasses of Pizza33
4.10.4 Detecting a Class that can ’ t Have Members37
4.11 Primitive and Defined Classes ( Necessary and Sufficient Axioms )38
4.12 Universal Restrictions41
4.13 Automated Classification and Open World Reasoning42
", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Properties are similar to properties in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). However, there are \nimportant differences between properties in OWL and OOP. The most important difference is that OWL \nproperties are first class entities that exist independent of classes. OOP developers are encouraged to \nread: https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/SE/ODSD/ ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are no mandatory naming conventions for OWL entities. In chapter 7, we will discuss \nnames and labels in more detail. A best practice is to select one set of naming conventions and \nthen abide by that convention across your organization. For this tutorial we will follow the \nstandard where class and individual names start with a capital letter for each word and do not \ncontain spaces. This is known as CamelBack notation. For example: Pizza, PizzaTopping, \netc. Also, we will follow the standard that class names are always singular rather than plural. \nE.g., Pizza rather than Pizzas, PizzaTopping rather than PizzaToppings. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf", - "query": "Howcan I specify to Content Manager OnDemand to store the data on the server on which the program runs ?", - "target_page": 121, - "target_passage": "Local: Content Manager OnDemand stores data in a primary storage node on the server on which the data loading program runs", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 6 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**10.2 Loading and storing the data**\n\nThe Content Manager OnDemand architecture allows the control and management of the \ndata throughout its lifecycle. The data lifecycle begins with running an efficient load process. \nEach load process invocation ingests report data for a specified application group. \n\nDuring a load process, Content Manager OnDemand stores report (document) data, its \nresources, and index data, as shown in Figure 10-1. ", - "page_start": 243, - "page_end": 243, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Content Manager OnDemand servers manage control information and index data, store and \nretrieve documents and resource group files, and process query requests from Content \nManager OnDemand Client programs. The documents can be on disk and tape storage \nvolumes. New reports can be loaded into Content Manager OnDemand every day. This way, \nContent Manager OnDemand can retrieve the latest information that is generated by \napplication programs. \n\nWhen a user submits a query, the client program sends a search request to the Content \nManager OnDemand library server. The library server returns a list of the documents that \nmatch the query to the user. When the user selects a document for viewing, the client \nprogram retrieves a copy of the document from the object server where the document is \nstored, opens a viewing window, and displays the document. \n\nFull text search allows users to search the full content of stored documents. For example, \nusers can perform wildcard searches, fuzzy (or similar) searches, proximity searches, and \nboolean searches. \n\nDocuments or reports can also be automatically distributed to users through email or network \nprinters. The distributions can be scheduled to occur at the time that the data is loaded or at \nspecific times during the day. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**5.2.3 Content Manager OnDemand storage management**\n\nThe storage management criteria that you specify for the Content Manager OnDemand \nlibrary server determines where and when Content Manager OnDemand stores reports and \nhow those reports are maintained. \n\nFigure 5-4 illustrates Content Manager OnDemand storage object relationships. When a \nreport is loaded into Content Manager OnDemand, it is assigned to an application group. The \napplication group is associated with a storage set. The storage set contains one or more \nstorage nodes that can be used by several application groups that have the same archive \nstorage requirements. ", - "page_start": 118, - "page_end": 118, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The basic Content Manager OnDemand configuration is a library server and an object server \non the same physical system or node. This single library or object server configuration \nsupports the database functions and cache storage on one system. You can add an ASM to \nthe single library or object server configuration to maintain documents on archive media. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "OnDemand \nLibrary Server Full Text Search \nServer \n\n*Figure 1-1 Content Manager OnDemand system overview*\n\nContent Manager OnDemand Client programs provide authorized users with high-speed \naccess to the archived data that runs on the user devices (workstations) that are attached to \nthe network and communicate with the Content Manager OnDemand servers. \n\nA Content Manager OnDemand server consists of multiple components that can be installed \non a single system or multiple systems. In all cases, the installation appears to the users as a \nsingle server. The installation and is administered by the Content Manager OnDemand \nadministrator as a single system. \n\nThe Content Manager OnDemand server includes the following components: \n\n(cid:2) A single library server: The library server manages a database that contains the \n\ninformation about the users of the system, and the reports and data that are stored on the \nsystem. \n\n(cid:2) One or more object servers: The object servers manage the data on disk or tape storage \ndevices. \n\n(cid:2) One or more archive servers: The archive server stores the archived data objects. \n\nDepending on the operating system, the archive servers might be IBM Tivoli® Storage \nManager, object access method (OAM), or Archive Storage Manager (ASM). ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The library server and the object server can be packaged separately or as a single executable \nfile. \n\n**Content Manager OnDemand Client programs**\nContent Manager OnDemand Client programs operate on various environments, including \npersonal computers that are running on Windows, web browsers, and mobile devices. By \nusing the client program, users can search for and retrieve reports that are stored on the \nsystem. Specifically, users can construct queries and search for reports, retrieve documents \nfrom Content Manager OnDemand, view, print, and fax copies or pages of documents, and \nattach electronic notes to the pages of a document. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Figure 5-5 Storage set definition*\n\n**Load Type parameter**\nThe Load Type parameter determines where Content Manager OnDemand stores data. Two \nvalues are possible (Figure 5-5): \n\n(cid:2) Fixed: Content Manager OnDemand stores data in the primary storage node that has the \nload data field selected. When Load Type is set to*Fixed*, you must select the load data \ncheck box for one primary storage node. Content Manager OnDemand loads data to only \none primary storage node regardless of the number of primary nodes that are defined in \nthe storage set. \n\n(cid:2) Local: Content Manager OnDemand stores data in a primary storage node on the server \non which the data loading program runs. When the Load Type is*Local*, the load data \ncheck box must be selected for a primary storage node on each of the object servers that \nis identified in the storage set. A storage set can contain one or more primary storage \nnodes that are on one or more object servers. \n\nNext, we examine several parameters on the Add a Primary Node window (Figure 5-6 on \npage 98). ", - "page_start": 120, - "page_end": 120, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**5.1 Content Manager OnDemand cache storage**\n\nContent Manager OnDemand has a built-in cache storage management that is used to store \ndocuments on locally mounted disk subsystems. These subsystems can be network-attached \nstorage (NAS), storage area networks (SAN), or any type of locally addressable disk that is \navailable to the supported operating system. The cache storage manager uses a list of \ndirectories or file systems that are available to determine where space is available for storing \nand maintaining documents. \n\nEach Content Manager OnDemand object server in the system has a defined set of cache \nstorage devices on which you can maintain the report data for a period to provide the fastest \naccess times for system users. \n\nCertain implementations of Content Manager OnDemand use an all cache system to \nmaintain data for its full retention. Other implementations store to both cache and archive \nstorage. Other implementations store only to the archive. \n\nYou can configure Content Manager OnDemand so that at load time one of the following \nmethods of data storage occurs: \n\n(cid:2) Data is stored in cache and later is automatically migrated from the cache subsystem to \nan archive system. \n\n(cid:2) Data is stored to both local cache and archive storage. \n\n(cid:2) Data is stored directly to archive storage. ", - "page_start": 113, - "page_end": 113, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Even though the various components can be distributed across the network, the Content \nManager OnDemand Instance appears as a “single system” to both the administrator and the \nusers. \n\n**2.2.1 Configuration consideration**\n\nThe basic Content Manager OnDemand configuration is to install the library server and object \nserver on the same machine. This design is the default and most common configuration. \nHowever, under certain conditions, it might be beneficial to distribute the library server, the \nobject server, and the load process to different systems. \n\nConsider the following information to help you decide whether to run one or more of the load \nprocesses on one or more separate systems: \n\n(cid:2) Reducing system resource (processor or memory) consumption competition on the library \nand object server system. \n\n(cid:2) Reducing the network traffic time by running the load process on the system on which the \nload data is created. \n\n(cid:2) Better performance for a certain index or load process to run on another system. \n\n(cid:2) More convenient to operate and manage the data because the data is in a smaller set. \n\nThe considerations for separate object servers are listed: \n\n(cid:2) Distributing the workload among multiple systems. \n\n(cid:2) Distributing the data storage among multiple systems. \n\n(cid:2) Storing the data closer to where it will be accessed from. For example, your main \n\noperations (library server and object server) are in the US but many of your users are in \nChina and France. You can install an object server in France to keep French data and \nanother object server in China to store Chinese data. The original object server can \nremain in the US where the US data is kept. ", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.3.2 Content Manager OnDemand server components**\n\nA Content Manager OnDemand server environment contains several components: \n\n(cid:2) A*request manager*provides client, network, and operating system services, security, and \naccounting. The request manager is on the library server. \n\n(cid:2) A*database manager*maintains the index data for the reports that you store on the system. \nThe database manager is a relational database management product, such as IBM DB2®. \nThe database manager is on the library server. \n\n(cid:2) Database*control information*is information about the users, groups, application groups, \napplications, folders, cabinets, storage sets, and printers that you define on the system. \nThe control information determines who can access the system, the folders that a user \ncan open, and the application group data that a user can query and retrieve. The database \nis on the library server. \n\n(cid:2) A*cache storage manager*maintains documents in cache storage. If the archive storage \nserver is accessed through the network, cache storage can be used for high-speed \naccess to the most frequently used documents. \n\n(cid:2) An*Archive Storage Manager (ASM)*is an optional part of the system. The ASM is for the \nlong-term storage of one or more copies of documents on archive media, such as slower \ndisk or tape storage libraries. ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf", - "query": "Does the XML indexer of Content Manager OnDemand support large objects ?", - "target_page": 188, - "target_passage": "No", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "(cid:2) Response time requirements. The goal of Content Manager OnDemand large objects is to \nprovide better performance and usability. Large object support clearly provides enhanced \nusability. However, you must implement large object support so that dividing your \ndocuments into parts provides better overall performance than other methods of \nsegmenting the input data. \n\nWhen you choose a large object, Content Manager OnDemand displays the Number of \nPages field. Specify the number of pages that you want Content Manager OnDemand to \ndivide documents into in the Number of Pages field. \n\nTo generate large objects, the indexer that is specified on the Indexing Information page must \nbe AFP Conversion and Indexing Facility (ACIF), OS/390, or OS/400. When you select the \nLarge Object check box, Content Manager OnDemand automatically adds the INDEXOBJ=ALL \nparameter to the indexing parameters (which causes the indexing program to generate the \nlarge object indexing information). \n\n**Exporting an application**\nIt is not possible to export an application to application groups with different database fields or \nattributes. However, you can export applications to a different server if the application group \non the target server is identical to the application group on the source server (the server on \nwhich the applications are defined). ", - "page_start": 76, - "page_end": 76, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "– The*XML Indexer*allows the rapid increase in XML archiving mandates that are based \non ISO 20022 standards with XML (including SEPA in Europe). The XML Indexer is \noptimized for high-volume batch archiving of XML, batch PDF, AFP, Line Data, and \ncheck images. \n\n– The*Full Text Indexer*provides the capability to index the full text of a document (or \nreport). You can search through an indexed document. \n\n(cid:2)*Data loading programs*can be set up to automatically store report data into application \ngroups and update the database. The data loading programs can run on any Content \nManager OnDemand server. \n\n(cid:2)*Report Distribution Facility*provides an easy way to automatically group reports and \nportions of reports and distribute the reports to multiple users. Distributions can be \nprinted, created as an output file, or emailed as an attachment. \n\n(cid:2) Both the archived reports and their resources are stored in the Content Manager \n\nOnDemand Archive. The Content Manager OnDemand system manages the stored data \nthroughout its lifetime. It provides authorized users rapid access to the data and allows the \ndata to be converted into different formats for display or print. ", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Figure 3-6 Application Load Information*\n\n**Large object**\nIn the File Format section, you can set support for large objects. Content Manager \nOnDemand large object support provides enhanced usability and better retrieval performance \nfor reports that contain large documents. \n\nFor example, suppose that a report contains statements that typically exceed 1,000 pages. \nWith large object support, the statements can be divided into parts of 100 pages. When a \nuser views a statement, Content Manager OnDemand retrieves and uncompresses the first \npart of the statement. To view a specific page of a statement, the user can choose the Go To \ncommand in the viewer window and enter the page number. Content Manager OnDemand \nautomatically retrieves and uncompresses the part of the statement that contains the \nrequested page. When the user moves from page to page of a statement, Content Manager \nOnDemand automatically retrieves and uncompresses parts of the statement as needed. \n\nWhen you use large object support, users experience consistent response time when they \nmove from page to page of the document. ", - "page_start": 75, - "page_end": 75, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "XML steeliest (resource) archiving is critical. Content Manager OnDemand optimizes the \nstorage of XML data by storing only a single version of a resource and then associating it with \nall of the archived documents. Document resources can be automatically collected and \nmanaged. ", - "page_start": 205, - "page_end": 205, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The OS/390 indexer is enhanced to allow the storage of documents (or large object \nsegments) that exceed 2 GB. A report might contain multiple documents (or large object \nsegments), each of which exceeds 2 GB. This enhancement does not affect the limitations \nthat are imposed by other indexers. The limitations on the document size are based on the \navailable hardware and any other limitations that are placed on the operating environment. \n\nFor more information about the use of the OS/390 indexer, see*IBM Content Manager*\n*OnDemand - Indexing Reference*, SC19-3354. ", - "page_start": 203, - "page_end": 203, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7.7 Getting started with XML Indexing**\n\nThe XML indexer enables the high-volume archiving of XML data in a scalable and extensible \nmanner. \n\nThe XML indexer was developed to support the growing need to efficiently and effectively \nstore large quantities of XML data, for example: \n\n(cid:2) The European Union’s implementation of a Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). SEPA \nreplaced the existing domestic retail credit transfers and direct debits with standardized \nEuropean payments that are based on Extensible Markup Language (XML) International \nOrganization for Standardization (ISO) 20022 messages. ISO 20022 provides a more \nefficient way of developing and implementing messaging standards that financial \ninstitutions and clients use to exchange massive amounts of transactional information. \n\n(cid:2) Other XML standards exist and continued to be developed, such as ACORD (Insurance \nindustry), AgXML (Agriculture), and Health Level Seven (Health industry). \n\n(cid:2) XML document formats were developed, such as Office Open XML (OOXML) and Open \nDocument (OASIS). \n\nWith XML indexing, you can automatically batch index and archive XML transactional \nmessages and statements into the Content Manager OnDemand repository. Documents are \nidentified and extracted during indexing. Resources are extracted, and, together with the \ndata, compressed and archived. Multiple stylesheets can be specified to meet device and \naccessibility requirements. ", - "page_start": 205, - "page_end": 205, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "XML data is loaded into Content Manager OnDemand by using the**arsload**command. For \nexample, the following statement loads the bamboo.in file and its .res file (if found): \n\narsload -I localhost -u userName -p load.stach -g ci_stmts bamboo,in \n\nThe XML indexer uses the “Generic XML Index File Format” (GXIFF). The GXIFF format is \nfunctionally similar to the Generic Index File Format in that it allows the loading of any type of \ndata into Content Manager OnDemand. \n\nFor more information about using the XML indexer, see*IBM Content Manager OnDemand -*\n*Indexing Reference*, SC19-3354. ", - "page_start": 206, - "page_end": 206, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Indexes**\nSeg ment-1 \ntabl e \n\nAg Data \nTab le \nD ataba se \nMa nag er \n\nSeg ment-n \ntabl e \n\n*Figure 10-1 Data and index storage locations*\n\nThe Content Manager OnDemand load process identifies, segments, and compresses \ngroups of documents into storage objects that are then stored in the Content Manager \nOnDemand archive, as illustrated in Figure 10-1. To improve the efficiency of the storage \nprocess, Content Manager OnDemand aggregates the stored documents (typically a few \nkilobytes in size) into storage objects. This aggregation provides efficient, high-volume \nstorage, retrieval, and expiration performance. ", - "page_start": 243, - "page_end": 243, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Consider the following information about Table 7-1 on page 164: \n\n(cid:2) The Generic indexer requires the user to manually create an index file in the generic index \nformat before the user starts the load process. The Generic indexer allows the capture of \ndocuments, index values, and resources that are identified to it. These documents, index \nvalues, and resources are then loaded into the Content Manager OnDemand archive and \nstored in the same manner as though they were loaded through any of the other indexers. \nAn existing resource file can be loaded with a generic index file. \n\nFor more information about the generic index format, see*IBM Content Manager*\n*OnDemand - Indexing Reference,*SC19-3354. \n\n(cid:2) The ACIF, PDF, XML, and OS/400 indexers all generate intermediate files. These files are \nthen used to load the indexes and data into the Content Management OnDemand system. \n\n(cid:2) The OS/390 indexer creates the index data while it loads the indexes and data into the \nContent Management OnDemand system. \n\n(cid:2)*Conversion*refers to a conversion by the indexer. Other products integrate with Content \nManager OnDemand that also convert data. \n\n(cid:2) Because of the architecture of PDF documents, large object support for PDF documents is ", - "page_start": 188, - "page_end": 188, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Document indexing**\n*Document indexing*is used for reports that contain logical items, such as customer name or \nnumber. Each of the items in a report can be individually indexed on values, such as account \nnumber, customer name, and balance. Content Manager OnDemand supports up to 128 \nindex values per item. With document indexing, the user is not necessarily required to know \nabout reports or report cycles to retrieve a document from Content Manager OnDemand. \n\n**Report indexing**\n*Report indexing*is used for reports that contain many pages of the same type of data, such as \na transaction log. Each line in the report usually identifies a specific transaction, and it is not \ncost-effective to index each line. Content Manager OnDemand stores the report as groups of \npages and indexes each group. \n\nWhen reports include a sorted transaction value (for example, transaction date and number), \nContent Manager OnDemand can index the data on the transaction value. This indexing is \ndone by extracting the beginning and ending transaction values for each group of pages and \nstoring the values in the database. This type of indexing lets users retrieve a specific \ntransaction value directly. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf", - "query": "Considering storage efficiency, should I store my AFP documents as PDF to distribute them over the web ?", - "target_page": 232, - "target_passage": "If a requirement exists to present AFP documents in the Portable Document Format (PDF) format over the web, from a storage perspective, it is more efficient to store the documents in their native format and then convert them to PDF at retrieval tim", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**9.1.2 When to convert data streams**\n\nThe decision of*when*to convert data streams relies mainly on the use of the system. \nTypically, converting data at load time requires more time to process the print stream file, and \nconverting data at retrieval time causes the user retrieval to be a little slower. The decision \nmight depend on how many documents are retrieved, compared to how many documents are \nloaded daily. It might also depend on legal requirements about the format of stored data. \n\n**AFP to PDF**\nIf a requirement exists to present AFP documents in the Portable Document Format (PDF) \nformat over the web, from a storage perspective, it is more efficient to store the documents in \ntheir native format and then convert them to PDF at retrieval time. AFP documents are stored \nmore efficiently than PDF documents. \n\nThe PDF print stream, when it is divided into separate customer statements, is larger than \nAFP because each statement contains its own set of structures that are required by the PDF \narchitecture to define a document. \n\nElapsed time and processor time are also essential factors in the decision-making process. \nThe amount of time (elapsed and CPU) that is needed to convert the document depends on \nhow large the document is and how many resources or fonts are associated with the \ndocument. ", - "page_start": 231, - "page_end": 231, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "However, they all use a rendering engine to display Office, PDF, and AFP data into an image. \nThis rendering might work well with certain Office and PDF files, but it fails on most non-basic \nAFP data streams. \n\nFor more information, see 8.1.1, “Viewer options” on page 186. ", - "page_start": 220, - "page_end": 220, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7.2 Getting started with PDF indexing**\n\nPDF is a standard that is specified by Adobe Systems, Incorporated, for the electronic \ndistribution of documents. PDF files are compact. They can be distributed globally through \nemail, the web, intranets, or CD-ROM, and viewed with Adobe Reader. \n\nPDF is a data type or file format that is platform (hardware, operating system)-independent. A \nPDF file contains a complete PDF document that is composed of text, graphics, and the \nresources that are referenced by that document. \n\nTwo PDF file layouts are possible: \n\n(cid:2) Non-Linear (not “optimized”) \n\nThis file layout is optimized for space savings. Storing a PDF file by using a Non-Linear \nlayout consumes less disk space than storing the same PDF file linearly. It is slower to \naccess or display this type of layout because portions of the data that is required to \nassemble pages of the document are scattered throughout the PDF file, so the whole PDF \nfile must be downloaded and accessed before the file can be displayed. \n\n(cid:2) Linear (“optimized” or “web optimized”) \n\nIn this file format, the PDF file is created in a linear (in page order) fashion. This file format \nallows the PDF viewer to start displaying the PDF document pages when they are \ndownloading without waiting for the whole PDF file to be downloaded. ", - "page_start": 188, - "page_end": 188, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another benefit to using ODF is that you can select and combine documents from different \nreports and organize them by defining their order and separating them by using banner \npages. \n\nFigure 14-2 is an overview of the OnDemand Distribution Facility and its interaction with the \nContent Manager OnDemand server. ", - "page_start": 340, - "page_end": 340, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**13.4.1 PDF data**\n\nPortable Document Format (PDF) data is an increasingly common data type that can be \narchived within Content Manager OnDemand. The following key advantages are available by \nusing this data type as a document format: \n\n(cid:2) It is a read-only format that does not require any external resources, such as images or \nfonts. It is self-contained. \n\n(cid:2) The viewer for PDF can be downloaded at no charge from the Adobe website and the \nbrowser plug-ins for PDF are also available at no charge. \n\nDuring PDF document creation, resources, such as images and custom fonts, are placed in \nthe data stream once and then referenced many times from within the PDF file. If a large \nreport is produced from many small documents, that report requires only one copy of the \nresources. \n\nHowever, when the PDF is indexed, the PDF Indexer creates many PDF documents from the \ninput file. Each of these documents requires a certain number of PDF structures, which define \na document. These documents are concatenated together in the .out file, and then loaded \ninto Content Manager OnDemand as separate documents. Because the resources are \nextracted and placed into a separate resource file, they are not included in each document. \nFor an illustration of the process, see Figure 13-3. ", - "page_start": 331, - "page_end": 331, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(cid:2) For IBM i, depending on your retrieval patterns and system hardware configuration, it \n\nmight be advantageous to*not*store a duplicate set of documents in the Content Manager \nOnDemand cache when you use ASM because ASM might already be using disk space. If \nthe application group uses ASM, caches the data, and specifies the migration of data at \nload time, two copies of the data are stored during the load. One copy is stored in cache, \nand one copy is stored in the ASMREQUEST directory. \n\nTo avoid storing a duplicate set of documents in cache for non-AFP data, change Cache \nData to No on the Storage Management tab of your application group definition. To avoid \nstoring a duplicate set of documents in cache for AFP data, you might change Document \nData to No Cache but leave Resource Data in cache for faster retrieval. \n\n(cid:2) For IBM i, every user that loads data must have a home directory. If users do not have a \nhome directory, the temporary files are stored in the root directory of the integrated file \nsystem (IFS). \n\n(cid:2) If the data source is on a remote system, you can load the data into Content Manager \nOnDemand on the remote system and directly store the export data to the specified \nContent Manager OnDemand library and object server. ", - "page_start": 326, - "page_end": 326, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "One possibly useful implementation of storing fonts with the resource group is when server \nreprint is necessary. If the fonts are stored with the resource group, they can be retrieved from \nContent Manager OnDemand and used by AFP printers. However, if fonts are collected, they \nare also sent to the client as part of the resources group and then discarded. Storing the fonts \nwith the resource group serves only to increase network traffic when transferring the resource \nto the workstation. A more practical option for server printing is to store the font in a fontlib \nand to keep only the reference (path) to the fontlib. Although the font is accessible on the \nserver, Print Services Facility (PSF) or InfoPrint does not need the font to be inline (stored in \nthe resource group). The use of this approach also allows all AFP data that references the \nfont to use the single instance of the font without redundant inline storage. \n\nFigure 13-5 on page 311 shows the indexer information in the application where you can \nselect the resources to collect with the Restype= parameter. Unless reprints to AFP printers \nwith 100% fidelity is a requirement, do not collect the fonts. ", - "page_start": 333, - "page_end": 333, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Figure 13-3 PDF indexing*\n\nIf no resources are collected, the size of the .out file, which contains all of the individual \ndocuments, might be larger than the original file. For tips about how to reduce the size of the \noutput file, see 7.3.5, “PDF indexing: Using internal indexes (Page Piece Dictionary)” on \npage 173. ", - "page_start": 331, - "page_end": 331, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another example is a sales team that generates a monthly sales report for each person on \nthe sales team. The sales manager needs a copy of these reports. A distribution can be set \nup to email the documents to the appropriate sales manager. \n\nThe applications for using ODF are endless, but the basis for using it is the same. Documents \nare loaded regularly and are needed by one or more users as they become available in \nContent Manager OnDemand. Let us look at a specific example from our fictitious company \nthat was introduced in 1.2.1, “Background information of an example company” on page 6. \n\nAFinancial Co generates monthly credit card statements for all its customers. These \ncustomers can choose to receive a hardcopy of the statement or have the statement sent to \nthem as an email attachment. \n\nIn this example, even though separate customer statements are created each month, they are \nloaded into the system at the same time, so only one load occurs each month. This \ninformation is important when you are determining the best way to set up the distribution. \nBefore a distribution is set up, ask yourself the following questions: \n\n(cid:2) What documents are needed? \n(cid:2) Who receives the documents? \n(cid:2) When are the documents retrieved and delivered? \n(cid:2) Where are they delivered? ", - "page_start": 341, - "page_end": 341, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Depending on the data that you are working with, consider these options: \n\n(cid:2) For Line Data: \n\n– The line data applet supports annotations. It can work with large object (LOB) reports if \nthe large object functionality is employed at load time. \n\n– The Ajax viewer and direct rendering capabilities of Content Navigator work only on \n\nshorter reports. Additionally, the viewing of annotations and large object documents is \nnot supported. \n\n(cid:2) For AFP data: \n\n– The AFP plug-in is the best choice, because it is almost identical to the client. However, \nit does not support annotations. \n\nThe only viewers that use this functionality are the line data applet, the AFP plug-in \nviewer, and the Content Manager OnDemand Windows client. \n\n– AFP to PDF is a choice that does not require a plug-in rollout at the users’ computers if \n\nthe Acrobat plug-in is installed on their workstations. Font mappings must be \nconfigured at a central location. The additional workload on a rendering system and \nadditional license costs must be considered. Large reports might not be able to be \nrendered or viewed. \n\n**Note:**The AFP viewer plug-in, which is available with ODWEK and Content \nManager OnDemand, is a version of the AFP viewer plug-in from the InfoPrint \nSolutions Company. Although the standard InfoPrint viewer can be used for viewing \nAFP, the ODWEK version uses direct communication with the Content Manager \nOnDemand server, enabling segmented document transfer for LOB documents. ", - "page_start": 212, - "page_end": 212, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf", - "query": "Where can I consult a summary of the impact of the International tax compliance regulations ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "A Tax Information and Impact Note covering the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 was published on 18th March 2015 and is available on the HMRC website at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-administration-regulations-to-implement-the- uks-automatic-exchange-of-information-agreements", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The Treasury make these Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by section 222 of the \nFinance Act 2013(**a**): \n\n**Citation and commencement**\n\n**1.**These Regulations may be cited as the International Tax Compliance (Amendment) \n\nRegulations 2020 and come into force on 13th May 2020. \n\n**Amendments to the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015**\n\n**2.**—(1) The International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015(**b**) are amended as follows. \n(2) In regulation 1(3)(b)(i), for “16th May 2019” substitute “19th April 2020”(**c**). \n(3) In regulation 3(4A)(a), at the beginning insert “subject to regulation 24(3)”. \n(4) In regulation 24— \n\n(a) in the table in paragraph (2), in the column headed “the CRS”— \n\n(i) at the beginning of the entry for “new account” insert “subject to paragraph (3)”, and \n(ii) at the beginning of the entry for “pre-existing account” insert “subject to regulation \n\n3(4A)(a) and paragraph (3)”, and \n\n(b) after paragraph (2) insert— \n\n“(3) In respect of the accounts listed in paragraph (4)— ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "accounts so that these terms are defined by reference to the date that those accounts ceased to be \nexcluded accounts. Regulation 2(3) and (4)(a) make consequential amendments. \n\nRegulation 3 makes a transitional provision for the calendar year 2020 in relation to accounts \nwhich were previously excluded accounts. \n\nA Tax Information and Impact Note covering the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 \nwas published on 18th March 2015 and \nthe HMRC website at \nhttps://www.gov.uk/government/publications/tax-administration-regulations-to-implement-the- \nuks-automatic-exchange-of-information-agreements. It remains an accurate summary of the \nimpacts that apply to this instrument. \n\nis available on ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "An impact assessment has not been produced for this instrument as this is a temporary, emergency \nmeasure and no significant impact on business, charities or voluntary bodies is foreseen. \n\nAn Explanatory Memorandum is published alongside this instrument on www.legislation.gov.uk. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Income and Indirect Taxes*\nincome and indirect \nthe \nWe provide for \ninformation that \nis currently available and believe that we have \nadequately provided these items. The calculation of applicable taxes in \nmany cases, however, requires significant judgment in interpreting tax \nrules and regulations. Our tax filings are subject to audits, which could \nmaterially change the amount of current and deferred income tax assets \nand liabilities and provisions, and could, in certain circumstances, result \nin the assessment of interest and penalties. ", - "page_start": 127, - "page_end": 127, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThe Regulations amend the International Tax Compliance Regulations 2015 (“the principal \nRegulations”) which give effect to agreements and arrangements reached between the United \nKingdom and other jurisdictions to improve international tax compliance. \n\nRegulation 2(2) extends the application of the principal Regulations to arrangements entered into \nby the United Kingdom for the exchange of financial account information with other jurisdictions \nup to 19th April 2020, the date before the Regulations are made. \n\nRegulation 2(5) omits various accounts from the category of excluded accounts. Regulation \n2(4)(b) amends the definitions of “new account” and “pre-existing account” in relation to those ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200438_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "References \n1. IPCC. 2014 Summary for policymakers. In*Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and*\n*vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth*\n*Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change*(eds CB Field*et al*.), pp. \n1–32. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "•**Compliance**with and impact of legislation. Currently, there are data on the percentage of \nenterprises with a risk assessment but very limited information about the**quality of these risk**\n**assessments and of implemented risk management and reduction measures**. Previous \nstudies indicate that in many cases the risk assessment is conducted by an enterprise just to \ncomply with legal obligations (paper compliance). A possible approach could be an**anonymous**\n**evaluation of the quality of a representative share**of risk assessments. ", - "page_start": 139, - "page_end": 139, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**International initiatives in Asian countries and others**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "https://www.gov.uk/provide-journey-contact-details-before-travel-uk \n\nhttps://www.gov.uk/uk-border-control \n\nhttps://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/coronavirus-covid-19-international-travel-advice \n\nhttps://www.gov.scot/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-international-travel-quarantine/ \n\nhttps://gov.wales/arriving-wales-overseas ", - "page_start": 83, - "page_end": 83, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf", - "query": "What was the muscle volume of the knee flexors of the 2024 word's strongest man ?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "Knee flexors 3,060 ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 4 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 \n\n**QF volume (cm3)**\n\nFigure 4. Quadriceps femoris (QF; A), \nvastus medialis (VM; B), vastus lateralis \n(VL; C), vastus intermedius (VI; D), and rec- \ntus femoris (RF; E) muscle volume of a \nWorld’s Strongest Man and deadlift cham- \npion (WSM) compared with long-term re- \nsistance-trained (n ¼ 16, from the work by \nMaden-Wilkinson et al. \n(10)], elite sprint \nrunners [n ¼ 5, from the work by Miller \net al. (13)], subelite sprint runners [n ¼ 26, \nfrom the work by Miller et al. (13)], and \nuntrained control populations [n ¼ 102, \npooled population from the works by \nMiller et al. (13) (n ¼ 11), Balshaw et al. (11) \n(n ¼ 52), and Balshaw et al. (14) (pretest \ndata n ¼ 39)]. \n\n**B** **C**\n\nWSM \n\nLong-term resistance-trained \n\n**D**", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "DISCUSSION \n\nThis study is the first to document the lower-body muscle \nand tendon morphology of a World’s Strongest Man and \ndeadlift champion (i.e., an exceptionally strong individual), \nand these are presented alongside functional whole body \nassessments, which exceeded the highest IMTP force (gross \n\nJ Appl Physiol (cid:4) doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2024 (cid:4) www.jappl.org ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This study compared the muscle and tendon morphology of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World’s Strongest Man and deadlift \nchampion (WSM), with that of various other athletic, trained, and untrained populations. The WSM completed the following: 1) 3.0-T \nMRI scans, to determine the volume of 22 individual lower limb muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, patellar tendon (PT) cross-sec- \ntional area (CSA), and PT moment arm; and 2) countermovement jumps (CMJ) and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) contractions. The \nWSM was compared with previously assessed groups from our laboratory (muscle and tendon) and the wider research literature \n(CMJ and IMTP). The WSM’s CMJ peak power (9,866 W) and gross (9,171 N) and net (7,480 N) IMTP peak forces were higher than \nany previously published values. The WSM’s overall measured leg muscle volume was approximately twice that of untrained controls \n( þ 96%) but with pronounced anatomical variability in the extent of muscular development. The plantar flexor group ( þ 120%) and the \nguy rope muscles (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: þ 140% to þ 202%), which stabilize the pelvis and femur, demonstrated the \nlargest differences relative to that of untrained controls. The WSM’s pronounced quadriceps size (greater than or equal to twofold vs. \nuntrained) was accompanied by modest PT moment arm differences and, notably, was not matched by an equivalent difference in PT \nCSA ( þ 30%). These results provide novel insight into the musculotendinous characteristics of an extraordinarily strong individual, \nwhich may be toward the upper limit of human variation, such that the WSM’s very pronounced lower limb muscularity also exhibited \ndistinct anatomical variability and with muscle size largely uncoupled from tendon size. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lower-body muscle size of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World’s Strongest Man and deadlift \nchampion (WSM), was approximately twice that of controls but was underpinned by pronounced anatomical variability in the \nextent of muscular development ( þ 23–202%): the plantar flexor group and guy rope muscles demonstrating the largest differen- \nces. The WSM’s quadriceps size (more than or equal to twice that of controls) contrasted with modest differences in patella ten- \ndon moment arm ( þ 18%) and was uncoupled from patellar tendon size ( þ 30%). \n\nisometric force; magnetic resonance imaging; power; strength ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and net) and CMJ power values previously reported by 54%, \n100%, and 164%, respectively. The WSM had overall lower- \nbody muscularity approximately twice that of untrained con- \ntrols ( þ 96%) and 32% greater than that of elite 100-m sprint- \ners. However, there was substantial anatomical variability in \nthe magnitude of the differences, ranging from the plantar \nflexors ( þ 120% vs. untrained) to the hip flexors ( þ 65% vs. \nuntrained). Similarly, some specific muscles, such as the guy \nrope muscles that stabilize the femur and pelvis, were 2.5–3.0 \ntimes the volume of untrained individuals (gracilis þ 140%, \nsemitendinosus þ 157%, and sartorius þ 202%) but others dis- \nplayed more marginal differences (BFsh þ 23%, iliopsoas \nþ 32% vs. untrained). Considering the knee extensors, the \nWSM had both quadriceps femoris volume greater than or \nequal to twofold that of untrained controls and a greater pa- \ntella tendon moment arm than we have previously measured \n( þ 18% vs. untrained), which would be expected to combine \nto facilitate extraordinary strength. Furthermore, despite the \nWSM’s extremely large quadriceps femoris, their patellar ten- \ndon CSA was only 30% greater than that of untrained controls \nand not outside the range of tendons we have previously \nassessed. The results of this study provide novel insights into \nthe muscle and tendon characteristics, as well as the strength \nand power capabilities, of an extraordinarily strong individual \nthat may be toward the upper limit of human variation in \nthese characteristics. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "8. \n\nAbe T, Buckner SL, Mattocks KT, Jessee MB, Dankel SJ, Mouser \nJG, Bell ZW, Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass and architecture \nof the world’s strongest raw powerlifter: a case study. Asian J Sports \nMed 9: e61763, 2018. doi:10.5812/asjsm.61763. \nPowell PL, Roy RR, Kanim P, Bello MA, Edgerton VR. Predictability \nof skeletal muscle tension from architectural determinations in \nguinea pig hindlimbs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol \n57: 1715–1721, 1984. doi:10.1152/jappl.1984.57.6.1715. \n\n9. \n\n27. Cunningham DJ, Shearer DA, Drawer S, Pollard B, Cook CJ, \nBennett M, Russell M, Kilduff LP. Relationships between physical \nqualities and key performance indicators during match-play in senior \ninternational rugby union players. PLoS One 13: e0202811, 2018. \ndoi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202811. \n\n10. Maden-Wilkinson TM, Balshaw TG, Massey G, Folland JP. What \nmakes long-term resistance-trained individuals so strong? A com- \nparison of skeletal muscle morphology, architecture, and joint \nmechanics. J Appl Physiol (1985) 128: 1000–1011, 2019. doi:10.1152/ \njapplphysiol.00224.2019. \nBalshaw TG, Maden-Wilkinson TM, Massey GJ, Folland JP. The \nhuman muscle size and strength relationship: effects of architecture, \nmuscle force, and measurement location. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53: \n2140–2151, 2021. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002691. \n\n28. Doyle TLA, Fain AC, Wills JA, Cooper D, Toonen K, Kamphius B. \nMeasures of \nlower body strength associated with injuries in \nAustralian special forces selection candidates. J Appl Biomech 38: \n255–262, 2022. doi:10.1123/jab.2021-0134. \n\n29. Kawamori N, Rossi SJ, Justice BD, Haff EE, Pistilli EE, O’Bryant HS, \nStone MH, Haff GG. Peak force and rate of force development dur- \ning isometric and dynamic mid-thigh clean pulls performed at vari- \nous intensities. J Strength Cond Res 20: 483–491, 2006. doi:10.1519/ \n18025.1. \n\n11. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All muscles \n\nPlantar flexors \nKnee flexors \nHip extensors \nKnee extensors \nHip flexors \nIsometric Midthigh Pull and Countermovement Jump \n\nGross (including body weight) and net (above body \nweight) IMTP peak forces of the WSM were 9,171 N and 7,480 \nN, respectively. The WSM’s gross IMTP peak force was 54% \ngreater than the highest comparable group mean we located \n(subelite weightlifters: 5,942 ± 844 N (20); Fig. 2A). The \nWSM’s net IMTP peak force was 100% greater than the high- \nest comparable group mean value in the literature (collegiate \nsoccer athletes: 3,740 ± 692 N (26); Fig. 2B). \n\nSartorius \nSemitendinosus \nGracilis \nSoleus \nVastus medialis \nAdductor Magnus \nGluteus maximus \nBiceps femoris long head \nMedial gastrocnemius \nVastus lateralis \nGluteus medius and minimus \nLateral gastrocnemius \nVastus intermedius \nTensor fasciae latae \nLateral compartment \nAnterior compartment \nSemimembranosus \nRectus femoris \nPopliteus \nIliopsoas \nPosterior compartment \nBiceps femoris short head ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "5. McLeod M, Breen L, Hamilton DL, Philp A. Live strong and prosper: \nthe importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing. \nBiogerontology 17: 497–510, 2016. doi:10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7. \nKraemer WJ, Caldwell LK, Post EM, DuPont WH, Martini ER, \nRatamess NA, Szivak TK, Shurley JP, Beeler MK, Volek JS, Maresh \nCM, Todd JS, Walrod BJ, Hyde PN, Fairman C, Best TM. Body com- \nposition in elite strongman competitors. J Strength Cond Res 34: \n3326–3330, 2020. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003763. \nAbe T, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser \nJG, Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass in human athletes: what is \nthe upper limit? Am J Hum Biol 30: e23102, 2018. doi:10.1002/ \najhb.23102. \n\n6. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "RESEARCH ARTICLE \n\nMuscle and tendon morphology of a world strongman and deadlift champion \n\nThomas G. Balshaw,1 Garry J. Massey,1,2 \nThomas M. Maden-Wilkinson,6 and \n\nRobert Miller,1,3,4 Emmet J. McDermott,1,5 \n\nJonathan P. Folland1 \n\n1School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; 2College of Life \nand Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; 3UK Athletics, Loughborough University, \nLoughborough, United Kingdom; 4Department of Sport Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar; 5Department of Physical \nEducation and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; and 6Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty \nof Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom \n\nAbstract ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Although the current investigation provides a detailed \nassessment of an individual at/toward the upper limit of \nhuman strength performance, it is important to appreciate \nstudy limitations. First, the participant was not measured im- \nmediately before their World’s Strongest Man championship \nsuccess or other landmark performances, and it is entirely pos- \nsible the functional and structural characteristics we assessed \nmay have been even higher directly prior to peak performan- \nces. Despite using a wide-bore MRI scanner, due to the size of \nthe WSM’s shoulders and arms, it was not possible to scan their \nupper body. Thus, we were not able to investigate this aspect of \nthe WSM’s muscle morphology; although given that greater hy- \npertrophy occurs in the upper body compared with the lower \nbody (42), it is possible that the WSM’s upper-body muscle size \nrelative to untrained controls may have been even more pro- \nnounced than what we have documented for the lower body. \nIn the current study to provide the most representative data on \nuntrained control participants, the largest available untrained \ncontrol populations were used for each category of measure- \nments. Thus, different untrained control populations were \nused [e.g., comparison of quadricep and hamstring size (n ¼ \n102) vs. comparison of all the leg muscles (n ¼ 11)], which led to \nsome subtle discrepancies in the contrasts between these \ngroups and the WSM [e.g., quadriceps femoris/knee extensors, \nþ 127% and þ 99% relative to our large pooled (n ¼ 102) and \nsmaller (n ¼ 11) untrained control samples, respectively]. \nImportantly, however, this discrepancy does not appear to \nmeaningfully affect the interpretation of the findings. There \nwere subtle differences in the precise scanning and analysis \napproaches used with the reference populations featured in \nthis study, including 1) magnetic field strength [1.5 T (10, 11, 15) \nvs. 3.0 T, WSM and (13, 14)]; 2) the interslice distance used to \nquantify quadriceps femoris and hamstrings muscle volume \n[1.5 cm (10, 11, 14) vs. 2.0 cm, WSM and (13)]; 3) the calculation \nof muscle volume [area under the cubic spline ACSA-muscle \nlength curve: (10, 11, 14) vs. the equation detailed earlier: WSM \nand (13)]; and 4) the use of unilateral MRI measures derived \nfrom one limb (10, 11, 14, 15) or collapsed across two limbs \n[WSM and (13)]. However, it seems likely that these subtle dif- \nferences would have had at most a very minor effect on the \nfindings. Finally, it is also important to highlight that the differ- \nences documented between the WSM and comparative popula- \ntions for the various measures included in the current study \ncannot be assumed to be anything other than a combination of \nboth innate (genetic) and environmental (training and nutri- \ntion) factors. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf", - "query": "What are the nutritionnal added components to the word's strongest man regime ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The WSM’s nutritional supplement consumption included protein, branched-chain amino acids, and electrolytes", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "DISCUSSION \n\nThis study is the first to document the lower-body muscle \nand tendon morphology of a World’s Strongest Man and \ndeadlift champion (i.e., an exceptionally strong individual), \nand these are presented alongside functional whole body \nassessments, which exceeded the highest IMTP force (gross \n\nJ Appl Physiol (cid:4) doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2024 (cid:4) www.jappl.org ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "5. McLeod M, Breen L, Hamilton DL, Philp A. Live strong and prosper: \nthe importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing. \nBiogerontology 17: 497–510, 2016. doi:10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7. \nKraemer WJ, Caldwell LK, Post EM, DuPont WH, Martini ER, \nRatamess NA, Szivak TK, Shurley JP, Beeler MK, Volek JS, Maresh \nCM, Todd JS, Walrod BJ, Hyde PN, Fairman C, Best TM. Body com- \nposition in elite strongman competitors. J Strength Cond Res 34: \n3326–3330, 2020. doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003763. \nAbe T, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser \nJG, Loenneke JP. Skeletal muscle mass in human athletes: what is \nthe upper limit? Am J Hum Biol 30: e23102, 2018. doi:10.1002/ \najhb.23102. \n\n6. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "INTRODUCTION \nhealthy aging (5). However, our knowledge of extreme human \nstrength is limited. \n\nTo date, there is little scientific information on the charac- \nteristics of extremely strong humans in terms of laboratory- \nbased tests of strength and power, particularly the size and dis- \ntribution of their muscle mass, as well as tendon size and joint \nmechanics (moment arm). Kraemer et al. (6) examined the \nbody composition of elite strongman competitors using dual- \nenergy X-ray absorptiometry scanning and found that they \nhad a body mass (153 ± 19 kg) and lean mass (118 ± 12 kg) \napproximately twice that of an average untrained healthy \nyoung man. Whole body skeletal muscle mass of athletes from \nstrength- and power-based sports has also been estimated \nusing ultrasound measurements at a limited number of ana- \ntomical locations (7, 8). However, neither ultrasound-derived Feats of strength have fascinated man since the early stages \nof human civilization, as shown by the archeological evidence \nof inscribed heavy stones at Olympia and Thera in Greece, \ndated to the 6th century BC, detailing the way they were lifted \nby Bybon and Eumastus, respectively (1). Over the centuries, \nmany types of strength competitions have existed; some of \nwhich have been codified and endured within modern sport- \ning competitions (e.g., weightlifting, powerlifting, and shot \nput). In addition, professional strongman competitions, such \nas the annually contested “World’s Strongest Man” event, \ngenerate extensive global interest (2). Moreover, scientific \nunderstanding of muscular strength is important because of \nits role in athletic performance (3), injury prevention (4), and ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nstructural weight ", - "page_start": 251, - "page_end": 251, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. \n\nCrowther NB. Weightlifting in antiquity: achievement and training. \nGreece Rome 24: 111–120, 1977. doi:10.1017/s0017383500018416. \n2. Dixon E. How Wave.tv is making the World’s Strongest Man think \nbigger with its digital plans (Online). SportsPro, 2020.https://www. \nsportspromedia.com/insights/analysis/worlds-strongest-man-wavetv- \nthe-pump-snapchat-brian-verne-interview/ [Apr 6, 2024]. \nSuchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular \nstrength in athletic performance. Sports Med 46: 1419–1449, 2016. \ndoi:10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0. \n\n3. \n\n4. Opar DA, Williams MD, Timmins RG, Hickey J, Duhig SJ, Shield AJ. \nEccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian \nfootballers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47: 857–865, 2015. doi:10.1249/ \nmss.0000000000000465. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 \n\n**QF volume (cm3)**\n\nFigure 4. Quadriceps femoris (QF; A), \nvastus medialis (VM; B), vastus lateralis \n(VL; C), vastus intermedius (VI; D), and rec- \ntus femoris (RF; E) muscle volume of a \nWorld’s Strongest Man and deadlift cham- \npion (WSM) compared with long-term re- \nsistance-trained (n ¼ 16, from the work by \nMaden-Wilkinson et al. \n(10)], elite sprint \nrunners [n ¼ 5, from the work by Miller \net al. (13)], subelite sprint runners [n ¼ 26, \nfrom the work by Miller et al. (13)], and \nuntrained control populations [n ¼ 102, \npooled population from the works by \nMiller et al. (13) (n ¼ 11), Balshaw et al. (11) \n(n ¼ 52), and Balshaw et al. (14) (pretest \ndata n ¼ 39)]. \n\n**B** **C**\n\nWSM \n\nLong-term resistance-trained \n\n**D**", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEFFECT OF GROSS WEIGHT ", - "page_start": 182, - "page_end": 182, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1500 1800 \n\nFigure 5. Overall hamstrings (HAMS; A), \nsemimembranosus (SM; B), semitendino- \nsus (ST; C), biceps femoris long head \n(BFlh; D), and biceps femoris short head \n(BFsh; E) muscle volume of a World’s \nStrongest Man and deadlift champion \n(WSM) compared with long-term resist- \nance trained [n ¼ 16, from the work by \n(10)], elite sprint \nMaden-Wilkinson et al. \nrunners [n ¼ 5, from the work by Miller et \nal. (13)], subelite sprint runners [n ¼ 26, \nfrom the work by Miller et al. (13)], and \nuntrained control populations [n ¼ 50, \npooled population from the works by \nMiller et al. (13) (n ¼ 11) and Balshaw et al. \n(14) (pretest data n ¼ 39)]. \n\n0 100 200 300 400 500 600 \n\n**ST volume (cm3)**\n\n**D** **E**\n\nWSM \n\nLong-term resistance-trained ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSTATIC STRENGTH ", - "page_start": 343, - "page_end": 343, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n- \n\ni\\ \nULTIMATE \nSTRENGTH ", - "page_start": 362, - "page_end": 362, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf", - "query": "Why constraint made the scanning of the word's strongest man's upper body impossible using a MRI ?", - "target_page": 10, - "target_passage": "Despite using a wide-bore MRI scanner, due to the size of the WSM’s shoulders and arms, it was not possible to scan their upper body", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Although the current investigation provides a detailed \nassessment of an individual at/toward the upper limit of \nhuman strength performance, it is important to appreciate \nstudy limitations. First, the participant was not measured im- \nmediately before their World’s Strongest Man championship \nsuccess or other landmark performances, and it is entirely pos- \nsible the functional and structural characteristics we assessed \nmay have been even higher directly prior to peak performan- \nces. Despite using a wide-bore MRI scanner, due to the size of \nthe WSM’s shoulders and arms, it was not possible to scan their \nupper body. Thus, we were not able to investigate this aspect of \nthe WSM’s muscle morphology; although given that greater hy- \npertrophy occurs in the upper body compared with the lower \nbody (42), it is possible that the WSM’s upper-body muscle size \nrelative to untrained controls may have been even more pro- \nnounced than what we have documented for the lower body. \nIn the current study to provide the most representative data on \nuntrained control participants, the largest available untrained \ncontrol populations were used for each category of measure- \nments. Thus, different untrained control populations were \nused [e.g., comparison of quadricep and hamstring size (n ¼ \n102) vs. comparison of all the leg muscles (n ¼ 11)], which led to \nsome subtle discrepancies in the contrasts between these \ngroups and the WSM [e.g., quadriceps femoris/knee extensors, \nþ 127% and þ 99% relative to our large pooled (n ¼ 102) and \nsmaller (n ¼ 11) untrained control samples, respectively]. \nImportantly, however, this discrepancy does not appear to \nmeaningfully affect the interpretation of the findings. There \nwere subtle differences in the precise scanning and analysis \napproaches used with the reference populations featured in \nthis study, including 1) magnetic field strength [1.5 T (10, 11, 15) \nvs. 3.0 T, WSM and (13, 14)]; 2) the interslice distance used to \nquantify quadriceps femoris and hamstrings muscle volume \n[1.5 cm (10, 11, 14) vs. 2.0 cm, WSM and (13)]; 3) the calculation \nof muscle volume [area under the cubic spline ACSA-muscle \nlength curve: (10, 11, 14) vs. the equation detailed earlier: WSM \nand (13)]; and 4) the use of unilateral MRI measures derived \nfrom one limb (10, 11, 14, 15) or collapsed across two limbs \n[WSM and (13)]. However, it seems likely that these subtle dif- \nferences would have had at most a very minor effect on the \nfindings. Finally, it is also important to highlight that the differ- \nences documented between the WSM and comparative popula- \ntions for the various measures included in the current study \ncannot be assumed to be anything other than a combination of \nboth innate (genetic) and environmental (training and nutri- \ntion) factors. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "DISCUSSION \n\nThis study is the first to document the lower-body muscle \nand tendon morphology of a World’s Strongest Man and \ndeadlift champion (i.e., an exceptionally strong individual), \nand these are presented alongside functional whole body \nassessments, which exceeded the highest IMTP force (gross \n\nJ Appl Physiol (cid:4) doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2024 (cid:4) www.jappl.org ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1. Example axial MRI images from \nthe World’s Strongest Man and deadlift \nchampion (WSM; A–C) and an untrained \nfrom the hip \ncontrol participant \n(A and D), thigh (B and E), and lower leg (C \nand F). Image location relative to femur \nand shank length was matched between \nthe WSM and the untrained control as fol- \nlows: hip image is at approximately midfe- \nmoral head, thigh image is at (cid:6)52% of \nfemur length (0% is distal end of femur, \n100% is greater trochanter), and lower leg \nimage is at (cid:6)70% of shank length (0% is \nlateral malleolus, 100% is proximal end of \ntibia). The untrained control participant \ndisplayed was from the work by Miller et al. \n(13) and had a total measured muscle vol- \nume of all measured muscles that was 5.1% \nsmaller than the mean of the untrained \ngroup within that study. \n\n(D–F) ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The participant reported for their MRI scan [3.0-T \nDiscovery MR750W (70-cm-wide bore), GE Medical] having \nnot completed any strenuous physical activity in (cid:2)24 h and \nhad received prior instruction to arrive in a relaxed state hav- \ning eaten and drunk normally. The participant sat quietly for \n15 min prior to their scan. The participant lay supine for the \nMRI scan of the lower-body musculature from T12 to the lat- \neral malleolus. A body coil (GE Medical) allowed axial T1- \nweighted images (time of repetition/time to echo 600/8.144 \nms, image matrix 512 (cid:3) 512, field of view 500 (cid:3) 500 mm, \npixel size 0.9766 (cid:3) 0.9766 mm, slice thickness 5 mm, and \ninterslice gap 5 mm) to be acquired in five overlapping \nblocks. Images of both sides of the body were acquired \nwithin a single scan for blocks 1 (T12 to pelvis), 4 (knee joint \nspace to midshank), and 5 (midshank to lateral malleolus). \nHowever, due to the size of the participant’s thighs, it was \nnecessary to scan each thigh individually for blocks 2 (pelvis \nto midthigh) and 3 (midthigh to knee joint space); this \ninvolved the radiographer repositioning the field of view \nbetween scanning the first and the second thigh but not \nphysically moving the coil or the participant. Oil-filled cap- \nsules were secured to the surface of the participant’s skin \nwith Transpore tape at intervals along the length of the lower \nbody prior to the scan and in an offline analysis used to ver- \nify the alignment of the blocks (Horos software, Version 3.36, \nhttps://horosproject.org/). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This study compared the muscle and tendon morphology of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World’s Strongest Man and deadlift \nchampion (WSM), with that of various other athletic, trained, and untrained populations. The WSM completed the following: 1) 3.0-T \nMRI scans, to determine the volume of 22 individual lower limb muscles, 5 functional muscle groups, patellar tendon (PT) cross-sec- \ntional area (CSA), and PT moment arm; and 2) countermovement jumps (CMJ) and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) contractions. The \nWSM was compared with previously assessed groups from our laboratory (muscle and tendon) and the wider research literature \n(CMJ and IMTP). The WSM’s CMJ peak power (9,866 W) and gross (9,171 N) and net (7,480 N) IMTP peak forces were higher than \nany previously published values. The WSM’s overall measured leg muscle volume was approximately twice that of untrained controls \n( þ 96%) but with pronounced anatomical variability in the extent of muscular development. The plantar flexor group ( þ 120%) and the \nguy rope muscles (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus: þ 140% to þ 202%), which stabilize the pelvis and femur, demonstrated the \nlargest differences relative to that of untrained controls. The WSM’s pronounced quadriceps size (greater than or equal to twofold vs. \nuntrained) was accompanied by modest PT moment arm differences and, notably, was not matched by an equivalent difference in PT \nCSA ( þ 30%). These results provide novel insight into the musculotendinous characteristics of an extraordinarily strong individual, \nwhich may be toward the upper limit of human variation, such that the WSM’s very pronounced lower limb muscularity also exhibited \ndistinct anatomical variability and with muscle size largely uncoupled from tendon size. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In this paper, we present the findings from a unique op- \nportunity to examine the laboratory function, muscle size, \nand distribution of muscle mass, as well as patellar tendon \nsize and moment arm, of a World’s Strongest Man and dead- \nlift champion (WSM) in comparison with existing data on \nuntrained individuals, power athletes (100-m-track sprint- \ners), and long-term resistance-trained populations that we \nhave assessed previously (10, 11, 13–15). \n\nMRI Measurement of Muscle Tendon Unit Morphology \nand Moment Arm \nMATERIALS AND METHODS \n\nParticipant \n\nThe WSM’s achievements included one World’s Strongest \nMan title (14 mo prior to measurement), five Britain’s \nStrongest Man titles (the most recent 6 mo prior to measure- \nment), twice being World Deadlift Champion and Deadlift \nWorld Record holder (500 kg; at the time of measurement), \nand second place at Europe’s Strongest Man. Prior to agreeing \nto participate, the purpose of the research study and the test- \ning procedures were explained to the participant along with \nthe risks and benefits of taking part. The participant gave his \nwritten informed consent to participate in the study that was \napproved by the Loughborough University Ethical Advisory \nCommittee (Ethics Number R18-P090). Included in the writ- \nten consent was a statement providing permission for publi- \ncation of the collected data and the likelihood that their \nidentity may be evident based on their achievements and \ncharacteristics, despite anonymization. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NEW & NOTEWORTHY Lower-body muscle size of an extraordinarily strong individual, a World’s Strongest Man and deadlift \nchampion (WSM), was approximately twice that of controls but was underpinned by pronounced anatomical variability in the \nextent of muscular development ( þ 23–202%): the plantar flexor group and guy rope muscles demonstrating the largest differen- \nces. The WSM’s quadriceps size (more than or equal to twice that of controls) contrasted with modest differences in patella ten- \ndon moment arm ( þ 18%) and was uncoupled from patellar tendon size ( þ 30%). \n\nisometric force; magnetic resonance imaging; power; strength ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. \n\nCrowther NB. Weightlifting in antiquity: achievement and training. \nGreece Rome 24: 111–120, 1977. doi:10.1017/s0017383500018416. \n2. Dixon E. How Wave.tv is making the World’s Strongest Man think \nbigger with its digital plans (Online). SportsPro, 2020.https://www. \nsportspromedia.com/insights/analysis/worlds-strongest-man-wavetv- \nthe-pump-snapchat-brian-verne-interview/ [Apr 6, 2024]. \nSuchomel TJ, Nimphius S, Stone MH. The importance of muscular \nstrength in athletic performance. Sports Med 46: 1419–1449, 2016. \ndoi:10.1007/s40279-016-0486-0. \n\n3. \n\n4. Opar DA, Williams MD, Timmins RG, Hickey J, Duhig SJ, Shield AJ. \nEccentric hamstring strength and hamstring injury risk in Australian \nfootballers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47: 857–865, 2015. doi:10.1249/ \nmss.0000000000000465. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n- \n\ni\\ \nULTIMATE \nSTRENGTH ", - "page_start": 362, - "page_end": 362, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "INTRODUCTION \nhealthy aging (5). However, our knowledge of extreme human \nstrength is limited. \n\nTo date, there is little scientific information on the charac- \nteristics of extremely strong humans in terms of laboratory- \nbased tests of strength and power, particularly the size and dis- \ntribution of their muscle mass, as well as tendon size and joint \nmechanics (moment arm). Kraemer et al. (6) examined the \nbody composition of elite strongman competitors using dual- \nenergy X-ray absorptiometry scanning and found that they \nhad a body mass (153 ± 19 kg) and lean mass (118 ± 12 kg) \napproximately twice that of an average untrained healthy \nyoung man. Whole body skeletal muscle mass of athletes from \nstrength- and power-based sports has also been estimated \nusing ultrasound measurements at a limited number of ana- \ntomical locations (7, 8). However, neither ultrasound-derived Feats of strength have fascinated man since the early stages \nof human civilization, as shown by the archeological evidence \nof inscribed heavy stones at Olympia and Thera in Greece, \ndated to the 6th century BC, detailing the way they were lifted \nby Bybon and Eumastus, respectively (1). Over the centuries, \nmany types of strength competitions have existed; some of \nwhich have been codified and endured within modern sport- \ning competitions (e.g., weightlifting, powerlifting, and shot \nput). In addition, professional strongman competitions, such \nas the annually contested “World’s Strongest Man” event, \ngenerate extensive global interest (2). Moreover, scientific \nunderstanding of muscular strength is important because of \nits role in athletic performance (3), injury prevention (4), and ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed12.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf", - "query": "What is typical age at which multiple sclerosis is diagnosed ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30– 40 years of ag", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "1 Introduction \n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory disease of \nthe central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30– \n40 years of age (1). A great concern is the significantly lower levels \nof physical activity (PA) in people with MS (pwMS) across \ndisability levels than in their healthy counterparts (2, 3). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
2. Casey B, Coste S, Galvin R, Domndly A. Objector physical activity levels in people with multiple sclerosis : meta - analysis. Sured J Med Sci Sperts ( 2018 ) 28 ( 9 ): 1900 – 9 : doe 10.111 / oma 13214
3. Kimuth - Hopkin D, Adamon B, Rouguea R, Mofi RW, People with MS are less physically active than healthy controls but as active as those with other clientic diseases an updated muta - analysis. Multi Scler Relat Disead. ( 2017 ) 1338 – A3 doch
4. Houng PD, Lerd S, Gandevia S, Menant J. Eurcise and sports science Australia ( ESSA ) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis. J Sci Mad Sport. ( 2022 ) 25 ( 2 ) 146 – 54 doc 101010 ( t ) nama 201103
5. Didga - U, Langokon - Christensen M, Stmage E, Bimenschnider M, Fivid LG. Eurecise as medicine in multiple sclerosis - ine for a paradiges shift : preventive, symptomatic, and disease - modifying appects and perspectives. Carr Neuroly
6. Remonschnider M., Hival 1. G. Hisegued 1. Stypared MEE, Eskilleen SI, Gaemalke T, et al. Invotigating the potential doese - molifying and neuroprotective efficacy of exercise therapy cells in the disease course of multiple sclerosie
7. KaB - II, Itom TB, Coste S, Costello K, Dalga U, Garmon E, et al. Enexise and likelyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis througheut the disease course. Mult Scler. ( 2020 ) 26 ( 12 ) 149 – 69, due : 10113 / 10
6. Moreno - Naruro P, Mana a A, Martino G, Ventura L, Burhado D, Veno - Garcia FJ, et al. Too stoutest relatibility and known - groups validity of traumacie tento in people with multiple sclerosis : a cross - sciented, case control study. Phys :
9 Rate J, Arntan EC, Lamers I, Fey P, Normann B. What is the distribution of trank impairments and in velationship with disability level in individuals with multiple sclerosis? Multi - Relat Doord ( 2011 ) 5.10325. doc 10.10108 / mused 20112
", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, et al. Rising \ninsights from the Atlas of MS, third \n\n11. Unluer NO, Ozkan T, Yasa ME, Ates Y, Anlar O. Investigation of the \nrelationship between trunk motor control and balance, functional mobility, and gait \ncapacity in patients with multiple sclerosis/multipl sklerozlu hastalarda govde motor \nkontrolu ile denge, fonksiyonel mobilite ve yuruyus kapasitesi arasindaki iliskinin \nincelenmesi. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi. (2021) 27(3):283. doi: 10.4274/tdn.2021.41017 \n\nprevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: \nedition. Mult Scler. (2020) 26(14):1816–21. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841 \n\n12. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Physical activity and exercise training in multiple \nsclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived \ndeterminants and consequences. Disabil Rehabil. (2016) 38(13):1227–42. doi: 10. \n3109/09638288.2015.1077397 \n\n13. Fikke HK, Normann B, Sivertsen M, Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC. Optimizing \nsensorimotor function, physical activity and employment for people with MS—a \n10.52705/ \nfeasibility \nc14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd \n90(1):32–42. study. Fysioterapeuten. (2023) doi: \n\n14. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based, \nindividualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides \nimmediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple \nsclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int. (2019) 25(1):e1798. \ndoi: 10.1002/pri.1798 \n\n15. Arntzen EC, Straume BK, Odeh F, Feys P, Zanaboni P, Normann B. Group- \nbased individualized comprehensive core stability intervention improves balance in \npersons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. (2019) 99 \n(8):1027–38. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz017 \n\n16. Arntzen EC, Øberg GK, Gallagher S, Normann B. Group-based, individualized \nexercises can provide perceived bodily changes and strengthen aspects of self in \nindividuals with MS: a qualitative interview study. Physiother Theory Pract. (2019) \n37(10):1080–95. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923 \n\n17. Florio-Smith J, Ayer M, Colhoun S, Daykin N, Hamill B, Liu X, et al. The \nimportance of the patient’s perspective in decision-making in multiple sclerosis: \nresults of the OwnMS patient perspectives study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. (2023) \n75:104757. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757 \n\n18. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: \nimplications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res. (2008) \n51(1):225–39. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018) \n19. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and The Sciences of Mind. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3, which shows the age of the individual at a positive test, also reveals that although the \naverage age at positive test is 32, the peak is quite flat, with high numbers of positive tests still \nbeing recorded by individuals in their late 30s and even into their 40s. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "21,274 excluded \n8,273 Previous diagnosis of asthma \n5,363 Previous diagnosis of COPD \n190 Age < 18 years \n1,763 Previous diagnosis of CF, bronchiectasis, pulmonary \nfibrosis, or lung cancer \n1,331 History of MI, heart problems, stroke, aortic or cerebral \naneurysm, eye surgery, or detached retina in past 3 mos. \n19 Pregnant, in the third trimester \n3,715 Under care of respirologist or using an inhaled respiratory ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Prior to recruitment, the study was introduced to individuals \nwith multiple sclerosis (pwMS) through a seminar hosted by the \nNordland MS Association. Additionally, \nseminars were \nconducted for health professionals in community healthcare and \nat the regional hospital. Written information about this study \n(and the RCT) was sent from the MS clinic at the regional \nto all eligible individuals affiliated with the \nhospital by post \nIndividuals who wished to participate signed the \nhospital. \nattached consent \nin the pre-stamped \nfollows: had been \nenvelope. The inclusion criteria were as \ndiagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability \nStatus Scale (EDSS) (29) of ≤3.5, was ≥18 years, was employed \n(10%–100% of \nfull-time) and residential address in the two \npredefined municipalities. The exclusion criteria were as follows: \npregnancy, exacerbation of symptoms within two weeks prior to \nenrollment and other serious conditions compromising balance, \nwalking or work capacity. All participants in the intervention \ngroup of the RCT (n = 15) were included (Table 3). \n\nform and returned it ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "34. Gallagher S, Bower M. Making enactivism even more embodied. AVANT: \nJ Philos Interdiscip Vanguard. (2014) 5(2):232–47. doi: 10.26913/50202014.0109.0011 \n\n35. Di Paolo E, Cuffari E, Jaegher H. Linguistic Bodies: The Continuity between Life \nand Language. Cambridge: MIT press (2018). \n36. Colombetti G. The embodied and situated nature of moods. Philosophia (Ramat \nGan). (2017) 45(4):1437–51. doi: 10.1007/s11406-017-9817-0 \n\n37. Bandura A. Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Educ Behav. \n(2004) 31(2):143–64. doi: 10.1177/1090198104263660 \n\n38. Casey B, Coote S, Hayes S, Gallagher S. Changing physical activity behavior in \npeople with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med \nRehabil. (2018) 99(10):2059–75. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2017.12.013 \n\n39. Silveira SL, Cederberg KLJ, Jeng B, Sikes EM, Sandroff BM, Jones CD, et al. Do \nphysical activity and social cognitive theory variable scores differ across symptom \ncluser severity groups in multiple sclerosis? Disabil Health J. (2021) 14(4):101163. \ndoi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101163 \n\n40. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Exercise training for multiple sclerosis: a narrative \nreview of history, benefits, safety, guidelines, and promotion. Int J Environ Res \nPublic Health. (2021) 18(24):13245. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182413245 \n\n41. Baird JF, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity with exercise training and physical \nactivity interventions among persons with multiple sclerosis. Neurorehabil Neural \nRepair. (2019) 33(1):3–14. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818904 \n\n42. Sandroff BM, Baird JF, Silveira SL, Motl RW. Response heterogeneity in fitness, \nmobility and cognition with exercise-training in MS. Acta Neurol Scand. (2019) 139 \n(2):183–91. doi: 10.1111/ane.13041 \n\n43. Lahelle AF, Øberg GK, Normann B. Group dynamics in a group-based, \nindividualized physiotherapy intervention for people with multiple sclerosis: a \nqualitative study. Physiother Res Int. (2019) 25(3):e1829. doi: 10.1002/pri.1829 \n\n44. Normann B. Facilitation of movement: new perspectives provide expanded \ninsights to guide clinical practice. Physiother Theory Pract. (2020) 36(7):769–78. \ndoi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1493165 \n\n45. Øberg GK, Normann B, Gallagher S. Embodied-enactive clinical reasoning in \n(2015) 31(4):244–52. doi: 10.3109/ \nphysical \n09593985.2014.1002873 \ntherapy. Physiother Theory Pract. \n\n46. Anens E, Zetterberg L, Urell C, Emtner M, Hellström K. Self-reported \nphysical \na \ncross-sectional study. BMC Neurol. (2017) 17(1):204. doi: 10.1186/s12883-017- \n0981-4 \n\nactivity correlates in Swedish adults with multiple sclerosis: ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for \npersons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS \nCare. (2021) 23(4):186–92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066 \n\n48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among \nFive Approaches. 4th ed. California: Sage (2018). ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The mean age at test is 32 and the mean year of birth is 1977, implying that most of these \nindividuals were in their mid-to-late teens during the crime peak of the mid-1990s.9 Given \nevidence suggesting that the average age of initiation for opiate/crack use is around 18–20 \n(Millar et al., 2001), this age profile would tentatively suggest that OCU incidence also peaked in \nthe 1990s and that this created a large cohort of users who would be approaching 40 today. \n\nThe minimum and maximum years of birth are fixed by construction, because anyone born ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 11: Number of recent (within two years) OCU initiates presenting to treatment in 2005**\n**and 2013, by age of individual at first presentation.**\n\n", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf", - "query": "What was the average year of the group that participated to the study concerning the impact of outdoor pysiotherapy on patient with multiple sclerosis", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Age in years Mean 47.6", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The meaningfulness of exploring \none’s own limits through \ninteractions and enjoyment \nin outdoor high-intensity \nphysiotherapy for people \nwith multiple sclerosis: a \nqualitative study \n\nStine Susanne Haakonsen Dahl1*, Ellen Christin Arntzen1 and \nBritt Normann1,2 \n\n1Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway, 2Department of Physiotherapy, \nNordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The way the physiotherapists led the group and, in particular, \ninteracted with each participant were regarded as helpful \nfor \nimproving their bodily functions and activity levels. Some \nparticipants reported being afraid to try out new activities or \ntraining at high intensities after being diagnosed with MS but felt \nsafe to explore when supervised by the physiotherapist because of \nin the relationship between them and in the \ntheir \nphysiotherapist’s professional knowledge. \n\nI have simply been taught some tools to improve certain parts of \nmy body and how that has an effect on, for example, walking: \nThat my hip has to be with me to maintain balance—and that \nmakes how I stand on the ground important. Previously I was \nnot aware of that…., now everything works better. (ID6, EDSS: 2) \n\nTwo participants reported that the intervention motivated \nthem to commit to new exercise routines, and some stated that \nthey had more “readiness” for activities such as playing with \ntheir grandchildren, hiking with friends, or engaging in a high- \nintensity activity. Some stated that their bodily changes were \nperhaps not noticeable for others, but they themselves noticed \nthat it was easier to climb stairs, balance on one leg and walk \nfast or that they now moved in a “better way” or with less pain. \nThree participants perceived the duration of the outdoor group \nto be too short to feel \nlasting improvements in their physical \nendurance or muscular strength. \n\nHow the physiotherapist approached the ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2.3 Study context \n\ninterview study was nested within a randomized \n(RCT) comparing the CoreDISTparticipation \ncontrolled trial \nintervention to usual care (26) and conducted at a regional \nhospital MS-outpatient clinic (Nordland Hospital Trust) and in \ntwo affiliated municipalities in the northern Norway. The current \nintervention group’s \nstudy investigates participants \nexperiences of the four-week outdoor group, which was part of \nthis new intervention (Table 2). The outdoor sessions were \nconducted by three trained physiotherapists working in the \n\nThis \n\nin the ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "in a \nDiscussion: High-intensity training combined with detailed exercises \nphysiotherapy outdoor group was perceived to create meaningful bodily changes \nand enhance PA and prospects for both PA and life. Importantly, however, some \nnegative experiences were also reported from the high-intensity training. Enactive \nthe importance of \nthe illumination of new perspectives: \ntheory allowed for \nembodiment for self-efficacy and of tailored physiotherapy and an outdoor-group \nenvironment for exploring one’s own limits to physical capabilities. These aspects \nshould inform future exercise interventions in pwMS with low disability. \n\nKEYWORDS \n\nphysical activity, physiotherapy, multiple sclerosis, qualitative study, exercise therapy, \npostural balance, enactive theory ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
2. Casey B, Coste S, Galvin R, Domndly A. Objector physical activity levels in people with multiple sclerosis : meta - analysis. Sured J Med Sci Sperts ( 2018 ) 28 ( 9 ): 1900 – 9 : doe 10.111 / oma 13214
3. Kimuth - Hopkin D, Adamon B, Rouguea R, Mofi RW, People with MS are less physically active than healthy controls but as active as those with other clientic diseases an updated muta - analysis. Multi Scler Relat Disead. ( 2017 ) 1338 – A3 doch
4. Houng PD, Lerd S, Gandevia S, Menant J. Eurcise and sports science Australia ( ESSA ) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis. J Sci Mad Sport. ( 2022 ) 25 ( 2 ) 146 – 54 doc 101010 ( t ) nama 201103
5. Didga - U, Langokon - Christensen M, Stmage E, Bimenschnider M, Fivid LG. Eurecise as medicine in multiple sclerosis - ine for a paradiges shift : preventive, symptomatic, and disease - modifying appects and perspectives. Carr Neuroly
6. Remonschnider M., Hival 1. G. Hisegued 1. Stypared MEE, Eskilleen SI, Gaemalke T, et al. Invotigating the potential doese - molifying and neuroprotective efficacy of exercise therapy cells in the disease course of multiple sclerosie
7. KaB - II, Itom TB, Coste S, Costello K, Dalga U, Garmon E, et al. Enexise and likelyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis througheut the disease course. Mult Scler. ( 2020 ) 26 ( 12 ) 149 – 69, due : 10113 / 10
6. Moreno - Naruro P, Mana a A, Martino G, Ventura L, Burhado D, Veno - Garcia FJ, et al. Too stoutest relatibility and known - groups validity of traumacie tento in people with multiple sclerosis : a cross - sciented, case control study. Phys :
9 Rate J, Arntan EC, Lamers I, Fey P, Normann B. What is the distribution of trank impairments and in velationship with disability level in individuals with multiple sclerosis? Multi - Relat Doord ( 2011 ) 5.10325. doc 10.10108 / mused 20112
", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for \npersons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS \nCare. (2021) 23(4):186–92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066 \n\n48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among \nFive Approaches. 4th ed. California: Sage (2018). ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Enjoyment has previously been reported to promote PA \nin pwMS, and our study brings requested knowledge of what \nin an exercise intervention (46): \ncan constitute enjoyment \nplayful group-exercise tasks, a cheerful physiotherapist, and the \noutdoor environment. \n\nThe appreciation of being active outdoors in the study sample \naligns with that in the general population (47). The outdoors \nprovided a natural environment, which both invited participants to \nactively explore abilities thought of as left behind after their \ndiagnosis with MS, such as running, and provided an appreciated \nbreak from focusing on MS symptoms. We also suggest that the \npositive \nchallenging weather \nconditions and the added meaning of exercising among other \npeople in the city park can be explained according to such terms. \nThese positive experiences show how we are enmeshed in our \nhistory, context and social encounters (35) and how these aspects \nshould also be accounted for when designing exercise interventions. \n\nexperiences of mastering the ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The physiotherapist-participant interaction is acknowledged in \nexercise interventions for pwMS, pointing to professionals’ role in \ninforming participants of exercise benefits in the management of \nMS, \nintensity, and \nduration of exercise (40). Tailored interventions are supported \n\nincluding the prescribing mode, frequency, ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
OPEN ACCESS
EDITED IIY
Jacqui H Morris,
University of Dundee, United Kingdom
REVIEWED IIY
Nicola Saywell, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
Verna Stavric,
Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
+ CORRISPONDENCE
Stine Susanne Haakonsen Dahl
# stine. s. dahl @ nord. no
RECEIVED 27 September 2023
AcccrTto 06 March 2024
Pumusved 18 March 2024
CITATION
Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC and Normann B ( 2024 ) The meaningfulness of exploring one ' s own limits through interactions and enjoyment in
The meaningfulness of exploring one ’ s own limits through interactions and enjoyment in outdoor high - intensity physiotherapy for
people with multiple sclerosis : a qualitative study.
Front. Rehabil. Sci. 5 : 1303094.
doi : 10.5389 / fresc. 2024.1303094
COPYRIGHT
© 2024 Dahl, Arntzen and Normann. This is an open - access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License ( CC BY ). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author ( s ) and the
copyright owner ( s ) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practic
No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, et al. Rising \ninsights from the Atlas of MS, third \n\n11. Unluer NO, Ozkan T, Yasa ME, Ates Y, Anlar O. Investigation of the \nrelationship between trunk motor control and balance, functional mobility, and gait \ncapacity in patients with multiple sclerosis/multipl sklerozlu hastalarda govde motor \nkontrolu ile denge, fonksiyonel mobilite ve yuruyus kapasitesi arasindaki iliskinin \nincelenmesi. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi. (2021) 27(3):283. doi: 10.4274/tdn.2021.41017 \n\nprevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: \nedition. Mult Scler. (2020) 26(14):1816–21. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841 \n\n12. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Physical activity and exercise training in multiple \nsclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived \ndeterminants and consequences. Disabil Rehabil. (2016) 38(13):1227–42. doi: 10. \n3109/09638288.2015.1077397 \n\n13. Fikke HK, Normann B, Sivertsen M, Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC. Optimizing \nsensorimotor function, physical activity and employment for people with MS—a \n10.52705/ \nfeasibility \nc14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd \n90(1):32–42. study. Fysioterapeuten. (2023) doi: \n\n14. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based, \nindividualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides \nimmediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple \nsclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int. (2019) 25(1):e1798. \ndoi: 10.1002/pri.1798 \n\n15. Arntzen EC, Straume BK, Odeh F, Feys P, Zanaboni P, Normann B. Group- \nbased individualized comprehensive core stability intervention improves balance in \npersons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. (2019) 99 \n(8):1027–38. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz017 \n\n16. Arntzen EC, Øberg GK, Gallagher S, Normann B. Group-based, individualized \nexercises can provide perceived bodily changes and strengthen aspects of self in \nindividuals with MS: a qualitative interview study. Physiother Theory Pract. (2019) \n37(10):1080–95. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923 \n\n17. Florio-Smith J, Ayer M, Colhoun S, Daykin N, Hamill B, Liu X, et al. The \nimportance of the patient’s perspective in decision-making in multiple sclerosis: \nresults of the OwnMS patient perspectives study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. (2023) \n75:104757. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757 \n\n18. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: \nimplications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res. (2008) \n51(1):225–39. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018) \n19. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and The Sciences of Mind. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf", - "query": "What were the prerequisites allowing to be involved in the study concerning the impact of outdoor sport on patients witg multiple sclerosis ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "The inclusion criteria were as follows: had been diagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (29) of ≤3.5, was ≥18 years, was employed (10%–100% of full-time) and residential address in the two predefined municipalities", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 7 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "47. Herring TE, Knowles LM, Alschuler KN. Outdoor adventure programs for \npersons with multiple sclerosis: a review and agenda for future research. Int J MS \nCare. (2021) 23(4):186–92. doi: 10.7224/1537-2073.2020-066 \n\n48. Creswell JW, Poth CN. Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design: Choosing Among \nFive Approaches. 4th ed. California: Sage (2018). ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
2. Casey B, Coste S, Galvin R, Domndly A. Objector physical activity levels in people with multiple sclerosis : meta - analysis. Sured J Med Sci Sperts ( 2018 ) 28 ( 9 ): 1900 – 9 : doe 10.111 / oma 13214
3. Kimuth - Hopkin D, Adamon B, Rouguea R, Mofi RW, People with MS are less physically active than healthy controls but as active as those with other clientic diseases an updated muta - analysis. Multi Scler Relat Disead. ( 2017 ) 1338 – A3 doch
4. Houng PD, Lerd S, Gandevia S, Menant J. Eurcise and sports science Australia ( ESSA ) position statement on exercise for people with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis. J Sci Mad Sport. ( 2022 ) 25 ( 2 ) 146 – 54 doc 101010 ( t ) nama 201103
5. Didga - U, Langokon - Christensen M, Stmage E, Bimenschnider M, Fivid LG. Eurecise as medicine in multiple sclerosis - ine for a paradiges shift : preventive, symptomatic, and disease - modifying appects and perspectives. Carr Neuroly
6. Remonschnider M., Hival 1. G. Hisegued 1. Stypared MEE, Eskilleen SI, Gaemalke T, et al. Invotigating the potential doese - molifying and neuroprotective efficacy of exercise therapy cells in the disease course of multiple sclerosie
7. KaB - II, Itom TB, Coste S, Costello K, Dalga U, Garmon E, et al. Enexise and likelyle physical activity recommendations for people with multiple sclerosis througheut the disease course. Mult Scler. ( 2020 ) 26 ( 12 ) 149 – 69, due : 10113 / 10
6. Moreno - Naruro P, Mana a A, Martino G, Ventura L, Burhado D, Veno - Garcia FJ, et al. Too stoutest relatibility and known - groups validity of traumacie tento in people with multiple sclerosis : a cross - sciented, case control study. Phys :
9 Rate J, Arntan EC, Lamers I, Fey P, Normann B. What is the distribution of trank impairments and in velationship with disability level in individuals with multiple sclerosis? Multi - Relat Doord ( 2011 ) 5.10325. doc 10.10108 / mused 20112
", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Enjoyment has previously been reported to promote PA \nin pwMS, and our study brings requested knowledge of what \nin an exercise intervention (46): \ncan constitute enjoyment \nplayful group-exercise tasks, a cheerful physiotherapist, and the \noutdoor environment. \n\nThe appreciation of being active outdoors in the study sample \naligns with that in the general population (47). The outdoors \nprovided a natural environment, which both invited participants to \nactively explore abilities thought of as left behind after their \ndiagnosis with MS, such as running, and provided an appreciated \nbreak from focusing on MS symptoms. We also suggest that the \npositive \nchallenging weather \nconditions and the added meaning of exercising among other \npeople in the city park can be explained according to such terms. \nThese positive experiences show how we are enmeshed in our \nhistory, context and social encounters (35) and how these aspects \nshould also be accounted for when designing exercise interventions. \n\nexperiences of mastering the ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "I think this particular exercise is hard work, and then it becomes \nvery tiring to do it on my own. However, when I did it in the \ngroup and we could laugh a bit in between and so on, it was \neasier because of the social element. (ID12, EDSS: 1.5) \n\nBeing active outdoors was preferred by many participants \nbecause of the fresh air and the natural and varied environment: \n\nIt was an added positive experience to use our city park and \nnotice all the other people who were there…it is something \nabout challenging our comfort-zone. (ID4, EDSS: 0) \n\nThe natural environment was also described as taking focus \naway from MS symptoms. Cold, \nsnowy weather \nconditions required planning of adequate clothing; in addition, \nthese conditions led some participants to use cautious behavior \nwhen the ground was slippery and led a few to omit sessions. \nHowever, mastering outdoor exercise was highlighted in positive \nterms, such as discovering new ways to become active. \n\nrainy or \n\nGains in insight were also reported from the detailed exercise \npart of the sessions, highlighting how the function of body parts \nthrough movements and sensations was linked to performance in \nPA, as illustrated below: \n3.4 Professional leadership, tailoring and \nco-creation of enjoyment ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 Introduction \n\nMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory disease of \nthe central nervous system (CNS) that is typically diagnosed at 30– \n40 years of age (1). A great concern is the significantly lower levels \nof physical activity (PA) in people with MS (pwMS) across \ndisability levels than in their healthy counterparts (2, 3). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, et al. Rising \ninsights from the Atlas of MS, third \n\n11. Unluer NO, Ozkan T, Yasa ME, Ates Y, Anlar O. Investigation of the \nrelationship between trunk motor control and balance, functional mobility, and gait \ncapacity in patients with multiple sclerosis/multipl sklerozlu hastalarda govde motor \nkontrolu ile denge, fonksiyonel mobilite ve yuruyus kapasitesi arasindaki iliskinin \nincelenmesi. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi. (2021) 27(3):283. doi: 10.4274/tdn.2021.41017 \n\nprevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: \nedition. Mult Scler. (2020) 26(14):1816–21. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841 \n\n12. Learmonth YC, Motl RW. Physical activity and exercise training in multiple \nsclerosis: a review and content analysis of qualitative research identifying perceived \ndeterminants and consequences. Disabil Rehabil. (2016) 38(13):1227–42. doi: 10. \n3109/09638288.2015.1077397 \n\n13. Fikke HK, Normann B, Sivertsen M, Dahl SSH, Arntzen EC. Optimizing \nsensorimotor function, physical activity and employment for people with MS—a \n10.52705/ \nfeasibility \nc14a8ca05f7546dabc18bd0275cf2edd \n90(1):32–42. study. Fysioterapeuten. (2023) doi: \n\n14. Arntzen EC, Straume B, Odeh F, Feys P, Normann B. Group-based, \nindividualized, comprehensive core stability and balance intervention provides \nimmediate and long-term improvements in walking in individuals with multiple \nsclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Physiother Res Int. (2019) 25(1):e1798. \ndoi: 10.1002/pri.1798 \n\n15. Arntzen EC, Straume BK, Odeh F, Feys P, Zanaboni P, Normann B. Group- \nbased individualized comprehensive core stability intervention improves balance in \npersons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. (2019) 99 \n(8):1027–38. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzz017 \n\n16. Arntzen EC, Øberg GK, Gallagher S, Normann B. Group-based, individualized \nexercises can provide perceived bodily changes and strengthen aspects of self in \nindividuals with MS: a qualitative interview study. Physiother Theory Pract. (2019) \n37(10):1080–95. doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1683923 \n\n17. Florio-Smith J, Ayer M, Colhoun S, Daykin N, Hamill B, Liu X, et al. The \nimportance of the patient’s perspective in decision-making in multiple sclerosis: \nresults of the OwnMS patient perspectives study. Mult Scler Relat Disord. (2023) \n75:104757. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.104757 \n\n18. Kleim JA, Jones TA. Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: \nimplications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J Speech Lang Hear Res. (2008) \n51(1):225–39. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/018) \n19. Thompson E. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and The Sciences of Mind. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The way the physiotherapists led the group and, in particular, \ninteracted with each participant were regarded as helpful \nfor \nimproving their bodily functions and activity levels. Some \nparticipants reported being afraid to try out new activities or \ntraining at high intensities after being diagnosed with MS but felt \nsafe to explore when supervised by the physiotherapist because of \nin the relationship between them and in the \ntheir \nphysiotherapist’s professional knowledge. \n\nI have simply been taught some tools to improve certain parts of \nmy body and how that has an effect on, for example, walking: \nThat my hip has to be with me to maintain balance—and that \nmakes how I stand on the ground important. Previously I was \nnot aware of that…., now everything works better. (ID6, EDSS: 2) \n\nTwo participants reported that the intervention motivated \nthem to commit to new exercise routines, and some stated that \nthey had more “readiness” for activities such as playing with \ntheir grandchildren, hiking with friends, or engaging in a high- \nintensity activity. Some stated that their bodily changes were \nperhaps not noticeable for others, but they themselves noticed \nthat it was easier to climb stairs, balance on one leg and walk \nfast or that they now moved in a “better way” or with less pain. \nThree participants perceived the duration of the outdoor group \nto be too short to feel \nlasting improvements in their physical \nendurance or muscular strength. \n\nHow the physiotherapist approached the ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Prior to recruitment, the study was introduced to individuals \nwith multiple sclerosis (pwMS) through a seminar hosted by the \nNordland MS Association. Additionally, \nseminars were \nconducted for health professionals in community healthcare and \nat the regional hospital. Written information about this study \n(and the RCT) was sent from the MS clinic at the regional \nto all eligible individuals affiliated with the \nhospital by post \nIndividuals who wished to participate signed the \nhospital. \nattached consent \nin the pre-stamped \nfollows: had been \nenvelope. The inclusion criteria were as \ndiagnosed with MS, had a score on the Expanded Disability \nStatus Scale (EDSS) (29) of ≤3.5, was ≥18 years, was employed \n(10%–100% of \nfull-time) and residential address in the two \npredefined municipalities. The exclusion criteria were as follows: \npregnancy, exacerbation of symptoms within two weeks prior to \nenrollment and other serious conditions compromising balance, \nwalking or work capacity. All participants in the intervention \ngroup of the RCT (n = 15) were included (Table 3). \n\nform and returned it ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The physiotherapist-participant interaction is acknowledged in \nexercise interventions for pwMS, pointing to professionals’ role in \ninforming participants of exercise benefits in the management of \nMS, \nintensity, and \nduration of exercise (40). Tailored interventions are supported \n\nincluding the prescribing mode, frequency, ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The meaningfulness of exploring \none’s own limits through \ninteractions and enjoyment \nin outdoor high-intensity \nphysiotherapy for people \nwith multiple sclerosis: a \nqualitative study \n\nStine Susanne Haakonsen Dahl1*, Ellen Christin Arntzen1 and \nBritt Normann1,2 \n\n1Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway, 2Department of Physiotherapy, \nNordland Hospital Trust, Bodø, Norway ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf", - "query": "What was the sales revenue of Santos in 2004 ?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": " Sales revenue was a record $1,501 million", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**2004 WAS A YEAR OF GOOD**\n**OPERATING RESULTS**\nOverall the increase in 2004 profit \nof 16% reflected a year of sound \noperating performance. Sales \nrevenue was a record $1,501 \nmillion, up 2.5% on 2003, \nreflecting higher prices across \nmost products and was achieved \ndespite lower production as a \nresult of the Moomba incident \nand declining output from late \nlife fields. \n\n**‘The sound operating results**\n**achieved in 2004 underline**\n**the changing face of Santos**\n**towards a higher value, higher**\n**margin business. We ended the**\n**year with a strong financial**\n**position and our financial**\n**flexibility intact.’**\n\nSantos benefited from higher \nworld oil prices and realised \nUS$51.83 per boe in 2004, an \nincrease of 19% over 2003. The \nbenefit of higher world oil prices \nsubstantially offset the impact \nof lower production volumes. \n**PETER WASOW**\nChief Financial Officer \n\nSantos was also able to negotiate \nhigher domestic gas prices (up \n4% on average) and deliver new \nrevenue streams from project \nstart-ups and acquisitions during \nthe year. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE \n\nfor the year ended 31 December 2004 \n\n**Consolidated** **Santos Ltd**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]NoteCo2004Smillion619Earnings per share ( cents )Diluted\n
2003 $ millionS2004SmillionLtd2003 $ millionProduct sales
21.500.91.465.0568.8616.3
Cost of sales3( 1.049.8 )( 974.4 )( 414.5 )( 356.6 )
Gross profit451.1490.6154.3259.7Other revenue
2252.3154.4858.0126.2
Other expenses3( 129.0 )( 179.5 )( 221.0 )( 108.3 )
Borrowing costs4( 33.6 )( 34.6 )( 91.1 )( 84.0 )
Profit from ordinary activities before income tax expense540.8430.9700.2193.6Income tax expense relating to ordinary activities
( 160.9 )( 103.9 )( 57.1 )( 10.7 )
Net profit after income tax attributable to the shareholders of Santos Ltd379.9327.0643.1182.9Net exchange differences relating to self - sustaining foreign operations
( 0.2 )( 4.7 )––
Total changes in equity from non - owner related transactions attributableto the shareholders of Santos Ltd379.7322.3643.1182.9
Basic2158.652.1
2158.551.5
", - "page_start": 51, - "page_end": 51, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dear Shareholder, \n\nI am pleased to report that \nin 2004 Santos continued \nto deliver on its strategy to \ntransform the Company into a \ntruly international exploration \nand production business with \nworld-class operations. \n\nWhile the year saw many \npositives in terms of development \nand exploration success, it did \nnot get off to a good start with \nthe incident on New Year’s Day \nat the Moomba processing facility \nin central Australia. \n\nIn addition to our focus \non shareholder value, Santos \ntakes its corporate social \nresponsibilities seriously and \nis committed to sustainability \nas a core value in all operations. \nThe Company’s first Sustainability \nReview was released during \nthe year. \n\nI am confident that the \nsignificant achievements made \nduring 2004 provide Santos with \na solid platform from which to \nachieve future growth with \nincreased value for our \nshareholders. \n\nGroup sales revenue increased by \n2.5% to a record $1,501 million, \nearnings before interest and tax \nimproved by 23% to $574 million \nand net profit after tax rose by \n16% to $380 million. \n\nSantos continues to be \nrecognised for the high quality \nof its corporate governance, \nreceiving a measure of five out \nof five for corporate governance \nfor the third successive year \nin an independent report prepared \nby leading accounting and \nmanagement firm, Horwath, \nand the University of Newcastle. \n\nA large proportion of the costs \nand foregone revenues associated \nwith the repair of the damaged \nplant and the reduced oil and \ngas production volumes are \nbeing recovered under \ninsurance policies. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The amounts recognised in the financial statements of the Santos Group and the Company in relation to executive share options exercised during \nthe financial year were: \n\n**Consolidated** **Santos Ltd**\n\n**2004**\n**$million** 2003 \n$million **2004**\n**$million** 2003 \n$million \n\nIssued ordinary share capital **4.1** 5.7 **4.1** 5.7 ", - "page_start": 66, - "page_end": 66, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Revenue.*Revenue was $2,708.1 million, $2,517.8 million and $2,365.1 million for the years ended \nDecember 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively. Revenue increased by $190.3 million, or 7.6%, from 2003 to ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Consolidated** **Santos Ltd**\n\n**2004**\n**$million** 2003 \n$million **2004**\n**$million** 2003 \n$million \n\n**1,544.3**\n**–**\n**3.5**\n**14.5**\n**19.9**\n**(583.6)**\n**(169.6)**\n**(65.2)**\n**(158.8)** 1,637.3 \n0.4 \n2.5 \n17.0 \n28.2 \n(439.9) \n(118.7) \n(60.9) \n(168.6) **644.4**\n**251.7**\n**45.1**\n**19.0**\n**18.0**\n**(279.0)**\n**(78.4)**\n**(90.6)**\n**(137.5)** 683.0 \n0.4 \n36.9 \n22.1 \n1.6 \n(186.4) \n(39.8) \n(83.6) \n(65.1) \n\n**605.0** 897.3 **392.7** 369.1 ", - "page_start": 53, - "page_end": 53, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "LEVERAGING BASE BUSINESS \n**12**Production results for 2004 plus a review \nof activities that are creating value in \nSantos’ base business. \n\nCREATING OPPORTUNITIES \n**15**Exploration strategy, results and acreage \nacquisitions, 2005 program and new \nventure opportunities. ", - "page_start": 94, - "page_end": 94, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "LEVERAGING BASE BUSINESS \n**12**Production results for 2004 plus a review \nof activities that are creating value in \nSantos’ base business. \n\nCREATING OPPORTUNITIES \n**15**Exploration strategy, results and acreage \nacquisitions, 2005 program and new \nventure opportunities. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]( b ) Santos Employee Share Acquisition Plan ( continued )Summary of share movements in the Plan during 2004 ( and comparative 2003 information ):Opening balance NumberGrant th Number of sharesduring earFair valueper share $\n
Grant dates
Distribution during the Numberons year air value ggregate $Closing NumberbalanceFair valueaggregate $200424 August 2001177.908-
–
177.9081.180.728-−2 September 2002195.624-–
32.760227.623162.8641.381.0872 September 2003242.991-–
42.237294.081200.7541.702.39422 November 2004−157.0148.14
2442.089156.7701.329.410616.523157.014253.1491.704.521
520.3884.412.891200325 August 2000192.950–
–
192.9501.163.949--24 August 2001196.552––
18.644111.036177.9081.222.2282 September 2002216.840––
21.216126.185195.6241.343.9372 September 2003-254.1065.84
11.11567.943242.9911.669.348606.342254.106243.9251.469.113
616.5234.235.513
", - "page_start": 64, - "page_end": 64, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "INSIDE \n\nCHAIRMAN’S REVIEW \n**2**Stephen Gerlach comments on Santos’ \n\nCAPTURING AND \nDELIVERING GROWTH \n**18**Progress on Santos’ development projects \nand gas commercialisation highlights. \n\nperformance in 2004. \n\n2004 ACHIEVEMENTS \n2005 AND BEYOND \n**3**Key achievements in 2004 and three-year \nperformance, plus what to look for in the \nnear-term future. MANAGING OPTIONS \n**22**Strategic projects, portfolio management \nactivities and reserves movements \nin 2004. ", - "page_start": 94, - "page_end": 94, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf", - "query": "How have been confirmed nonvanishing neutrino ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The nonvanishing neutrino masses have been confirmed by various neutrino oscillation phenomena and indicate the evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The nonvanishing neutrino masses have been confirmed by various neutrino oscillation \n\nphenomena and indicate the evidence of new physics beyond the Standard Model. The most \n\nattractive idea to naturally explain the tiny neutrino masses is the seesaw mechanism [1], in \n\nwhich the right-handed (RH) neutrinos singlet under the SM gauge group are introduced. \nU(1)Y × \nL model based on the gauge group SU(3)C × \nL [2] is an elegant and simple extension of the SM, in which the RH neutrinos of \n\nThe minimal gauged U(1)B \nSU(2)L × \n− \n\nU(1)B \n− \n\nthree generations are necessarily introduced because of the gauge and gravitational anomaly \n\nIn addition, the mass of RH neutrinos arises associated with the U(1)B cancellations. L \n− \n\ngauge symmetry breaking. \n\nAlthough the scale of the B L gauge symmetry breaking is basically arbitrary as long as \n− \n\nphenomenological constraints are satisfied, one interesting option is to take it to be the TeV \n\nscale [3]. It has been recently pointed out [4] that when the classical conformal invariance ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Note that two RH neutrinos are enough to reconcile with the observed neutrino oscillation \n\ndata, with a prediction of one massless light neutrino. Therefore, without introducing any \n\nadditional new dynamical degrees of freedom, the DM particle arises in the minimal gauged \n\nU(1)B L model. \n− \n\nThe paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we briefly describe our model. In \n\nsection III, we estimate the thermal relic density of the RH neutrino and identify the model ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "16 M. Ortolani, P. Calvani and S. Lupi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, B 68, 024504 (2003). \n\n41 T. Valla et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 85, 828(2000). \n42 Kaminski et al., Phys. Rev. B 71, 014517 (2005). \n43 Robert Haslinger and Andrey V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B \n\n067002 (2005). \n\n17 A.F. Santander-Syro, R.P.S.M. Lobo, and N. Bontemps, \nPhys. Rev. B 70, 134504(2004), A. F. Santander-Syro, R. \nP. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, Z. Konstantinovic, Z. Z. Li \nand H. Raffy, Europhys. Lett. 62, 568 (2003). \n67, 140504(2003). \n44 C. Castellani, C. DiCastro, and M. Grilli, Phys. Rev. Lett. \n18 P. F. Maldague, Phys. Rev. B 16 2437 (1977); E. H. Kim, ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "29 F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B 73, 064507(2006). \n30 M.R. Norman and C. P´epin, Phys. Rev. B 66, 100506(R) \n\n8 H.J.A Molegraaf, C. Presura, D. van der Marel, P.H. Kess, \nM. Li, Science 295, 2239 (2002); A. B. Kuzmenko, H. J. A. \nMolegraaf, F. Carbone and D. van der Marel, Phys. Rev. \nB 72, 144503 (2005). \n\n(2002). \n\n31 J. Fink et al., Phys. Rev. B 74, 165102(R) (2006). \n32 M. Eschrig, Adv. Phys. 55, 47-183 (2006) \n33 M.R. Norman and A.V. Chubukov, Phys. Rev. B 73, \n\n9 A. F. Santander-Syro, R. P. S. M. Lobo, N. Bontemps, Z. \nKonstantinovic, Z. Z. Li and H. Raffy, Europhys. Lett. 62, \n568 (2003); \n140501(R)(2006). ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(2009). \n14 Congjun Wu, Daniel Arovas, Hsiang-Hsuan Hung, Phys. \nRev. B 79, 134427 (2009). \n3 Han-Dong Chen, Zohar Nussinov, J. Phys. A: Math. \n15 Shinsei Ryu, Phys. Rev. B 79, 075124 (2009). \n16 G. Baskaran, G. Santhosh, R. Shankar, arXiv:0908.1614 Theor. 41, 075001 (2008). \n4 Dung-Hai Lee, Guang-Ming Zhang, Tao Xiang, Phys. Rev. (2009). \n17 L.-M. Duan, E. Demler, M. D. Lukin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, Lett. 99, 196805 (2007). \n\n5 Yue Yu, Nucl. Phys. B 799, 345 (2008). \n6 Yue Yu, Ziqiang Wang, Europhys. Lett. 84, 57002 (2008). \n7 G. Kells, J. K. Slingerland, J. Vala, Phys. Rev. B 80, \n\n090402 (2003). \n18 A. Micheli, G. K. Brennen, P. Zoller, Nature Physics 2, ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "75, 4650 (1995). \n45 Ar. Abanov, A. Chubukov, and J. Schmalian, Adv. Phys. Phys. Rev. B 58 2452 (1998). \n\n19 J. Hirsch, Physica C, 201, 347 (1992) and Ref 4. \n20 for a review see F. Marsiglio, J. Superconductivity and \n52, 119 (2003). \n46 Dessau et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 66, 2160(1991), Norman et \nal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3506(1997). Novel Magnetism 22, 269 (2009). \n21 F. Marsiglio, E. van Heumen, A. B. Kuzmenko, Phys. Rev. \n47 M.R. Norman and H. Ding, Phys. Rev. B 57, 11089(1998). \n48 C. Timm, D. Manske and K. H. Bennemann, Phys. Rev. B 77 144510 (2008). \nB 66, 094515(2002). \n49 A.V. Chubukov, M.R. Norman, Phys. Rev. B 70, ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The mass of the new neutral gauge boson Z ′ arises by the U(1)B L gauge symmetry \n− \n\nbreaking, \n\nM 2 \nZ ′ = 4g2 \nB \n2. \nLv′ \n(10) \n− \n\nAssociated with the U(1)B L gauge symmetry breaking, the RH neutrinos Ni acquire masses \n− \n\nv′ \n√2 \nMNi = \n(11) \n\nFrom LEP experiment, the current lower bound on the Z ′ boson mass has been found to \n\nbe [10, 11] \n\nMZ ′ \ngB \n= 2v′ & 6 7 TeV. (12) \n− L \n− \n\nTwo Z2-even RH neutrinos N1 and N2 are responsible for light neutrino masses via the \n\nseesaw mechanism, \n\nv2 \n2MNi \nmναβ = yαiyiβ . (13) \n\n− Xi=1,2 \nNote that the rank of this mass matrix is two, so that the lightest neutrino is massless. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "341 (2006). \n19 J. Q. You, Xiao-Feng Shi, Xuedong Hu, Franco Nori, Phys. 125415 (2009). \n8 Han-Dong Chen, B. Wang, S. Das Sarma, arXiv:0906.0017 Rev. B 81, 014505 (2010). \n20 G. Jackeli, G. Khaliullin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 017205 (2009). \n\n9 K.P. Schmidt, S. Dusuel, and J. Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. \n100, 057208 (2008); J. Vidal, K.P. Schmidt, and S. Dusuel, \nPhys. Rev. B 78, 245121 (2008); S. Dusuel, K.P. Schmidt, \nJ. Vidal, and R.L. Zaffino, Phys. Rev. B 78, 125102 (2008). \n10 Hong Yao, Steven A. Kivelson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 247203 \n\n(2009). \n21 A. B. Harris, A. J. Berlinsky, C. Bruder, J. Appl. Phys. \n69, 5200 (1991). \n22 K. A. Chao, J. Spa lek, A. M. Ole´s, Phys. Rev. B 18, 3453 ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**References**\n\nJ. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 \nof Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference \nSeries, p. 234. \n\n[6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. \nMichelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, \nP. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. \nWeintraub, ApJS 175, 97 (2008). \n\n[7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. At- \nwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Bar- \nbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ \n700, 597 (2009). \n\n[8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Val- \ntaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485, 51 \n(2008). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(1978). \n23 A. H. MacDonald, S. M. Girvin, D. Yoshioka, Phys. Rev. (2007). \n11 S. Yang, D. L. Zhou, C. P. Sun, Phys. Rev. B 76, B 37, 9753 (1988). \n24 J. T. Chayes, L. Chayes, S. A. Kivelson, Commun. Math. 180404(R) (2007). \n12 Hong Yao, Shou-Cheng Zhang, Steven A. Kivelson, Phys. Phys. 123, 53 (1989). \n25 C. D. Batista, S. A. Trugman, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 217202 Rev. Lett. 102, 217202 (2009). \n13 Zohar Nussinov, Gerardo Ortiz, Phys. Rev. B 79, 214440 (2004). ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf", - "query": "What are the dominant contributions in thermal relic density ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "In practice, the dominant contributions come from the Higgs (h and H) exchange diagrams.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "FIG. 1: The thermal relic density of RH neutrino DM as a function of its mass for a parameter \n\nset: (v′, Mh, MH, MZ ′, sin θ) = (3000 GeV, 120 GeV, 200 GeV, 1000 GeV, 0.7). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Fig. 1 shows the relic density ΩN h2 as a function of the DM mass mN for a set of \n\nparameters: (v′, Mh, MH, MZ ′, sin θ) = (4000 GeV, 120 GeV, 200 GeV, 1000 GeV, 0.7), for \n\nexample. Willkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe measured the value of DM abundance as \n\nΩDM h2 \nonly near Higgs resonances, mN ≈ \n\n0.1 [15]. The figure shows that a desired DM relic abundance can be obtained for \n≃ \n\nMh/2 or MH /2. \n\nFig. 2 shows the relic density ΩN h2 as a function of the DM mass mN for a smaller Higgs \n\nmixing sin θ = 0.3 (others are the same as in Fig. 1). Compared with Fig. 1, for mN . MW \nwhere the DM particles dominantly annihilate into f ¯f , the relic density further increases \n\nbecause of the small mixing angle. When the DM is heavier, the annihilation mode into \n\nHiggs boson pairs is opened and the relic density slightly deceases, but the reduction is not \n\nenough to reach ΩN h2 \n≃ \n\n 1000 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and mass spectrum of the Higgs bosons. \n\nThe thermal relic abundance of DM \n\n109 mN /Td \n√g \nσv \nMP h \n\nΩN h2 = 1.1 1, GeV− (14) \n× \ni \n\nwith the Planck mass MP , the thermal averaged product of the annihilation cross section \n\nσv and the relative velocity , the total number of relativistic degrees of freedom in the \nh i \n\nthermal bath g , and the decoupling temperature Td, is evaluated by solving the Boltzmann \n∗ \n\nequation for the number density of RH neutrino nN ; \n\ndnN \ndt \n(n2 \nn2 \nEQ), \n+ 3HnN = σv \nN − −h i \n\nand the Friedmann equation \n\n2 \n\n˙a \na(cid:19) \n8π \n3M 2 \nP \n= \n≡ (cid:18) \n\nwith nEQ and a(t) being the equilibrium number density and the scale factor, under the \n\nradiation dominated Universe with the energy density ρ = ρrad [14]. \n\n5 ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The observed behaviour in region iii) can be reason- \nably attributed to the decreasing relevance of the con- \ntribution to the total energy of the system coming from \nthe competitive interactions among NNN planes as the \nfilm thickness decreases; moreover, the thinness of the ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFigure 4.6. Wing Contribution ", - "page_start": 271, - "page_end": 271, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ndensity ratio= ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(a)**\n1 \n*TN*(8) = 92(2)K \n\n90K \n91K \n92K \n93K \n94K \n95K \n\n*e*\n*P*\n0.5 \n\n0 \n-140 -139 -138 -137 -136 -135 -134 -133 -132 -131 \n*e*\n**(b)**\n\n129K \n130K \n131K \n132K \n133K \n134K \n\n*TC*(8) = 133.3(3)K \n0.4 \n*e*\n*P*\n0.2 \n\n0 \n-94 -92 -90 -88 \n-86 \n*e*\n-84 -82 -80 -78 \n\nFIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution \nof the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures \naround TN (8), (a), and TC(8), (b), respectively. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ndensity ratio= \nPressure rat’o. \ntemperature rat10 ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nFigure 3.2: Representation of Properties ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFigure 4.9. Contribution of Tail and Downwash Effects ", - "page_start": 275, - "page_end": 275, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf", - "query": "What happend to the annihilation and the relic density when the DM is heavier ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "When the DM is heavier, the annihilation mode into Higgs boson pairs is opened and the relic density slightly deceases", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Fig. 1 shows the relic density ΩN h2 as a function of the DM mass mN for a set of \n\nparameters: (v′, Mh, MH, MZ ′, sin θ) = (4000 GeV, 120 GeV, 200 GeV, 1000 GeV, 0.7), for \n\nexample. Willkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe measured the value of DM abundance as \n\nΩDM h2 \nonly near Higgs resonances, mN ≈ \n\n0.1 [15]. The figure shows that a desired DM relic abundance can be obtained for \n≃ \n\nMh/2 or MH /2. \n\nFig. 2 shows the relic density ΩN h2 as a function of the DM mass mN for a smaller Higgs \n\nmixing sin θ = 0.3 (others are the same as in Fig. 1). Compared with Fig. 1, for mN . MW \nwhere the DM particles dominantly annihilate into f ¯f , the relic density further increases \n\nbecause of the small mixing angle. When the DM is heavier, the annihilation mode into \n\nHiggs boson pairs is opened and the relic density slightly deceases, but the reduction is not \n\nenough to reach ΩN h2 \n≃ \n\n 1000 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 1: The thermal relic density of RH neutrino DM as a function of its mass for a parameter \n\nset: (v′, Mh, MH, MZ ′, sin θ) = (3000 GeV, 120 GeV, 200 GeV, 1000 GeV, 0.7). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our model is quite analogous to the so-called gauge singlet scalar dark matter [16–18]. \n\nSome recent studies can be found in Refs. [19, 20]. In the gauge singlet scalar DM model, the \n\nthermal abundance is mainly controlled by the interactions between the SM Higgs boson and \n\nthe DM particle. In our model, B L Higgs VEV v′ can play the same role for mN < MW , \n− \n\nnamely a larger v′ corresponds to weaker coupling between DM and Higgs for a fixed DM \n\nmass. On the other hand, for mN > MW the difference appears. Even if the annihilation \n\n6 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and mass spectrum of the Higgs bosons. \n\nThe thermal relic abundance of DM \n\n109 mN /Td \n√g \nσv \nMP h \n\nΩN h2 = 1.1 1, GeV− (14) \n× \ni \n\nwith the Planck mass MP , the thermal averaged product of the annihilation cross section \n\nσv and the relative velocity , the total number of relativistic degrees of freedom in the \nh i \n\nthermal bath g , and the decoupling temperature Td, is evaluated by solving the Boltzmann \n∗ \n\nequation for the number density of RH neutrino nN ; \n\ndnN \ndt \n(n2 \nn2 \nEQ), \n+ 3HnN = σv \nN − −h i \n\nand the Friedmann equation \n\n2 \n\n˙a \na(cid:19) \n8π \n3M 2 \nP \n= \n≡ (cid:18) \n\nwith nEQ and a(t) being the equilibrium number density and the scale factor, under the \n\nradiation dominated Universe with the energy density ρ = ρrad [14]. \n\n5 ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "can be achieved only when the annihilation processes are enhanced by Higgs resonances. \n\nTherefore, the mass of the RH neutrino DM should be around a half of Higgs boson masses. \n\nWe have also calculated the elastic scattering cross section between the DM particle and a \n\nproton and found it within the reach of future experiments for the direct DM search. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEFFECT OF GROSS WEIGHT ", - "page_start": 182, - "page_end": 182, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the expression of annihilation cross section, we used the following notations : \n\n∂Φ \n∂h \n∂Φ \n∂H \n∂Ψ \n∂h \n∂Ψ \n∂H \n1 \n√2 \n1 \n√2 \n1 \n√2 \n− \n1 \n√2 \n\n= \n\n= \n\n= \n\n= ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nWEIGHT DECREASES AS FUEL IS \nCONSUMED ", - "page_start": 186, - "page_end": 186, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEFFECT OF ELEVATOR DEFLECTION ", - "page_start": 282, - "page_end": 282, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ndensity ratio= ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf", - "query": "What is the aim of LLM routers ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "LLM routers aim to balance quality and cost of generation by classifying queries and routing them to a cheaper or more expensive LLM depending on their complexity. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Figure 1: LLM routers classify queries and route complex ones to an expensive/strong model, others to a cheaper/weak \nmodel. To control costs, LLM routers can be calibrated to maintain (for an expected workload) a specific ratio between \nqueries sent to the strong and weak models. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "10 Conclusion \n\nLLM routers balance quality and cost of LLM inference by routing different queries to different LLMs. They are an \nexample of a broader, emerging class of systems we call “LLM control planes” that aim to achieve various quality, \nefficiency, and cost objectives by orchestrating use of multiple LLMs to respond to a query. \n\n17 ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In contrast to routers motivated by controlling costs, several LLM router designs focus solely on improving quality of \nresponses [31, 45, 57, 58]. \n\nThe LLM routers described thus far do not modify the queries or individual LLM responses. Other types of control planes \ndo. Ensemble approaches such as mixture-of-expert (MoE) [29, 30, 52, 56] architectures select a subset of underlying \nmodels to apply to each token of a query and merge their responses. LLM synthesis [40] architectures operate similarly, \nbut route the entire query to a subset of underlying LLMs and merge their responses. These approaches reduce inference \ncosts by using fewer and/or less complex underlying models. \n\nApplications of LLM routers. A key use case for LLM routers is to help LLM-based application reduce cost. Several \ncommercial routers, including Unify [12], Martian [5], NotDiamond [7], and others, offer this as a service. By replacing a \nfew lines of code, the application can send user queries to a router service, rather than directly to some LLM provider. The \nservice selects the optimal LLM and forwards the queries. Commercial router services claim that this results in significant \ncost savings: up to 98% in the case of Martian [5], and 10× in the case of NotDiamond [7]. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "LLM routers. A prominent example of this emerging class of LLM control planes are LLM routers [27, 41, 47, 53, 59]. \nLLM routers decide which of the two (or, sometimes, more) LLMs to use to answer a query. In prescriptive routing, \nthe router applies some lightweight classifier to the input query that determines which underlying LLM to utilize for a \nresponse. The classifier is itself a learned function that scores the complexity of the query. Deployments can then configure \na score threshold for when to route a query to the more expensive LLM. This threshold can be tuned using representative \nworkloads to achieve a desired cost-performance trade-off. Figure 1 shows the basic workflow of binary LLM routers. \n\nNon-prescriptive routing [15, 20, 68] uses the responses from one or more underlying LLMs to determine which response \nto return to the user. For example, FrugalGPT [20] submits the query to a sequence of models (ordered by price) called a \ncascade, stopping when it obtains a response classified by the router as sufficient. \n\n2 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3 LLM Control Plane Integrity \n\nIn this section, we define LLM control plane integrity. Informally, it means that decisions made about underlying LLM \nqueries made by the control plane algorithms cannot be subverted by adversarial queries. Looking ahead, we will focus \non one class of control plane: predictive LLM routing as used to manage cost. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nTANDEM ROTOR LONGITUDINAL CONTROL ", - "page_start": 339, - "page_end": 339, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nLEADING \nNEXT GENERATION \nNETWORKS MACHINE-TO- \nMACHINE \nCOMMUNICATIONS ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "abnormal about the query. Intuitively, this reflects the fact that while LLMs are built to be robust to noisy inputs, the \nrouter itself is not. \n\nIn summary, the attack is highly successful at rerouting queries from the weak to the strong model. Overall, quality \nimproves if there is a significant gap between the strong and weak LLMs used by the router. Either way, confounding has \nno negative impact on the quality of responses. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our attacks also modify queries, but with a different aim than the above types of attacks: undermining the integrity of the \ncontrol plane routing, rather than the LLM itself. Future work might investigate indirect control plane integrity attacks \nthat, analogously to indirect prompt injection, serve to somehow trick users of a routing system into forming control- \nplane-confounding queries. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A natural solution to balancing performance and economic considerations is to take advantage of the availability of mul- \ntiple LLMs at different price-performance points. Recently proposed LLM routing systems [5, 12, 27, 47, 53] orchestrate \ntwo or more LLMs and adaptively route each query to the cheapest LLM they deem likely to generate a response of \nsufficient quality. In the two-LLM case, let Ms be an expensive, high-quality model and Mw a weaker, lower-grade one. \nGiven query q, the routing algorithm R(·) applies a classifier to q that outputs 0 if Mw is sufficient for answering q, or 1 \nif Ms is required. The system then routes q accordingly. \n\nLLM routing is an example of a general class of systems we call LLM control planes, which orchestrate the use of multiple \nLLMs to process inputs, as further described in Section 2. \n\nOur contributions. First, we introduce LLM control plane integrity as a novel problem in AI safety. Recently proposed \nLLM control-plane algorithms are learned, calibrated classifiers (see Section 2). Their inputs are queries from potentially \nadversarial users. Robustness of control-plane algorithms to adversarial queries is a new problem, distinct from adversarial \nrobustness of the underlying LLMs. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf", - "query": "What is an LLM control plane ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": " An LLM control plane Rω is a potentially randomized algorithm.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "3 LLM Control Plane Integrity \n\nIn this section, we define LLM control plane integrity. Informally, it means that decisions made about underlying LLM \nqueries made by the control plane algorithms cannot be subverted by adversarial queries. Looking ahead, we will focus \non one class of control plane: predictive LLM routing as used to manage cost. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "10 Conclusion \n\nLLM routers balance quality and cost of LLM inference by routing different queries to different LLMs. They are an \nexample of a broader, emerging class of systems we call “LLM control planes” that aim to achieve various quality, \nefficiency, and cost objectives by orchestrating use of multiple LLMs to respond to a query. \n\n17 ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Formalizing control planes. An LLM control plane Rω is a potentially randomized algorithm. It is parameterized by \na string ω, called the parameters. It utilizes some number n of LLMs denoted by M. We will mostly focus on the \ncase of n = 2, and, for reasons that will be clear in a moment, use Ms (“strong”) and Mw (“weak”) to denote the two \nunderlying LLMs. Then inference on an input x ∈ X for some set X of allowed queries is performed by computing \na response via y ←$ RM \nω (x). Here we use ←$ to denote running R with fresh random coins; we use ← when R is \ndeterministic. We focus on inference for a single query, but it is straightforward to extend our abstraction for control \nplanes to include sessions: the controller would maintain state across invocations, potentially adapting its behavior as a \nfunction of a sequence of queries and responses. \n\nLLM control planes should, in general, be relatively computationally lightweight, at least compared to the underlying \nLLMs. This is particularly so in the cost-motivated usage of control planes, as a computationally or financially expensive \ncontrol plane would eat into cost savings incurred by utilizing cheaper underlying LLMs for some queries. For example, \npredictive binary routers use relatively simple classifiers to determine which of Ms or Mw should be used to respond to a \nquery. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nTANDEM ROTOR LONGITUDINAL CONTROL ", - "page_start": 339, - "page_end": 339, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nlongitudinal control power. ", - "page_start": 292, - "page_end": 292, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A natural solution to balancing performance and economic considerations is to take advantage of the availability of mul- \ntiple LLMs at different price-performance points. Recently proposed LLM routing systems [5, 12, 27, 47, 53] orchestrate \ntwo or more LLMs and adaptively route each query to the cheapest LLM they deem likely to generate a response of \nsufficient quality. In the two-LLM case, let Ms be an expensive, high-quality model and Mw a weaker, lower-grade one. \nGiven query q, the routing algorithm R(·) applies a classifier to q that outputs 0 if Mw is sufficient for answering q, or 1 \nif Ms is required. The system then routes q accordingly. \n\nLLM routing is an example of a general class of systems we call LLM control planes, which orchestrate the use of multiple \nLLMs to process inputs, as further described in Section 2. \n\nOur contributions. First, we introduce LLM control plane integrity as a novel problem in AI safety. Recently proposed \nLLM control-plane algorithms are learned, calibrated classifiers (see Section 2). Their inputs are queries from potentially \nadversarial users. Robustness of control-plane algorithms to adversarial queries is a new problem, distinct from adversarial \nrobustness of the underlying LLMs. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1: LLM routers classify queries and route complex ones to an expensive/strong model, others to a cheaper/weak \nmodel. To control costs, LLM routers can be calibrated to maintain (for an expected workload) a specific ratio between \nqueries sent to the strong and weak models. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFigure 4.19. Longitudinal Control Requirements ", - "page_start": 293, - "page_end": 293, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Routing attacks can be deployed for various adversarial objectives, e.g., to ensure that the adversary always obtains the \nhighest-quality answer regardless of the target applications’s internal routing policies and cost constraints, or to mali- \nciously inflate the target’s LLM costs. As LLM control planes grow in importance and sophistication, we hope that this \nwork will motivate further research on their adversarial robustness. \n\n2 LLM Control Planes and Routing \n\nInference using large language models (LLMs) is traditionally monolithic: a single model is applied to an input or se- \nquence of inputs. This methodology can be sub-optimal for various reasons. State-of-the-art models are often expensive, \nwith API access to LLMs costing as much as several dollars for each query. Elsewhere, distinct LLMs may excel at dif- \nferent tasks, and selectively using them may improve overall quality on a diverse workload. Finally, combining multiple \nLLMs, even all trained for similar tasks, may become increasingly prevalent as performance improvements of individual \nLLMs plateaus [8–10]. \n\nResearchers and practitioners are therefore now developing inference architectures that use multiple LLMs to answer \nqueries. These LLMs are orchestrated by what we call an LLM control plane (borrowing the terminology from network- \ning [13]). The control plane may route queries or parts of queries to different LLMs, derive new strings to query to \nunderlying LLMs, combine answers from underlying LLMs, and more. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nlaminar flow-the ", - "page_start": 73, - "page_end": 73, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf", - "query": "What is a confounder gadget ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": " Given a query xi, we prepend a confounder gadget ci, which is a short sequence of adversarially chosen tokens.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Confounder gadgets. Our approach works as follows. Given a query xi, we prepend a confounder gadget ci, which is a \nshort sequence of adversarially chosen tokens. The modified query is ˆxi = ci∥xi where ∥ denotes string concatenation. \nIntuitively, we will use optimization to search for confounders that trick the scoring function into ranking ˆxi as sufficiently \ncomplex to require the strong model. \n\nIn the white-box, query-specific setting, we can choose ci as a function of xi and the known parameters ω = (S, θ, τ ). To \ndo so, we fix a confounder length of n tokens and let I be a token dictionary (it should be a sufficiently large subset of the \ntoken dictionary used by S). Then we set the gadget to initially be n tokens all fixed to the same value from I. The exact \nchoice of the initialization token is not important; in our implementation, we used the first token in the dictionary (‘!’). \nDenote this initial confounder as c(0) \ni = [c(0) i,1 , c(0) i,2 , . . . , c(0) \ni,n]. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 2: Overview of our attack on LLM routing control plane integrity. The attack adds to each query a prefix (repre- \nsented by the gear), called a “confounder gadget,” that causes the router to send the query to the strong model. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nCONVERGENT NOZZLE ", - "page_start": 132, - "page_end": 132, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "LLM responses are sometimes affected by the confounder gadget. In some cases, the LLM responded with, for example, \n“I can’t answer that question as it appears to be a jumbled mix of characters”. Still, the response continued with “However, \nI can help you with the actual question you’re asking,” followed by the actual answer. We observed very few cases where \nIn most cases, the response did not mention anything \nan LLM refused to answer due to the presence of the gadget. \n\n1Some responses had abnormally high perplexity values (> 100), which we found do not correlate with quality, but these variations \ndisproportionately contribute to the average. We thus filter out such high-perplexity responses as outliers in both benign and attack \nsettings. We provide examples of filtered responses in Appendix D. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCOMPRESSOR ", - "page_start": 143, - "page_end": 143, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nCOMPRESSOR ", - "page_start": 125, - "page_end": 125, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nCOMPRESSOR ", - "page_start": 132, - "page_end": 132, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[71] L. Zheng, W.-L. Chiang, Y. Sheng, S. Zhuang, Z. Wu, Y. Zhuang, Z. Lin, Z. Li, D. Li, E. Xing et al., “Judging LLM- \nas-a-judge with MT-Bench and chatbot arena,” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), \n2023. \n\n[72] S. Zhu, R. Zhang, B. An, G. Wu, J. Barrow, Z. Wang, F. Huang, A. Nenkova, and T. Sun, “AutoDAN: Automatic \nand interpretable adversarial attacks on large language models,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.15140, 2023. \n\n[73] A. Zou, Z. Wang, J. Z. Kolter, and M. Fredrikson, “Universal and transferable adversarial attacks on aligned language \nmodels,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.15043, 2023. \n\nA Gadget Examples \n\nBelow are a few examples of the optimized confounder gadgets c we got, for the different routing algorithms: ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nthe effect of these items on takeoff distance \nis ", - "page_start": 205, - "page_end": 205, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntechnology ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf", - "query": "What is called bad-cavity Ramsey laser ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "We considerthe case of a two-level atomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity of separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode linewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus we call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**The Linewidth of Ramsey Laser with Bad Cavity**\n\nYang Li, Wei Zhuang, Jinbiao Chen,∗ and Hong Guo† \n*CREAM Group, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication*\n*Systems and Networks (Peking University) and Institute of Quantum Electronics,*\n*School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science,*\n*and Center for Computational Science and Engineering (CCSE), Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China*\n(Dated: October 29, 2018) \n\nWe investigate a new laser scheme by using Ramsey separated-field technique with bad cavity. By studying \nthe linewidth of the stimulated-emission spectrum of this kind of laser inside the cavity, we find its linewidth \nis more than two orders of magnitude narrower than atomic natural linewidth, and it is far superior to that \nof conventional optical Ramsey method and any other available subnatural linewidth spectroscopy at present. \nSince any cavity related noise is reduced to cavity-pulling effect in bad cavity laser, this Ramsey laser provides \nthe possibility of precision subnatural linewidth spectroscopy, which is critical for the next generation of optical \nclock and atom interferometers. \n\nPACS numbers: 42.55.Ah, 42.50.Ar, 42.60.Da, 32.30.-r ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Theoretical framework:*We consider the case of a two-level \natomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity \nof separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode \nlinewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus \nwe call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. All atoms are pumped \nonto the upper lasing state**a**before entering the first cavity \nof seperated field, and the lower lasing state is**b**. We assume \nall the atoms have the same velocities υ, that means what we \nconsider here is a homogeneous laser system. And for the \nsake of simplicity, we consider the two-standing waves linear \noptical Ramsey configuration with a grid as spatial selector \n[20, 21]. Our treatment can be extended to other configura- \ntions as in [22–24]. The length of each oscillating part is*l*, \nand the length of the free drift region is*L*. The corresponding \nHamiltonian is \n\n[ω*j*\n*a*(*t*)σ*j* *a*+ ω*j*\n*b*(*t*)σ*j*\n*b*] \n*H*= ~ωˆ*a*† ˆ*a*+ ~ \n\nX*j*\nΓ*j*(*t*)(ˆ*a*† ˆσ*j*\n− \n+ ~*g*\nX*j*", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Though, the natural linewidth of quantum transition was \nregarded as the ultimate limit to high-resolution laser spec- \ntroscopy [4], several methods of subnatural linewidth spec- \ntroscopy have been proposed to gain subnatural linewidth [3– \n10]. However, in all these efforts, including optical Ramsey \nspectroscopy, subnatural line is realized at the expense of a \nquick reduction in signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio due to the ex- \nponential decaying of signal, thus all these schemes can only \nget the linewidth several times narrower than the atomic nat- \nural linewidth. In the past three decades, this situation does \nnot change in the field of the precision laser spectroscopy. \nOn the other hand, the thermal noise of the cavity mirrors is \nthe main obstacle for further linewidth reduction of a laser \n[11, 12], and it is a challenge to substantially reduce this noise \nfurther[13]. Recently, a new scheme, called active optical \nclock [14–18], was proposed to substantially reduce the laser \nlinewidth. With lattice trapped atoms, it is possible to reach \nmHz linewidth laser based on the mechanism of active optical \nclock [14, 15, 19]. The principal mechanism of active optical \nclock is to directly extract light emitted from the ultranarrow \natomic transition with a cavity mode linewidth much wider \nthan that of lasing. This bad cavity ensures that any frequency \nshift due to cavity noise reduces to cavity-pulling effect [15– \n17], then the thermal noise is not the major obstacle again for \nreducing the linewidth. This means the bad cavity can play an \nindispensable role in new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy. \nIn this Letter, we propose a new scheme called Ramsey \nlaser with bad cavity. Distinct from any previous applications \nof conventional Ramsey separated oscillating fields method \n[1], which focuses on the absorption spectrum, we here fo- ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In summary, we propose a new subnatural \nlinewidth spectroscopy technique, which is a laser by us- \ning Ramsey seperated-field cavity to realize the output of \nstimulated-emission radiation via multiple coherent interac- \ntion with atomic beam. We find the linewidth of Ramsey laser \nis subnatural if we choose an appropriate atomic level, and the \nbad-cavity laser mechanism will dramatically reduce cavity- \nrelated noise as discussed in active optical clock [15–19]. Our \nresults show that this new subnatural linewidth spectroscopy \nis superior to conventional optical Ramsey seperated-field \nspectroscopy and any other available subnatural spectroscopy \ntechnique at present [3–10]. Considering one have to ap- \nply the separated-field method in any phase detection as in \nRamsey-Bord*e*´interferometer [2], to investigate the effects of \nphase differences between the two oscillating fields [31] in \nthis stimulated separated-field method with such subnatural \nlinewidth will be our next research aim. \n\n*Conclusion:*\n\n[18] Y. Wang, Chinese Science Bulletin**54**, 347 (2009). \n[19] D. Meiser, J. Ye, D. R. Carlson, and M. J. Holland, Phys. Rev. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our method of Ramsey laser is suitable for any atoms with \nmetastable energy level, as an example, we choose the tran- \nsition from the metastable state 4*s*4*p*3*P*1 to the ground state \n4*s*2 1*S*0 of 40Ca to check the striking feature of this laser: sub- \nnatural linewidth. As mentioned in [29], the corresponding \nnatural linewidth of the metastable state 4*s*4*p*3*P*1 is 320Hz. \nAs in the recently proposed active optical clock with atomic \nbeam [15], the velocity of the atoms in thermal atomic beam is \nabout 500m/s, and the length of the interaction region is about \n1mm, then the time for the atom to traverse each coherent- \ninteraction region is on the order of magnitude of 1 µs. \nIf \na bad cavity with κ is on the order of 107Hz, the relation \n1 is satisfied. Then when*g*is on the order of the \nκ/2 \nmagnitude of kHz, which can be easily achieved for current \ntechnique [30], from the linewidth expression of Eq.(16) the \norder of magnitude of linewidth is below 1 Hz. This means \nthe linewidth of a Ramsey laser can be more than two or- \nders of magnitude narrower than the atomic natural linewidth, \ntherefore our Ramsey method provides a new subnatural spec- \ntroscopy technique. And since it is stimulated-emission spec- \ntrum, it overcomes the difficulty in other subnatural linewidth \nspectroscopy schemes where the quick reduction of signal to \nnoise ratio is a formidable limit. We should point out that \nthis Ramsey laser does not escape the limitation of all active \noptical clock: in order to pump atoms to the excited state ef- \nfectively and to be stimulated emit photon during the lifetime \nof a metastable state, this new method will only be applicable \nto some special transitions [17]. \n\nτ− \n≫ ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where Ω*R*\nresonance, \nthe Rabi \n*DS T*=*g*2 ˜*Nass*/*I*0γ*ab*\n,*DRam*\nand \n*ab*, \n∆2 = ω \nω*b*2) presents the detuning in the free \n(ω*a*2 − \ndrift region.*p*is a parameter, which characterizes the pump- \ning statistics: a Poissonian excitation statistics corresponds to \n*p*= 0 , and for a regular statistics we have*p*= 1. \n\nis \n\n− \n\n*Laser linwidth:*Suppose the quantum fluctuation is small, \nthe evolution of the fluctuations can be obtained by making a \nlinearization of the c-number Langevin equations around the \nsteady-state solution. Then the measured spectra of field fluc- \ntuations will be directly related to these quantities. By Fourier \ntransformations of the linearized equation, we get the ampli- \ntude and phase quadrature components δ*X*(ω) and δ*Y*(ω) [26]. \nWell above threshold, one can neglect the amplitude fluctu- \nations, and the linewidth inside the cavity is related to the \nphase-diffusion coefficient [25]. For small fluctuation of laser \nphase, the spectrum of phase fluctuations is simply related to \nthe spectrum of the phase quadrature component of the field \nfluctuations, namely, \n\nThen the linewidth of Ramsey laser with bad cavity is given \nby \n\nγ2 \n*ab*\n(κ/2 + γ*ab*)2 { \n\n. \n} \n(11) \nSince*DS T*/*DRam*≪ \n1 in our situation, and in the case of max- \nimal photon number, the steady state value of ˜*Nass*is about \n*R*τ/2. Then we get the \n\n2*g*2 \nκ ≈ − ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nlateral instability ", - "page_start": 312, - "page_end": 312, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "0 \n1 \n0 \n2 \n\nn \na \nJ \n\n5 \n1 \n\n*Introduction:*Since the invention of the separated-field \ntechnique [1], it has played an important role in the field of \nprecision spectroscopy due to its linewidth narrowing effect \nvia multiple coherent interaction. Atomic clocks based on \nthis technique have greatly extended our ability for frequency \nmeasurement, further, almost all the atom interferometers are \nbased on this technique [2]. \n\ncus on the stimulated emission spectrum via multiple coher- \nent interactions inside the cavity. We find this Ramsey laser \ncan provide a stimulated-emission spectrum with a linewidth \nmuch narrower than that of any conventional optical Ramsey \nseperated-field spectroscopy, which is commonly applied in \noptical atomic clock. Our results also show that a subnatural \nlinewidth spectroscopy, superior to any other available subnat- \nural spectroscopy technique at present [3–10], can be reached \nby this kind of laser, if a suitable atomic level structure is cho- \nsen. Thus, this method can provide an effective subnatural \nspectroscopy, and the possibilities for the new optical clock \nscheme [15] and atom interferometers [2]. \n\n] \nh \np \n- \nt \nn \na \nu \nq \n[ \n\n1 \nv \n0 \n7 \n6 \n2 \n. \n1 \n0 \n0 \n1 \n: \nv \ni \nX \nr \na ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where ˆ*a*, ˆ*a*† are the annihilation and creation operators of the \nfield mode inside the cavity, with the frequency ω, σ*j*\n*a*= \n)*j*are the projection operators for the \n( \n*a*\n| \n| \njth atom corresponding to the upper and lower lasing levels, \n)*j*and σ*j*\n| \n*b*= ( \n*a*\ni h \n*b*\n*b*\ni h | ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nUNSTABLE OSCILLATION ", - "page_start": 297, - "page_end": 297, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf", - "query": "How the steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser operation are obtained ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The steady-state solutions for the mean values of the field and atomic variables for laser operation are obtained by dropping the noise terms of the c-number Langevin equations and setting the time derivatives equal to zero.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "*t*′) + ˜*D*(1) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n− \n*t*′ + τ) + ˜*D*(3) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n− \n*t*′ + τ +*T*) + ˜*D*(5) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n− \n*t*′ + 2τ +*T*) + ˜*D*(7) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n*t*′ +*T*), \n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n\nτ *t*′ *T*) \n− − \n2τ *t*′ *T*) \n\n− \n*t*′ − \n*T*) \n− − \n(8) \n− \n\nwhere ˜*D*(*i*) \nrelated to quantum Langevin diffusion coefficients*D*(*i*) \n[27]. \n*a*(*t*), \n\n*Steady-state solutions:*The steady-state solutions for the \nmean values of the field and atomic variables for laser op- \neration are obtained by dropping the noise terms of the c- \nnumber Langevin equations and setting the time derivatives \nequal to zero. The analytical solutions are very complex, and \none could numerically solve the steady-state equations. In this \npaper, we only care about the bad cavity limit γ*max*≪ \n≪ \nτ− \nκ/2. Since the atomic transit time is much shorter than \nthe damping times of atomic variables, one could ignore the \neffect of the spontaneous emission of the atom. By the stan- \ndard way [25], We get the following steady-state values: \n, \n\n, \n\n, \n\n, ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Fk*(*t*)*Fl*(*t*′) \n(cid:11) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n*kl*δ(*t*\n*t*′) +*D*(1) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n− \n*t*′ + τ) +*D*(3) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n− \n*t*′ + τ +*T*) +*D*(5) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n− \n*t*′ + 2τ +*T*) +*D*(7) \n*kl*δ(*t*\n*t*′ +*T*), \n\nτ) *t*′ \n− \nτ *t*′ *T*) \n− − \n2τ *t*′ *T*) \n\n− \n*t*′ − \n*T*) \n− − \n(7) \n− \n\nwhere*D*(*i*) \nfusion coefficients. \n\nBy the standard way [25], we can get the Heisenberg- \nLangevin equations of the motion for the single-atom and \nfiled operators. By introducing the macroscopic atomic oper- \nator,*M*(*t*) = \n*aa*(*t*),*Nb*(*t*) = \n*j*Γ*j*(*t*)σ*j*\n*bb*(*t*), the dynamic equations for the field and macro- ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where ˆ*a*, ˆ*a*† are the annihilation and creation operators of the \nfield mode inside the cavity, with the frequency ω, σ*j*\n*a*= \n)*j*are the projection operators for the \n( \n*a*\n| \n| \njth atom corresponding to the upper and lower lasing levels, \n)*j*and σ*j*\n| \n*b*= ( \n*a*\ni h \n*b*\n*b*\ni h | ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[28] N. A. Abraham, P. Mandel, and L. M. Narducci,*Dynamic In-*\n*stabilities and Pulsations in Lasers*, Progress in Optics XXV, \nedited by E. Wolf (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1988). \n**13**4345 (1980). \n[29] L. Pasternack, D. M. Silver, D. R. Yarkony, and P. J. Dagdigian, \n[6] H. -W. Lee, P. Meystre, and M. O. Scully, Phys. Rev. A**24**, 1914 \nJ. Phys. B**13**, 2231 (1980). \n(1981). \n\n[30] K. An and M. S. Feld, Phys. Rev. A**56**, 1662(1997). \n[31] N. F. Ramsey and H. B. Silsbee, Phys. Rev.**84**, 506(1951). \n[7] F. Shimizu, K. Shimizu, and H. Takuma, Phys. Rev. A**28**, 2248 \n(1983). \n[8] W. Gawlik, J. Kowalski, F. Tr¨ager, and M. Vollmer, Phys. Rev. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where Ω*R*\nresonance, \nthe Rabi \n*DS T*=*g*2 ˜*Nass*/*I*0γ*ab*\n,*DRam*\nand \n*ab*, \n∆2 = ω \nω*b*2) presents the detuning in the free \n(ω*a*2 − \ndrift region.*p*is a parameter, which characterizes the pump- \ning statistics: a Poissonian excitation statistics corresponds to \n*p*= 0 , and for a regular statistics we have*p*= 1. \n\nis \n\n− \n\n*Laser linwidth:*Suppose the quantum fluctuation is small, \nthe evolution of the fluctuations can be obtained by making a \nlinearization of the c-number Langevin equations around the \nsteady-state solution. Then the measured spectra of field fluc- \ntuations will be directly related to these quantities. By Fourier \ntransformations of the linearized equation, we get the ampli- \ntude and phase quadrature components δ*X*(ω) and δ*Y*(ω) [26]. \nWell above threshold, one can neglect the amplitude fluctu- \nations, and the linewidth inside the cavity is related to the \nphase-diffusion coefficient [25]. For small fluctuation of laser \nphase, the spectrum of phase fluctuations is simply related to \nthe spectrum of the phase quadrature component of the field \nfluctuations, namely, \n\nThen the linewidth of Ramsey laser with bad cavity is given \nby \n\nγ2 \n*ab*\n(κ/2 + γ*ab*)2 { \n\n. \n} \n(11) \nSince*DS T*/*DRam*≪ \n1 in our situation, and in the case of max- \nimal photon number, the steady state value of ˜*Nass*is about \n*R*τ/2. Then we get the \n\n2*g*2 \nκ ≈ − ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "κ \n*B*1 +*B*2) # \n˜*Nbss*= . \n\n*R*(*B*0 − \n\nA detailed analysis about the stability of the steady-state can \nbe found such as in [28]. In this paper, we assume the steady- \nstate solution is stable. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Theoretical framework:*We consider the case of a two-level \natomic beam interacting with a single-mode Ramsey cavity \nof separated-oscillating-field resonators with the cavity mode \nlinewidth is much wider than the atomic gain linewidth. Thus \nwe call it bad-cavity Ramsey laser. All atoms are pumped \nonto the upper lasing state**a**before entering the first cavity \nof seperated field, and the lower lasing state is**b**. We assume \nall the atoms have the same velocities υ, that means what we \nconsider here is a homogeneous laser system. And for the \nsake of simplicity, we consider the two-standing waves linear \noptical Ramsey configuration with a grid as spatial selector \n[20, 21]. Our treatment can be extended to other configura- \ntions as in [22–24]. The length of each oscillating part is*l*, \nand the length of the free drift region is*L*. The corresponding \nHamiltonian is \n\n[ω*j*\n*a*(*t*)σ*j* *a*+ ω*j*\n*b*(*t*)σ*j*\n*b*] \n*H*= ~ωˆ*a*† ˆ*a*+ ~ \n\nX*j*\nΓ*j*(*t*)(ˆ*a*† ˆσ*j*\n− \n+ ~*g*\nX*j*", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Phys.**9**, 171 (1976). \n[24] J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Lee, and L. L. Hall, Phys. Rev. Lett.**38**, \n159 (1977). \n\n∗ E-mail: jbchen@pku.edu.cn \n† E-mail: hongguo@pku.edu.cn. \n[25] L. Davidovich, Rev. Mod. Phys.**68**, 127 (1996). \n[26] M. I. Kolobov, L. Davidovich, E. Giacobino, and C. Fabre, \n\n[1] N. F. Ramsey, Phys. Rev.**76**, 996 (1949). \n[2] B. Dubetsky and P. R. Berman, In*Atom Interferometry*, edited \nby P. R. Berman (Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997). \n\nPhys. Rev. A**47**, 1431 (1993). \n[27] M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully, and W. E. Lamb,*Laser Physics*\n(Addition Wesley, Reading, MA, 1974). \n\n[3] M. M. Salour, Rev. Mod. Phys.**50**, 667 (1978). \n[4] J. Wong and J. C. Garrison, Phys. Rev. Lett.**44**, 1254 (1980). \n[5] P. L. Knight and P. E. Coleman, J. Phys. B: Atom. Molec. Phys. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "σ*j* σ*j* = \n\n*a*(*t j*+ τ) \n*q*\nE \n*a*(*t j*+ 2τ +*T*) \n\n= \n\n*a*(*t j*+ τ +*T*) \nD \n= \n*b*(*t j*+ τ) \nσ*j*\n*b*(*t j*+ 2τ +*T*) \nD \n*i*σ*j*\n(*t j*+ τ +*T*) \nD− \n− \n\nwith*A*0 ,*A*1 \n\n*q*\nE \n*q*\nE \n*q*\nE \n*q*\nE \n*C*2 = \n*R*is the mean pumping \n. \n*q*\nE \nrate, which is defined in [26]. It is very easy to check that the \naverage values of the above Langevin forces are all zero. \n\nD \nσ*j* σ*j* = \n*A*2 , *B*0 \n\n*q*\nE \n,*B*2 \n\nD \nσ*j*\n*b*(*t j*+ τ +*T*) \nD \n*i*σ*j*\n(*t j*+ τ) \nD− \n− \n*i*σ*j*\n(*t j*+ 2τ +*T*) \n− \n\nD \n= = \n*B*1 \n\n*q*\nE \n,*C*1 \n*q*\n= = \n*C*0 \nE \n\nD− ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "with frequency ω*j*\n)*j*is the “spin- \n| \nflip” operator for the jth atom, with its adjoint σ*j*\n)*j*. \n*a*\n| \n| \nThe coupling constant*g*is given by*g*= µ √ω/2~ǫ0*V*, where \nµ is the magnitude of the atomic dipole moment, and*V*is the \neffective volume of the cavity. \n\n*a*and ω*j*\n*b*, and σ*j*\n= ( *b*\n*a*\ni h | − \n+ = ( \n*b*\ni h \n\nIn order to denote the finite-time interaction between the \natoms and Ramsey separated field, we introduce the function \n\nΓ*j*(*t*) = Θ(*t* Θ(*t* τ)+Θ(*t* Θ(*t*\n\n*T*), \n(2) \nwhere Θ(*t*) is the Heaviside step function [Θ(*t*) = 1 for*t*> 0, \nΘ(*t*) = 1/2 for*t*= 0, and Θ(*t*) = 0 for*t*< 0].*T*is the free \ndrift time of the atoms, and τ is the interacting time between \nthe atom and one cavity. \n\nτ 2τ *t j*) \n*t j*− *t j*− \n*T*) \n*t j*− − − − − − − − − ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf", - "query": "What are the consequences on the linewidth for regular and Poissonian injections ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": " For regular injection (p = 1), the linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection (p = 0), the linewidth is the broadest.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "From the expression above, we find that the pumping statis- \ntic can influence the linewidth. For regular injection (*p*= 1), \nthe linewidth is the narrowest, while for Poissonian injection \n(*p*= 0), the linewidth is the broadest. But even for regular \ninjection, the linewidth is larger than the case of one cavity. \nThat means the mechanism of separated-field does not play \nthe role in reducing the linewidth as in the conventional opti- \ncal Ramsey method, which is counter-intuitive. However, the \nseparated fields are indispensable for any phase detection like \natom interferometry. The details about the method of active \natom interferometry will appear elsewhere. \n\n1 \n*I*0 \n(δϕ2)ω = (δ*Y*2)ω. \n\n1 1 \n\nκ/2, as in the recently \nτ− \nIn the region γ*ab*≪ \nproposed active optical clock [15] with atomic beam. The \nphase quadrature component of the field fluctuations can be \nexpressed as \n\n*T*− \n≪ ≪ \n\n*g*2 \n4(κ/2 + γ*ab*)2 { \n4γ*ab*˜*Nass*", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where Ω*R*\nresonance, \nthe Rabi \n*DS T*=*g*2 ˜*Nass*/*I*0γ*ab*\n,*DRam*\nand \n*ab*, \n∆2 = ω \nω*b*2) presents the detuning in the free \n(ω*a*2 − \ndrift region.*p*is a parameter, which characterizes the pump- \ning statistics: a Poissonian excitation statistics corresponds to \n*p*= 0 , and for a regular statistics we have*p*= 1. \n\nis \n\n− \n\n*Laser linwidth:*Suppose the quantum fluctuation is small, \nthe evolution of the fluctuations can be obtained by making a \nlinearization of the c-number Langevin equations around the \nsteady-state solution. Then the measured spectra of field fluc- \ntuations will be directly related to these quantities. By Fourier \ntransformations of the linearized equation, we get the ampli- \ntude and phase quadrature components δ*X*(ω) and δ*Y*(ω) [26]. \nWell above threshold, one can neglect the amplitude fluctu- \nations, and the linewidth inside the cavity is related to the \nphase-diffusion coefficient [25]. For small fluctuation of laser \nphase, the spectrum of phase fluctuations is simply related to \nthe spectrum of the phase quadrature component of the field \nfluctuations, namely, \n\nThen the linewidth of Ramsey laser with bad cavity is given \nby \n\nγ2 \n*ab*\n(κ/2 + γ*ab*)2 { \n\n. \n} \n(11) \nSince*DS T*/*DRam*≪ \n1 in our situation, and in the case of max- \nimal photon number, the steady state value of ˜*Nass*is about \n*R*τ/2. Then we get the \n\n2*g*2 \nκ ≈ − ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "associated with approximately twice the odds of receiv- \ning injection (OR = 2.14, p < .01). The pseudo-R2 value \nfor these models was lowest of all specific healthcare injection utilization, however the only significant indi- \nvidual predictor was baseline disability. In both models, \neach 1-standard deviation increase in disability was ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nWATER INJECTION \n\nWATER INJECTION \nNOZZLES ", - "page_start": 147, - "page_end": 147, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nEFFECT OF ANGLE OF ATTACK ", - "page_start": 306, - "page_end": 306, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nEFFECT OF BOBWEIGHT ", - "page_start": 289, - "page_end": 289, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Prompt injection against LLMs. Prompt injection is a class of attacks against LLMs in which the adversary manipulates \nthe prompt, i.e., the textual input fed directly to the LLM, causing the LLM to generate outputs that satisfy some adver- \nsarial objective [50, 64]. Evasion attacks as discussed above can use prompt injection, jailbreaking attacks being a widely \nexplored example in which the adversary aims to bypass some safety guardrail included in the LLM system, such as “do \nnot output expletives” [23, 42, 54, 66, 72, 73]. \n\nPrompt injection is also used for extraction attacks that aim to infer some information from or about the model, for \nexample, the system prompt [50, 54, 70], training data samples [46], or model parameters [18]. In indirect prompt injection \nattacks [33], the adversaries do not directly interact with the target LLM, and instead inject adversarial inputs into third- \nparty data, which is then added to the LLM prompt (intentionally or unintentionally) by the victim application and/or its \nusers. This relates to another category of attacks that target LLM-based applications, such as RAG systems, and invalidate \ntheir integrity by exploiting the weaknesses of the underlying LLM [19, 55]. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFigure 4.9. Contribution of Tail and Downwash Effects ", - "page_start": 275, - "page_end": 275, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEFFECT OF DIFFUSER DESIGN AND \nMACH NUMBER ON DIFFUSER PERFORMANCE ", - "page_start": 256, - "page_end": 256, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n/ \n\nEFFECT OF INLET TEMPERATURE ", - "page_start": 143, - "page_end": 143, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf", - "query": "Give me the advantages of Ferromagnetic semiconductors", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Ferromagnetic (FM) semiconductors offer the prospect of combining high-density storage and gate-controlled logic in a single material.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "which may further disrupt the interface order. The ori- \ngin of the interface magnetism then had to be inferred by \ncomparison to a series of reference samples7. Demonstra- \ntion of coupling between the bulk of the layers, i.e., an \nexchange bias effect, would provide direct evidence of the \ninterface magnetic order. Moreover, such coupling would \noffer new means of manipulating the FM semiconductor \nspin state and utilizing the proximity polarization effect \nin a spintronic device. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "opposite magnetization. We can thus confidently assert \nthat, regardless of the underlying lattice structure, by \ndecreasing the number of the out-of-plane interactions, \nfor thicknesses close to the helical bulk pitch, the block ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntechnology ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The benefits of using mind maps include the following: \n\n• They help you to see how the different bits of information fit into the \n\nbigger picture. \n\n• They help you to understand the relationships between concepts. \n\n• They help you to memorise information more quickly (by engaging \n\nboth hemispheres of your brain). ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\nLEADING \nNEXT GENERATION \nNETWORKS MACHINE-TO- \nMACHINE \nCOMMUNICATIONS ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Implications for physicalism**\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCANADA’S \nFASTEST WIRELESS \nNETWORK \nSMARTPHONES \n& TABLETS ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The development of FM metal/FM semiconductor het- \nerostructures has the potential to bring together the \nbenefits of metal and semiconductor based spintron- \nics, offering access to new functionalities and physi- \ncal phenomena. Recent studies of MnAs/(Ga,Mn)As \nand NiFe/(Ga,Mn)As bilayer films have shown FM in- \nterlayer coupling and independent magnetization be- \nhavior, respectively4,5. Of particular interest is the \nFe/(Ga,Mn)As system, since the growth of epitaxial \nFe/GaAs(001) films is well-established6. Remarkably, a \nrecent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) study \nhas shown that Fe may induce a proximity polariza- \ntion in the near-surface region of (Ga,Mn)As, antipar- \nallel to the Fe moment and persisting even above room \ntemperature7. Devices incorporating Fe/(Ga,Mn)As \ntherefore offer the prospect of obtaining non-volatile \nroom temperature spin-polarization in a semiconductor. \nUntil now, no information has been revealed about the \ncoupling of Fe to (Ga,Mn)As layers away from the near- \nsurface region. At the surface, the (Ga,Mn)As layer may \nbe highly non-stoichiometric and Mn-rich, due to its non- \nequilibrium nature8,9. Previously, Fe/(Ga,Mn)As layers \nwere produced by a process including exposure to air fol- \nlowed by sputtering and annealing prior to Fe deposition, ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMAGNUS EFFECT BY \nROTATING CYLINDER ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Front panel LEDs**\n\n", - "page_start": 696, - "page_end": 696, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf", - "query": "I do not remember on wich samples SQUID magnetometry measurements were first performed", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "SQUID magnetometry measurements were first performed on control Fe/GaAs(001) and (Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) samples", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "75, 4650 (1995). \n45 Ar. Abanov, A. Chubukov, and J. Schmalian, Adv. Phys. Phys. Rev. B 58 2452 (1998). \n\n19 J. Hirsch, Physica C, 201, 347 (1992) and Ref 4. \n20 for a review see F. Marsiglio, J. Superconductivity and \n52, 119 (2003). \n46 Dessau et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 66, 2160(1991), Norman et \nal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3506(1997). Novel Magnetism 22, 269 (2009). \n21 F. Marsiglio, E. van Heumen, A. B. Kuzmenko, Phys. Rev. \n47 M.R. Norman and H. Ding, Phys. Rev. B 57, 11089(1998). \n48 C. Timm, D. Manske and K. H. Bennemann, Phys. Rev. B 77 144510 (2008). \nB 66, 094515(2002). \n49 A.V. Chubukov, M.R. Norman, Phys. Rev. B 70, ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 R. Kubo, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 12, 570(1957). \n2 R.A. Ferrrel and R.E. Glover, Phys. Rev.109, 1398 (1958). \n3 M. Tinkham and R.A. Ferrrel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 331 \n(1959), M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity \n(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975). \n\nand Phys. Rev. B 62, 15131 (2000). \n\n24 A. Toschi, M. Capone, M. Ortolani, P. Calvani, S. Lupi \nand C. Castellani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 097002 (2005). \n25 F. Marsiglio, F. Carbone, A. Kuzmenko and D. van der \nMarel, Phys. Rev. B 74, 174516 (2006). \n26 L. Benfatto, S. G. Sharapov, N. Andrenacci and H. Beck, \nPhys. Rev. B 71, 104511 (2005). ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nFigure 3.6. Normal ShockWave Formation ", - "page_start": 227, - "page_end": 227, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nWAVE DRAG COEFFICIENT: ", - "page_start": 242, - "page_end": 242, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nPILOT INDUCED OSCILLATIONS ", - "page_start": 331, - "page_end": 331, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nThis yawing oscillation ", - "page_start": 317, - "page_end": 317, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFigure 3.5. Three Dimensional and Reflected Shock Waves ", - "page_start": 226, - "page_end": 226, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nAugust 1959 \nUniversity of Southern California \nLos Angelesj Cnlif. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "341 (2006). \n19 J. Q. You, Xiao-Feng Shi, Xuedong Hu, Franco Nori, Phys. 125415 (2009). \n8 Han-Dong Chen, B. Wang, S. Das Sarma, arXiv:0906.0017 Rev. B 81, 014505 (2010). \n20 G. Jackeli, G. Khaliullin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 017205 (2009). \n\n9 K.P. Schmidt, S. Dusuel, and J. Vidal, Phys. Rev. Lett. \n100, 057208 (2008); J. Vidal, K.P. Schmidt, and S. Dusuel, \nPhys. Rev. B 78, 245121 (2008); S. Dusuel, K.P. Schmidt, \nJ. Vidal, and R.L. Zaffino, Phys. Rev. B 78, 125102 (2008). \n10 Hong Yao, Steven A. Kivelson, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 247203 \n\n(2009). \n21 A. B. Harris, A. J. Berlinsky, C. Bruder, J. Appl. Phys. \n69, 5200 (1991). \n22 K. A. Chao, J. Spa lek, A. M. Ole´s, Phys. Rev. B 18, 3453 ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2003 Financial Statements**\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf", - "query": "What are the differences observed between the Mn XMCD hysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection modes ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar (but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag netic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx imately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Clear differences are observed between the Mn XMCD \nhysteresis loops obtained using TEY and FY detection \nmodes. For FY the magnitude of the XMCD is similar \n(but of opposite sign) at remanence and at high mag- \nnetic fields, whereas for TEY at remanence it is approx- \nimately a factor of two larger than at 1000 Oe. The \nMn L2,3 XMCD spectra recorded at remanence and at \n1000 Oe, shown in Fig. 3, confirm this result. At re- \nmanence the FY and TEY detected XMCD have similar \nmagnitudes. However, under a large external field the \nXMCD is substantially smaller in TEY than in FY, con- \nfirming that the net magnetization of the Mn ions near \nthe interface is significantly less than in the bulk of the \n(Ga,Mn)As film. This is the case even up to the high- \nest field applied (20 kOe). By applying the XMCD sum \nrules14 to the TEY data, and by comparing the spectra to \nprevious measurements on well-characterized (Ga,Mn)As ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 3. (color online) (a) Polarization-averaged Mn L2,3 spec- \ntrum for a Fe/(Ga,Mn)As film; (b) XMCD spectra measured \nin remanence at 2 K; (c) XMCD spectra measured under a \n1000 Oe applied field at 2 K; (d) XMCD spectrum measured \nunder a 2000 Oe applied field at 300 K. XMCD spectra are \nobtained using TEY (thick red lines) and FY (thin blue lines) \ndetection. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 2(a)-(c) shows the magnetic field dependence of \nXMCD asymmetry, defined as (Il − Ir)/(Il + Ir) where \nIl(r) is the absorption for left- (right-) circularly polarized \nx-rays. This is measured at the Fe and Mn L3 absorption \npeaks for a Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(10 nm) sample at 2 K. \nThe external field is applied along the photon incidence \ndirection, which is at 70◦ to the surface normal with \nan in-plane projection along the [110] axis. The XMCD \ndata show that the Fe film displays a square hysteresis \nloop with a single magnetization switch, as expected for \na monocrystalline Fe film with strong uniaxial magnetic \nanisotropy. The Mn XMCD shows a more complicated \nloop due to the effect of the interlayer coupling. The pro- \njected Mn moment aligns antiparallel to the Fe moment \nat remanence, and undergoes a magnetization reversal of \nopposite sign to the Fe. With further increase of the ex- \nternal magnetic field, the Mn moment gradually rotates \naway from antiparallel alignment with the Fe layer, and \ninto the field direction. Qualitatively similar behavior \nis observed for the Fe(2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As(20 nm) sam- \nple: the (Ga,Mn)As layer is aligned antiparallel to the \nFe layer at zero field, although the bias field is lower by \napproximately a factor of two. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 2. (color online) XMCD asymmetry versus applied field \nalong the [110] axis at 2 K, for a Fe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As \n(a) Fe L3, total electron yield; (b) Mn L3, \n(10 nm) film. \ntotal electron yield; (c) Mn L3, fluorescent yield. Black and \nred points are data for increasing and decreasing fields respec- \ntively; lines are to guide the eye. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "L2,3 absorption edges in order to determine the magnetic \nresponse of the individual elements. In L2,3 XMCD, elec- \ntrons are excited from a 2p core level to the unoccupied \n3d valence states of the element of interest by circularly \npolarized x-rays at the resonance energies of the transi- \ntions. The difference in absorption for opposite polariza- \ntions gives a direct and element-specific measurement of \nthe projection of the 3d magnetic moment along the x- \nray polarization vector. The absorption cross-section is \nconventionally obtained by measuring the decay products \n– either fluorescent x-rays or electrons – of the photoex- \ncited core hole. The type of decay product measured \ndetermines the probing depth of the technique. For Mn \nL2,3 absorption, the probing depths for FY and TEY de- \ntection are λF Y ≈ 100 nm and λT EY ≈ 3 nm. \nIn the \ncurrent experiment, the Mn XMCD measured using FY \nand TEY are thus sensitive to the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As \nfilm and the near-interface layers, respectively. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "samples15, the projected Mn 3d magnetic moments are \nobtained as −1.4 µB and +0.8 µB per ion at remanence \nand 1000 Oe, respectively. \n\nmonolayers, assuming a uniform distribution of Mn ions \nand magnetic moments throughout the (Ga,Mn)As film. \nThis is around a factor of three thinner than in Ref.7, \nwhich could be due to the lower Mn concentration or the \ndifferent preparation method of the present samples. \n\nThe difference between these values can be understood \nas being due to an interface layer which is strongly anti- \nferromagnetically coupled to the Fe layer. At zero field, \nboth the interfacial and bulk Mn are aligned antiparallel \nto the Fe layer. At high fields, the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As \nlayer away from the interface is re-oriented into the exter- \nnal field direction. However, the interfacial Mn remains \nantiparallel to the Fe layer and thus partially compen- \nsates the XMCD signal from the bulk of the (Ga,Mn)As. \nFrom the size of the remanent and 1000 Oe magnetic \nmoments, it can be estimated that around 25-30% of the \nTEY XMCD signal can be ascribed to the interfacial Mn \nwhich is strongly coupled to the Fe moments. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 1. \n(color) Main figure: Major (red/black) and minor \n(green) hysteresis loops along the [110] axis at 5 K, for a \nFe (2 nm)/(Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film, and the hysteresis loop \nfor a control (Ga,Mn)As (20 nm) film along the same axis \n(blue). Left inset: Magnetization versus temperature for the \nFe/(Ga,Mn)As film at remanence (black) and under a 500 Oe \napplied field (red). Right inset: Exchange bias field versus \nthickness d of the (Ga,Mn)As film (points) and fit showing \n1/d dependence (dashed line). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "measurements were performed on beamline I06 at the \nDiamond Light Source, and on beamline 4.0.2 at the Ad- \nvanced Light Source. Total-electron yield (TEY) and \nfluorescence yield (FY) were monitored simultaneously \nusing the sample drain current and the photocurrent of a \ndiode mounted at 90◦ to the incident beam, respectively. \nwere \nmagnetometry \nand \ncontrol Fe/GaAs(001) \nfirst \non \nperformed \ngrown under \nthe \nsamples, \n(Ga,Mn)As/GaAs(001) \nsame conditions as the bilayers, \nto determine the \nmagnetic anisotropies of the individual layers and the \nCurie temperature of the (Ga,Mn)As layer. The Fe film \nhas a uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along \nthe [110] orientation, similar to previous studies6. For \nthe (Ga,Mn)As control sample, there is a competition \nbetween cubic and uniaxial magnetic anisotropies, with \nthe former dominant at low temperatures and favoring \neasy axes along the in-plane h100i orientations, and the \nlatter dominant close to TC (∼35 K) giving an easy axis \nalong the [1¯10] orientation. Figure 1 shows [110] magne- \ntization versus temperature curves and low temperature \nhysteresis loops for a bilayer film containing a 20 nm \nthick (Ga,Mn)As layer. The total remnant moment of \nthe bilayer film decreases on cooling under zero magnetic \nfield below the TC of the (Ga,Mn)As, indicating that \nthis layer aligns antiparallel to the Fe magnetization \nat zero field. The hysteresis curve shows a two-step \nmagnetization reversal, indicating different behavior of \nthe Fe and (Ga,Mn)As layers, with the smaller loop \nattributed to the dilute moment (Ga,Mn)As film. The \nminor hysteresis loop shown in Fig. 1 clearly shows a \nshift from zero field by a bias field HE, indicating that \nthe Fe layer induces an exchange bias in the magnetic \nsemiconductor. The shape and size of the minor loop \nis in agreement with the hysteresis loop for the control \n(Ga,Mn)As sample, also shown in Fig. 1. This strongly \nindicates that the exchange bias affects the whole of the \n(Ga,Mn)As layer in the bilayer sample. \n\nSQUID ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "-0.1 \n\n(a) Fe TEY \n-0.2 \n\ny \nr \nt \ne \nm \nm \ny \ns \na \nD \nC \nM \nX \n\n0.004 \n\n0.000 \n\n(b) Mn TEY \n-0.004 ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The interfacial Mn moments are ascribed to the prox- \nimity polarization of the (Ga,Mn)As interface by the Fe \nlayer, such as was shown previously by XMCD as well as \nab initio theory7. Evidence for this can be observed from \nmeasurement of the Mn L2,3 XMCD signal at tempera- \ntures above the (Ga,Mn)As TC . Similar to the previous \nstudy7, we observe a small but not negligible signal at \nroom temperature (Fig. 3), with opposite sign to the Fe \nL2,3 XMCD. Its spectral shape is characteristic of a local- \nized electronic configuration close to d5, similar to bulk \n(Ga,Mn)As7,9,15 but in contrast to Mn in more metallic \n7 or MnAs16. A slight \nenvironments such as MnxFe1−x \nbroadening is observed on the low energy side of the Mn \nL3 peak, which may be due to the different screening in- \nduced by proximity to the Fe layer. Since the measured \nintensity is attenuated with distance z from the surface \nas I = I0 exp(−z/λT EY ), the thickness of the strongly \ncoupled interface layer is estimated to be ∼0.7 nm or 2-3 ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf", - "query": "What is Kingsgate ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Kingsgate is a highly successful gold mining, development and exploration company with two operating gold mines and two advanced development projects.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "***Kingsgate is a highly successful gold***\n***mining, development and exploration***\n***company with two operating gold mines***\n***and two advanced development projects.***\n***Shareholders can look forward to the***\n***benefits of this strong operating and***\n***development platform, where Kingsgate***\n***aims to build value though operating,***\n***earnings and dividend growth for***\n***the benefit of all stakeholders.***", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nmanagement team ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCORPORATE GOVERNANCE ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nWING \nROOT’ ", - "page_start": 358, - "page_end": 358, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nDiane ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nI6 ", - "page_start": 101, - "page_end": 101, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nRover ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nproducts & services ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf", - "query": "What does demonstatre the feasibility study on the Nueva Esperanza Project ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "The study demonstrated that open pit mining at two million tonnes per year and processing by milling and agitation leaching in cyanide was technically feasible, although high capital and power costs negatively impacted project economic returns. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Nueva Esperanza \nThe Nueva Esperanza Project was advanced \nduring the year with the completion of a draft \nfeasibility study. This study included a decision \nto mine the Arqueros and Teterita portions of \nNueva Esperanza. The study demonstrated that \nopen pit mining at two million tonnes per year \nand processing by milling and agitation leaching \nin cyanide was technically feasible, although \nhigh capital and power costs negatively \nimpacted project economic returns. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The development projects continued to advance \nduring the year. At Nueva Esperanza, the feasi- \nbility work shifted to focus on identifying the \nlowest cost and lowest power consumption \ndevelopment alternatives. This included \nreviewing a heap leach process option with \non-site power generation. Further work is \nexpected to be completed in the December \nquarter 2013. At Bowdens, the feasibility work \nhas confirmed the optimum process route. \nCompletion of the technical feasibility study \nincluding mine planning, infrastructure and \nmetallurgy, and lodging of the Environmental \nImpact Statement (“EIS”) are scheduled for \n2014. ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Environmental approvals to commence \nconstruction and mining at Nueva Esperanza \nwere granted in July 2013 for the original \nArqueros project. Work is underway to modify \nand update the environmental assessment to \nincorporate the heap leach process. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nNUEVA NUEVA \n\nESPERANZA ESPERANZA ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "These project parameters are based on prelimi- \nnary results only and are insufficient to provide \nassurance as to the economic development of \nthe project at this stage and these parameters \nmay also change following completion of the \nDefinitive Feasibility Study. \n\nWith the technical and economical feasibility of \nheap leaching being established, the project will \nnow move into the final feasibility and design \nstage with results expected to be available \nduring the March quarter 2014. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Summary \n\nThe Nueva Esperanza Project is 100% owned \nby Kingsgate since February 2012. Nueva \nEsperanza is located in the Maricunga Gold Belt \nnear Copiapó, a regional mining centre in \nNorthern Chile. The silver-rich mineralisation is \nhosted by the Esperanza high-sulphidation \nepithermal alteration system associated with \nthe Cerros Bravos volcanic complex. \n\nThe project consists of three well-defined miner- \nalised deposits and a number of undeveloped \nexploration targets. The main deposits are \nArqueros, Chimberos and Teterita. Arqueros was \npreviously mined on a limited scale by under- \nground methods and Chimberos was exploited \nas an open pit mine, delivering about 40 million \nounces of silver in 1998/99. All three deposits \ncurrently have a combined Mineral Resources of \nabout 93 million ounces of silver equivalent or \n1.6 million ounces of gold equivalent (EQ60)1. \n\nA feasibility study for a decision to mine the \nArqueros portion of Nueva Esperanza was \ncompleted in late 2012, demonstrating that open \npit mining at two million tonnes per year and \nprocessing by milling and agitation leaching in \ncyanide was technically feasible. Work remained \nto integrate the Teterita and Chimberos deposits \ninto the project, as well as to test lower cost \noptions for processing. Continued metallurgical \ntestwork has shown that mineralisation from all \nthree deposits by heap leaching is technically and \neconomically feasible and the preferred alterna- \ntive for development. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Nueva Esperanza Silver / Gold Project \nThe Nueva Esperanza Silver / Gold Project \nadvanced during the year with an initial scoping \nstudy for a decision to mine the Arqueros and \nTeterita portions of Nueva Esperanza completed \nin late 2012. The study demonstrated that open \npit mining at two million tonnes per year and \nprocessing by milling and agitation leaching in \ncyanide was technically feasible although high \ncapital and power costs negatively impacted \nproject economic returns. \nExploration \nThe Group has a portfolio of exploration tene- \nments and applications in Thailand, Chile and \nLao PDR. Following the sale of exploration \ntenements to Caravel (refer below), exploration \nin Australia is currently only conducted in the \nvicinity of the Challenger Mine in South Australia \nand the Bowdens Silver Project in New South \nWales. \n\nTotal mill throughput for the year was 5.7 million \ntonnes, 11.4% higher than 2012, despite the \nimpact of the 63 day delay during which Plant #2 \nwas not operating. The overall plant availability \nof 98.1% was slightly lower than the previous \nyear’s 98.4%. The expanded plant is operating \naround 24% above the annual “nameplate” \nthroughput rate at 6.2 million tonnes per annum \nand this is expected to continue. ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Bowdens \nThe Bowdens Project continued to advance \nduring the year with field programs supporting \nthe ongoing feasibility and environmental \nstudies. Sterilisation drilling and additional \nmetallurgical sampling were undertaken with \nthe resource evaluation drilling completed in \nOctober 2012. \n\nDuring 2013, the process design and engineering \nwork for the Definitive Feasibility Study (“DFS”) \nprogressed to a point where the draft study was \nclose to completion as at 30 June 2013. The study \nencompassed detailed process design based on \nusing the most recent metallurgical test results, \ncapital and operating cost estimates, project \nwater and power supply, infrastructure require- \nments and mine optimisation. \n\nAs a consequence, feasibility work has tran- \nsitioned to assess a lower capital cost and lower \npower requirement options, namely the poten- \ntial for heap leach processing. Metallurgical \ntestwork recently completed demonstrated \nthat processing of mineralisation from all three \ndeposits by heap leaching has the potential to \nbe technically and economically feasible and as \na consequence may become the preferred \nalternative for development. \n\nEnvironmental approval for the original Arqueros \nProject was granted in July 2013. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Project CityCenter has \nalready captured the \nimagination of architects \nand designers around \nthe world as the concept \nhas been widely praised \nfor its vision. \n\n", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A Definitive Feasibility Study commenced on the \nproject at the end of May 2011 with the focus \non Arqueros, and open pit mining of that deposit \nwith processing by traditional mill and agiitation \nleaching in cyanide. Subsequent acquisition of \nthe Teterita and Chimberos deposits resulted in \nan expansion of the feasibility study to incorpo- \nrate their resources. \nThe environmental permitting process for the \noriginal Arqueros project has been completed, \nwith approval to commence construction and \nmining granted by the Chilean authorities. \nA modification of the environmental assessment \nis being prepared to have the approvals modified \nfor heap leaching and on-site power generation. \n\nExtensive community consultation has been \nundertaken with positive outcomes, and rela- \ntionships with indigenous rural and urban \ncommunities remain a priority. \n\nIn late 2012, a decision was taken to examine \nlower cost options for processing using heap \nleaching. With major engineering already done, \ntechnical studies focussed on metallurgical \ntestwork and heap leach design. It has been \nestablished that the mineralisation from the \nthree deposits can be processed by HPGR (High \nPressure Grinding Rolls) crushing and heap \nleaching with silver and gold recoveries of the \norder of 70% to 75% for silver and 65% to 70% \nfor gold. The project development plan is now \nfocussed on a 3 million tonne per annum heap \nleach operation with an initial mine life of over 6 \nyears. Annualised production levels (post ramp- \nup) are estimated at 6.0–8.0 million ounces of \nsilver and 18,000–22,000 ounces of gold, at an \nindicative start-up capital cost between \nUS$130–150 million (inclusive of 25% \ncontingency). ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf", - "query": "What is the Kingsgate net cash outflows from finiancing activities in 2013 ?", - "target_page": 11, - "target_passage": " Net cash outflows from financing activities was $1.7 million", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Summary \n\nKingsgate has recorded the following financial \nperformance for the year to 30 June 2013: \n\n〉〉 Revenue of $329.3 million. \n〉〉 \nEBITDA (before significant items) of $115.8 \nmillion. \n\n〉〉 Profit before tax and significant items of \n$17.2 million. \n\n〉〉 \n\nLoss after tax and significant items of $323.7 \nmillion. This includes a net tax benefit of \n$20.6 million, relating to the Challenger Gold \nOperations (“Challenger”) impairment. \n〉〉 Non-cash asset impairments and other \n\nsignificant items of $356.8 million pre-tax, \nwith $311.9 million principally relating to \nChallenger ($291.3 million post-tax). \n〉〉 No final dividend has been declared. An \n\ninterim dividend of 5 cents per share was \ndeclared for the half year to 31 December \n2012. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
FITIaTICIaI POSICIOITas at 30 June 201320132012
Note$ 70004900ASSETS
Current assetsCash and cash equivalents732.987
90.623Receivables89.431
12.226Inventories962.032
56.079Other assets1038.112
35.128Total current assets142.562194.056
Non - current assetsRestricted cash75.474
–Inventories944.731
30.314Available - for - sale financial assets11767
1.751Investment in associate141.485
–Property, plant and equipment12190.231
239.237Exploration, evaluation and development13336.546
545.032Other assets1037.797
27.858Deferred tax assets6g10.395
10.211Total non - current assets627.426854.403
TOTAL ASSETS769.9881.048.459LIABILITIES
Current liabilitiesPayables1541.185
42.597Borrowings1684.101
35.697Derivatives held for trading2712.685
Current tax liabilities27211.655Provisions
173.7972.993Total current liabilities
130.62695.627Non - current liabilitiesPayables
155.9216.681Borrowings
16115.657121.847Deferred tax liabilities
6g10.22829.110Provisions
1733.59619.381Total non - current liabilities
165.402177.019TOTAL LIABILITIES296.028
272.646NET ASSETS473.960775.813
EQUITYContributed equity18605.504
599.618Reserves19a18.319
( 20.407 )( Accumulated losses ) / Retained profits19b( 149.863 )
196.602Capital and reserves attributable to equity holders of Kingspate Consolidated Limited Non - controlling interests473.960775.813
TOTAL EQUITY473.960775.813
", - "page_start": 66, - "page_end": 66, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Looking Ahead \n\nOver the current financial year and beyond, \nKingsgate remains focused on optimising \nproduction within an uncertain metal price \nenvironment, continuing to build resources \nand reserves and advancing the development \nproject pipeline of Nueva Esperanza and \nBowdens. These initiatives are designed to \ngrow earnings per share for the benefit of all \nshareholders. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
The Financial Report of Kingsgate Consolidated Limited ( Kingsgate or the “ Company ”) for the year ended 30 June 2013 was authorised forin Australian dollars, which is the Company ' s functional currency and presentation currency.amounts related to the settlement of a pre - existing relationship. Such amounts are generally recognised in profit or loss.
issue in accordance with a resolution of Directors on 23 September 2013.Rounding of amountsCosts related to the acquisition, other than those associated with the issue of debt or equity securities, that the Group incurs in connection with a business combination are expensed as incurred. Any contingent consideration payabled
Kingsgate is a Company limited by shares incorporated in Australia whose shares are publicly traded on the Australian Securities ExchangeThe Company is of a lind referred to in ASIIC Class Order 98 ( 100 dated 10 ) ( uly 3998 and in accordance with that Class Order, all financial information presented in Australian dollars has been rounded to the nearest thousand, or in certain cOritical accounting estimates
Acquisitions of non - controlling interests are their care their capacity as owners and theneficiency gross - will is recognised as a nesult of ouch transactions. The non - controlling interact in the adjust mental health in the controlleto as the “ Group ” and individually as “ Group entities ”). A description of the nature of theThe preparation of financial statements requires to preventions. The preparations to preparations that informations that impaired to exercise the judgement in the process of applying the Group ' s accounting policies. The areas invol
1. BASIS OF PREPARATIONThe general purpose financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Australian Accounting Standards, other authoritative pronouncements of the Australian Accounting Standards Board and the Corjoretties Act 20032. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING
The acquisition of an asset or group of assets that is not a business is accounted for by allocating the cost of the transaction to the net identifiable assets and liabilities acquired based on their fair values.purpose of preparing : the financial statements.The principal accounting policies adopted in the preparation of the financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented.
( II ) SubsidiariesThe financial statements comply with International Financial Reporting StandardsSubsidiaries are entities controlled by the first - infantements of subsidiaries are included in the consolidated financial state - ments from the date that control commences until the date that control ceases.
Standards Board ( IASB ).TTTTCTCTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTHistorical cost convention
( i ) Business combinationsThe financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost : convention, as modified by the revaluation of available - for - sale financial assets and financial instruments ( including denviative instruments ) at fair value tBusiness combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method as at the acquisition to activities and the acquisition to activities. The activities and their transferred to the Group. Control is the prewer to govern the financin
The accounting policies of subsidiaries have been changed when necessary to align them with the policies adopted by the Group. Losses applicable to the non - controlling interests in a subsidiary are allocated to the non - controlling intFunctional and presentation currencycurrently are exercisable.
The financial statements of the Group entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“ the functional currency ”). The consolidated financial statements are presentedThe consideration transferred for the acquisition of a subsidiary comprises the fair values of the assets transferred, the liabilities incurred and the equity interests issued by the Group. The consideration transferred does not inclIntra group balances and transactions, and any unrealised gains anising from intra - group trans - actions, are eliminated in preparing the consclidated financial statements. Unrealised losses are also eliminated unless the transact
", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Year Ended June 30, \n**Cash Flows from Operating Activities**\n\nNet income \n\nAdjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities: \n\nDepreciation and amortization of property \n\nAmortization of intangibles \n\nAmortization of stock appreciation rights and options \n\nDeferred income taxes \n\nProvision for losses on accounts receivable \n\nUnrealized foreign exchange transaction losses (gains) \n\nOther share-based compensation expense \n\nGain on sale of property \n\nChanges in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions: \n\nAccounts receivable \n\nInventories \n\nOther operating assets \n\nAccounts payable \n\nOther operating liabilities \n\n**Net Cash provided by Operating Activities**\n\n**Cash Flows from Investing Activities**\n\nProperty purchases \n\nProceeds from property sales \n\nNet cash paid for acquisition of businesses, net of cash acquired of $38 and $168 in 2012 and \n2011, respectively \n\nOther \n\n**Net Cash used in Investing Activities**\n\n**Cash Flows from Financing Activities**\n\nRepayments under revolving credit facility \n\nLong-term debt repayment \n\nSettlements of cross-currency swap agreements \n\nPurchases of treasury shares \n\nDividends paid \n\nExcess tax benefits from share-based compensation \n\nExercise of stock appreciation rights and options \n\n**Net Cash used in Financing Activities**", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]− CASH FLOW INFORMATION\n
Year ended 31 December2014 US $ 70002013 US $ 7000
a )Reconcillation of cash flows from operations with income from ordinary activities after income tax
Profit from ordinary activities after income tax15.32115.942
Adjustments to reconcile net profit to net operating cash flows :
Depreciation and amortisation expense85.58436.225
Share options expensed1.9151.590
Unrealised ( gains ) losses on derivatives( 9.642 )837
Net gain on sale of properties( 48.604 )( 7.335 )
Impairment of development and production assets71.212-
Unsuccessful exploration and evaluation expense10.934-
Amortisation of deferred financing fees316140
Add : Interest expense ( disclosed in investing and financing activities )383-
Recognition of DTA on items directly within equity879665
Other126( 153 )
Changes in assets and liabilities :- ( Decrease ) increase in current and deferred income tax( 14.606 )
5.147
- Decrease in other assets282.155
- Decrease ( increase ) in trade and other receivables8.679( 3.541 )
- Increase in trade and other payables5.552__10.974
Net cash provided by operating activities__128.087__52.646
", - "page_start": 95, - "page_end": 95, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Cash flows from operating activities \nReceipts from customers (net of goods and services tax) \n\nPayments to suppliers and employees (net of goods and services tax) \n\nInterest received \n\nFinance costs paid \n\nIncome tax paid \n\nNet cash inflow from operating activities \n\nCash flows from investing activities \nPayments for property, plant and equipment \n\nPayments for exploration, evaluation and development \n\nPayments for acquisition of Bowdens Silver Project \n\nCash acquired on acquisition of subsidiaries, net of cash paid \n\nInterest capitalised to expansion and development projects \n\nDeposits and debt service reserve account \n\nPayments for other assets \n\nNet cash outflow from investing activities \n\nCash flows from financing activities \nProceeds from borrowings, net of transaction costs \n\nRepayment of borrowings \n\nProceeds from the issue of shares \n\nPayments for acquisition of non-controlling interests \n\nDividends paid \n\nNet cash (outflow) / inflow from financing activities ", - "page_start": 67, - "page_end": 67, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "PRODUCTION – Chatree \n\nOre mined (‘000 bank cubic metres) \nWaste mined (‘000 bank cubic metres) \nWaste to ore ratio \nOre mined (‘000 tonnes) \nOre treated (‘000 tonnes) \nHead grade – Gold grams / tonne \nHead grade – Silver grams / tonne \nGold recovery (%) \nGold poured (ounces) \nSilver poured (ounces) \n\nPRODUCTION – Challenger \n\nOre mined (‘000 tonnes) \nOre treated (‘000 tonnes) \nHead grade – Gold grams / tonne \nGold recovery (%) \nGold poured (ounces) \nSilver poured (ounces) \n\nPROFIT & LOSS (A$’000) \n\nSales revenue \nOperating expenses \nAdministration expenses \nOther (expenses) / income \nEBITDA \nImpairment losses \nDepreciation & amortisation \nEBIT \nNet finance (costs) / income \nProfit / (loss) before income tax \nIncome tax (expense) / benefit \nNet profit / (loss) after income tax \nNon–controlling interests \nNet profit attributable to owners of Kingsgate Consolidated Limited \n\nBALANCE SHEET (A$’000) \n\nCurrent assets – cash \nCurrent assets – other \nNon–current assets \nTotal assets \nTotal borrowings \nOther liabilities \nTotal liabilities \nShareholders’ equity \nNon–controlling interests \nEquity attributable to equity holders of Kingsgate Consolidated Limited ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activitie Depreciation, amortization and impairment
Stock - based compensation
Inventory and purchase commitments write - downs
Foreign currency transaction net unrealized loss ( gain )
Deferred income taxes
Non - cash interest and other operating activities
Changes in operating assets and liabilities :
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Operating lease vehicles
Prepaid expenses and other assets
Accounts payable, accrued and other liabilities
Deferred revenue
Net cash provided by operating activities
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of property and equipment excluding finance leases, net of sales
Purchases of solar energy systems, net of sales
Purchases of investments
Proceeds from maturities of investments
Proceeds from sales of investments
Business combinations, net of cash acquired
Net cash used in investing activities
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuances of debt
Repayments of debt
Proceeds from exercises of stock options and other stock issuances
Principal payments on finance leases
Debt issuance costs
Distributions paid to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries
Payments for buy - outs of noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries
Net cash provided by financing activities
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cas
Net increase ( decrease ) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period
Supplemental Non - Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Acquisitions of property and equipment included in liabilities
Leased assets obtained in exchange for finance lease liabilities
Leased assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities
The accompanying notes are an integral part of the
", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Net Cash Flows \n\nThe following table is included to aid in review of Applied’s \n\nstatements of consolidated cash flows; all amounts are in \n\nthousands. \n\nYear Ended June 30, \n\nNet Cash Provided by (Used in): **2012** 2011 2010 \n\nOperating Activities $ **90,422**$ 76,842 $ 184,324 \n\nInvesting Activities **(39,434 )** (47,887 ) (6,784 ) \n\nFinancing Activities **(60,816 )** (116,523 ) (30,514 ) \n\nExchange Rate Effect **(2,822 )** 2,883 1,109 \n(Decrease) Increase in Cash \n**(12,650 )**$ (84,685 ) $ 148,135 $ and Cash Equivalents ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf", - "query": "To which countries extend the marriage regulations ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "These Regulations extend to England and Wales. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 5 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n**International initiatives in Asian countries and others**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(a) indicates the descriptions of information required by each of sub-paragraphs (a) to (h) of \nregulation 3(2) in relation to the marriage, and \n\n(b) provides corresponding spaces for recording information required by each of those sub- \n\nparagraphs in relation to the marriage. \n\n(6) A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) by a parochial church council \nbelongs to that parochial church council. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Russia \nKorea \nJapan*\nChina \nMiddle \nEast \nTaiwan \n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThese Regulations provide for records of marriages to be kept in churches and chapels of the \nChurch of England and the Church in Wales, other than chapels to which Part 5 of the Marriage \nAct 1949 applies (naval, military and air force chapels). \n\nRegulation 2 requires parochial church councils to provide books known as “registers of marriage \nservices” to churches and chapels in their parish in which banns of matrimony may be published, \nfor the purposes of keeping the records required by regulation 3. Regulation 2 also imposes \nrequirements relating to the durability and pre-printed content of these registers, and provides that \nthey belong to the parochial church council. \n\nRegulation 3 requires specified information to be recorded in a register of marriage services when \na marriage has been solemnized on or after 4th May 2021 according to the rites of the Church of \nEngland or Church in Wales in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be \npublished. The record must be made and signed by the member of the clergy by whom the \nmarriage was solemnized. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Duty to record information about marriages solemnized according to the rites of the Church**\n**of England or Church in Wales**\n\n**3.**—(1) Paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) apply where a marriage has been solemnized according to the \nrites of the Church of England in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be \npublished. \n\n(2) As soon as practicable after the marriage has been solemnized, the clergyman by whom the \nmarriage was solemnized must make a record of the following information in relation to that \nmarriage in a register of marriage services provided to the church or chapel under regulation \n2(1)— \n\n(a) the date and place of the marriage; \n(b) the name and surname of each party; \n(c) the date of birth of each party; \n(d) the occupation (if any) of each party; \n(e) the address of each party at the time of the marriage; \n(f) \n\nthe names and surnames of each party’s parents, so far as those names and surnames are \nknown to the clergyman who solemnized the marriage; \n\n(g) the name and surname of each of the witnesses in whose presence the marriage was \nsolemnized; \n\n(h) the name and surname of the clergyman by whom the marriage was solemnized. \n\n(3) The clergyman must record the information required by paragraph (2) in English, and may \nalso record information required by that paragraph in Welsh where the church or chapel is situated \nin Wales. \n\n(4) After making a record under paragraph (2) the clergyman must sign it. \n(5) This regulation does not apply in relation to a marriage solemnized before 4th May 2021. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Made* *-* *-* *-* *-* *29th April 2021*\n\n*Coming into force -* *-* *4th May 2021*\n\nThe Registrar General makes these Regulations with the approval of the Secretary of State in \nexercise of the powers conferred by section 74(1)(c)(v), (1A)(a) and (3) of the Marriage Act \n1949(**a**). \n\n**Citation, commencement, extent and interpretation**\n\n**1.**—(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and \n\nChapels) Regulations 2021. \n\n(2) These Regulations come into force on 4th May 2021. \n(3) These Regulations extend to England and Wales. \n(4) In these Regulations, “chapel” does not include a chapel to which Part 5 of the Marriage Act \n1949 (marriages in naval, military and air force chapels) applies(**b**). \n\n**Duty of parochial church councils to provide registers of marriage services**\n\n**2.**—(1) The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making \nrecords under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(**c**) in that parish in \nwhich banns of matrimony may be published. \n\n(2) Books provided under paragraph (1) are to be known as “registers of marriage services”. \n(3) A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) must meet the requirements of \nparagraphs (4) and (5). \n\n(4) The register must be made of durable material. \n(5) For the purposes of enabling a record to be made in the register under regulation 3 in respect \n\nof a marriage, the register must be printed in such a way that it— ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nItaly \nIndia ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Scandinavia \n\n", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "84 Mauritania \n\n85 Mauritius \n\n86 Mexico \n\n87 Micronesia (Federated \n\nStates of) \n\n88 Mongolia \n\n89 Montenegro \n\n90 Morocco \n\n91 Mozambique \n\n92 Myanmar \n\n93 Namibia \n\n94 Nauru \n\n95 Nepal \n\n96 Nicaragua \n\n97 Niger \n\n98 Nigeria \n\n99 Niue \n\n100 Oman \n\n101 Pakistan \n\n102 Palau \n\n103 Panama \n\n104 Papua New Guinea \n\n105 Paraguay \n\n106 Peru \n\n107 Philippines \n\n108 Qatar \n\n109 Republic of Korea \n\n110 Republic of Moldova \n\n111 Rwanda \n\n112 Saint Kitts and Nevis \n\n113 Saint Lucia \n\n114 Saint Vincent and the \n\nGrenadines \n\n115 Samoa \n\n116 San Marino \n\n117 Sao Tome and Principe \n\n118 Saudi Arabia \n\n119 Senegal \n\n120 Serbia \n\n121 Seychelles \n\n122 Sierra Leone \n\n123 Singapore \n\n124 Solomon Islands \n\n125 Somalia ", - "page_start": 45, - "page_end": 45, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCountry ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf", - "query": "What the parochial church council must provide to make marriage records ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": " The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making records under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(c) in that parish in which banns of matrimony may be published.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "(a) indicates the descriptions of information required by each of sub-paragraphs (a) to (h) of \nregulation 3(2) in relation to the marriage, and \n\n(b) provides corresponding spaces for recording information required by each of those sub- \n\nparagraphs in relation to the marriage. \n\n(6) A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) by a parochial church council \nbelongs to that parochial church council. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThese Regulations provide for records of marriages to be kept in churches and chapels of the \nChurch of England and the Church in Wales, other than chapels to which Part 5 of the Marriage \nAct 1949 applies (naval, military and air force chapels). \n\nRegulation 2 requires parochial church councils to provide books known as “registers of marriage \nservices” to churches and chapels in their parish in which banns of matrimony may be published, \nfor the purposes of keeping the records required by regulation 3. Regulation 2 also imposes \nrequirements relating to the durability and pre-printed content of these registers, and provides that \nthey belong to the parochial church council. \n\nRegulation 3 requires specified information to be recorded in a register of marriage services when \na marriage has been solemnized on or after 4th May 2021 according to the rites of the Church of \nEngland or Church in Wales in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be \npublished. The record must be made and signed by the member of the clergy by whom the \nmarriage was solemnized. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Duty to record information about marriages solemnized according to the rites of the Church**\n**of England or Church in Wales**\n\n**3.**—(1) Paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) apply where a marriage has been solemnized according to the \nrites of the Church of England in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be \npublished. \n\n(2) As soon as practicable after the marriage has been solemnized, the clergyman by whom the \nmarriage was solemnized must make a record of the following information in relation to that \nmarriage in a register of marriage services provided to the church or chapel under regulation \n2(1)— \n\n(a) the date and place of the marriage; \n(b) the name and surname of each party; \n(c) the date of birth of each party; \n(d) the occupation (if any) of each party; \n(e) the address of each party at the time of the marriage; \n(f) \n\nthe names and surnames of each party’s parents, so far as those names and surnames are \nknown to the clergyman who solemnized the marriage; \n\n(g) the name and surname of each of the witnesses in whose presence the marriage was \nsolemnized; \n\n(h) the name and surname of the clergyman by whom the marriage was solemnized. \n\n(3) The clergyman must record the information required by paragraph (2) in English, and may \nalso record information required by that paragraph in Welsh where the church or chapel is situated \nin Wales. \n\n(4) After making a record under paragraph (2) the clergyman must sign it. \n(5) This regulation does not apply in relation to a marriage solemnized before 4th May 2021. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Made* *-* *-* *-* *-* *29th April 2021*\n\n*Coming into force -* *-* *4th May 2021*\n\nThe Registrar General makes these Regulations with the approval of the Secretary of State in \nexercise of the powers conferred by section 74(1)(c)(v), (1A)(a) and (3) of the Marriage Act \n1949(**a**). \n\n**Citation, commencement, extent and interpretation**\n\n**1.**—(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and \n\nChapels) Regulations 2021. \n\n(2) These Regulations come into force on 4th May 2021. \n(3) These Regulations extend to England and Wales. \n(4) In these Regulations, “chapel” does not include a chapel to which Part 5 of the Marriage Act \n1949 (marriages in naval, military and air force chapels) applies(**b**). \n\n**Duty of parochial church councils to provide registers of marriage services**\n\n**2.**—(1) The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making \nrecords under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(**c**) in that parish in \nwhich banns of matrimony may be published. \n\n(2) Books provided under paragraph (1) are to be known as “registers of marriage services”. \n(3) A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) must meet the requirements of \nparagraphs (4) and (5). \n\n(4) The register must be made of durable material. \n(5) For the purposes of enabling a record to be made in the register under regulation 3 in respect \n\nof a marriage, the register must be printed in such a way that it— ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Requirements about the keeping of registers of marriage services**\n\n**4.**—(1) The rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of marriage \n\nservices has been provided under regulation 2(1) must— \n\n(a) ensure that the register is kept in that church or chapel, and \n(b) do everything that is reasonably practicable to ensure that the register is protected against \n\ntheft, loss or damage. \n\n(2) Where there is no rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of \nmarriage services has been provided under regulation 2(1), the obligations under paragraph (1) in \nrespect of that register fall on the churchwardens of the parish in which the church or chapel is \nsituated. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(**a**) 1949 c. 76 (12 & 13 Geo 6). Section 74 was amended by Schedule 2 to the Registration Service Act 1953 (c. 37) and by \nparagraph 5(1)(d) of Schedule 2 to the Transfer of Functions (Registration) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/678) and subsequently \nrenumbered as section 74(1) by article 12 of the Registration of Marriages etc. (Electronic Communications and Electronic \nStorage) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/2821). Section 74(1) was amended by paragraph 19 of Schedule 15 to the Immigration Act \n2016 (c. 19) and paragraph 43 of Schedule 1 to the Registration of Marriages Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/411), which also \ninserted subsection (1A). \n(**b**) See section 68(2) of the Marriage Act 1949. The certification function of the Admiralty under that section was transferred to \nthe Secretary of State by the Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964 (c. 15). \n(**c**) Section 78(2) of the Marriage Act 1949 provides for references to the Church of England to be construed as including ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Chairman of the Audit \nCommittee provides, and \naddresses, a written report \ntogether with the minutes and \nrecommendations of the Audit \nCommittee at the next Board \nMeeting. Similar procedures \napply to all other Committees \nof the Board. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Meeting essentials**\n**Meeting controls**\n\nWhen you join meetings, a different window will pop-up. These are the controls you need to know: \n\n**Create meetings**\n\n1. \n\nSelect**+ New meeting**or double-click on a time in your \ncalendar to create a new meeting. \n**1** **2** **3** **4** **5** **6**\n\n2. Add people, a location and any notes. \n\n3. Send your invite. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**I.10.3. Provision of list of pre-existing rights and documentary evidence**\n\nThe contractor must provide the contracting authority with a list of*pre-existing rights*as \nset out in Article II.13.4 together with the invoice for payment of the balance at the latest. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**II.13.7. Moral rights of creators**\n\nBy delivering the*results*, the contractor warrants that the*creators*will not object to the \nfollowing on the basis of their moral rights under copyright: \n\n(a) that their names be mentioned or not mentioned when the*results*are presented to \n\nthe public; \n\n(b) that the*results*be divulged or not after they have been delivered in their final \n\nversion to the contracting authority; \n\n(c) that the*results*be adapted, provided that this is done in a manner which is not \nprejudicial to the*creator*’s honour or reputation. \n\nIf moral rights on parts of the*results*protected by copyright may exist, the contractor \nmust obtain the consent of*creators*regarding the granting or waiver of the relevant moral \nrights in accordance with the applicable legal provisions and be ready to provide \ndocumentary evidence upon request. \n\n**II.13.8. Image rights and sound recordings**\n\nIf natural persons appear in a*result*or their voice or any other private element is recorded \nin a recognisable manner, the contractor must obtain a statement by these persons (or, in \nthe case of minors, by the persons exercising parental authority) giving their permission \nfor the described use of their image, voice or private element and, on request, submit a \ncopy of the permission to the contracting authority. The contractor must take the necessary \nmeasures to obtain such consent in accordance with the applicable legal provisions. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "EN-Draft FWC for services 0142.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "What is the prison population grew in average by year between 1993 and 2008 ?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "The prison population grew rapidly between 1993 to 2008, at an average of 4% a year.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**2. Recent trends in the population**\n\nThe ‘Story of the Prison Population 1993 to 2012’ is an in-depth look at what \nhappened to the prison population between 1993 and 2012 and the major \nfactors contributing to the changes.4 \n\nThe prison population grew rapidly between 1993 to 2008, at an average of \n4% a year. This rapid rise was driven by: \n\n \n\nincreased numbers of people sentenced to immediate custody from \n1993 to 2002; \n\n \n\nincreases in the average custodial sentence length and increased use \nof indeterminate sentences; and \n\n an increase in numbers recalled to prison following breaches of the \nconditions of licence and these offenders spending longer in prison \nonce recalled. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n105,000 \n\n100,000 \n\n95,000 \n\n**n**\n**o**\n**i**\n**t**\n**a**\n**u**\n**p**\n**o**\n**P**\n**n**\n**o**\n**s**\n\n90,000 \n**l**\n\n85,000 \n\n**i**\n**r**\n**P**\n80,000 \n\n75,000 \n\n70,000 \n\nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n4 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n5 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n5 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n5 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n6 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n6 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n6 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n7 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n7 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n7 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n8 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n8 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n8 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n9 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n9 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n9 \n**Month End**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n105,000 \n\n100,000 \n\n95,000 \n\n**n**\n**o**\n**i**\n**t**\n**a**\n**l**\n**u**\n**p**\n**o**\n**P**\n**n**\n**o**\n**s**\n**i**\n**r**\n**P**\n\n90,000 \n\n85,000 \n\n80,000 \n\n75,000 \n\n70,000 \n\nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n4 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n5 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n5 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n5 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n6 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n6 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n6 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n7 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n7 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n7 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n8 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n8 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n8 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n9 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n9 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n9 \n**Month End**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**4. Results**\n\nThe Central Scenario estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,700 \nby the end of June 2015 and to 90,200 by the end of June 2020. \n\nChart 2 presents Prison population projections from November 2014 to \nDecember 2020. \n\n**Chart 2: Projected monthly prison population (all scenarios)**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Prison Population Projections 2014 – 2020**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]Males 21 years and overTotal PopulationDeterminatesScenarioIndeterminatesRemand_Recall\n
Scenario 1CentralScenario 2Scenario 1CentralScenario 2
Jun - 1576.50077.10078.70047.40048.20049.800
Jun ‐ 1675.80078.30082.00046.80049.50053.300
Jun ‐ 1774.40078.50083.70045.90050.40055.700
Jun ‐ 1873.20078.90085.80045.20051.30058.200
Jun ‐ 1972.20079.30087.50044.60052.00060.300
Jun - 2071.10079.40088.70044.00052.60062.000
ScenarioScenario 1CentralScenario 2Scenario 1CentralScenario 2
Jun ‐ 1511.70011.70011.70010.80010.2009.600
Jun - 1611.20011.20011.20010.80010.2009.600
Jun ‐ 1710.50010.50010.50010.80010.2009.500
Jun ‐ 1810.10010.10010.10010.80010.2009.600
Jun ‐ 199.6009.6009.60010.90010.2009.600
Jun - 209.2009.2009.20010.80010.2009.600
Non CriminalScenarioScenario 1CentralScenario 2Scenario 1Central
Scenario 2Jun - 154.9005.2005.8001.7001.700
1.700Jun - 165.2005.5006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun ‐ 175.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun ‐ 185.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun ‐ 195.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun - 205.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The rise in the prison population slowed considerably from the summer of \n2008, in part due to the introduction of the Criminal Justice and Immigration \nAct (CJIA) 20085 which changed sentencing and offender management in \nways which helped to reduce growth in the prison population. \n\nThis flatter trend continued until the public disorder seen in UK cities from 6 to \n9 August 2011 which had an immediate but temporary impact on the prison \npopulation. \n\nDuring 2012 and into 2013, the prison population began to fall due to a falling \nremand population and a continued decline in the number of under 18s in \ncustody. The falling remand population during 2012 reflected falling volumes \ngoing through the courts plus the introduction, in December 2012, of \nmeasures restricting the use of remand for all offenders who would be unlikely \nto receive a custodial sentence.6 \n\nFrom the end of August 2013 to the end of October 2013, the remand \npopulation rose sharply, driving an overall increase in the prison population. \nThis was being driven by an increase in demand in the Crown Courts, \nespecially among more serious tri-able either way cases. The total population \nhas continued to rise since the beginning of 2014 and reached 85,9257 on the ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Prison Population Projections 2014 – 2020**\n\nAt the core of the method is a model of flows of offenders into and out of \nprison which counts the resulting prison population each month for sentenced, \nrecall and remand prisoners. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Key points**\n\nThis bulletin presents projections of the prison population in England and \nWales from November 2014 to December 2020. The prison population \nprojections are based on assumptions about future custodial convictions and \nincorporate the anticipated impacts of agreed policy and procedural initiatives. \n\nThe “Central Scenario” estimates that the prison population will increase from \nthe current position 85,9251 to 87,700 by June 2015. By the end of June 2020 \nthe prison population is projected to be 90,200. This Central Scenario is our \nbest estimate based on the available information. The projected prison \npopulation under our Central Scenario is shown in Chart 1. \n\nThe prison population projections are produced using a model of flows of \noffenders into and out of prison which counts the resulting prison population \neach month. \n\n**Chart 1: Projected prison population (Central Scenario)**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**5. Previous Projections**\n\nAt the end of September 2014 the published prison population was within 1.8 \n% of the 2013 Scenario 2 (central) projection, and within 3.4 % of the 2013 \nScenario 1 projection and 0.2 % of the 2013 Scenario 3 projection. This does \nnot indicate which scenario the actual prison population will track going \nforward. \n\nDifferences between the 2013 projections and the actual population could be \nexplained by changes, different to those projected, in overall demand, offence \nmix, age and gender of defendants, court routes, custody rates or sentence \nlengths. \n\nChart 3 plots the 2014 Central Scenario projection against the three 2013 \nprison population projections. The 2014-2020 Central Scenario projection is \nabove all three scenarios from last year. The higher level of the new \nprojections can be attributed to a more serious case mix coming into the \ncourts with a resulting increase in average custodial sentence lengths. The \nprojection for June 2019 in the Central Scenario this year is 10.2 % above the \nequivalent scenario (Scenario 2) last year. \n\n**Chart 3: Comparing 2013 and 2014 projections (November 2014 – December**\n**2020)**\n\n**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n95,000 ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4 Story of the Prison Population: www.gov.uk/government/publications/story-of-the-prison- \npopulation-1993-2012 \n5 services.parliament.uk/bills/2007-08/criminaljusticeandimmigration.html \n6 http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2010-11/legalaidsentencingandpunishmentofoffenders.html \n7 www.gov.uk/government/statistics/prison-population-figures-2014 \n\n6 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "Do you know the prison population estimation for the and of June 2020 ?", - "target_page": 13, - "target_passage": "The Central Scenario estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,700 by the end of June 2015 and to 90,200 by the end of June 2020. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**4. Results**\n\nThe Central Scenario estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,700 \nby the end of June 2015 and to 90,200 by the end of June 2020. \n\nChart 2 presents Prison population projections from November 2014 to \nDecember 2020. \n\n**Chart 2: Projected monthly prison population (all scenarios)**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n105,000 \n\n100,000 \n\n95,000 \n\n**n**\n**o**\n**i**\n**t**\n**a**\n**u**\n**p**\n**o**\n**P**\n**n**\n**o**\n**s**\n\n90,000 \n**l**\n\n85,000 \n\n**i**\n**r**\n**P**\n80,000 \n\n75,000 \n\n70,000 \n\nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n4 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n5 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n5 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n5 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n6 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n6 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n6 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n7 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n7 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n7 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n8 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n8 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n8 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n9 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n9 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n9 \n**Month End**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Total Prison Population**\n**Prison population projections from November 2014 to December 2020**\n105,000 \n\n100,000 \n\n95,000 \n\n**n**\n**o**\n**i**\n**t**\n**a**\n**l**\n**u**\n**p**\n**o**\n**P**\n**n**\n**o**\n**s**\n**i**\n**r**\n**P**\n\n90,000 \n\n85,000 \n\n80,000 \n\n75,000 \n\n70,000 \n\nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n4 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n5 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n5 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n5 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n6 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n6 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n6 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n7 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n7 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n7 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n8 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n8 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n8 M \na \nr \n- \n1 \n9 \nJ \nu \nl \n- \n1 \n9 \nN \no \nv \n- \n1 \n9 \n**Month End**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Prison Population Projections 2014 – 2020**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]Males 21 years and overTotal PopulationDeterminatesScenarioIndeterminatesRemand_Recall\n
Scenario 1CentralScenario 2Scenario 1CentralScenario 2
Jun - 1576.50077.10078.70047.40048.20049.800
Jun ‐ 1675.80078.30082.00046.80049.50053.300
Jun ‐ 1774.40078.50083.70045.90050.40055.700
Jun ‐ 1873.20078.90085.80045.20051.30058.200
Jun ‐ 1972.20079.30087.50044.60052.00060.300
Jun - 2071.10079.40088.70044.00052.60062.000
ScenarioScenario 1CentralScenario 2Scenario 1CentralScenario 2
Jun ‐ 1511.70011.70011.70010.80010.2009.600
Jun - 1611.20011.20011.20010.80010.2009.600
Jun ‐ 1710.50010.50010.50010.80010.2009.500
Jun ‐ 1810.10010.10010.10010.80010.2009.600
Jun ‐ 199.6009.6009.60010.90010.2009.600
Jun - 209.2009.2009.20010.80010.2009.600
Non CriminalScenarioScenario 1CentralScenario 2Scenario 1Central
Scenario 2Jun - 154.9005.2005.8001.7001.700
1.700Jun - 165.2005.5006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun ‐ 175.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun ‐ 185.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun ‐ 195.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
1.700Jun - 205.3005.6006.1001.7001.700
", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Prison Population Projections**\n**2014 – 2020**\n**England and Wales**\n\nMinistry of Justice \nStatistics Bulletin ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Key points**\n\nThis bulletin presents projections of the prison population in England and \nWales from November 2014 to December 2020. The prison population \nprojections are based on assumptions about future custodial convictions and \nincorporate the anticipated impacts of agreed policy and procedural initiatives. \n\nThe “Central Scenario” estimates that the prison population will increase from \nthe current position 85,9251 to 87,700 by June 2015. By the end of June 2020 \nthe prison population is projected to be 90,200. This Central Scenario is our \nbest estimate based on the available information. The projected prison \npopulation under our Central Scenario is shown in Chart 1. \n\nThe prison population projections are produced using a model of flows of \noffenders into and out of prison which counts the resulting prison population \neach month. \n\n**Chart 1: Projected prison population (Central Scenario)**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Prison Population Projections 2014 – 2020**\n\nAt the core of the method is a model of flows of offenders into and out of \nprison which counts the resulting prison population each month for sentenced, \nrecall and remand prisoners. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Scenario 1 Central Scenario \n\nIllustrative Scenario 1 estimates that the prison population will rise to 87,100 \nby the end of June 2015 and then fall to 81,400 by the end of June 2020. \n\nIllustrative Scenario 2 estimates that the prison population will rise to 88,900 \nby the end of June 2015 and to 98,900 by the end of June 2020. \n\nThe projected trends reflect the cumulative impacts of the various sentencing, \nlegislative and procedural assumptions that are used to generate the \nprojections. The seasonal pattern reflects the dip in the prison population \nwhich is always seen around the Christmas period. \n\nIn the Central Scenario, the prison population is expected to rise to 90,200 by \nJune 2020. The projected population increase is largely due to the recent \ntrends in case mix where we have seen more serious cases come before the \ncourts. This results in offenders receiving longer custodial sentence lengths, \nwhich in turn places an upward pressure on the prison population. The growth \nin this scenario is largely driven by the rise in the determinate population \nwhich is projected to grow to 60,200 by June 2020. This is partially due to the ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Prison Population Projections 2014 – 2020**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Contents
Key points2
1.Central Scenario
42.
Recent trends in the population6
3.Modelling methodology and projection scenarios
84.
Results11
5.Previous Projections
136.
Caveats on prison population projections14
", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Prison Population Projections 2014 – 2020**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
ListodiavictionTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTableTable
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "What is the phone number of the Ministry of Justice press office ?", - "target_page": 30, - "target_passage": "Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office, telephone: 020 3334 3536 ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Contact Points for further information**\n\nCurrent and previous editions of this publication are available for download \nfrom www.justice.gov.uk/publications/statistics-and-data/index.htm \n\nPress enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office, \ntelephone: 020 3334 3536 \n\nOther enquiries about these statistics should be directed to: \n\nJustice Statistics Analytical Services \nMinistry of Justice \n7th Floor \n102 Petty France \nLondon \nSW1H 9AJ \n\nGeneral enquiries about the statistical work of the Ministry of Justice can be e- \nmailed to: statistics.enquiries@justice.gsi.gov.uk \n\nGeneral information about the official statistics system of the UK is available \nfrom www.statistics.gov.uk ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Prison Population Projections**\n**2014 – 2020**\n**England and Wales**\n\nMinistry of Justice \nStatistics Bulletin ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBUSINESS \nTELEPHONY ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n148 \n144 \n124 \n133 \n325 \n344 \n89 \n87 \n95 \n314 ", - "page_start": 432, - "page_end": 432, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FOR FURTHER INFORMATION,**\n**PLEASE CONTACT**\n\n**Investor Relations**\n**Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.**\nGlobal Communications, CSR and IR Division \n17-1, Ginza 6-chome, Chuo-ku \nTokyo 104-8023, Japan \nphone: +81(0)3-5565-2334 \nfax: +81(0)3-3546-2669 \ne-mail: nissan-ir@mail.nissan.co.jp ", - "page_start": 111, - "page_end": 111, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**NEW TELEPHONE DIRECTORY FOR THE NORTHERN SHENANDOAH VALLEY**\n\n", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Further statistics and commentary on the changes seen in Court proceedings \nand sentencing over the last year is presented in the Criminal Justice System \nStatistics Quarterly publication. This is available online on GOV.UK at: \nwww.gov.uk/government/collections/criminal-justice-statistics-quarterly ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nE-MAIL \n& MESSAGING ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Further statistics and commentary on the changes seen in prison population \nover the last year, is presented in the Offender Management Statistics \nQuarterly publication. This is available online on GOV.UK at: \nwww.gov.uk/government/collections/offender-management-statistics-quarterly ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf", - "query": "What is SOLR ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Search engine used for portal content search and dataset search ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**3.7.1 SPARQL Search**\n\n", - "page_start": 53, - "page_end": 53, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.7.2 SPARQL Assistant**\n\n", - "page_start": 54, - "page_end": 54, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.7.3 SPARQL Saving/Modifying a Query**\n\n", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " AUTOMATIC SLOT ", - "page_start": 59, - "page_end": 59, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "OnDemand \nObject Server \n\n", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMASS \n\nROLL \nMOTION ", - "page_start": 333, - "page_end": 333, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " rotor torque ", - "page_start": 417, - "page_end": 417, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nRE;L:r; ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf", - "query": "What is the function of the Graphical Data Visualisation Tool module ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "How to visualize graphical data from a dataset resource ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 6 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**3.4 Graphical Data Visualisation Tool**\n\nThis section describes the features of the graphical visualisation tool for numeric data. The features \nare currently available for XLS (Excel) and CSV files, except for the selection of the sheet name which \nis applicable only for Excel files. \n\nMost GUI elements from the “Graph” tab (records selection, search box, filters and fields buttons) \nare also available on the “Grid” tab and work in the same way. ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.4.1 How to visualize graphical data from a dataset resource**\n\nAs a result of a dataset search, the system displays on the “Dataset” tab all distributions \n(resource/data files) that are part of the selected dataset. Each XLS or CSV distribution of the dataset \ncan be further explored by clicking on “Open Visualization” under the “Options” button – if available. ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**4.1 Data Entry**\n\nThe data entry tab provides the function to**input data**into the system through the use of**grids**. To display the grid, a \nnode has to be selected from the**navigation tree**. (Figure 23) ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7 Data Export/Import**\n\nThis function enables users to export data from the system in either Excel or XML format. \n\n**7.1 Excel Export – Data Entry**\n\nClick on the “Data Export / Import” tab and the navigation tree will appear on the left-hand side (figure 33). ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.3 Visualization of Geo-Spatial Data (map.apps)**\n\nThe visualization of geo-spatial data within the European Data Portal provides previewing \nfunctionality for spatial open data. The aim is to allow the user to assess if a dataset meets specific \nrequirements in terms of spatial and thematic coverage. The functionality that is provided in the \nheader (links to disclaimers and language switching) is consistent in the entire portal. \n\n**3.3.1 How to visualize geo-spatial data from a dataset resource**\n\nAccessing the geo-spatial visualization is achieved via the Data Platform interface. A user searches for \nspecific data, enters the dataset view of reasonable results and displays the available distributions \n(see Section 3.2.5). If a dataset distribution is supported by the geo-spatial visualization, a globe \nbutton is displayed (see Figure 3). This is the entry point into the map viewer application. Supported \nformats are OGC Web Map Service (WMS) and GeoJSON. If the user visits the geo-spatial \nvisualization for the first time, an interactive user tutorial is provided to guide the use through \nspecific functions of the user interface, similar to this written user manual. ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7.3 Export reporting tables**\n\nThis Export report tables function allows the user to export reporting tables in excel format. \n\nClicking on the “Export report tables” button triggers the system to generate an excel file (figure 39, c) and the \nfollowing message appears on the screen: \n‘*We have received your request for reporting tables export. Please be patient, this may take a few minutes. You can*\n*check progress of export in ‘My Data Export’*. (figure 40, a) ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3 Main User Functions of the Portal**\n\nThis section describes all of the main user functions supported by the Portal Version 3.0. \n\nThe table 1-3 below lists the described functions by module. \n\n**Module Name** **Function**\n\n- How to browse through the Editorial Content \n\n(how to access Resources on Open Data: eLearning \nmodules, Training Companion, Reports about Open \nData) \n\n- How to view / search for “Latest News” \n- How to view / search for “Open Data Events” \n- How to subscribe to the EDP Newsletter \n- How to view “Tweets” on the EDP \n- How to switch to another User Language \n- How to search for EDP Site Content \n- How to search for Datasets by Data Category \n- How to search for Datasets by Keyword \nEntering the Datasets-View \n\n1 Portal HomePage \n\n2 \n\nHow to filter datasets by using “Faceted Search” \n\nHow to store personal queries \n\nHow to filter datasets by geographical area \n\nHow to download dataset distributions \n\nHow to view licensing information \n\nHow to switch to another user language \n\nHow to browse by data catalogues \n\n3 \n\nVisualization of Geo-Spatial \nData (map.apps) \n\nHow to visualize geo-spatial data from a dataset resource ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.2 Datasets (Data Platform)**\n\nThe**datasets section is the main access point for browsing, filtering and searching the datasets**. It \noffers a faceted search, a full text search and a geographical search. The dataset view provides access \nand information to the distributions of the dataset. \n\nThe home page of this section appears like this: ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "•**Data modeling**- build new data models, or design models based on existing data models. \n\n•**Data visualization**- map queries and visualize the access patterns (facets) of the application \n\nwithout writing code. Every facet corresponds to a different access pattern in DynamoDB. You \n\ncan manually add data to your data model. \n\n•**Operation builder**- use the*operation builder*to develop and test queries, and query live \n\ndatasets. You can also build and perform data plane operations, including creating projection \n\nand condition expressions, and generating sample code in multiple languages. ", - "page_start": 83, - "page_end": 83, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 44. Data Entry Grid Export to Excel screen***\n\n", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf", - "query": "How to view “Tweets” on the EDP ?", - "target_page": 20, - "target_passage": "The Home Page displays the latest tweets on the European Data Portal in the “Tweets” panel on the right hand side. ‐ ‐ Click on any of the tweets to display the complete tweet on twitter. Scroll vertically to see previous tweets. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**3.1.5 How to view “Tweets” on the EDP**\n\nThe Home Page displays the latest tweets on the European Data Portal in the “Tweets” panel on the \nright hand side. \n\n‐**Click on any of the tweets to display the complete tweet on twitter.**\n\n‐ **Scroll vertically to see previous tweets.**", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.1.4 How to subscribe to the EDP Newsletter**\n\nOn the Portal Home Page: \n\n‐ **Either Click on the “Newsletter” item in the page header:**\n\nThen, on the “Newsletter subscriptions” page: \n\n•**Enter your E-Mail address**\n\n•**Click on the button “Subscribe”**\n\nThe system will display a notification message after successful subscription. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.1.7 How to search for EDP Site Content**\n\nIn order to search within the Portal’s site content (i.e. editorial content, articles, events, reports etc.), \n\n**enter any keyword in the “Search site content” text box and click on the** **button**. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Portal Version 43 – User ManualV1.0October 2019Table of Contents10.000Purpose of the Document1.20.000Terminology20.000Main User Functions of the Portal3.10.000How to browse through the Editorial Content of the Portal.3.1. 217How to view / search for \" Open Data Events \"3.1. 419How to view “ Tweets ” on the EDP3.1. 621How to search for EDP Site Content3.1. 823How to Search for Datasets by Keyword3.226Entering the Datasets - View3.2. 227How to store personal queries3.2. 4\n
Introduction
1.1
0.000
Reference Documents
1.3
0.000
Approach
3
0.000
Portal Home Page
3.1. 1
10
How to view / search for “ Latest News ”
3.1. 3
18
How to subscribe to the EDP Newsletter
3.1. 5
20
How to switch to another User Language
3.1. 7
22
How to Search for Datasets by Data Category
3.1. 9
25
Datasets ( Data Platform )
3.2. 1
27
How to filter datasets by using “ Faceted Search ”
3.2. 3
29
How to filter datasets by geographical area
", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Select another language from the language selection box located on the upper right corner of the**\n**home page.**\n\nThe User Interface as well as the main editorial content is displayed in the selected language. \n\nThe EDP currently supports all 24 official EU languages + Norwegian: \n\n**English (en), Bulgarian (bg), Spanish (es), Czech (cs), Danish (da), German (de), Estonian**\n**(et), Greek (el), French (fr), Irish (ga), Croatian (hr), Italian (it), Latvian (lv), Lithuanian (lt),**\n**Hungarian (hu), Maltese (mt), Dutch (nl), Polish (pl), Portuguese (pt), Romanian (ro), Slovak**\n**(sk), Slovenian (sl), Finnish (fi), Swedish (sv), Norwegian (no).**\n\n**Note:**\n\nThe following detailed editorial content – apart from the landing pages - is only available in English / \nFrench and some additional languages: ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**List of Figures**\n\nFigure 1: EDP Home Page (upper part) ................................................................................................... 8 \n\nFigure 2: EDP Home Page (lower part) .................................................................................................... 9 \n\nFigure 3 – Dataset Resource Page with Link to Geo-Spatial Visualisation. ........................................... 38 \n\nFigure 4 – Selection of layers................................................................................................................. 39 \n\nFigure 5 – Feature Info tool. .................................................................................................................. 40 \n\nFigure 6 – Legend tool. .......................................................................................................................... 40 \n\nFigure 7 – Disclaimer and tutorial buttons. ........................................................................................... 41 \n\nFigure 8 – Error message dialog. ........................................................................................................... 42 ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3 Main User Functions of the Portal**\n\nThis section describes all of the main user functions supported by the Portal Version 3.0. \n\nThe table 1-3 below lists the described functions by module. \n\n**Module Name** **Function**\n\n- How to browse through the Editorial Content \n\n(how to access Resources on Open Data: eLearning \nmodules, Training Companion, Reports about Open \nData) \n\n- How to view / search for “Latest News” \n- How to view / search for “Open Data Events” \n- How to subscribe to the EDP Newsletter \n- How to view “Tweets” on the EDP \n- How to switch to another User Language \n- How to search for EDP Site Content \n- How to search for Datasets by Data Category \n- How to search for Datasets by Keyword \nEntering the Datasets-View \n\n1 Portal HomePage \n\n2 \n\nHow to filter datasets by using “Faceted Search” \n\nHow to store personal queries \n\nHow to filter datasets by geographical area \n\nHow to download dataset distributions \n\nHow to view licensing information \n\nHow to switch to another user language \n\nHow to browse by data catalogues \n\n3 \n\nVisualization of Geo-Spatial \nData (map.apps) \n\nHow to visualize geo-spatial data from a dataset resource ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.2.1 Entering the Datasets-View**\n\nThe user has the following possibilities to enter the datasets view: \n\n• Browsing directly to http://europeandataportal.eu/data \n• Opening the “Data” item in the main menu, then clicking on “Datasets” in the submenu \n• Clicking on “Search” in the “Search Datasets” area, with or without a search keyword entered ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7.5.2 Listing volume throttles**\n\nTo view volume throttles, from the**Volumes**→**Volumes**menu, click the**Actions**menu and \nselect**View All Throttles**, as shown in Figure 7-29. ", - "page_start": 296, - "page_end": 296, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.1.3 How to view / search for “Open Data Events”**\n\nThe Home Page displays the latest 4 Open Data events in the “**Open Data Events in Europe**” panel on \nthe right hand side. \n\n‐**Click on any of the 4 events to display the event article (here: item#1).**\n\n‐**Or click on “View calendar” in order to find current and future events on the events**\n\n**calendar.**", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf", - "query": "Where can we open a document saved on OneDrive ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "When you save this document in OneDrive, you’ll be able to open it anywhere: on your computer, tablet, or phone. Your changes will be saved automatically.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Try it: Select File > Save As, and then select OneDrive and give this document a name. \n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. \nYou can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you’re \nusing now. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don’t even need Word \nto open it. \n\nTry it: Select Share, and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut – Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S) \n\nYou can send the link by typing someone’s email address or by copying the link and pasting it \ninto a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their \npermission to view-only. \n\nIf they don’t have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Access files anywhere \n\nNeed to work on the go and across different devices? Click**File**>**Account**to sign \nin with your Microsoft account and access your recently used files anywhere, on \nany device, through seamless integration between Office, OneDrive, OneDrive for \nBusiness, and SharePoint. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Find recent files \n\nWhether you only work with files stored on your PC’s local hard drive or you store \nfiles in multiple shared locations, selecting**File**>**Open**takes you to your recently \nused documents and any files that you may have pinned to your list. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Share your work with others \n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the**Share**button in the \ntop right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your \ndocument or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have \nWord, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On the left-hand side navigation tree, click on ‘My Data Import’ which opens a list of imported data. \nThe status of the import process can be seen under “My Data import” (figure 41,b). \n\nClick on the “File” at column FileLink (figure 41, c) to open or save the file exported. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "View who else is typing \n\nCo-authoring Word documents that are shared on OneDrive or on a \nSharePoint site happens in real-time, which means you can easily view where \nother authors are making changes in the same document that you’re currently \nworking in. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On the left-hand side navigation tree, click on ‘My Data Export’ (figure 44, a) which opens a list of export data (figure \n44, b), \nThe user should be able to download the file by clicking on the “File” link (figure 44, c). ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Additional Resources**\n\nFor more information, see the following resources: \n\nWord.Document.ExportAsFixedFormat2 \n\nExcel.Workbook.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nPowerPoint.Presentation.ExportAsFixedFormat3 \n\nProject.Project.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nPublisher.Documents.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nVisio.Document.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nOneNote.Application.Publish ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\n**For Your Reference…**\nTo***save a new document***: \nTo***enter text***: \n\n1. Click the cell pointer on the desired cell and \nand select**Save As**\n1. Click on the***File Tab***\n2. Locate the storage folder in the***Navigation***\n***pane***\n2. Press \n to \n3. Type a***File name***and click on**[Save]**\n\ntype the required information \n\n, an arrow key or \nconfirm the data entry and to move the cell \npointer to another cell ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf", - "query": "What is the bold keyboard shortcut on word ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Bold (keyboard shortcut: Ctrl+B)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Pro tip: If you selected whole words for this exercise, did you notice that Word popped up a \nlittle toolbar, with the font formatting options? \n\nBetween that and keyboard shortcuts like Ctrl+B \nand Ctrl+I, you save time by not having to go up to \nthe Home tab all the time. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Try it: Apply the Heading 1 style: \n\n1. Put your cursor somewhere in the heading above (“Make magic: use Heading styles”) – \n\ndon’t select anything. \n\n2. On the Home tab, find Styles, and select Heading 1 (keyboard shortcut Ctrl+Alt+1). \n\nTa-da! Now it looks like a heading, and acts like one too. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To format text, select it, and then select a button in the Font or Paragraph area on the Home \ntab. \n\nTry it: Select text in the lines below and choose formatting options so that the text is an \nexample of the formatting it’s describing: ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***apply font formatting***: \n\n1. Select the text \n\n 2. Click on the drop arrow for***Font***\n\n3. Point to a font to preview it \n4. Click on the font to apply it ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***apply Quick Formatting***in a***worksheet***: \n\n1. Select the range to be formatted, then click \non the***Quick Analysis***button \n\n2. Choose the desired formatting from the \n***FORMATTING***tab ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***apply***a***border***to a***range***: \n\n1. Select the range \n\n2. Click on the drop arrow for***Borders***\nin the***Font***group on the***Home***tab \n3. Click on the border option of your choice ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***change the colour***of a***worksheet tab***: \n\n1. Right-click on the worksheet tab to display \nthe shortcut menu \n\n2. Point to***Tab colour***to display a palette of \ncolour options \n\n3. Click on the desired colour ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Format with styles \n\n**Styles**lets you create, apply, and review the formatting styles in your current \ndocument. To open it, select the**Home**tab, and then select the small arrow in the \nlower right corner of the Styles gallery. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**SELECTING COLUMNS**\n\nIf you want to make changes to an***entire***\n***column***, such as bolding all of the headings in a \ncolumn or changing the font of all the cell entries, \nyou must first select the column. This is done by ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don’t even need Word \nto open it. \n\nTry it: Select Share, and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut – Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S) \n\nYou can send the link by typing someone’s email address or by copying the link and pasting it \ninto a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their \npermission to view-only. \n\nIf they don’t have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf", - "query": "What is the advise to make the style sets and themes work well ? ", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "They work best when your document is formatted with styles", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Style sets and themes let you completely change the look of your document in an instant. They \nwork best when your document is formatted with styles (so it’s good that we fixed that Heading \nstyle, above). \n\nTry it: Explore style sets and themes: \n\n1. On the Design tab, select Themes, and choose a theme from the drop-down. \nNotice that the gallery of style sets updates to reflect the theme you picked. \n\n2. Select any theme you like from the drop-down and click to apply. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• Organise your study material into a structure that makes sense to you. \n\n• Arrange your study material into a format that suits your learning style. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
• Create memory aids for yourself.• Identify key ideas and concepts.
• Focus on what ' s important.• Prepare for exams more easily.
", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "**Important**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
TL, D, D
Specificity
Specifications
", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
TableTableTable
TableTableTable
\n\nChapter 3. Planning ", - "page_start": 82, - "page_end": 82, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nTips and suggestions related to using Protégé are presented like this. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**to run a business...**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
-----Table
Tablethe
Table
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Arts and Entertainment Food & Drink \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Real EstateHuman InterestMoney & FinanceFashion & BeautyMoney and Finance
Books & EntertainmentBooksArts & Entertainment
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "news3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***change***the***chart style***: \n\n1. Ensure the chart or chart sheet is selected \n2. Click on the***Chart Styles***tool to the right of \nthe chart \n\n3. Click on the desired style ", - "page_start": 54, - "page_end": 54, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
MalesParameter
Parameter250
\n\n178 ", - "page_start": 195, - "page_end": 195, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Format with styles \n\n**Styles**lets you create, apply, and review the formatting styles in your current \ndocument. To open it, select the**Home**tab, and then select the small arrow in the \nlower right corner of the Styles gallery. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf", - "query": "Where are the peaks of the VHE blazars ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": " VHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy distributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray energies and another at GeV/TeV energies.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Active galactic nuclei are the most numerous class \nof identified VHE γ-ray sources. These objects emit \nnon-thermal radiation across ∼20 orders of magnitude \nin energy and rank among the most powerful particle \naccelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN \npossess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by \naccretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). \nVHE γ-ray emission can be generated in these jets, \nlikely in a compact region very near the SMBH event \nhorizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed \nalong the line-of-sight to the observer, are of par- \nticular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately \n30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs \n(HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ-rays, and \nsome are spectacularly variable on time scales com- \nparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH (∼2 \nmin; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment \nvery near the central SMBH and address a wide range \nof physical phenomena, including the accretion and \njet-formation processes. These studies also have cos- \nmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be \nused to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields \n(see the extragalactic background light (EBL) con- \nstraints from, e.g., [2, 3]). \n\n**2. VERITAS**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "vations of VHE blazars, can measure both SED peaks \nand are crucial for extracting information from the \nobservations of VHE blazars. They are used to con- \nstrain the size, magnetic field and Doppler factor of \nthe emission region, as well as to determine the origin \n(leptonic or hadronic) of the VHE γ-rays. In leptonic \nscenarios, such MWL observations are used to mea- \nsure the spectrum of high-energy electrons producing \nthe emission, as well as to elucidate the nature of the \nseed photons. Additionally, an accurate measure of \nthe cosmological EBL density requires accurate mod- \neling of the blazar’s intrinsic VHE emission that can \nonly be performed with contemporaneous MWL ob- \nservations. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Prior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discov- \nered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included \nthe first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and \nthe HBL 1ES 0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discov- \nered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three \nof these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to \nthe release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray \nbrightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs. \n\n**4. Blazar Discovery Program**\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are \nlargely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How- \never, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate- \npeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec- \ntrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in- \ncrease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays. \nThe observed targets are drawn from a target list con- \ntaining objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable \nzenith angles (−8◦ < δ < 72◦), without a previously \npublished VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a \nmeasured redshift z < 0.3. To further the study of the ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "four 12-m \natmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona, \nis used to study VHE γ-rays from a variety of astro- \nphysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific obser- \nvations with a partial array in September 2006 and has \nroutinely observed with the full array since Septem- \nber 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS in- \nclude an energy threshold of ∼100 GeV, an energy \nresolution of ∼15%, an angular resolution of ∼0.1◦, \nand a sensitivity yielding a 5σ detection of a 1% Crab \nNebula flux object in <30 hours1. VERITAS has an \nactive maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror re- \ncoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high \nperformance over time, and an upgrade improving \nboth the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs) \nand the trigger system has been proposed to the fund- \ning agencies. \n\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of \n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy \ndistributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray en- \nergies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The ori- \ngin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained \nas synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons \nin the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy \npeak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the \nresult of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons \noff the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the \nseed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the \nsynchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an \nexternal source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible \nexplanations for the VHE emission, but generally are \nnot favored. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "More than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed \nby VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009. \nThe total exposure on the 49 non-detected candi- \ndates is ∼305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per can- \ndidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is \nsplit amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is \ndivided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9 \nFSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of signifi- \ncant VHE γ-ray emission from any of these 49 blazars \n[25]. However, the observed significance distribution is \nclearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1). \nA stacking analysis performed on the entire data sam- \nple shows an overall excess of 430 γ-rays, correspond- \ning to a statistical significance of 4.8σ, observed from \nthe directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and \nHBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Ob- \nservations of these objects also comprise ∼80% of the \ntotal exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all \nthe extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not \nclearly detected (>5σ), by VERITAS does not show \na significant excess (∼120 h exposure). The stacked \nexcess persists using alternate methods for estimating \nthe background at each blazar location, and with dif- \nferent event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized \nfor sources with ΓVHE > 4). The distribution of VHE \nflux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE \nflux upper limits are generally the most-constraining \never reported for these objects. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as \nwell as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE \nand X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were \nperformed in both ”quiescent” and flaring states for \nsome of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL \nobjects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple \nSSC model in both high and low states. However, an \nadditional external Compton component is necessary \nto adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects. \n\norating institutions in the construction and operation \nof the instrument. \n\n**References**\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant im- \npact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VER- \nITAS blazar discovery program will focus its dis- \ncovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected \nby Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus \non high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts \n(0.3 < z < 0.7). \nIn addition, the number of VHE \nblazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will \nincrease as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly \navailable. \nIn particular, the extensive pre-planned \nMWL campaigns will focus on objects that are note- \nworthy for the impact their data may have on under- \nstanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of \nblazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely \nresolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first \ntime, enabling unprecedented constraints on the un- \nderlying blazar phenomena to be derived. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is \nused to study very high energy (VHE; E>100 GeV) γ-ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is \ncurrently the most sensitive VHE γ-ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration’s Key \nScience Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class \nof identified VHE sources, with ∼30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which \nare blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE \nexposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ-rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including \n8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected \nresults are presented. \n0 \n1 \n0 \n2 \n\nn \na \nJ \n**1. Introduction**\n\n5 \n\n] \nE \nH \n. \nh \np \n- \no \nr \nt \ns \na \n[ ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In general, we find that in the submillimeter, we \nare observing these blazars at or near the peak of the \nsynchrotron component (αS ∼ 0), but that Fermi - \ndetected sources have more negative energy spectral \nindices overall than Fermi -nondetected sources. \nIn \nFigure 4, we see that while the majority of Fermi \nblazars are observed on the rising part of the syn- \nchrotron component (at lower energies than the peak), \nall of the objects have very steeply falling γ-ray energy \nspectral indexes, putting the γ-ray peak at lower en- \nergies than the observed Fermi band. Knowing that \nwe are not observing the synchrotron and γ-ray com- \nponents at analagous points in the spectrum may al- \nlow us to better understand the magnetic field in the \nparsec-scale jet region and the population of external \nphotons that is being upscattered to γ-rays. \n\nThis method yielded some surprising results. \nIn \nFigure 3, we see that the BL Lacs and FSRQs exhibit \nvirtually no difference in characteristic timescale, with ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new \nVHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model \n[16]. \n\n• W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at \nVHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of \nthe SED is improved by including an external- \nCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpre- \ntation. \n\n• 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV \nenergies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae \nand PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED \nsuggests a strong EC component in addition to \nan SSC component. \n\n• Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring be- \nhavior for several months in 2008. Correlations \nof the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along \nwith spectral hardening with increased flux in \nboth bands [29]. The MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has \nalso been highly successful. Every VERITAS obser- \nvation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar \nhas been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL ob- \nservations. These data have resulted in the identifica- ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2009 Fermi Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2-5 \n\n**3. VERITAS Blazar KSP**\n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) HBL and IBL recom- \nmended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7]. \n\n• The X-ray brightest HBL (z < 0.3) in the recent \nSedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys. \n\n• Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE \nemitters in [6, 11]. \n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) blazars detected by \n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) blazars contained in the \nFermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13]. \n\n• All sources (|b| > 10◦) detected by Fermi-LAT \nwhere extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ-ray \nspectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming \nz = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a \npossible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. \nThis criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERI- \nTAS blazar discovery program. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf", - "query": "What are the blazars observed in the discovery program ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The blazars observed in the discovery program are largely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How ever, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate peaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec trum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in crease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Prior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discov- \nered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included \nthe first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and \nthe HBL 1ES 0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discov- \nered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three \nof these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to \nthe release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray \nbrightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs. \n\n**4. Blazar Discovery Program**\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are \nlargely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How- \never, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate- \npeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec- \ntrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in- \ncrease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays. \nThe observed targets are drawn from a target list con- \ntaining objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable \nzenith angles (−8◦ < δ < 72◦), without a previously \npublished VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a \nmeasured redshift z < 0.3. To further the study of the ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "EBL a few objects having a large (z > 0.3) are also \nincluded in the target list. The target list includes: \n\nVERITAS observes for ∼750 h and ∼250 h each \nyear during periods of astronomical darkness and par- \ntial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observa- \ntions are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery \nprogram, and a large fraction of the dark time is used \nfor the blazar KSP, which consists of: \n\n• Four distant (z > 0.3) BL Lac objects recom- \n\n• A VHE blazar discovery program (∼200 h / yr): \nEach year ∼10 targets are selected to receive \n∼10 h of observations each during astronomi- \ncal darkness. These data are supplemented by \ndiscovery observations during periods of partial \nmoonlight. \n\nmended by [5, 10]. \n\nEGRET [12]. \n\n• A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation pro- \ngram (∼50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar obser- \nvations can be triggered by either a VERI- \nTAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert (>2 \nCrab) from the blazar monitoring program of \nthe Whipple 10-m telescope or from another \nVHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert \n(optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guar- \nanteed allocation be exhausted, further time can \nbe requested from a pool of director’s discre- \ntionary time. \n\n• Multi-wavelength (MWL) \n\nstudies of VHE \nblazars (∼50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one \nblazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned \ncampaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (X- \nray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observa- \ntion proposals for MWL measurements are also \nsubmitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. \nSwift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discov- \nery or flaring alert. \n\n**5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ-ray emission from \n16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. \nThese AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been \ndetected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instru- \nment aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. \nEvery blazar discovered by VERITAS was the sub- \nject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of \nits simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE \nblazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the tar- \ngets of MWL observations. \n\n• Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the ex- \ntragalactic background light (EBL): Here dis- \ntant targets are given a higher priority in the \nblazar discovery program, as well as for the \nMWL observations of known VHE blazars, par- \nticularly those with hard VHE spectra. \n**5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The motivation for observing blazars in the sub- \nmillimeter is to study behavior close to the central \nengine, where the jet material is presumably still be- \ning accelerated. The separate emission processes that \ncontribute to overall SED may present differently in \nBL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the \nsimilarities and differences between blazar types. We \nhave investigated these differences between objects in \nterms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion, \nfind that \n\n• The SMA blazars exhibit submillimeter energy \nindexes that follow the spectral se- \nspectral \nquence interpretation of blazars. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP \nwere highly successful. Highlights include the detec- \ntion of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the obser- \nvations almost always having contemporaneous MWL \ndata. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar dis- \ncoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit \nVHE γ-rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the \ninitial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, \nand the flux limits generated for those not VHE de- \ntected are generally the most-constraining ever. The \nexcess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests \nthat the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery \nprogram was well justified, and that follow-up obser- \nvations of many of these initial targets will result in \nVHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is iden- \ntifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS \nblazar discovery program. These new candidates have \nalready resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The \nfuture of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is \nclearly very bright. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "J1751+096) which have conflicting classifications be- \ntween Fermi and CGRaBS. Some blazars found in the \ncalibrator list have been studied extensively (e.g., 3C \n279 and 3C 454.3) but the SMA blazars have not been \nstudied collectively. \n\nFigure 2: Variability index for our sample (top: 1mm, \nbottom: 850µm), with FSRQs as the hatched \ndistribution and BL Lacs as the solid distribution. There \nis no signicant difference in the class distributions in \neither band; the “tail” to the left is populated by objects \nwith errors larger than the intrinsic variability. \n\nForty-four of the objects in our total blazar sample \nwere detected by Fermi and can be found in the cata- \nlog of LAT Bright AGN Sources (LBAS) from Abdo et \nal. [7]. J0050-094 has no redshift in either the LBAS \ncatalog or CGRaBS and is not included in our study. \nOf the 43 remaining sources, 14 are BL Lac objects \nand 29 are FSRQs, with 0.03 ≤ z ≤ 2.19. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as \nwell as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE \nand X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were \nperformed in both ”quiescent” and flaring states for \nsome of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL \nobjects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple \nSSC model in both high and low states. However, an \nadditional external Compton component is necessary \nto adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects. \n\norating institutions in the construction and operation \nof the instrument. \n\n**References**\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant im- \npact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VER- \nITAS blazar discovery program will focus its dis- \ncovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected \nby Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus \non high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts \n(0.3 < z < 0.7). \nIn addition, the number of VHE \nblazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will \nincrease as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly \navailable. \nIn particular, the extensive pre-planned \nMWL campaigns will focus on objects that are note- \nworthy for the impact their data may have on under- \nstanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of \nblazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely \nresolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first \ntime, enabling unprecedented constraints on the un- \nderlying blazar phenomena to be derived. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A systematic study of the submillimeter properties \nof the entire sample of Fermi blazars has yet to be con- \nducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We \npresent here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter \nproperties of Fermi blazars detected by the Submil- \n1The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the \nSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia \nSinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded \nby the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. \n2http://sma1.sma.hawaii.edu/callist/callist.html \n\neConf C091122 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "] \nE \nH \n. \nh \np \n- \no \nr \nt \ns \na \n[ \n\n**1. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring \nevents occur in blazars indicate that much of the en- \nergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, \nsub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emis- \nsion differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs \nobjects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) \nmay offer important insight into the similarity be- \nfurthermore, can provide con- \ntween blazars and, \nstraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets \nthemselves. \n\n**2. SMA BLAZARS**\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m \nantennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The \nSMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations \nand typically operates in the 1mm and 850µm win- \ndows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25” at \n850µm. The sources used as phase calibrators for the \narray are compiled in a database known as the SMA \nCalibrator List2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright \nobjects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy \nat 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, \nboth during science observations and dedicated ob- \nserving tracks. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2009 Fermi Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2-5 \n\n**3. VERITAS Blazar KSP**\n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) HBL and IBL recom- \nmended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7]. \n\n• The X-ray brightest HBL (z < 0.3) in the recent \nSedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys. \n\n• Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE \nemitters in [6, 11]. \n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) blazars detected by \n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) blazars contained in the \nFermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13]. \n\n• All sources (|b| > 10◦) detected by Fermi-LAT \nwhere extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ-ray \nspectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming \nz = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a \npossible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. \nThis criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERI- \nTAS blazar discovery program. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Active galactic nuclei are the most numerous class \nof identified VHE γ-ray sources. These objects emit \nnon-thermal radiation across ∼20 orders of magnitude \nin energy and rank among the most powerful particle \naccelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN \npossess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by \naccretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). \nVHE γ-ray emission can be generated in these jets, \nlikely in a compact region very near the SMBH event \nhorizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed \nalong the line-of-sight to the observer, are of par- \nticular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately \n30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs \n(HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ-rays, and \nsome are spectacularly variable on time scales com- \nparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH (∼2 \nmin; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment \nvery near the central SMBH and address a wide range \nof physical phenomena, including the accretion and \njet-formation processes. These studies also have cos- \nmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be \nused to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields \n(see the extragalactic background light (EBL) con- \nstraints from, e.g., [2, 3]). \n\n**2. VERITAS**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf", - "query": "How many VHE blazar candidates were observed by VERITAS between September 2007 andJune 2009 ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "More than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed by VERITAS betweenSeptember 2007 andJune 2009.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "More than 50 VHE blazar candidates were observed \nby VERITAS between September 2007 and June 2009. \nThe total exposure on the 49 non-detected candi- \ndates is ∼305 h live time (average of 6.2 h per can- \ndidate). Approximately 55% of the total exposure is \nsplit amongst the 27 observed HBL. The remainder is \ndivided amongst the 8 IBL (26%), 5 LBL (6%), and 9 \nFSRQ (13%). There are no clear indications of signifi- \ncant VHE γ-ray emission from any of these 49 blazars \n[25]. However, the observed significance distribution is \nclearly skewed towards positive values (see Figure 1). \nA stacking analysis performed on the entire data sam- \nple shows an overall excess of 430 γ-rays, correspond- \ning to a statistical significance of 4.8σ, observed from \nthe directions of the candidate blazars. The IBL and \nHBL targets make up 96% of the observed excess. Ob- \nservations of these objects also comprise ∼80% of the \ntotal exposure. An identical stacked analysis of all \nthe extragalactic non-blazar targets observed, but not \nclearly detected (>5σ), by VERITAS does not show \na significant excess (∼120 h exposure). The stacked \nexcess persists using alternate methods for estimating \nthe background at each blazar location, and with dif- \nferent event selection criteria (e.g. soft cuts optimized \nfor sources with ΓVHE > 4). The distribution of VHE \nflux upper limits is shown in Figure 1. These 49 VHE \nflux upper limits are generally the most-constraining \never reported for these objects. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Prior to the launch of Fermi VERITAS had discov- \nered VHE emission from 2 blazars. These included \nthe first VHE-detected IBL, W Comae [14, 15], and \nthe HBL 1ES 0806+524 [16]. VERITAS has discov- \nered 6 VHE blazars since the launch of Fermi. Three \nof these were initially observed by VERITAS prior to \nthe release of Fermi-LAT results, due to the X-ray \nbrightness of the synchrotron peaks of their SEDs. \n\n**4. Blazar Discovery Program**\n\nThe blazars observed in the discovery program are \nlargely high-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. How- \never, the program also includes IBLs (intermediate- \npeaked) and LBLs (low-peaked), as well as flat spec- \ntrum radio quasars (FSRQs), in an attempt to in- \ncrease the types of blazars known to emit VHE γ-rays. \nThe observed targets are drawn from a target list con- \ntaining objects visible to the telescopes at reasonable \nzenith angles (−8◦ < δ < 72◦), without a previously \npublished VHE limit below 1.5% Crab, and with a \nmeasured redshift z < 0.3. To further the study of the ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**5.2. Discoveries Motivated by Fermi-LAT**\n\nThe successful VHE discovery observations by \nVERITAS of three blazars was motivated primarily \nby results from the first year of LAT data taking. In \nparticular, the VHE detections of PKS 1424+240 [21] \nand 1ES 0502+675 [22] were the result of VERITAS \nobservations triggered by the inclusion of these objects \nin the Fermi-LAT Bright AGN List [13]. The former \nis only the third IBL known to emit VHE gamma- \nrays, and the latter is the most distant BL Lac object \n\n**7. Multi-wavelength Studies of VHE**\n**Blazars**\n\nDuring the first three seasons of VERITAS obser- \nvations, pre-planned extensive MWL campaigns were \norganized for three blazars 1ES 2344+514 (2007-08), \n1ES 1218+304 (2008-09) and 1ES 0229+200 (2009- \n10 - ongoing). \nIn addition, numerous ToO MWL- \nobservation campaigns were performed. These include \ncampaigns for every blazar/AGN discovered by VER- \nITAS, and all include Swift (XRT and UVOT) data. \nAll MWL campaigns on the VHE blazars discovered 2RBS 0413 was observed further by VERITAS in Fall 2009. \n\neConf C091122 ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2009 Fermi Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2-5 \n\n**3. VERITAS Blazar KSP**\n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) HBL and IBL recom- \nmended as potential VHE emitters in [5, 6, 7]. \n\n• The X-ray brightest HBL (z < 0.3) in the recent \nSedentary [8] and ROXA [9] surveys. \n\n• Several FSRQ recommended as potential VHE \nemitters in [6, 11]. \n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) blazars detected by \n\n• All nearby (z < 0.3) blazars contained in the \nFermi-LAT Bright AGN Sample [13]. \n\n• All sources (|b| > 10◦) detected by Fermi-LAT \nwhere extrapolations of their MeV-GeV γ-ray \nspectrum (including EBL absorption; assuming \nz = 0.3 if the redshift is unknown) indicates a \npossible VERITAS detection in less than 20 h. \nThis criteria is the focus of the 2009-10 VERI- \nTAS blazar discovery program. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "EBL a few objects having a large (z > 0.3) are also \nincluded in the target list. The target list includes: \n\nVERITAS observes for ∼750 h and ∼250 h each \nyear during periods of astronomical darkness and par- \ntial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observa- \ntions are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery \nprogram, and a large fraction of the dark time is used \nfor the blazar KSP, which consists of: \n\n• Four distant (z > 0.3) BL Lac objects recom- \n\n• A VHE blazar discovery program (∼200 h / yr): \nEach year ∼10 targets are selected to receive \n∼10 h of observations each during astronomi- \ncal darkness. These data are supplemented by \ndiscovery observations during periods of partial \nmoonlight. \n\nmended by [5, 10]. \n\nEGRET [12]. \n\n• A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation pro- \ngram (∼50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar obser- \nvations can be triggered by either a VERI- \nTAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert (>2 \nCrab) from the blazar monitoring program of \nthe Whipple 10-m telescope or from another \nVHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert \n(optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guar- \nanteed allocation be exhausted, further time can \nbe requested from a pool of director’s discre- \ntionary time. \n\n• Multi-wavelength (MWL) \n\nstudies of VHE \nblazars (∼50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one \nblazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned \ncampaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (X- \nray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observa- \ntion proposals for MWL measurements are also \nsubmitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. \nSwift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discov- \nery or flaring alert. \n\n**5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ-ray emission from \n16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. \nThese AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been \ndetected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instru- \nment aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. \nEvery blazar discovered by VERITAS was the sub- \nject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of \nits simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE \nblazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the tar- \ngets of MWL observations. \n\n• Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the ex- \ntragalactic background light (EBL): Here dis- \ntant targets are given a higher priority in the \nblazar discovery program, as well as for the \nMWL observations of known VHE blazars, par- \nticularly those with hard VHE spectra. \n**5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The first two years of the VERITAS blazar KSP \nwere highly successful. Highlights include the detec- \ntion of more than a 16 VHE blazars with the obser- \nvations almost always having contemporaneous MWL \ndata. Among these detections are 8 VHE blazar dis- \ncoveries, including the first three IBLs known to emit \nVHE γ-rays. All but a handful of the blazars on the \ninitial VERITAS discovery target list were observed, \nand the flux limits generated for those not VHE de- \ntected are generally the most-constraining ever. The \nexcess seen in the stacked blazar analysis suggests \nthat the initial direction of the VERITAS discovery \nprogram was well justified, and that follow-up obser- \nvations of many of these initial targets will result in \nVHE discoveries. In addition, the Fermi-LAT is iden- \ntifying many new compelling targets for the VERITAS \nblazar discovery program. These new candidates have \nalready resulted in 3 VHE blazar discoveries. The \nfuture of the VERITAS blazar discovery program is \nclearly very bright. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The VERITAS array of four 12-m diameter imaging atmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes in southern Arizona is \nused to study very high energy (VHE; E>100 GeV) γ-ray emission from astrophysical objects. VERITAS is \ncurrently the most sensitive VHE γ-ray observatory in the world and one of the VERITAS collaboration’s Key \nScience Projects (KSP) is the study of blazars. These active galactic nuclei (AGN) are the most numerous class \nof identified VHE sources, with ∼30 known to emit VHE photons. More than 70 AGN, almost all of which \nare blazars, have been observed with the VERITAS array since 2007, in most cases with the deepest-ever VHE \nexposure. These observations have resulted in the detection of VHE γ-rays from 16 AGN (15 blazars), including \n8 for the first time at these energies. The VERITAS blazar KSP is summarized in this proceeding and selected \nresults are presented. \n0 \n1 \n0 \n2 \n\nn \na \nJ \n**1. Introduction**\n\n5 \n\n] \nE \nH \n. \nh \np \n- \no \nr \nt \ns \na \n[ ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "four 12-m \natmospheric-Cherenkov telescopes located in Arizona, \nis used to study VHE γ-rays from a variety of astro- \nphysical sources [4]. VERITAS began scientific obser- \nvations with a partial array in September 2006 and has \nroutinely observed with the full array since Septem- \nber 2007. The performance metrics of VERITAS in- \nclude an energy threshold of ∼100 GeV, an energy \nresolution of ∼15%, an angular resolution of ∼0.1◦, \nand a sensitivity yielding a 5σ detection of a 1% Crab \nNebula flux object in <30 hours1. VERITAS has an \nactive maintenance program (e.g. frequent mirror re- \ncoating and alignment) to ensure its continued high \nperformance over time, and an upgrade improving \nboth the camera (higher quantum-efficiency PMTs) \nand the trigger system has been proposed to the fund- \ning agencies. \n\nVERITAS, a stereoscopic array of \n\nVHE blazars have double-humped spectral energy \ndistributions (SEDs), with one peak at UV/X-ray en- \nergies and another at GeV/TeV energies. The ori- \ngin of the lower-energy peak is commonly explained \nas synchrotron emission from the relativistic electrons \nin the blazar jets. The origin of the higher-energy \npeak is controversial, but is widely believed to be the \nresult of inverse-Compton scattering of seed photons \noff the same relativistic electrons. The origin of the \nseed photons in these leptonic scenarios could be the \nsynchrotron photons themselves, or photons from an \nexternal source. Hadronic scenarios are also plausible \nexplanations for the VHE emission, but generally are \nnot favored. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2009 Fermi Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2-5 \n\n(z = 0.341) detected in the VHE band. In addition, \nVER J0521+211, likely associated with the radio-loud \nAGN RGB J0521.8+2112, was detected by VERTAS \nin ∼4 h of observations in October 2009 [23]. These \nobservations were motivated by its identification as a \n>30 GeV γ-ray source in the public Fermi-LAT data. \nIts VHE flux is 5% of the Crab Nebula flux, placing it \namong the brightest VHE blazars detected in recent \nyears. VERITAS later observed even brighter VHE \nflaring from VER J0521+211 in November 2009 [24], \nleading to deeper VHE observations. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• 1ES 0806+524: The observed SED of this new \nVHE HBL can be explained by an SSC model \n[16]. \n\n• W Comae: This IBL, the first discovered at \nVHE, flared twice in 2008 [14, 15]. Modeling of \nthe SED is improved by including an external- \nCompton (EC) component in an SSC interpre- \ntation. \n\n• 3C 66A: This IBL flared at VHE and MeV-GeV \nenergies in 2008[17, 18]. Similar to W Comae \nand PKS 1424+240, modeling of observed SED \nsuggests a strong EC component in addition to \nan SSC component. \n\n• Mkn 421: This HBL exhibited major flaring be- \nhavior for several months in 2008. Correlations \nof the VHE and X-ray flux were observed, along \nwith spectral hardening with increased flux in \nboth bands [29]. The MWL aspect of the VERITAS blazar KSP has \nalso been highly successful. Every VERITAS obser- \nvation of a known, or newly discovered, VHE blazar \nhas been accompanied by contemporaneous MWL ob- \nservations. These data have resulted in the identifica- ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf", - "query": "For which language have been introduced the ActiveInference.jl library ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": " We introduce a new software package for the Julia programming language, the library ActiveInference.jl.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In this paper, we introduce ActiveInference.jl, a new software library for Julia [28] \nthat aims to provide easy-to-use tools for model fitting with AIF models and to introduce \nAIF to the growing community of researchers using Julia for computational psychiatry and \ncognitive modelling. Julia is a free and open-source high-level programming language that \nretains an easy user interface reminiscent of that in MATLAB and Python. Simultaneously, ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Article \n**Introducing ActiveInference.jl: A Julia Library for Simulation**\n**and Parameter Estimation with Active Inference Models**\n\n**Samuel William Nehrer 1,†**\n**Christoph Mathys 5**\n\n**, Jonathan Ehrenreich Laursen 1,†** **, Conor Heins 2,3,*** **, Karl Friston 3,4** **,**\n\n**and Peter Thestrup Waade 5**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3. Using ActiveInference.jl**\n\nIn this section, we provide an overview of the various functions a user will need to \noperate ActiveInference. This includes functionalities for creating POMDP agents, for sim- \nulating behaviour and for fitting the models to data. In the next section, we demonstrate \nhow to use the package on a concrete worked example. ActiveInference is under continual \ndevelopment, and the newest version of the package, including documentation for how to \nuse it, can be found at github.com/ilabcode/ActiveInference.jl. \n\n3.1. Creating and Using a POMDP \n\nThe general structure of ActiveInference.jl is heavily inspired by pymdp [23], \na Python library for implementing simulations of AIF in discrete state spaces. Those \nalready acquainted with pymdp should find the syntax here familiar. ActiveInference \ncan be installed as normal from the official Julia General Registry using the Julia’s native \npackage manager Pkg: \n(cid:7) (cid:4) \n\n**using**Pkg \nPkg . add ( ActiveInference ) \n(cid:6) (cid:5) \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
It can then be loaded into the current project environment :
vsing ActiveInference
", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 \n\nSchool of Culture and Communication, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; \n202204724@post.au.dk (S.W.N.); 202204836@post.au.dk (J.E.L.) \n\n2 Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany \n3 VERSES Research Lab., Los Angeles, CA 90016, USA; k.friston@ucl.ac.uk \n4 Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK \n5 \n\nInteracting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; chmathys@cas.au.dk (C.M.); \nptw@cas.au.dk (P.T.W.) \n\n** ***Correspondence: cheins@ab.mpg.de \n† \nThese authors contributed equally to this work. \n\n**Abstract:**We introduce a new software package for the Julia programming language, \nthe library ActiveInference.jl. To make active inference agents with Partially Ob- \nservable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) generative models available to the grow- \ning research community using Julia, we re-implemented the pymdp library for Python. \nActiveInference.jl is compatible with cutting-edge Julia libraries designed for cognitive \nand behavioural modelling, as it is used in computational psychiatry, cognitive science \nand neuroscience. This means that POMDP active inference models can now be easily \nfit to empirically observed behaviour using sampling, as well as variational methods. In \nthis article, we show how ActiveInference.jl makes building POMDP active inference \nmodels straightforward, and how it enables researchers to use them for simulation, as well \nas fitting them to data or performing a model comparison. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Julia uses its “just-in-time” (JIT) compilations via the LLVM framework to approach the \nspeed of languages like C without relying on external compilers [36]. Julia is also natively \nauto-differentiable, which means it can solve what is called the two-language problem \n(i.e., that high-level languages often have to rely on lower-level languages, either for \nperformance or for auto-differentiability; this is the case with standard tools for cognitive \nmodelling, where languages like R [37] must rely on external languages like STAN [38] for \nBayesian model fitting). This means that ActiveInference, in conjunction with Turing [39], \nJulia’s powerful library for Bayesian model fitting, and its newly developed extension for \nbehavioural modelling, ActionModels, makes it possible to use cutting-edge Markov Chain \nMonte Carlo [40] methods, as well as variational methods [35], for Bayesian model fitting \nwith AIF. Crucially, this allows researchers to not only simulate AIF in a fast programming \nlanguage, but to also fit them to empirical behaviour, as is performed in cognitive modelling \nand computational psychiatry. Importantly, this also places AIF models in an ecosystem \nof other models for computational psychiatry so that it can easily be compared with \nmodels, like Hierarchical Gaussian Filters [41], and reinforcement learning models, like the \nclassic Rescorla–Wagner model [42]. As part of making ActiveInference.jl available to the \nscientific community, and to the larger software ecosystem within computational psychiatry, \nit is implemented as part of the Translational Algorithms for Psychiatry-Advancing Science \n(TAPAS) ecosystem [43]. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "25. Gregoretti, F.; Pezzulo, G.; Maisto, D. cpp-AIF: A multi-core C++ implementation of Active Inference for Partially Observable \n\nMarkov Decision Processes. Neurocomputing**2024**, 568, 127065. [CrossRef] \nJosuttis, N.M. The C++ Standard Library: A Tutorial and Reference; Addison-Wesley: Boston, MA, USA, 2012; Google-Books-ID: \n9DEJKhasp7gC. \n\n26. \n\n27. Bagaev, D.; Podusenko, A.; Vries, B.d. RxInfer: A Julia package for reactive real-time Bayesian inference. J. Open Source Softw. \n\n**2023**, 8, 5161. [CrossRef] \n\n28. Bezanson, J.; Karpinski, S.; Shah, V.; Edelman, A. Julia Language Documentation. 2016. Available online: https://readthedocs. \n\norg/projects/julia-wf/downloads/pdf/stable/ (accessed on 26 May 2024). \nvan de Laar, T.W.; de Vries, B. Simulating Active Inference Processes by Message Passing. Front. Robot. AI**2019**, 6, 20. [CrossRef] \n29. \n30. Vanderbroeck, M.; Baioumy, M.; Lans, D.v.d.; Rooij, R.d.; Werf, T.v.d. Active inference for Robot control: A Factor Graph ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Keywords:**active inference; free energy principle; predictive processing; Markov decision \nprocess; cognitive modelling; Julia \nAcademic Editor: Astero Provata \n\n**PACS:**87.15.Aa Received: 25 October 2024 \nRevised: 2 January 2025 \nAccepted: 7 January 2025 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**MSC:**91-08 \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Citation : Nehrer, S. W.; EhrenreichTable
Laursen, J,; Heins, C.; Friston, K ;Mathys, C.; Thestrup Waade, P.
Introducing Active Inference. j1 : AJulia Library for Simulation and
Parameter Estimation with ActiveInference Models. Entropy 2025.27.62.
https :// doi. org / 10.3390 / e27010062Copyright : © 2025 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution ( CC BY ) license( https :// creativecommons. org /
licenses / by / 4.0 /).
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 8.**Results of the parameter recovery study. (**A**) Estimated parameter values plotted against \nthe values used to generate the data. (**B**) Parameter estimates split by the two groups from which the \nparameter values of synthetic subjects were sampled. \n\nFinally, there are various metrics for model comparison that might be calculated, as \nimplemented by various software packages. Here for demonstration, we calculated the \nPareto-Smoothed Importance Sampling approximation to Leave One Out cross-validation \n(PSIS-LOO) [59], as implemented by ParetoSmooth.jl [64]: \n(cid:7) (cid:4) \n\n**using**ParetoSmooth : psis_loo \n# Calculate the PSIS LOO \nPSIS_loo = psis_loo ( model , results . chains ) \n(cid:6) (cid:5) \n\n**5. Discussion**\n\nWe introduce ActiveInference.jl, a novel Julia software package for creating and \nusing POMDP-based AIF models for simulation and fitting to empirical data, demonstrat- \ning its ease of use on a small parameter study with simulated agents. ActiveInference.jl \nmakes AIF modelling available in a fast language, equipped with an interface and situated \nin an ecosystem oriented specifically towards cognitive and behavioural modelling. \n\nImportantly, the ability to fit models to empirical data with sampling-based methods \nprovides value to researchers within cognitive modelling and computational psychiatry: it \nallows for comparing estimated parameter values between population groups or investigat- ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Approach. Stud. Undergrad. Res. E-J.**2019**, 5, 1–5. [CrossRef] \n\n31. van de Laar, T.; ¸Senöz, ˙I.; Özçelikkale, A.; Wymeersch, H. Chance-Constrained Active Inference. Neural Comput.**2021**, \n\n33, 2710–2735. [CrossRef] \n\n32. Busemeyer, J.R.; Diederich, A. Cognitive Modeling; SAGE: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2010; Google-Books-ID: R7KDF35g5LQC. \nSmith, R.; Friston, K.J.; Whyte, C.J. A step-by-step tutorial on active inference and its application to empirical data. J. Math. \n33. \nPsychol.**2022**, 107, 102632. [CrossRef] [PubMed] \n\n34. Lee, M.D.; Wagenmakers, E.J. Bayesian Cognitive Modeling: A Practical Course, 1st ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, \n\nUK, 2014. [CrossRef] \n\n35. Blei, D.M.; Kucukelbir, A.; McAuliffe, J.D. Variational Inference: A Review for Statisticians. J. Am. Stat. Assoc.**2017**, 112, 859–877. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf", - "query": "To which system does the AIF apply ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "AIF was argued to be applicable to any self organising system that actively maintains a stable boundary that defines its integrity [10], a broad category that includes cells and plants [11], as well as humans [2] and even collectives [12].", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "2013 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 2,709 \n 3,521 \n 1.3 \n 7,051 \n 5,699 \n 0.9 \n 11.9 \n79.9% \n 133,681 \n 1,000,569 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2009 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 1,674 \n 4,069 \n 2.4 \n 3,874 \n 1,878 \n 1.7 \n 15.8 \n91.2% \n 93,002 \n 293,472 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2008 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 375 \n 2,507 \n 6.7 \n 977 \n 2,474 \n 1.1 \n 6.8 \n88.4% \n 74,137 \n 232,039 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2008 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 375 \n 2,507 \n 6.7 \n 977 \n 2,474 \n 1.1 \n 6.8 \n88.4% \n 74,137 \n 232,039 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2007 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 546 \n 4,390 \n 8.0 \n 1,523 \n 2,405 \n 1.2 \n 9.2 \n90.0% \n 85,994 \n 290,897 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2007 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 546 \n 4,390 \n 8.0 \n 1,523 \n 2,405 \n 1.2 \n 9.2 \n90.0% \n 85,994 \n 290,897 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2006 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 734 \n 5,121 \n 7.0 \n 1,951 \n 2,000 \n 2.4 \n 14.5 \n90.1% \n 140,071 \n 459,702 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2006 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 734 \n 5,121 \n 7.0 \n 1,951 \n 2,000 \n 2.4 \n 14.5 \n90.1% \n 140,071 \n 459,702 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2010 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 2,699 \n 6,432 \n 2.4 \n 6,583 \n 2,705 \n 1.7 \n 14.9 \n90.4% \n 132,628 \n 549,522 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2012 \n\nAIFRS \n\n 1,947 \n 6,259 \n 3.2 \n 4,986 \n 5,116 \n 0.9 \n 11.6 \n84.4% \n 121,372 \n 918,314 ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf", - "query": "What is the definition of POMDP ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": " The Partially Observable Markov Decision Process is a type of flexible generative model that is widely used in the AIF literature. In discrete time and usually a discrete state space, this model type is parametrised to fit a given task by a set matrices containing probability distributions.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "2.1. POMDPs in Active Inference \n\nIn AIF, the POMDP is one of the most common families of generative models used \nto make inferences about the environment. It is a Markovian discrete state-space model, \nwhere employing it means representing the environment and observations as inhabiting \none among a set of possible (possibly multidimensional) states, and that the changes \nin these states can only depend on the system’s previous state and the agent’s actions. \nEnvironmental states are not directly observable, so they have to be inferred based on \nincoming sensory observations. In AIF for POMDPs and other generative models in general, \nboth perception and action are cast as Bayesian inferences (see Sections 2.2 and 2.3), as well \nas the learning of parameters of the generative model (see Section 2.4). Crucially, an agent’s \ngenerative model does not a priori have to be isomorphic to the true environment (i.e., \nthe data-generating process), although this will generally lead to a successful inference, \nand that the generative model will therefore often come to resemble the environment \nthrough learning. \n\nA discrete state-space POMDP in AIF is conventionally defined by five main sets of \nparameters:**A**,**B**,**C**,**D**and**E**[1,33], see Figure 1. Together, these parametrise the agent’s \nprior beliefs about the prior probability of different states in the environment, how states \nof the environment change and how they generate observations. Typically, they will be \nvectors, matrices or tensors; however, henceforth we denote them by their corresponding \nletter in bold. These make up the components needed for the agent to perform AIF. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A library of pre-made canonical POMDP models could be created so that users can eas- \nily implement them directly. Alternatives to the fixed-point iteration method for updating \nposteriors over environmental states could be included, like the marginal message passing \nalgorithm. There are various ways in which the package can be made more computationally \nefficient, and it could be compared with other software implementations. There are plenty \nof utility and plotting functions that could be added to the package to make it easier to \nuse and to facilitate integration with the model-fitting packages it relies on; for example, \nto allow for combining the models with linear regressions to compare parameters values \nof different populations in a single model. More complex types of POMDP models can \nalso be added, like hierarchical and temporally deep POMDPs. Model structure learning \ncould be considered, where different model structures are compared and chosen between \nby evaluating their free energies. Sophisticated inference, where predictions are also made \nabout changes in one’s own beliefs—depending on expected action-dependent observations \nin the future—could also be implemented [58]. Finally, the package could be extended to \nother types of generative models than POMDPs, including other universal models, like \ngeneralised filtering [17] and Hierarchical Gaussian Filter models [41], as well as custom ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CMOD \nServer B \n\n", - "page_start": 158, - "page_end": 158, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 1.**Depiction of a POMDP generative model. This encodes the agent’s expectations about how \nthe state s of the environment changes over time t, and how it generates observation o at each time step. \n**A**, also called the observation model, describes how environmental states give rise to observations.**B**, \nalso called the transition model, describes how environmental states change over time, depending on \naction u (called policy*π*when structured into sequences).**C**is the preference prior, which encodes \nthe agent’s preferences for observations. This shapes the expected free energy G associated with each \npolicy, which is used for policy selection.**D**encodes the agent’s prior belief over environmental states \nbefore making any observations, and**E**is the prior over policies that determines the agent’s preferences \nfor policies in the absence of other motivation. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CMOD D ataba se \n\n\n**Load**\n**Process**\nAppli cation Grou p \nData tabl es ", - "page_start": 245, - "page_end": 245, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n-lop \n_- - - ", - "page_start": 420, - "page_end": 420, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nPoli cy D omai n ", - "page_start": 114, - "page_end": 114, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2. Active Inference with POMDPs**\n\nIn this section, we briefly describe the core concepts of AIF and POMDPs. This \nshould familiarise the reader with the vernacular used in the later sections regarding \nthe functionalities of the package. While various extensions, such as structure learning, \nwhich enables an agent to learn the structure or shape of its environment through model \ncomparison [44–47], or hierarchical and temporally deep POMDPs [48,49], are relevant for \nfuture work, describing these in detail is beyond the scope of this foundational paper. \n\nAt the core of AIF lies the minimisation of a variational free energy upper bound on \nsurprise for perception, as well as action. This is motivated by the free energy principle [4–8], \nwhich states that self-organising systems can be described as minimising the variational \nfree energy of their sensory states. The minimisation of free energy generally takes two ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nH \nP ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " (UPW ", - "page_start": 84, - "page_end": 84, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf", - "query": "What is dyspnea ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Dyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing discomfort.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "prevalence of dyspnea in the adult general population \nacross 11 studies was estimated to be 10%. Dyspnea can \narise from a broad spectrum of underlying factors, \nincluding both respiratory and nonrespiratory \nconditions. Studies have revealed that dyspnea is not \nsolely attributable to respiratory conditions but is also \nheavily influenced by cardiovascular deconditioning and \nby nonrespiratory factors, including psychosocial, social, \nand environmental determinants.5,6 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea is a prevalent symptom with consequences that \nextend beyond its physiologic implications. A study in \nEuropean patients with COPD explored the burden of \ndyspnea and identified potential correlates. The study \nrevealed that higher dyspnea impact correlated with \nlower health-related quality of life, increased work \nimpairment, and a higher frequency of emergency \ndepartment visits.7 \n\nDyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing \ndiscomfort.1 In a study involving a community-based \npopulation aged > 70 years, the prevalence of dyspnea \nwas found to be 32%.2 Dyspnea can lead to limitations in \ndaily activities, reduced exercise tolerance, and \nheightened mortality risks.3 \n\nThe three objectives of our study were as follows: (1) to \nevaluate the impact of dyspnea in adults from the \ngeneral population who had no prior diagnosis of \nrespiratory disease but who reported having significant \nrespiratory symptoms in the past 6 months; (2) to \nidentify associated risk factors for dyspnea and estimate \ntheir influence on the symptom; and (3) to explore the \nrelationship between dyspnea and health care utilization, \nquality of life, and work productivity in adults with \nundiagnosed respiratory symptoms. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea : underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J. Anaesth. 2011 ; 106 : 463 – 474.16Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire : MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis 2005 ; 2 : 75 - 79.assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. 1 Bras Pneumol. 2015 ; 41 ( 2 ): 143 - 150.6. Neder J, Berton D, Miller P, et al. Ventilatory inefficiency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Thorac Snc. 2017.141 suppl_1322 - 529.
17.Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30.2023. https :// ginasthma. org / wp - content / upkoads / 2023 / 07 / GJNA - 2023 - Full - report - 21825Elatrim X, Bornefalk H, Skidid M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile ( MDP ) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BNJ Upen Respor Kes. 2019 / 8 : e00038.7. Groenberger [ 8, Vetri I, Keininger DL, Malker DA, Greater dyspnea is associated with lower bealth - related quality of life umong European patients with COPD. Int J Ornor Obstruct Psomon Dn. 2617.12.937.544,18.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Ling Disease, Gender, Global intrahigh for the Controlled Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, Lung Din26Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris I, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma : validation of Tbe Dyspnea - 12. J Aribma : 2011 ; 48 ( 6 ): 602 - 608.8. Pretensti M, Whitnore GA, Vandembeen KL, et al. Population - based case - finding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eae Ropir J. 2020 : 55 : 2000024.Table2023. https :// goldcopd. org / wp - content / uploods / 2023 / 03 / GOLD - 2023 - ver - 1.5 - 17Feb2023_WMV gdf
Tablehyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir 1.20123 ; 61 ( 3 ): 2201194.19.Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry ( PRISm ) vsing pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly - sempled symptomatic cohort, Ass J Rusp Crii Case Med. 20220810 ): 1125 - 11328Gentein E, Bierbrier 1, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. And J Respir Crit Care Mair 2023.200012 ; 1271 - 1282
validation of the UCAP - Q case - trnding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Esr Respir J.20.Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activity - related dyspnea in chronic obstructive29Asron SD, Vandembeen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma : a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl. J Med. 2024.390 ( 22 ): 2061 – 2073.0. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom - based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma.
Tablerelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : physical and poychological consequences, unmet needs, and foture directions. Int II Glion Obstruct Pabnor Dis. 2019.14 : 1127 - 113RTableJ Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010 ; 20 : 27 - 34. briva. nto. timbalwas TV : Norbdom B111. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinicalReilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1.2024. http :// www. reillyassociates. net / wpai_scoring. html
Tablepersons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med. 2022 ; 387 ( 13 ): 1173 - 1184.application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest. 2006 ; 129 : 1531 - 1539.12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ,Carben HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory flow in allergic asthma during pollen season – a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Hen31
Marott [ L, Ingebrigtsen T5, Colak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment : a prospective cohort study of the Dunth general population. Level ReRespiration. 2006 ; 73 : 285 - 295.13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al.TableLeft - find - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - se32
Stehn Mb, Prya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnoa? J Hosp Med. 2016.110 ). 701 - 707.2009 ; 34 : 648 - 654.23Ekstrom M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations : results from the RHINESSAJones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax. 1991 ;# 6 : 676 - 682.33
Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Ewr Respir J. 2023.61 ( 2 ):I5. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The24Ziegler B, Femandes AK, Sanches PR, Konnen GI, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects
", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea was severe and prevalent within our study \ngroup; however, it remained undiagnosed. A study \nconducted by Stefan et al32 revealed that physicians \nunderestimated their patients’ dyspnea 37.9% of the \ntime, whereas nurses underestimated it 3.5% of the time. \nMoreover, many patients limit their physical activities, \nwhich lead them to downplay the extent of their \ndyspnea.19 Patient underreporting of symptoms, coupled \n\nFunding/Support \nThis study is supported by the Canadian Institutes of \nHealth Research [FDN Grant 154322]. \n\nFinancial/Nonfinancial Disclosures \nNone declared. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "BACKGROUND: We investigated dyspnea; its associated risk factors; and its impact on health \ncare utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory \nsymptoms. \n\nRESEARCH QUESTION: What is the impact of dyspnea in adults with undiagnosed respiratory \nsymptoms? ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With \nRespiratory Symptoms Without a Defined \nDiagnosis \n\nJared Bierbrier, BSc; Emily Gerstein; George A. Whitmore, PhD; Katherine L. Vandemheen, MScN; Celine Bergeron, MD; \n\nLouis-Philippe Boulet, MD; Andreanne Cote, MD; Stephen K. Field, MD; Erika Penz, MD; R. Andrew McIvor, MD; \n\nCatherine Lemière, MD; Samir Gupta, MD; Paul Hernandez, MD; Irvin Mayers, MD; Mohit Bhutani, MD; \n\nM. Diane Lougheed, MD; Christopher J. Licskai, MD; Tanweer Azher, MD; Nicole Ezer, MD; Martha Ainslie, MD; \n\nGonzalo G. Alvarez, MD; Sunita Mulpuru, MD; and Shawn D. Aaron, MD ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, dyspnea was \nnegatively associated with all domains of quality of life, \nincluding physical functioning (coefficient, (cid:3)0.655; \nP < .001), role limitations due to physical health \n(coefficient, (cid:3)0.628; P < .001), general health \n(coefficient, (cid:3)0.382; P < .001), and total score \n(coefficient, (cid:3)0.473; P < .001) (Table 7). ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(eg, climate, air quality/industrialization, socioeconomic \nstatus) of the catchment population tend to vary across \nstudy sites. \n\nApproximately 65% of the variability in dyspnea \nremained unexplained by the factors examined in our \nstudy. Most individuals in our study showed normal \nspirometry results but still carried a substantial \nburden of dyspnea, an inconsistency that needs \nexplanation. Several factors not included in our \nanalysis may have contributed to the unexplained \nvariation. Environmental factors (eg, air pollution, \nallergen exposure, seasonal variations in symptoms) \nare potential contributors to this unexplained \nvariability.22 Genetic predispositions could also play a \nsignificant role, as suggested by a study that revealed \nthat parents with dyspnea were 1.8 times more likely \nto have offspring with dyspnea.23 Additionally, fitness \ncould be a contributing factor, especially in \nindividuals with undiagnosed PRISm, asthma, or \nCOPD who may restrict their activities to avoid \ndyspnea, and hence become deconditioned.6 \n\nDyspnea is a complex, subjective symptom that is \nmodified by nonrespiratory factors including \npsychosocial, social, and environmental influences.5 \nInterindividual variability in the perception of dyspnea, \ninfluenced by these nonrespiratory factors, may play an \nimportant role. A study conducted by Ziegler et al24 \nassessed the perception of dyspnea in 42 healthy \nindividuals using a standardized inspiratory resistive \nloading stimulus. The study used the modified Borg \nscale to measure dyspnea perception levels. Among the \nparticipants subjected to the same inspiratory resistive \nload, 31%, 45%, and 24% of participants classified their \nlevel of dyspnea as low, intermediate, and high, \nrespectively. The study revealed that differences between \nindividuals contribute considerable variability to the \nperception of dyspnea, even among healthy participants. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea Impact and Health Care Use, Quality of \nLife, and Work Productivity \n\nThe impact of dyspnea and its associations with health \ncare use, quality of life, and work productivity were exam- \nined. Health care utilization was assessed through self- \nreported data. Quality of life was assessed using the 36- \nItem Short Form Health Survey questionnaire, where \nhigher scores indicate better health status. Work produc- \ntivity was assessed using the Work Productivity and Activ- \nscores \nity Impairment questionnaire, where higher ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease25 and the \nDyspnea-12 in patients with asthma26 and found that \nthe affective aspect of dyspnea can significantly influence \nthe impact of dyspnea on health status, irrespective of \nthe intensity of breathlessness. \n\nand validated respiratory health questionnaires, and \nour dyspnea assessment measure is a weighted average \nof responses to these validated questions. \nConsequently, the measure has an immediate \ninterpretation in terms of the lived day-to-day \nexperience of individuals. \n\nIn those with PRISm, there was a strong, positive \nassociation between higher values for the FEV1/FVC \nratio and dyspnea. For the PRISm group, a higher \nFEV1/FVC ratio may reflect diminished lung \ncompliance due to interstitial lung disease and/or \nrespiratory system restriction due to obesity, which \ncould contribute to worse dyspnea. Conversely, the \nassociation of dyspnea with the FEV1/FVC ratio was in \nthe opposite direction for those with asthma or COPD, \nand a lower FEV1/FVC ratio correlated with worse \ndyspnea, as expected. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf", - "query": "What are the criterion to be control patient in the dyspnea study ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "Control patients reported no respiratory symptoms in the preceding 6 months and obtained a score of 0 on the ASQ.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "prevalence of dyspnea in the adult general population \nacross 11 studies was estimated to be 10%. Dyspnea can \narise from a broad spectrum of underlying factors, \nincluding both respiratory and nonrespiratory \nconditions. Studies have revealed that dyspnea is not \nsolely attributable to respiratory conditions but is also \nheavily influenced by cardiovascular deconditioning and \nby nonrespiratory factors, including psychosocial, social, \nand environmental determinants.5,6 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Risk Factors Associated With Dyspnea \nPatient-related risk factors were considered first, and re- \nsults of spirometry considered afterward. The spirom- \netry risk factors chosen for the second stage analysis \nincluded the spirometry-based diagnosis of the patient \n(asthma, COPD, PRISm, or normal) and lung function \nresults indicative of the severity of physiologic impair- \nment. Severity was gauged by assessing three principal \nlung function measures: (1) post-BD FEV1 % predicted, \n(2) post-BD FEV1/FVC ratio, and (3) percentage \nreversal of FEV1 with BD. \n\nindicate greater impairment in work productivity and \ndaily activities. \n\nStatistical Analysis \n\nBox plots were used to compare distribution patterns of \ndyspnea impact assessments among the disease groups. \nPairwise comparison tests were conducted to evaluate \nmean dyspnea differences between groups. Multiple \nlinear regression analysis was used to measure contribu- \ntions to variability of dyspnea by selected patient-specific \nrisk factors, spirometry disease classification, and key \nlung function measures. The selected sets of risk factors \nwere evaluated using successive regression analyses. \nAnalysis of variance sums of squares from the successive \nregression analyses provided the cumulative percentage \ncontributions to variability of dyspnea. Simple, multiple, \nand logistic regression analyses were used to study asso- \nciations between dyspnea and health care utilization, \nquality of life, and work productivity outcomes. All sta- \ntistical analyses were done using STATA 16 statistical \nsoftware (StataCorp). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea was severe and prevalent within our study \ngroup; however, it remained undiagnosed. A study \nconducted by Stefan et al32 revealed that physicians \nunderestimated their patients’ dyspnea 37.9% of the \ntime, whereas nurses underestimated it 3.5% of the time. \nMoreover, many patients limit their physical activities, \nwhich lead them to downplay the extent of their \ndyspnea.19 Patient underreporting of symptoms, coupled \n\nFunding/Support \nThis study is supported by the Canadian Institutes of \nHealth Research [FDN Grant 154322]. \n\nFinancial/Nonfinancial Disclosures \nNone declared. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease25 and the \nDyspnea-12 in patients with asthma26 and found that \nthe affective aspect of dyspnea can significantly influence \nthe impact of dyspnea on health status, irrespective of \nthe intensity of breathlessness. \n\nand validated respiratory health questionnaires, and \nour dyspnea assessment measure is a weighted average \nof responses to these validated questions. \nConsequently, the measure has an immediate \ninterpretation in terms of the lived day-to-day \nexperience of individuals. \n\nIn those with PRISm, there was a strong, positive \nassociation between higher values for the FEV1/FVC \nratio and dyspnea. For the PRISm group, a higher \nFEV1/FVC ratio may reflect diminished lung \ncompliance due to interstitial lung disease and/or \nrespiratory system restriction due to obesity, which \ncould contribute to worse dyspnea. Conversely, the \nassociation of dyspnea with the FEV1/FVC ratio was in \nthe opposite direction for those with asthma or COPD, \nand a lower FEV1/FVC ratio correlated with worse \ndyspnea, as expected. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea is a prevalent symptom with consequences that \nextend beyond its physiologic implications. A study in \nEuropean patients with COPD explored the burden of \ndyspnea and identified potential correlates. The study \nrevealed that higher dyspnea impact correlated with \nlower health-related quality of life, increased work \nimpairment, and a higher frequency of emergency \ndepartment visits.7 \n\nDyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing \ndiscomfort.1 In a study involving a community-based \npopulation aged > 70 years, the prevalence of dyspnea \nwas found to be 32%.2 Dyspnea can lead to limitations in \ndaily activities, reduced exercise tolerance, and \nheightened mortality risks.3 \n\nThe three objectives of our study were as follows: (1) to \nevaluate the impact of dyspnea in adults from the \ngeneral population who had no prior diagnosis of \nrespiratory disease but who reported having significant \nrespiratory symptoms in the past 6 months; (2) to \nidentify associated risk factors for dyspnea and estimate \ntheir influence on the symptom; and (3) to explore the \nrelationship between dyspnea and health care utilization, \nquality of life, and work productivity in adults with \nundiagnosed respiratory symptoms. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 2 shows mean responses to the 15 dyspnea \nquestions for each disease classification and presents \nquestion weights (PCA scoring coefficients) used for \ncalculating the dyspnea impact assessment. \n\nIndividuals with PRISm reported the highest dyspnea \nimpact, with a significantly greater mean score (63.0; \n95% CI, 59.5-66.4) than those with undiagnosed \nasthma or COPD (Table 3). Those with undiagnosed \nasthma or COPD had similar mean scores (56.6; \n95% CI, 53.9-59.3 and 57.5; 95% CI, 55.1-59.9, \nrespectively), followed by those with normal \nspirometry (51.8; 95% CI, 50.7-52.8). All four groups \nreported significantly more impactful dyspnea than \nthe control group (mean score, 13.8; 95% CI, 11.8- \n15.7). Table 3 shows between-group differences in \nmean dyspnea impact assessments for each pair of \ndisease outcomes. Figure 2 compares box plots of the \ndyspnea impact assessment values across disease \nclassifications. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea not only affects individuals with diagnosed \nrespiratory conditions but also poses a significant \nburden on those with undiagnosed conditions. In a \nsystematic review by Müller et al,4 the combined \n\nStudy Design and Methods \nRecruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy \nControl Patients \nBetween June 2017 and January 2023, adults aged $ 18 \nyears were recruited through a two-step process into the \nUndiagnosed COPD and Asthma Population (UCAP) \nstudy, a multicenter case finding study. Approval for \n\nthe study was obtained from the research ethics boards \nof \nthe 17 participating study sites across Canada. \nInformed, written consent was provided by all study \nparticipants. \n\nBoth landlines and cellphones within a 90-minute radius \nof any of the 17 study sites were dialed randomly. A ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "to spirometry to avoid influencing patients’ perceptions \nof their dyspnea. \n\nprerecorded message then inquired whether any house- \nhold member was $ 18 years of age and had experi- \nenced respiratory symptoms (eg, shortness of breath, \nwheezing, \nsputum, prolonged \ncough) within the past 6 months. Households with affir- \nmative responses were subsequently contacted by the \nlocal study coordinator for a follow-up call. The house- \nhold member \nreporting respiratory symptoms was \nverbally consented and screened for eligibility to partic- \nipate in the study over the telephone.8,9 \n\nincreased mucus or \n\nExclusion criteria included the following: (1) a history of \ndiagnosis of lung or airway disease, (2) use of respiratory \ninhalers aside from as-needed salbutamol, (3) contrain- \ndications for spirometry (eg, occurrences of myocardial \ninfarction, stroke, aortic or cerebral aneurysm, eye sur- \ngery, detached retina within the last 3 months), (4) \ninability or refusal to provide informed consent, (5) be- \ning in the third trimester of pregnancy, and (6) being < \n18 years of age. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There were significant but modest differences in mean \ndyspnea levels across the 17 study sites (data not \nshown), which are not explained by the risk factors we \naccounted for in our study. This finding is not surprising \nbecause some of the potential contributing factors \npreviously mentioned and other site-specific factors \nThe affective dimension of dyspnea can be captured \nusing additional questionnaires (eg, Multidimensional \nDyspnea Profile, Dyspnea-12). Studies have explored the \nuse of the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile in \n\nTABLE 7 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Quality of Life (SF-36) ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea : underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J. Anaesth. 2011 ; 106 : 463 – 474.16Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire : MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis 2005 ; 2 : 75 - 79.assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. 1 Bras Pneumol. 2015 ; 41 ( 2 ): 143 - 150.6. Neder J, Berton D, Miller P, et al. Ventilatory inefficiency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Thorac Snc. 2017.141 suppl_1322 - 529.
17.Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30.2023. https :// ginasthma. org / wp - content / upkoads / 2023 / 07 / GJNA - 2023 - Full - report - 21825Elatrim X, Bornefalk H, Skidid M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile ( MDP ) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BNJ Upen Respor Kes. 2019 / 8 : e00038.7. Groenberger [ 8, Vetri I, Keininger DL, Malker DA, Greater dyspnea is associated with lower bealth - related quality of life umong European patients with COPD. Int J Ornor Obstruct Psomon Dn. 2617.12.937.544,18.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Ling Disease, Gender, Global intrahigh for the Controlled Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, Lung Din26Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris I, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma : validation of Tbe Dyspnea - 12. J Aribma : 2011 ; 48 ( 6 ): 602 - 608.8. Pretensti M, Whitnore GA, Vandembeen KL, et al. Population - based case - finding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eae Ropir J. 2020 : 55 : 2000024.Table2023. https :// goldcopd. org / wp - content / uploods / 2023 / 03 / GOLD - 2023 - ver - 1.5 - 17Feb2023_WMV gdf
Tablehyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir 1.20123 ; 61 ( 3 ): 2201194.19.Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry ( PRISm ) vsing pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly - sempled symptomatic cohort, Ass J Rusp Crii Case Med. 20220810 ): 1125 - 11328Gentein E, Bierbrier 1, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. And J Respir Crit Care Mair 2023.200012 ; 1271 - 1282
validation of the UCAP - Q case - trnding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Esr Respir J.20.Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activity - related dyspnea in chronic obstructive29Asron SD, Vandembeen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma : a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl. J Med. 2024.390 ( 22 ): 2061 – 2073.0. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom - based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma.
Tablerelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : physical and poychological consequences, unmet needs, and foture directions. Int II Glion Obstruct Pabnor Dis. 2019.14 : 1127 - 113RTableJ Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010 ; 20 : 27 - 34. briva. nto. timbalwas TV : Norbdom B111. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinicalReilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1.2024. http :// www. reillyassociates. net / wpai_scoring. html
Tablepersons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med. 2022 ; 387 ( 13 ): 1173 - 1184.application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest. 2006 ; 129 : 1531 - 1539.12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ,Carben HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory flow in allergic asthma during pollen season – a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Hen31
Marott [ L, Ingebrigtsen T5, Colak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment : a prospective cohort study of the Dunth general population. Level ReRespiration. 2006 ; 73 : 285 - 295.13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al.TableLeft - find - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - se32
Stehn Mb, Prya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnoa? J Hosp Med. 2016.110 ). 701 - 707.2009 ; 34 : 648 - 654.23Ekstrom M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations : results from the RHINESSAJones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax. 1991 ;# 6 : 676 - 682.33
Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Ewr Respir J. 2023.61 ( 2 ):I5. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The24Ziegler B, Femandes AK, Sanches PR, Konnen GI, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects
", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf", - "query": "What is the revenue of Republic Services in 2002 ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": " $ 2,365.1", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders:*\n\nI am pleased to report that 2004 was a very good year for \n\nRepublic Services, Inc. Our team met and exceeded the \n\nimportant financial and management goals we told you \n\nabout here a year ago, and we plan to work just as hard and \n\naccomplish just as much in the coming year. \n\nRepublic is strengthening its competitive position among \n\nthe leading waste services providers every day. As always, \n\nwe are doing so by offering our customers cost-effective \n\nand safe waste collection, reliable recycling, and \n\nenvironmentally protective disposal options. \n\nI am proud of our team and what they accomplished. The \n\nresults tell you just how well they did. \n\nRevenue in 2004 grew 7.6 percent to $2.7 billion, a record. The increases came largely from new \n\nmunicipal contracts and improved pricing. At the same time, we benefited from our presence in high- \n\ngrowth markets, especially those in the rapidly expanding Sunbelt states. \n\nWe met last year’s guidance. Net income per diluted share rose 15 percent to $1.53. Our revenue \n\nenhancement and cost reduction efforts produced results. We generated a record level of free cash \n\nflow - $388 million to be exact. Republic continues to generate strong and predictable levels of cash \n\nflow. As in the past year, we will concentrate on free cash flow and use it for acquisitions, \n\nreinvestment, repurchases of our stock and regular quarterly cash dividends. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders:*\n\nI am pleased to report that 2004 was a very good year for \n\nRepublic Services, Inc. Our team met and exceeded the \n\nimportant financial and management goals we told you \n\nabout here a year ago, and we plan to work just as hard and \n\naccomplish just as much in the coming year. \n\nRepublic is strengthening its competitive position among \n\nthe leading waste services providers every day. As always, \n\nwe are doing so by offering our customers cost-effective \n\nand safe waste collection, reliable recycling, and \n\nenvironmentally protective disposal options. \n\nI am proud of our team and what they accomplished. The \n\nresults tell you just how well they did. \n\nRevenue in 2004 grew 7.6 percent to $2.7 billion, a record. The increases came largely from new \n\nmunicipal contracts and improved pricing. At the same time, we benefited from our presence in high- \n\ngrowth markets, especially those in the rapidly expanding Sunbelt states. \n\nWe met last year’s guidance. Net income per diluted share rose 15 percent to $1.53. Our revenue \n\nenhancement and cost reduction efforts produced results. We generated a record level of free cash \n\nflow - $388 million to be exact. Republic continues to generate strong and predictable levels of cash \n\nflow. As in the past year, we will concentrate on free cash flow and use it for acquisitions, \n\nreinvestment, repurchases of our stock and regular quarterly cash dividends. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders:*\n\nI am pleased to report that 2004 was a very good year for \nRepublic Services, Inc. Our team met and exceeded the \nimportant financial and management goals we told you \nabout here a year ago, and we plan to work just as hard and \naccomplish just as much in the coming year. \n\nRepublic is strengthening its competitive position among \nthe leading waste services providers every day. As always, \nwe are doing so by offering our customers cost-effective \nand safe waste collection, reliable recycling, and \nenvironmentally protective disposal options. \n\nI am proud of our team and what they accomplished. The \nresults tell you just how well they did. \n\nRevenue in 2004 grew 7.6 percent to $2.7 billion, a record. The increases came largely from new \nmunicipal contracts and improved pricing. At the same time, we benefited from our presence in high- \ngrowth markets, especially those in the rapidly expanding Sunbelt states. \n\nWe met last year’s guidance. Net income per diluted share rose 15 percent to $1.53. Our revenue \nenhancement and cost reduction efforts produced results. We generated a record level of free cash \nflow - $388 million to be exact. Republic continues to generate strong and predictable levels of cash \nflow. As in the past year, we will concentrate on free cash flow and use it for acquisitions, \nreinvestment, repurchases of our stock and regular quarterly cash dividends. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n\n**NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n**(All tables in millions, except per share data) Ì (Continued)**\n\n**Cumulative EÅect**\n**of Changes in**\n**Accounting**\n**Principles** **Balance as of**\n**December 31,**\n**2002** **Balance as of**\n**December 31,**\n**2003** **Acquisitions** **Divestitures**\n\nEastern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nCentral Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nSouthern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nSouthwestern Region ÏÏÏ \nWestern RegionÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $ 429.0 \n343.0 \n323.2 \n134.7 \n314.3 $ 7.2 \n7.5 \n2.6 \n.3 \n3.6 $(.3) \nÌ \nÌ \nÌ \nÌ $ Ì \nÌ \nÌ \nÌ \n(7.0) $ 435.9 \n350.5 \n325.8 \n135.0 \n310.9 \n\nTotal ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $1,544.2 $21.2 $(.3) $(7.0) $1,558.1 \n\nRevenue of the Company by revenue source for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002 is as \nfollows: ", - "page_start": 89, - "page_end": 89, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the year ended December 31, 2003, the Company reported revenues of $62.8 million, income from continuing operations of $4.9 million and net \nincome of $5.1 million, up 5 percent, 20 percent and 95 percent, respectively, from 2002. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n\n**NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n**(All tables in millions, except per share data) Ì (Continued)**\n\n**Years Ended December 31,**\n**2003** **2004** **2002**\n\nWeighted-average fair value of the Company's stock options, \nrestricted stock and stock units granted during the period ÏÏÏ $ 9.33 $ 7.64 $ 7.47 \n\nAssumptions Ì \n\n3.6% 3.2% 2.7% \n\n5 years 5 years 5 years \n\n30.0% \n.9% 40.0% \nÌ 40.0% \nÌ \n\n**Revenue Recognition and Deferred Revenue**\n\nThe Company generally provides services under contracts with municipalities or individual customers. \nRevenue consists primarily of collection fees from commercial, industrial, residential and municipal customers \nand transfer and landÑll disposal fees charged to third parties. Advance billings are recorded as deferred \nrevenue, and the revenue is then recognized over the period services are provided. Collection, transfer and \ndisposal, and other services accounted for approximately 74.3%, 18.9% and 6.8%, respectively, of consolidated \nrevenue for the year ended December 31, 2004. No one customer has individually accounted for more than \n10% of the Company's consolidated revenues or of the Company's reportable segment revenue in any of the \npast three years. ", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Revenue.*Revenue was $2,708.1 million, $2,517.8 million and $2,365.1 million for the years ended \nDecember 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002, respectively. Revenue increased by $190.3 million, or 7.6%, from 2003 to ", - "page_start": 41, - "page_end": 41, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n\n**NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n**(All tables in millions, except per share data) Ì (Continued)**\n\napproximately $48.0 million which was collected or used to oÅset taxes payable during the year ended \nDecember 31, 2004. \n\nA reconciliation of the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company's eÅective tax rate is shown \nbelow: ", - "page_start": 84, - "page_end": 84, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " 2002 2001 \n\n$ 108,436,645 $ 112,150,214 \n\n 70,000,000 72,975,000 \n\n178,436,645 185,125,214 \n\n2,324,425 1,374,285 ", - "page_start": 67, - "page_end": 67, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Gross profit was $22.2 million in 2003, compared with $20.3 million in 2002 and $21.8 million in 2001. The Company’s gross profit in 2003 was 35 \npercent of revenues compared with 34 percent of revenues in 2002 and 38 percent of revenues in 2001. The increase in gross profit percentage in 2003 ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_ATRI_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf", - "query": "Who is the Vice Chairmain of the Board of Republic Services ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": " Harris W. Hudson1 Vice Chairman of the Board", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nRobert S. Patterson \nSenior Vice President, Trust Services ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSEPARATION OF CEO \n& CHAIRMAN ROLES ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCORPORATE GOVERNANCE ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Anna Tumadóttir, CEO**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nA MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**ruth Buckle**\nVice president \nproperty management ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nINDEPENDENT \nLEAD DIRECTOR ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBOARD & COMMITTEE \nIN CAMERA \nDISCUSSIONS ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nA MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBenjamin J. Mondics \nPresident & Chief Operating Officer ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf", - "query": "How mush did the Moomba incident cost to Santos in 2004 ?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": " the Moomba incident resulted in $17 million of one-off costs in 2004.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Importantly, Santos was able \nto work effectively with its key \nstakeholders, including customers, \njoint venturers and government \ndepartments, to minimise the \ncommercial impacts. \nEven with the large effort \nexpended on the Moomba \nincident, Santos was able to \ndeliver strong results for 2004, \nreflecting higher average prices \nacross most products. \n\nNatural gas supplies were quickly \nrestored, in part by recovering \nprocessed gas from underground \nstorage reservoirs. Liquids \nprocessing facilities were \nprogressively reinstated allowing \nfurther increases to gas production \nand sales volumes, with the \nramp-up to full liquids production \nachieved by August as planned. \n\nThis strong financial performance, \ncombined with the confidence \nthat Santos will continue to grow \nearnings in the future, enabled \nthe Board to increase the final \ndividend on ordinary shares by \n20% from 15 cents to 18 cents \nper share, fully franked. For the \nfull year, dividends increased \nby 10% to 33 cents per share, \ncompared with 30 cents per share \n\nAnnual Report 2004 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]decline reduced n by a furthern boe.to effectively control its casts in the face of significant external pressures in the form of risingthese factors, Santos ’ ojects are starting to jine and have bequn toExamining production costs in detail. reveals :edecline experienced oast three years. Two vere commissioned in Bayu - Undan liquids▪ the start - up of Bayu - Undan and acquisitions added $ 16 million to Santos ’ cost baseand the Minerva gas n addition, acquisitions▪ changes in our accounting added a further $ 16 million to Santos ’ production costsproduction is expected• higher insurance premiums ($ 8 mllion ) and one - off stock res.The impact of the ncident. Santos now roduction to be around boe in 2005. Thisoffset by $ 17 million in cost savings largely as a result of Santos ' continuous improvement initiativess largely driven by the oning of Mutineer - Exeter 2005 and the 3ohnthe Moomba incident resulted in $ 17 million of one - off costs in 2004.as field in the middle ar.Piecing this together, the key themes in our financial performance were :ION COSTS DNTROLcosts in 2004 were lon, up $ 45 million or 003. Analysis shows os was able to continue\n
▪ cost savings in established production areas more than offset increases in the price of services and materialsMean definitionε0Santos ’ cost : base rose as production from new developments and acquisitions were added to the Company ’ s expanding portfolio of producing assets.
0.465Table4030
zo32710
", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dear Shareholder, \n\nI am pleased to report that \nin 2004 Santos continued \nto deliver on its strategy to \ntransform the Company into a \ntruly international exploration \nand production business with \nworld-class operations. \n\nWhile the year saw many \npositives in terms of development \nand exploration success, it did \nnot get off to a good start with \nthe incident on New Year’s Day \nat the Moomba processing facility \nin central Australia. \n\nIn addition to our focus \non shareholder value, Santos \ntakes its corporate social \nresponsibilities seriously and \nis committed to sustainability \nas a core value in all operations. \nThe Company’s first Sustainability \nReview was released during \nthe year. \n\nI am confident that the \nsignificant achievements made \nduring 2004 provide Santos with \na solid platform from which to \nachieve future growth with \nincreased value for our \nshareholders. \n\nGroup sales revenue increased by \n2.5% to a record $1,501 million, \nearnings before interest and tax \nimproved by 23% to $574 million \nand net profit after tax rose by \n16% to $380 million. \n\nSantos continues to be \nrecognised for the high quality \nof its corporate governance, \nreceiving a measure of five out \nof five for corporate governance \nfor the third successive year \nin an independent report prepared \nby leading accounting and \nmanagement firm, Horwath, \nand the University of Newcastle. \n\nA large proportion of the costs \nand foregone revenues associated \nwith the repair of the damaged \nplant and the reduced oil and \ngas production volumes are \nbeing recovered under \ninsurance policies. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A one US cent movement in the \nAustralia–US dollar exchange rate \nwould produce a change in profit \nafter tax of A$8 million, and \na 1% change in interest rates \nequates to a change in net profit \nafter tax of A$9 million. \n\n**A STRONG FINANCIAL**\n**PERFORMANCE**\nIt was pleasing that Santos \nwas able to conclude 2004 \non a higher note than it started. \n2004 has also been an important \nperiod for shareholders, with a \nsignificant improvement in the \nSantos share price combined with \nan increase in the dividend. \n\nWe achieved record annual \nrevenue thanks to higher oil and \ngas prices combined with the \nreturn of full production at \nMoomba to produce a 21.5% jump \nin second half sales: the best \nresult for any six-month period \nin Santos' history. \n\nThe average realised price for \ncrude oil was up nearly 19% \nto A$51.83 per barrel. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2004 WAS A YEAR OF GOOD**\n**OPERATING RESULTS**\nOverall the increase in 2004 profit \nof 16% reflected a year of sound \noperating performance. Sales \nrevenue was a record $1,501 \nmillion, up 2.5% on 2003, \nreflecting higher prices across \nmost products and was achieved \ndespite lower production as a \nresult of the Moomba incident \nand declining output from late \nlife fields. \n\n**‘The sound operating results**\n**achieved in 2004 underline**\n**the changing face of Santos**\n**towards a higher value, higher**\n**margin business. We ended the**\n**year with a strong financial**\n**position and our financial**\n**flexibility intact.’**\n\nSantos benefited from higher \nworld oil prices and realised \nUS$51.83 per boe in 2004, an \nincrease of 19% over 2003. The \nbenefit of higher world oil prices \nsubstantially offset the impact \nof lower production volumes. \n**PETER WASOW**\nChief Financial Officer \n\nSantos was also able to negotiate \nhigher domestic gas prices (up \n4% on average) and deliver new \nrevenue streams from project \nstart-ups and acquisitions during \nthe year. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
As at 31 December1995199619971998199920002001200220032004Santtos average realised onli price ( A $, Pabi ))24.96
27.4327.4220.9527.5746.5445.5344.7443.5951.83Financial performance ( s / million )Product sales revenue571.6729.2
778.5769.4944.51.497.11.459.7478.4465.01.500.9Total operating revenue740.1804.0859.5000.8
995.61.556.21.561.8542.3619.41.753.2Foreign currency quims /( losses )( 16.0 )25.03.62.00.32.7
0.2( 0.7 )( 7.9 )( 3.0 )Profit from ordinary activities before tax241.0331.9322.3267.3339.6725.9627.6493.3
430.9540.8Jancome tax relating to ordinary activities130.4136.0116.191.030.5239.1181.7171.2103.9160.9
Net profit after income tax ettributable to the shareholders of Santos Itd110.6195.9206.2176.3309.1486.8445.9322.1327.0379.9Financial position ( Smilion )Total assets
2.915.5443.4036.2236.14.338.74.659.85.048.7320.8218.35.956.0Net debt542.0938.6
114.2280.01.301.1866.61.060.8162.9897.61.131.4Total equity1.519.3586.3919.0939.2
2.056.72.310.92.726.6863.9087.93.498.3Reserves and production ( n = 1110 )Proven plus Probable reserves ( 29 )7038601.009956941
921724732636643Production36.839.241.145.649.256.055.7
57.354.247.1Exploration *Wells drilled ( number )669111281S - 6422618
1916Expenditure ($ million )87.9121.1190.1180.778.1100.193.4133.1136.4125.6
Other capital expenditure ( Smillion )Delineation and development *53.9105.8179.7158.1116.8187.1308.1308.8519.0572.7Buildings, plant and equipment concernances ( no 201, aponat and normal normal normal non - terms )
40.1150.3205.4165.7102.5153.5258.7319.094.9131.1
", - "page_start": 45, - "page_end": 45, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]2004Smillion2003 $ millionInt2004 $ million\n
28. Segment Information ( continued )
2003 $ millionControl 2004Smillion2003 $ millionPrimary ReportingGeographic segments RevenueTotal segment revenueOther unallocated rever1.633.1
1.445.9
120.7134.61.753.8 ( 0.6 )1.580.538.9Total revenue1.753.21.619.4
ResultsEarnings before interest, tax and significant itemsSignificant items :505.9
529.83.815.6
509.7
545.4Insurance recoveryCosts associated with Moomba liquids recovery plant fireProfit on sale of oil and gas assets116.6 ( 17.5 ) 43.9-----116.6 ( 17.5 ) 43.9
−
Write - down of exploration and development expenditureOrganisation restructure costs( 4.7 )( 21.6 )( 1.3 )( 17.4 )( 58.4 )( 22.1 )( 21.6 )( 59.7 )
Accelerated depreciation – HeytesburyP( 20.2 )−––( 20.2 )
622.6508.3( 13.6 )( 42.8 )609.0465.5Gain on sale of listed investmentsUnallocated corporate expenses
0.1 ( 34.7 )45.8 ( 45.8 )Earnings before interest and tax574.4465.5Unallocated borrowing costs( 33.6 )
( 34.6 )Profit from ordinary activities before income tax expenseIncome tax expense540.8 [ 160.9 ]430.9 ( 103.9 )Net profit after income tax attributable to the shareholders of Santos Ltd379.9327.0
Non - cash expensesDepreciation, depletion and amortisationUnallocated corporate depreciation, depla434.4454.990.865.9525.2
520.810.8Total depreciation, depletion and amortisation539.7531.6Write - down of exploration and development expenditure Unallacated corporate write - down of listed investment
4.71.317.458.422.1 –59.74.4
Total non - cash expensesΔ8595.7
Acquisition of non - current assetsControlled entities92.2
24.035.1-
127.324.0Oll and gas assets, property, plant and equipmentUnallocated corporate acquisition of oll and gas assets,
761.8587.0146.4
140.0
908.2727.0property, plant and equipment
21.3
23.3Total acquisition of non - current assets1.056.8774.3AssetsSegment assetsUnallocated corporate assets5.120.1
4.447.8694.7602.7
5.814.85.050.5167.8Consolidated total assets
5.956.05.218.3LiabilitiesSegment liabilitiesUnallocated corpor2.129.11.678.3120.9
174.92.250.0207.71.853.2277.2
Consolidated total liabilities2.457.72.130.4
Secondary Reporting
Business segmentsThe Santas Group species predominantly in one business, narrely the exploration, development, production, transpertation and nonleting of hydrocarbons. Reverse is derived from the sale of gos and liguid hydrocarbons and the transpe
", - "page_start": 82, - "page_end": 82, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Similarly, our reserve replacement \ncost for 2004 is above our target \ndue mainly to the high level \nof expenditure on major \ndevelopment projects during the \nyear. On a three-year average \nbasis, which is more \nrepresentative of the nature \nof the business, the result is \na reserve replacement cost of \nUS$7.19 – much more in line \nwith our target. \n\nThese programs will continue to \ncontribute at even higher levels \ngoing forward for even less cost. \n\n**A PART OF OUR COMMUNITY**\nSantos engages with many \nstakeholders and we believe it \nis important to have rewarding \nrelationships with the communities \nto which we belong. \n\nThe netback achieved in 2004 \nwas an improvement over 2003 \nand was on target due largely to \nhigher average product prices, but \nalso reflected the results of the \ncontinuous improvement program. \nWe sponsor a wide range \nof educational, cultural and \ncommunity events and programs. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]( b ) Santos Employee Share Acquisition Plan ( continued )Summary of share movements in the Plan during 2004 ( and comparative 2003 information ):Opening balance NumberGrant th Number of sharesduring earFair valueper share $\n
Grant dates
Distribution during the Numberons year air value ggregate $Closing NumberbalanceFair valueaggregate $200424 August 2001177.908-
–
177.9081.180.728-−2 September 2002195.624-–
32.760227.623162.8641.381.0872 September 2003242.991-–
42.237294.081200.7541.702.39422 November 2004−157.0148.14
2442.089156.7701.329.410616.523157.014253.1491.704.521
520.3884.412.891200325 August 2000192.950–
–
192.9501.163.949--24 August 2001196.552––
18.644111.036177.9081.222.2282 September 2002216.840––
21.216126.185195.6241.343.9372 September 2003-254.1065.84
11.11567.943242.9911.669.348606.342254.106243.9251.469.113
616.5234.235.513
", - "page_start": 64, - "page_end": 64, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The amounts recognised in the financial statements of the Santos Group and the Company in relation to executive share options exercised during \nthe financial year were: \n\n**Consolidated** **Santos Ltd**\n\n**2004**\n**$million** 2003 \n$million **2004**\n**$million** 2003 \n$million \n\nIssued ordinary share capital **4.1** 5.7 **4.1** 5.7 ", - "page_start": 66, - "page_end": 66, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf", - "query": "What is the main focus of the Santos 2005 program ?", - "target_page": 19, - "target_passage": " Oil is the main focus of the 2005 program", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "INSIDE \n\nCHAIRMAN’S REVIEW \n**2**Stephen Gerlach comments on Santos’ \n\nCAPTURING AND \nDELIVERING GROWTH \n**18**Progress on Santos’ development projects \nand gas commercialisation highlights. \n\nperformance in 2004. \n\n2004 ACHIEVEMENTS \n2005 AND BEYOND \n**3**Key achievements in 2004 and three-year \nperformance, plus what to look for in the \nnear-term future. MANAGING OPTIONS \n**22**Strategic projects, portfolio management \nactivities and reserves movements \nin 2004. ", - "page_start": 94, - "page_end": 94, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "INSIDE \n\nCHAIRMAN’S REVIEW \n**2**Stephen Gerlach comments on Santos’ \n\nCAPTURING AND \nDELIVERING GROWTH \n**18**Progress on Santos’ development projects \nand gas commercialisation highlights. \n\nperformance in 2004. \n\n2004 ACHIEVEMENTS \n2005 AND BEYOND \n**3**Key achievements in 2004 and three-year \nperformance, plus what to look for in the \nnear-term future. MANAGING OPTIONS \n**22**Strategic projects, portfolio management \nactivities and reserves movements \nin 2004. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "LEVERAGING BASE BUSINESS \n**12**Production results for 2004 plus a review \nof activities that are creating value in \nSantos’ base business. \n\nCREATING OPPORTUNITIES \n**15**Exploration strategy, results and acreage \nacquisitions, 2005 program and new \nventure opportunities. ", - "page_start": 94, - "page_end": 94, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "LEVERAGING BASE BUSINESS \n**12**Production results for 2004 plus a review \nof activities that are creating value in \nSantos’ base business. \n\nCREATING OPPORTUNITIES \n**15**Exploration strategy, results and acreage \nacquisitions, 2005 program and new \nventure opportunities. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Similarly, our reserve replacement \ncost for 2004 is above our target \ndue mainly to the high level \nof expenditure on major \ndevelopment projects during the \nyear. On a three-year average \nbasis, which is more \nrepresentative of the nature \nof the business, the result is \na reserve replacement cost of \nUS$7.19 – much more in line \nwith our target. \n\nThese programs will continue to \ncontribute at even higher levels \ngoing forward for even less cost. \n\n**A PART OF OUR COMMUNITY**\nSantos engages with many \nstakeholders and we believe it \nis important to have rewarding \nrelationships with the communities \nto which we belong. \n\nThe netback achieved in 2004 \nwas an improvement over 2003 \nand was on target due largely to \nhigher average product prices, but \nalso reflected the results of the \ncontinuous improvement program. \nWe sponsor a wide range \nof educational, cultural and \ncommunity events and programs. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "…TO DELIVER ON THE STRATEGY \nSantos continues to tap into the spirit and commitment of the \nentrepreneurs and explorers who laid the Company’s foundations \nas we deliver on our growth strategy. \n\nToday, Santos is a major Australian oil and gas exploration and \nproduction company growing a global energy business through: ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "MANAGING DIRECTOR’S \nREVIEW \n**4**John Ellice-Flint reviews Santos’ 50th year, \nwhere the values embodied in the great \nexplorers of yesteryear are shaping \nSantos today. \n\nSUSTAINABILITY \n**26**Sustainability activities undertaken in \n\nSTOCK EXCHANGE \nAND SHAREHOLDER \nINFORMATION \n**90**Listing of top 20 shareholders, analysis 2004, including safety and environmental \nperformance, employees and communities. \n\nof shares and voting rights. \n\nCORPORATE GOVERNANCE \n**29**Details of the main corporate governance \n\nINFORMATION FOR \nSHAREHOLDERS \n**92**Annual General Meeting, final dividend, \nTHE WORLD OF SANTOS \n**8**Locations of Santos’ global exploration, \ndevelopment and production activities. \n\npractices Santos has in place. \n\nDIRECTORS’ AND SENIOR \nEXECUTIVES’ REMUNERATION \n**37**Remuneration details for Directors and \n\nshareholder enquiries and information \nresources for shareholders. \n\nANALYSING FINANCIAL \nPERFORMANCE \n**10**Putting the numbers in perspective and \nexplaining the 2004 financial results. \nGLOSSARY \n**93**Most frequently used terms explained. \n\nkey executives. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "MANAGING DIRECTOR’S \nREVIEW \n**4**John Ellice-Flint reviews Santos’ 50th year, \nwhere the values embodied in the great \nexplorers of yesteryear are shaping \nSantos today. \n\nSUSTAINABILITY \n**26**Sustainability activities undertaken in \n\nSTOCK EXCHANGE \nAND SHAREHOLDER \nINFORMATION \n**90**Listing of top 20 shareholders, analysis 2004, including safety and environmental \nperformance, employees and communities. \n\nof shares and voting rights. \n\nCORPORATE GOVERNANCE \n**29**Details of the main corporate governance \n\nINFORMATION FOR \nSHAREHOLDERS \n**92**Annual General Meeting, final dividend, \nTHE WORLD OF SANTOS \n**8**Locations of Santos’ global exploration, \ndevelopment and production activities. \n\npractices Santos has in place. \n\nDIRECTORS’ AND SENIOR \nEXECUTIVES’ REMUNERATION \n**37**Remuneration details for Directors and \n\nshareholder enquiries and information \nresources for shareholders. \n\nANALYSING FINANCIAL \nPERFORMANCE \n**10**Putting the numbers in perspective and \nexplaining the 2004 financial results. \nGLOSSARY \n**93**Most frequently used terms explained. \n\nkey executives. ", - "page_start": 94, - "page_end": 94, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nORIENTATION \nPROGRAM FOR \nNEW DIRECTORS ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dear Shareholder, \n\nI am pleased to report that \nin 2004 Santos continued \nto deliver on its strategy to \ntransform the Company into a \ntruly international exploration \nand production business with \nworld-class operations. \n\nWhile the year saw many \npositives in terms of development \nand exploration success, it did \nnot get off to a good start with \nthe incident on New Year’s Day \nat the Moomba processing facility \nin central Australia. \n\nIn addition to our focus \non shareholder value, Santos \ntakes its corporate social \nresponsibilities seriously and \nis committed to sustainability \nas a core value in all operations. \nThe Company’s first Sustainability \nReview was released during \nthe year. \n\nI am confident that the \nsignificant achievements made \nduring 2004 provide Santos with \na solid platform from which to \nachieve future growth with \nincreased value for our \nshareholders. \n\nGroup sales revenue increased by \n2.5% to a record $1,501 million, \nearnings before interest and tax \nimproved by 23% to $574 million \nand net profit after tax rose by \n16% to $380 million. \n\nSantos continues to be \nrecognised for the high quality \nof its corporate governance, \nreceiving a measure of five out \nof five for corporate governance \nfor the third successive year \nin an independent report prepared \nby leading accounting and \nmanagement firm, Horwath, \nand the University of Newcastle. \n\nA large proportion of the costs \nand foregone revenues associated \nwith the repair of the damaged \nplant and the reduced oil and \ngas production volumes are \nbeing recovered under \ninsurance policies. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf", - "query": "What is the primary aim of the OSPRO cohort study ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": " The primary aim of the OSPRO cohort study was to de velop and validate review of systems (i.e. evidence of sys temic involvement) and yellow flag (i.e. pain-related psychological distress) screening tools for use in out patient orthopedic physical therapy settings", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The primary aim of the OSPRO cohort study was to de- \nvelop and validate review of systems (i.e. evidence of sys- \ntemic involvement) and yellow flag (i.e. pain-related \npsychological distress) screening tools for use in out- \npatient orthopedic physical therapy settings. These screen- \ning tools, once validated and refined for clinical decision \nmaking, may improve the value of care delivery by accur- \nately identifying individuals who 1) are appropriate for \nreferral \nof \nnon-musculoskeletal symptoms, and/or 2) would benefit \nfrom enhanced, psychologically-informed physical ther- \napy. Early identification of individuals most appropriate \nfor these modified pathways of care has the potential to \nreduce wasteful downstream health care utilization, limit \nthe risk of unwarranted and costly care escalation, and im- \nprove clinical outcomes. Results of the primary analyses \nexamining the predictive ability of the OSPRO tools for \npain, disability, health status, and comorbidity outcomes \nhave been previously published [20]. Pre-planned second- \nary analyses included prediction of persistent pain state \n[21] and this current analysis predicting future healthcare \nutilization. All subjects consented to participation in the \nstudy and ethics approval was granted by the University of \nFlorida Institutional Review Board. \n\nto other providers for management ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Methods \nDataset and patient population \nThis study used data from the Orthopedic Physical Ther- \napy – Investigative Network’s (OPT-IN) Optimal Screen- \ning for Prediction of Referral and Outcome (OSPRO) \nvalidation cohort study, a longitudinal prospective study \nof individuals with knee, shoulder, back or neck pain seek- \ning Physical Therapy in the US. A convenience sample \nwas recruited from December 2014 and December 2015 \nby participating OPT-IN clinics. The OPT-IN clinics that \nparticipated in data collection represented multiple geo- \ngraphic regions in the US including the Mideast, South- \neast, Great Lakes, Rocky Mountain States and Far West, \nwith an attempt to balance recruitment between urban \nand rural settings over the entire OPT-IN network. Phys- \nical therapists practicing in these clinics identified eligible \nparticipants at initial evaluation and directed them to a se- \ncure study website for the informed consent process and \nbaseline self-report assessment. Eligibility criteria have \nbeen thoroughly reported elsewhere [19] and were \nthat was \nintentionally broad to develop a cohort \ngeneralizable to those seeking physical therapy for com- \nmon musculoskeletal conditions in the US. Participants \ncompleted follow-up self-reported assessments on the \nstudy website at 4 weeks, 6 months and 12 months. Partic- \nipants were notified of a pending assessment by an email \nthat directed them back to the study website to complete \ntheir follow-up assessment. For additional details of the \ndataset and cohort, readers are directed to the published \ncohort profile [19]. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Abbreviations \nCCI: Charlson comorbidity index; OSPRO: Optimal Screening for Prediction of \nReferral and Outcome; OSPRO-ROS: Review of systems screening tool from \nOSPRO cohort study; OSPRO-YF: Pain-related psychological distress screening \ntool from OSPRO cohort study \n\nReceived: 9 November 2017 Accepted: 14 August 2018 ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Assessment tools \nOSPRO Review of Systems tool (OSPRO-ROS) \nThe OSPRO-ROS is a review-of-systems screening tool for \nuse in outpatient orthopedic physical therapy settings [36]. \nThe OSPRO-ROS has demonstrated good concurrent val- \nidity with depression and a comprehensive 97-item battery \n[36] \nof non-musculoskeletal symptoms (i.e., red flags). \nModerate \nthe \ncapabilities of \nstrong predictive \nOSPRO-ROS have been reported for persistence of pain, \nquality of life, and change in comorbidity 12 months fol- \nlowing physical therapy in patients with musculoskeletal \npain [20, 21]. The OSPRO-ROS includes standard symp- \ntom descriptors to aid with identification of systemic or \nnon-musculoskeletal origins of musculoskeletal pain. It \nincludes questions related to symptoms of the cardiovascu- \nlar, gastrointestinal, endocrine, nervous, \nintegumentary, \npulmonary, and musculoskeletal systems. The full-length \n23-item version of the OSPRO-ROS is capable of identify- \ning 100% of positive red-flag responders (i.e. \nindicating \n“yes” to at least one systemic symptom on a questionnaire) \nin outpatient orthopedic physical therapy settings. [36] A \nshorter, 10-item version is also available that has been \n\nto ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In future studies, we will embed the OSPRO tools into \nelectronic medical record (EMR) databases to refine and \ntest outcomes prediction models at the health care systems \nlevel. Importantly, we will collect clinical encounter data \nthrough the EMR and combine it with administrative or \nbilling data to confirm the results of this study with more \nobjective measures of health care use. These studies will \nalso allow us to provide better guidance on how to use the \nOSPRO tools to identify serious psychiatric involvement or \nsystemic sources of pain that require medical referral. Fi- \nnally, we will explore alternative scoring strategies for the \ntools, such as weighted scoring for the OSPRO-ROS and \nuse of predicted full-length psychological questionnaire \nscores for the OSPRO-YF. Healthcare providers could then \nuse the collective information from these studies to build \nlearning health systems that facilitate effective, real-time \nclinical decision-making support to improve value of care \nfor patients with musculoskeletal pain. \n\nConclusion \nBaseline disability and change in pain intensity were im- \nportant predictors of \nsubsequent pain-related \nany \nhealthcare utilization, while predictors of individual ser- \nvice utilization were outcome-specific. Identification of \nrisk is improved through treatment monitoring for pain \nand, in some cases, disability and pain-related psycho- \nlogical distress. Comorbidity burden was an important \npredictor of subsequent utilization of opioids and diag- \nnostic tests and imaging, both of which have been recent \ntargets of healthcare policy to constrain their unneces- \nsary use. Future research is needed to refine these pre- \ndictor variables and incorporate them into risk models \nthat support clinical decision-making so that treatment \neffectiveness and efficiency are optimized in value-based \nsystems. \n\nthe clinical encounter might \n\nThird, we were unable to adequately model the spe- \ncific effects of worker’s compensation, self-pay and some ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 8: Comparison of new DIP and treatment cohorts, by age**\n\n", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Charts showing age-of-onset distributions (by percentage of total cohort) for different**\n**cohorts based on year of first treatment**\n\n", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7 Methodological approaches, available data and research**\n\n**questions**\n\n**7.1 The need for a detailed OSH information base**\nDescribing the**state of OSH**in the EU**requires reliable data**. Many national and European OSH \ninstitutions and research institutes contribute to this data generation, covering a broad array of topics.421 ", - "page_start": 130, - "page_end": 130, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A specific section of this research is the**foresight on the development of risks**at workplaces. Major \ntrends are analysed regarding their impact on OSH; these can be trends like digitalisation including \naspects like robotics, AI virtual work environments, globalisation including aspects like OSH in supply \nchains or migration, green transformation including aspects like circular economy, demographic \nchanges with aspects like ageing, and public health developments like diseases related to prolonged \nsitting.473 ", - "page_start": 134, - "page_end": 134, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The third objective responds to the impact of the pandemic situation in 2020 and 2021. It includes the \ndevelopment of emergency procedures for future similar situations (‘Health crisis’). The Strategic \nFramework repeats and corroborates the value of research and data-based evidence by stating: \n*‘Research and data collection, both at EU and national level, are a pre-condition for the prevention of*\n*work-related diseases and accidents. Scientific advice and the latest technological developments feed*\n*into OSH legislation and policy.’*\n\nAlso, many Member States have agreed on provision of better data as an objective in their national \nstrategies.384 The EU strategy often gives orientation for the development of national OSH strategies. \nUnder the last strategy period, 24 of the 27 Member States had applied a strategy. Many national OSH \nstrategies contained similar targets. EU-OSHA published an overview report on national strategies, and \nthe OSH Barometer contains as one indicator a harmonised overview on the aspects of national \nstrategies.385 \n\nOSH strategies are regarded as an important and innovative policy area, a chance for better \ncollaboration, and also a very relevant joint national OSH activity. Those strategies help in priority setting \nand focused action on weaknesses. Strategies were often agreed in social dialogue processes, and \nmany strategy actors also developed new and better monitoring instruments and indicators.386 Labour \ninspections play an important or essential role in most of these strategies. 387 ", - "page_start": 123, - "page_end": 123, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf", - "query": "What is the range of the pain rating scale ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "Pain intensity was assessed by the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) ranging from “0” (no pain) to “10” (worst pain imaginable)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Pain-related clinical variables \nPain status was determined using established definitions \nthat account for the duration of pain and activity limita- \ntions [22, 23] using the following two questions: 1) \n“How long have you been experiencing your current \npainful symptoms?” and 2) “Have you experienced ANY \npain and activity limitations every day for the past 3 \nmonths?” Responses to question 1 of “greater than 90 \ndays” or responses to question 2 of “Yes” were used to \nclassify patients as having persistent pain at \ninitial \nevaluation. \n\nPain intensity \nPain intensity was assessed by the numerical pain rating \nscale (NPRS) ranging from “0” (no pain) to “10” (worst ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[24–26]. Participants \n\npain imaginable) \nrated their \ncurrent pain intensity, as well as their best (lowest) and \nworst \nthe past 24 h. \nCurrent, best and worst pain ratings were averaged for \npurposes of analysis. \n\nHealthcare utilization predictors \nWe collected potential predictors by self-reported ques- \ntionnaires at initial evaluation using an online study web- \nsite. Participants were directed back to the study website \n4 weeks following initial evaluation to again complete \nquestions on pain intensity, disability, and pain-related \npsychological distress. Change in pain intensity, disability, \nand pain-related psychological distress from baseline to \n4 weeks were modeled as treatment response variables \nand included as potential predictors. \n\n(highest) pain intensity over \n\nRegion-specific disability \nSelf-reported region-specific disability was assessed with \nthe Neck Disability Index [27, 28], Oswestry Disability \nQuestionnaire [29, 30], Quick Disability of Arm Shoulder \nand Hand [31] or International Knee Documentation \nCommittee Subjective Knee Form [32] for cervical, low \nback, shoulder and knee pain, respectively. Region-specific \ndisability measures were z-transformed for purposes of \nanalysis, consistent with our prior work involving multiple \nanatomical regions [33]. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 7: Physical health risks, Ergonomics – EWCS 201559**\n\n", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nChapter 5 \n\nOPERATING STRENGTH \nLIMITATIONS ", - "page_start": 342, - "page_end": 342, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nRANGE PERFORMANCE ", - "page_start": 175, - "page_end": 175, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSPECIFIC \nRANGE \nAPPLICABLE FOR A PARTICLAR \n\n-CONFIGURATION \n-ALTITUDE \n-WEIGHT ", - "page_start": 176, - "page_end": 176, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "vulnerability to food insecurity \n\n0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nFigure 5.3. Flight Strength Diagram ", - "page_start": 352, - "page_end": 352, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSTATIC STRENGTH ", - "page_start": 343, - "page_end": 343, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
21.Beneciuk JM, Lentz TA, He Y, Wu SS, George SZ. Prediction of persistent
musculoskeletal pain at 12 months : a secondary analysis of the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome ( OSPRO ) validation cohort study. Phys Ther. 2018 ; 98 : 290 - 301.22.
Freburger JK, Yolmes GM, Agars RP, Jxckman AM, Dierter JD, Wollace AS, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009 : 169.251 – 8.23.
Carey ' TS, Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Jackman A, Knauer S, Wallace A, et al. Race, care seeking, and utilization for chronic back and neck pain :population perspectives. J Pain Off J Am Pain Soc. 2010 ; 11 : 343 – 50
24.Jensen MP, Turner JA, Romano JM, Fisher LD. Comparative reliability and validity of chronic pain intensity measures. Pain. 1999 ; 83 : 157 – 62.
25.Boltton JE. Accuracy of recall of usual pain intensity in back pain patients. Pain. 1999803.533 – 9.
26.Childs JD, Piva SR, Frkz JM. Responsiveness of the numeric pain rating scale
27.in pirients with low back pain. Spine. 2005 ; X01331 – 4. Venon H. The neck disability index. state - of - the - art, 1991 - 2008. J Manip Physiol Ther. 2008 ; 31491 – 502.
28.Vemon H, Mlor S. The neck disability index : a study of reliability and validity. J Manip Physiol Ther. 1991 ; 14409 – 15.
29.Hudon - Cook N, Tomes - Nicholson K, Breen A. A revised Oswestry disability questionnaire, In Rioland M. Jerner J. editos. Bioli pairs new approaches to rehabilitation and education. New York Manchester Uriviversity Press, 1989. p. 187 –
30.Fritz. IM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire and the Quebec back pain disability scale. Phys Ther. 2001.81 : 776 – 88.
31.Beaton DE, Wright JG, Katz JN, Upper Extremity Collaborative Group. Development of the QuidOASH : comparison of three item - reduction approaches. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 ; 871038 – 46.
32.Irrgang JJ, Anderson AF, Boland AL, Hamer CD, Kurosaka M, Neyret P, et al. Development and validation of the international knee documentation committee subjective knee form. Am J Sports Med 2001 ; 29 : 600 – 13.
33.Butera KA, Lentz TA, Beneciuk JM, George SZ. Preliminary evaluation of a modified STarT back screening tool across different musculoskeletal pain conditions. Phys Ther. 2016 ; 96 : 1251 – 61.
34.Chirison ME, Pompei P, Alex KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies : development and wildation. J Chronic Dis. 1987 ; 40 : 373 - 83.
35.Katz. IN, Chang LC, Sangha O, Fossel AH, Bates DW. Can comorbidity be measured by questionnaire rather than medical record review? Med Care. 1996.94.
36.Geoge S2, Beneckal M, Balosky JE, Limtz TA, Zeppiel G, Pir Q, et al. Development of a review - of - systems screening tool for orthopaedic physical therapists results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral and Outcome ( OSPRR
37.Lenta : TA, Benecivik JM, Biakosky JIL, Zeppier G, Dix Y, Wu SS, et al. Development of a yellow flag assessment tool for orthopsedic physical therapists : results from the Optimal Screening for Prediction of Referral a Outcome ( OSRKO ) coho
38.Benecivk JM, Fritz JM, George SZ. The STarT back screening tool for prediction of 6 - month clinical outcomes : relevance of change partterms in outpatient physical therapy settings. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 201444
39.Myers RH. Classical and modern regression with applications. 2nd ed. Pacific Grove : Duxbury Press ; 2000.
40.Weuve J, Tchetgen Tchetgen E2, Glymour MM, Beck TL, Aggarwal NT, Wilson RS, et al. Accounting for bias due to selective attrition : the example of smoking and cognitive dicline. Epidemiol Canb Mass. 2012.23.119 – 28.
41.Hemiin MA, Hemindez - Diaz S, Robins JM. A structural approach to selection bias. Epidemiol Camb Mass. 2004 ; 15 : 615 – 25.
42.Kent P, Keating JL, Lebzesul - 1lde C. Research methods for subgrouping low bick pain. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2010 ; 10 : 62.
43.Peduzzi P, Concato J, Kemper E, Holford TR, Feinstein AR. A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis. 2 Clin Epidemiol. 1996 ; 49.127.- 9.
44.Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. Sth ed. Boston : Pearson ; 2006.
45.Green SB. How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivar Behav Res. 1991.26499 – 510.
", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf", - "query": "What are the health consequences of musculoskeletal pain ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Musculoskeletal pain is a prevalent and costly health condition with far-reaching public health consequences including chronic pain, disability and opioid-related ad diction [1].", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Background \nMusculoskeletal pain is a prevalent and costly health \ncondition with far-reaching public health consequences \nincluding chronic pain, disability and opioid-related ad- \ndiction [1]. Clinical practice guidelines now recom- \nfrontline \nmend non-pharmacological \nmanagement for musculoskeletal pain, which will lead \n\nto increased utilization of services such as physical \ntherapy [1–3]. Physical therapy is effective for improving \ndisability and reducing costs associated with many muscu- \nloskeletal pain conditions [4–9]. However, pain-related \nhealthcare utilization beyond the physical therapy episode \n(e.g. subsequent use of surgery, injection, opioids, etc.) \nmay indicate suboptimal treatment response, the presence \nof more complex needs, or unwarranted escalation of care. \nDownstream healthcare utilization is not often considered \nas an outcome of care or indication of treatment effective- \nness for musculoskeletal pain. But the importance of \n\ntreatment as \n\n*Correspondence: trevor.lentz@duke.edu \n1Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, 2400 Pratt Street, Durham, \nNC 27705, USA \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article \n\n© The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 \nInternational License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and \nreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to \nthe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver \n(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "233 Norder et al., 2017: Beyond return to work from sickness absence due to mental disorders: 5-year longitudinal \nstudy of employment status among production workers, here \n234 Leka & Jain, 2017: EU Compass for Action on Mental Health and Well-Being - Mental Health in the Workplace \nin Europe \n235 Musculoskeletal disorders refer to backache and/or muscular pains in shoulders, neck, upper limbs and/or \nlower limbs (hips, legs, knees, feet, etc.). In the medical systematic it is the IC 10 group of diseases: Diseases of \nthe musculoskeletal system and connective tissue. \n236 EU-OSHA, 2019: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU \n237 Graveling, 2018: Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the Workplace. A Forensic and \nEpidemiological Analysis \n238 Da Costa & Viera, 2010: Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent \nlongitudinal studies, here \n239 EU-OSHA, 2020: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: why are they still so prevalent? Evidence from a \nliterature review (p. 15). \n240 EU-OSHA, 2019: Summary - Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in \nthe EU (p. 8). \n241 EU-OSHA, 2019: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU \n242 Ibid., p. 174ff. ", - "page_start": 149, - "page_end": 149, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This study was undertaken in a nationwide, US cohort \nof patients receiving outpatient physical therapy for a \nprimary complaint of knee, shoulder, back or neck pain. \nThe primary aim of the analysis was to predict incidence \nof additional pain-related healthcare utilization in the \nyear following the episode of physical therapy for mus- \nculoskeletal pain. We considered factors not commonly \nassessed in outcomes prediction for musculoskeletal \npain, \nlike insurance, comorbidities, and treatment re- \nsponse, as well as those more often associated with \npain-related outcomes (e.g. psychological distress). This \nproject will lead to the development of potentially novel \noutcome prediction models for this population in a com- \nmon, non-pharmacological US healthcare setting. The \nresults of this study will be particularly important in \nvalue-based payment settings where enhanced clinical \ndecision-making drives treatment effectiveness and sys- \ntem efficiency. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 27: Prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases – EWCS 2015**\n\n", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "additional healthcare use is expected following physical \ntherapy, especially among individuals \nthat are on \nlong-term pain management pathways due to chronic or \npersistent symptoms. Yet with over 40% reporting subse- \nquent pain-related healthcare among those completing \nfollow-up, it is apparent that opportunities exist to im- \nprove pathway selection and/or the effectiveness of \ntherapy for individuals with musculoskeletal \nphysical \npain. This finding is particularly notable given recent \nefforts to define physical therapy as an effective first line, \nnon-pharmacological \ntreatment option against more \ninvasive or higher risk services, such as surgery or opioid \nuse, respectively. Predictive variables identified in this \nanalysis can be used to develop risk models that better \ninform pathway selection for those seeking physical ther- \napy for musculoskeletal pain. The precise application of \nthese risk models, and how they inform policy and prac- \ntice should be the target of future study. However, phys- \nical \nincorporate enhanced \ntreatment monitoring to assess ongoing risk for down- \nstream utilization, as well as physical therapist-led inter- \nventions \nimportant \nthoroughly \nmodifiable factors such as pain intensity, disability and \npain-related psychological distress [38]. Improved path- \nway selection might entail the consideration of referral \nto or co-treatment with other providers to more ad- \nequately address non-modifiable characteristics. Collect- \nively, \nthese approaches could improve the value of \nphysical therapy by minimizing risk for high downstream \nhealthcare utilization and potentially unwarranted escal- \nation of care. \n\ntherapy re-design might ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "R E S E A R C H A R T I C L E \n\nPrediction of healthcare utilization \nfollowing an episode of physical therapy \nfor musculoskeletal pain \nTrevor A. Lentz1* , Jason M. Beneciuk2,3 and Steven Z. George4 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the study is longitudinal \nfollow-up at multiple time points following an episode \nof physical therapy for a variety of musculoskeletal pain \nconditions. Anatomical location of pain was not a sig- \nnificant predictor of healthcare use in all but one model, \na \nsuggesting results \nspectrum of musculoskeletal pain conditions. Another \nstrength of this cohort study is the assessment of various \nhealthcare utilization outcomes of interest for establish- \ning health policy. When considered alongside more trad- \nitional pain- or disability-related outcomes prediction \nmodels, these findings will improve the ability of health- \ncare systems and providers \nin \nvalue-based purchasing environments. The consideration \nof multiple screening tools (i.e. yellow flags and review \nof systems) and treatment monitoring variables is also a \nstrength of this study as screening and systematic treat- \nment monitoring are not routine in clinical practice. A \nfinal strength is inclusion of multiple sociodemographic, \nhealth-related and psychosocial factors as potential pre- \ndictors. Healthcare outcomes and utilization exhibit \nemergent properties that require the consideration of \nexplain [50]. \nmultiple, \n\nThe primary strength of \n\nare widely applicable across \n\nUtilization outcomes benchmarks have not been estab- \nlished to determine how the percentage of subsequent \nhealthcare use in this study compares to outcomes using \nother health services. Prior studies suggest physical ther- \napy is associated with reduced incidence of additional \nhealthcare use compared to not using physical therapy \nin patients with acute low back pain [10, 49]. Some competing factors to fully ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The term ‘Musculoskeletal diseases’**covers the most common group of diseases (ICD 11-15 \n‘Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connected tissue’).235 These diseases have the highest \nprevalence, approximately 60% of the EU working population report one or several MSDs. 236 MSDs that \nare caused or made worse by work can be defined as work-related MSDs.237 Work-related MSDs arise \nfrom regular exposure to a certain posture or workload. It is a problem that affects all forms of working \nenvironments, from physically arduous work to low-intensity static work.238 \n\nMoreover,**the prevalence of MSDs is not decreasing**, as could be expected due to the sectoral shifts \nof workforce from industry and agriculture to services. The authors of the EU-OSHA study ‘Work-related \nmusculoskeletal disorders: why are they still so prevalent?’ consider several reasons for this: the \nergonomic burden shifted to other tasks, for example, handling of patients instead of handling of heavy \nloads, more inactivity with other musculoskeletal consequences, more time pressure, an ageing \nworkforce, and inadequate work organisation and contractual arrangements. 239 \n\nThe tremendous shift of workforce to administrative and often digitalised work contributes to an increase \nof the number of workers suffering from the consequences of**physical inactivity**due to**permanent**\n**sedentary work**, mostly with digital equipment. The figure below shows the spread of these diseases \nin different occupations.240 ", - "page_start": 86, - "page_end": 86, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 7: Physical health risks, Ergonomics – EWCS 201559**\n\n", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Prospective identification of risk for high subsequent \nhealthcare utilization is a different approach to out- \ncomes prediction for musculoskeletal pain [12, 13] and \none that has not been evaluated in physical therapy set- \ntings in the US. Most existing outcomes prediction \nmodels focus on pain and disability endpoints [12–14]. \nThey also concentrate on condition-specific and psycho- \nlogical predictors, with less attention to factors that could \ninfluence healthcare utilization more directly [15–17]. \nThese factors include insurance, comorbidities, symp- \ntoms unrelated to the pain condition, and treatment \nresponse. As \nresult, predictors of pain-related \nhealthcare utilization beyond physical therapy are un- \nthese predictors \nknown. A better understanding of \nwill have significant implications for future healthcare \npathway development. For instance, an influence of \nmodifiable factors like pain-related psychological dis- \ntress might imply the need to build clinical pathways \nthat address those factors directly through physical \ntherapist provided intervention. Additionally, under- \nstanding the relative predictive capabilities of baseline \nversus change estimates for modifiable factors would \nclarify whether prediction is improved by routinely \nassessing outcomes during the course of \ntreatment \n(i.e. treatment monitoring) [18]. \n\na ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed5.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf", - "query": "What is Creative Commons ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC Licenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular platforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC \nLicenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular \nplatforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. \nSince 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional \ncopyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and \ninstitutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and \ncultural artifacts. \n\n**Chief Executive Officer**\nAnna Tumadóttir \n\n**General Counsel**\nKat Walsh ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even \ncommercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose \n(even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or \na compatible license. \nCC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for \nnoncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the \nwork for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to \nthe creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the \nsame or a compatible license. \nCC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for \nany purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. \nCC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the \nunadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give \nattribution to the licensor. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This is a frame from “Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)” by Ryan Junell and Glenn \nOtis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open \nand public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the \nvideo on Flickr. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers: \n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be \nused by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \n\"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of \nthe legal code and key terms. \n\"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to \nrecognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast**six CC Licenses**and \ntwo public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing. \n\n**We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content**\n**were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n\nOur legal and technology staff \ncontinued to make key \ninfrastructure updates and \nmanage daily maintenance to \nensure these Licenses work for \neveryone. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Public domain works are valuable because anyone \ncan freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for \nany purposes without restriction under copyright \nor database law. \n\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and \nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as \ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers \nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that \nare already in the public domain. \n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, \nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain \nMark. Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors \nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 \nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate \ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM \nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already \nfree of known copyright restrictions. \n\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum \n\nCC0 \nPublic \ndomain \nSome rights \nreserved All rights \nreserved \n\nPDM \nNo known \ncopyright ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2023 was a busy year at Creative \nCommons. Our**Open Culture**program \nand**Open Climate Campaign**entered \ntheir third and second years, respectively. \nWe hosted our first in-person CC Global \nSummit since 2019 in Mexico City. We \nheld critical consultations and open \npanels on AI, copyright, and the CC \nLicenses, cultural heritage, education, \nand science; and we launched our**Open**\n**Infrastructure Circle**in an effort to \nensure the CC Licenses are funded well \ninto the future. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which \npermits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf", - "query": "When was the first CC licence created?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "The first CC License was created in 2002.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast**six CC Licenses**and \ntwo public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing. \n\n**We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content**\n**were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n\nOur legal and technology staff \ncontinued to make key \ninfrastructure updates and \nmanage daily maintenance to \nensure these Licenses work for \neveryone. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Training in how to use CC Licenses is**\n**key to their adoption.**\n\nWe offer a ten-week**CC Certificate**program that is now tailored not only to the \neducation and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums \nand**available in 10 languages**. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC \nLicenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular \nplatforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. \nSince 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional \ncopyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and \ninstitutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and \ncultural artifacts. \n\n**Chief Executive Officer**\nAnna Tumadóttir \n\n**General Counsel**\nKat Walsh ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMOBILE \nCOMMERCE ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers: \n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be \nused by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \n\"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of \nthe legal code and key terms. \n\"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to \nrecognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.2.6 How to view licensing information**\n\nLicensing information is available for all datasets associated with common licences, which are \nsupported by the Licence Assistant. When available a link to the assistant is provided on left side of a \ndataset page. \n\nBy clicking on the**licence name**(here: cc-by), the Licence Assistant tool is opened in a new window, \ndisplaying relevant information for this particular licence. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even \ncommercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose \n(even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or \na compatible license. \nCC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for \nnoncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the \nwork for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to \nthe creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the \nsame or a compatible license. \nCC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for \nany purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. \nCC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the \nunadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give \nattribution to the licensor. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted \n\nin any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, \n\nrecording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in \n\nwriting from the publisher. Subject to any applicable licensing terms and conditions in \n\nthe case of electronically supplied publications, a person may engage in fair dealing \n\nwith a copy of this publication for his or her personal or private use, or his or her \n\nresearch or private study. See Section 12(1)(a) of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf", - "query": "To what subjects Creative Commons expand its work in 2023 ?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "We expanded our work in biodiversity, climate, and life sciences focused on ensuring that science research and data are open", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "2023 was a busy year at Creative \nCommons. Our**Open Culture**program \nand**Open Climate Campaign**entered \ntheir third and second years, respectively. \nWe hosted our first in-person CC Global \nSummit since 2019 in Mexico City. We \nheld critical consultations and open \npanels on AI, copyright, and the CC \nLicenses, cultural heritage, education, \nand science; and we launched our**Open**\n**Infrastructure Circle**in an effort to \nensure the CC Licenses are funded well \ninto the future. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Areas of Exploration**\n\n**Support for Creators in the**\n**Time of Artificial Intelligence**\n\nIn 2023, we convened hundreds via \nroundtables, community conferences \n(e.g.**MozFest**,**Wikimania**), and public \nevents (e.g. symposium on**Generative**\n**AI & Creativity**)to debate copyright law, \nthe ethics of open sharing, and other \nrelevant areas that touch AI. \n\nAt our CC Global Summit, participants \ndrafted**community-driven principles**\non AI that are a valuable input and will \nhelp inform the organization’s thinking \nas we determine CC’s exact role in the AI \nspace. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast**six CC Licenses**and \ntwo public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing. \n\n**We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content**\n**were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n\nOur legal and technology staff \ncontinued to make key \ninfrastructure updates and \nmanage daily maintenance to \nensure these Licenses work for \neveryone. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**In 2023, we greatly expanded our CC Licenses**\n**training and education offerings:**\n\n**19 Workshops & Trainings**\nwith institutions like ALA, Connecticut Humanities & State University of New York, \nDigital Research Alliance of Canada, and WikiConf North America. \n\n**2 Week-Long CC Certificate Bootcamps**\nfor California Community Colleges. \n\n**27 Webinars**\non topics like the basics of Open Culture, the possibilties of Open Educational \nResources (OER) for business-university cooperation, and the future of CC Licenses \nin digital and online education. \n\n**12 CC Legal Open Office Hours**\nhosted by our legal team, providing a personalized opportunity for the CC \ncommunity to ask questions about CC Licenses, open access, and sharing. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Our Impact**\n\nCC believes that opening up knowledge is key to addressing the world’s most \npressing challenges. Today, we steer campaigns, programming, and training in \nmany areas: \n\n**Open Culture**\n2023 was quite a year for the CC \nOpen Culture Program, thanks to \ngenerous funding from**Arcadia**. \nWe grew our Open Culture team \nfrom one to two and a half staff, \nrolling out new initiatives like \nTAROC (Towards a \nRecommendation on Open \nCulture) and**Open Culture Live:**\n**A Webinar Series**. We invite you \nto read “**What did Creative**\n**Commons do for Open Culture**\n**in 2023?**” to learn more. \n\n**Open Education**\nWe delivered workshops and \npresentations on CC Licenses and \nOpen Educational Resources at \nover 16 conferences and events. \nThe CC Open Education Platform \nalso funded six global projects, \n**including work to advance the**\n**UNESCO Recommendation on**\n**OER.**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which \npermits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC \nLicenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular \nplatforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. \nSince 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional \ncopyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and \ninstitutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and \ncultural artifacts. \n\n**Chief Executive Officer**\nAnna Tumadóttir \n\n**General Counsel**\nKat Walsh ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " In the EU, the 2019 Copyright Directive introduced specific provisions on the \"use of out-of-commerce \n\n17 \nworks and other subject matter by cultural heritage institutions\" (Articles 8-11 CDSMD). These \nprovisions allow cultural heritage institutions to \"make available, for non-commercial purposes, out-of- \ncommerce works or other subject matter permanently in their collections\". The limitation to non- \ncommercial purposes means that works made available under these provisions would be of limited use \nin building a books data commons. \n\n For one assessment of the difficulties of complying with the CC licenses in this context, to the extent \n18 \nthey are applicable, see Lee, K., A. Feder Cooper, & Grimmelmann, J. (2023). Talkin’ ‘Bout AI Generation: \nCopyright and the Generative AI Supply Chain. Forthcoming,*Journal of the Copyright Society*2024. \nhttps://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4523551. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " See e.g. Comments from Sprigman, Samuelson, Sag to Copyright Office, October 2023, at https:// \n19 \nwww.regulations.gov/comment/COLC-2023-0006-10299 as well as many other submissions to the US \ncopyright office; see also Advocacy, Katherine Klosek, Director of Information Policy and Federal \nRelations, Association of Research Libraries (ARL), and Marjory S. Blumenthal, Senior Policy Fellow, \nAmerican Library Association (ALA) Office of Public Policy and. “Training Generative AI Models on \nCopyrighted Works Is Fair Use.”*Association of Research Libraries*, 23 Jan. 2024, www.arl.org/blog/ \ntraining-generative-ai-models-on-copyrighted-works-is-fair-use/. \n\n See Articles 3 and 4 of the EU’s Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market \n20 \n— https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj. \n\n Japan clarified its laws in 2018 to make clear that this type of use is permitted — see discussion in \n\n21 \nTestimony of Matthew Sag, July 2023, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ \n2023-07-12_pm_-_testimony_-_sag.pdf, see also Fiil-Flynn, S.*et al.*(2022)*Legal reform to enhance global*\n*text and Data Mining Research*,*Science*. Available at: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/ \nscience.add6124 (Accessed: 28 Sept. 2023). ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf", - "query": "From which country does Killam Properties Inc originate ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "Killam Properties Inc. is a growth oriented Canadian real estate company.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nKillam properties inc \n**2013 annual report**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "about Killam properties inc. \nKillam Properties Inc. is a growth oriented Canadian real estate \ncompany. We own, manage and develop multi-family residential \nproperties in Atlantic Canada and Ontario. Since our first acquisition \nin 2002, our real estate portfolio has grown to $1.5 billion and \nincludes 12,647 apartment units and 5,164 manufactured home \ncommunity (MHC) sites. We are committed to growing Killam’s \nearnings by maximizing the returns from our existing portfolio and \nexpanding through acquisitions and development. \n\nour mission \nTo have a team of caring staff deliver clean, safe, quality housing to \ntenants who are proud to call our properties home. \n\nour core Values \n\nDo the \n**Right**\nThing \nStrong \n**Customer**\nRelationships Creative \n**Solutions** Curb \n**Appeal** **Build**\nCommunity ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**PART II**\n\n**Business Overview**\n\nKillam Properties Inc., based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, is one of Canada’s largest residential landlords, owning, operating, managing and developing \nmulti‑family residential and Manufactured Home Community (“MHC”) properties. Killam’s 164 apartment properties are located in Atlantic \nCanada’s six largest urban centres and in Ontario. The Company’s 35 MHCs are located in Ontario and Atlantic Canada. The value of Killam’s \nreal estate assets at December 31, 2013, was $1.5 billion. Killam is focused on growing its portfolio, maximizing the value of its properties and \nincreasing FFo per share. \n\nKillam was founded in 2000, based on the recognition of an opportunity to create value through the consolidation of apartments in Atlantic \nCanada and MHCs across Canada. Killam’s first apartment was purchased in 2002 and its first MHC was purchased in 2003. From 2002 to 2009, \nKillam’s apartment portfolio grew through the acquisition of properties in Atlantic Canada’s six largest cities, namely Halifax, Moncton, Saint \nJohn, Fredericton, St. John’s and Charlottetown. Killam is now Atlantic Canada’s largest residential landlord, with a 14.2% market share of the \nmulti‑family rental units in these core markets. Killam entered the Ontario apartment market in 2010, and today owns twelve properties in the \nprovince, including assets in Toronto, Ottawa, London and Cambridge. Killam plans to expand its presence in Ontario with additional acquisitions \nand developments. The apartment business is Killam’s largest business segment, accounting for 86% of the Company’s NOI from property \noperations and equity income in 2013. At December 31, 2013, Killam’s apartment portfolio consisted of 12,647 units. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1. Corporate Information**\n\nKillam Properties Inc (“Killam” or the “Company”) is a real estate company specializing in the acquisition, management and development of \nmulti‑residential apartment buildings and manufactured home communities in Canada. Killam is incorporated under the Canada Business \nCorporations Act. Killam’s common shares are publicly traded and listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “KMP”. The \nconsolidated financial statements comprise the financial statements of Killam and its subsidiaries as at December 31, 2013**.**the company’s \nhead office operations are located at 3700 Kempt Road, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 4X8 and the Company’s registered office is located at \n2571 Windsor Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3K 5C4. \n\nThe consolidated financial statements of the Company for the year ended December 31, 2013, were authorized for issue in accordance \nwith a resolution of the Board of Directors on Tuesday, February 18, 2014. \n\n**2. Significant Accounting Policies**\n\n**(A) Statement of Compliance**\n\nThese consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as \nissued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). ", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "increasing Geographic \nDiversification \n\nWith a home base in Halifax, Killam’s roots are in atlantic canada and the \ncompany has successfully grown by consolidating the residential real estate \nmarket in the region’s urban centres. in order to meet its long-term growth \ntargets and increase its investment in canada’s most dynamic real estate \nmarkets, Killam has been actively expanding its apartment portfolio in ontario \nand is exploring investment opportunities in Western canada. since 2010, \nKillam has expanded its apartment target markets to include specific cities \nin ontario, and has invested approximately $200 million in real estate assets \nin the province. approximately 15% of Killam’s 2014 net operating income is \nexpected to be earned in ontario. the company has set a long-term target to \nearn 50% of its net operating income outside atlantic canada. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With strong demand for the acquisition of apartments over the last three years, cap‑rates have declined and the pricing differential between \nolder and newer buildings has reduced. This enables Killam to increase the amount of newer apartments in its portfolio without paying a \nsignificant premium for quality assets. \n\n**Geographic Diversification**\n\nGeographic diversification in the apartment segment is a priority for Killam. With a 14.2% market share in its core markets in Atlantic Canada, \nKillam is the region’s largest residential landlord. The maximum market share Management foresees Killam reaching in Atlantic Canada is \nbetween 15%‑18%. With Atlantic Canada representing only 4.9% of the Canadian rental market, Killam’s growth opportunities increase \nsignificantly when considering assets outside Atlantic Canada. \n\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is actively building \na portfolio in targeted Ontario markets, including Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment in \nOntario, and potentially Western Canada, will increase the Company’s diversification and exposure in high growth centres in Canada. Based on \nthe Company’s portfolio at year‑end, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario. Management has set a long‑term target of growing \nthe amount of NOI generated outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "a Diversified portfolio \n\nKillam has a diverse portfolio of both apartments and manufactured home communities. The \napartment portfolio represents 86% of Killam’s earnings and includes a variety of property types, \nsuch as high-rises, mid-rises and walk-ups, in nine urban centres across five provinces. With a wide \nselection of properties and price points in each city, Killam caters to a broad tenant base. \nKillam’s 35 manufactured home communities represent 14% of earnings and are located \nprimarily in Nova Scotia and Ontario. The manufactured home communities complement the \napartment business, providing stable and predictable cash flows. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Killam complements its acquisition program with the construction of apartment buildings. During 2013, Killam completed the development \nof four projects totalling 282 units and commenced two additional projects in the second half of the year. Management does not expect \ndevelopments to exceed 5% of the total asset base in any given year. \n\nIn addition, the Company owns MHCs, also known as land‑lease communities or trailer parks. Killam owns the land and infrastructure supporting \neach community and leases the lots to tenants, who own their own homes and pay Killam a monthly site rent. Killam owns 35 communities \nwhich accounted for 14% of Killam’s NOI in 2013. During the year Killam sold ten MHC properties located in New Brunswick, allowing the \nCompany to crystallize the value of the properties at attractive cap‑rates and use the funds to continue to grow the apartment portfolio. \n\n**Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)**\n\nManagement measures Killam’s performance based on the following KPIs: ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2013, Killam sold a portfolio of ten MHCs in New Brunswick that allowed Killam to crystallize the increased value of this portfolio at attractive \ncap‑rates. This creates moderate short‑term dilution but it provides the Company with funds to continue its geographic diversification by \naccretively growing its apartment portfolio in Ontario. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "opportunities for Growth \n\nKillam’s growth opportunities include increasing earnings of its existing \nportfolio and expanding the portfolio through acquisitions and development. \nacquisitions have been an important part of Killam’s growth, having completed \nover $1.1 billion in acquisitions since the first property was acquired in 2002. \nKillam began development as a complement to its acquisition program in 2010, \nand to-date has invested approximately $90 million in new developments. \n2013 was Killam’s largest year for growth since 2005, adding $191 million of \nproperties to the portfolio, including $121 million in acquisitions and $70 \nmillion in new developments. looking ahead to 2014, Killam has targeted \na minimum of $75 million in acquisitions, and the development of two new \napartment buildings totaling approximately $46 million. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf", - "query": "How Killam Properties Inc does increase its geographic diversification ? ", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "We are increasing our geographic diversification by expanding our apartment ownership outside Atlantic Canada. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "increasing Geographic \nDiversification \n\nWith a home base in Halifax, Killam’s roots are in atlantic canada and the \ncompany has successfully grown by consolidating the residential real estate \nmarket in the region’s urban centres. in order to meet its long-term growth \ntargets and increase its investment in canada’s most dynamic real estate \nmarkets, Killam has been actively expanding its apartment portfolio in ontario \nand is exploring investment opportunities in Western canada. since 2010, \nKillam has expanded its apartment target markets to include specific cities \nin ontario, and has invested approximately $200 million in real estate assets \nin the province. approximately 15% of Killam’s 2014 net operating income is \nexpected to be earned in ontario. the company has set a long-term target to \nearn 50% of its net operating income outside atlantic canada. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With strong demand for the acquisition of apartments over the last three years, cap‑rates have declined and the pricing differential between \nolder and newer buildings has reduced. This enables Killam to increase the amount of newer apartments in its portfolio without paying a \nsignificant premium for quality assets. \n\n**Geographic Diversification**\n\nGeographic diversification in the apartment segment is a priority for Killam. With a 14.2% market share in its core markets in Atlantic Canada, \nKillam is the region’s largest residential landlord. The maximum market share Management foresees Killam reaching in Atlantic Canada is \nbetween 15%‑18%. With Atlantic Canada representing only 4.9% of the Canadian rental market, Killam’s growth opportunities increase \nsignificantly when considering assets outside Atlantic Canada. \n\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is actively building \na portfolio in targeted Ontario markets, including Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment in \nOntario, and potentially Western Canada, will increase the Company’s diversification and exposure in high growth centres in Canada. Based on \nthe Company’s portfolio at year‑end, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario. Management has set a long‑term target of growing \nthe amount of NOI generated outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Geographic Diversification is a Priority**\n\nGeographic diversification is a priority for Killam. Our asset base in Atlantic \nCanada is the foundation of the Company; however, with Atlantic Canada \nrepresenting only 5% of the Canadian rental market, our growth opportunities \nincrease significantly by expanding our target markets outside of this region. \nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more \ngeographically diverse portfolio. We are actively growing a portfolio of \napartments in Ontario in three target markets: Ottawa, the Greater Toronto \nArea, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment outside Atlantic \nCanada will increase not only Killam’s growth potential, it will also expand the \nCompany’s diversification and exposure to higher growth markets. \n\nAcquisitions in Ontario represented 45% of acquisitions in 2013. In addition \nto 1,359 apartment units in the province, we also have 2,144 manufactured \nhome community sites, representing 29% of the MHC NOI last year. Based on \nour current portfolio, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario, \ncompared to our longer-term goal of generating 50% of NOI outside Atlantic \nCanada. We expect to reach this goal by focusing acquisition activity in \nOntario, with the majority of future investment anticipated in the province over \nthe next few years. We will look for additional development opportunities in \nOntario and we are exploring opportunities in Western Canada, attracted by \nthe strong population growth trends in Alberta’s urban markets. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nKillam properties inc \n**2013 annual report**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "about Killam properties inc. \nKillam Properties Inc. is a growth oriented Canadian real estate \ncompany. We own, manage and develop multi-family residential \nproperties in Atlantic Canada and Ontario. Since our first acquisition \nin 2002, our real estate portfolio has grown to $1.5 billion and \nincludes 12,647 apartment units and 5,164 manufactured home \ncommunity (MHC) sites. We are committed to growing Killam’s \nearnings by maximizing the returns from our existing portfolio and \nexpanding through acquisitions and development. \n\nour mission \nTo have a team of caring staff deliver clean, safe, quality housing to \ntenants who are proud to call our properties home. \n\nour core Values \n\nDo the \n**Right**\nThing \nStrong \n**Customer**\nRelationships Creative \n**Solutions** Curb \n**Appeal** **Build**\nCommunity ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2013, Killam sold a portfolio of ten MHCs in New Brunswick that allowed Killam to crystallize the increased value of this portfolio at attractive \ncap‑rates. This creates moderate short‑term dilution but it provides the Company with funds to continue its geographic diversification by \naccretively growing its apartment portfolio in Ontario. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "opportunities for Growth \n\nKillam’s growth opportunities include increasing earnings of its existing \nportfolio and expanding the portfolio through acquisitions and development. \nacquisitions have been an important part of Killam’s growth, having completed \nover $1.1 billion in acquisitions since the first property was acquired in 2002. \nKillam began development as a complement to its acquisition program in 2010, \nand to-date has invested approximately $90 million in new developments. \n2013 was Killam’s largest year for growth since 2005, adding $191 million of \nproperties to the portfolio, including $121 million in acquisitions and $70 \nmillion in new developments. looking ahead to 2014, Killam has targeted \na minimum of $75 million in acquisitions, and the development of two new \napartment buildings totaling approximately $46 million. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Business Strategy**\n\n**Maximize NOI from Existing Portfolio**\n\nManagement is focused on increasing the value of its real estate portfolio by maximizing revenue and operating efficiencies. To achieve NOI \ngrowth, Killam must address three critical factors; occupancy, rental rates, and operating costs. The Company focuses on customer service, \ninvesting in its properties, leasing and marketing initiatives, and training its employees to maximize these outcomes. \n\nManagement is able to directly control approximately 40% of operating expenses, including labour costs, repairs and maintenance and property \ngeneral and administrative expenses. The remaining operating costs, including utilities and property taxes, are less controllable. Killam’s \napartments are currently heated with a combination of natural gas, electricity and oil. Volatile oil and natural gas prices have an impact on \nKillam’s operating costs. To mitigate this volatility, the Company is active in energy conservation initiatives and regularly monitors its energy \nusage. \n\n**Growth through Acquisitions**\n\nKillam is expanding its portfolio by acquiring newer, centrally located buildings and is focused on Ontario. During 2013 Killam completed $121.1 \nmillion in acquisitions, including properties in Toronto, Ottawa, Moncton and Prince Edward Island. \n\n**Growth through Development**\n\nKillam enhances its portfolio growth opportunities by developing properties. Killam started apartment developments in 2010 and has completed \nfive properties to‑date, including four in 2013. Building new properties directly allows Killam to control the quality and features of the buildings, \nmaximizes the use of excess land and eliminates the seller’s profit, generating higher returns than through acquisitions. Management expects to \nlimit development projects to approximately 5% of the balance sheet on an annual basis. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**PART VIII**\n\n**Risk Management**\nKillam faces a variety of risks, the majority of which are common to real estate entities. Real estate investments are generally subject to varying \ndegrees of risk, depending on the nature of the property. These risks include (i) changes in general economic conditions, (ii) changes in local \nconditions (such as an oversupply of space or a reduction in demand for real estate in the area), (iii) changes to government regulations (such as \nnew or revised residential tenant legislations), (iv) competition from others with available space, and (v) the ability of the landlord or owner to \nprovide adequate maintenance economically. \n\nReal estate is relatively illiquid. Such illiquidity will tend to limit Killam’s ability to rebalance its portfolio promptly in response to changing \neconomic or investment conditions. In addition, financial difficulties of other property owners, resulting in distress sales, may depress real estate \nvalues in the markets in which the company operates. \n\nKillam’s exposure to general risks associated with real estate investments is mitigated with both its geographic diversification, and investments in \nboth apartments and mHcs. \n\nKillam is exposed to other risks, as outlined below: \n\n**Interest Rate Risk**\nInterest risk is the risk that the Company would experience lower returns as the result of its exposure to a higher interest rate environment. The \nCompany is exposed to interest rate risk as a result of its mortgages and loans payable, however this risk is mitigated through the Company’s \nstrategy to have the majority of its mortgages payable in fixed‑term arrangements. The Company also structures its financings so as to stagger \nthe maturities of its debt, minimizing the Company’s exposure to interest rates in any one year. ", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "a Diversified portfolio \n\nKillam has a diverse portfolio of both apartments and manufactured home communities. The \napartment portfolio represents 86% of Killam’s earnings and includes a variety of property types, \nsuch as high-rises, mid-rises and walk-ups, in nine urban centres across five provinces. With a wide \nselection of properties and price points in each city, Killam caters to a broad tenant base. \nKillam’s 35 manufactured home communities represent 14% of earnings and are located \nprimarily in Nova Scotia and Ontario. The manufactured home communities complement the \napartment business, providing stable and predictable cash flows. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf", - "query": "What is the Killam Properties Inc 2013 performance about the Geographic Diversification objective ?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "Target achieved. Killam acquired $55 million in Ontario real estate in 2013, representing 45% of its acquisition program in the year. Assets acquired included a 102-unit property in Ottawa, a newly built, 179-unit, mixed-used property in downtown Toronto and a 5.2 acre parcel of land for development in Cambridge, Ontario. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 4 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nKillam properties inc \n**2013 annual report**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Geographic Diversification is a Priority**\n\nGeographic diversification is a priority for Killam. Our asset base in Atlantic \nCanada is the foundation of the Company; however, with Atlantic Canada \nrepresenting only 5% of the Canadian rental market, our growth opportunities \nincrease significantly by expanding our target markets outside of this region. \nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more \ngeographically diverse portfolio. We are actively growing a portfolio of \napartments in Ontario in three target markets: Ottawa, the Greater Toronto \nArea, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment outside Atlantic \nCanada will increase not only Killam’s growth potential, it will also expand the \nCompany’s diversification and exposure to higher growth markets. \n\nAcquisitions in Ontario represented 45% of acquisitions in 2013. In addition \nto 1,359 apartment units in the province, we also have 2,144 manufactured \nhome community sites, representing 29% of the MHC NOI last year. Based on \nour current portfolio, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario, \ncompared to our longer-term goal of generating 50% of NOI outside Atlantic \nCanada. We expect to reach this goal by focusing acquisition activity in \nOntario, with the majority of future investment anticipated in the province over \nthe next few years. We will look for additional development opportunities in \nOntario and we are exploring opportunities in Western Canada, attracted by \nthe strong population growth trends in Alberta’s urban markets. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "increasing Geographic \nDiversification \n\nWith a home base in Halifax, Killam’s roots are in atlantic canada and the \ncompany has successfully grown by consolidating the residential real estate \nmarket in the region’s urban centres. in order to meet its long-term growth \ntargets and increase its investment in canada’s most dynamic real estate \nmarkets, Killam has been actively expanding its apartment portfolio in ontario \nand is exploring investment opportunities in Western canada. since 2010, \nKillam has expanded its apartment target markets to include specific cities \nin ontario, and has invested approximately $200 million in real estate assets \nin the province. approximately 15% of Killam’s 2014 net operating income is \nexpected to be earned in ontario. the company has set a long-term target to \nearn 50% of its net operating income outside atlantic canada. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With strong demand for the acquisition of apartments over the last three years, cap‑rates have declined and the pricing differential between \nolder and newer buildings has reduced. This enables Killam to increase the amount of newer apartments in its portfolio without paying a \nsignificant premium for quality assets. \n\n**Geographic Diversification**\n\nGeographic diversification in the apartment segment is a priority for Killam. With a 14.2% market share in its core markets in Atlantic Canada, \nKillam is the region’s largest residential landlord. The maximum market share Management foresees Killam reaching in Atlantic Canada is \nbetween 15%‑18%. With Atlantic Canada representing only 4.9% of the Canadian rental market, Killam’s growth opportunities increase \nsignificantly when considering assets outside Atlantic Canada. \n\nWith its strong operating platform, Killam can support a larger and more geographically diverse portfolio. The Company is actively building \na portfolio in targeted Ontario markets, including Ottawa, the Greater Toronto Area, and Southwestern Ontario. An increased investment in \nOntario, and potentially Western Canada, will increase the Company’s diversification and exposure in high growth centres in Canada. Based on \nthe Company’s portfolio at year‑end, 15% of Killam’s 2014 NOI will be generated in Ontario. Management has set a long‑term target of growing \nthe amount of NOI generated outside of Atlantic Canada to 50%. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Geographic**\n**Diversification**\n\n2013 acquisition \nprogram to include \ninvestments in Ontario. \n\nTarget achieved. Killam acquired $55 million in \nOntario real estate in 2013, representing 45% \nof its acquisition program in the year. Assets \nacquired included a 102-unit property in \nOttawa, a newly built, 179-unit, mixed-used \nproperty in downtown Toronto and a 5.2 acre \nparcel of land for development in Cambridge, \nOntario. \n\n**Growth in Same Store**\n**Net Operating Income**\n**(NOI)**\n\nSame store NOI growth \nof 2% to 4% in 2013. \n\nTarget not achieved. Despite generating 1.8% \ngrowth in same store revenue, high natural gas \nprices in Atlantic Canada caused total same \nstore utility and fuel expenses to increase 13.8% \nduring the year, which resulted in a decrease in \nsame store NOI of 0.4% for the year. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2013, Killam sold a portfolio of ten MHCs in New Brunswick that allowed Killam to crystallize the increased value of this portfolio at attractive \ncap‑rates. This creates moderate short‑term dilution but it provides the Company with funds to continue its geographic diversification by \naccretively growing its apartment portfolio in Ontario. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Continued Geographic Expansion in Ontario**\n\nKillam acquired two buildings in Ontario during 2013 including a 102‑unit building located in Ottawa for $10.4 million as well as a newly \nconstructed, 8‑storey, mixed‑use complex containing 21,242 square feet of street level retail (TD Bank, Shoppers Drug Mart and Tim Hortons) and \n179 apartment units in downtown Toronto for $40.0 million. With the completion of these two acquisitions, Killam’s future NOI generated from \nits Ontario properties is expected to increase to 15.0% from 7.5%. \n\n**Reduced Cap‑Rate Compression in 2013**\n\nDuring 2013 Killam recorded $13.1 million in fair value gains related to its portfolio compared to $37.7 million in 2012. This decrease \nyear‑over‑year was driven by a combination of reduced cap‑rate compression in 2013 and a slight uptick in cap‑rates of 25 bps in the Saint John \nmarket in the fourth quarter of 2013. The net gain in real estate valuations does not impact the Company’s FFO per share, its key measure of \nperformance. \n\n**Dividend Increase**\n\non December 23, 2013, Killam announced an increase in its annual dividend by 3.4% to $0.60 per share from $0.58 per share. the increase \nreflects Management’s expectation of earning’s growth to be generated in 2014. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Business Strategy**\n\n**Maximize NOI from Existing Portfolio**\n\nManagement is focused on increasing the value of its real estate portfolio by maximizing revenue and operating efficiencies. To achieve NOI \ngrowth, Killam must address three critical factors; occupancy, rental rates, and operating costs. The Company focuses on customer service, \ninvesting in its properties, leasing and marketing initiatives, and training its employees to maximize these outcomes. \n\nManagement is able to directly control approximately 40% of operating expenses, including labour costs, repairs and maintenance and property \ngeneral and administrative expenses. The remaining operating costs, including utilities and property taxes, are less controllable. Killam’s \napartments are currently heated with a combination of natural gas, electricity and oil. Volatile oil and natural gas prices have an impact on \nKillam’s operating costs. To mitigate this volatility, the Company is active in energy conservation initiatives and regularly monitors its energy \nusage. \n\n**Growth through Acquisitions**\n\nKillam is expanding its portfolio by acquiring newer, centrally located buildings and is focused on Ontario. During 2013 Killam completed $121.1 \nmillion in acquisitions, including properties in Toronto, Ottawa, Moncton and Prince Edward Island. \n\n**Growth through Development**\n\nKillam enhances its portfolio growth opportunities by developing properties. Killam started apartment developments in 2010 and has completed \nfive properties to‑date, including four in 2013. Building new properties directly allows Killam to control the quality and features of the buildings, \nmaximizes the use of excess land and eliminates the seller’s profit, generating higher returns than through acquisitions. Management expects to \nlimit development projects to approximately 5% of the balance sheet on an annual basis. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "about Killam properties inc. \nKillam Properties Inc. is a growth oriented Canadian real estate \ncompany. We own, manage and develop multi-family residential \nproperties in Atlantic Canada and Ontario. Since our first acquisition \nin 2002, our real estate portfolio has grown to $1.5 billion and \nincludes 12,647 apartment units and 5,164 manufactured home \ncommunity (MHC) sites. We are committed to growing Killam’s \nearnings by maximizing the returns from our existing portfolio and \nexpanding through acquisitions and development. \n\nour mission \nTo have a team of caring staff deliver clean, safe, quality housing to \ntenants who are proud to call our properties home. \n\nour core Values \n\nDo the \n**Right**\nThing \nStrong \n**Customer**\nRelationships Creative \n**Solutions** Curb \n**Appeal** **Build**\nCommunity ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Total property revenue for the year ended December 31, 2013, excluding the properties held through the Company’s joint ventures, was $141.1 \nmillion, a 5.6% increase in revenue over the same periods in 2012. The growth was generated through revenue from acquisitions, developments \nand increased rental rates, partially offset by increased vacancy. \n\nKillam’s total property operating expenses increased 9.2% for 2013 compared to 2012, decreasing the operating margins by 140 bps during \nthe year. The overall decrease in the operating margin can be attributed to higher utility costs and new acquisitions and developments in the \nlease‑up phase that were not yet stabilized during 2013. As well, 2013 had a higher percentage of apartment units versus MHC sites than 2012, \nwhich operate with a slightly lower margin. \n\nSame store property NOI reflects the 172 stabilized properties that Killam has owned for equivalent periods in 2013 and 2012. The same store \nanalysis includes 15,848 units and sites, or 89% of Killam’s portfolio. Home sales are excluded from the analysis. Same store properties realized \nnet revenue growth of 1.8% in 2013. This growth was offset by a 5.0% increase in same store expenses. The main driver of the increased \nproperty expenses was higher utility costs, generating a decrease in NOI of 40 bps compared to 2012. These variances are discussed in more \ndetail in the Apartment and MHC results sections of the MD&A. ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf", - "query": "What is the conventional workflow for BERT ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "The conventional workflow for BERT consists of two stages: pre-training and fine-tuning. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Fundamentally, BERT is a stack of Transformer \nencoder layers (Vaswani et al., 2017) which consist \nof multiple self-attention \"heads\". For every input \ntoken in a sequence, each head computes key, value \nand query vectors, used to create a weighted repre- \nsentation. The outputs of all heads in the same layer \nare combined and run through a fully-connected \nlayer. Each layer is wrapped with a skip connection \nand followed by layer normalization. \n\nThe conventional workflow for BERT consists \nof two stages: pre-training and fine-tuning. Pre- \ntraining uses two self-supervised tasks: masked \nlanguage modeling (MLM, prediction of randomly \nmasked input tokens) and next sentence prediction \n(NSP, predicting if two input sentences are adjacent \nto each other). In fine-tuning for downstream ap- \nplications, one or more fully-connected layers are \ntypically added on top of the final encoder layer. \n\nThe input representations are computed as fol- \nlows: each word in the input is first tokenized into \nwordpieces (Wu et al., 2016), and then three em- \nbedding layers (token, position, and segment) are \ncombined to obtain a fixed-length vector. Special \ntoken [CLS] is used for classification predictions, \nand [SEP] separates input segments. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Google1 and HuggingFace (Wolf et al., 2020) \nprovide many variants of BERT, including the orig- \ninal \"base\" and \"large\" versions. They vary in the \nnumber of heads, layers, and hidden state size. \n\n1https://github.com/ \ngoogle-research/bert ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "improve BERT’s architecture, pre-training and fine- \ntuning. We conclude by discussing the issue of \noverparameterization, the approaches to compress- \ning BERT, and the nascent area of pruning as a \nmodel analysis technique. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4 Localizing linguistic knowledge \n\n4.1 BERT embeddings \n\nIn studies of BERT, the term \"embedding\" refers \nto the output of a Transformer layer (typically, the \nfinal one). Both conventional static embeddings \n(Mikolov et al., 2013) and BERT-style embeddings \ncan be viewed in terms of mutual information max- \nimization (Kong et al., 2019), but the latter are \ncontextualized. Every token is represented by a \nvector dependent on the particular context of occur- \nrence, and contains at least some information about \nthat context (Miaschi and Dell’Orletta, 2020). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "5.3 Pre-training BERT \n\nThe original BERT is a bidirectional Transformer \npre-trained on two tasks: next sentence prediction \n(NSP) and masked language model (MLM) (sec- \ntion 2). Multiple studies have come up with alter- \nnative training objectives to improve on BERT, \nwhich could be categorized as follows: ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Abstract \n\nTransformer-based models have pushed state \nof the art in many areas of NLP, but our un- \nderstanding of what is behind their success \nis still limited. This paper is the first sur- \nvey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT \nmodel. We review the current state of knowl- \nedge about how BERT works, what kind \nof information it learns and how it is repre- \nsented, common modifications to its training \nobjectives and architecture, the overparame- \nterization issue and approaches to compres- \nsion. We then outline directions for future \nresearch. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In a little over a year, BERT has become a ubiq- \nuitous baseline in NLP experiments and inspired \nnumerous studies analyzing the model and propos- \ning various improvements. The stream of papers \nseems to be accelerating rather than slowing down, \nand we hope that this survey helps the community \nto focus on the biggest unresolved questions. \n\n9 Acknowledgements \n\nWe thank the anonymous reviewers for their valu- \nable feedback. This work is funded in part by \nthe NSF award number IIS-1844740 to Anna \nRumshisky. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Kawin Ethayarajh. 2019. How Contextual are \nContextualized Word Representations? Compar- \ning the Geometry of BERT, ELMo, and GPT-2 \nEmbeddings. In Proceedings of the 2019 Con- \nference on Empirical Methods in Natural Lan- \nguage Processing and the 9th International Joint \nConference on Natural Language Processing \n(EMNLP-IJCNLP), pages 55–65, Hong Kong, \nChina. Association for Computational Linguis- \ntics. \n\nAdele Goldberg. 2006. Constructions at Work: The \nNature of Generalization in Language. Oxford \nUniversity Press, USA. \n\nYoav Goldberg. 2019. Assessing BERT’s syntactic \nabilities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.05287. \n\nLinyuan Gong, Di He, Zhuohan Li, Tao Qin, Liwei \nWang, and Tieyan Liu. 2019. Efficient training \nof BERT by progressively stacking. In Interna- \ntional Conference on Machine Learning, pages \n2337–2346. \n\nWhat BERT is \nLessons from a new suite of psy- \nnot: \ncholinguistic diagnostics for language models. \narXiv:1907.13528 [cs]. \n\nMitchell A Gordon, Kevin Duh, and Nicholas An- \ndrews. 2020. Compressing BERT: Studying the \neffects of weight pruning on transfer learning. \narXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08307. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Liu et al. (2019b) demonstrate the benefits of \nlarge-batch training: with 8k examples both the \nlanguage model perplexity and downstream task \nperformance are improved. They also publish their \nrecommendations for other parameters. You et al. \n(2019) report that with a batch size of 32k BERT’s \ntraining time can be significantly reduced with no \ndegradation in performance. Zhou et al. (2019) ob- \nserve that the normalization of the trained [CLS] \ntoken stabilizes the training and slightly improves \nperformance on text classification tasks. \n\n5 Training BERT \n\nThis section reviews the proposals to optimize the \ntraining and architecture of the original BERT. \n\nTo date, the most systematic study of BERT archi- \ntecture was performed by Wang et al. (2019b), who \nexperimented with the number of layers, heads, and \nmodel parameters, varying one option and freez- \ning the others. They concluded that the number \nof heads was not as significant as the number \nof layers. That is consistent with the findings \nof Voita et al. (2019b) and Michel et al. (2019) \n(section 6), and also the observation by Liu et al. \n(2019a) that the middle layers were the most trans- \nferable. Larger hidden representation size was con- ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "5.4 Fine-tuning BERT \n\nPre-training + fine-tuning workflow is a crucial \npart of BERT. The former is supposed to provide \ntask-independent knowledge, and the latter would \npresumably teach the model to rely more on the \nrepresentations useful for the task at hand. \n\nKovaleva et al. (2019) did not find that to be the \ncase for BERT fine-tuned on GLUE tasks5: dur- \ning fine-tuning, the most changes for 3 epochs oc- \ncurred in the last two layers of the models, but those \nchanges caused self-attention to focus on [SEP] \nrather than on linguistically interpretable patterns. \nIt is understandable why fine-tuning would increase \nthe attention to [CLS], but not [SEP]. If Clark \net al. (2019) are correct that [SEP] serves as \"no- \nop\" indicator, fine-tuning basically tells BERT what \nto ignore. \n\nFigure 5: Pre-trained weights help BERT find wider \noptima in fine-tuning on MRPC (right) than training \nfrom scratch (left) (Hao et al., 2019) \n\nbeddings as input for training BERT, while Po- \nerner et al. (2019) adapt entity vectors to BERT \nrepresentations. As mentioned above, Wang et al. \n(2020c) integrate knowledge not through entity em- \nbeddings, but through additional pre-training ob- \njective of knowledge base completion. Sun et al. \n(2019b,c) modify the standard MLM task to mask \nnamed entities rather than random words, and Yin \net al. (2020) train with MLM objective over both \ntext and linearized table data. Wang et al. (2020a) \nenhance RoBERTa with both linguistic and factual \nknowledge with task-specific adapters. \n\nSeveral studies explored the possibilities of im- \n\nproving the fine-tuning of BERT: ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf", - "query": "Is syntaxis encoded with Bert model ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": " As far as how syntaxis represented, it seems that syntactic structure is not directly encoded in self-attention weights.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "As far as how syntax is represented, it seems \nthat syntactic structure is not directly encoded \nin self-attention weights. Htut et al. (2019) were \nunable to extract full parse trees from BERT heads \neven with the gold annotations for the root. Jawahar \net al. (2019) include a brief illustration of a depen- \ndency tree extracted directly from self-attention \nweights, but provide no quantitative evaluation. \n\nThe fill-in-the-gap probes of MLM showed that \nBERT takes subject-predicate agreement into \naccount when performing the cloze task (Gold- \nberg, 2019; van Schijndel et al., 2019), even for \nmeaningless sentences and sentences with distrac- \ntor clauses between the subject and the verb (Gold- \nberg, 2019). A study of negative polarity items \n(NPIs) by Warstadt et al. (2019) showed that BERT \nis better able to detect the presence of NPIs (e.g. \n\"ever\") and the words that allow their use (e.g. \n\"whether\") than scope violations. \n\nThe above claims of syntactic knowledge are be- \nlied by the evidence that BERT does not \"under- \nstand\" negation and is insensitive to malformed \ninput. In particular, its predictions were not al- \ntered2 even with shuffled word order, truncated \nsentences, removed subjects and objects (Ettinger, \n2019). This could mean that either BERT’s syn- \ntactic knowledge is incomplete, or it does not \nneed to rely on it for solving its tasks. The latter \nseems more likely, since Glavaš and Vuli´c (2020) ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3.1 Syntactic knowledge \n\nLin et al. (2019) showed that BERT represen- \ntations are hierarchical rather than linear, i.e. \nthere is something akin to syntactic tree structure \nin addition to the word order information. Ten- \nney et al. (2019b) and Liu et al. (2019a) also \nshowed that BERT embeddings encode informa- \ntion about parts of speech, syntactic chunks \nand roles. Enough syntactic information seems \nto be captured in the token embeddings themselves \nto recover syntactic trees (Vilares et al., 2020; Kim \net al., 2020; Rosa and Mareˇcek, 2019), although \nprobing classifiers could not recover the labels of \ndistant parent nodes in the syntactic tree (Liu et al., \n2019a). Warstadt and Bowman (2020) report evi- \ndence of hierarchical structure in three out of four \nprobing tasks. \n\nFigure 1: Parameter-free probe for syntactic knowledge: \nwords sharing syntactic subtrees have larger impact on \neach other in the MLM prediction (Wu et al., 2020) \n\nparameter-free approach based on measuring the \nimpact that one word has on predicting another \nword within a sequence in the MLM task (Figure 1). \nThey concluded that BERT \"naturally\" learns \nsome syntactic information, although it is not \nvery similar to linguistic annotated resources. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "However, syntactic information can be recov- \nered from BERT token representations. Hewitt \nand Manning (2019) were able to learn transfor- \nmation matrices that successfully recovered syn- \ntactic dependencies in PennTreebank data from \nBERT’s token embeddings (see also Manning et al., \n2020). Jawahar et al. (2019) experimented with \ntransformations of the [CLS] token using Tensor \nProduct Decomposition Networks (McCoy et al., \n2019a), concluding that dependency trees are the \nbest match among 5 decomposition schemes (al- \nthough the reported MSE differences are very \nsmall). Miaschi and Dell’Orletta (2020) performs \na range of syntactic probing experiments with con- \ncatenated token representations as input. \n\nNote that all these approaches look for the \nevidence of gold-standard linguistic structures, \nand add some amount of extra knowledge to the \nprobe. Most recently, Wu et al. (2020) proposed a ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Fundamentally, BERT is a stack of Transformer \nencoder layers (Vaswani et al., 2017) which consist \nof multiple self-attention \"heads\". For every input \ntoken in a sequence, each head computes key, value \nand query vectors, used to create a weighted repre- \nsentation. The outputs of all heads in the same layer \nare combined and run through a fully-connected \nlayer. Each layer is wrapped with a skip connection \nand followed by layer normalization. \n\nThe conventional workflow for BERT consists \nof two stages: pre-training and fine-tuning. Pre- \ntraining uses two self-supervised tasks: masked \nlanguage modeling (MLM, prediction of randomly \nmasked input tokens) and next sentence prediction \n(NSP, predicting if two input sentences are adjacent \nto each other). In fine-tuning for downstream ap- \nplications, one or more fully-connected layers are \ntypically added on top of the final encoder layer. \n\nThe input representations are computed as fol- \nlows: each word in the input is first tokenized into \nwordpieces (Wu et al., 2016), and then three em- \nbedding layers (token, position, and segment) are \ncombined to obtain a fixed-length vector. Special \ntoken [CLS] is used for classification predictions, \nand [SEP] separates input segments. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Kawin Ethayarajh. 2019. How Contextual are \nContextualized Word Representations? Compar- \ning the Geometry of BERT, ELMo, and GPT-2 \nEmbeddings. In Proceedings of the 2019 Con- \nference on Empirical Methods in Natural Lan- \nguage Processing and the 9th International Joint \nConference on Natural Language Processing \n(EMNLP-IJCNLP), pages 55–65, Hong Kong, \nChina. Association for Computational Linguis- \ntics. \n\nAdele Goldberg. 2006. Constructions at Work: The \nNature of Generalization in Language. Oxford \nUniversity Press, USA. \n\nYoav Goldberg. 2019. Assessing BERT’s syntactic \nabilities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.05287. \n\nLinyuan Gong, Di He, Zhuohan Li, Tao Qin, Liwei \nWang, and Tieyan Liu. 2019. Efficient training \nof BERT by progressively stacking. In Interna- \ntional Conference on Machine Learning, pages \n2337–2346. \n\nWhat BERT is \nLessons from a new suite of psy- \nnot: \ncholinguistic diagnostics for language models. \narXiv:1907.13528 [cs]. \n\nMitchell A Gordon, Kevin Duh, and Nicholas An- \ndrews. 2020. Compressing BERT: Studying the \neffects of weight pruning on transfer learning. \narXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08307. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "avenue for future work. \n\nThe above discussion concerns token embed- \ndings, but BERT is typically used as a sentence or \ntext encoder. The standard way to generate sen- \ntence or text representations for classification is \nto use the [CLS] token, but alternatives are also \nbeing discussed, including concatenation of token \nrepresentations (Tanaka et al., 2020), normalized \nmean (Tanaka et al., 2020), and layer activations \n(Ma et al., 2019). See Toshniwal et al. (2020) for a \nsystematic comparison of several methods across \ntasks and sentence encoders. \n\nLin et al. (2019) present evidence that atten- \ntion weights are weak indicators of subject- \nverb agreement and reflexive anaphora. Instead \nof serving as strong pointers between tokens that \nshould be related, BERT’s self-attention weights \nwere close to a uniform attention baseline, but there \nwas some sensitivity to different types of distrac- \ntors coherent with psycholinguistic data. This is \nconsistent with conclusions by Ettinger (2019). \n4.2 Self-attention heads ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Out-of-the-box BERT is surprisingly brittle to \nnamed entity replacements: e.g. replacing names \nin the coreference task changes 85% of predictions \n(Balasubramanian et al., 2020). This suggests that \nthe model does not actually form a generic idea of \nnamed entities, although its F1 scores on NER prob- \ning tasks are high (Tenney et al., 2019a). Broscheit \n(2019) find that fine-tuning BERT on Wikipedia \nentity linking \"teaches\" it additional entity knowl- \nedge, which would suggest that it did not absorb all \nthe relevant entity information during pre-training \non Wikipedia. \n\n3.4 Limitations \n\nMultiple probing studies in section 3 and section 4 \nreport that BERT possesses a surprising amount of \nsyntactic, semantic, and world knowledge. How- \never, Tenney et al. (2019a) remarks, “the fact that \na linguistic pattern is not observed by our probing \nclassifier does not guarantee that it is not there, and \nthe observation of a pattern does not tell us how it \nis used.\" There is also the issue of how complex a \nprobe should be allowed to be (Liu et al., 2019a). If \na more complex probe recovers more information, \nto what extent are we still relying on the original \nmodel? ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3.2 Semantic knowledge \n\nTo date, more studies have been devoted to BERT’s \nknowledge of syntactic rather than semantic phe- \nnomena. However, we do have evidence from an \nMLM probing study that BERT has some knowl- \nedge of semantic roles (Ettinger, 2019). BERT \neven displays some preference for the incorrect \nfillers for semantic roles that are semantically re- \nlated to the correct ones, as opposed to those that \nare unrelated (e.g. \"to tip a chef\" is better than \"to \ntip a robin\", but worse than \"to tip a waiter\"). \n\nFigure 2: BERT world knowledge (Petroni et al., 2019) \n\nblanks (e.g. \"Cats like to chase [___]\"). Petroni \net al. (2019) showed that, for some relation types, \nvanilla BERT is competitive with methods rely- \ning on knowledge bases (Figure 2), and Roberts \net al. (2020) show the same for open-domain QA \nusing T5 model (Raffel et al., 2019). Davison et al. \n(2019) suggest that it generalizes better to unseen \ndata. In order to retrieve BERT’s knowledge, we \nneed good template sentences, and there is work \non their automatic extraction and augmentation \n(Bouraoui et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2019b). \nTenney et al. (2019b) showed that BERT en- \ncodes information about entity types, relations, \nsemantic roles, and proto-roles, since this infor- \nmation can be detected with probing classifiers. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Abstract \n\nTransformer-based models have pushed state \nof the art in many areas of NLP, but our un- \nderstanding of what is behind their success \nis still limited. This paper is the first sur- \nvey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT \nmodel. We review the current state of knowl- \nedge about how BERT works, what kind \nof information it learns and how it is repre- \nsented, common modifications to its training \nobjectives and architecture, the overparame- \nterization issue and approaches to compres- \nsion. We then outline directions for future \nresearch. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3 What knowledge does BERT have? \n\nA number of studies have looked at the knowledge \nencoded in BERT weights. The popular approaches \ninclude fill-in-the-gap probes of MLM, analysis of \nself-attention weights, and probing classifiers with \ndifferent BERT representations as inputs. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf", - "query": "Is BERT good with numbers representations ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": " BERTstruggles with representations of numbers. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "BERT struggles with representations of num- \nbers. Addition and number decoding tasks showed \nthat BERT does not form good representations for \nfloating point numbers and fails to generalize away \nfrom the training data (Wallace et al., 2019b). A \npart of the problem is BERT’s wordpiece tokeniza- \ntion, since numbers of similar values can be divided \nup into substantially different word chunks. \n\nHowever, BERT cannot reason based on its \nworld knowledge. Forbes et al. (2019) show that \nBERT can \"guess\" the affordances and properties of \nmany objects, but can not reason about the relation- \nship between properties and affordances. For ex- \nample, it “knows\" that people can walk into houses, \nand that houses are big, but it cannot infer that \nhouses are bigger than people. Zhou et al. (2020) \nand Richardson and Sabharwal (2019) also show \nthat the performance drops with the number of nec- \nessary inference steps. Some of BERT’s world \nknowledge success comes from learning stereotypi- \ncal associations (Poerner et al., 2019), e.g., a person \nwith an Italian-sounding name is predicted to be \nItalian, even when it is incorrect. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In a little over a year, BERT has become a ubiq- \nuitous baseline in NLP experiments and inspired \nnumerous studies analyzing the model and propos- \ning various improvements. The stream of papers \nseems to be accelerating rather than slowing down, \nand we hope that this survey helps the community \nto focus on the biggest unresolved questions. \n\n9 Acknowledgements \n\nWe thank the anonymous reviewers for their valu- \nable feedback. This work is funded in part by \nthe NSF award number IIS-1844740 to Anna \nRumshisky. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3 What knowledge does BERT have? \n\nA number of studies have looked at the knowledge \nencoded in BERT weights. The popular approaches \ninclude fill-in-the-gap probes of MLM, analysis of \nself-attention weights, and probing classifiers with \ndifferent BERT representations as inputs. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "improve BERT’s architecture, pre-training and fine- \ntuning. We conclude by discussing the issue of \noverparameterization, the approaches to compress- \ning BERT, and the nascent area of pruning as a \nmodel analysis technique. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Abstract \n\nTransformer-based models have pushed state \nof the art in many areas of NLP, but our un- \nderstanding of what is behind their success \nis still limited. This paper is the first sur- \nvey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT \nmodel. We review the current state of knowl- \nedge about how BERT works, what kind \nof information it learns and how it is repre- \nsented, common modifications to its training \nobjectives and architecture, the overparame- \nterization issue and approaches to compres- \nsion. We then outline directions for future \nresearch. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Google1 and HuggingFace (Wolf et al., 2020) \nprovide many variants of BERT, including the orig- \ninal \"base\" and \"large\" versions. They vary in the \nnumber of heads, layers, and hidden state size. \n\n1https://github.com/ \ngoogle-research/bert ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "But this is not to say that there is no room for \nimprovement. Ethayarajh (2019) measure how \nsimilar the embeddings for identical words are in \nevery layer, reporting that later BERT layers pro- \nduce more context-specific representations3. They \nalso find that BERT embeddings occupy a narrow \ncone in the vector space, and this effect increases \nfrom the earlier to later layers. That is, two ran- \ndom words will on average have a much higher \ncosine similarity than expected if embeddings \nwere directionally uniform (isotropic). Since \nisotropy was shown to be beneficial for static word \nembeddings (Mu and Viswanath, 2018), this might \nbe a fruitful direction to explore for BERT. \n\nAnother direction is information-theoretic prob- \ning. Pimentel et al. (2020) operationalize prob- \ning as estimating mutual information between the \nlearned representation and a given linguistic prop- \nerty, which highlights that the focus should be not \non the amount of information contained in a rep- \nresentation, but rather on how easily it can be ex- \ntracted from it. Voita and Titov (2020) quantify \nthe amount of effort needed to extract information \nfrom a given representation as minimum descrip- \ntion length needed to communicate both the probe \nsize and the amount of data required for it to do \nwell on a task. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Kawin Ethayarajh. 2019. How Contextual are \nContextualized Word Representations? Compar- \ning the Geometry of BERT, ELMo, and GPT-2 \nEmbeddings. In Proceedings of the 2019 Con- \nference on Empirical Methods in Natural Lan- \nguage Processing and the 9th International Joint \nConference on Natural Language Processing \n(EMNLP-IJCNLP), pages 55–65, Hong Kong, \nChina. Association for Computational Linguis- \ntics. \n\nAdele Goldberg. 2006. Constructions at Work: The \nNature of Generalization in Language. Oxford \nUniversity Press, USA. \n\nYoav Goldberg. 2019. Assessing BERT’s syntactic \nabilities. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.05287. \n\nLinyuan Gong, Di He, Zhuohan Li, Tao Qin, Liwei \nWang, and Tieyan Liu. 2019. Efficient training \nof BERT by progressively stacking. In Interna- \ntional Conference on Machine Learning, pages \n2337–2346. \n\nWhat BERT is \nLessons from a new suite of psy- \nnot: \ncholinguistic diagnostics for language models. \narXiv:1907.13528 [cs]. \n\nMitchell A Gordon, Kevin Duh, and Nicholas An- \ndrews. 2020. Compressing BERT: Studying the \neffects of weight pruning on transfer learning. \narXiv preprint arXiv:2002.08307. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Fundamentally, BERT is a stack of Transformer \nencoder layers (Vaswani et al., 2017) which consist \nof multiple self-attention \"heads\". For every input \ntoken in a sequence, each head computes key, value \nand query vectors, used to create a weighted repre- \nsentation. The outputs of all heads in the same layer \nare combined and run through a fully-connected \nlayer. Each layer is wrapped with a skip connection \nand followed by layer normalization. \n\nThe conventional workflow for BERT consists \nof two stages: pre-training and fine-tuning. Pre- \ntraining uses two self-supervised tasks: masked \nlanguage modeling (MLM, prediction of randomly \nmasked input tokens) and next sentence prediction \n(NSP, predicting if two input sentences are adjacent \nto each other). In fine-tuning for downstream ap- \nplications, one or more fully-connected layers are \ntypically added on top of the final encoder layer. \n\nThe input representations are computed as fol- \nlows: each word in the input is first tokenized into \nwordpieces (Wu et al., 2016), and then three em- \nbedding layers (token, position, and segment) are \ncombined to obtain a fixed-length vector. Special \ntoken [CLS] is used for classification predictions, \nand [SEP] separates input segments. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Out-of-the-box BERT is surprisingly brittle to \nnamed entity replacements: e.g. replacing names \nin the coreference task changes 85% of predictions \n(Balasubramanian et al., 2020). This suggests that \nthe model does not actually form a generic idea of \nnamed entities, although its F1 scores on NER prob- \ning tasks are high (Tenney et al., 2019a). Broscheit \n(2019) find that fine-tuning BERT on Wikipedia \nentity linking \"teaches\" it additional entity knowl- \nedge, which would suggest that it did not absorb all \nthe relevant entity information during pre-training \non Wikipedia. \n\n3.4 Limitations \n\nMultiple probing studies in section 3 and section 4 \nreport that BERT possesses a surprising amount of \nsyntactic, semantic, and world knowledge. How- \never, Tenney et al. (2019a) remarks, “the fact that \na linguistic pattern is not observed by our probing \nclassifier does not guarantee that it is not there, and \nthe observation of a pattern does not tell us how it \nis used.\" There is also the issue of how complex a \nprobe should be allowed to be (Liu et al., 2019a). If \na more complex probe recovers more information, \nto what extent are we still relying on the original \nmodel? ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv2_taclccby4_license.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf", - "query": "How many affiliate banks has First Financial Bankshares ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "The corporation has 10 affiliate banks, which provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West and High Plains regions of Texas. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "First Financial Bankshares, Inc. is a financial holding company \n\nheadquartered in Abilene, Texas, with consolidated assets of $2.0 billion \n\nas of December 31, 2002. The corporation has 10 affiliate banks, \n\nwhich provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West \n\nand High Plains regions of Texas. The common stock of First Financial \n\nBankshares, Inc. is held by more than 3,500 shareholders and is listed \n\non The NASDAQ Stock Market® under the symbol FFIN. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "“First Financial doesn’t seem like \na bank that’s owned by an out-of- \ntown company.” \n\n", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Plans for the formation of a First Financial Bankshares \n\ntrust company are moving forward with regulatory approval \n\nanticipated in late Spring or early Summer. This will permit \n\nyour Company to provide quality, locally delivered trust \n\nservices to additional markets. \n\nWith skilled trust professionals offering a complete range \n\nof financial products and services, the future of our trust \n\ndepartments look bright. Through dedication to individu- \n\nalized portfolio design and personalized service, our trust \n\ndepartments stand ready to meet the needs of our pres- \n\nent and future clients. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**First Financial Bankshares, Inc.**\n\nWe provide management and technical resources and policy direction to our subsidiary banks, which enables \nthem to improve or expand their banking services while continuing their local activity and identity. Each of our \nsubsidiary banks operates under the day-to-day management of its own board of directors and officers, with \nsubstantial authority in making decisions concerning their own investments, loan policies, interest rates, and service \ncharges. We provide resources and policy direction in, among other things, the following areas: \n\n• \n• \n• \n• \n\nasset and liability management; \n\naccounting, budgeting, planning and insurance; \n\ncapitalization; and \n\nregulatory compliance. \n\nIn particular, we assist our subsidiary banks with, among other things, decisions concerning major capital \nexpenditures, employee fringe benefits, including pension plans and group insurance, dividend policies, and \nappointment of officers and directors and their compensation. We also perform, through corporate staff groups or \nby outsourcing to third parties, internal audits and loan reviews of our subsidiary banks. Through First National \nBank of Abilene, we provide advice and specialized services for our banks related to lending, investing, purchasing, \nadvertising, public relations, and computer services. \n\nWhile we have no specific acquisition agreements in place or commitments to expand our branch network, we \nperiodically evaluate various potential financial institution acquisition opportunities and also periodically evaluate \npotential locations for new branch offices. We anticipate that funding for any acquisitions or expansions would be \nprovided from our existing cash balances, available dividends from subsidiary banks, utilization of available lines of \ncredit and future debt or equity offerings. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\n1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES: \n\nNature of Operations \n\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc. (a Texas corporation) (“Bankshares”) is a financial holding company which owns \n(through its wholly-owned Delaware subsidiary) all of the capital stock of ten banks located in Texas as of \nDecember 31, 2002. Those subsidiary banks are First National Bank of Abilene; Hereford State Bank; First \nNational Bank, Sweetwater; Eastland National Bank; First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne; \nStephenville Bank & Trust Co.; San Angelo National Bank; Weatherford National Bank; First Financial Bank, \nNational Association, Southlake and City National Bank, Mineral Wells. Each subsidiary bank’s primary source of \nrevenue is providing loans and banking services to consumers and commercial customers in the market area in \nwhich the subsidiary is located. \n\nA summary of significant accounting policies of Bankshares and subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) applied \nin the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements follows. The accounting principles \nfollowed by the Company and the methods of applying them are in conformity with both accounting principles \ngenerally accepted in the United States of America and prevailing practices of the banking industry. ", - "page_start": 72, - "page_end": 72, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2003, we will continue to pursue opportunities to grow \n\nand enhance shareholder value. We plan to actively seek \n\nstrategic acquisitions; look for additional branch locations \n\nin higher-growth areas to expand our existing banks; and \n\nincrease our mortgage and brokerage operations. We cur- \n\nrently are in the process of forming a trust company that \n\nwill consolidate our present trust operations, provide \n\ngreater expertise to our clients and allow us to expand trust \n\nservices to additional markets. \n\nThis year’s annual report features a few of the many peo- \n\nple that we work for every day – our shareholders and \n\ncustomers. As we grow the Company, we promise that our \n\ndedication to you will not waver, and that we will continue \n\nto focus on the importance of value and values. \n\nThank you for your investment in and support for First \n\nFinancial Bankshares. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\n2. CASH AND INVESTMENT SECURITIES: ", - "page_start": 76, - "page_end": 76, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position \nof First Financial Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries at December 31, 2002, and the consolidated results of their \noperations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted \nin the United States. ", - "page_start": 64, - "page_end": 64, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Such statements reflect the current views of our management with respect to future events and are subject to these \nand other risks, uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations, results of operations, growth strategy and \nliquidity. All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our \nbehalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by this paragraph. \n\n**PART I**\n\n**ITEM 1.** **BUSINESS**\n\n**General**\n\nFirst Financial Bankshares, Inc., a Texas corporation, is a financial holding company registered under the Bank \nHolding Company Act of 1956, or BHCA. As such, we are supervised by the Board of Governors of the Federal \nReserve System, or Federal Reserve Board, as well as several other state and federal regulators. We were formed as \na bank holding company in 1956 under the original name F & M Operating Company, but our banking operations \ndate back to 1890, when Farmers and Merchants National Bank opened for business in Abilene, Texas. By virtue of \na series of reorganizations, mergers, and acquisitions since 1956, we now own, through our wholly-owned Delaware \nsubsidiary, First Financial Bankshares of Delaware, Inc., ten banks organized and located in Texas. These ten banks \nare: ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\n16. CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION - PARENT COMPANY: ", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf", - "query": "What was the net income of First Financial Bankshares in 1995 ?", - "target_page": 14, - "target_passage": " 16,355", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "First Financial Bankshares, Inc. is a financial holding company \n\nheadquartered in Abilene, Texas, with consolidated assets of $2.0 billion \n\nas of December 31, 2002. The corporation has 10 affiliate banks, \n\nwhich provide services from 28 full-service locations in the Central, West \n\nand High Plains regions of Texas. The common stock of First Financial \n\nBankshares, Inc. is held by more than 3,500 shareholders and is listed \n\non The NASDAQ Stock Market® under the symbol FFIN. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position \nof First Financial Bankshares, Inc. and subsidiaries at December 31, 2002, and the consolidated results of their \noperations and their cash flows for the year then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted \nin the United States. ", - "page_start": 64, - "page_end": 64, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\nOn January 1, 2002, goodwill amounting to $23,765,896 was not subject to further amortization as a result of SFAS \nNo. 142. The Company conducted its initial impairment test in 2002, with no reduction of recorded goodwill \nresulting from the test. A reconciliation adjusting comparative net earnings and earnings per share for the years \nended December 31, 2001 and 2000, to show the effect of no longer amortizing the Company’s goodwill, follows: \n\n 2001 2000 \n\nReported net earnings \nAdd back: goodwill amortization \n$ 29,354,505 $ 28,316,047 \n\nGoodwill amortization, before income tax \nIncome tax benefit \nAdjusted net earnings 1,641,367 \n1,641,367 \n (420,000) \n (420,000) \n $ 30,575,872 $ 29,537,414 \n\nBasic earnings per share: \nReported net earnings \nGoodwill amortization, net of income tax benefit \n$ 2.38 \n .10 \n $ 2.48 $ 2.28 \n .10 \n$ 2.38 Adjusted net earnings ", - "page_start": 74, - "page_end": 74, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\n2. CASH AND INVESTMENT SECURITIES: ", - "page_start": 76, - "page_end": 76, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2003, we will continue to pursue opportunities to grow \n\nand enhance shareholder value. We plan to actively seek \n\nstrategic acquisitions; look for additional branch locations \n\nin higher-growth areas to expand our existing banks; and \n\nincrease our mortgage and brokerage operations. We cur- \n\nrently are in the process of forming a trust company that \n\nwill consolidate our present trust operations, provide \n\ngreater expertise to our clients and allow us to expand trust \n\nservices to additional markets. \n\nThis year’s annual report features a few of the many peo- \n\nple that we work for every day – our shareholders and \n\ncustomers. As we grow the Company, we promise that our \n\ndedication to you will not waver, and that we will continue \n\nto focus on the importance of value and values. \n\nThank you for your investment in and support for First \n\nFinancial Bankshares. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\n16. CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION - PARENT COMPANY: ", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\nThe estimated fair values, and carrying values at December 31, 2002 and 2001, were as follows: ", - "page_start": 83, - "page_end": 83, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\nThe average recorded investment in impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2002 and 2001, was \napproximately $3,776,000 and $3,773,000, respectively. The Company had approximately $4,266,000 and \n$4,824,000 in nonperforming assets at December 31, 2002 and 2001, respectively. No additional funds are \ncommitted to be advanced in connection with impaired loans. \n\nInterest payments received on impaired loans are recorded as interest income unless collections of the remaining \nrecorded investment are doubtful, at which time payments received are recorded as reductions of principal. The \nCompany recognized interest income on impaired loans of approximately $111,000, $136,000 and $213,000 during \nthe years ended December 31, 2002, 2001, and 2000, respectively, of which approximately $2,000, $9,000 and \n$16,000 represented cash interest payments received and recorded as interest income. If interest on impaired loans \nhad been recognized on a full accrual basis during the years ended December 31, 2002, 2001, and 2000, \nrespectively, such income would have approximated $317,000, $399,000 and $449,000. ", - "page_start": 79, - "page_end": 79, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As discussed above, the financial statements of First Financial Bankshares, Inc. as of December 31, 2001 and the \ntwo years then ended were audited by other auditors who have ceased operations. As described in Note 1, these \nfinancial statements have been revised to include the transitional disclosures required by Statement of Financial \nAccounting Standards No. 142,*Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets*, which was adopted by the Company as of \nJanuary 1, 2002. Our audit procedures with respect to the disclosures in Note 1 with respect to 2001 and 2000 \nincluded (a) agreeing the previously reported net income to the previously issued financial statements and the \nadjustments to reported net income representing amortization expense including related tax effects recognized in \nthose periods related to goodwill to the Company’s underlying records obtained from management, and (b) testing \nthe mathematical accuracy of the reconciliation of adjusted net income to reported net income, and the related \nearnings per share amounts. In our opinion, the disclosures for 2001 and 2000 are appropriate. However, we were \nnot engaged to audit, review, or apply any procedures to the 2001 and 2000 financial statements of the Company \nother than with respect to such disclosures and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or any other form of \nassurance on the 2001 and 2000 financial statements taken as a whole. ", - "page_start": 64, - "page_end": 64, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIRST FINANCIAL BANKSHARES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES \nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \nDecember 31, 2002, 2001 and 2000 \n\n18. CASH FLOW INFORMATION: \n\nSupplemental information on cash flows and noncash transactions is as follows: \n\n Year Ended December 31, \n 2000 \n 2001 \n 2002 \n\nSupplemental cash flow information: \n\nInterest paid \nFederal income taxes paid $25,704,950 \n14,682,343 $46,243,602 \n13,227,101 $48,123,200 \n13,227,192 \n\nSchedule of noncash investing and financing activities: \n\nAssets acquired through foreclosure \nRetirement of treasury stock 553,840 \n- 628,797 \n4,240,119 285,195 \n- ", - "page_start": 93, - "page_end": 93, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf", - "query": "What is the address of the San Angelo National Bank main office ?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "Main Office 301 W. Beauregard San Angelo, Texas 76903 Chartered 1997 ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "San Angelo National Bank \n\nMain Office \n301 W. Beauregard \nSan Angelo, Texas 76903 \n*Chartered 1997*\nBranch \n3471 Knickerbocker \nSan Angelo, Texas 76904 \n\nDirectors \nDal DeWees \n*Chairman of the Board*\nGeorge Alexander \n*Partner, Alexander Construction Company*\nMichael L. Boyd \n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nW. Dan Cravy, M.D. \n*Physician*\nDavid B. Drake \n*Investment Advisor*\nF. Scott Dueser \n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nDoug Eakman \n*Owner, Pecos Street Pharmacy*\nJoe Henderson \n*President, Porter Henderson Implement*\n*Company, Inc.*\n\nSenior Officers \nMichael L. Boyd \n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nDavid Byrd \n*Executive Vice President and Trust Officer*\nRobert Pate \n*Executive Vice President*\nKatherine Reeves \n*Executive Vice President and Cashier*", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "First National Bank of Abilene \n\nMain Office \n400 Pine Street \nAbilene, Texas 79601 \n*Chartered 1890*\nBranches \n4400 Buffalo Gap Road \nAbilene, Texas 79606 \n4350 Southwest Drive \nAbilene, Texas 79606 \n920 N. Willis \nAbilene, Texas 79603 \n3300 S. 14th Street \nAbilene, Texas 79605 \n1010 N. Judge Ely Blvd. \nAbilene, Texas 79601 \n701 Pine Street \nAbilene, Texas 79601 \n1345 Barrow Street \nAbilene, Texas 79605 \n\nAdvisory \nBob J. Surovik \n*McMahon, Surovik, Suttle, Buhrmann,*\n*Hicks and Gill, P.C.*\nSteve Suttle \n*McMahon, Surovik, Suttle, Buhrmann,*\n*Hicks and Gill, P.C.*\n\nSenior Officers \nF. Scott Dueser \n*Chairman of the Board*\nChuck A. Cowell \n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nRon Fogle \n*Executive Vice President, Commercial Loans*\nRobert S. Patterson \n*Executive Vice President and*\n*Senior Trust Officer*\nJohn Prince \n*Executive Vice President, Personal Loans*", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Weatherford National Bank \n\nMain Office \n101 N. Main Street \nWeatherford, Texas 76086 \n*Chartered 1984*\nBranches \n101 College Park Drive \nWeatherford, Texas 76086 \n1214 N. Main Street \nWeatherford, Texas 76086 \n505 Farm Road 1187 \nAledo, Texas 76008 \n\nSenior Officers \nDoyle Lee \n*Chairman of the Board, President and*\n*Chief Executive Officer*\nBob Bradberry \n*Executive Vice President*\nJay Gibbs \n*Executive Vice President*\nPaul Baker \n*Senior Vice President*\nJean Bryan \n*Senior Vice President*\nLarry Mangrem \n*Senior Vice President and Cashier*\nLouis Sneed \n*Senior Vice President*", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**ITEM 2.** **PROPERTIES**\n\nOur principal office is located in the First National Bank Building at 400 Pine Street in downtown Abilene, \nTexas. We lease two spaces in a building owned by First National Bank of Abilene. The lease for approximately \n2,300 square feet of space expires December 31, 2004. The lease for approximately 1,100 square feet of space \nexpires May 31, 2006. Our subsidiary banks collectively own 22 banking facilities, some of which are detached \ndrive-ins, and they also lease six banking facilities. Our management considers all of our existing locations to be \nwell-suited for conducting the business of banking. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our \nrequirements and our subsidiary banks’ requirements for the foreseeable future. \n\n**ITEM 3.** **LEGAL PROCEEDINGS**\n\nFrom time to time we and our subsidiary banks are parties to lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of our \nbanking business. However, there are no material pending legal proceedings to which we, our subsidiary banks or \nour other direct and indirect subsidiaries, or any of their properties, are currently subject. Other than regular, routine \nexaminations by state and federal banking authorities, there are no proceedings pending or known to be \ncontemplated by any governmental authorities. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Eastland National Bank \n\nOffice \n201 E. Main \nEastland, Texas 76448 \n*Chartered 1934*\nSenior Officers \nTommy J. Barrow \n*Chairman of the Board, President and*\n*Chief Executive Officer*\nClint S. Ferguson \n*Executive Vice President*\nJim Davidson \n*Senior Vice President and Cashier*\n\nDirectors \nTommy J. Barrow \n*Chairman of the Board, President and*\n*Chief Executive Officer*\nF. Scott Dueser \n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nClint S. Ferguson \n*Executive Vice President*\nCurtis R. Harvey \n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "First National Bank, Sweetwater \n\nMain Office \n201 Elm Street \nSweetwater, Texas 79556 \n*Chartered 1948*\nBranches \n123 N. Concho \nRoby, Texas 79543 \n117 N. Main \nTrent, Texas 79561 \n\nRodney Foster \n*Senior Vice President, Lending*\nJanis McDowell \n*Senior Vice President, Trust Officer*\nDonnie Ruppert \n*Senior Vice President and Controller*\n\nBill W. Burns \n*President, Bill Burns Oil Co., Inc.*\nRonnie Cox \n*Owner, Cox Jewelry*\nF. Scott Dueser \n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nCecil J. King \n*Retired President, Citizens State Bank, Roby*\nThomas L. Rees, Sr. \n*Rees and Rees, Attorneys*\n\nDirectors \nJ.V. Martin \n*Chairman of the Board, President and*\n*Chief Executive Officer*\nGlenn D. Bennett \n*Bennett & Associates*\nLouis Brooks, Jr. \n*Ranching, Brooks-Maberry, Inc.*\nSenior Officers \nJ.V. Martin \n*Chairman of the Board, President and*\n*Chief Executive Officer*\nKirby Andrews \n*Senior Vice President, Lending*", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• Eastland National Bank, Eastland, Texas; \n• First Financial Bank, National Association, Cleburne, Texas; \n• Stephenville Bank and Trust Co., Stephenville, Texas; \n• San Angelo National Bank, San Angelo, Texas; \n• Weatherford National Bank, Weatherford, Texas; \n• First Financial Bank, National Association, Southlake, Texas; and \n• City National Bank, Mineral Wells, Texas. \n\nAs described in more detail below, we elected to be treated as a financial holding company in September 2001. \n\nOur service centers are located primarily in North Central and West Texas. Considering the branches and \nlocations of all our subsidiary banks, as of December 31, 2002, we had 28 financial centers across Texas, with seven \nlocations in Abilene, two locations in Cleburne, two locations in Stephenville, two locations in San Angelo, three \nlocations in Weatherford, and one location each in Mineral Wells, Hereford, Sweetwater, Eastland, Southlake, \nAledo, Alvarado, Burleson, Keller, Trophy Club, Roby, and Trent. \n\nInformation on our revenues, profits and losses and total assets appears in the discussion of our Results of \nOperations contained in Item 7 hereof. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Services Offered by Our Subsidiary Banks**\n\nEach of our subsidiary banks is a separate legal entity that operates under the day-to-day management of its own \nboard of directors and officers. Each of our subsidiary banks provides general commercial banking services, which \ninclude accepting and holding checking, savings and time deposits, making loans, automated teller machines, drive- \nin and night deposit services, safe deposit facilities, transmitting funds, and performing other customary commercial \nbanking services. Certain of our subsidiary banks also administer pension plans, profit sharing plans and other \nemployee benefit plans. First National Bank of Abilene, First National Bank, Sweetwater, Stephenville Bank and \nTrust Co. and San Angelo National Bank have active trust departments. The trust departments offer a complete ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "First Financial Bank, \nNational Association, Southlake \n\nMain Office \n3205 E. Highway 114 \nSouthlake, Texas 76092 \n*Chartered 1985*\nBranches \n95 Trophy Club Drive \nTrophy Club, Texas 76262 \n891 E. Keller Parkway \nSuite 100 \nKeller, Texas 76248 \n\nSenior Officers \nPerry D. Elliott \n*Chairman of the Board*\nMark L. Jones \n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nF. Mills Shallene \n*Senior Vice President*\nJ. Sean Shope \n*Senior Vice President*\nMichele P. Stevens \n*Senior Vice President and Cashier*\n\nJack Dortch \n*Jack Dortch Insurance Agency*\nF. Scott Dueser \n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nDerrell Johnson \n*President, American Council of Engineering*\n*Companies Life Health Trust*\nMark L. Jones \n*President and Chief Executive Officer*\nK. Wayne Lee \n*President, DDFW Properties*\nRobert S. Mundlin \n*Owner, Lifetime Benefits Insurance*\nJim Ridenour \n*President, Sunbelt Station Service*\n\nDirectors \nPerry D. Elliott \n*Chairman of the Board*\nJames E. Burger \n*Burger Construction*", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "First Financial Bank, \nNational Association, Cleburne \n\nMain Office \n403 N. Main \nCleburne, Texas 76033 \n*Chartered 1927*\nBranches \n200 N. Ridgeway \nCleburne, Texas 76033 \n1900 S.W. Wilshire \nBurleson, Texas 76028 \n201 E. Highway 67 \nAlvarado, Texas 76009 \n\nHomer S. Pittman, Jr. \n*Senior Vice President and Cashier*\nCraig Beskow \n*Senior Vice President*\nDerek Schmidt \n*Senior Vice President*\n\nJim Easdon \n*Investments*\nCurtis R. Harvey \n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\nHollis E. (Gene) Joslin \n*Investments*\nBrent D. Magers \n*Chief Executive Officer and Administrator,*\n*Walls Regional Hospital*\nGeorge Marti \n*Marti Enterprises*\n\nDirectors \nRonald E. Schneider \n*Chairman of the Board, President and*\n*Chief Executive Officer*\nAlbert A. Archer \n*Chairman of the Board, Walls Industries, Inc.*\nGary Bennett \n*Bennett Printing & Office Supply*\nRobert T. Childress \n*Investments*\nF. Scott Dueser \n*First Financial Bankshares, Inc.*\n\nSenior Officers \nRonald E. Schneider \n*Chairman of the Board, President and*\n*Chief Executive Officer*\nPerry Ginn \n*Executive Vice President*", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news3.pdf", - "query": "What kind of scholarship programs are available to start a financial career?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Some are offered directly through colleges and universities that have financial planning degree and certificate programs. Others are available through nonprofits and organizations like the CFP Board Center for Financial Planning", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "MON EY \n\n3 Great Resources to Kick-Start Your Financial \nPlanning Career \n\n11/23/2022 \n\n(NewsUSA) - Finding a rewarding career that offers growth potential, work-life balance and the satisfaction of \n\nhelping others is a key priority for many job seekers. With those goals in mind, a career in financial planning should \n\nbe a top contender, whether you are just starting out or looking to make a career change. But once you have \n\ndecided that financial planning is the field for you, how do you get started? Here are three resources that can help \n\nyou launch a successful financial planning career. \n\n1. Guide to Careers in Financial Planning. Based on interviews with leading financial services firms, this guide \n\nintroduces you to the wide range of career opportunities in the financial planning profession. It identifies typical entry \n\npoints and career tracks, explores the types of companies that hire financial planners and provides information on \n\nhow to find financial planning career opportunities. It also includes resources such as a list of recommended \n\nquestions to ask in a job interview. \n\n2. Scholarship Programs. Dozens of scholarship programs are available to support you on your professional \n\njourney. Some are offered directly through colleges and universities that have financial planning degree and \n\ncertificate programs. Others are available through nonprofits and organizations like the CFP Board Center for \n\nFinancial Planning, which administers 16 scholarship programs that help pay for the education and exam \n\nrequirements to become a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNERTM professional. Financial services firms may offer \n\nscholarships or tuition reimbursements to employees to cover the costs of obtaining professional designations and \n\ncredentials such as CFP® certification -- some of which may be required to advance within the company. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3. Career Fairs. In-person and virtual career fairs provide valuable opportunities to connect with prospective \n\nemployers. CFP Board’s spring and fall career fairs are some of the most popular hiring events in the profession, \n\nwith dozens of firms participating in these online exhibitions. Job seekers can visit employers’ virtual exhibit booths \n\nand view open jobs and internships, apply for open positions and interact with employers through one-on-one video \n\nmeetings and messaging. You can also visit the CFP Board Career Center to browse current job and internship \n\nopportunities in financial planning, as well as a collection of articles providing career guidance. \n\nOther top resources include career offices at your college or university, financial services companies’ career \n\nwebsites and professional organizations that may have a local chapter near you. \n\nMaking the most of these resources will not only help you find a financial planning job, but also support your growth \n\nand development as a future financial planning professional. To learn more about CFP® certification, visit the CFP \n\nBoard website. \n\nArticle Link \n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/3-great-resources-to-kick-start-your-financial-planni… ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFINANCE ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFINANCIAL SECTION ", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**China**\n**2**\n\n**Scholarships at major universities**\n\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited \nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited \nestablished a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang \nestablished a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang \nUniversity, Shanghai Inter \nUniversity, Shanghai Inter- \nnational Studies University, \nnational Studies University, \nSun Yat-sen University, \nSun Yat-sen University, \nand other universities. \nand other universities. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nORIENTATION \nPROGRAM FOR \nNEW DIRECTORS ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FIVE-YEAR SUMMARY OF SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA**\n\n", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "to selected students pursuing careers in finance, economics, accounting, \nmarketing, business administration, computer science and information \ntechnology. In addition, scholars will take part in a Chesapeake Presiden- \ntial Leadership Course facilitated by faculty members in coordination with \ndesignated Chesapeake leadership coaches, including a Chesapeake senior \nvice president and OCU alumni. \n\nvolunteer program in which employees roll up their sleeves in the com- \nmunities they call home. \n\nIn 2007 Chesapeake launched a scholarship program in Texas with an \ninitial $1.25 million contribution, challenging the cities of Fort Worth and Dal- \nlas to match its gift within a year. The cities responded and matched the gift, \nso Chesapeake in 2008 added another $1.25 million to the fund, bringing the \ntotal to $3.75 million. The Chesapeake Scholarship Fund currently funds the \ncost of higher education for 48 minority students. The fund provides each \nstudent $20,000 a year for up to four years at the school of their choice. To \ndate more than $1.0 million has been distributed to deserving local students. \nTo help ensure the training of qualified geologists, engineers, land- \nmen and energy lawyers in the next generation, we award scholarships \nto students pursuing energy-related degrees. We also help mentor them \nthrough Chesapeake’s Peak Program. Junior- and senior-level scholarship \nrecipients are paired with Chesapeake employee mentors who help devel- \nop students’ knowledge and provide career advice. There are currently 25 \nmentors and 40 scholarship recipients participating in the Peak Program. \n\nChesapeake partners with other companies and organizations to meet \nbasic, practical needs in hundreds of communities. An example is our ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Improvements to care support system**\n\n**Before**\n“Global Corporate Banker Training” program ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2003 Financial Statements**\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news3.pdf", - "query": "what are career fairs for?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": " In-person and virtual career fairs provide valuable opportunities to connect with prospective employers.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "You need to use this opportunity to introduce yourself and your \nskills, and to set yourself apart from all the other candidates. \nYou can also use this opportunity to explain any gaps in your CV, \nand to motivate why you are the right person for the job. ", - "page_start": 44, - "page_end": 44, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "3. Career Fairs. In-person and virtual career fairs provide valuable opportunities to connect with prospective \n\nemployers. CFP Board’s spring and fall career fairs are some of the most popular hiring events in the profession, \n\nwith dozens of firms participating in these online exhibitions. Job seekers can visit employers’ virtual exhibit booths \n\nand view open jobs and internships, apply for open positions and interact with employers through one-on-one video \n\nmeetings and messaging. You can also visit the CFP Board Career Center to browse current job and internship \n\nopportunities in financial planning, as well as a collection of articles providing career guidance. \n\nOther top resources include career offices at your college or university, financial services companies’ career \n\nwebsites and professional organizations that may have a local chapter near you. \n\nMaking the most of these resources will not only help you find a financial planning job, but also support your growth \n\nand development as a future financial planning professional. To learn more about CFP® certification, visit the CFP \n\nBoard website. \n\nArticle Link \n\nhttps://about.newsusa.com/3-great-resources-to-kick-start-your-financial-planni… ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEMPLOYEE \nEXPERIENCE ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "When we think about our careers, and what we need to do to establish them, we \noften forget about the need to develop an essential skill: communication. If you \nstart reading through the job descriptions in a industry, you will find that the vast \nmajority of jobs require one or more of the following: ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "employees registered on the system for open positions \n\nthey have and proactively post job vacancies on the open- \n\nentry system portal. Although the open-entry system has a \n\nlonger history, the self-career system began in early fiscal \n\n2005 in Japan. We plan to expand both these programs on \n\na global basis. ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nYOUTH \nEDUCATION ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nVocabulary explanations and alternative names are presented like this. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "From state-of-the-art training facilities \n\nto extensive health and wellness programs, \n\nChesapeake provides employees with the skills \n\nthey need to succeed both in the field and at \n\nthe office while creating a well-rounded envi- \n\nronment for employees and their families. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news3.pdf", - "query": "What are the priorities for job seekers ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": " Finding a rewarding career that offers growth potential, work-life balance and the satisfaction of helping others is a key priority for many job seekers.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nEMPLOYEE \nEXPERIENCE ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nENVIRONMENTAL \nRESPONSIBILITY ETHICAL \nSUPPLY CHAIN ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Foster the next generation**\n**and deal with a shrinking,**\n**aging population.**\n**The bonds between people**\n**and their families are crucial**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "You need to use this opportunity to introduce yourself and your \nskills, and to set yourself apart from all the other candidates. \nYou can also use this opportunity to explain any gaps in your CV, \nand to motivate why you are the right person for the job. ", - "page_start": 44, - "page_end": 44, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "employees registered on the system for open positions \n\nthey have and proactively post job vacancies on the open- \n\nentry system portal. Although the open-entry system has a \n\nlonger history, the self-career system began in early fiscal \n\n2005 in Japan. We plan to expand both these programs on \n\na global basis. ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "When we think about our careers, and what we need to do to establish them, we \noften forget about the need to develop an essential skill: communication. If you \nstart reading through the job descriptions in a industry, you will find that the vast \nmajority of jobs require one or more of the following: ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\nDELIVERING WHAT’S NEXT ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nYOUTH \nEDUCATION ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nORIENTATION \nPROGRAM FOR \nNEW DIRECTORS ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf", - "query": "What does ShareAlike mean in terms of licencing ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "adaptations based on this work must be licensed under the same license.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "BY (\"Attribution\"): users must credit the author of the work they \nare using. \nSA (\"ShareAlike\"): adaptations based on this work must be \nlicensed under the same license. \nNC (\"NonCommercial\"): the work is only available to be used for \nnoncommercial purposes. \nND (\"NoDerivative\"): reusers making cannot share adaptations of \nthe work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.2.6 How to view licensing information**\n\nLicensing information is available for all datasets associated with common licences, which are \nsupported by the Licence Assistant. When available a link to the assistant is provided on left side of a \ndataset page. \n\nBy clicking on the**licence name**(here: cc-by), the Licence Assistant tool is opened in a new window, \ndisplaying relevant information for this particular licence. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIRECTOR SHARE \nOWNERSHIP \nGUIDELINES ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Public cloud**\nA cloud computing environment on which access to \nstandardized resources, such as infrastructure, \nmulti-tenant hardware, and services, is available to \nsubscribers on a pay-per-use basis. \n\n**Registry**\nA public or private repository that contains images that are \nused to create containers. \n\n**Software as a Service (SaaS)**\nA model of software deployment whereby software, \nincluding business processes, enterprise applications, \nand collaboration tools, are provided as a service to \ncustomers through the cloud. ", - "page_start": 263, - "page_end": 263, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even \ncommercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose \n(even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or \na compatible license. \nCC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for \nnoncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the \nwork for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to \nthe creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the \nsame or a compatible license. \nCC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for \nany purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. \nCC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the \nunadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give \nattribution to the licensor. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**In-Copyright Books:**The vast majority of books are in copyright, and, insofar as the training \nprocess requires making a copy of the book, the use in AI training may implicate copyright \nlaw. Our workshop covered three possible paths for incorporating such works. \n\n**Direct licensing**\n\nOne could directly license books from rightsholders. There may be some publishers who are \nwilling to license their works for this purpose, but it is hard to determine the scale of such \naccess, and, in any event, there are significant limits on this approach. Along with the \nchallenge (and expense) of reaching agreements with relevant rightsholders, there is also the \npractical difficulty of simply identifying and finding the rightsholder that one must negotiate ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Training in how to use CC Licenses is**\n**key to their adoption.**\n\nWe offer a ten-week**CC Certificate**program that is now tailored not only to the \neducation and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums \nand**available in 10 languages**. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**SIX LICENSES**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "License \nN/A \nAFL-3.0 \nN/A \nN/A \nN/A \nN/A \nMIT \nMIT \nApache-2.0 \nAFL-3.0 \nAFL-3.0 \nOther \nOther \nCC-BY-NC-4.0 \nOther \nN/A \nN/A \nApache-2.0 \nCC-BY-SA-4.0 \nCC-BY-SA-4.0 \nMIT \nApache-2.0 \nMIT \nCC-BY-NC-SA-4.0 \nApache-2.0 \nMIT ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf", - "query": "What is the most restricive Creative Common licence ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "CC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the licensor.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 5 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast**six CC Licenses**and \ntwo public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing. \n\n**We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content**\n**were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n\nOur legal and technology staff \ncontinued to make key \ninfrastructure updates and \nmanage daily maintenance to \nensure these Licenses work for \neveryone. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers: \n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be \nused by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \n\"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of \nthe legal code and key terms. \n\"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to \nrecognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC \nLicenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular \nplatforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. \nSince 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional \ncopyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and \ninstitutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and \ncultural artifacts. \n\n**Chief Executive Officer**\nAnna Tumadóttir \n\n**General Counsel**\nKat Walsh ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "License \nN/A \nAFL-3.0 \nN/A \nN/A \nN/A \nN/A \nMIT \nMIT \nApache-2.0 \nAFL-3.0 \nAFL-3.0 \nOther \nOther \nCC-BY-NC-4.0 \nOther \nN/A \nN/A \nApache-2.0 \nCC-BY-SA-4.0 \nCC-BY-SA-4.0 \nMIT \nApache-2.0 \nMIT \nCC-BY-NC-SA-4.0 \nApache-2.0 \nMIT ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even \ncommercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose \n(even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or \na compatible license. \nCC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for \nnoncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the \nwork for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to \nthe creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the \nsame or a compatible license. \nCC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for \nany purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. \nCC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the \nunadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give \nattribution to the licensor. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Public domain works are valuable because anyone \ncan freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for \nany purposes without restriction under copyright \nor database law. \n\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and \nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as \ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers \nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that \nare already in the public domain. \n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, \nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain \nMark. Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors \nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 \nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate \ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM \nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already \nfree of known copyright restrictions. \n\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum \n\nCC0 \nPublic \ndomain \nSome rights \nreserved All rights \nreserved \n\nPDM \nNo known \ncopyright ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "with. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most \nare not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted \nworks and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16 \n\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially \nthose that have or have had limited commercial value. \n Put differently, the barrier to using \nmost books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources, \nlicensing would not enable access to most works. \n\n17 \n\n**Permissively licensed works**\n\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as \nworks placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular \nuses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their \nfollow-on use). \n\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion \ndepends on whether the license’s terms can be complied with in the context of AI training. \nFor instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper \nattribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public \nDomain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18 ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Training in how to use CC Licenses is**\n**key to their adoption.**\n\nWe offer a ten-week**CC Certificate**program that is now tailored not only to the \neducation and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums \nand**available in 10 languages**. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Texts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. \nBY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. \n3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. \nLine, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf", - "query": "In which case CC licence can't be used ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "fair use, fair dealing, or some other limitation and exception to copyright applies the the work.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Training in how to use CC Licenses is**\n**key to their adoption.**\n\nWe offer a ten-week**CC Certificate**program that is now tailored not only to the \neducation and library sectors, but also galleries, archives, libraries, and museums \nand**available in 10 languages**. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even \ncommercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose \n(even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or \na compatible license. \nCC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for \nnoncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the \nwork for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to \nthe creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the \nsame or a compatible license. \nCC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for \nany purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. \nCC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the \nunadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give \nattribution to the licensor. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "License \nN/A \nAFL-3.0 \nN/A \nN/A \nN/A \nN/A \nMIT \nMIT \nApache-2.0 \nAFL-3.0 \nAFL-3.0 \nOther \nOther \nCC-BY-NC-4.0 \nOther \nN/A \nN/A \nApache-2.0 \nCC-BY-SA-4.0 \nCC-BY-SA-4.0 \nMIT \nApache-2.0 \nMIT \nCC-BY-NC-SA-4.0 \nApache-2.0 \nMIT ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "arxiv4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast**six CC Licenses**and \ntwo public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing. \n\n**We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content**\n**were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n\nOur legal and technology staff \ncontinued to make key \ninfrastructure updates and \nmanage daily maintenance to \nensure these Licenses work for \neveryone. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "with. The vast majority of in-copyright books are out-of-print or out-of-commerce, and most \nare not actively managed by their rightsholders. There is no official registry of copyrighted \nworks and their owners, and existing datasets can be incomplete or erroneous. 16 \n\nAs a result, there may be no way to license the vast majority of in-copyright books, especially \nthose that have or have had limited commercial value. \n Put differently, the barrier to using \nmost books is not simply to pay publishers; even if one had significant financial resources, \nlicensing would not enable access to most works. \n\n17 \n\n**Permissively licensed works**\n\nThere are books that have been permissively licensed in an easily identifiable way, such as \nworks placed under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. Such works explicitly allow particular \nuses of works subject to various responsibilities (e.g., requiring attribution by the user in their \nfollow-on use). \n\nWhile such works could be candidates for inclusion in a books data commons, their inclusion \ndepends on whether the license’s terms can be complied with in the context of AI training. \nFor instance, in the context of CC licensed works, there are requirements for proper \nattribution across all licenses (the CC tools Public Domain Dedication (CC0) and Public \nDomain Mark (PDM) are not licenses and do not require attribution). 18 ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only \nby authors or holders of copyright and \n\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection \nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or \nmore countries. \n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related \nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free \nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible. \n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used \nto label works that are already free of \n\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t \nchange the copyright status of a work. \n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use \nwith works that are already free of known copyright \nrestrictions throughout the world. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers: \n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be \nused by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \n\"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of \nthe legal code and key terms. \n\"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to \nrecognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCL CL \nAND \nAND \nCD CD ", - "page_start": 327, - "page_end": 327, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Texts are adapted from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. \nBY, SA, NC, ND icons, CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC, CC BY-NC-SA, CC BY-ND, and CC BY-NC-ND buttons are trademark of Creative Commons, and subject to their policies. \n3-layer design of CC license image is taken from CC Certification for Educators. CC BY license. \nLine, icons, and gradients are from Canva, and subject to their policies. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf", - "query": "In how many regions the Republic Services operations are organized ?", - "target_page": 9, - "target_passage": "As of December 31, 2004, our operations were organized into five regions whose boundaries may change from time to time: Eastern, Central, Southern, Southwestern and Western.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "ten thousand people involved in R&D, but we also have two \n\nmajor centers in North America and Europe, and smaller \n\noperations in Taiwan, China, Thailand, South Africa and \n\nBrazil. In the past, these entities were mostly standalone \n\noperations, but today there are many more joint projects ", - "page_start": 45, - "page_end": 45, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As I thought about these achievements, I realized they result from the environment that we work to \n\ncreate for both our customers and our people. We care about our customers and the communities we \n\nserve. About our people. About the environment. And, of course, we care about you -- our \n\nshareholders. Every year we adopt a theme that captures our Company and our values. Our theme \n\nfor 2005 is “Republic Services…A Company that cares”. \n\nOur 13,400 dedicated people worked hard last year to create real value. We improved the way we \n\ndeliver our services, increasing our efficiency in routing our collection trucks. We improved the way \n\nwe construct disposal cells at numerous landfills, lowering costs. We worked with our vendors to \n\ncontrol prices. And, we communicated to our customers the value of the services we offer. This year \n\nwill be no different. We will continue to concentrate on these fundamentals. \n\nRepublic’s future is bright. We are mindful of our mission. We know our business exists to ease the \n\nburden of managing society’s waste. It’s not a glamorous business, but it is an essential one, and we \n\ntake this responsibility very seriously. \n\nAt the end of the year, Republic had 140 collection companies, 58 landfills, 96 transfer stations and 35 \n\nrecycling facilities in 22 states. These resources give us many opportunities to listen to our customers, \n\nanticipate their needs and quickly respond to them. Each customer faces challenges unique to his or \n\nher business and community. Our goal is to remain flexible and to tailor our services to each \n\ncustomer. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As I thought about these achievements, I realized they result from the environment that we work to \n\ncreate for both our customers and our people. We care about our customers and the communities we \n\nserve. About our people. About the environment. And, of course, we care about you -- our \n\nshareholders. Every year we adopt a theme that captures our Company and our values. Our theme \n\nfor 2005 is “Republic Services…A Company that cares”. \n\nOur 13,400 dedicated people worked hard last year to create real value. We improved the way we \n\ndeliver our services, increasing our efficiency in routing our collection trucks. We improved the way \n\nwe construct disposal cells at numerous landfills, lowering costs. We worked with our vendors to \n\ncontrol prices. And, we communicated to our customers the value of the services we offer. This year \n\nwill be no different. We will continue to concentrate on these fundamentals. \n\nRepublic’s future is bright. We are mindful of our mission. We know our business exists to ease the \n\nburden of managing society’s waste. It’s not a glamorous business, but it is an essential one, and we \n\ntake this responsibility very seriously. \n\nAt the end of the year, Republic had 140 collection companies, 58 landfills, 96 transfer stations and 35 \n\nrecycling facilities in 22 states. These resources give us many opportunities to listen to our customers, \n\nanticipate their needs and quickly respond to them. Each customer faces challenges unique to his or \n\nher business and community. Our goal is to remain flexible and to tailor our services to each \n\ncustomer. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As I thought about these achievements, I realized they result from the environment that we work to \ncreate for both our customers and our people. We care about our customers and the communities we \nserve. About our people. About the environment. And, of course, we care about you -- our \nshareholders. Every year we adopt a theme that captures our Company and our values. Our theme \nfor 2005 is “Republic Services…A Company that cares”. \n\nOur 13,400 dedicated people worked hard last year to create real value. We improved the way we \ndeliver our services, increasing our efficiency in routing our collection trucks. We improved the way \nwe construct disposal cells at numerous landfills, lowering costs. We worked with our vendors to \ncontrol prices. And, we communicated to our customers the value of the services we offer. This year \nwill be no different. We will continue to concentrate on these fundamentals. \n\nRepublic’s future is bright. We are mindful of our mission. We know our business exists to ease the \nburden of managing society’s waste. It’s not a glamorous business, but it is an essential one, and we \ntake this responsibility very seriously. \n\nAt the end of the year, Republic had 140 collection companies, 58 landfills, 96 transfer stations and 35 \nrecycling facilities in 22 states. These resources give us many opportunities to listen to our customers, \nanticipate their needs and quickly respond to them. Each customer faces challenges unique to his or \nher business and community. Our goal is to remain flexible and to tailor our services to each \ncustomer. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\n\n**110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n**Phone: (954) 769-2400 • Fax: (954) 769-2664 • www.republicservices.com**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\n\n**110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n**Phone: (954) 769-2400 • Fax: (954) 769-2664 • www.republicservices.com**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\n**110 SE 6th Street, 28th Floor, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301**\n\n**Phone: (954) 769-2400 • Fax: (954) 769-2664 • www.republicservices.com**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**10. SEGMENT INFORMATION**\n\nThe Company's operations are managed and evaluated through Ñve regions: Eastern, Central, Southern, \nSouthwestern and Western. These Ñve regions are presented below as the Company's reportable segments. \nThese reportable segments provide integrated waste management services consisting of collection, transfer and \ndisposal of domestic non-hazardous solid waste. ", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n\n**NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n**(All tables in millions, except per share data) Ì (Continued)**\n\n**Cumulative EÅect**\n**of Changes in**\n**Accounting**\n**Principles** **Balance as of**\n**December 31,**\n**2002** **Balance as of**\n**December 31,**\n**2003** **Acquisitions** **Divestitures**\n\nEastern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nCentral Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nSouthern Region ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nSouthwestern Region ÏÏÏ \nWestern RegionÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $ 429.0 \n343.0 \n323.2 \n134.7 \n314.3 $ 7.2 \n7.5 \n2.6 \n.3 \n3.6 $(.3) \nÌ \nÌ \nÌ \nÌ $ Ì \nÌ \nÌ \nÌ \n(7.0) $ 435.9 \n350.5 \n325.8 \n135.0 \n310.9 \n\nTotal ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ $1,544.2 $21.2 $(.3) $(7.0) $1,558.1 \n\nRevenue of the Company by revenue source for the years ended December 31, 2004, 2003 and 2002 is as \nfollows: ", - "page_start": 89, - "page_end": 89, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REPUBLIC SERVICES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
2003Gross RevenueIntercompany Revenue ( b )Net RevenueDepreciation, Amortization, Depletion and Accretion ( c )Operating IncomeCapital Expenditures ( d )Total AssetsEastern Region........
$ 600.2$ ( 93.0 )$ 50$ 36.4$ 71.3$ 40.7$ 826.9Central Region..........671.7
( 151.6 )520.174.0106.675.7960.5Southern Region......680.3( 76.9 )
603.462.8107.569.9865.6Southwestern Region...332.6( 31.2 )301.4
28.750.228.9409.4Western Region.......729.4( 143.9 )585.546.2
148.851.4813.2Corporate Entities ( a ). 2—. 23.7( 71.7 )
6.6678.5Total..........................$ 3.014.4$( 496.6 )$ 2.517.8$ 251.8$ 412.7$ 273.2
$ 4.554.12002Gross RevenueIntercompany Revenue ( b )Net RevenueDepreciation, Amortization, and Depletion ( c )Other Charges ( Income )Operating IncomeCapital Expenditures ( d )
Total AssetsEastern Region..........564.1$ ( 79.7 )$484.4$ 32.0$( 4.1 )$ 87.0
$ 39.2$ 822.2Central Region.......589.6( 120.2 )469.453.6( 1.5 )105.3
77.1950.9Southern Region.....643.1( 65.5 )577.652.7—118.3
58.0830.7Southwestern Region...311.8( 29.1 )282.722.8—41.9
30.6374.6Western Region......690.0( 139.1 )550.941.3—145.5
47.3826.7Corporate Entities ( a ).... 2(. 1 ). 1( 2.8 )—( 38.5 )
6.4404.0Total..........................$ 2.798.8$ ( 433.7 )$ 2.365.1$ 199.6$( 5.6 )$ 459.5
$ 258.6$ 4.209.1
", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf", - "query": "What was one of the seminal moment of 2004 for MGM MIRAGE ?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": "The announcement of the merger between MGM MIRAGE and Mandalay Resort Group was one of the seminal moments of 2004", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nThe announcement of \nthe merger between \nMGM MIRAGE and \nMandalay Resort Group \nwas one of the seminal \nmoments of 2004. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "o some, momentum is intangible – a product of fortune, a power that cannot be harnessed, and typically \na short-lived sensation. Others wonder how they lost their momentum. At MGM MIRAGE, we are con- \nstantly thinking of better ways to maximize it. We believe momentum is a product of effort and excellence, \n\nT \n\na force which can be observed and measured, and something that can be a lasting and defining quality of a great \ncompany. Our 2004 results are a clear reminder of the power of moving forward. Our financial policies have long \nbeen designed to create and maintain momentum. By investing in our best assets and thinking of new ways to add \nvalue to our shareholders, we are able to redefine our Company’s place in history every year – and 2004 was a defin- \ning time even by our exacting standards. \n\nSo how did we get here? Last year, we discussed the importance of focus, and the laser-like precision with which \n\nwe operated our resorts in 2004 affirms the power of our single-minded dedication to excellence. The hard work of \nour 40,000 employees resulted in a record year in almost every regard. Net revenues increased 10% over 2003 to a \nrecord $4.2 billion, with 12% REVPAR growth at our Las Vegas resorts; property-level EBITDA was an all-time \nrecord, nearly $1.5 billion, and 23% higher than the prior year. We exceeded the expectations of every market \nobserver, and significantly beat our forecasts. And 2004 will not be a zenith year for your company – rather, we \nexpect to continue our excellent operating performance, re-invest the resulting cash flow to stimulate future growth \nand move forward to new defining moments. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**WILLIAM MCBEATH**President, \nThe Mirage **ROBERT V. MOON**Chairman, \nMGM MIRAGE Marketing **FELIX D. RAPPAPORT**President, \nNew York-New York \n**SCOTT SIBELLA**President, TI ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Employee giving achieved \nmomentous results last \nyear. While contributions \nto the Voice Foundation \nreached record amounts, \nMGM MIRAGE employees \nalso provided manpower to \nHabitat for Humanity to \nbuild homes for single \nworking mothers. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(from left to right)**KENNETH ROSEVEAR**President, MGM MIRAGE Development;**JOHN T. REDMOND**President & CEO, MGM Grand Resorts, LLC; \n**J. TERRENCE LANNI**Chairman & CEO, MGM MIRAGE;**ROBERT H. BALDWIN**President & CEO, Mirage Resorts, Incorporated & President, Project CityCenter; \n**GARY N. JACOBS**Executive Vice President, General Counsel & Secretary, MGM MIRAGE;**JAMES J. MURREN**President, CFO & Treasurer, MGM MIRAGE ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**GLENN BONNER**Senior VP & CIO, \nMGM MIRAGE Information Systems **GEORGE R. BOYER III**President, \nMGM Grand Detroit **JOSEPH BRUNINI**President, \nMGM Grand Resorts National Marketing \n**JEFF DAHL**President, Beau Rivage ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "convention center. Our casino marketing people will be able \nto offer their customers wonderful new amenities to expand \nour market reach. And our development people will be able \nto maximize the potential of priceless Las Vegas Strip land. \nThe Mandalay merger represents another defining \nmoment for MGM MIRAGE, much like the Mirage Resorts \ntransaction in 2000, at a time when Las Vegas is in a state of \nastounding metamorphosis. No company is better positioned \nto help shape the future of Las Vegas than MGM MIRAGE. \nWe employ more people, invest more money and hold more \nprime real estate than any other company in Las Vegas. The ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**BELLAGIO**underwent a significant expansion during 2004 result- \ning in the opening of the Spa Tower and several important new \namenities at this AAA Five Diamond property. Bellagio remains \nLas Vegas’ first and only hotel-casino to receive this prestigious \nrecognition. These new additions add dimension and depth to the \nworld-famous experience awaiting guests at Bellagio. \n\n**MGM GRAND LAS VEGAS**completed a transformation, begun \nin 2003, of its food and beverage and entertainment offerings. \nMGM Grand is one of the must-see attractions of \n\nLas Vegas, with Cirque du Soleil’s newest pro- \nduction, KA`TM, and several of the Strip’s \nfinest restaurants and hottest nightspots. \n**1**\n**8**\n**.0**\n**%**\n\n**TI**’s transformation was no less extensive, \nas the property’s management team \n\n**47.6%**\n**9 . 5 %**\n**14.9 %**\n\n**1**\nconceived and implemented a program to \nenliven the property with new restaurants \nand nightlife. **%**\n**0**\n\n**THE MIRAGE**was the site of a revolution in \nLas Vegas’ history as the venerable buffet was given \nnew life as a top dining establishment, Cravings. \n2004 Revenue Mix \nOthers may follow this lead, but The Mirage was \nthe first property to breathe new life into what \nremained of the last bastion of “old” Las Vegas. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**%**\n**4.9**\n**1**\n\n**KÀ**The most spectacular production ever, by a troupe renowned for its \npageantry. Cirque du Soleil’s KÀ debuted at a new theatre at MGM Grand \nin the fourth quarter of 2004. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "wide array of community needs. From homeless shelters to \nafter-school programs, MGM MIRAGE employees have \ngenerously donated more than $8 million since 2001. \n\nYour company also sets aside a portion of its profits \neach year to be given to important programs intended to \nbuild stronger communities. Since 2001, your company has \ngiven more than $18 million to support such programs. \n\nDefining Momentum in Our Family \n\nOur momentum is driven from within by acknowledging \n\nthe contributions of each and every one of our employees, \nbusiness partners and customers. Our commitment to \ndiversity is recognition of the fact that in today’s ever- \nchanging marketplace, we must reflect that which we see \nin the world around us. \n\nThis commitment should be seen as a common- \n\nsense business decision. That said, we are proud of \nthe recognition our Diversity program has received, \nincluding accolades from prestigious media such as \n*Fortune*and*DiversityInc.*magazines. Defining Momentum in the Future \n\nYour company achieved many business goals in 2004 Since formalizing our program only four years ago, \n\nand set in motion plans for future growth. These initiatives \nwill provide unmatched returns. We have also created unri- \nvaled opportunities for our employees and will continue \nour rich history of strengthening the communities in which \nwe do business. we’ve made enormous strides. There is still progress to \nbe made and your company has the momentum to \nremain at the forefront on diversity initiatives, provid- \ning yet another advantage for sustaining performance in \nthe long term. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf", - "query": " What are the most significant piece of undeveloped land remaining on the Las Vegas Strip ?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "W RESIDENTIAL In lofts, brown stones and high-rise buildings, residential options abound to populate the new city and ener gize the surrounding areas. e have been working for some time on con ceiving the best use of the 66 acres between Monte Carlo and Bellagio, the most significant piece of undeveloped land remaining on the Las Vegas Strip.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "W \n**e have been working for some time on con-**\n**ceiving the best use of the 66 acres between**\n**Monte Carlo and Bellagio, the most signifi-**\n\n**cant piece of undeveloped land remaining on the Las**\n**Vegas Strip. We certainly could have come up with a**\n**spectacular casino-hotel. But, the truth is, Las Vegas is**\n**ready for so much more.**", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "convention center. Our casino marketing people will be able \nto offer their customers wonderful new amenities to expand \nour market reach. And our development people will be able \nto maximize the potential of priceless Las Vegas Strip land. \nThe Mandalay merger represents another defining \nmoment for MGM MIRAGE, much like the Mirage Resorts \ntransaction in 2000, at a time when Las Vegas is in a state of \nastounding metamorphosis. No company is better positioned \nto help shape the future of Las Vegas than MGM MIRAGE. \nWe employ more people, invest more money and hold more \nprime real estate than any other company in Las Vegas. The ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We generate a majority of our net revenues and operating income from our Las \nVegas Strip resorts. In 2004, over 75% of our net revenues and operating income \nwas generated by wholly-owned Las Vegas Strip resorts. We believe that we own the \npremier casino resorts on the Las Vegas Strip, and a main focus of our strategy is to \ncontinually reinvest in these resorts to maintain that competitive advantage. Our \nconcentration on the Las Vegas Strip exposes us to certain risks outside of our \ncontrol, such as competition from other Las Vegas Strip resorts as well as new or \nexpanded resorts in Las Vegas, including Wynn Las Vegas expected to open in 2005, \nand the impact from potential expansion of gaming in California. This concentra- \ntion also exposes us to risks related to tourism and the general economy, including \nnational and global economic conditions and terrorist attacks or other global events. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2004, there were no material unusual property transactions. In 2003, we sold 315 \nacres of land in North Las Vegas, Nevada near Shadow Creek for approximately \n$55 million, resulting in the $37 million gain reflected above. Prior to 2003, we \nclassified gains and losses on routine assets sales or disposals as a non-operating item at \nsome resorts and as an operating item at other resorts. We believe the preferable pres- \nentation of these items is as an element of operating income. Prior period statements \nhave not been reclassified as such transactions were not material in periods prior to \n2003. Until 2003, demolition costs were typically capitalized as part of new construc- \ntion. We began expensing demolition costs on major construction projects as incurred \non January 1, 2003, and are accounting for this change in policy prospectively. \nDemolition costs were not material in periods prior to 2003. Demolition costs in \n2004 and 2003 related primarily to preparation for the Bellagio standard room \nremodel, Bellagio expansion and new theatre at MGM Grand Las Vegas. Impairments \nof assets to be disposed of in 2003 consisted primarily of assets related to the former \nEFX! show and restaurants closed during 2003 at MGM Grand Las Vegas. ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Project CityCenter will literally redefine the Las Vegas Strip \nand change the face of Las Vegas forever. \n\nMandalay in Motion \n\nWe are incredibly excited to begin our journey with the \n\ntalented people of Mandalay, as we work to maximize the \nvalue of Mandalay’s instantly recognized brands and world- \nclass resorts. Long a fixture in Las Vegas, Mandalay’s resorts \nwill add to our premium portfolio and allow us to accelerate \nthe pace of our growth. Our hotel people will be able to mar- \nket a wider range of rooms and benefit from a world-class ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**THE RESIDENCES**\n**AT MGM GRAND Our joint**\n**venture with Turnberry Associates**\n**to build luxury condo/hotels ignited**\n**a flurry of development in Las Vegas.**\n", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company is currently in the process of obtaining land and developing plans for \nthe permanent casino facility. The design, budget and schedule of the permanent \nfacility are not finalized, and the ultimate timing, cost and scope of the project are \nsubject to risks attendant to large-scale projects. The ability to construct the perma- ", - "page_start": 70, - "page_end": 70, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In 2004, there were no material unusual property transactions. In 2003 the \nCompany sold 315 acres of land in North Las Vegas, Nevada near Shadow Creek \nfor approximately $55 million, which resulted in a pretax gain of approximately \n$37 million. Also in 2003, the Company recorded write-downs and impairments of \nassets abandoned or replaced with new construction, primarily at MGM Grand Las \nVegas in preparation for new restaurants and the new theatre. Prior to 2003, the \nCompany classified gains and losses on routine asset sales or disposals as a \nnon-operating item at some resorts and as an operating item at other resorts. \nManagement believes the preferable presentation of these items is as an element of \noperating income. Prior period statements have not been reclassified as such \ntransactions were not material in the prior periods. Until 2003, demolition costs \nwere typically capitalized as part of new construction. The Company began \nexpensing demolition costs on major construction projects as incurred on January 1, \n2003, and is accounting for this change in policy prospectively. Demolition costs \nwere not material in prior periods. Demolition costs in 2004 and 2003 relate \nprimarily to preparation for the Bellagio standard room remodel, Bellagio expansion \nand new theatre at MGM Grand Las Vegas. ", - "page_start": 74, - "page_end": 74, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Project CityCenter represents a new era of the**\n\n**urban complex, one that encompasses tourism,**\n**entertainment, gaming, retail and residential elements.**\n**Only MGM MIRAGE has the momentum – financially,**\n**intellectually and professionally – to effectively develop**\n**such a project.**\n\n**The signature building within Project CityCenter**\n\n**As the city eclipses two million residents on its way**\n\n**is the 4,000-room hotel-casino. The internationally**\n**acclaimed architect Cesar Pelli has been commissioned**\n**to design this iconic structure. Pelli’s initial concept**\n**drawing defines a new generation of urban landscape for**\n**the Las Vegas Strip, one which includes gaming at its**\n**economic center but not as an emotional centerpiece.**\n**Project CityCenter will provide the momentum** **to passing three million by the end of the decade, and**\n**with land prices on the Strip soaring, it has become**\n**clear that there is a much better and higher use**\n**for this location. As Las Vegas marks its Centennial,**\n**Project CityCenter stands as a defining moment for**\n**development in this fabled city.**\n\n**for the next era of amazing growth for your company**\n**and Las Vegas.**", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Domestically, we are selectively expanding our presence as well, moving into mar-**\n\n**kets and business lines where our superior brands and assets can provide the best**\n**returns. In Las Vegas we will maximize the use of our vast land holdings, beginning**\n**with The Residences at MGM Grand. This unique venture is a breakthrough combina-**\n**tion of a hotel and condominiums – the first of its kind in Las Vegas. In Atlantic City, we**\n**own an exceptional site for future development. The already successful Borgata is pre-**\n**pared to grow bigger and better. Expansion plans include more casino space, a new hotel**\n**tower, more restaurants, retail outlets and an expanded spa.**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf", - "query": "Which events negatively impacted leisure travel and MCM Mirage high-end gaming business in late 2002 and early 2003 ?", - "target_page": 32, - "target_passage": "The war with Iraq and the outbreak of SARS in Asia, both of which negatively impacted leisure travel and our high-end gaming business in late 2002 and early 2003", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "On a consolidated basis, the most important factors and trends contributing to our \noperating performance over the last three years have been: \n\n• The war with Iraq and the outbreak of SARS in Asia, both of which negatively \nimpacted leisure travel and our high-end gaming business in late 2002 and \nearly 2003; \n\n• The new labor contract covering our Las Vegas Strip employees since mid-2002, \nwhich calls for significant annual wage and benefits increases through 2007; \n• The current economic recovery in the United States, which began to impact our \noperations in the latter half of 2003 and continued to positively affect our results \nin 2004. ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Defining Momentum for Our Industry \n\nThe gaming industry in America is maturing, and \ninternational expansion, while exciting in select markets, \nremains challenging. As a result, your company has \npursued a growth strategy that calls for maximizing the \nassets we currently own and seeking prudent development \nopportunities and strategic acquisitions. \n\nUpon completion of our merger with Mandalay, \nMGM MIRAGE will be the world’s leading gaming and \nleisure company. The combination will result in a well- \ncapitalized company uniquely situated to invest in its \ncurrent portfolio in addition to creating new projects \nin the United States and around the world. \nWe believe this is an outstanding \n\ntransaction for the shareholders of \nboth companies. With this \nacquisition, we will own, \noperate and have investments \nin 28 properties throughout Nevada, Mississippi, \nIllinois, Michigan, and New Jersey. \n\nThe combined company will have an asset portfolio \nwhich includes some of the most widely recognized brand \nnames in the world. These properties cater to a broad \ncustomer base, ranging from value-oriented to the ultra- \nhigh end. Each resort provides a unique customer experience \nthrough its specific personality and combination of amenities. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• The ongoing capital investments in upscale amenities at our resorts, which we \n\nbelieve is allowing us to market more effectively to visitors, capture a greater share \nof these visitors’ increased travel budgets, and generate premium pricing for our \nresorts’ rooms and other amenities. \n\nAs a result of the above trends, our net revenues increased 10% in 2004, while \nincreasing only 3% in 2003. Net revenues at MGM Grand Las Vegas increased \n14% in 2004, due to the addition of several new restaurants, bars and other \namenities, and in spite of fewer rooms in service due to room remodel activity. \nNet revenues at New York-New York increased 26% as the resort continues to \nbenefit from*Zumanity*and Nine Fine Irishmen, both of which opened in summer \n2003. Net revenues at The Mirage decreased 2% as the resort was without the \nSiegfried & Roy show and the buffet was closed for a portion of the year while \nCravings was constructed. \n\nOur operating income in 2004 increased 36%, due primarily to the strong revenue \ntrends and a full year of Borgata’s results. The increase in income from unconsoli- \ndated affiliates is responsible for approximately one-third of the increase in \noperating income, while improvements at our operating resorts, particularly \nBellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas and New York-New York, make up the rest of the \nincrease. Operating income at MGM Grand Detroit was essentially flat year-over- \nyear, despite an increase in the gaming tax rate from 18% to 24% effective \nSeptember 2004. Several other factors largely offset: Higher corporate expense due \nto increased development costs; lower bad debt expense due to improved collec- \ntions; lower preopening expenses due to Borgata preopening expenses in 2003; and \nhigher property transactions, net due to a $37 million gain on sale of land in 2003. ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "W \n\n**hile the international opportunities for growth remain to be fully defined,**\n**in 2004 MGM MIRAGE entered into a joint venture agreement with**\n**Pansy Ho Chiu-king to develop, build and operate a major hotel-casino**\n**resort in Macau S.A.R. No other international market has shown its ability to sustain**\n**improved growth even as the government takes important steps to modernize its regu-**\n**latory structure. We have methodically moved through the regulatory process and look**\n**forward to initiating construction in 2005 and opening in 2007.**\n\n**We continue to monitor and pursue opportunities as they arise in the United**\n**Kingdom. The bill modernizing British gaming law has moved steadily through the**\n**legislative process throughout the year. Several key issues are yet to be resolved, but we**\n**remain hopeful that Great Britain will become one of the world’s leading jurisdictions**\n**with significant growth opportunities for decades to come.**\n\n**We are also excited about the emergence of possible new jurisdictions in the Far**\n**East. We plan to pursue additional development opportunities as they become avail-**\n**able, as we believe that the Far East holds considerable promise as a growing gaming market.**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "convention center. Our casino marketing people will be able \nto offer their customers wonderful new amenities to expand \nour market reach. And our development people will be able \nto maximize the potential of priceless Las Vegas Strip land. \nThe Mandalay merger represents another defining \nmoment for MGM MIRAGE, much like the Mirage Resorts \ntransaction in 2000, at a time when Las Vegas is in a state of \nastounding metamorphosis. No company is better positioned \nto help shape the future of Las Vegas than MGM MIRAGE. \nWe employ more people, invest more money and hold more \nprime real estate than any other company in Las Vegas. The ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "production. Also, the Company terminated a restaurant lease and closed two \nmarketing offices, resulting in $4 million of contract termination charges. Other \nseverance of $1 million in 2003 related primarily to restructuring of table games \nstaffing at several resorts. \n\nThe Company recorded $3 million of restructuring charges in December 2002 \nrelated to contract termination costs for a restaurant and the EFX! show at MGM \nGrand Las Vegas. In December 2002, the Company recorded a restructuring credit \nof $10 million related to a lease contract termination accrual originally recorded in \nJune 2000. In December 2002 management determined that payment under this \nobligation was not probable. In 2001, management responded to a decline in busi- \nness volumes caused by the September 11 attacks by implementing cost contain- \nment strategies which included a significant reduction in payroll and a refocusing of \nseveral of the Company’s marketing programs. This resulted in a $22 million charge \nagainst earnings. As a result of improving business levels and the Company’s success \nat re-hiring a substantial number of previously laid off or terminated employees, \nmanagement determined in 2002 that a portion of the remaining accrual would \nnow not be necessary. This resulted in a restructuring credit of $10 million. ", - "page_start": 73, - "page_end": 73, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
TableTable
ofTable
\n\n**Overall Outlook**\nWe have invested heavily in our existing operations in 2003 and 2004, and expect \nto continue to do so on a targeted basis in 2005. Our Las Vegas Strip resorts require \nongoing capital investment to maintain their competitive advantages. We believe \nthe investments in additional non-gaming amenities we made in 2003 and 2004 \nhave enhanced our ability to generate increased visitor volume and allowed us to \ncharge premium prices for our amenities. \n\nwill be some impact on these resorts from Wynn Las Vegas, but also believe that the \nbreadth of amenities in our portfolio of resorts and our loyalty and other marketing \nprograms will help minimize these competitive pressures. The proximity of Wynn \nLas Vegas to TI and The Mirage, along with pedestrian bridges linking TI with the \nFashion Show Mall and Venetian, will also benefit these resorts. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "o some, momentum is intangible – a product of fortune, a power that cannot be harnessed, and typically \na short-lived sensation. Others wonder how they lost their momentum. At MGM MIRAGE, we are con- \nstantly thinking of better ways to maximize it. We believe momentum is a product of effort and excellence, \n\nT \n\na force which can be observed and measured, and something that can be a lasting and defining quality of a great \ncompany. Our 2004 results are a clear reminder of the power of moving forward. Our financial policies have long \nbeen designed to create and maintain momentum. By investing in our best assets and thinking of new ways to add \nvalue to our shareholders, we are able to redefine our Company’s place in history every year – and 2004 was a defin- \ning time even by our exacting standards. \n\nSo how did we get here? Last year, we discussed the importance of focus, and the laser-like precision with which \n\nwe operated our resorts in 2004 affirms the power of our single-minded dedication to excellence. The hard work of \nour 40,000 employees resulted in a record year in almost every regard. Net revenues increased 10% over 2003 to a \nrecord $4.2 billion, with 12% REVPAR growth at our Las Vegas resorts; property-level EBITDA was an all-time \nrecord, nearly $1.5 billion, and 23% higher than the prior year. We exceeded the expectations of every market \nobserver, and significantly beat our forecasts. And 2004 will not be a zenith year for your company – rather, we \nexpect to continue our excellent operating performance, re-invest the resulting cash flow to stimulate future growth \nand move forward to new defining moments. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "These investments in your company’s future paid \ndividends even before the year was out. We established a \nnew record for net revenues posting $4.2 billion, a 10% \nincrease over 2003. \n\nYour company’s resorts produced record EBITDA of \n$1.46 billion, an increase of 23% over 2003, while operating \nincome was $951 million, an increase of 36%, with record \nresults at Bellagio, MGM Grand Las Vegas and Beau Rivage. \n\nDefining Momentum in the Community \nI’ve spent 27 years in this profession and the \nincredible generosity of our employees never \nceases to amaze me. Shortly after the merger \nwith Mirage Resorts in 2000, we established \nthe Voice Foundation. This allows employees to \nexpress themselves in the communities we serve by \n\n**4 7 . 6 %**\n**19 . 5 %**\n\nproviding them a mechanism to raise monies for \n**.**\n**8**\n**1**\n\nworthy causes. It’s their money and they decide \nwhere it goes. Your company provides the marketing \nand administrative support. \n\nCasino \nRooms \nFood & Beverage \nEntertainment, Retail, \n& Other \nIn each year since we established the program, \nemployees have given record amounts to support a ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Income from continuing operations increased in 2004 due to our strong top-line \ngrowth and the fact that revenue growth was driven largely by increased prices of \nour rooms and strong casino revenue. Operating margins correspondingly increased \nto 22% in 2004 from 18% in 2003 and 20% in 2002. Results on a per share basis \nwere positively impacted by a lower weighted average number of shares outstanding \nas the result of share repurchases throughout 2003 and 2004. ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "NYSE_MGM_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf", - "query": "What possess all naval aviators ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "All Naval Aviators possess a natural interest in the basic aerodynamic factors which affect the performance of all aircraft. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 6 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nin Naval Aviation ", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nforces. If the aircraft ", - "page_start": 267, - "page_end": 267, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Much of the specialized mathematical detail of aerodynamics has \nbeen omitted wherever it was considered unnecessary in the field of \nflying operations. Also, many of the basic assumptions and limita- \ntions of certain parts of aerodynamic theory have been omitted for the \nIn order to contend with \nsake of simplicity and clarity of presentation. \nthese specific shortcomings, the Naval Aviator should rely on the \nassistance of certain specially qualified individuals within Naval Avia- \ntion. For example, graduate aeronautical engineers, graduates of the \nTest Pilot Training School at the Naval Air Test Center, graduates of \nthe Naval Aviation Safety Officers Course, and technical representatives \nof the manufacturers are qualified to assist in interpreting and applying \nthe more difficult parts of aerodynamics and aeronautical engineering. \nTo be sure, the specialized qualifications of these individuals should \nbe utilized wherever possible. \n\niii ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nWING AND AIRFOIL FORCES ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nthe aircraft ", - "page_start": 202, - "page_end": 202, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nTHE FLIGHT HANDBOOK ", - "page_start": 428, - "page_end": 428, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The purpose of this textbook is to present the elements of applied \nto \naerodynamics and aeronautical engineering which relate directly \nthe problems of flying operations. All Naval Aviators possess a natural \ninterest in the basic aerodynamic factors which affect the performance \nof all aircraft. Due .to the increasing complexity of modern aircraft, \nthis natural interest must be applied to develop a sound understanding \nof basic engineering principles and an appreciation of some of the more \nadvanced problems of aerodynamics and engineering. The safety and \neffectiveness of flying operations will depend greatly on the under- \nstanding and appreciation of how and why an airplane flies. The \nprinciples of aerodynamics will provide the foundations for developing \nexacting and precise flying techniques and operational procedures. \n\nThe content of this textbook has been arranged to provide as com- \nplete as possible a reference for all phases of flying in Naval Aviation. \nHence, the text material is applicable to the problems of flight train- \ntraining, and general flying operations. The manner \ning, transition \nof presentation throughout \nthe text has been designed to provide the \nelements of both theory and application and will allow either directed \nor unassisted study. As a result, the text material’will be applicable \nto supplement formal class Iectures and briefings and provide reading \nmaterial as a background for training and flying operations. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nNAVAIR ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nthe turbojet aircraft, ", - "page_start": 212, - "page_end": 212, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nsaid about rotor aerodynamics is equally valid \nfor all types of rotor systems. ", - "page_start": 419, - "page_end": 419, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf", - "query": "What is the static pressure of the aire at standard sea level ?", - "target_page": 20, - "target_passage": "At standard sea level conditions the static pressure of the air is 2,116 psf (or 14.7 psi, 29.92 in. Hg, etc.) ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "the proportion of the ambient air temperature \nand the standard sea level air temperature. \nThis temperature ratio is assigned the short- \nhand notation of 0 (theta). \nTemperature ratio \n\npercent water vapor, argon, carbon dioxide, \netc. For the majority of all aerodynamic con- \nis considered as a uniform \nsiderations air \nmixture of these gases. The usual quantities \nused to define the properties of an air mass are \nas follows: \n\nAmbient air temperature \n=Standard sea level air temperature \n\nSTATIC PRESSURE. The absolute static \npressure of the air is a property of primary \nimportance. The static pressure of the air \nat any altitude results from the mass of air \nsupported above that level. At standard sea \nlevel conditions the static pressure of the air \nis 2,116 psf (or 14.7 psi, 29.92 in. Hg, etc.) \nand at 40,000 feet altitude this static pressure \ndecreases to approximately 19 percent of the \nsea level value. The shorthand notation for \nthe ambient static pressure is “p” \nand the \nstandard sea level static pressure is given the \nsubscript “a” \nfor zero altitude, pa. A more \nusual reference in aerodynamics and perform- \nance is the proportion of the ambient sta~tic \npressure and the standard sea level static \npressure. This static pressure ratio is assigned \nthe shorthand notation of 8 (delta). \n\n@=TITtl \n,+273 \n\n288 \n\nMany items of compressibility effects and jet \nengine performance involve consideration of \nthe temperature ratio. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Altitude pressure ratio \n\nAmbient static pressure \n=Standard sea level static pressure \n\n6 = PIP0 \n\nMany items of gas turbine engine perform- \nance are directly related to some parameter \nthe altitude pressure ratio. \ninvolving \nTEMPERATURE. The absolute tempera- \ncure of the air is another important property. \nThe ordinary temperature measurement by the \nCentigrade scale has a/datum at the freezing \npoint of water but absolute zero temperature \nis obtained at a temperature of -273“ Centi- \ngrade. Thus, the standard sea level tcmpera- \nture of 15” C. is an absolute temperature of \n288”. This scale of absolute temperature using \nthe Centigrade increments is the Kelvin scale, \nfor the \ne.g., o K. The shorthand notation \nambient air temperature is “T” \nand the stand- \nard sea level air temperature of 288’ K. is \nsignified by Ta. The more usual reference is, \n\n2 ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSTATIC \nPRESSURE ", - "page_start": 132, - "page_end": 132, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "DENSITY. The density of the air is a prop- \nerty of greatest importance in the study of \naerodynamics. The density of air is simply \nthe mass of air per~cubic foot of volume and \nis a direct measure of the quantity of matter \nin each cubic foot of air. Air at standard sea \nlcvcl conditions weighs 0.0765 pounds per cubic \nfoot and has a density of 0.002378 slugs per \ncubic foot. At an altitude of 40,000 feet the \nair density is approximately 25 percent of the \nsea level value. \n\nThe shorthand notation used for air density \nis p (rho) and the standard sea level air density \nis then pO. In many parts of aerodynamics it \nis very convenient to consider the proportion \nof the ambient air density and standard sea \nlevel air density. This density ratio is assigned \nthe shorthand notation of c (sigma). \n\nambient air density \nstandard sea level air density \n\na = PIP0 \n\nA general gas law defines the relationship of \npressure temperature, and density when there \nis no change of state or heat transfer. Simply \nstated this would be “density varies directly \nwith pressure, inversely with \ntemperature.” \nUsing the properties previously defined, ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The more appropriate term for correlating \naerodynamic performance in the nonstandard \natmosphere is density &it&-the \naltitude in \nthe standard atmosphere corresponding to a \nparticular value of air density. The computa- \ntion of density altitude must certainly involve \nconsideration of pressure (pressure altitude) \nand temperature. Figure 1.6 illustrates \nthe \nmanner in which pressure altitude and tem- \nperature combine to produce a certain density \naltitude. This chart is quite standard in use \nand is usually included in the performance \nsection of the flight handbook. Many subject \nareas of aerodynamics and aircraft performance \nwill emphasize density altitude and temperature \nas the most important \nsideration. \n\nThe kinematic viscosity of air at standard sea \nlevel conditions is 0.0001576 square feet per \nsecond. At an altitude of 40,000 feet the \nkinematic viscosity is increased to 0.0005059 \nsquare foot per second. \n\nIn order to provide a common denominator \nfor comparison of various aircraft, a standard \natmosphere has been adopted. The standard \natmosphere actually represents the mean or \naverage properties of the atmosphere. Figure \n1.1 illustrates the variation of the most im- \nportant properties of the air throughout \nthe \nstandard atmosphere. Notice that the lapse \nrate is constant in the troposphere and the \nstratosphere begins with the isothermal region. \nSince all aircraft performance is compared \nand,evaluated in the environment of the stand- \nard atmosphere, all of the aircraft instrumenta- \ntion is calibrated for the standard atmosphere. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1.3 illustrates the variation of static, \nflowing \ndynamic, and total pressure of air \nthe total \nthrough a closed tube. Note that \npressure is con,stant throughout \nthe length \nand any change in dynamic pressure produces \nthe same magnitude change in static pressure. \nThe dynamic pressure of a free airstream is \nthe one ‘common denominator of all aero- \ndynamic forces and moments. Dynamic pres- \nsure represents the kinetic energy of the free \nairstream and is a factor relating the capability \nfor producing changes in static pressure on a \nsurface. As defined, the dynamic, pressure \nvaries directly as the density and the square of \nthe velocity. Typical values of dynamic pres- \nsure, 4, are shown in table l-1 for various true \nairspeeds in the standard atmosphere. Notice \nthat the dynamic pressure at some fixed veloc- \nity varies directly with the density ratio at any \naltitude. Also, appreciate the fact that at an \naltitude of 40,oM) feet (where the density ratio, \nb, is 0.2462) it is necessary to have a true air \ntwice that at sea level in order to \nvelocity \nproduct the same dynamic pressure. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Thus, certain corrections must apply to the \ninstrumentation as well as the aircraft per- \nformance if the operating conditions do not \nfit the standard atmosphere. In order to prop- \nerly account for the nonstandard atmosphere \ncertain terms must be defined. Pressure .&itudc \nthe standard atmosphere \nis the altitude \ncorresponditrg to a particular pressure. The \nis essentially a sensitive \naircraft altimeter \nbarometer calibrated to \nin \nindicate altitude \nIf the altimeter is \nthe staotlard atmosphere. \nset for 29.92 in. Hg the altitude indicated is \nthe pressure altitude-the altitude in the stand- \nard atmosphere corresponding to the sensed \npressure. Of course, this indicated pressure \naltitude may not be the actual height above \nsea level due to variations \nin remperature, \nlapse rate; atniospheric pressure, and possible \nerrors in the sensed pressure. \n\nThis \nin \nrelationship has great application \naerodynamics and is quite fundamental and \nnecessary in certain parts of airplane perform- \nance. \n\nVISCOSITY. The viscosity of the air is \nin scale and friction effects. The \n\nimportant \ncoefficient of absolute viscosity is the propor- \ntion between the shearing stress and velocity \ngradient for a fluid flow. The viscosity of \ngases is unusual in that the viscosity is gen- \nerally a function of temperature alone and an \nincrease in temperature increases the viscosity. \nThe coefficient of absolute viscosity is assigned \nthe shorthand notation I, (mu). Since many \nparts of aerodynamics involve consideration of \nviscosity and density, a more usual form of \nviscosity measure is the proportion of the co- \nefficient of absolute viscosity and density. \nThis combination \nis termed the “kinematic \nviscosity” and is noted by Y (nu). ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nAIRSTREAM AHEAD \nHAS AMBIENT STATIC \nPRESSURE AND DYNAMIC \nPRESSURE \nSTAGNATION PRESSURE \nIS AIRSTREAM TOTAL \nPRESSURE \n\nP+q \n\nFtgure 1.4. Flow Pattern on a Symmetrical Object ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "pressure, q. The pressure gauge is then cali- \nbrated to indicate flight speed in the standard \nsea level air mass. For example, a dynamic \npressure of 305 psf would be realized at a sea \nlevel flight ,speed of 300 knots. \n\nsurface anflow continues to the aft stagnation \npoint where the local velocity is again zero. \nThe important point of this example of aero- \ndynamic flow is existence of the stagnation \npoint. The change in airflow static pressure \nwhich takes place at the stagnation point IS \nequal to the free stream dynamic pressure, q. \nThe measurement of free stream dynamic \npressure is fundamental to the indication of \nIn fact, airspeed indicators are sim- \nairspeed. \nply pressure gauges which measure dynamic \npressure related to various airspeeds. Typical \nin \nairspeed measuring systems are illustrated \nfigure 1.5. The pitot head has no internal \nflow velocity and the pressure in the pitot tube \nis equal to the total pressure of the airstream. \nThe purpose of the static-ports is to sense the \ntrue static pressure of the free airstream. The \ntotal pressure and static pressure lines are \nattached to a differential pressure gauge and \nis the dynamic \nthe net pressure indicated \n\nthere can be many conditions of \nflight where the airspeed indicator does not \ntruly reflect the actual velocity through \nthe \nair mass. The corrections that must be applied \nare many and lisred in sequence below: \n(1) The indicated airspeed (IAS) \n\nActually \n\nis the \nactual instrument indication for some given \nflight condition. Factors such as an altitude \nother than standard sea level, errors of the \ninstrument and errors due to the installation, \ncompressibility, etc. may create great vari- \nance between this instrument indication and \nthe actual flight speed. \n\n(2) The calibrated airspeed (CM) ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The typical airflow patterns exemplify the \nrelationship of static pressure and velocity \ndefined by Bernoulli. Any object placed in an \nairstream will have the a& to impact or stag- \nnate at some point near the leading edge. The \npressure at this point of stagnation will be an \nabsolute static pressure equal to the total pres- \nsure of the airstream. \nIn other words, the \nstatic pressure at the stagnation point will be \ngreater than the atmospheric pressure by the \namount of the dynamic pressure of the air- \nstream. As the \nflow divides and proceeds \naround. the object, the increases in local ve- \nlocity produce decreases in static pressure. \nThis procedure of flow is best illustrated by the \nflow patterns and pressure distributions of \nfigure 1.7. \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]Table\n
PatientsPaltitude density ratio, ρ / p0
TableSult
The TAS is a function0
", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf", - "query": "What is the phenomenon associated with the production of lift by an airfoil ?", - "target_page": 34, - "target_passage": "An important phenomenon associated with the production of lift by an airfoil is the “circulation” parted to the airstream. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nAIRFOIL LIFT ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "AIRFOIL LIFT CHARACTERISTICS. Air- \nfoil section properties differ from wing or \nairplane properties because of the effect of the \nplanform. Actually, the wing may have vati- \nous airfoil sections from root to tip with taper, \ntwist, sweepback and local flow components \nin a spanwise direction. The resulting aeto- \ndynamic properties of the wing are determined \nby the action of each section along the span \nand the three-dimensional flow. Airfoil sec- \ntion properties are derived from the basic shape \nor profile in two-dimensional flow and the force \ncoefficients are given a notation of lower case \nletters. For example, a wing or airplane lift \ncoefficient is C, while an airfoil section lift \ncoefficient is termed cr. Also, wing angle of \nattack is Q while section angle of attack is \ndifferentiated by the use of 01~. The study of \nsection properties allows an objective consider- \nation of the effects of camber, thickness, etc. \n\nThe lift characteristics of five illustrative \nairfoil sections are shown in figure 1.12. The \nsection lift coe&icient, c,, is plotted versus \nsection angle of attack, olO, for five standard \nNACA airfoil profiles. One characteristic fea- \nture of all airfoil sections is that the slope of \nthe various lift curves is essentially the same. \nAt low lift coefhcients, the section lift coeffi- \ncient \nincreases approximately 0.1 for each \ndegree increase in angle of attack. For each \nof the airfoils shown, a S’ change in angle of ", - "page_start": 44, - "page_end": 44, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " forces with \n\nlift distribution ", - "page_start": 91, - "page_end": 91, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "distribution produces an inclined \nlift with \ndrag due to lift which is in addition to the \nwave drag at zero lift. Part (g) of figure 3.8 \nshows the wave pattern for a circular arc air- \nfoil. After the airflow traverses the oblique \nshock wave at the leading edge, the airflow \nundergoes a gradual but continual expansion \nuntil \nthe trailing edge shock wave is en- \ncountered. Part (h) of figure 3.8 illustrates \nthe wave pattern on a conventional blunt nose \nairfoil in supersonic flow. When the nose is \nblunt \nthe wave must detach and become a \nnormal shock wave immediately ahead of the \nleading edge. Of course, this wave \nform \nproduces an area of subsonic airflow at the \nleading edge with very high pressure and \ndensity behind the detached wave. \n\nTRANSONIC AND SUPERSONIC PLIGHT \n\nAny object in subsonic flight which has some \nfinite thickness or is producing lift will have \nlocal velocities on \nthe surface which are \ngreater than the free stream velocity. Hence, \ncompressibility effects can be expected to \noccur at flight speeds less than the speed of \nsound. The transonic regime of flight pro- \nvides the opportunity for mixed subsonic and \nsupersonic flow and. accounts for \nsignificant effects of compressibility. \n\nthe \ntypical patterns of supersonic flow and point \nout these facts concerning aerodynamic surfaces \nin two dimensional supersonic flow: \n\nThe drawings of figure 3.8 illustrate \n\nthe first 1 (1) All ", - "page_start": 232, - "page_end": 232, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nWING AND AIRFOIL FORCES ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "rotation will be quite a “curve ball artist” \nthe golfer that cannot control the lateral mo- \ntion of the club face striking the golf ball will \nimpart an uncontrollable spin and have trouble \nwith a “hook” or “slice.” \n\nWhile a rotating cylinder can produce a net \nfrom the circulatory flow, the method is \nlift \nrelatively \ninefficient and only serves to point \nout the relationship between lift and circula-, \ntion. An airfoil \nwith relatively high efficiency and the process \nis illustrated \nIf a symmetrical \nairfoil \nis placed at zero angle of attack to the \nairstream, the streamline pattern and pressure \ndistribution give evidence of zero lift. HOW- \never, if the airfoil \nis given a positive angle of \nattack, changes occur in the streamline pattern \nand pressure distribution similar to changes \ncaused by the addition of circulation \nto the \ncylinder. The positive angle of attack causes \nincreased velocity \nan increase in upper surface suction while the \ndecreased velocity on the lower surface causes \na decrease in \nlower surface suction. Also, \nthe \nupwash is generated ahead of the airfoil, \nforward stagnation point moves under the \nleading edge, and a downwash is evident aft \nThe pressure distribution 0” \nof the airfoil. \nthe airfoil now provides a net force perpendicu- \nlar to the airstream-lift. ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and high power, the dynamic pressure in the \nshaded area can be much greater than the free \nstream and this causes considerably greater \nlift \nthan at zero thrust. At high power con- \nditions the induced flow also causes an effect \nsimilar to boundary layer control and increases \nthe maximum lift angle of attack. The typical \nfour-engine propeller driven airplane may have \n60 to 80 percent of the wing area affected by \nthe induced flow and power effects on stall \nspeeds may be considerable. Also, the lift of \nthe airplane at a given angle of attack and air- \nspeed will be greatly affected. Suppose the \nairplane shown is in the process of landing \nflare from a power-on approach. \nIf there is \na sharp, sudden reduction of power, the air- \nplane may drop suddenly because of the reduced \nlift. \n\nnet lift produced by the airfoil \nis difference \nbetween the lifts on the upper and lower sur- \nfaces. The point along the chord where the \nis effectively concentrated is \ndistributed \ntermed the “center of pressure, c.p.“ \nThe \ncenter of pressure is essentially the “center of \ngravity” \nlift pressure and \nthe location of the c.p. is a function of camber \nand section lift coe&cient \n\nlift ", - "page_start": 64, - "page_end": 64, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "vortex filaments which consist of the tip or \ntrailing vortices coupled with \nthe bound or \nline vortex. The tip vortices are coupled with \nthe bound vortex when circulation is induced \nwith \nlift. The effect of this vortex system is \nto create certain vertical velocity components \nin the vicinity of the wing. The illustration \nof these vertical velocities shows that ahead \nof the wing the bound vortex induces an up- \nwash. Behind the wing, \nthe coupled action \nof the bound vortex and the tip vortices in- \nduces a downwash. With \nthe action of tip \nand bound vortices coupled, a final vertical \nvelocity (220) is imparted to the airstream by \nthe wing producing lift. \nThis result is an \ninevitable consequence of a finite wing pro- \nducing lift. \nThe wing Producing lift applies \nthe equal and opposite force to the airstream \nand deflects it downward. One of the impor- \ntant factors in this system is that a downward \nvelocity is created at the aerodynamic center \n(w) which \nthe final downward \nvelocity imparted to the airstream (2~). \n\nage relative wind which is different from the \nremote free stream wind. Since the aerody- \nnamic forces created by the airfoil sections of a \nwing depend upon the immediate airstream in \nwhich \nthey operate, consideration must be \ngiven to the effect of the inclined average rela- \ntive wind. \n\nTo create a certain lift coefficient with ", - "page_start": 83, - "page_end": 83, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the cambered airfoil of \nNext, consider \nfigure 1.21 at zero lift. \nTo produce zero lift, \nthe upper and lower surface lifts must be equal. \nOne difference noted from the symmetrical air- \nfoil is that the upper and lower surface lifts are \nnot opposite one another. While no net lift \nthe couple produced by \nexists on the airfoil, \nthe upper and lower surface lifts creates a nose \ndown moment. As the angle of attack is in- \ncreased, the upper surface lift \nincreases while \nlower surface lift decreases. While a \nthe \nchange in lift has taken place, no change in \nmoment takes place about the point where \nthe lift change occurs. Since the moment \nabout the aerodynamic center is the product \nof a force (lift at the c.P.) and a lever arm \n(distance from c.9. to a.~.), an increase in lift \nmoves the center of pressure toward the aero- \ndynamic center. \n\nDEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC \n\nPITCHING MOMENTS \n\nThe distribution of pressure over a surface \nis the ,source of the aerodynamic moments as \nwell as the aerodynamic forces. A typical \nexample of this fact is the pressure distribution \nacting on the cambered airfoil of figure 1.21. \nThe upper surface has pressures distributed \nwhich produce the upper surface lift; the lower \nsurface has pressures distributed which pro- \nduce the lower surface lift. Of course, the It should be noted that the symmetrical air- \nfoil at zero lift has no pitching moment about \nthe aerodynamic center because the upper and ", - "page_start": 64, - "page_end": 64, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ne-L-- \nCl .2 .4 .6 .8 LO’---I.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 \n\nSECTION LIFT COEFFICIENT \n\nCl \n\nFigure 1.14. Drag Characteristics of Typical Airfoil Sections ", - "page_start": 51, - "page_end": 51, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf", - "query": "What are the recyclable waste ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "All types of paper and cardboard, Metal packaging, even the smallest ones, Plastic bottles and flasks, All other packaging", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**RECYCLABLE WASTE**\n\n**All types of paper**\n**and cardboard**\n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**Plastic bottles and flasks**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Creating systems for sustainability**\n\n**Environmental measures**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nENVIRONMENTAL \nRESPONSIBILITY ETHICAL \nSUPPLY CHAIN ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*State Regulation.*Each state in which we operate has its own laws and regulations governing solid waste \ndisposal, water and air pollution, and, in most cases, releases and cleanup of hazardous substances and liability \nfor such matters. States also have adopted regulations governing the design, operation, maintenance and \nclosure of landÑlls and transfer stations. Our facilities and operations are likely to be subject to these types of \nrequirements. In addition, our solid waste collection and landÑll operations may be aÅected by the trend in \nmany states toward requiring the development of solid waste reduction and recycling programs. For example, \nseveral states have enacted laws that require counties or municipalities to adopt comprehensive plans to \nreduce, through solid waste planning, composting, recycling or other programs, the volume of solid waste \ndeposited in landÑlls. Additionally, laws and regulations restricting the disposal of certain waste in solid waste \nlandÑlls, including yard waste, newspapers, beverage containers, unshredded tires, lead-acid batteries and \nhousehold appliances, have been promulgated in several states and are being considered in others. Legislative \nand regulatory measures to mandate or encourage waste reduction at the source and waste recycling also are or \nhave been under consideration by the U.S. Congress and the U.S. EPA, respectively. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A project of the Washington Organic Recycling Council, with \nsupport from the Washington State Department of Ecology’s \nPublic Participation Grant program. \n\nThis product was partly funded through a grant from the \nWashington Department of Ecology. While these materials \nwere reviewed for grant consistency, this does not necessarily \nconstitute endorsement by the department. \n\n**Special thanks:**the original version of this brochure in 2003 \nwas created by the Washington County, Oregon Solid Waste and \nRecycling Program in cooperation with the Washington Organic \nRecycling Council and the Composting Council of Oregon. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Metal packaging,**\n**even the smallest ones**\n\n**NEW**\n**All other packaging** ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Other Services.*We have 35 materials recovery facilities and other recycling operations, which are \ngenerally required to fulÑll our obligations under long-term municipal contracts for residential collection \nservices. These facilities sort recyclable paper, aluminum, glass and other materials. Most of these recyclable \nmaterials are internally collected by our residential collection operations. In some areas, we receive \ncommercial and industrial solid waste that is sorted at our facilities into recyclable materials and non- \nrecyclable waste. The recyclable materials are salvaged, repackaged and sold to third parties and the non- \nrecyclable waste is disposed of at landÑlls or incinerators. Wherever possible, our strategy is to reduce our \nexposure to Öuctuations in recyclable commodity prices by utilizing third party recycling facilities, thereby \nminimizing our recycling investment. \n\nWe provide remediation and other heavy construction services primarily through our subsidiary located in \nMissouri. \n\nWe also have a Texas-based compost, mulch and soil business at which yard, mill and other waste is \nprocessed, packaged and sold as various products. \n\n**Sales and Marketing**\n\nWe seek to provide quality services that will enable our company to maintain high levels of customer \nsatisfaction. We derive our business from a broad customer base which we believe will enable our company to \nexperience stable growth. We focus our marketing eÅorts on continuing and expanding business with existing \ncustomers, as well as attracting new customers. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Materials and supplies:***New and reusable materials are carried in inventory at the lower of average cost or market \nvalue. Inventory held for sale, such as telephones and accessories, are carried at the lower of average cost or market \nvalue. Non-reusable material is carried at estimated salvage value. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf", - "query": "What is the day of the black container in Lachapelle ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "LACHAPELLE MONDAY green weeks", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\ncould be called the “barn door” ", - "page_start": 106, - "page_end": 106, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nCHALLENGER SUSTAINABILITY ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**Plastic bottles and flasks**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nthe helicopter ", - "page_start": 340, - "page_end": 340, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nthe drag variation ", - "page_start": 419, - "page_end": 419, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nTABLE OF CONTENTS ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nENVIRONMENTAL \nRESPONSIBILITY ETHICAL \nSUPPLY CHAIN ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nthe lower inlet ", - "page_start": 180, - "page_end": 180, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nChatree Geologist examining drill core ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nP DRAG BUCKET” ", - "page_start": 72, - "page_end": 72, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf", - "query": "What to do if my container is stolen ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Container stolen: What to do? In case of theft, your container will be replaced on presentation of a theft report effected at your local police station.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n**Plastic bottles and flasks**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nENVIRONMENTAL \nRESPONSIBILITY ETHICAL \nSUPPLY CHAIN ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nmanagement team ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIRECTOR SHARE \nOWNERSHIP \nGUIDELINES ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LETTER TO THE SHAREHOLDERS**\n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LETTER TO THE SHAREHOLDERS**\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nDELIVERING WHAT’S NEXT ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nANY SCREEN \nSTREAMING TV ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf", - "query": "How many people include the Dyspnea study ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "This population-based study included 2,857 adults who were experiencing respiratory symptoms.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "prevalence of dyspnea in the adult general population \nacross 11 studies was estimated to be 10%. Dyspnea can \narise from a broad spectrum of underlying factors, \nincluding both respiratory and nonrespiratory \nconditions. Studies have revealed that dyspnea is not \nsolely attributable to respiratory conditions but is also \nheavily influenced by cardiovascular deconditioning and \nby nonrespiratory factors, including psychosocial, social, \nand environmental determinants.5,6 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea was severe and prevalent within our study \ngroup; however, it remained undiagnosed. A study \nconducted by Stefan et al32 revealed that physicians \nunderestimated their patients’ dyspnea 37.9% of the \ntime, whereas nurses underestimated it 3.5% of the time. \nMoreover, many patients limit their physical activities, \nwhich lead them to downplay the extent of their \ndyspnea.19 Patient underreporting of symptoms, coupled \n\nFunding/Support \nThis study is supported by the Canadian Institutes of \nHealth Research [FDN Grant 154322]. \n\nFinancial/Nonfinancial Disclosures \nNone declared. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea not only affects individuals with diagnosed \nrespiratory conditions but also poses a significant \nburden on those with undiagnosed conditions. In a \nsystematic review by Müller et al,4 the combined \n\nStudy Design and Methods \nRecruitment of Undiagnosed Cases and Healthy \nControl Patients \nBetween June 2017 and January 2023, adults aged $ 18 \nyears were recruited through a two-step process into the \nUndiagnosed COPD and Asthma Population (UCAP) \nstudy, a multicenter case finding study. Approval for \n\nthe study was obtained from the research ethics boards \nof \nthe 17 participating study sites across Canada. \nInformed, written consent was provided by all study \nparticipants. \n\nBoth landlines and cellphones within a 90-minute radius \nof any of the 17 study sites were dialed randomly. A ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dyspnea is a prevalent symptom with consequences that \nextend beyond its physiologic implications. A study in \nEuropean patients with COPD explored the burden of \ndyspnea and identified potential correlates. The study \nrevealed that higher dyspnea impact correlated with \nlower health-related quality of life, increased work \nimpairment, and a higher frequency of emergency \ndepartment visits.7 \n\nDyspnea refers to a subjective sensation of breathing \ndiscomfort.1 In a study involving a community-based \npopulation aged > 70 years, the prevalence of dyspnea \nwas found to be 32%.2 Dyspnea can lead to limitations in \ndaily activities, reduced exercise tolerance, and \nheightened mortality risks.3 \n\nThe three objectives of our study were as follows: (1) to \nevaluate the impact of dyspnea in adults from the \ngeneral population who had no prior diagnosis of \nrespiratory disease but who reported having significant \nrespiratory symptoms in the past 6 months; (2) to \nidentify associated risk factors for dyspnea and estimate \ntheir influence on the symptom; and (3) to explore the \nrelationship between dyspnea and health care utilization, \nquality of life, and work productivity in adults with \nundiagnosed respiratory symptoms. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There were significant but modest differences in mean \ndyspnea levels across the 17 study sites (data not \nshown), which are not explained by the risk factors we \naccounted for in our study. This finding is not surprising \nbecause some of the potential contributing factors \npreviously mentioned and other site-specific factors \nThe affective dimension of dyspnea can be captured \nusing additional questionnaires (eg, Multidimensional \nDyspnea Profile, Dyspnea-12). Studies have explored the \nuse of the Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile in \n\nTABLE 7 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Quality of Life (SF-36) ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Impact of Dyspnea on Adults With \nRespiratory Symptoms Without a Defined \nDiagnosis \n\nJared Bierbrier, BSc; Emily Gerstein; George A. Whitmore, PhD; Katherine L. Vandemheen, MScN; Celine Bergeron, MD; \n\nLouis-Philippe Boulet, MD; Andreanne Cote, MD; Stephen K. Field, MD; Erika Penz, MD; R. Andrew McIvor, MD; \n\nCatherine Lemière, MD; Samir Gupta, MD; Paul Hernandez, MD; Irvin Mayers, MD; Mohit Bhutani, MD; \n\nM. Diane Lougheed, MD; Christopher J. Licskai, MD; Tanweer Azher, MD; Nicole Ezer, MD; Martha Ainslie, MD; \n\nGonzalo G. Alvarez, MD; Sunita Mulpuru, MD; and Shawn D. Aaron, MD ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(eg, climate, air quality/industrialization, socioeconomic \nstatus) of the catchment population tend to vary across \nstudy sites. \n\nApproximately 65% of the variability in dyspnea \nremained unexplained by the factors examined in our \nstudy. Most individuals in our study showed normal \nspirometry results but still carried a substantial \nburden of dyspnea, an inconsistency that needs \nexplanation. Several factors not included in our \nanalysis may have contributed to the unexplained \nvariation. Environmental factors (eg, air pollution, \nallergen exposure, seasonal variations in symptoms) \nare potential contributors to this unexplained \nvariability.22 Genetic predispositions could also play a \nsignificant role, as suggested by a study that revealed \nthat parents with dyspnea were 1.8 times more likely \nto have offspring with dyspnea.23 Additionally, fitness \ncould be a contributing factor, especially in \nindividuals with undiagnosed PRISm, asthma, or \nCOPD who may restrict their activities to avoid \ndyspnea, and hence become deconditioned.6 \n\nDyspnea is a complex, subjective symptom that is \nmodified by nonrespiratory factors including \npsychosocial, social, and environmental influences.5 \nInterindividual variability in the perception of dyspnea, \ninfluenced by these nonrespiratory factors, may play an \nimportant role. A study conducted by Ziegler et al24 \nassessed the perception of dyspnea in 42 healthy \nindividuals using a standardized inspiratory resistive \nloading stimulus. The study used the modified Borg \nscale to measure dyspnea perception levels. Among the \nparticipants subjected to the same inspiratory resistive \nload, 31%, 45%, and 24% of participants classified their \nlevel of dyspnea as low, intermediate, and high, \nrespectively. The study revealed that differences between \nindividuals contribute considerable variability to the \nperception of dyspnea, even among healthy participants. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
5. Nishino T. Dyspnoea : underlying mechanisms and treatment. Br J. Anaesth. 2011 ; 106 : 463 – 474.16Jones PW. St George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire : MCID. J Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis 2005 ; 2 : 75 - 79.assessed through inspiratory resistive loading. 1 Bras Pneumol. 2015 ; 41 ( 2 ): 143 - 150.6. Neder J, Berton D, Miller P, et al. Ventilatory inefficiency and exertional dyspnea in early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Thorac Snc. 2017.141 suppl_1322 - 529.
17.Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma website. Accessed July 30.2023. https :// ginasthma. org / wp - content / upkoads / 2023 / 07 / GJNA - 2023 - Full - report - 21825Elatrim X, Bornefalk H, Skidid M, et al. Validation of the Swedish Multidimensional Dyspnea Profile ( MDP ) in outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease. BNJ Upen Respor Kes. 2019 / 8 : e00038.7. Groenberger [ 8, Vetri I, Keininger DL, Malker DA, Greater dyspnea is associated with lower bealth - related quality of life umong European patients with COPD. Int J Ornor Obstruct Psomon Dn. 2617.12.937.544,18.
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Ling Disease, Gender, Global intrahigh for the Controlled Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease website. Accessed July 30, Lung Din26Yorke J, Russell AM, Swigris I, et al. Assessment of dyspnea in asthma : validation of Tbe Dyspnea - 12. J Aribma : 2011 ; 48 ( 6 ): 602 - 608.8. Pretensti M, Whitnore GA, Vandembeen KL, et al. Population - based case - finding to identify subjects with undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Eae Ropir J. 2020 : 55 : 2000024.Table2023. https :// goldcopd. org / wp - content / uploods / 2023 / 03 / GOLD - 2023 - ver - 1.5 - 17Feb2023_WMV gdf
Tablehyperresponsiveness in subjects with respiratory symptoms and normal spirometry. Eur Respir 1.20123 ; 61 ( 3 ): 2201194.19.Magner KMA, Cherian M, Whitmore GA, et al. Assessment of preserved ratio impaired spirometry ( PRISm ) vsing pre and post bronchodilator spirometry in a randomly - sempled symptomatic cohort, Ass J Rusp Crii Case Med. 20220810 ): 1125 - 11328Gentein E, Bierbrier 1, Whitmore GA, et al. Impact of undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma on symptoms, quality of life, healthcare use, and work productivity. And J Respir Crit Care Mair 2023.200012 ; 1271 - 1282
validation of the UCAP - Q case - trnding questionnaire to detect undiagnosed asthma and COPD. Esr Respir J.20.Hanania NA, O ' Donnell DE. Activity - related dyspnea in chronic obstructive29Asron SD, Vandembeen K, Whitmore GA, et al. Early diagnosis and treatment of COPD and asthma : a randomized, controlled trial. N Engl. J Med. 2024.390 ( 22 ): 2061 – 2073.0. Shin B, Cole SL, Park SJ, et al. A new symptom - based questionnaire for predicting the presence of asthma.
Tablerelated dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : physical and poychological consequences, unmet needs, and foture directions. Int II Glion Obstruct Pabnor Dis. 2019.14 : 1127 - 113RTableJ Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2010 ; 20 : 27 - 34. briva. nto. timbalwas TV : Norbdom B111. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Nordyke RJ, et al. Scoring system and clinicalReilly Associates. WPAI scoring. Reilly Associates website. Accessed May 1.2024. http :// www. reillyassociates. net / wpai_scoring. html
Tablepersons with symptoms and preserved lung function. N Engl J Med. 2022 ; 387 ( 13 ): 1173 - 1184.application of COPD diagnostic questionnaires. Chest. 2006 ; 129 : 1531 - 1539.12. Price DB, Tinkelman DG, Halbert RJ,Carben HK, Haga SL, Olsson D, et al. Birch pollen, air pollution and their interactive effects on airway symptoms and peak expiratory flow in allergic asthma during pollen season – a panel study in Northern and Southern Sweden. Environ Hen31
Marott [ L, Ingebrigtsen T5, Colak Y, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in individuals with lung function impairment : a prospective cohort study of the Dunth general population. Level ReRespiration. 2006 ; 73 : 285 - 295.13. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, et al.TableLeft - find - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - sex - se32
Stehn Mb, Prya A, Martin B, et al. How well do patients and providers agree on the severity of dyspnoa? J Hosp Med. 2016.110 ). 701 - 707.2009 ; 34 : 648 - 654.23Ekstrom M, Johannessen A, Abramson MJ, et al. Breathlessness across generations : results from the RHINESSAJones PW. Quality of life measurement for patients with diseases of the airways. Thorax. 1991 ;# 6 : 676 - 682.33
Cherian M, Magner KMA, Whitmore GA, et al. Patient and physician factors associated with symptomatic undiagnosed asthma or COPD. Ewr Respir J. 2023.61 ( 2 ):I5. Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM. The24Ziegler B, Femandes AK, Sanches PR, Konnen GI, Dalcin Pde T. Variability of dyspnea perception in healthy subjects
", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "BACKGROUND: We investigated dyspnea; its associated risk factors; and its impact on health \ncare utilization, quality of life, and work productivity in adults with undiagnosed respiratory \nsymptoms. \n\nRESEARCH QUESTION: What is the impact of dyspnea in adults with undiagnosed respiratory \nsymptoms? ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our study has limitations. We did not undertake \nreliability/reproducibility testing of our questionnaire. \nThe dyspnea impact assessment score was statistically \nassociated with increased health care utilization, lower \nquality of life, and reduced work productivity; therefore, \nby virtue of this analysis, our questionnaire has \nconstruct validity. However, further attempts at external \nvalidation of the questionnaire using an independent \ndata set would be important. Health care utilization \nduring the preceding 12 months was assessed on entry \ninto the study, and there is potential for impaired recall \nof events. Our study may have missed asthma in some \nparticipants because bronchial challenge testing was not \nconducted on those who tested negative for airflow \nobstruction or BD responsiveness. A previous study \nshowed that an additional diagnostic step incorporating Our study complements the literature by focusing on \nadults with undiagnosed respiratory symptoms who \nwere randomly selected and recruited through active \ncase finding in the community. This increases the \ngeneralizability of our results to a broader population. \nOur dyspnea questions were derived from widely used \n\nTABLE 9 ] Unadjusted and Adjusted Dyspnea Associations With Work Productivity (WPAI) ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed6_cc4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf", - "query": "Can I put my plants directly on my compost ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Don’t\tput\tplants\tinto\t100%\tcompost.\t\tMix\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t compost\tthoroughly\tinto\texisting\tsoil\tbefore\t\t\t planting.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Compost Beginnings \nThe yard debris or food scraps*that you \nplace into your home compost bin, take to \na drop-off site, or set out for curbside \ncollection could become the compost that \nyou later use on your garden, lawn, and \nflowerbeds. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Ask Your Compost Supplier \n\n**Whether you’re buying direct from the composting facility, or from a local**\n**vendor, here are some good questions to ask:**\n\n**• What ingredients go into your compost?**\n**• What compost products or blends do you sell?**\n**• Are there quality control or testing results available for these**\n**products? (These may be on the manufacturer’s website.)**\n\n**• Which product is best for my intended use?**\n**• What application rate do you recommend?**\n**• How much do I need for my area? (Or see pages 4-6.)**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Compost improves soil structure and plant \ngrowth by \n\n• Replenishing soil organic matter, and storing \n nutrients in plant-available forms \n\n• Supporting beneficial soil life \n\n• Reducing erosion and water run-off \n\n• Loosening clay soils for better root \n development (increasing soil pore space) \n\n• Retaining moisture in sandy soils so \n plants need less watering. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Beauty of Your Lawn and Garden \nBlossoms from the Soil \n\nThank you for your interest in compost. \n\nCompost is a versatile product with many benefits. It enhances \nsoil quality, helps save water, and supports your community’s \nefforts to recycle organic debris. All this helps to conserve our \nnatural resources and reduces the amount of material sent to the \nlandfill. \n\nCompost-amended soil also helps break down pollutants and \nabsorb stormwater runoff. By making nutrients slowly available \nto plants and enhancing plant health, compost can reduce the \nneed for chemical fertilizers and pesticides. All these benefits \nhelp protect our lakes, rivers, and marine waters from pollution \nand excessive runoff. \n\nCompost is a natural amendment for your lawn or garden, and \ncan be used regularly to enrich your soil. This guide is designed \nto help you get the most from the compost that you buy. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Applications for Compost \n**Planting New Garden Beds or Lawns**\nSpread a 2-4 inch layer of compost and mix into the upper 6-12 \ninches of existing soil: use more in sandy soils, and less in heavy clay. \nReapply ½-1 inch annually on garden beds. \n\n**Mulch (surface applications on landscape beds)**\nSpread a 1-2 inch layer of coarse, woody compost. To allow proper \nairflow, it is best not to pile mulch around the stems of trees and \nshrubs. Pull mulch 1-2 inches away from stems. \n\n**Top Dressing for Lawns**\nSpread a ¼ to ½ inch layer of fine screened compost, and rake it into \nthe lawn. For best results, plug-aerate the lawn before top-dressing. \nOverseeding at the same time will thicken thin patches in lawns. \n\n**Blended (Manufactured) Topsoils**\nGood quality “topsoil” products usually include 10-40% compost by \nvolume, mixed with a sandy loam soil that allows good drainage. \nThese compost-soil blends help establish healthy lawns and gardens. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Selecting Quality Compost \nCompost is available in many product types and blends that may be \nused for different gardening applications. The type of feedstock, \nthe composting process, and any supplementary additives determine \nthe end product. \n\nMany facilities offer a variety of blends based on compost, such as \ngarden mix, potting soil, planting mix, mulches, turf top-dressing \nand soil blends. \n\n**What to Look for in Compost**\nFor most compost applications you will want a finished product that \nhas matured and stabilized. Look for material \n l with a dark, crumbly texture \n l with a mild odor \n\nFor most compost applications you will not want compost that is \nextremely dry or wet, or extremely hot. (Note that it is okay for \ncompost to be warm and to give off some steam and mild odor.) ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Question:*I have a plot about this big, how much compost do I buy?***\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Plot Size# of Sq Feet1 / 2 * Deep - Mulching or Top - dressing2nd Deep – Amending new lawns or gardens
5 ' x 10 ' plot50 sq ft2.08 cu ft of compost8.33 cu ft of compost ( 0.31 cu yd ) 16.66 cu ft of compost ( 0.62 cu yd )
20 x 50 ′ plot 1 acre1000 sq ft 43.600 sq ft41.7 cu ft of compost1.815 cu ft of compost ( 67 cu vd )166.7 cu ft of compost ( 6.2 cu yd ) 7.257 cu ft of compost ( 268 cu vd )
", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Building Rich and Healthy Soil \nWith Compost \nTo grow healthy plants you need healthy soil. \n\n**Healthy Soil:**\nl \n\nIs teeming with life! Healthy soil is a miniature ecosystem. \nA teaspoon of healthy soil will have upwards of four billion \ntiny organisms which recycle nutrients, suppress disease, and \ndiscourage pests. \n\nl Retains moisture but allows drainage. Healthy soil has \n\nstructure that allows water to drain through, retains moisture, \nand promotes strong root growth. \n\nl Is full of organic nutrients. Plants depend on the micro- \norganisms found in healthy organic-rich soil to provide \nnutrients to their roots, and help them thrive. \n\nA healthy garden and landscape is naturally resistant to pests, \ndrought, weeds, and diseases. Maintaining healthy soil may allow \nyou to reduce use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. \n\n**Quality Testing at Composting Facilities**\nFeel free to ask your compost provider if they have a quality control \nprogram, and ask for test results. Compost facilities in Washington \nare permitted by the Department of Ecology and must meet \nstandards for both the composting process and contaminants, \nensuring a quality product. Some facilities also participate in the \n“Seal of Testing Assurance” (STA) testing program. See \n“Resources” on page 11 to learn more. \n\n**Soil is a planting medium. Compost is a soil amendment.**\n**Do not place plants directly into 100% compost.**\n**Ask your supplier or see next page for mixes for different uses.**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "How Much Compost to Use \n\n l Estimate the planting area (Math Hint: Square feet = length x width) \n l Decide upon the appropriate application depth of the compost (page 4) \n l Use the charts below to estimate your compost needs. (Abbreviations: ft = foot; yd = yard; sq = square; cu = cubic.) \n l Conversions: 9 square feet = 1 square yard; 27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf", - "query": "What are fertilizers ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": " Fertilizers are concentrated sources of plant nutrients, used in small amounts to supplement natural soil fertility. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nforces. If the aircraft ", - "page_start": 267, - "page_end": 267, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Creating systems for sustainability**\n\n**Environmental measures**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**Plastic bottles and flasks**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ADJECTIVES \n\nAdjectives are words that are used to describe nouns. They usually \ngive more information about the nouns, and answer questions such as: \n“What kind?” “Which one?” “How many?” “How much?” \n\nthe red bus Example: \n\nthe unscheduled meeting \n\nan inaccurate report \n\na hard-working employee ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBy this definition, critical ", - "page_start": 413, - "page_end": 413, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntechnology ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nproducts & services ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nWATER INJECTION \n\nWATER INJECTION \nNOZZLES ", - "page_start": 147, - "page_end": 147, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf", - "query": "Explain to me what is peat moss ?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Peat Moss is partially decayed sphagnum moss from peat bogs. It provides soil porosity, but not the nutrients or biological diversity for healthy soil that compost provides.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nVocabulary explanations and alternative names are presented like this. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nPEAK SUCTION \nPRESSURE ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Comparing Landscape Products \nA variety of soil and landscape products are sold. Here’s a \ncomparison: \n\n**Compost**is stable, decomposed organic matter, excellent for \nimproving soil structure, fertility, moisture holding capacity, and \nplant growth. \n\n**Mulch**is any material applied to the soil surface. Woody mulches \n(high in carbon, low in nitrogen) like wood chips, bark and woody \ncomposts are great for woody plants. Annual plants should be \nmulched with nutrient-balanced mulches like compost, grass \nclippings, or leaves. \n\n**Peat Moss**is partially decayed sphagnum moss from peat bogs. It \nprovides soil porosity, but not the nutrients or biological diversity for \nhealthy soil that compost provides. \n\n**Fertilizers**are concentrated sources of plant nutrients, used in small \namounts to supplement natural soil fertility. \n\n**Topsoil**that is sold is usually not native topsoil. Quality \nmanufactured topsoils are a blend of native sandy sub-soils with \ncomposted organic matter to support soil life. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Pie, Doughnut**\n\n", - "page_start": 44, - "page_end": 44, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " **Epistemology of logic**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "wikipedia1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nUPPER SURFACE FROST ", - "page_start": 391, - "page_end": 391, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nTCP/IP \nnetwork ", - "page_start": 160, - "page_end": 160, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**The eco japan cup:**\n**“A Contest for Unearthing**\n**and Growing Seeds of**\n**New Businesses”**", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf", - "query": "How encourage temporally adjacent representations to be predictive of each other ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "One way to encourage temporally adjacent representations to be predictive of each other is to ensure that they vary slowly over time. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Slow Features. One way to encourage temporally \nadjacent representations to be predictive of each other \nis to ensure that they vary slowly over time. Early \nworks targeting predictive features encouraged represen- \ntations of individual video frames to be locally tempo- \nrally invariant, while preventing representation collapse \nby using spectral methods, as in SFA (Wiskott and Se- \njnowski, 2002), SSA (Kayser et al., 2001), and Simulated \nFixations (Zou et al., 2012). More recently, Goroshin \net al. (2015); Wang et al. (2010) train a siamese con- \nvolutional network to map the representations of two \nsubsequent frames to the same point, while encouraging \ndistant frames to have diverse representations via a pair- \nwise margin loss and a triplet loss, respectively. Other \nworks (Oord et al., 2018; Surís et al., 2021; Feichtenhofer \net al., 2021) implement temporal invariance using noise- \ncontrastive estimation (Gutmann and Hyvärinen, 2012). \nOur exploration in this paper goes beyond temporal in- ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "versus pixel prediction objective, b) the construction of \nthe pretraining data distribution, c) the feature pooling \nstrategy for leveraging the model’s representations in \ndownstream tasks, and d) the masking strategy, towards \nidentifying: what to predict from what? ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Self-Supervised Learning from Videos \n\nSimilar to unsupervised learning from images, a family of unsupervised video representation learning approaches \nenforces a spatio-temporal representation of a video clip to be invariant to hand-crafted spatio-temporal data \naugmentations (Parthasarathy et al., 2022). However, one obvious insight is that the temporal ordering of visual \ninformation in video can provide implicit supervision. Indeed, this insight is the key insight leveraged by many works \non unsupervised video learning. Towards leveraging temporal information as supervision, some approaches train a \nvisual encoder by predicting the temporal ordering of frames (Xu et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2017). Other approaches \nseek to predict low-level motion vectors computed from optical flow (Pintea et al., 2014), or to predict mixing pixels \nin video frames, using either a frame-interpolation objective (Kalluri et al., 2023) or a denoising autoencoder (Tong \net al., 2022; Feichtenhofer et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023a). \n\n15 ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Theoretical motivation. A theoretical motivation for \nthe effectiveness of this collapse prevention strategy was \nproposed in Grill et al. (2020) for the BYOL method. We \nprovide a simple adaptation of their analysis for our ℓ1 \nloss. For ease of exposition, we will disregard the effect of \nthe conditioning variable z and consider one dimensional \nrepresentations. Denote the representation Eθ(y) by \na random variable Y . The optimal predictor under \nequation (1) is thus given by the following functional \nexpression, \n\nFigure 2 Joint-Embedding Predictive Architectures are \ntrained to predict the representation of an input y from \nthe representation of another input x. The additional vari- \nable z provides the predictor with information about the \ntransformation that computes y from x. \n\nOur goal is to explore the effectiveness of feature pre- \ndiction as a stand-alone objective for learning visual \nrepresentations from video. To that end, we use a \njoint-embedding predictive architecture (JEPA) (LeCun, \n2022); see Figure 2. The main idea behind a JEPA is \nto learn by predicting the representation of an input y \nfrom the representation of another input x. The basic \narchitecture is made up of an encoder, Eθ( \n), which com- \n· \nputes the representation of the inputs, and a predictor, \n), which predicts the representation of y from the \nPϕ( \n· \nrepresentation of x, conditioned on a variable z indicat- \ning the transformation (or corruption) between x and \ny. Conditioning on z enables the generation of distinct \npredictions for various transformations of x. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "computed from another part of the video, x. The pre- \ndictor network Pϕ( \n), which maps the representation of \n· \nx to the representation of y, is trained simultaneously \nwith the encoder, and is provided specification of the \nspatio-temporal positions of y through the conditioning \nvariable z \n\nFeature Prediction versus Pixel Reconstruction. \nApproaches that predict in pixel space must dedicate \nsignificant model capacity and compute to capture all \nthe low-level detail in the visual input. By contrast, ap- \nproaches that predict in latent space have the flexibility \nto eliminate irrelevant or unpredictable pixel-level details \nfrom the target representation (Vondrick et al., 2016). \nPredicting in representation space has been shown to \nlead to versatile representations that perform well across \nmany downstream tasks through linear probing or low- \nshot adaptation (Assran et al., 2023; Oquab et al., 2023; \nAssran et al., 2022), while demonstrating an efficiency \ngain during pretraining compared to pixel level recon- \nstruction (Assran et al., 2023; Baevski et al., 2022b,a). \nThe works of Baevski et al. (2022a,b) additionally show \nthat predicting in representation space results in compet- \nitive end-to-end fine-tuning performance in the image, \naudio and text domains. In this work, we extend these \nfindings to the video modality. \n\n∆y. \n← \nNaively implementing the objective using the regression ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Predictive Features. Going beyond local invariance, \na family of works trains a predictor network to map the \nrepresentation of a frame or clip at one time-step to a \ndistinct representation at another time-step. Srivastava \net al. (2015); Vondrick et al. (2016); Wang et al. (2023b) \ntrain such a video feature predictor network on top of \na frozen pretrained image or video encoder. Unfreezing \nthe target feature extractor, several methods train the \nvideo encoder and the predictor network simultaneously, \nwhile preventing collapse by using a supervised action \nforecasting loss (Girdhar and Grauman, 2021), or by \nusing the representations of distant clips as negative \nsamples in a contrastive loss (Han et al., 2019, 2020; \nTan et al., 2023), often focusing on small convolutional \nencoders (Han et al., 2019, 2020). The idea of learning a \nrepresentation by predicting missing information in fea- \nture space is also core to the joint-embedding predictive \narchitecture (JEPA) (LeCun, 2022), which combines a \nsiamese encoder with a predictor network. JEPAs have \nbeen successfully instantiated in several modalities, such \nas with audio data (Baevski et al., 2022b) and image \ndata (Zhou et al., 2021; Oquab et al., 2023; Assran et al., \n2023). In this work, we extend this paradigm to video \ndata by leveraging recent advances in self-supervised \nlearning. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Tengda Han, Weidi Xie, and Andrew Zisserman. Memory- \naugmented dense predictive coding for video representation \nlearning. In European conference on computer vision, pages \n312–329. Springer, 2020. \n\nAaron van den Oord, Yazhe Li, and Oriol Vinyals. Represen- \ntation learning with contrastive predictive coding. arXiv \npreprint arXiv:1807.03748, 2018. \n\nKaiming He, Xinlei Chen, Saining Xie, Yanghao Li, Piotr Dol- \nlár, and Ross Girshick. Masked autoencoders are scalable \nvision learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2111.06377, 2021. \n\nMaxime Oquab, Timothée Darcet, Théo Moutakanni, Huy \nVo, Marc Szafraniec, Vasil Khalidov, Pierre Fernandez, \nDaniel Haziza, Francisco Massa, Alaaeldin El-Nouby, et al. \nDinov2: Learning robust visual features without supervi- \nsion. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.07193, 2023. \n\nGeoffrey E Hinton. Connectionist learning procedures. In \n\nMachine learning, pages 555–610. Elsevier, 1989. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Mahmoud Assran, Quentin Duval, Ishan Misra, Piotr Bo- \njanowski, Pascal Vincent, Michael Rabbat, Yann LeCun, \nand Nicolas Ballas. Self-supervised learning from images \nwith a joint-embedding predictive architecture. In Proceed- \nings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision \nand Pattern Recognition, pages 15619–15629, 2023. \n\nChristoph Feichtenhofer, Haoqi Fan, Bo Xiong, Ross Girshick, \nand Kaiming He. A large-scale study on unsupervised spa- \ntiotemporal representation learning. Proceedings of the \nIEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recogni- \ntion, 2021. \n\nAlexei Baevski, Arun Babu, Wei-Ning Hsu, and Michael \nAuli. Efficient self-supervised learning with contextualized \ntarget representations for vision, speech and language. \narXiv preprint arXiv:2212.07525, 2022a. \n\nChristoph Feichtenhofer, Yanghao Li, Kaiming He, et al. \nMasked autoencoders as spatiotemporal learners. Advances \nin neural information processing systems, 35:35946–35958, \n2022. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another critical aspect of Fig. 1 is that it illustrates two path- \nways in which prediction errors at the proprioceptive and inte- \nroceptive levels are used to steer physical actions (reflex arcs) \nand autonomic actions (autonomic reflexes). Endowing predictive \ncoding with these reflexes—hence realizing an “active inference” \narchitecture—permits minimizing prediction errors by changing \nthe state of the world (by physically acting) or the internal milieu \n(by engaging in autonomic actions) rather than only by changing \npredictions, as described later. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dídac Surís, Ruoshi Liu, and Carl Vondrick. Learning the pre- \ndictability of the future. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF \nConference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, \npages 12607–12617, 2021. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf", - "query": "What does mean the JEPA acronym ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": " joint-embedding predictive architecture (JEPA)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nAbbie J. Smith ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Comparison with video models. Compared to \nlarge-scale video baselines, the V-JEPA models outper- \nform all previous models on every downstream video \nThe V-JEPA models narrow the gap with image models \non image classification tasks. \nIn particular, V-JEPA \nachieves a score of 77.4% on ImageNet using a one- \n\n8 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nPROPELLER \nEFFICIENCY \n\n-lP ", - "page_start": 166, - "page_end": 166, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nThe parameter JMz-l ", - "page_start": 240, - "page_end": 240, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nTAKEOFF SPEED \nTAKEOFF SPEED \n\nREF”z ", - "page_start": 410, - "page_end": 410, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n/ \nNACA \n\nL NACA 0009 ", - "page_start": 72, - "page_end": 72, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n, OR TIP VORTEX ", - "page_start": 84, - "page_end": 84, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nPRO~‘ELLER EFFICIENCY \n\nENVELOPE OF MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY ", - "page_start": 166, - "page_end": 166, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nLOW PRESSURE- \n,- ", - "page_start": 81, - "page_end": 81, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf", - "query": "What is the average performance of the ViT-L/16 architecture on the K710 dataset with 700k samples ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "70.9", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In Table 15, we evaluate V-JEPA using finetuning (separately) on K400 and SSv2. We compare V-JEPA with \nVideoMAEv2 (Wang et al., 2023a), VideoMAE (Tong et al., 2022) and MVD (Wang et al., 2023b) using a ViT-L/16 \nor a ViT-H/16 architecture. V-JEPA obtains competitive performance using a finetuning protocol. With a ViTiH/16 \narchitecture, V-JEPA outperforms by 1.2% VideoMAE and +0.3% VideoMAEv2 on the SSv2 dataset, while obtaining \ncomparable performance on K400. V-JEPA also obtains performance similar to MVD on the SSv2 dataset. The \nMVD model achieves the best performance across models on the K400 dataset, and is trained using the image \ndataset ImageNet1K, in contrast to the other methods in the table, which only use video data. Additionally MVD \nrequires the processing of significantly more samples during pretraining due to the cost of training the teacher \nencoder networks in a pre-pre-training step. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Pretraining. We combine several public datasets to \nconstruct an unsupervised video pretraining dataset, \nwhich we refer to as VideoMix2M. Specifically, we com- \nbine the videos from HowTo100M (HT) (Miech et al., \n2019), Kinetics-400/600/700 (K710) (Kay et al., 2017), \nand Something-Something-v2 (SSv2) (Goyal et al., 2017), \nand remove any overlap with the validation sets of \nKinetics-400/600/700 and Something-Something-v2, re- \nsulting in approximately 2 million videos. We train a \nViT-L/16, a ViT-H/16, and a ViT-H/16384 transformer \nmodel on VideoMix2M. We use a batch size of 3072 for \nthe ViT-L/16 and ViT-H/16 models, and a batch size \nof 2400 for the ViT-H/16384 model. Each model takes \nas input a video clip of 16 frames sampled with a frame- \nskip of 4, corresponding to roughly 3 second clips on \naverage. The ViT-L/16 and ViT-H/16 process the video \nat a spatial resolution of 224, while the ViT-H/16384 \nuses an input resolution of 384; cf. Appendix C. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Optimization. We use AdamW (Loshchilov and Hutter, 2017) to optimize the x-encoder and predictor weights. \nThe ViT-L/16224 and ViT-H/16224 models use a batch size of 3072 while the ViT-H/16384 uses a batch size of \n2400. Models are trained for a total of 90,000 iterations. The learning rate is linearly increased from 2 \n10−4 \n10−4 during the first 12, 000 iterations of pretraining, and decayed to 10−6 following a cosine schedule. \nto 6.25 \n× \n× \n\n17 ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4 SSv2 fine-tuning performance vs. Samples Seen. We \nreport SSv2 fine-tuning for V-JEPA and pixel-reconstruction \nbaselines using a ViT-L/16 or Hiera-L architecture. V-JEPA \noutperforms all pixel-reconstruction methods using a ViT- \nL/16 and matches the Hiera-L performance while seeing \nsignificantly less samples during pretraining. \n\nFigure 5 SSv2 frozen-evaluation performance vs. Pretraining \nTime. Wallclock times for all methods are measured on a \nsingle GPU with a batch size of 10 clips, using the official \ncodebases for VideoMAE and VideoMAEv2, and linearly \nextrapolated assuming a global batch size of 2400 samples. \nHowever, note that the SSv2 accuracies of video pixel pre- \ndiction methods are actually obtained with small batch sizes \nand significantly longer training schedules. V-JEPA out- \nperforms pixel-reconstruction methods while training signifi- \ncantly faster. ageNet; hence, V-JEPA achieves comparable ImageNet \nperformance despite only pretraining on video. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Under the fine-tuning protocol, V-JEPA also achieves the \nbest performance of any model trained with a ViT-L/16, \nand matches the performance of the Hiera-L on SSv2, \nwhich benefits from a hierachical prior (Ryali et al., 2023). \nThe V-JEPA models achieve this result while processing \nsignificantly fewer samples during pretraining (Figure 4), \ndemonstrating the efficiency of feature prediction as a \nlearning principle. \n\nand image task with notable margin (see Table 6). Our \nH/16 model outperforms the largest publicly available \nVideoMAE, VideoMAEv2, OmniMAE, MVD, and Hiera \nmodels by at least +5 points in motion understanding \n(Something-Something-v2), +2 points in action recogni- \ntion (Kinetics-400), +5 points on action detection (AVA), \n+1 point on object recognition (ImageNet-1K), +2 points \nin scene recognition (Places205), and +0.2 points on fine- \ngrained recognition (iNaturalist). Moreover, when com- \nparing pretraining wallclock time in Figure 5, we see that \nV-JEPA achieves this performance with a roughly 2 \n× \nspeedup compared to the large pixel prediction models. \n\n5.2 Comparison with State-of-the-Art ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 14 Temporal Coverage on Kinetics-400. We evaluate the effect of temporal coverage on K400. We train an attentive \nprobe on K400 using either 1 clip (≈ 2 seconds of a video) or 8 clips (≈ 16 seconds of a video). To sample N clips, we first \ndivide a video in N equal-length temporal segments and sample one clip at random per segment. The video encoder processes \neach clip in parallel and all the encoder output tokens are concatenated at the input of the attentive probe. Increasing the \ntemporal coverage from 1 clip per video to 8 clips significantly improves the performance for both our VideoMAE baseline \nand V-JEPA. \n\nMethod \nVideoMAE ViT-L/16 \nViT-L/16 \nV-JEPA \n\nArch. 1 Clip 8 Clips \n\n69.4 \n73.7 77.8 \n80.9 \n\nTable 15 Finetuning results. We evaluate a V-JEPA model with the finetuning protocol on the K400 and SSv2 datasets \nusing 16 frames per clip and multi-view fusion (5×3 or 2×3) for inference. The #Samples Seen entry corresponds to the \nnumber of video clips processed during pretraining, which is larger than the size of the pretraining dataset for multi-epoch \ntraining. We compare V-JEPA with different video self-supervised learning approaches. We report the VideoMAEv2 results \nwithout instruction-turning for consistency with the other approaches. V-JEPA obtains competitive performance using the \nfinetuning protocol. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 5 Comparison with Pixel Prediction Methods. We compare V-JEPA with OmniMAE (Girdhar et al., 2023), Video- \nMAE (Tong et al., 2022), and Hiera (Ryali et al., 2023), which leverage a pixel-reconstruction loss. All models are trained using \na ViT-L architecture or a comparable Hiera-L. We evaluate the approaches on downstream image tasks (IN1K, Places205, \niNat201) and video tasks (K400, SSv2, AVA) in both frozen evaluation (with a frozen backbone), and end-to-end fine-tuning. \nAll models are evaluated at resolution 224. On K400 and SSv2 we follow the standard practice of reporting accuracy from \nseveral spatial and temporal views from the video. In frozen evaluation, V-JEPA outperforms the baselines on all downstream \ntasks, except ImageNet, where the model achieves 74.8% compared to 75.1% of an OmniMAE model trained directly on \nImageNet. V-JEPA also achieves the best fine-tuning performance amongs all ViT-L models and matches the Hiera-L on \nSSv2. The V-JEPA results are achieved while processing significantly fewer examples during pretraining. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "has been critical for enabling the surge of advancements \nin other modalities, such as text and images (Kaplan \net al., 2020; Cherti et al., 2023). We investigate whether \na similar trend holds for video data. To control for the \npossible confounding variable of compute budget, we \npretrain all models in Table 2 for 90K iterations using \na batch-size of 3072. We report downstream results on \nK400, SSv2, and IN1K using a frozen backbone with an \nattentive probe, and report top-1 accuracy using a single \ncenter view. \n\nwith a single GeLU activation, followed by a LayerNorm, \nand finally a linear classifier. \n\nIn Table 3 we see that using adaptive pooling with \na learnable cross-attention layer leads to a significant \nimprovement of +17 points on K400 and +16.1 points \non SSv2. Using an attentive-probe is also beneficial for \nother baseline models as reported in Appendix E. \n\nTable 2 shows that average performance across tasks \nmonotonically increases as we increase the size of the \npretraining dataset, but the best task-specific perfor- \nmance is obtained by independently selecting the pre- \ntraining data for each specific downstream task. For \ninstance, the L/16 obtains its best SSv2 performance \nwhen pretrained on K710+SSv2, its best K400 perfor- \nmance when pretrained only on K710, and its best IN1K \nperformance when pretrained only on K710+HT. The \nbest average performance across all tasks is achieved by \npretraining VideoMix2M, which combines all the data \nsources. Similarly, the H/16 pretrained on K710+SSv2 \nachieves a greater K400 score than the H/16 pretrained \non VideoMix2M, however, the top performing H/16 on \naverage is pretrained on VideoMix2M. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "C Pretraining details \n\nIn section, we report V-JEPA pretraining details. Table 8 summarizes the main hyperparameters used during \npretraining. \n\nArchitectures. We use Vision Transformer (Dosovitskiy et al., 2020) (ViT) architectures for the x-encoder and \ny-encoder. We train three V-JEPA encoders: a ViT-L/16224, a ViT-H/16224 and a ViT-H/16384. All three encoders \ntake as input a short video clip of 16 frames with a temporal stride of 4 between consecutive frames. The subscripts, \n224 and 384, indicate the spatial resolution of the video clip. V-JEPA flattens the video clip into a sequence of \n2 (see Figure 7). For all three models, the predictor is \nnon-overlapping spatio-temporal patches of size 16 \n× \ndesigned as a narrow ViT architecture, consisting of 12 transformer blocks with an embedding dimension of 384. For \nsimplicity, we keep the number of self-attention heads in the predictor equal to that of the backbone used for the \ncontext-encoder/target-encoder. V-JEPA is pretrained without using a [cls] token. \n\n16 \n× ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Input. Unless stated otherwise, during during pretraining, we always randomly sample a clip of 16 frames from \neach input video with a temporal stride of 4 between sampled frames. An input video clip therefore covers 64 frames \nin total, or roughly 2 seconds of a given video running at 30 frames per second. We then resize the video’s spatial \ndimensions to 224 \n3 for the entire clip. Since ViT networks \nprocess a 1D sequence of tokens, we must convert an input video clip into a 1D token sequence. To do so, we apply a \n3D convolution comprising d filters of size 2 \n16 with a temporal stride of 2 and a spatial stride of 16, resulting \nd. Next we add absolute 3D sin-cos positional embeddings to the spatio-temporal \nin a tensor of shape 8 \nfeature map and flatten it, resulting in a 1D token sequence of shape 1568 \nd. This process is demonstrated in \nFigure 7. \n\n224, resulting in an overall shape of 16 224 224 \n× × × × \n\n16 \n× × \n14 14 \n× × × \n× ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "arxiv3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf", - "query": "What is appropriate authority ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY.—The term ‘appropriate authority’ means the head of a Federal agency, the Architect of the Capitol, or other official authority responsible for the operation of a public building. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nCORPORATE GOVERNANCE ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "approved on Behalf of the Board \n\n", - "page_start": 65, - "page_end": 65, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIRECTOR SHARE \nOWNERSHIP \nGUIDELINES ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nCOMMITTEE \nAUTHORITY TO \nRETAIN INDEPENDENT \nADVISORS ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT**\n\n", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nattitude ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBy this definition, critical ", - "page_start": 413, - "page_end": 413, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nThe directional control ", - "page_start": 338, - "page_end": 338, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nlongitudinal control power. ", - "page_start": 292, - "page_end": 292, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf", - "query": "What criteria must a lactation room meet?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "LACTATION ROOM.—The term ‘lactation room’ means a hygienic place, other than a bathroom, that— ‘‘(A) is shielded from view; ‘‘(B) is free from intrusion; and ‘‘(C) contains a chair, a working surface, and, if the public building is otherwise supplied with electricity, an electrical outlet. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "‘‘(3) LACTATION ROOM.—The term ‘lactation room’ means \na hygienic place, other than a bathroom, that— \n\n‘‘(A) is shielded from view; \n‘‘(B) is free from intrusion; and \n‘‘(C) contains a chair, a working surface, and, if the \npublic building is otherwise supplied with electricity, an \nelectrical outlet. \n\n‘‘(b) LACTATION ROOM REQUIRED.—Except as provided in sub- \nsection (c), the appropriate authority of a covered public building \nshall ensure that the building contains a lactation room that is \nmade available for use by members of the public to express breast \nmilk. \n\n‘‘(c) EXCEPTIONS.—A covered public building may be excluded \nfrom the requirement in subsection (b) at the discretion of the \nappropriate authority if— \n‘‘(1) the public building— \n‘‘(A) does not contain a lactation room for employees \nwho work in the building; and \n\n‘‘(B) does not have a room that could be repurposed \nas a lactation room or a space that could be made private \nusing portable materials, at a reasonable cost; or ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of*\n*the United States of America in Congress assembled,*\n\nFairness For \nBreastfeeding \nMothers Act \nof 2019. \n40 USC 101 note. \n\n**SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.**\n\nThis Act may be cited as the ‘‘Fairness For Breastfeeding \nMothers Act of 2019’’. \n\n**SEC. 2. LACTATION ROOM IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.**\n\n(a) LACTATION ROOM IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.—Chapter 33 of \ntitle 40, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end \nthe following new section: \n\n**‘‘§ 3318. Lactation room in public buildings** 40 USC 3318. \n\n‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: \n\n‘appropriate \nauthority’ means the head of a Federal agency, the Architect \nof the Capitol, or other official authority responsible for the \noperation of a public building. \n\n‘‘(1) APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY.—The term \n\n‘‘(2) COVERED PUBLIC BUILDING.—The term ‘covered public \nbuilding’ means a public building (as defined in section 3301) \nthat is open to the public and contains a public restroom, \nand includes a building listed in section 6301 or 5101. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "PUBLIC LAW 116–30—JULY 25, 2019 133 STAT. 1033 \n\n‘‘(2) new construction would be required to create a lacta- \ntion room in the public building and the cost of such construc- \ntion is unfeasible. \n‘‘(d) NO UNAUTHORIZED ENTRY.—Nothing in this section shall \nbe construed to authorize an individual to enter a public building \nor portion thereof that the individual is not otherwise authorized \nto enter.’’. \n\n(b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections at the begin- \nning of chapter 33 of title 40, United States Code, is amended \nby inserting after the item related to section 3316 the following \nnew item: \n\n‘‘3318. Lactation room in public buildings.’’. \n\n(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendments made by this section \nshall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this \nAct. \n\n40 USC 3318 \nnote. \n\nApproved July 25, 2019. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFigure 4.19. Longitudinal Control Requirements ", - "page_start": 293, - "page_end": 293, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIRECTOR MATERIAL \nRELATIONSHIP \nSTANDARDS ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSUPERSONIC FLOW CONDITIONS ", - "page_start": 254, - "page_end": 254, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Board of Directors**\n\n**The Board carries out its responsibilities in accordance with the following:**\n\n**•**\n**•**\n**•**\n\nThe Board will comprise at least four directors; \n\nThe Board will be made up of at least one quarter of non-executive directors; \n\nThe directors must between them possess a broad range of skills, qualifications and \n\nexperience; \n\n**•**\n**•**\n\nThe Board will meet on a monthly basis; and \n\nAll available information in connection with items to be discussed at a meeting of the \n\nBoard will be provided to each director prior to that meeting. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBOARD & COMMITTEE \nIN CAMERA \nDISCUSSIONS ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nHOME \nAUTOMATION ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n<0 0–13 14–26 27–40 \nGestation weeks ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf", - "query": "When take effect the Fairness For Breastfeeding Mothers Act ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "The amendments made by this section shall take effect 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "*Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of*\n*the United States of America in Congress assembled,*\n\nFairness For \nBreastfeeding \nMothers Act \nof 2019. \n40 USC 101 note. \n\n**SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.**\n\nThis Act may be cited as the ‘‘Fairness For Breastfeeding \nMothers Act of 2019’’. \n\n**SEC. 2. LACTATION ROOM IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.**\n\n(a) LACTATION ROOM IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS.—Chapter 33 of \ntitle 40, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end \nthe following new section: \n\n**‘‘§ 3318. Lactation room in public buildings** 40 USC 3318. \n\n‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: \n\n‘appropriate \nauthority’ means the head of a Federal agency, the Architect \nof the Capitol, or other official authority responsible for the \noperation of a public building. \n\n‘‘(1) APPROPRIATE AUTHORITY.—The term \n\n‘‘(2) COVERED PUBLIC BUILDING.—The term ‘covered public \nbuilding’ means a public building (as defined in section 3301) \nthat is open to the public and contains a public restroom, \nand includes a building listed in section 6301 or 5101. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "PLAW-116publ30.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n<0 0–13 14–26 27–40 \nGestation weeks ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(**a**) 2006 c. 47 paragraph 1(1B) was inserted by section 64 the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 (c. 9) and paragraph 7(3B) was \ninserted by section 66 of that Act. ", - "page_start": 76, - "page_end": 76, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nCHANGE IN TAIL LIFT ", - "page_start": 286, - "page_end": 286, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nCHANGE IN \nTAIL LIFT ", - "page_start": 305, - "page_end": 305, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nAFROELASTIC EFFECTS ", - "page_start": 347, - "page_end": 347, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nEFFECT OF BOBWEIGHT ", - "page_start": 289, - "page_end": 289, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEFFECT OF GROSS WEIGHT ", - "page_start": 182, - "page_end": 182, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n0 \n0 \n\nBirth \n–1 0 10 20 30 40 50 \n\nWeeks since conception ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nrename the other worksheets: ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf", - "query": "When is it not necessary to review an EHC plan ?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": " It is not necessary for a local authority to review an EHC plan in accordance with section 44(1) of the Act if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**10.**In regulation 13(3) (timescales for EHC plans), for “(d)” substitute “(e)”. \n\n**11.**After regulation 18 (circumstances in which a local authority must review an EHC plan) \n\ninsert— \n\n“**Circumstances in which it is not necessary to review an EHC plan**\n\n**18A.**—(1) It is not necessary for a local authority to review an EHC plan in accordance \nwith section 44(1) of the Act if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the \nincidence or transmission of coronavirus. \n\n(2) Where paragraph (1) applies, a local authority must instead conduct such reviews as \n\nsoon as reasonably practicable.”. \n\n**12.**In regulation 22 (amending an EHC plan following a review), after paragraph (5) insert— \n\n“(6) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraphs (3) \nand (4) if it is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or \ntransmission of coronavirus.”. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "educational, health care and social care provision); \n\n(f) regulation 27(4) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment); \n\n(g) regulation 33 (requirement to consider mediation); \n\n(h) regulation 34(1) and (2) (where a parent or young person does not wish to or fails \n\nto pursue mediation); \n\n(i) regulation 35(2), (3) and (4) (mediation – health care issues); \n\n(j) regulation 36(2) (mediation - no health care issues); \n\n(k) regulation 39(1) and (3) (mediation certificate under section 55(5)); \n\n(l) regulation 42(3) and (4) (steps to be taken by a local authority); \n\n(m) regulation 44(2)(d), (e), (f) and (h) (compliance with the orders of the First-tier \n\nTribunal); \n\n(n) regulation 45(4), (5) and (6A) (unopposed appeals); \n\n(o) regulation 47 (disclosure of EHC plans in relation to higher education); and \n\n(p) regulation 56(3) (publication of comments on the local offer).”. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "time or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as \nsoon as reasonably practicable. \n\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person \nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or \ntransmission of coronavirus. \n\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)— \n\n(a) regulation 15(2) (transfer of EHC plans) (in relation to the second reference to 15 \nworking days), (4), (5), (7) (in relation to the second reference to 15 working days) \nand (8); \n\n(b) regulation 16(2) and (3) (change of responsible commissioning body); \n\n(c) regulation 20(9) and (10) (review where the child or young person attends a school \n\nor other institution); \n\n(d) regulation 21(7), (8) and (9) (review of EHC plan where the child or young person \n\ndoes not attend a school or other institution); \n\n(e) regulation 25(1) (notification of decision whether it is necessary to re-assess ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**6.**In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be \n\nnecessary), after paragraph (2) insert— \n\n“(3) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraph (1) if \nit is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of \ncoronavirus.”. \n\n**7.**In regulation 5(4) (decision whether or not to conduct an EHC needs assessment)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**8.**In regulation 8(2) (duty to co-operate in EHC needs assessments)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**9.**In regulation 10(4) (decision not to secure an EHC plan)— \n\n2 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**23.**In regulation 8(2) (duty to co-operate in a detained person’s EHC needs assessment), at the \n\nend of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**24.**In regulation 10(4) (decision not to secure an EHC plan)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**25.**In regulation 13(3) (timescales for EHC plans), for “(c)” substitute “(d)”. \n\n**26.**In regulation 29 (compliance with the orders of the First-tier Tribunal)— \n\n(a) after paragraph (6) insert— \n\n“(6A) The home authority need not comply with the time limits specified in paragraph (3) \nif it is impractical to do so because the circumstances referred to in regulation 10(4)(d) \napply.”. \n\n(b) in paragraph (7)(c) after “10(4)(a)” insert “or (d)”. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "PART 6 \n\nFinal provisions \n\n**Review of need for requirements**\n\n**24.**The Secretary of State must review the need for the requirements imposed by these \n\nRegulations by 14th June 2021 and at least once every 28 days thereafter. \n\n**Expiry of Regulations**", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Handy to Know…**\n Embedding is normally only done when it is \nnecessary to print the worksheet and the \ndata together. ", - "page_start": 56, - "page_end": 56, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 7: Physical health risks, Ergonomics – EWCS 201559**\n\n", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nAUDIT COMMITTEE \nMEETINGS WITH \nINTERNAL & EXTERNAL \nAUDITORS \nANNUAL REVIEWS \nOF BOARD & DIRECTOR \nPERFORMANCE ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**13.**In regulation 27(3) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**14.**In regulation 45 (unopposed appeals), after paragraph (7) insert— \n\n“(8) The local authority need not comply with the time limits specified in paragraph (3A) \nif it is impractical to do so because the circumstances referred to in regulation 10(4)(e) \napply.”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014**\n\n**15.**The Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014(**a**) are amended as \n\nfollows. \n\n**16.**In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**17.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time period due to coronavirus exception**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf", - "query": "Give me some info about the scroll bars in excel", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "Appear at the right and on the bottom of the screen. You may click the scroll arrows, drag the scroll box or click the scroll bar to move through the document. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***freeze panes***in a***worksheet***: \n\n1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the \narea you want to freeze/unfreeze \n\n2. Click on the***VIEW***tab \n3. Click on***Freeze Panes***in the***Window***\ngroup, then select**Freeze Panes**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 44. Data Entry Grid Export to Excel screen***\n\n", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Excel**\n**Fundamentals**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***select ranges***with the***mouse***: \n\n1. Click in the left-most cell of the range \n\n2. Hold down the \nlast cell, Or \n\n key and click in the \n\n3. Drag the mouse pointer to the bottom right \ncorner of the range ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nWith the formatting removed from the numbers the worksheet looks as follows: ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n***Chart***worksheet tab ", - "page_start": 56, - "page_end": 56, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***group worksheet tabs***: \n\n1. Click on the first worksheet tab \n2. Hold down , then click on the last \n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " \n \n \n\nA worksheet (or page) in a workbook contains 16,384***columns***that are labelled using letters of \nthe alphabet. The first column in a worksheet is labelled column***A***, while the last is labelled***XFD***\n\nA worksheet (or page) in a workbook contains 1,048,576***rows***that are labelled using numbers \nfrom 1 to 1,048,576 \n\nWhere a column and row intersect we get what is known as a***cell***. You enter your data into \nthese cells. Each cell in a worksheet can hold up to 32,767 characters – although it would be \nunrealistic to ever push it this far. Cells are referred to by their column and row labels. For \nexample, in the screen above the cell we are pointing to is***C11***– this reference is known as the \n***cell address***and is most important as it is frequently used in commands and formulas \n\n \n\nWhen you start typing something, you want it to appear somewhere in the worksheet. As a \nconsequence when the Status Bar shows***Ready***mode, at least one cell in the worksheet will be \nhighlighted – this is known as the***active cell***. In the screen above, the active cell is cell***A1***– \nnotice that the column label and the row label also appears coloured to indicate the active cell. \nYou can have more than one active cell – when this occurs you have what is known as a***range***", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nclicking on the column header directly above the \ncolumn. Remember that any changes you make \nwill apply to every cell in the column all the way \ndown to row 1,048,576! ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf", - "query": "How to rename a worksheet in Excel ?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": "To rename a worksheet: 1. Double click on the current name on the worksheet tab 2. Type the new name and press ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***rename***a***worksheet***: \n\n1. Double click on the current name on the \nworksheet tab \n\n 2. Type the new name and press ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Handy to Know…**\n You can rename a worksheet by \n\nright-clicking on the worksheet tab to display \nthe shortcut menu and clicking on***Rename***. \n\n A worksheet tab name can contain up to 31 \n\ncharacters including spaces, but it is better to \nkeep it short and succinct. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nrename the other worksheets: ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***copy***a***sheet***to***another workbook***: \n\n1. Right click on the worksheet tab, then click \non***Move or Copy***\n\n2. Select either***(new book)***or the name of \nanother workbook in***To book***\n\n3. Tick***Create a copy***, then click on**[OK]**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***insert***a***new worksheet***into a***workbook***: \n\n Click on the***New Sheet***icon to the right of \nthe worksheet tabs \n\nTo***delete***a***worksheet***from a***workbook***: \n\n Right click on the worksheet tab, then select \n**Delete**", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***copy***a***worksheet***: \n\n1. Right-click on the worksheet to copy, then \nselect***Move or Copy***\n\n2. Click on***Create a copy***so it appears ticked \n3. Click on**[OK]**", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***change the colour***of a***worksheet tab***: \n\n1. Right-click on the worksheet tab to display \nthe shortcut menu \n\n2. Point to***Tab colour***to display a palette of \ncolour options \n\n3. Click on the desired colour ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Handy to Know…**\n You can copy the current worksheet using \nthe***HOME***tab by clicking on***Format***in the \n***Cells***group, then clicking on***Move or Copy***\n***Sheet***. \n\n The***Before sheet***options in the***Move or***\n***Copy***dialog box allow you to position the \ncopied worksheet where you want. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***group worksheet tabs***: \n\n1. Click on the first worksheet tab \n2. Hold down , then click on the last \n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***delete***a***chart***: \n\n1. Click on the worksheet to see the chart, then \nclick on the chart to select it \n\n\n2. Press ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf", - "query": "I want to freeze a pane in my Excel worksheet ", - "target_page": 16, - "target_passage": "To freeze panes in a worksheet: 1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the area you want to freeze/unfreeze 2. Click on the VIEW tab 3. Click on Freeze Panes in the Window group, then select Freeze Panes ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***freeze panes***in a***worksheet***: \n\n1. Click in the cell below and to the right of the \narea you want to freeze/unfreeze \n\n2. Click on the***VIEW***tab \n3. Click on***Freeze Panes***in the***Window***\ngroup, then select**Freeze Panes**", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Handy to Know…**\n \n\nIf you want to freeze only the rows above the \nselected cell (leaving all columns unfrozen), \nselect the cell in column***A***of that row – e.g. \nto freeze rows***1***to***6***, click in cell***A7***. The \nsame applies to freezing only columns and \nleaving the rows unfrozen: select the cell in \nrow***1***. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***group worksheet tabs***: \n\n1. Click on the first worksheet tab \n2. Hold down , then click on the last \n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***copy***a***worksheet***: \n\n1. Right-click on the worksheet to copy, then \nselect***Move or Copy***\n\n2. Click on***Create a copy***so it appears ticked \n3. Click on**[OK]**", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nrename the other worksheets: ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " Click on the***Maintenance***\nworksheet tab, then spend a few \nmoments examining the worksheet \n\n*Depending on your screen, it is*\n*possible that you won’t be able to*\n*see all of the figures on the screen*\n*at once...*\n\n Click in cell***B6***to select the cell \n Click on the***VIEW***tab, click on \n***Freeze Panes***in the***Window***\ngroup, then select**Freeze Panes**\n\n*Thin black lines appear above and*\n*to the left of the selected cell. This*\n*indicates that the areas above and*\n*to the left are frozen...*\n\n Scroll to the right until***Yearly***\n***Average***in column***L***appears next \nto column***A***\n\n Scroll down until***Overheads***in row \n Press \n\n to move to cell \n***B6***– this is our temporary home \ncell, as the cells above and to the \nleft are frozen \n\n On the***VIEW***tab, click on***Freeze***\n\n***Panes***in the***Freeze Panes***group, \nthen click on***Unfreeze Panes***to \nunfreeze the rows and columns ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***insert***a***new worksheet***into a***workbook***: \n\n Click on the***New Sheet***icon to the right of \nthe worksheet tabs \n\nTo***delete***a***worksheet***from a***workbook***: \n\n Right click on the worksheet tab, then select \n**Delete**", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***rename***a***worksheet***: \n\n1. Double click on the current name on the \nworksheet tab \n\n 2. Type the new name and press ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***delete***a***chart***: \n\n1. Click on the worksheet to see the chart, then \nclick on the chart to select it \n\n\n2. Press ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf", - "query": "What is the msodocexStructTypeArticle type value ?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "A group of nodes forming a single flow of text that should be read or searched as a contiguous block of content. Some documents have a single article and others have multiple articles.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "typedef struct_MsoDocexStructNode \n{ \n int idNode; \n MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE nodetype; \n WCHAR*pwchAltText; \n union \n { \n int iHeadingLevel; \n ULONG idPara; \n ULONG idDropCap; \n int iPage; \n WCHAR*pwchActualText; \n MSODOCEXLINEBREAKTYPE bt; \n int iListLevel; \n MSODOCEXLISTTYPE listType; \n ULONG idAtn; \n long cpLim; \n int shapeProperty; \n MsoDocexTableAttr tableAttr; \n WCHAR*idTableHeader; \n int iTargetParentId; \n }; \n} MSODOCEXSTRUCTNODE; ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**shapeProperty**is for a msodocexStructTypeFigure where the content is a shape, \n\ntext box, or table cell and contains bit fields from the MSODOCEXSHAPEPROPERTY \n\nenumeration. \n\n**tableAttr**is the table cell attributes for a msodocexStructTypeTH or \n\nmsodocexStructTypeTD. \n\n**idTableHeader**is the unique id for an msodocexStructTypeTH or \n\nmsodocexStructTypeTD. \n\n**iTargetParentId**is the id of the node to reparent an msodocexStructTypeDiagram \n\nto. \n\nTable 3. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXLINEBREAKTYPE ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Type ValueDescription
msodocexStructTypeParaA block of text within an article. Its parent node must be an article.
msodocexStructTypeFigureA graphical element ( for example, an image or collection of shapes ) that has a textual representation. The textual representation is the alternate text used for reading or searching the document.
msodocexStructTypeArticleA group of nodes forming a single flow of text that should be read or searched as a contiguous block of content. Some documents have a single article and others have multiple articles.
msodocexStructTypeHeadingA heading in the text.
msodocexStructTypeTableA block of text forming a table.
msodocexStructTypeTRA block of text forming a single row of a table.
msodocexStructTypeTDA block of text forming a single cell in a table row.
msodocexStructTypeTHA block of text forming a single header cell in a table row.
msodocexStructTypeListA block of text forming a list.
msodocexStructTypeListltemA block of text forming a list item.
msodocexStructTypeListBodyA block of text forming the body of a list item.
msodocexStructTypeDocumentA document.
msodocexStructTypePageA page in the document.
", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The following table shows the semantic records types supported by the Microsoft Office \n\nfixed-format export feature. These types are enumerated by the \n\n**MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE**enumeration. Each type corresponds to a structure type that \n\ndescribes the format for the record. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The members of the**DocExComment_EndStructNode**structure are as follows: \n\n**ident**Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF \n\ncomment as containing semantic information. \n\n**iComment**Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value, \n\nmsodocexcommentEndStructNode. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The*metadatatype*parameter specifies the type of metadata represented by the string. \n\nThe*metadatatype*parameter must be one of the following values from the \n\nMSODOCEXMETADATA enumeration type. \n\nTable 8. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXMETADATA ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The*metadatatype*parameter specifies the type of metadata represented by the \n\n**FILETIME**structure. The*metadatatype*parameter must be one of the following values \n\nfrom the MSODOCEXMETADATA enumeration type. \n\nTable 9. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXMETADATA ", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The**idNode**member specifies the ID of the node. This member may not have a value of \n\n**0**. A value of**-1**indicates that child nodes do not use the**idNodeParent**member to \n\nspecify this node as their parent. Instead, this node can be a parent only by enclosing \n\nchild nodes in the EMF. Multiple nodes can have a ID of**-1**. If the ID is not**-1**, the value is \n\nunique across the document. \n\nThe**nodetype**specifies the type of structure node. This member is equal to one of the \n\nvalues from the**MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE**enumeration type. The following table lists \n\nexamples of document structure node types. \n\nTable 7. Document structure node types ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The members of the**DocExComment_BeginStructNode**structure are as follows: \n\n**ident**Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF \n\ncomment as containing semantic information. \n\n**iComment**Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value, \n\nmsodocexcommentBeginStructNode. \n\n**idNodeParent**Specifies the ID of the parent node. A value of**0**specifies the root \n\nnode. A value of**-1**specifies the currently open structure node, that is, the \n\n*enclosing*structure node. \n\n**iSortOrder**Specifies the sort order of the structure node among its sibling nodes. \n\nThe sort order enables the add-in to order the content correctly in the exported \n\ndocument. \n\nNo two nodes can have the same sort order. However, the set of integers that \n\nconstitute the sort order do not need to be contiguous. \n\nA value of**-1**indicates that the sibling order is the same order in which the nodes \n\nappear in the EMF comments. Note that the order in which the content appears in \n\nthe EMF is not necessarily the order in which the content is consumed by a user of \n\nthe document. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Type ValueDescription
msodocexStructTypeTOCA table of contents.
msodocexStructTypeTOCIAn item in a table of contents.
msodocexStructTypeExtLinkA link to an external resource.
msodocexStructTypeIntLinkA link to an internal resource.
msodocexStructTypeFootnoteA footnote.
msodocexStructTypeEndnoteAn endnote.
msodocexStructTypeTextboxA text box.
msodocexStructTypeHeaderA block of text forming a header.
msodocexStructTypeFooterA footer.
msodocexStructInlineShapeAn inline shape.
msodocexStructAnnotationAn annotation.
msodocexStructTypeSpanBlockA block of text.
msodocexStructTypeWorkbookA workbook.
msodocexStructTypeWorksheetA worksheet.
msodocexStructTypeMacrosheetA macrosheet.
msodocexStructTypeChartsheetA chartsheet.
msodocexStructTypeDialogsheetA dialogsheet.
msodocexStructTypeSlideA slide.
msodocexStructTypeChartA chart.
msodocexStructTypeDiagramA SmartArt diagram.
msodocexStructTypeBulletTextBuller text.
msodocexStructTypeTextLineA line of text.
msodocexStructTypeDropCapA drop cap.
msodocexStructTypeSectionA section.
msodocexStructTypeAnnotationBeginThe beginning of an annotation.
msodocexStructTypeAnnotationEndThe end of an annotation.
", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf", - "query": "What are vector colors ?", - "target_page": 29, - "target_passage": "Vector colors are any COLORREF values that the add-in receives from Publisher.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nFigure 3.2: Representation of Properties ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**RECYCLABLE WASTE**\n\n**All types of paper**\n**and cardboard**\n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "BD-EN_calendrier-Lauzun-2024.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nAIRPLANE VELOCITY, V ", - "page_start": 350, - "page_end": 350, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\"great colors of nature\" by marcostetter is published under Public Domain Mark 1.0. \n\n**About Us**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***change the colour***of a***worksheet tab***: \n\n1. Right-click on the worksheet tab to display \nthe shortcut menu \n\n2. Point to***Tab colour***to display a palette of \ncolour options \n\n3. Click on the desired colour ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFigure 1.28. Description of Wing Planform ", - "page_start": 79, - "page_end": 79, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Extended Color Support**\n\nTo support extended color spaces in Publisher, additional EMF semantic records and \n\ninterfaces are needed because EMF only supports RGB (red-green-black) colors. \n\nExtended color spaces include CMYK (cyan-magenta-yellow-black) and spot color space, \n\nwhich are commonly used in commercial printing. \n\nPublisher uses color mapping to represent extended colors in the document EMF. \n\nPublisher builds a color table for all colors used in the document and replaces actual \n\ncolors with color IDs in the EMF. The type for the color ID is**COLORREF**, which is the ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Front panel LEDs**\n\n", - "page_start": 696, - "page_end": 696, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nthe three-dimensional flow ", - "page_start": 253, - "page_end": 253, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf", - "query": "What are msodocexMetadataComments ?", - "target_page": 35, - "target_passage": "Miscellaneous comments relevant to the document.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The*metadatatype*parameter specifies the type of metadata represented by the string. \n\nThe*metadatatype*parameter must be one of the following values from the \n\nMSODOCEXMETADATA enumeration type. \n\nTable 8. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXMETADATA ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
ValueDescription
msodocexMetadataTitleThe title of the document.
msodocexMetadataAuthorThe author of the document
msodocexMetadataSubjectString that describes the subject matter of the document ( for example, business or science ).
msodocexMetadataKeywordsKeyword relevant to the document content.
msodocexMetadataCreatorThe creator of the document, possibly distinct from the author.
msodocexMetadataProducerThe producer of the document, possibly distinct from the author or creator.
msodocexMetadataCategoryString that describes the type of document ( for example, memo, article, or book ).
msodocexMetadataStatusStatus of the document. This field can reflect where the document is in the publication process ( for example, draft or final ).
msodocexMetadataCommentsMiscellaneous comments relevant to the document.
", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The members of the**DocExComment_EndStructNode**structure are as follows: \n\n**ident**Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF \n\ncomment as containing semantic information. \n\n**iComment**Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value, \n\nmsodocexcommentEndStructNode. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The*metadatatype*parameter specifies the type of metadata represented by the \n\n**FILETIME**structure. The*metadatatype*parameter must be one of the following values \n\nfrom the MSODOCEXMETADATA enumeration type. \n\nTable 9. Enumerated values of MSODOCEXMETADATA ", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The members of the**DocExComment_EPSColorCMYKJPEG**structure are as follows: \n\n**ident**Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF \n\ncomment as containing semantic information. \n\n**iComment**Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value, \n\nmsodocexcommentEPSCMYKJPEG; ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The members of the**DocExComment_EPSColor**structure are as follows: \n\n**ident**Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF \n\ncomment as containing semantic information. \n\n**iComment**Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value, \n\nmsodocexcommentEPSColor. \n\n**colorInfo[]**Specifies the color information for the EPS file. The add-in should pass \n\nthis information to Publisher using the**IMsoDocExporterSite::SetEPSInfo**method. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The members of the**DocExComment_ColorEnable**structure are as follows: \n\n**ident**Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF \n\ncomment as containing semantic information. \n\n**iComment**Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value, \n\nmsodocexcommentColorMapEnable. \n\n**fEnable**Specifies whether color mapping is enabled for subsequent content. A \n\nvalue of**true**indicates that color mapping is enabled. A value of**false**indicates \n\nthat color mapping is disabled. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "typedef struct_MsoDocexStructNode \n{ \n int idNode; \n MSODOCEXSTRUCTTYPE nodetype; \n WCHAR*pwchAltText; \n union \n { \n int iHeadingLevel; \n ULONG idPara; \n ULONG idDropCap; \n int iPage; \n WCHAR*pwchActualText; \n MSODOCEXLINEBREAKTYPE bt; \n int iListLevel; \n MSODOCEXLISTTYPE listType; \n ULONG idAtn; \n long cpLim; \n int shapeProperty; \n MsoDocexTableAttr tableAttr; \n WCHAR*idTableHeader; \n int iTargetParentId; \n }; \n} MSODOCEXSTRUCTNODE; ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The members of the**DocExComment_UnicodeForNextTextOut**structure are as follows: \n\n**ident**Specifies the constant value, msodocexsignature, which identifies this EMF \n\ncomment as containing semantic information. \n\n**iComment**Specifies the MSODOCEXCOMMENT value, \n\nmsodocexcommentUnicodeForNextTextOut. \n\n**cGlyphIndex**Specifies the size of an array that follows this structure. This array \n\nimplements a glyph index table that maps Unicode code points in the actual text \n\nto the corresponding glyphs in the EMF. Each element of the array corresponds to \n\na code point in the text. The value of that element specifies the first glyph used to \n\nrender that code point in the EMF. Two or more adjacent code points may have the \n\nsame value in the array, which means that they both resolve to the same glyph. \n\n**cwchActualText**Specifies the size of the sequence of Unicode code points that \n\nfollow the glyph index table. This is the text that a consumer of the document can \n\nuse for searching, copying/pasting, and accessibility. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CMOD \nServer B \n\n", - "page_start": 158, - "page_end": 158, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf", - "query": "What are the total operating expenses of Wikimedia foundation in 2024 ?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "178,471,109", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers \nadditional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the \nWikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not \ndonor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards \nand grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and \n$624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of \nJune 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred \nto the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024. \n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with \ngrants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and \n$500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation’s existing audiences of consumers \nand contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with \ndonor restrictions as of June 30, 2024. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Foundation’s liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to \nmeet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and \ncash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the \nprimary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the \nshort-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed. \n\n**(10) Related Party Transactions**\n\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on \nSeptember 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the \noperations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by \nand advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The \nFoundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the \nWikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a \nrelated party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the \nFoundation. \n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to \nservices provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative \nsupport under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation's \nexpenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the \ncosts is recorded within other income, net. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n\n***(a) Organization and Purpose***\n\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net \nassets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC. \n\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. \nBased in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily \nthrough donations and contributions. \n\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the \nFoundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for \ncharitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue \nCode and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes. \n\n***(b) Risks and Uncertainties***\n\nThe Foundation’s operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts \nfrom foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency \nmarkets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not \nexperienced an adverse impact on its business operations. \n\n***(c) Income Taxes***\n\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue \nCode and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of \nRevenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined \nthat the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
June 30.2024 and 2023Assets2024
2023
Current assets :Cash and cash equivalents$82.845.159
75.808.401Contributions receivable856.657
—Short - term investments116.074.763
132.216.667Prepaid expenses and other current assets5.722.457
5.569.485Total current assets205.499.036
213.594.553Restricted cash1.428.542
1.396.717Long - term investments67.291.224
43.265.786Right of use asset - operating lease, net—
1.821.174Property and equipment, net11.826.136
14.045.139Contributions receivable715.000
—Total assets$
286.759.938274.123.369Liabilities and Net AssetsCurrent liabilities :
Accounts payable
$
4.009.5822.783.904Accrued expenses7.959.558
6.922.259Lease liability417.756
1.640.735Donations payable to Wikimedia Endowment525.607
5.274.448Other liabilities2.292.045
2.124.939Total current liabilities15.204.548
18.746.285Lease liability—
405.748Total liabilities$
15.204.54819.152.033Net assets :Net assets without donor restrictions
265.859.067
249.088.663Net assets with donor restrictions5.696.323
5.882.673Total net assets271.555.390
254.971.336Total liabilities and net assets$
86.759.938274.123.369
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(6) Functional Allocation of Expenses**\n\nCosts of providing the Foundation’s activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. \nPrograms comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform \nthat enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, \ngrowing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in \nkey geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support \nWikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for \nwhich the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and \nfundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent \nand office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2024** **2023**\n\nNet assets without donor restrictions: \n\nSupport and revenue: \n\nContributions of cash and other financial assets \nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services \nForeign currency losses \nOther income, net \nInvestment income, net \nRelease of net assets with donor restrictions \n\n$ \n\n168,212,977 \n263,476 \n(300,907) \n5,629,773 \n5,096,842 \n6,481,350 164,121,185 \n1,040,453 \n(94,868) \n3,824,240 \n3,002,929 \n4,732,654 \n\nTotal support and revenue 185,383,511 176,626,593 \n\nOperating expenses: \n\nSalaries and benefits \nAwards and grants \nInternet hosting \nIn-kind service expenses \nDonation processing expenses \nProfessional service expenses \nOther operating expenses \nTravel and conferences \nDepreciation and amortization 106,793,960 \n26,820,080 \n3,116,445 \n263,476 \n7,547,718 \n13,090,040 \n10,798,140 \n5,824,979 \n4,216,271 101,305,706 \n24,433,682 \n3,120,819 \n1,040,453 \n6,855,680 \n15,464,635 \n7,393,982 \n4,878,359 \n4,602,064 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Independent Auditors’ Report**\n\nThe Board of Trustees \nWikimedia Foundation, Inc: \n\n*Opinion*\n\nWe have audited the consolidated financial statements of Wikimedia Foundation, Inc and its subsidiary (the \nFoundation), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, \nand the related consolidated statements of activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related \nnotes to the consolidated financial statements. \n\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the \nfinancial position of the Foundation as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash \nflows for the years then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. \n\n*Basis for Opinion*\n\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of \nAmerica (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ \nResponsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to \nbe independent of the Foundation and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant \nethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient \nand appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is \nincluded within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards \nand grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. \n\n***(p) Use of Estimates***\n\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting \nprinciples requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported \nin the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and \nassumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of \ncontributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. \n\n***(q) Reclassifications***\n\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the \n2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and \nlosses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of \n$3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of \nactivities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania \nevent as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is \nnow reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference \nexpenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and \nconference expenses in the statement of activities. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For example (unaudited): \n\n• Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews \n\nper month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in \nmore than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer \ncommunity. \n\n• For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation’s largest project, \nWikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles. \n\n• For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and \nsound files to the Foundation’s multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files. \n\n• Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation’s wiki software: volunteer software \n\ndevelopers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code \nbase by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, \nthere were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of \nwhich 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**$43,634** **$40,064**\n\ntotal assets **$1,386,826** **134,760** **10,845**\n\nTotal liabilities **$676,072** **53,326** **198,973**\n\nCapital expenditures **$18,100** **$3,505** **$42**", - "page_start": 89, - "page_end": 89, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf", - "query": "What external events can affect Wikimedia Fundation in raising funds ?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency markets may impact our ability to raise funds.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers \nadditional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the \nWikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not \ndonor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards \nand grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and \n$624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of \nJune 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred \nto the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024. \n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with \ngrants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and \n$500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation’s existing audiences of consumers \nand contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with \ndonor restrictions as of June 30, 2024. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n\n***(a) Organization and Purpose***\n\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net \nassets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC. \n\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. \nBased in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily \nthrough donations and contributions. \n\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the \nFoundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for \ncharitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue \nCode and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes. \n\n***(b) Risks and Uncertainties***\n\nThe Foundation’s operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts \nfrom foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency \nmarkets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not \nexperienced an adverse impact on its business operations. \n\n***(c) Income Taxes***\n\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue \nCode and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of \nRevenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined \nthat the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
June 30.2024 and 2023Assets2024
2023
Current assets :Cash and cash equivalents$82.845.159
75.808.401Contributions receivable856.657
—Short - term investments116.074.763
132.216.667Prepaid expenses and other current assets5.722.457
5.569.485Total current assets205.499.036
213.594.553Restricted cash1.428.542
1.396.717Long - term investments67.291.224
43.265.786Right of use asset - operating lease, net—
1.821.174Property and equipment, net11.826.136
14.045.139Contributions receivable715.000
—Total assets$
286.759.938274.123.369Liabilities and Net AssetsCurrent liabilities :
Accounts payable
$
4.009.5822.783.904Accrued expenses7.959.558
6.922.259Lease liability417.756
1.640.735Donations payable to Wikimedia Endowment525.607
5.274.448Other liabilities2.292.045
2.124.939Total current liabilities15.204.548
18.746.285Lease liability—
405.748Total liabilities$
15.204.54819.152.033Net assets :Net assets without donor restrictions
265.859.067
249.088.663Net assets with donor restrictions5.696.323
5.882.673Total net assets271.555.390
254.971.336Total liabilities and net assets$
86.759.938274.123.369
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Foundation’s liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to \nmeet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and \ncash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the \nprimary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the \nshort-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed. \n\n**(10) Related Party Transactions**\n\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on \nSeptember 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the \noperations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by \nand advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The \nFoundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the \nWikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a \nrelated party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the \nFoundation. \n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to \nservices provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative \nsupport under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation's \nexpenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the \ncosts is recorded within other income, net. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(6) Functional Allocation of Expenses**\n\nCosts of providing the Foundation’s activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. \nPrograms comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform \nthat enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, \ngrowing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in \nkey geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support \nWikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for \nwhich the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and \nfundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent \nand office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(11) Contingencies and Commitments**\n\nIn the normal course of business, the Foundation receives various threats of litigation. In the opinion of \nmanagement, the outcome of the pending lawsuits will not materially affect operations or the financial \nposition of the Foundation. \n\n**(12) Subsequent Events**\n\nThe Foundation has evaluated its subsequent events through October 8, 2024, the date at which the \nconsolidated financial statements were available to be issued, and determined there are no items to \ndisclose. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is \nincluded within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards \nand grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. \n\n***(p) Use of Estimates***\n\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting \nprinciples requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported \nin the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and \nassumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of \ncontributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. \n\n***(q) Reclassifications***\n\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the \n2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and \nlosses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of \n$3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of \nactivities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania \nevent as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is \nnow reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference \nexpenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and \nconference expenses in the statement of activities. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For example (unaudited): \n\n• Wikipedia and the other projects operated by the Foundation receive more than 19.4 billion pageviews \n\nper month, making them one of the most popular Web properties worldwide. Wikipedia is available in \nmore than 332 languages and contains more than 63 million articles contributed by a global volunteer \ncommunity. \n\n• For the year ended June 30, 2024, the educational content of the Foundation’s largest project, \nWikipedia, grew by approximately 1.9 million articles to approximately 63.4 million articles. \n\n• For the year ended June 30, 2024, volunteers added approximately 12.2 million images, movies, and \nsound files to the Foundation’s multimedia repository, making the total 106.7 million files. \n\n• Volunteers also contribute in several ways to the Foundation’s wiki software: volunteer software \n\ndevelopers add new functionality to the code base, and volunteer language specialists add to the code \nbase by translating the wiki interface into different languages. During the year ended June 30, 2024, \nthere were 47,773 commits merged, through the efforts of approximately 511 authors/contributors, of \nwhich 8,161 commits were through the efforts of approximately 244 volunteers. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**International initiatives in Asian countries and others**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Independent Auditors’ Report**\n\nThe Board of Trustees \nWikimedia Foundation, Inc: \n\n*Opinion*\n\nWe have audited the consolidated financial statements of Wikimedia Foundation, Inc and its subsidiary (the \nFoundation), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, \nand the related consolidated statements of activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related \nnotes to the consolidated financial statements. \n\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the \nfinancial position of the Foundation as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash \nflows for the years then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. \n\n*Basis for Opinion*\n\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of \nAmerica (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ \nResponsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to \nbe independent of the Foundation and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant \nethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient \nand appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf", - "query": "What include Wikimedia Fundation restricted cash ?", - "target_page": 9, - "target_passage": "Restricted cash includes standby letters of credit for (1) the Foundation’s headquarters office lease and (2) one of the Foundation’s Employer of Record responsible for administering compensation and benefits for non-US personnel.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 5 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies**\n\n***(a) Organization and Purpose***\n\nThe accompanying consolidated financial statements present the financial position, change in net \nassets and cash flows of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (the Foundation) and Wikimedia, LLC. \n\nThe Foundation is the nonprofit organization that operates Wikipedia, a free online encyclopedia. \nBased in San Francisco, California, the Foundation is a 501(c)(3) charity that is funded primarily \nthrough donations and contributions. \n\nThe Foundation also operates Wikimedia, LLC, a Delaware Limited Liability Company, with the \nFoundation as its Sole Member. The Wikimedia, LLC is organized and operated exclusively for \ncharitable and educational purposes within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue \nCode and is a disregarded entity for tax purposes. \n\n***(b) Risks and Uncertainties***\n\nThe Foundation’s operations are funded primarily by public donations from individuals as well as gifts \nfrom foundations and corporations. External factors such as global geopolitics, recession, and currency \nmarkets may impact our ability to raise funds. As of the date of this report, the Foundation has not \nexperienced an adverse impact on its business operations. \n\n***(c) Income Taxes***\n\nThe Foundation is exempt from federal income tax under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue \nCode and from state income tax under Chapter 220.13 of the Florida Statutes and Sections 23701d of \nRevenue and Taxation Code of the State of California. The Internal Revenue Service has determined \nthat the Foundation is not a private foundation and contributions to it qualify as charitable contributions. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Foundation also receives donations on behalf of the Wikimedia Endowment as well as transfers \nadditional Foundation donations to the Endowment monthly. Donations that are donor-specified for the \nWikimedia Endowment are not recognized as revenue to the Foundation, whereas donations that are not \ndonor-specified for the Wikimedia Endowment are recognized both as contributions revenue and awards \nand grants expense to the Foundation. The Foundation transferred $10,706,812 donor-designated gifts and \n$624,137 Foundation gifts to the Wikimedia Endowment during the year ended June 30, 2024. As of \nJune 30, 2024, the Foundation owed the Wikimedia Endowment $525,607 for donations to be transferred \nto the Wikimedia Endowment for the month of June 2024. \n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Wikimedia Endowment also provided the Foundation with \ngrants of $1,500,000 for MediaWiki improvements, $600,000 for the Abstract Wikipedia project, and \n$500,000 for exploring strategies for expanding beyond the Foundation’s existing audiences of consumers \nand contributors. The grants are recorded as contributions with donor restrictions and within net assets with \ndonor restrictions as of June 30, 2024. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Foundation’s liquidity management includes a policy of structuring its financial assets to be available to \nmeet its general expenditures, liabilities, grant-making, and other obligations as they come due. Cash and \ncash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet at June 30, 2024 and 2023, are the \nprimary liquid resources used by the Foundation to meet these obligations. Financial assets invested in the \nshort-term and long-term investments can be liquidated at any time as needed. \n\n**(10) Related Party Transactions**\n\nThe Wikimedia Endowment began operations as a standalone tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization on \nSeptember 30, 2023, with the mission to act as a permanent fund that can support in perpetuity the \noperations and activities of current and future Wikimedia projects, which are projects that are approved by \nand advance the purposes of the Foundation or its successor if the Foundation ceases to exist. The \nFoundation does not have control or controlling financial interest in the Wikimedia Endowment and the \nWikimedia Endowment has a separate Board of Directors, but the Wikimedia Endowment is considered a \nrelated party to the Foundation because Wikimedia Endowment management is also management at the \nFoundation. \n\nDuring the fiscal year ended June 30, 2024, the Foundation recognized revenue of $2,063,195 related to \nservices provided to the Wikimedia Endowment, primarily for fundraising and general and administrative \nsupport under the terms of a cost sharing agreement. These costs are included within the Foundation's \nexpenses based on the nature of the cost. The revenue from the Wikimedia Endowment reimbursing the \ncosts is recorded within other income, net. ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**WIKIMEDIA FOUNDATION, INC.**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
June 30.2024 and 2023Assets2024
2023
Current assets :Cash and cash equivalents$82.845.159
75.808.401Contributions receivable856.657
—Short - term investments116.074.763
132.216.667Prepaid expenses and other current assets5.722.457
5.569.485Total current assets205.499.036
213.594.553Restricted cash1.428.542
1.396.717Long - term investments67.291.224
43.265.786Right of use asset - operating lease, net—
1.821.174Property and equipment, net11.826.136
14.045.139Contributions receivable715.000
—Total assets$
286.759.938274.123.369Liabilities and Net AssetsCurrent liabilities :
Accounts payable
$
4.009.5822.783.904Accrued expenses7.959.558
6.922.259Lease liability417.756
1.640.735Donations payable to Wikimedia Endowment525.607
5.274.448Other liabilities2.292.045
2.124.939Total current liabilities15.204.548
18.746.285Lease liability—
405.748Total liabilities$
15.204.54819.152.033Net assets :Net assets without donor restrictions
265.859.067
249.088.663Net assets with donor restrictions5.696.323
5.882.673Total net assets271.555.390
254.971.336Total liabilities and net assets$
86.759.938274.123.369
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Restricted Cash \n\nOur total cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, as presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows, was as \nfollows (in millions): \n\nSeptember 30, \n2024 December 31, \n2023 September 30, \n2023 December 31, \n2022 \n\nCash and cash equivalents $ 18,111 $ 16,398 $ 15,932 $ 16,253 \n\nRestricted cash included in prepaid expenses and \nother current assets 483 543 453 294 \n\n380 248 205 377 Restricted cash included in other non-current assets \n\nTotal as presented in the consolidated statements of \ncash flows \n$ 18,974 $ 17,189 $ 16,590 $ 16,924 ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Once such stipulations are satisfied, the associated net assets are released from net assets with donor restrictions and recognized as net assets without donor restrictions.
Contributions received are recorded as net assets without donor restriction or net assets with donor restrictions depending on the existence and / or nature of any donor restrictions.
( e ) Cash and Cash EquivalentsThe Foundation manages is can through major hipsensia Indickiness, it, June 3.2014 and 2012, the foundary and 2012, the foundary and 2012, the foundary and 2012, the foundary and 2012, the foundary and 2013, the paperson and 2013, the foun
ΩRestricted CashRestricted cash includes standby letters of credit for ( 1 ) the Foundation ’ s headquarters office lease and ( 2 ) one of the Foundations Employee of Resociate responsible for administering compensation and benefits fore
( g ) Contributions ReceivableContributions receivable represent glit amounts due from rainous enfiles, which are occasionally directed at specific activities. Contitudions receivable due more than one year from the contribution data and discussived to present
Xh )Investments
The Foundation ' s policy regarding investments is to invest cash in short - term, intermediate - lerm, and long - term feed income, and equity instruments without assuming material undual roles to principal. Preservation of principal anThe Foundation presents its investment portfolios as short - term and long - term based on expectations
", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(6) Functional Allocation of Expenses**\n\nCosts of providing the Foundation’s activities have been summarized below on a functional basis. \nPrograms comprise various initiatives that focus on (1) building the technological and operating platform \nthat enables the Foundation to function sustainably as a top global internet organization, (2) strengthening, \ngrowing, and increasing diversity of the Wikimedia communities, and (3) accelerating impact by investing in \nkey geographic areas, mobile application development, and bottom-up innovation, all of which support \nWikipedia and other wiki-based projects. This also includes costs related to the Wikimedia Endowment for \nwhich the Foundation is reimbursed. The allocation between programs, general and administrative, and \nfundraising expenses is based on personnel and related costs and other operating expenses such as rent \nand office expenses using estimates of time spent or percentage of utilization by headcounts, as well as ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2024** **2023**\n\nNet assets without donor restrictions: \n\nSupport and revenue: \n\nContributions of cash and other financial assets \nContributions of nonfinancial assets and services \nForeign currency losses \nOther income, net \nInvestment income, net \nRelease of net assets with donor restrictions \n\n$ \n\n168,212,977 \n263,476 \n(300,907) \n5,629,773 \n5,096,842 \n6,481,350 164,121,185 \n1,040,453 \n(94,868) \n3,824,240 \n3,002,929 \n4,732,654 \n\nTotal support and revenue 185,383,511 176,626,593 \n\nOperating expenses: \n\nSalaries and benefits \nAwards and grants \nInternet hosting \nIn-kind service expenses \nDonation processing expenses \nProfessional service expenses \nOther operating expenses \nTravel and conferences \nDepreciation and amortization 106,793,960 \n26,820,080 \n3,116,445 \n263,476 \n7,547,718 \n13,090,040 \n10,798,140 \n5,824,979 \n4,216,271 101,305,706 \n24,433,682 \n3,120,819 \n1,040,453 \n6,855,680 \n15,464,635 \n7,393,982 \n4,878,359 \n4,602,064 ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "and free to everyone in the world, the Foundation's cost related to this collaborative arrangement is \nincluded within awards and grants in the statement of activities. The amount included within awards \nand grants was $6.1 million and $4.1 million for the years ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. \n\n***(p) Use of Estimates***\n\nThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting \nprinciples requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported \nin the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Items subject to such estimates and \nassumptions include the investment valuations, useful lives of fixed assets, and the valuation of \ncontributed services. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates. \n\n***(q) Reclassifications***\n\nCertain reclassifications have been made in the financial statements to conform 2023 information to the \n2024 presentation. The Foundation had a change in accounting policy to present unrealized gains and \nlosses on investments separately from investment income, net. This resulted in a reclassification of \n$3,547,510 from investment income, net to unrealized gains on investments within the statement of \nactivities. The Foundation also had a change in accounting policy to no longer present the Wikimania \nevent as special event expense, net in the statement of activities. Revenue from registration sales is \nnow reported within other income, net, and expenses are reported within travel and conference \nexpenses. This resulted in a reclassification of $698,141 from special event expenses to travel and \nconference expenses in the statement of activities. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Independent Auditors’ Report**\n\nThe Board of Trustees \nWikimedia Foundation, Inc: \n\n*Opinion*\n\nWe have audited the consolidated financial statements of Wikimedia Foundation, Inc and its subsidiary (the \nFoundation), which comprise the consolidated statements of financial position as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, \nand the related consolidated statements of activities, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related \nnotes to the consolidated financial statements. \n\nIn our opinion, the accompanying consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the \nfinancial position of the Foundation as of June 30, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash \nflows for the years then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. \n\n*Basis for Opinion*\n\nWe conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of \nAmerica (GAAS). Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditors’ \nResponsibilities for the Audit of the Consolidated Financial Statements section of our report. We are required to \nbe independent of the Foundation and to meet our other ethical responsibilities, in accordance with the relevant \nethical requirements relating to our audits. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient \nand appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Wikimedia_Foundation_2024_Audited_Financial_Statements.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf", - "query": "What is the price of the The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 ?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "£6.90", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Citation and commencement**\n\n**1.**These Regulations may be cited as the Special Educational Needs and Disability \n\n(Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 and come into force on 1st May 2020. \n\n**Review and expiry**\n\n**2.**—(1) The Secretary of State must review the effectiveness of these Regulations during the \nperiod for which they have effect. \n\n(2) These Regulations cease to have effect on 25th September 2020. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\n**3.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014(**c**) are amended as follows. \n\n**4.**In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**5.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n\n**2A.**—(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the \nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
TheSpecial Educational Needs and Disability ( Coronavirus ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2020
Made--
--28th April 2020
Laid before Parliament30th April 2020Coming into force
--1st May 2020
\n\nThe Secretary of State makes the following Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by \nsections 30(8), 31(4), 36(11), 37(4), 44(7)(b) and (c), 47, 49(3), 51(4), 56(1), 71(11), 73(4), 74(3) \nand 135(2) and (3) of the Children and Families Act 2014(**a**) and sections 29(3) and 569(4) of the \nEducation Act 1996(**b**). ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThese Regulations make amendments to secondary legislation relating to special educational \nneeds and disability in order to provide exceptions to time limits set out in that legislation where \nthey cannot be met because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus. \n\nRegulation 2 contains review and expiry provisions. The Secretary of State is required to review \nthe effectiveness of the Regulations during the period in which they have effect. The Regulations \ncease to have effect on 25th September 2020. \n\nRegulations 3 to 14 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014 (‘the \nSEND Regulations 2014’). \n\nRegulation 5 inserts a glossing provision into the SEND Regulations 2014 which relaxes certain \nrequirements in those Regulations for actions to be taken within specified time limits where it is \nnot reasonably practicable for a person to meet those requirements for a reason relating to the \nincidence or transmission of coronavirus. Instead, any such requirement is to be read as a \nrequirement for such action to be taken as soon as reasonably practicable. \n\nRegulations 6 to 14 make textual amendments to the SEND Regulations 2014 to relax time limits. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for the local \nauthority to meet the requirement specified in regulation 11(2)(a) for a reason relating to the \nincidence or transmission of coronavirus.”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations**\n**2015**\n\n**18.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations 2015(**a**) are \n\namended as follows. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**27.**In regulation 30(7)(c) (unopposed appeals), after “10(4)(a)” insert “or (d)”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal**\n**Recommendations Power) Regulations 2017**\n\n**28.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal Recommendations Power) \n\nRegulations 2017(**a**) are amended as follows. \n\n**29.**In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**30.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n\n**2A.**—(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the \nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of \ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as \nsoon as reasonably practicable. \n\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person \nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or \ntransmission of coronavirus. \n\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)— \n\n(a) regulation 6(3) and (6) (responding to health care recommendations); and \n\n(b) regulation 7(1) and (4) (responding to social care recommendations).”. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**13.**In regulation 27(3) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**14.**In regulation 45 (unopposed appeals), after paragraph (7) insert— \n\n“(8) The local authority need not comply with the time limits specified in paragraph (3A) \nif it is impractical to do so because the circumstances referred to in regulation 10(4)(e) \napply.”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014**\n\n**15.**The Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014(**a**) are amended as \n\nfollows. \n\n**16.**In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**17.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time period due to coronavirus exception**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Regulations 15 to 17 amend the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014 \n(‘the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014’). \n\nRegulation 17 inserts a similar glossing provision into the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014 as \nregulation 5 does in respect of the SEND Regulations 2014. \n\nRegulations 18 to 27 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) \nRegulations 2015 (‘the Detained Persons Regulations 2015’). \n\nRegulation 20 inserts a glossing provision into the Detained Persons Regulations 2015 similar to \nthe ones in regulations 5 and 17 in relation to the SEND Regulations 2014 and the Personal \nBudgets Regulations 2014 respectively. \n\nRegulations 21 to 27 make textual amendments to the Detained Persons Regulations 2015 to relax \ntime limits. \n\nRegulations 28 to 30 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal \nRecommendations Power) Regulations 2017 (‘the First-tier Tribunal Regulations 2017’). \n\nRegulation 30 inserts a glossing provision into the First-tier Tribunal Regulations 2017 similar to \nthose in regulations 5, 17 and 20. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.**—(1) The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations \n2020(**a**) are amended as follows. \n\n(2) In regulation 2D(1)(c), for “regulation 4 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International \nTravel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 9 of the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”. \n\n(3) In regulation 6(1)— \n\n(a) in the definitions of “designated place”, “isolation requirements” and “self-isolating \nworker”, for “regulation 4” substitute “regulation 9”; \n\n(b) in the definition of “International Travel Regulations”, for “the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) \nRegulations 2021”. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.**—(1) The Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010(**a**) are amended as follows. \n(2) In regulation 4(3D)(b), for “regulation 3B of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, \nInternational Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 6 of the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations \n2021”. ", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**6.**In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be \n\nnecessary), after paragraph (2) insert— \n\n“(3) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraph (1) if \nit is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of \ncoronavirus.”. \n\n**7.**In regulation 5(4) (decision whether or not to conduct an EHC needs assessment)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**8.**In regulation 8(2) (duty to co-operate in EHC needs assessments)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**9.**In regulation 10(4) (decision not to secure an EHC plan)— \n\n2 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf", - "query": "When come into force the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "These Regulations may be cited as the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 and come into force on 1st May 2020.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Citation and commencement**\n\n**1.**These Regulations may be cited as the Special Educational Needs and Disability \n\n(Coronavirus) (Amendment) Regulations 2020 and come into force on 1st May 2020. \n\n**Review and expiry**\n\n**2.**—(1) The Secretary of State must review the effectiveness of these Regulations during the \nperiod for which they have effect. \n\n(2) These Regulations cease to have effect on 25th September 2020. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014**\n\n**3.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014(**c**) are amended as follows. \n\n**4.**In regulation 2(1) (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**5.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n\n**2A.**—(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the \nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
TheSpecial Educational Needs and Disability ( Coronavirus ) ( Amendment ) Regulations 2020
Made--
--28th April 2020
Laid before Parliament30th April 2020Coming into force
--1st May 2020
\n\nThe Secretary of State makes the following Regulations in exercise of the powers conferred by \nsections 30(8), 31(4), 36(11), 37(4), 44(7)(b) and (c), 47, 49(3), 51(4), 56(1), 71(11), 73(4), 74(3) \nand 135(2) and (3) of the Children and Families Act 2014(**a**) and sections 29(3) and 569(4) of the \nEducation Act 1996(**b**). ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThese Regulations make amendments to secondary legislation relating to special educational \nneeds and disability in order to provide exceptions to time limits set out in that legislation where \nthey cannot be met because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus. \n\nRegulation 2 contains review and expiry provisions. The Secretary of State is required to review \nthe effectiveness of the Regulations during the period in which they have effect. The Regulations \ncease to have effect on 25th September 2020. \n\nRegulations 3 to 14 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability Regulations 2014 (‘the \nSEND Regulations 2014’). \n\nRegulation 5 inserts a glossing provision into the SEND Regulations 2014 which relaxes certain \nrequirements in those Regulations for actions to be taken within specified time limits where it is \nnot reasonably practicable for a person to meet those requirements for a reason relating to the \nincidence or transmission of coronavirus. Instead, any such requirement is to be read as a \nrequirement for such action to be taken as soon as reasonably practicable. \n\nRegulations 6 to 14 make textual amendments to the SEND Regulations 2014 to relax time limits. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for the local \nauthority to meet the requirement specified in regulation 11(2)(a) for a reason relating to the \nincidence or transmission of coronavirus.”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations**\n**2015**\n\n**18.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) Regulations 2015(**a**) are \n\namended as follows. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**27.**In regulation 30(7)(c) (unopposed appeals), after “10(4)(a)” insert “or (d)”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal**\n**Recommendations Power) Regulations 2017**\n\n**28.**The Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal Recommendations Power) \n\nRegulations 2017(**a**) are amended as follows. \n\n**29.**In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**30.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time periods due to coronavirus exception**\n\n**2A.**—(1) Where the coronavirus exception applies, any requirement in any of the \nregulations specified in paragraph (3) for action to be taken within a specified period of \ntime or by a certain day is to be read instead as a requirement for such action to be taken as \nsoon as reasonably practicable. \n\n(2) The coronavirus exception applies where it is not reasonably practicable for a person \nto meet a requirement referred to in paragraph (1) for a reason relating to the incidence or \ntransmission of coronavirus. \n\n(3) The following regulations are specified for the purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2)— \n\n(a) regulation 6(3) and (6) (responding to health care recommendations); and \n\n(b) regulation 7(1) and (4) (responding to social care recommendations).”. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**13.**In regulation 27(3) (amending or replacing an EHC plan following a re-assessment)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**14.**In regulation 45 (unopposed appeals), after paragraph (7) insert— \n\n“(8) The local authority need not comply with the time limits specified in paragraph (3A) \nif it is impractical to do so because the circumstances referred to in regulation 10(4)(e) \napply.”. \n\n**Amendment of the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014**\n\n**15.**The Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014(**a**) are amended as \n\nfollows. \n\n**16.**In regulation 2 (interpretation), at the appropriate place insert— \n\n““coronavirus” means severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); \n”. \n\n**17.**After regulation 2 (interpretation) insert— \n\n“**Relaxation of time period due to coronavirus exception**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Regulations 15 to 17 amend the Special Educational Needs (Personal Budgets) Regulations 2014 \n(‘the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014’). \n\nRegulation 17 inserts a similar glossing provision into the Personal Budgets Regulations 2014 as \nregulation 5 does in respect of the SEND Regulations 2014. \n\nRegulations 18 to 27 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability (Detained Persons) \nRegulations 2015 (‘the Detained Persons Regulations 2015’). \n\nRegulation 20 inserts a glossing provision into the Detained Persons Regulations 2015 similar to \nthe ones in regulations 5 and 17 in relation to the SEND Regulations 2014 and the Personal \nBudgets Regulations 2014 respectively. \n\nRegulations 21 to 27 make textual amendments to the Detained Persons Regulations 2015 to relax \ntime limits. \n\nRegulations 28 to 30 amend the Special Educational Needs and Disability (First-tier Tribunal \nRecommendations Power) Regulations 2017 (‘the First-tier Tribunal Regulations 2017’). \n\nRegulation 30 inserts a glossing provision into the First-tier Tribunal Regulations 2017 similar to \nthose in regulations 5, 17 and 20. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**6.**In regulation 4 (determination whether or not special educational provision may be \n\nnecessary), after paragraph (2) insert— \n\n“(3) The local authority need not comply with the time limit referred to in paragraph (1) if \nit is impractical to do so because of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of \ncoronavirus.”. \n\n**7.**In regulation 5(4) (decision whether or not to conduct an EHC needs assessment)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (d) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(e) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**8.**In regulation 8(2) (duty to co-operate in EHC needs assessments)— \n\n(a) at the end of sub-paragraph (b) omit “or”; and \n(b) at the end of sub-paragraph (c) insert— \n\n“; or \n\n(d) of a reason relating to the incidence or transmission of coronavirus”. \n\n**9.**In regulation 10(4) (decision not to secure an EHC plan)— \n\n2 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20200471_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.**—(1) The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations \n2020(**a**) are amended as follows. \n\n(2) In regulation 2D(1)(c), for “regulation 4 of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, International \nTravel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 9 of the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations 2021”. \n\n(3) In regulation 6(1)— \n\n(a) in the definitions of “designated place”, “isolation requirements” and “self-isolating \nworker”, for “regulation 4” substitute “regulation 9”; \n\n(b) in the definition of “International Travel Regulations”, for “the Health Protection \n(Coronavirus, International Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) \nRegulations 2021”. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.**—(1) The Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010(**a**) are amended as follows. \n(2) In regulation 4(3D)(b), for “regulation 3B of the Health Protection (Coronavirus, \nInternational Travel) (England) Regulations 2020” substitute “regulation 6 of the Health \nProtection (Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability) (England) Regulations \n2021”. ", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf", - "query": "Who is Daniel Casali ?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": " Daniel Casali is a Thought Leader Information Technology Specialist working for 15 years at IBM with Power Systems, high-performance computing, big data, and storage. His role at IBM is to bring to reality solutions that address client’s needs by exploring new technologies for different workloads. He is also fascinated by real multicloud implementations, always trying to abstract and simplify the new challenges of the heterogeneous architectures that are intrinsic to this new consumption model, be that on-premises or in the public cloud. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nJoseph Scalzo ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nDennis J. Martin ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nRobert L. Katz ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " Richard H. Stanley ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nDiane ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nJack D. Michaels ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nAbbie J. Smith ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nItaly \nIndia ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nItaly ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nBrian E. Stern ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "NYSE_HNI_2003.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf", - "query": "When does IBM close its acquisition of Red Hat ?", - "target_page": 20, - "target_passage": " On July 9th, 2019, IBM closed its acquisition of Red Hat, a leader in enterprise Linux and open source technology", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**1.2 Red Hat and IBM**\n\nOn July 9th, 2019, IBM closed its acquisition of Red Hat, a leader in enterprise Linux and \nopen source technology. \n\nThis acquisition puts Red Hat and IBM in a unique position to unlock the true value of hybrid \ncloud for your business. By combining the power and flexibility of Red Hat’s open hybrid cloud \ntechnologies with the scale and depth of IBM innovation and industry expertise, you now have \nthe tools to accelerate your cloud journey. \n\nIBM and Red Hat worked together for more than 20 years in making open source a \ncompetitive advantage for businesses on x86, IBM Power Systems, and IBM z Systems®. \nTogether, we are both on a mission to improve open source technology and help your \ncompanies capture the business value of the cloud. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This publication describes how Red Hat and IBM can advance your cloud journey and speed \ngrowth and innovation for your business by using Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Power Systems. \n\n**Note:**Red Hat joins IBM as a distinct unit, preserving the independence and neutrality of \nRed Hat’s open source development heritage and unique development culture. Red Hat’s \nunwavering commitment to open source remains unchanged and it continues to offer \ncustomers choice and flexibility. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This publication is a first volume in a planned multi-volume publication over the next 12 - 18 \nmonths. Within this initial volume, we explain the fundamental perspective (which is accurate \nas of the time of this writing) while providing pointers to future direction that will be discussed \nin future volumes. \n\n**Note:**This initial publication relates to Red Hat OpenShift 3.11, because this release was \nthe current OpenShift Container Platform (OCP) release for IBM Power Systems at the \ntime of this writing. IBM and Red Hat intend to deliver Red Hat OpenShift 4 for IBM \nPOWER® to accelerate agility for enterprise clients through integrated tooling and a \nfeature-rich Kubernetes container platform for cloud-native development on POWER9 and \nIBM POWER8® processor-based servers. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Blackiron Data (Blackiron)**\nOn April 17, 2013, we closed an agreement to acquire 100% of the \ncommon shares of Blackiron for cash consideration of $198 million. \nBlackiron provides Business Solutions the ability to enhance its suite of \nenterprise-level data centre and cloud computing services along with \nfibre-based network connectivity services. ", - "page_start": 107, - "page_end": 107, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Trademarks**\n\nIBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines \nCorporation in the United States, other countries, or both. These and other IBM trademarked terms are \nmarked on their first occurrence in this information with the appropriate symbol (® or ™), indicating US \nregistered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such \ntrademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM \ntrademarks is available on the Web at http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml \n\nThe following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, \nother countries, or both: ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Optimize Your IBM CMOD**\n**Return On Investment**\n\n**End-to-end services from IBM’s most**\n**experienced CMOD partner**", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Trademarks**\n\nIBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines \nCorporation, registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. Other product and service names might be \ntrademarks of IBM or other companies. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the web at “Copyright \nand trademark information” at http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml \n\nThe following terms are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, \nand might also be trademarks or registered trademarks in other countries. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Trademarks**\n\nIBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines \nCorporation, registered in many jurisdictions worldwide. Other product and service names might be \ntrademarks of IBM or other companies. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the web at “Copyright \nand trademark information” at http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml \n\nThe following terms are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation, \nand might also be trademarks or registered trademarks in other countries. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Chapter 5. Red Hat OpenShift installation**\n\n**planning and considerations**\n\nThis chapter describes the Red Hat OpenShift planning, considerations, and installation \nguidelines and includes the following topics: \n\n(cid:2) 5.1, “IBM Power Systems” on page 72 \n(cid:2) 5.2, “Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 3.11 on IBM Power Systems” on page 77 \n(cid:2) 5.3, “Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform 3.11 on IBM PowerVC” on page 79 ", - "page_start": 86, - "page_end": 86, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\n**NOTE 2 – BUSINESS COMBINATIONS continued**\n\nSince the acquisition date of 8 March 2013 through 31 December 2013, the Company has earned revenue of $42.3 \nmillion and generated net income of $12.6 million. The following reflects the acquisition’s contribution to the Group \nas if the merger had occurred on 1 January 2013 instead of the closing date of 8 March 2013 (in thousands, except \nper share information): ", - "page_start": 75, - "page_end": 75, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf", - "query": "What does an ITMS service provide ?", - "target_page": 30, - "target_passage": "An IT Service Management (ITSM) perspective can provide automation and a global management view, and incorporate the necessary software disciplines that are required to build a solid infrastructure for an enterprise, commercial or not. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nMOBILE INTERNET \n& E-MAIL ADVANCED \nM2M SOLUTIONS DATA CENTRE & \nCLOUD SERVICES ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**IT Service Management and orchestration**\nAn IT Service Management (ITSM) perspective can provide automation and a global \nmanagement view, and incorporate the necessary software disciplines that are required to \nbuild a solid infrastructure for an enterprise, commercial or not. \n\nThe missing point was the orchestration and the orchestration of all containers and resources \naround them. Many people think that orchestration and automation are the same thing, but \nthe orchestration is more complex. Automation often is discussed in the context of specific \ntasks, whereas orchestration refers to the automation of processes and workflows. \n\nOrchestration deals with the end-to-end process simplify the automation and the \nadministration across specific machines and diverse dependencies (see Figure 2-3). \nAutomation attempts to move people out of the equation whereas orchestration is not about \nrigid planning, but arranging and coordination of automated tasks, which ultimately results in \na consolidated process or workflow. Parts can be automated, but the decision is still \nhuman-centric; for example, the definition of which tasks must run, the order of the tasks, role \nassignments, permission, post-deployment, failure recovery, and scaling. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nproducts & services ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nADVERTISING \nMEDIA SOLUTIONS ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "You may have created microservices before, but it was probably inside a traditional framework. \n\nImagine if your microservice existed, but without the framework. For that to happen, services need \n\na way to get input, communicate with other services, and send outputs or errors. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "serverless-core.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "OnDemand \nObject Server \n\n", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Optimize Your IBM CMOD**\n**Return On Investment**\n\n**End-to-end services from IBM’s most**\n**experienced CMOD partner**", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nTCP/IP \nnetwork ", - "page_start": 160, - "page_end": 160, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf", - "query": "What are the two distinct public domain tools support by Creative Commons ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Creative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, the CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain Mark.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Public domain works are valuable because anyone \ncan freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for \nany purposes without restriction under copyright \nor database law. \n\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and \nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as \ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers \nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that \nare already in the public domain. \n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, \nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain \nMark. Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors \nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 \nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate \ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM \nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already \nfree of known copyright restrictions. \n\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum \n\nCC0 \nPublic \ndomain \nSome rights \nreserved All rights \nreserved \n\nPDM \nNo known \ncopyright ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast**six CC Licenses**and \ntwo public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing. \n\n**We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content**\n**were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n\nOur legal and technology staff \ncontinued to make key \ninfrastructure updates and \nmanage daily maintenance to \nensure these Licenses work for \neveryone. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even \ncommercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose \n(even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or \na compatible license. \nCC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for \nnoncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the \nwork for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to \nthe creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the \nsame or a compatible license. \nCC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for \nany purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. \nCC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the \nunadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give \nattribution to the licensor. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC \nLicenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular \nplatforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. \nSince 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional \ncopyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and \ninstitutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and \ncultural artifacts. \n\n**Chief Executive Officer**\nAnna Tumadóttir \n\n**General Counsel**\nKat Walsh ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Works marked with the Public Domain Mark have been \nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright \nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can \ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for \ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission. \n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM \nchooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which \nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be \nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into \nyour website. \n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that \nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. \nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you \nshould use the PDM for a certain work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC0 (“CC Zero”) is intended for use only \nby authors or holders of copyright and \n\nrelated rights (including database rights), in connection \nwith works that are still subject to those rights in one or \nmore countries. \n\nWhen CC0 is applied to a work, copyright and related \nrights are relinquished worldwide, making the work free \nfrom those restrictions to the greatest extent possible. \n\nThe Public Domain Mark (PDM) is used \nto label works that are already free of \n\nknown copyright restrictions. Unlike CC0, PDM doesn’t \nchange the copyright status of a work. \n\nPDM can be used by anyone, and is intended for use \nwith works that are already free of known copyright \nrestrictions throughout the world. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers: \n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be \nused by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \n\"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of \nthe legal code and key terms. \n\"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to \nrecognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This is a frame from “Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)” by Ryan Junell and Glenn \nOtis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open \nand public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the \nvideo on Flickr. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " For a sense of the complexity, see e.g. Melissa Levine, Richard C. Adler.*Finding the Public Domain:*\n\n14 \n*Copyright Review Management System Toolkit*. 2016, quod.lib.umich.edu/c/crmstoolkit/ \n14616082.0001.001. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024.; Kopel, Matthew. “LibGuides: Copyright at Cornell Libraries: \nCopyright Term and the Public Domain.” guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain; \nMannapperuma, Menesha, et al.*Is It in the Public Domain? A HANDBOOK for EVALUATING the*\n*COPYRIGHT STATUS of a WORK CREATED in the UNITED STATES*. 1923. \n\n See e.g. Moody, Glyn. “Project Gutenberg Blocks Access in Germany to All Its Public Domain Books \n\n15 \nbecause of Local Copyright Claim on 18 of Them.”*Techdirt*, 7 Mar. 2018, www.techdirt.com/ \n2018/03/07/project-gutenberg-blocks-access-germany-to-all-public-domain-books-because-local- \ncopyright-claim-18-them/. Accessed 20 Mar. 2024. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "creative_common_ai.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf", - "query": "What is Creative Commons ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": " Creative Commons is a global nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting an open and accessible Internet that is enriched with free knowledge and creative resources for people around the world to use, share, and cultivate.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Creative Commons (CC) is the global nonprofit organization behind the CC \nLicenses and public domain tools, which power open sharing on popular \nplatforms like Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Medium, Vimeo, and Khan Academy. \nSince 2002, the CC Licenses have served as an alternative to traditional \ncopyright, providing a simple, standardized, and legal way for individuals and \ninstitutions to freely share images, music, research, educational resources, and \ncultural artifacts. \n\n**Chief Executive Officer**\nAnna Tumadóttir \n\n**General Counsel**\nKat Walsh ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**REMIND THAT…**\nCC license only applicable to the work that is within the scope of \ncopyright law. CC license can be used when … \n\nyou want to give others permissions to freely copy and \nredistribute your work, and \nyou want to give others permission to freely transform, alter, or \notherwise create derivative works based on your work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CC BY (\"Attribution\") allows people to use the work for any purpose (even \ncommercially and even in modified form) as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-SA (\"Attribution-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the work for any purpose \n(even commercially and even in modified form), as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the same or \na compatible license. \nCC BY-NC (\"Attribution-NonCommercial\") allows people to use the work for \nnoncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to the \ncreator. \nCC BY-NC-SA (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike\") allows people to use the \nwork for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give attribution to \nthe creator and make any adaptations they share with others available under the \nsame or a compatible license. \nCC BY-ND (\"Attribution-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the unadapted work for \nany purpose (even commercially), as long as they give attribution to the creator. \nCC BY-NC-ND (\"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivative\") allows people to use the \nunadapted work for noncommercial purposes only, and only as long as they give \nattribution to the licensor. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This is a frame from “Twenty Years of Creative Commons (in Sixty Seconds)” by Ryan Junell and Glenn \nOtis Brown for Creative Commons licensed under CC BY 4.0. It includes adaptations of multiple open \nand public domain works. View full licensing and attribution information about all works included in the \nvideo on Flickr. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**THREE-LAYER DESIGN**\nCreative Commons (CC) license has three layers: \n\n\"Legal Code\" (base layer): contains terms and conditions to be \nused by lawyers and legally applicable in court. \n\"Human Readable\" (commons deeds): contain the summary of \nthe legal code and key terms. \n\"Machine Readable\": contains HTML or codes for machines to \nrecognize a work is available under a Creative Commons license. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Understanding_Creative_Commons_license_(infographic).pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Licenses and Public Domain Tools**\n\nThe first CC License was created in 2002. Today, we boast**six CC Licenses**and \ntwo public domain tools, setting a global standard for sharing. \n\n**We’ve estimated that over 2.5 billion pieces of content**\n**were CC Licensed by the end of 2023.**\n\nOur legal and technology staff \ncontinued to make key \ninfrastructure updates and \nmanage daily maintenance to \nensure these Licenses work for \neveryone. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Public domain works are valuable because anyone \ncan freely build upon, enhance, and reuse them for \nany purposes without restriction under copyright \nor database law. \n\nThat’s why it’s important for creators to have a clear and \nlegally robust way to place their works in the public domain as \ncompletely as possible, and it’s also important for publishers \nand archives to have a standardized way to identify works that \nare already in the public domain. \n\nCreative Commons supports two distinct public domain tools, \nthe CC0 Public Domain Dedication and the Public Domain \nMark. Creative Commons copyright licenses help authors \nmanage their copyright on terms they choose. Conversely, CC0 \nenables authors and copyright owners who want to dedicate \ntheir works to the worldwide public domain to do so, and PDM \nfacilitates the labeling and discovery of works that are already \nfree of known copyright restrictions. \n\nWhere public domain tools fit in the copyright spectrum \n\nCC0 \nPublic \ndomain \nSome rights \nreserved All rights \nreserved \n\nPDM \nNo known \ncopyright ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2023 was a busy year at Creative \nCommons. Our**Open Culture**program \nand**Open Climate Campaign**entered \ntheir third and second years, respectively. \nWe hosted our first in-person CC Global \nSummit since 2019 in Mexico City. We \nheld critical consultations and open \npanels on AI, copyright, and the CC \nLicenses, cultural heritage, education, \nand science; and we launched our**Open**\n**Infrastructure Circle**in an effort to \nensure the CC Licenses are funded well \ninto the future. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press. \nThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which \npermits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf", - "query": "How to apply the PDM to my work ?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Simply visit the PDM chooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which will lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be provided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into your website.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Works marked with the Public Domain Mark have been \nidentified as being free of known restrictions under copyright \nlaw, including all related and neighboring rights. Anyone can \ncopy, modify, distribute, and perform such works, even for \ncommercial purposes, all without asking permission. \n\nApplying the PDM to a work is easy. Simply visit the PDM \nchooser (http://creativecommons.org/choose/mark) which \nwill lead you through the proces. When completed, you will be \nprovided with the HTML code that you can copy and paste into \nyour website. \n\nCreative Commons does not recommend this tool for works that \nare restricted by copyright laws in one or more jurisdictions. \nConsult with your legal advisor if you are unsure whether you \nshould use the PDM for a certain work. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Publicdomain.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2 Materials and methods \n\n2.1 Design \n\nin-depth interviews using a phenomenological- \ninspired approach were chosen, as this is suitable for exploring \nthe meaning and significance of pwMS’s \nexperiences and \nreflections (23, 24). \n\nIndividual ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed13.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Create something \n\nBegin with a**Blank document**to get right to work. Or start with a template to save \nyourself time and steps. Just select**File**>**New**, and then select or search for the \ntemplate you want. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***apply font formatting***: \n\n1. Select the text \n\n 2. Click on the drop arrow for***Font***\n\n3. Point to a font to preview it \n4. Click on the font to apply it ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nrequirement \n\nFigure 4.30 illustrates the typical ", - "page_start": 320, - "page_end": 320, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nTips and suggestions related to using Protégé are presented like this. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 56. Work on Inventories screen***\n\n", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 55. Work on Inventories sub menu***\n\n", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n-PRESSURE \nDISTRIBUTION ", - "page_start": 254, - "page_end": 254, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEMPLOYEE \nEXPERIENCE ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf", - "query": "Which rivers flow through Lyon?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Lyon**\n\n**Lyon**[c] (Franco-Provençal:*Liyon*) is the second-largest city in France \nby urban area and the third largest by city limits.[14] It is located at the \nconfluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the \nFrench Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north \nof Marseille, 113 km (70 mi) southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, 58 km \n(36 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne. \n\n**Lyon**\n\n*Liyon*(Arpitan) \n\n**Prefecture and commune**\n\nThe City of Lyon had a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census \nwithin its small municipal territory of 48 km2 (19 sq mi),[15] but \ntogether with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon metropolitan area had a \npopulation of 2,308,818 that same year,[7] the second most populated in \nFrance. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 \nthe Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in \ncharge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021.[16] \nLyon is the prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and seat of \nthe Departmental Council of Rhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no \nlonger extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015). \n\nSkyline of Lyon in La Part-Dieu ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Population of Lyon ( metropolis ) ( 59 communes, within 2020 borders )\n
YearPgp2#%. p. a.YearPgp.#%. p. a.YearP. gp.#%. p. a.
1861418.515—1906627.073+ 0.60 %19681.077.794+ 2.17 %
1866427.522+ 0.43 %1911629.931+ 0.09 %19751.153.402+ 0.98 %
1872426.552− 0.04 %1921659.007+ 0.45 %19821.138.718− 0.18 %
1876453.540+ 1.37 %1926691.446+ 0.97 %19901.166.797+ 0.30 %
1881493.778+ 1.66 %1931743.297+ 1.46 %19991.199.589+ 0.31 %
1886527.621+ 1.47 %1936738.220− 0.14 %20101.296.166+ 0.72 %
1891566.115+ 1.46 %1946746.062+ 0.11 %20151.370.678+ 1.12 %
1896600.881+ 1.21 %1954790.662+ 0.71 %20211.424.069+ 0.64 %
1901608.856+ 0.26 %1962947.569+ 2.34 %
", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Population of Lyon ( commune ) ( within 2020 borders )\n
YearPgp :±% p. a.YearPgp.±%. p. a.YearPgp :±% b. a.
1801101.760—1876344.513+ 1.33 %1946464.104+ 0.02 %
1806114.643+ 2.41 %1881378.581+ 1.84 %1954475.343+ 0.29 %
1821149.611+ 1.79 %1886404.172+ 1.45 %1962535.746+ 1.54 %
1831182.668+ 2.02 %1891440.315+ 1.78 %1968527.800− 0.25 %
1836198.683+ 1.60 %1896468.311+ 1.25 %1975456.716− 2.06 %
1841206.670+ 0.79 %1901461.687− 0.29 %1982413.095− 1.42 %
1846238.466+ 2.86 %1906474.652+ 0.56 %1990415.487+ 0.07 %
1851259.220+ 1.68 %1911462.248− 0.53 %1999445.452+ 0.78 %
1856293.743+ 2.66 %1921462.446+ 0.00 %2010484.344+ 0.78 %
1861320.326+ 1.72 %1926463.125+ 0.03 %2015513.275+ 1.17 %
1866325.219+ 0.30 %1931463.647+ 0.02 %2021522.250+ 0.29 %
1872324.590− 0.03 %1936463.061− 0.03 %
", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Climate data for Lyon [ LYN ], elevation : 157 m ( 646 ht ), 1993 – 2020 normals, extremes 1920 – presentMonthJanFebMarAprMay\n
JunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high ° C (° F )19.1 ( 66.4 )21.9 ( 71.4 )26.0 ( 78.8 )30.1 ( 86.2 )34.2 ( 93.6 )
38.4 ( 101.1 )40.4 ( 104.7 )41.4 ( 106.5 )35.8 ( 96.4 )28.4 ( 83.1 )23.0 ( 73.4 )20.2 ( 68.4 )41.4 ( 106.5 )Mean daily maximum ° C (° F )7.1 ( 44.8 )9.0 ( 48.2 )13.8 ( 56.8 )17.4 ( 63.3 )21.5 ( 70.7 )
25.6 ( 78.1 )28.2 ( 82.8 )28.0 ( 82.4 )23.1 ( 73.6 )17.7 ( 63.9 )11.4 ( 52.5 )7.7 ( 45.9 )17.5 ( 63.5 )Daily mean ° C (° F )4.1 ( 39.4 )5.2 ( 41.4 )9.0 ( 48.2 )12.3 ( 54.1 )16.3 ( 61.3 )
20.3 ( 68.5 )22.6 ( 72.7 )22.3 ( 72.1 )17.9 ( 64.2 )13.7 ( 56.7 )8.1 ( 46.6 )4.8 ( 40.6 )13.0 ( 55.4 )Mean daily minimum ° C (° F )1.1 ( 34.0 )1.4 ( 34.5 )4.2 ( 39.6 )7.2 ( 45.0 )11.2 ( 52.2 )
15.0 ( 59.0 )17.0 ( 62.6 )16.6 ( 61.9 )12.8 ( 55.0 )9.6 ( 49.3 )4.9 ( 40.8 )2.0 ( 35.6 )8.6 ( 47.5 )Record low ° C (° F )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )− 22.5 (− 8.5 )− 10.5 ( 13.1 )− 4.4 ( 24.1 )− 3.8 ( 25.2 )
2.3 ( 36.1 )6.1 ( 43.0 )4.6 ( 40.3 )0.2 ( 32.4 )− 4.5 ( 23.9 )− 9.4 ( 15.1 )− 24.6 (− 12.3 )− 24.6 (− 12.3 )Average precipitation mm ( inches )49.8 ( 1.96 )41.6 ( 1.64 )49.4 ( 1.94 )68.9 ( 2.71 )80.9 ( 3.19 )
74.1 ( 2.92 )67.4 ( 2.65 )65.5 ( 2.58 )82.5 ( 3.25 )99.8 ( 3.93 )87.2 ( 3.43 )53.7 ( 2.11 )820.8 ( 32.31 )Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm )8.17.98.49.010.3
8.57.57.27.39.99.49.2102.8Mean monthly sunshine hours71.1102.4173.7197.7223.8
256.5288.1263.1204.1131.478.958.72.049.5Source 1 : Meteo France [ 49 ]Source 2 : Meteo Lyon [ 4 ]
", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Climate data for Lyon (≥ 3 %), elevation : 201 m, 1961 – 1990 normals and extremesMonthJanFebMarAprMay\n
JunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high ° C (° F )16.3 ( 61.3 )21.4 ( 70.5 )25.7 ( 78.3 )28.0 ( 82.4 )29.4 ( 84.9 )
34.4 ( 93.9 )39.8 ( 103.6 )37.1 ( 98.8 )33.8 ( 92.8 )28.4 ( 83.1 )22.6 ( 72.7 )20.2 ( 68.4 )39.8 ( 103.6 )Mean maximum ° C (° F )10.2 ( 50.4 )14.4 ( 57.9 )15.9 ( 60.6 )18.6 ( 65.5 )23.1 ( 73.6 )
28.8 ( 83.8 )32.8 ( 91.0 )28.1 ( 82.6 )27.3 ( 81.1 )19.7 ( 67.5 )14.1 ( 57.4 )9.5 ( 49.1 )32.8 ( 91.0 )Mean daily maximum ° C (° F )6.1 ( 43.0 )8.2 ( 46.8 )11.6 ( 52.9 )15.2 ( 59.4 )19.1 ( 66.4 )
22.9 ( 73.2 )26.1 ( 79.0 )26.0 ( 78.8 )22.4 ( 72.3 )17.1 ( 62.8 )10.0 ( 50.0 )6.4 ( 43.5 )15.9 ( 60.7 )Daily mean ° C (° F )3.0 ( 37.4 )4.9 ( 40.8 )7.4 ( 45.3 )10.2 ( 50.4 )14.0 ( 57.2 )
17.6 ( 63.7 )20.6 ( 69.1 )20.0 ( 68.0 )17.1 ( 62.8 )12.7 ( 54.9 )6.7 ( 44.1 )3.9 ( 39.0 )11.5 ( 52.7 )Mean daily minimum ° C (° F )0.2 ( 32.4 )1.4 ( 34.5 )2.9 ( 37.2 )5.2 ( 41.4 )9.1 ( 48.4 )
12.5 ( 54.5 )14.8 ( 58.6 )14.4 ( 57.9 )11.7 ( 53.1 )8.3 ( 46.9 )3.5 ( 38.3 )0.7 ( 33.3 )7.1 ( 44.7 )Mean minimum ° C (° F )− 7.0 ( 19.4 )− 4.7 ( 23.5 )− 1.4 ( 29.5 )3.2 ( 37.8 )7.6 ( 45.7 )
10.9 ( 51.6 )13.1 ( 55.6 )12.9 ( 55.2 )8.1 ( 46.6 )4.5 ( 40.1 )1.0 ( 33.8 )− 4.7 ( 23.5 )− 7.0 ( 19.4 )Record low ° C (° F )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )− 19.3 (− 2.7 )− 10.5 ( 13.1 )− 3.2 ( 26.2 )− 0.3 ( 31.5 )
3.6 ( 38.5 )6.1 ( 43.0 )5.2 ( 41.4 )1.9 ( 35.4 )− 3.2 ( 26.2 )− 7.1 ( 19.2 )− 16.0 ( 3.2 )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )Average precipitation mm ( inches )54.0 ( 2.13 )53.8 ( 2.12 )72.2 ( 2.84 )56.1 ( 2.21 )72.6 ( 2.86 )
73.2 ( 2.88 )54.5 ( 2.15 )71.6 ( 2.82 )53.2 ( 2.09 )56.2 ( 2.21 )68.0 ( 2.68 )55.8 ( 2.20 )741.2 ( 29.19 )Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm )10.49.39.79.610.9
8.26.88.27.38.58.99.8107.6Average snowy days5.53.92.51.10.0
0.00.00.00.00.02.04.619.6Average relative humidity (%)8480747172
7065707682848676Mean monthly sunshine hours62.689.8147.5184.2215.9
250.9292.6259.0208.1134.375.355.41.975.6Percent possible sunshine2331414647
5462605640272142Source 1 : NOAA [ 42 ]
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The city of Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected \nmetropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021.[16] ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Lyon is served by the Eurolines intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is \nlocated at the city's Perrache railway station, which serves as an intermodal \ntransportation hub for tramways, local and regional trains and buses, the terminus of \nMetro line A, of the Tramway T2, the bicycle service Vélo'v, and taxis.[77] ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**External links**\n\nOfficial website (http://www.lyon.fr)(in French) \nVisit Lyon, the official website for tourism in France (https://en.visiterlyon.com/) \nLyon’s English Language News and Information (https://thisislyon.fr/) \nRues de Lyon (https://www.ruesdelyon.net/) Streets, Places, Monuments (in French) \n\nOld maps of Lyon (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we \nb/20210116220537/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/france/lyon/lyon.html) 16 January 2021 at the Wayback \nMachine, Historic cities site (http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html) Archived (https://web.archive. \norg/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html) 25 March 2022 at the Wayback \nMachine, The National Library of Israel \n\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyon&oldid=1267625203\" ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Modern Lyon**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Climate**\n\nLyon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen:*Cfa*), bordering an oceanic climate \n(*Köppen*:*Cfb*, Trewartha:*Do*).[38] The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month \nis 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January and in the warmest month in July is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F). \nPrecipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 820 mm (32.3 in), the winter \nmonths are the driest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) on 13 \nAugust 2003 while the lowest recorded temperature was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 22 \nDecember 1938.[39] ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf", - "query": "How big was Lyon's population in 2022? ", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Population (2022) 520,774", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Population of Lyon ( commune ) ( within 2020 borders )\n
YearPgp :±% p. a.YearPgp.±%. p. a.YearPgp :±% b. a.
1801101.760—1876344.513+ 1.33 %1946464.104+ 0.02 %
1806114.643+ 2.41 %1881378.581+ 1.84 %1954475.343+ 0.29 %
1821149.611+ 1.79 %1886404.172+ 1.45 %1962535.746+ 1.54 %
1831182.668+ 2.02 %1891440.315+ 1.78 %1968527.800− 0.25 %
1836198.683+ 1.60 %1896468.311+ 1.25 %1975456.716− 2.06 %
1841206.670+ 0.79 %1901461.687− 0.29 %1982413.095− 1.42 %
1846238.466+ 2.86 %1906474.652+ 0.56 %1990415.487+ 0.07 %
1851259.220+ 1.68 %1911462.248− 0.53 %1999445.452+ 0.78 %
1856293.743+ 2.66 %1921462.446+ 0.00 %2010484.344+ 0.78 %
1861320.326+ 1.72 %1926463.125+ 0.03 %2015513.275+ 1.17 %
1866325.219+ 0.30 %1931463.647+ 0.02 %2021522.250+ 0.29 %
1872324.590− 0.03 %1936463.061− 0.03 %
", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Population of Lyon ( metropolis ) ( 59 communes, within 2020 borders )\n
YearPgp2#%. p. a.YearPgp.#%. p. a.YearP. gp.#%. p. a.
1861418.515—1906627.073+ 0.60 %19681.077.794+ 2.17 %
1866427.522+ 0.43 %1911629.931+ 0.09 %19751.153.402+ 0.98 %
1872426.552− 0.04 %1921659.007+ 0.45 %19821.138.718− 0.18 %
1876453.540+ 1.37 %1926691.446+ 0.97 %19901.166.797+ 0.30 %
1881493.778+ 1.66 %1931743.297+ 1.46 %19991.199.589+ 0.31 %
1886527.621+ 1.47 %1936738.220− 0.14 %20101.296.166+ 0.72 %
1891566.115+ 1.46 %1946746.062+ 0.11 %20151.370.678+ 1.12 %
1896600.881+ 1.21 %1954790.662+ 0.71 %20211.424.069+ 0.64 %
1901608.856+ 0.26 %1962947.569+ 2.34 %
", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Demographics**\n\nThe population of the city (commune) of Lyon proper was 522,250 at the January 2021 census.[15] As of 2011, 14% of its \npopulation was born outside Metropolitan France.[67] ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The city of Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 the Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected \nmetropolitan authority now in charge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021.[16] ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Lyon**\n\n**Lyon**[c] (Franco-Provençal:*Liyon*) is the second-largest city in France \nby urban area and the third largest by city limits.[14] It is located at the \nconfluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the \nFrench Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north \nof Marseille, 113 km (70 mi) southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, 58 km \n(36 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne. \n\n**Lyon**\n\n*Liyon*(Arpitan) \n\n**Prefecture and commune**\n\nThe City of Lyon had a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census \nwithin its small municipal territory of 48 km2 (19 sq mi),[15] but \ntogether with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon metropolitan area had a \npopulation of 2,308,818 that same year,[7] the second most populated in \nFrance. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 \nthe Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in \ncharge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021.[16] \nLyon is the prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and seat of \nthe Departmental Council of Rhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no \nlonger extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015). \n\nSkyline of Lyon in La Part-Dieu ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Climate data for Lyon (≥ 3 %), elevation : 201 m, 1961 – 1990 normals and extremesMonthJanFebMarAprMay\n
JunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high ° C (° F )16.3 ( 61.3 )21.4 ( 70.5 )25.7 ( 78.3 )28.0 ( 82.4 )29.4 ( 84.9 )
34.4 ( 93.9 )39.8 ( 103.6 )37.1 ( 98.8 )33.8 ( 92.8 )28.4 ( 83.1 )22.6 ( 72.7 )20.2 ( 68.4 )39.8 ( 103.6 )Mean maximum ° C (° F )10.2 ( 50.4 )14.4 ( 57.9 )15.9 ( 60.6 )18.6 ( 65.5 )23.1 ( 73.6 )
28.8 ( 83.8 )32.8 ( 91.0 )28.1 ( 82.6 )27.3 ( 81.1 )19.7 ( 67.5 )14.1 ( 57.4 )9.5 ( 49.1 )32.8 ( 91.0 )Mean daily maximum ° C (° F )6.1 ( 43.0 )8.2 ( 46.8 )11.6 ( 52.9 )15.2 ( 59.4 )19.1 ( 66.4 )
22.9 ( 73.2 )26.1 ( 79.0 )26.0 ( 78.8 )22.4 ( 72.3 )17.1 ( 62.8 )10.0 ( 50.0 )6.4 ( 43.5 )15.9 ( 60.7 )Daily mean ° C (° F )3.0 ( 37.4 )4.9 ( 40.8 )7.4 ( 45.3 )10.2 ( 50.4 )14.0 ( 57.2 )
17.6 ( 63.7 )20.6 ( 69.1 )20.0 ( 68.0 )17.1 ( 62.8 )12.7 ( 54.9 )6.7 ( 44.1 )3.9 ( 39.0 )11.5 ( 52.7 )Mean daily minimum ° C (° F )0.2 ( 32.4 )1.4 ( 34.5 )2.9 ( 37.2 )5.2 ( 41.4 )9.1 ( 48.4 )
12.5 ( 54.5 )14.8 ( 58.6 )14.4 ( 57.9 )11.7 ( 53.1 )8.3 ( 46.9 )3.5 ( 38.3 )0.7 ( 33.3 )7.1 ( 44.7 )Mean minimum ° C (° F )− 7.0 ( 19.4 )− 4.7 ( 23.5 )− 1.4 ( 29.5 )3.2 ( 37.8 )7.6 ( 45.7 )
10.9 ( 51.6 )13.1 ( 55.6 )12.9 ( 55.2 )8.1 ( 46.6 )4.5 ( 40.1 )1.0 ( 33.8 )− 4.7 ( 23.5 )− 7.0 ( 19.4 )Record low ° C (° F )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )− 19.3 (− 2.7 )− 10.5 ( 13.1 )− 3.2 ( 26.2 )− 0.3 ( 31.5 )
3.6 ( 38.5 )6.1 ( 43.0 )5.2 ( 41.4 )1.9 ( 35.4 )− 3.2 ( 26.2 )− 7.1 ( 19.2 )− 16.0 ( 3.2 )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )Average precipitation mm ( inches )54.0 ( 2.13 )53.8 ( 2.12 )72.2 ( 2.84 )56.1 ( 2.21 )72.6 ( 2.86 )
73.2 ( 2.88 )54.5 ( 2.15 )71.6 ( 2.82 )53.2 ( 2.09 )56.2 ( 2.21 )68.0 ( 2.68 )55.8 ( 2.20 )741.2 ( 29.19 )Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm )10.49.39.79.610.9
8.26.88.27.38.58.99.8107.6Average snowy days5.53.92.51.10.0
0.00.00.00.00.02.04.619.6Average relative humidity (%)8480747172
7065707682848676Mean monthly sunshine hours62.689.8147.5184.2215.9
250.9292.6259.0208.1134.375.355.41.975.6Percent possible sunshine2331414647
5462605640272142Source 1 : NOAA [ 42 ]
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Climate data for Lyon [ LYN ], elevation : 157 m ( 646 ht ), 1993 – 2020 normals, extremes 1920 – presentMonthJanFebMarAprMay\n
JunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high ° C (° F )19.1 ( 66.4 )21.9 ( 71.4 )26.0 ( 78.8 )30.1 ( 86.2 )34.2 ( 93.6 )
38.4 ( 101.1 )40.4 ( 104.7 )41.4 ( 106.5 )35.8 ( 96.4 )28.4 ( 83.1 )23.0 ( 73.4 )20.2 ( 68.4 )41.4 ( 106.5 )Mean daily maximum ° C (° F )7.1 ( 44.8 )9.0 ( 48.2 )13.8 ( 56.8 )17.4 ( 63.3 )21.5 ( 70.7 )
25.6 ( 78.1 )28.2 ( 82.8 )28.0 ( 82.4 )23.1 ( 73.6 )17.7 ( 63.9 )11.4 ( 52.5 )7.7 ( 45.9 )17.5 ( 63.5 )Daily mean ° C (° F )4.1 ( 39.4 )5.2 ( 41.4 )9.0 ( 48.2 )12.3 ( 54.1 )16.3 ( 61.3 )
20.3 ( 68.5 )22.6 ( 72.7 )22.3 ( 72.1 )17.9 ( 64.2 )13.7 ( 56.7 )8.1 ( 46.6 )4.8 ( 40.6 )13.0 ( 55.4 )Mean daily minimum ° C (° F )1.1 ( 34.0 )1.4 ( 34.5 )4.2 ( 39.6 )7.2 ( 45.0 )11.2 ( 52.2 )
15.0 ( 59.0 )17.0 ( 62.6 )16.6 ( 61.9 )12.8 ( 55.0 )9.6 ( 49.3 )4.9 ( 40.8 )2.0 ( 35.6 )8.6 ( 47.5 )Record low ° C (° F )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )− 22.5 (− 8.5 )− 10.5 ( 13.1 )− 4.4 ( 24.1 )− 3.8 ( 25.2 )
2.3 ( 36.1 )6.1 ( 43.0 )4.6 ( 40.3 )0.2 ( 32.4 )− 4.5 ( 23.9 )− 9.4 ( 15.1 )− 24.6 (− 12.3 )− 24.6 (− 12.3 )Average precipitation mm ( inches )49.8 ( 1.96 )41.6 ( 1.64 )49.4 ( 1.94 )68.9 ( 2.71 )80.9 ( 3.19 )
74.1 ( 2.92 )67.4 ( 2.65 )65.5 ( 2.58 )82.5 ( 3.25 )99.8 ( 3.93 )87.2 ( 3.43 )53.7 ( 2.11 )820.8 ( 32.31 )Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm )8.17.98.49.010.3
8.57.57.27.39.99.49.2102.8Mean monthly sunshine hours71.1102.4173.7197.7223.8
256.5288.1263.1204.1131.478.958.72.049.5Source 1 : Meteo France [ 49 ]Source 2 : Meteo Lyon [ 4 ]
", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "69.*Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui*: Commune data sheet Lyon (http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/htm \nl/fiche.php?select_resultat=20464), EHESS (in French). \n\n70. EHESS. \"Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui\" (http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/). Retrieved \n9 April 2022. \n\n71. \"Statistiques locales - Métropole de Lyon : Intercommunalité-Métropole - Population municipale (historique \n\ndepuis 1876)\" (https://statistiques-locales.insee.fr/#c=indicator&i=pop_depuis_1876.pop&s=2021&selcodgeo= \n200046977&t=A01&view=map4). INSEE. Retrieved 12 July 2024. \n\n72. \"IMG1B - Population immigrée par sexe, âge et pays de naissance en 2020 − Recensement de la population \n\n– Résultats pour toutes les communes, départements, régions, intercommunalités... −Étrangers - Immigrés en \n2020 | Insee\" (https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633127?sommaire=7633727&geo=COM-69123). ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
7. NSEE : “ Stabistiques locales - Lysn Airefattraction dex villes ZIDD - Population municipale 2012 ” ( https :// transfortax btlopse / stockes. insees Microdicatorsfuracodesis. dexis. across & oralizodoxodoxyrolizol, 2 ) Rittleist
B. Wells, John C. ( 2008 ), Longman Prorunciation Dictionary ( 3rd ed.). Longman. ( SEN 978 - 14058 - 8128 - 3.
3. \" Lyons \" ( https :// web. archive. org / web / 2000.224440 / 00ps :// www. lexico. com / definition / lyons ). Lexico UKEnglish Dictionary. Ostocol Unswercip ( Press. Archived from the original : ( Ntz / hww. lexxo. combdefrolione / Lycense
Dl : 2ones, Dainel ( 2012 ), Roach, Peter, Setter, Bane : Esling, John ( eds.), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary ( 20th ed.), Cambridge University Press. ISBN ITF0 - 3 - 52L - 3525 - 65.
1.1. \" Lyon \" ( https :// www. merian = webster. com / dictionary / Lyon ). Merriam - Webster. com Dictionary. Merriam - Webster. Retrieved R August 2013 ).
L2. \" Lyons \" ( https :// www. collinodictionary. comilamplemplempletgloh / lycrol. Collins. English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
3. ‘ Beaf3 ’: Relera ’, ‘ Marges ( Roonges unginal - assistandina odicationalscellular - recerum / prilom - care, dyselated user - rapidemicrobial ), abertic clinical, abetylate ( HSB ), per - RED ( GlathGD - ALC ( Label16 ), and Clabella ( SHS
14. https :// about - france. com / tourism / main - towns - cities. htm
SS 1 NSEE : “ Qualitationales locales : Lysn : Commune, Pspulation maricipale 2012 [ Mtps :// totalstiques - locales. insee. Hirboco - 452.509.5797799.1774.1038370c - midicalol - spop depuls_ 33703. poplace - 202. Δbelcodopro - t93. chi
SLT “ Statistiques locales ARItropole do Lysn. Intercommunatile 2012. Propulation municipale ZED2 ” ( https :// statistics logaet - locales. mteet himbon = 45.699.57779.37274_127378.33355778.52778.52920100catorsfuragoga deps
27. Types entrepreneursiting, Lysn company, Investal Lysn – Greader Lysnr1 “ Ofteps :// weds. antihive. cognitive. drug / leds / DEDEDEDEDEDEDEDEDEDITID : twwo business, presertivent combined dysplants ( support lysteneurothineum
32. “ Cleasement ZEGSB deex willes eludantes les plus importantes en France ” [ Mips :// www. investirimg. hisctualite sictassement ≥ 0.24 - des + silles + studantes - les - its - splus + importantese en - hance. Mij. www. investiriming. It. F
LYGaWC - The World According to GaWC - ZILEF ( https :// www. Boro. ac. uk / gaswchwchorotid2028. htmf ). www. Boro. ac. uk.
2D. ‘ Quality of Living Chy Ranking I Mercer ’ ( https :// mobilityeschange. mercer. com / hsights / saility - d - living - carkings ), mobilityeschange. mercet. com.
22. Mailhes, Francpic, Frist, Cyrile, Flapini, Jeaun - Louis ( 2022 ) Less Miscellaneies desc. des. Lysmnaies [ https :// poutan. frister ], editions du poutan.
22. Lysn, child vient ton non? a ( https :// www. lefigans. hflangue - hancaise / expressions - francaises / 2017033030700 > 2327020304497FG0001L3 - 5001451501901.011.0129.01301.0131.0129.001.0131.012.002.001.01332.002.003.0
Z3. Pokomy, Julius ( 25th ), Indogermanicches Eymologisches Wotenboth ( in German ), French & Earopean Publications, Inc.
24. Stch, Domenico ( 2003 ), Dictionnaire francoprovengal - francais et francais - francairoprovencal ( in French ), Le Carrie, p 120.1 ( SBN 5T0 - 290825025 ).
25. Cassius Dis, Roman History, Book 46 : Lepidus and Lucias Plancus [...] Itounded the town called Lugudunum, now known as Lugdunum
Z6. Louis, Jaucout de chevalier ( DTS5 ), “ Lyon ”, Encyclopedia of Diderot & d ’ Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project. hdf. 2027 / spo. did2222.0000.1259 ( https :// hdl. handle. netO327N. EFspo. did222.0000.259 ).
DT. Todichers GlossarEndlesther ’ s Glossary \" ( hitp :// www. manypnesu. os / clonds / endlicher_dissuary / tref ) uwwershanginesu. s. i. d. Relieved.\" Newther \" dSC \". Legislandomonter.\" Legisland - servent monter.\" Lugdune.\" Yoourta
Patick Boucheron, et al., eds. France in the World : A New Global History ( 2013 ) pp 63 - 68.
Z9. �� Saint Irenaeus ” ( http :// sanctoral. com / en / saints / saint_irenaeus. html ). Sanctoral. com. Magnificat.
30.72847 - Primat den Gaules * ( https :// web. archive. org / web / 2033333333337htps :// www. htarce - cathologies?/ 3547 - Primat - dee - Gaules. https :// www. https :// www. https :// www. https :// www. https :// www. https :// www. https :/
", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All figures come from population censuses. Figures from 1911 to 1936 (incl.) are computed using the redressed figures for the \ncommune of Lyon calculated by INSEE to correct the overestimated population of Lyon published by the municipal authorities at \nthe time (10,000s of false residents had been added by the municipal authorities to artificially inflate the population figures and \nremain the 2nd largest city of France ahead of Marseille).[68] The 1906 figure is computed using the figure for the commune of \nLyon published by the municipal authorities, probably already inflated, but not corrected by INSEE because the overestimate \nwas smaller than 10,000. \nSource: EHESS[70] and INSEE[71] ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf", - "query": "What is the climate in Lyon ?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": " Lyon has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen: Cfa), bordering an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Do).", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Climate**\n\nLyon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen:*Cfa*), bordering an oceanic climate \n(*Köppen*:*Cfb*, Trewartha:*Do*).[38] The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month \nis 4.1 °C (39.4 °F) in January and in the warmest month in July is 22.6 °C (72.7 °F). \nPrecipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 820 mm (32.3 in), the winter \nmonths are the driest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) on 13 \nAugust 2003 while the lowest recorded temperature was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 22 \nDecember 1938.[39] ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Climate data for Lyon [ LYN ], elevation : 157 m ( 646 ht ), 1993 – 2020 normals, extremes 1920 – presentMonthJanFebMarAprMay\n
JunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high ° C (° F )19.1 ( 66.4 )21.9 ( 71.4 )26.0 ( 78.8 )30.1 ( 86.2 )34.2 ( 93.6 )
38.4 ( 101.1 )40.4 ( 104.7 )41.4 ( 106.5 )35.8 ( 96.4 )28.4 ( 83.1 )23.0 ( 73.4 )20.2 ( 68.4 )41.4 ( 106.5 )Mean daily maximum ° C (° F )7.1 ( 44.8 )9.0 ( 48.2 )13.8 ( 56.8 )17.4 ( 63.3 )21.5 ( 70.7 )
25.6 ( 78.1 )28.2 ( 82.8 )28.0 ( 82.4 )23.1 ( 73.6 )17.7 ( 63.9 )11.4 ( 52.5 )7.7 ( 45.9 )17.5 ( 63.5 )Daily mean ° C (° F )4.1 ( 39.4 )5.2 ( 41.4 )9.0 ( 48.2 )12.3 ( 54.1 )16.3 ( 61.3 )
20.3 ( 68.5 )22.6 ( 72.7 )22.3 ( 72.1 )17.9 ( 64.2 )13.7 ( 56.7 )8.1 ( 46.6 )4.8 ( 40.6 )13.0 ( 55.4 )Mean daily minimum ° C (° F )1.1 ( 34.0 )1.4 ( 34.5 )4.2 ( 39.6 )7.2 ( 45.0 )11.2 ( 52.2 )
15.0 ( 59.0 )17.0 ( 62.6 )16.6 ( 61.9 )12.8 ( 55.0 )9.6 ( 49.3 )4.9 ( 40.8 )2.0 ( 35.6 )8.6 ( 47.5 )Record low ° C (° F )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )− 22.5 (− 8.5 )− 10.5 ( 13.1 )− 4.4 ( 24.1 )− 3.8 ( 25.2 )
2.3 ( 36.1 )6.1 ( 43.0 )4.6 ( 40.3 )0.2 ( 32.4 )− 4.5 ( 23.9 )− 9.4 ( 15.1 )− 24.6 (− 12.3 )− 24.6 (− 12.3 )Average precipitation mm ( inches )49.8 ( 1.96 )41.6 ( 1.64 )49.4 ( 1.94 )68.9 ( 2.71 )80.9 ( 3.19 )
74.1 ( 2.92 )67.4 ( 2.65 )65.5 ( 2.58 )82.5 ( 3.25 )99.8 ( 3.93 )87.2 ( 3.43 )53.7 ( 2.11 )820.8 ( 32.31 )Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm )8.17.98.49.010.3
8.57.57.27.39.99.49.2102.8Mean monthly sunshine hours71.1102.4173.7197.7223.8
256.5288.1263.1204.1131.478.958.72.049.5Source 1 : Meteo France [ 49 ]Source 2 : Meteo Lyon [ 4 ]
", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Climate data for Lyon (≥ 3 %), elevation : 201 m, 1961 – 1990 normals and extremesMonthJanFebMarAprMay\n
JunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high ° C (° F )16.3 ( 61.3 )21.4 ( 70.5 )25.7 ( 78.3 )28.0 ( 82.4 )29.4 ( 84.9 )
34.4 ( 93.9 )39.8 ( 103.6 )37.1 ( 98.8 )33.8 ( 92.8 )28.4 ( 83.1 )22.6 ( 72.7 )20.2 ( 68.4 )39.8 ( 103.6 )Mean maximum ° C (° F )10.2 ( 50.4 )14.4 ( 57.9 )15.9 ( 60.6 )18.6 ( 65.5 )23.1 ( 73.6 )
28.8 ( 83.8 )32.8 ( 91.0 )28.1 ( 82.6 )27.3 ( 81.1 )19.7 ( 67.5 )14.1 ( 57.4 )9.5 ( 49.1 )32.8 ( 91.0 )Mean daily maximum ° C (° F )6.1 ( 43.0 )8.2 ( 46.8 )11.6 ( 52.9 )15.2 ( 59.4 )19.1 ( 66.4 )
22.9 ( 73.2 )26.1 ( 79.0 )26.0 ( 78.8 )22.4 ( 72.3 )17.1 ( 62.8 )10.0 ( 50.0 )6.4 ( 43.5 )15.9 ( 60.7 )Daily mean ° C (° F )3.0 ( 37.4 )4.9 ( 40.8 )7.4 ( 45.3 )10.2 ( 50.4 )14.0 ( 57.2 )
17.6 ( 63.7 )20.6 ( 69.1 )20.0 ( 68.0 )17.1 ( 62.8 )12.7 ( 54.9 )6.7 ( 44.1 )3.9 ( 39.0 )11.5 ( 52.7 )Mean daily minimum ° C (° F )0.2 ( 32.4 )1.4 ( 34.5 )2.9 ( 37.2 )5.2 ( 41.4 )9.1 ( 48.4 )
12.5 ( 54.5 )14.8 ( 58.6 )14.4 ( 57.9 )11.7 ( 53.1 )8.3 ( 46.9 )3.5 ( 38.3 )0.7 ( 33.3 )7.1 ( 44.7 )Mean minimum ° C (° F )− 7.0 ( 19.4 )− 4.7 ( 23.5 )− 1.4 ( 29.5 )3.2 ( 37.8 )7.6 ( 45.7 )
10.9 ( 51.6 )13.1 ( 55.6 )12.9 ( 55.2 )8.1 ( 46.6 )4.5 ( 40.1 )1.0 ( 33.8 )− 4.7 ( 23.5 )− 7.0 ( 19.4 )Record low ° C (° F )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )− 19.3 (− 2.7 )− 10.5 ( 13.1 )− 3.2 ( 26.2 )− 0.3 ( 31.5 )
3.6 ( 38.5 )6.1 ( 43.0 )5.2 ( 41.4 )1.9 ( 35.4 )− 3.2 ( 26.2 )− 7.1 ( 19.2 )− 16.0 ( 3.2 )− 23.0 (− 9.4 )Average precipitation mm ( inches )54.0 ( 2.13 )53.8 ( 2.12 )72.2 ( 2.84 )56.1 ( 2.21 )72.6 ( 2.86 )
73.2 ( 2.88 )54.5 ( 2.15 )71.6 ( 2.82 )53.2 ( 2.09 )56.2 ( 2.21 )68.0 ( 2.68 )55.8 ( 2.20 )741.2 ( 29.19 )Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm )10.49.39.79.610.9
8.26.88.27.38.58.99.8107.6Average snowy days5.53.92.51.10.0
0.00.00.00.00.02.04.619.6Average relative humidity (%)8480747172
7065707682848676Mean monthly sunshine hours62.689.8147.5184.2215.9
250.9292.6259.0208.1134.375.355.41.975.6Percent possible sunshine2331414647
5462605640272142Source 1 : NOAA [ 42 ]
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "com/article/273644).*Digitaljournal.com*. \n\n35. (in French) Georges Duby (ed),*Histoire de la France : Dynasties et révolutions, de 1348 à 1852*(vol. 2), \nLarousse, 1999 p. 53 ISBN 2-03-505047-2 \n\n36. \"Lyon, France: Local Transport\" (http://www.lonelyplanet.com/france/burgundy-and-the-rhone/lyon/transport/g \netting-around/local-transport). Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2 February 2017. \n\n37. \"Historic Site of Lyon\" (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/872/).*unesco.org*. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. \nRetrieved 31 July 2015. \n\n38. Gregory, Stanley. “Climatic Classification and Climatic Change (Klimaklassifikation Und Klimaänderung) (http \ns://www.jstor.org/stable/25636095).”*Erdkunde*, vol. 8, no. 4, 1954, pp. 246–252.*JSTOR.*\n\n39. \"Données climatiques de la station de Lyon: Relevés de 2016 – Lyon\" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161004 ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Population of Lyon ( commune ) ( within 2020 borders )\n
YearPgp :±% p. a.YearPgp.±%. p. a.YearPgp :±% b. a.
1801101.760—1876344.513+ 1.33 %1946464.104+ 0.02 %
1806114.643+ 2.41 %1881378.581+ 1.84 %1954475.343+ 0.29 %
1821149.611+ 1.79 %1886404.172+ 1.45 %1962535.746+ 1.54 %
1831182.668+ 2.02 %1891440.315+ 1.78 %1968527.800− 0.25 %
1836198.683+ 1.60 %1896468.311+ 1.25 %1975456.716− 2.06 %
1841206.670+ 0.79 %1901461.687− 0.29 %1982413.095− 1.42 %
1846238.466+ 2.86 %1906474.652+ 0.56 %1990415.487+ 0.07 %
1851259.220+ 1.68 %1911462.248− 0.53 %1999445.452+ 0.78 %
1856293.743+ 2.66 %1921462.446+ 0.00 %2010484.344+ 0.78 %
1861320.326+ 1.72 %1926463.125+ 0.03 %2015513.275+ 1.17 %
1866325.219+ 0.30 %1931463.647+ 0.02 %2021522.250+ 0.29 %
1872324.590− 0.03 %1936463.061− 0.03 %
", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Population of Lyon ( metropolis ) ( 59 communes, within 2020 borders )\n
YearPgp2#%. p. a.YearPgp.#%. p. a.YearP. gp.#%. p. a.
1861418.515—1906627.073+ 0.60 %19681.077.794+ 2.17 %
1866427.522+ 0.43 %1911629.931+ 0.09 %19751.153.402+ 0.98 %
1872426.552− 0.04 %1921659.007+ 0.45 %19821.138.718− 0.18 %
1876453.540+ 1.37 %1926691.446+ 0.97 %19901.166.797+ 0.30 %
1881493.778+ 1.66 %1931743.297+ 1.46 %19991.199.589+ 0.31 %
1886527.621+ 1.47 %1936738.220− 0.14 %20101.296.166+ 0.72 %
1891566.115+ 1.46 %1946746.062+ 0.11 %20151.370.678+ 1.12 %
1896600.881+ 1.21 %1954790.662+ 0.71 %20211.424.069+ 0.64 %
1901608.856+ 0.26 %1962947.569+ 2.34 %
", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Lyon**\n\n**Lyon**[c] (Franco-Provençal:*Liyon*) is the second-largest city in France \nby urban area and the third largest by city limits.[14] It is located at the \nconfluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the \nFrench Alps, 391 km (243 mi) southeast of Paris, 278 km (173 mi) north \nof Marseille, 113 km (70 mi) southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, 58 km \n(36 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne. \n\n**Lyon**\n\n*Liyon*(Arpitan) \n\n**Prefecture and commune**\n\nThe City of Lyon had a population of 522,250 at the Jan. 2021 census \nwithin its small municipal territory of 48 km2 (19 sq mi),[15] but \ntogether with its suburbs and exurbs the Lyon metropolitan area had a \npopulation of 2,308,818 that same year,[7] the second most populated in \nFrance. Lyon and 58 suburban municipalities have formed since 2015 \nthe Metropolis of Lyon, a directly elected metropolitan authority now in \ncharge of most urban issues, with a population of 1,424,069 in 2021.[16] \nLyon is the prefecture of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and seat of \nthe Departmental Council of Rhône (whose jurisdiction, however, no \nlonger extends over the Metropolis of Lyon since 2015). \n\nSkyline of Lyon in La Part-Dieu ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Modern Lyon**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Demographics**\n\nThe population of the city (commune) of Lyon proper was 522,250 at the January 2021 census.[15] As of 2011, 14% of its \npopulation was born outside Metropolitan France.[67] ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The capital of the Gauls during the Roman Empire, Lyon is the seat of \nan archbishopric whose holder bears the title of Primate of the Gauls. \nLyon became a major economic hub during the Renaissance. The city is \nrecognised for its cuisine and gastronomy, as well as historical and \narchitectural landmarks; as such, the districts of Old Lyon, the Fourvière \nhill, the Presqu'île and the slopes of the Croix-Rousse are inscribed on \nthe UNESCO World Heritage List. Lyon was historically an important \narea for the production and weaving of silk. Lyon played a significant \nrole in the history of cinema since Auguste and Louis Lumière invented \nthe cinematograph there. The city is also known for its light festival, the \nFête des lumières, which begins every 8 December and lasts for four \ndays, earning Lyon the title of \"Capital of Lights\". \n\nis a major centre for banking, chemical, \nEconomically, Lyon \npharmaceutical and biotech industries. The city contains a significant \nsoftware industry with a particular focus on video games; in recent years \nit has fostered a growing local start-up sector.[17] The home of renowned \nuniversities and higher education schools, Lyon is the second-largest \nstudent city in France, with a university population of nearly 200,000 \nstudents within the Metropolis of Lyon.[18] Lyon hosts the international \nheadquarters of Interpol, the International Agency for Research on \nCancer, as well as Euronews. According to the Globalization and World \nRankings Research Institute, Lyon is considered a Beta city, as of \n2018.[19] It ranked second in France and 40th globally in Mercer's 2019 \nliveability rankings.[20] ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf", - "query": " What should do the rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of marriage services has been provided ?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "ensure that the register is kept in that church or chapel, and (b) do everything that is reasonably practicable to ensure that the register is protected against theft, loss or damage.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Requirements about the keeping of registers of marriage services**\n\n**4.**—(1) The rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of marriage \n\nservices has been provided under regulation 2(1) must— \n\n(a) ensure that the register is kept in that church or chapel, and \n(b) do everything that is reasonably practicable to ensure that the register is protected against \n\ntheft, loss or damage. \n\n(2) Where there is no rector, vicar or curate in charge of a church or chapel to which a register of \nmarriage services has been provided under regulation 2(1), the obligations under paragraph (1) in \nrespect of that register fall on the churchwardens of the parish in which the church or chapel is \nsituated. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(a) indicates the descriptions of information required by each of sub-paragraphs (a) to (h) of \nregulation 3(2) in relation to the marriage, and \n\n(b) provides corresponding spaces for recording information required by each of those sub- \n\nparagraphs in relation to the marriage. \n\n(6) A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) by a parochial church council \nbelongs to that parochial church council. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Duty to record information about marriages solemnized according to the rites of the Church**\n**of England or Church in Wales**\n\n**3.**—(1) Paragraphs (2), (3) and (4) apply where a marriage has been solemnized according to the \nrites of the Church of England in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be \npublished. \n\n(2) As soon as practicable after the marriage has been solemnized, the clergyman by whom the \nmarriage was solemnized must make a record of the following information in relation to that \nmarriage in a register of marriage services provided to the church or chapel under regulation \n2(1)— \n\n(a) the date and place of the marriage; \n(b) the name and surname of each party; \n(c) the date of birth of each party; \n(d) the occupation (if any) of each party; \n(e) the address of each party at the time of the marriage; \n(f) \n\nthe names and surnames of each party’s parents, so far as those names and surnames are \nknown to the clergyman who solemnized the marriage; \n\n(g) the name and surname of each of the witnesses in whose presence the marriage was \nsolemnized; \n\n(h) the name and surname of the clergyman by whom the marriage was solemnized. \n\n(3) The clergyman must record the information required by paragraph (2) in English, and may \nalso record information required by that paragraph in Welsh where the church or chapel is situated \nin Wales. \n\n(4) After making a record under paragraph (2) the clergyman must sign it. \n(5) This regulation does not apply in relation to a marriage solemnized before 4th May 2021. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**EXPLANATORY NOTE**\n\n*(This note is not part of the Regulations)*\n\nThese Regulations provide for records of marriages to be kept in churches and chapels of the \nChurch of England and the Church in Wales, other than chapels to which Part 5 of the Marriage \nAct 1949 applies (naval, military and air force chapels). \n\nRegulation 2 requires parochial church councils to provide books known as “registers of marriage \nservices” to churches and chapels in their parish in which banns of matrimony may be published, \nfor the purposes of keeping the records required by regulation 3. Regulation 2 also imposes \nrequirements relating to the durability and pre-printed content of these registers, and provides that \nthey belong to the parochial church council. \n\nRegulation 3 requires specified information to be recorded in a register of marriage services when \na marriage has been solemnized on or after 4th May 2021 according to the rites of the Church of \nEngland or Church in Wales in a church or chapel in which banns of matrimony may be \npublished. The record must be made and signed by the member of the clergy by whom the \nmarriage was solemnized. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Made* *-* *-* *-* *-* *29th April 2021*\n\n*Coming into force -* *-* *4th May 2021*\n\nThe Registrar General makes these Regulations with the approval of the Secretary of State in \nexercise of the powers conferred by section 74(1)(c)(v), (1A)(a) and (3) of the Marriage Act \n1949(**a**). \n\n**Citation, commencement, extent and interpretation**\n\n**1.**—(1) These Regulations may be cited as the Marriage (Keeping of Records in Churches and \n\nChapels) Regulations 2021. \n\n(2) These Regulations come into force on 4th May 2021. \n(3) These Regulations extend to England and Wales. \n(4) In these Regulations, “chapel” does not include a chapel to which Part 5 of the Marriage Act \n1949 (marriages in naval, military and air force chapels) applies(**b**). \n\n**Duty of parochial church councils to provide registers of marriage services**\n\n**2.**—(1) The parochial church council of a parish must provide books for the purpose of making \nrecords under regulation 3 to each church and chapel of the Church of England(**c**) in that parish in \nwhich banns of matrimony may be published. \n\n(2) Books provided under paragraph (1) are to be known as “registers of marriage services”. \n(3) A register of marriage services provided under paragraph (1) must meet the requirements of \nparagraphs (4) and (5). \n\n(4) The register must be made of durable material. \n(5) For the purposes of enabling a record to be made in the register under regulation 3 in respect \n\nof a marriage, the register must be printed in such a way that it— ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(**a**) 1949 c. 76 (12 & 13 Geo 6). Section 74 was amended by Schedule 2 to the Registration Service Act 1953 (c. 37) and by \nparagraph 5(1)(d) of Schedule 2 to the Transfer of Functions (Registration) Order 2008 (S.I. 2008/678) and subsequently \nrenumbered as section 74(1) by article 12 of the Registration of Marriages etc. (Electronic Communications and Electronic \nStorage) Order 2009 (S.I. 2009/2821). Section 74(1) was amended by paragraph 19 of Schedule 15 to the Immigration Act \n2016 (c. 19) and paragraph 43 of Schedule 1 to the Registration of Marriages Regulations 2021 (S.I. 2021/411), which also \ninserted subsection (1A). \n(**b**) See section 68(2) of the Marriage Act 1949. The certification function of the Admiralty under that section was transferred to \nthe Secretary of State by the Defence (Transfer of Functions) Act 1964 (c. 15). \n(**c**) Section 78(2) of the Marriage Act 1949 provides for references to the Church of England to be construed as including ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "uksi_20210538_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(ii) \n\n(c) \n(d) \n\n**44. Cabinet**\n\n(1) There shall be a Cabinet which shall consist of the President, Vice-President \n\nand the Ministers. \n\n(2) There shall preside at meetings of the Cabinet- \n\n(a) \n(b) \n(c) \n\nthe President; \nin the absence of the President, the Vice-President; or \nin the absence of the President and the Vice-President, such Minister as the \nPresident may designate. \n\n(3) The Cabinet may act notwithstanding any vacancy in its membership. \n\n**45. Oaths to be taken by Ministers and Assistant Ministers**\n\nThe Vice-President, a Minister or an Assistant Minister shall not enter upon the \n\nduties of his or her office unless he or she has taken and subscribed the oath of \nallegiance and such oath for the due execution of his or her office as may be prescribed \nby Parliament. \n**46. Secretary to the Cabinet**\n\n(1) There shall be a Secretary to the Cabinet whose office shall be a public office. \n(2) The Secretary to the Cabinet shall have charge of the Cabinet Office and \n\nshall be responsible, in accordance with such instructions as may be given to him or her \nby the President, for arranging the business for, and keeping the minutes of, the \nCabinet, for conveying decisions of the Cabinet to the appropriate person or authority, \nand shall have such other functions as the President may from time to time direct. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Test providers**\n\n**3.**—(1) A test provider complies with this paragraph where— \n\n(a) they provide appropriate tests in a single end-to-end testing service (whether or not they \narrange with another person (“X”) for X to provide one or more elements of the service \non their behalf); \n\n(b) they have made a declaration to the Department of Health and Social Care that they meet \nthe minimum standards for private sector-provided testing at https://support-covid-19- \ntesting.dhsc.gov.uk/PrivateSectorSelfDeclaration; \n\n(c) in relation to a test which requires laboratory processing— \n\n(i) the person responsible for the taking of samples meets the relevant requirements for \naccreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard 17025, in respect of the \ntaking of samples, and \n\n(ii) the laboratory used by the test provider for the processing of samples meets the \nrelevant requirements for accreditation to ISO standard 15189 or ISO/IEC standard \n17025, in respect of the processing of samples; \n\n(d) in relation to a point of care test, they meet the relevant requirements for accreditation to \nISO standard 15189 and ISO standard 22870(**a**); \n\n(e) a registered medical practitioner has oversight and approval of medical practices ", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "uksi_20210582_en.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]duties of the office of Commissioner until he or she has taken and subscribed the oath of( 8 ) The Commission shall regulate its own procedure and proceedings.the legal practitioner referred to in subsection ( 1 )( b ) shall preoide over the proceedings. ( 10 ) The quorum shall be four members, one of whom shall be the Chairman or( 11 ) All issues shall be decided by the decision of the majority of the membersperforming such ather functions as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament.( 13 ) The Commission shall on the completion of any election conducted by it,registration of voters for elections of -( a )( a )( 5 ) A person shall not enter upon the duties of the office of Secretary until he orshe has taken and subscribed to the cath of allegiance and such oath for the due execution of his or her office as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament.\n
bankrupt under any law in force in any part of the Commonwealth and has not
been discharged, or has made a composition with his or her creditors and has not paid his or her debts in full, or( b )
he or she has been convicted of any offence involving dishonesty in any country.( 7 ) A person appointed a member of the Commission shall not enter upon the
allegiance and such cath for the due execution of his or her office as may be prescribed by an Act of Parliament.
( 9 ) The Chairman shall preside over all proceedings, and in his or her absence,
the said legal practitioner.
present and voting.
( 12 ) The Commission shall be responsible for -( a )
the conduct and supervision of elections of the Elected Members of the National Assembly and members of a local authority, and conduct of a referendum :( b )
giving instructions and directions to the Secretary of the Commission appointed under section 66 in regard to the exercise of his or her functions under the electoral law prescribed by an Act of Parliament :( c )
ensuring that elections are conducted efficiently, properly, freely and fairly ; and( d )
submit a report on the exercise of its functions under the preceding provisions of this section to the Minister for the time being responsible for matters relating to suchelections, and that Minister shall, not later than seven days after the National Assembly first meets after he or she has received the report, lay it before the National Assembly.
66. Appointment of Secretary to Independent Electoral Commission ( 1 ) There shall be a Secretary to the Independent Electoral Commission reIo in section 65A ( in this section referred to as “ the Secretary ”). ( 2 ) The Secretary shall be appointed by the President.
( 3 ) The functions of the Secretary shall, subject to the directions and supervisionof the Independent Electoral Commission, be to exercise general supervision over the
the Elected Members of the National Assembly ; and( b )
the members of any local authority,and over the conduct of such elections.
( 4 ) A person shall not be qualified to be appointed as Secretary to theIndependent Electoral Commission if -
he or she is not a citizen of Botswana ;( b )
he or she has been declared insolvent or adjudged or otherwise declared bankrupt under any law in force in any part of the Commonwealth and has notbeen discharged, or has made a composition with his or her creditors and has not paid his or her debts in full ; or
( c )he or she has been convicted of any offence involving dishonesty in any country.
", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(1) The High Court shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any question \n\nwhether- \n(a) \n\nany person has been validly elected as an Elected Member of the National \nAssembly or the seat of any such Member has become vacant; \nany person has been validly elected as Speaker of the Assembly or, having \nbeen so elected, has vacated the office of Speaker. \n\n(2) Any question whether any person has been validly elected as a Specially \n\nElected Member of the National Assembly or whether the seat of any such Member has \nbecome vacant shall be determined by the Speaker. \n\n(3) Parliament may make provision with respect to- \n\nthe persons who may apply to the High Court for the determination of any \nquestion under this section; \nthe circumstances and manner in which the conditions upon which any such \napplication may be made; and \nthe powers, practice and procedure of the High Court in relation to any such \napplication. \n**70. Clerk of the Assembly**\n\n(a) \n\n(b) \n\n(c) \n\n(1) There shall be a Clerk of the National Assembly and an Assistant Clerk of the \n\nNational Assembly and their offices shall be offices in the public service. \n\n(2) There shall be such other offices in the department of the Clerk of the \nAssembly as may be prescribed by resolution of the National Assembly and such offices \nshall be offices in the public service. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "Botswana-constitution.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf", - "query": "What are Tesla's total liabilities and equity in 2024?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "119,852", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Tesla, Inc. \n\nConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income \n(in millions) \n(unaudited) \n\nThree Months Ended September 30, \n\n2024 2023 \n\nNet income \nOther comprehensive income (loss): \n\n$ 2,183 $ 1,878 $ \n\nForeign currency translation adjustment \nUnrealized net gain on investments, net of tax \nNet loss realized and included in net income 445 \n8 \n— (289) \n7 \n— \n\n2,636 1,596 \n\nComprehensive income \nLess: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to \nnoncontrolling interests and redeemable \nnoncontrolling interests in subsidiaries \nComprehensive income attributable to common \nstockholders \n$ ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**$43,634** **$40,064**\n\ntotal assets **$1,386,826** **134,760** **10,845**\n\nTotal liabilities **$676,072** **53,326** **198,973**\n\nCapital expenditures **$18,100** **$3,505** **$42**", - "page_start": 89, - "page_end": 89, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "TESLA, INC. \n\nFORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2024 \n\nINDEX \n\nPART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION \n\nItem 1. Financial Statements \n\nConsolidated Balance Sheets \n\nConsolidated Statements of Operations \n\nConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income \n\nConsolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity \n\nConsolidated Statements of Cash Flows \n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \n\nItem 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations \n\nItem 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk \n\nItem 4. Controls and Procedures ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Assets \n\nCurrent assets \n\nCash and cash equivalents \n\nShort-term investments \n\nAccounts receivable, net \n\nInventory \n\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets \n\nTotal current assets \n\nOperating lease vehicles, net \n\nSolar energy systems, net \n\nProperty, plant and equipment, net \n\nOperating lease right-of-use assets \n\nDigital assets, net \n\nIntangible assets, net \n\nGoodwill \n\nDeferred tax assets \n\nOther non-current assets \n\nTotal assets \n\nLiabilities \n\nCurrent liabilities \n\nAccounts payable \n\nAccrued liabilities and other \n\nDeferred revenue \n\nCurrent portion of debt and finance leases \n\nTotal current liabilities \n\nDebt and finance leases, net of current portion \n\nDeferred revenue, net of current portion \n\nOther long-term liabilities \n\nTotal liabilities \n\nCommitments and contingencies (Note 10) \n\nRedeemable noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries \n\nEquity \n\nStockholders’ equity \n\nPreferred stock; $0.001 par value; 100 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding \n\noutstanding as of September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively \n\nAdditional paid-in capital \n\nAccumulated other comprehensive loss \n\nRetained earnings \n\nTotal stockholders’ equity \n\nNoncontrolling interests in subsidiaries \n\nTotal liabilities and equity ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Tesla, Inc. \n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \n\n(unaudited) \n\nNote 1 – Overview & Summary of Significant Accounting Policies \n\nOverview \n\nTesla, Inc. (“Tesla”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on July 1, 2003 and \nconverted to a Texas corporation on June 13, 2024. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On February 27, 2023, a proposed class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California \n\nagainst Tesla, Inc., Elon Musk and certain current and former Company executives. The complaint alleges that the defendants \nmade material misrepresentations and omissions about the Company’s Autopilot and FSD Capability technologies and seeks \nmoney damages and other relief on behalf of persons who purchased Tesla stock between February 19, 2019, and February 17, \n2023. An amended complaint was filed on September 5, 2023, naming only Tesla, Inc. and Elon Musk as defendants. On \nNovember 6, 2023, Tesla moved to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 30, 2024, the Court granted Tesla’s motion \nto dismiss without prejudice. \n\nOn March 14, 2023, a proposed class action was filed against Tesla, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Northern \n\nDistrict of California. Several similar complaints were also filed in the same court and these cases have now all been \nconsolidated. These complaints allege that Tesla violates federal antitrust and warranty laws through its repair, service, and \nmaintenance practices and seeks, among other relief, damages for persons who paid Tesla for repairs services or Tesla \ncompatible replacement parts from March 2019 to March 2023. On July 17, 2023, these plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended \ncomplaint. On September 27, 2023, the court granted Tesla’s motion to compel arbitration as to three of the plaintiffs, and on \nNovember 17, 2023, the court granted Tesla’s motion to dismiss without prejudice. The plaintiffs filed a Consolidated Second \nAmended Complaint on December 12, 2023, which Tesla moved to dismiss. Plaintiffs also appealed the court’s arbitration \norder, which was denied. On June 17, 2024, the Court granted in part and denied in part Tesla’s motion to dismiss the \nConsolidated Second Amended Complaint. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "New York alleging breach of a stock warrant agreement that was entered into as part of a convertible notes offering in 2014. In \n2018, JP Morgan informed Tesla that it had adjusted the strike price based upon Mr. Musk’s August 7, 2018 Twitter post that he \nwas considering taking Tesla private. Tesla disputed JP Morgan’s adjustment as a violation of the parties’ agreement. In 2021, \nTesla delivered shares to JP Morgan per the agreement, which they duly accepted. JP Morgan now alleges that it is owed \napproximately $162 million as the value of additional shares that it claims should have been delivered as a result of the \nadjustment to the strike price in 2018. On January 24, 2022, Tesla filed multiple counterclaims as part of its answer to the \nunderlying lawsuit, asserting among other points that JP Morgan should have terminated the stock warrant agreement in 2018 \nrather than make an adjustment to the strike price that it should have known would lead to a commercially unreasonable result. \nTesla believes that the adjustments made by JP Morgan were neither proper nor commercially reasonable, as required under the \nstock warrant agreements. JP Morgan filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings, which Tesla opposed, and on September \n12, 2024, the Court denied JP Morgan’s motion. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Certain Investigations and Other Matters \n\nWe regularly receive requests for information, including subpoenas, from regulators and governmental authorities such \nas the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Securities and Exchange \nCommission (“SEC”), the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), and various local, state, federal, and international agencies. The \nongoing requests for information include topics such as operations, technology (e.g., vehicle functionality, vehicle incidents, \nAutopilot and FSD Capability), compliance, finance, data privacy, and other matters related to Tesla’s business, its personnel, \nand related parties. We routinely cooperate with such formal and informal requests for information, investigations, and other \ninquiries. To our knowledge no government agency in any ongoing investigation has concluded that any wrongdoing occurred. \nWe cannot predict the outcome or impact of any ongoing matters. Should the government decide to pursue an enforcement \naction, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation, prospects, cash flows, \nfinancial position or brand. \n\nWe are also subject to various other legal proceedings, risks and claims that arise from the normal course of business \n\nactivities. For example, during the second quarter of 2023, a foreign news outlet reported that it obtained certain \nmisappropriated data including, purportedly non-public Tesla business and personal information. Tesla has made notifications \nto potentially affected individuals (current and former employees) and regulatory authorities and we are working with certain \nlaw enforcement and other authorities. On August 5, 2023, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court \nfor the Northern District of California, purportedly on behalf of all U.S. individuals impacted by the data incident, followed by \nseveral additional lawsuits, that each assert claims under various state laws and seeks monetary damages and other relief. If an \nunfavorable ruling or development were to occur in these or other possible legal proceedings, risks and claims, there exists the \npossibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, prospects, cash flows, financial position or brand. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Assets \n\nCurrent assets \n\nCash and cash equivalents \n\nAccounts receivable, net \n\nPrepaid expenses and other current assets \n\nTotal current assets \n\nOperating lease vehicles, net \n\nSolar energy systems, net \n\nOther non-current assets \n\nTotal assets \n\nLiabilities \n\nCurrent liabilities \n\nAccrued liabilities and other \n\nDeferred revenue \n\nCurrent portion of debt and finance leases \n\nTotal current liabilities \n\nDeferred revenue, net of current portion \n\nDebt and finance leases, net of current portion \n\nTotal liabilities ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Between August 10, 2018 and September 6, 2018, nine purported stockholder class actions were filed against Tesla and \n\nElon Musk in connection with Mr. Musk’s August 7, 2018 Twitter post that he was considering taking Tesla private. On \nJanuary 16, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their consolidated complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of \nCalifornia and added as defendants the members of Tesla’s board of directors. The consolidated complaint asserts claims for \nviolations of the federal securities laws and seeks unspecified damages and other relief. The parties stipulated to certification of \na class of stockholders, which the court granted on November 25, 2020. Trial started on January 17, 2023, and on February 3, \n2023, a jury rendered a verdict in favor of the defendants on all counts. After trial, plaintiffs filed a motion for judgment as a \nmatter of law and a motion for new trial, which the Court denied and judgement was entered in favor of defendants on July 11, \n2023. On July 14, 2023, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal. The appeal, which is pending in the United States Court of Appeals \nfor the Ninth Circuit, has been fully briefed by the parties, and is scheduled for oral argument on October 25, 2024. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf", - "query": "Where was Tesla incorporated? ", - "target_page": 13, - "target_passage": "State of Delaware", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Tesla, Inc. \n\nNotes to Consolidated Financial Statements \n\n(unaudited) \n\nNote 1 – Overview & Summary of Significant Accounting Policies \n\nOverview \n\nTesla, Inc. (“Tesla”, the “Company”, “we”, “us” or “our”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on July 1, 2003 and \nconverted to a Texas corporation on June 13, 2024. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SIGNATURES \n\nPursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly \ncaused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized. \n\nTesla, Inc. ", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntechnology ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Additionally, on June 1, 2022 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) issued a cause finding against \nTesla that closely parallels the CRD’s allegations. On September 28, 2023, the EEOC filed a civil complaint against Tesla in the \nUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California asserting claims for race harassment and retaliation and \nseeking, among other things, monetary and injunctive relief. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Certain Investigations and Other Matters \n\nWe regularly receive requests for information, including subpoenas, from regulators and governmental authorities such \nas the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the National Transportation Safety Board, the Securities and Exchange \nCommission (“SEC”), the Department of Justice (“DOJ”), and various local, state, federal, and international agencies. The \nongoing requests for information include topics such as operations, technology (e.g., vehicle functionality, vehicle incidents, \nAutopilot and FSD Capability), compliance, finance, data privacy, and other matters related to Tesla’s business, its personnel, \nand related parties. We routinely cooperate with such formal and informal requests for information, investigations, and other \ninquiries. To our knowledge no government agency in any ongoing investigation has concluded that any wrongdoing occurred. \nWe cannot predict the outcome or impact of any ongoing matters. Should the government decide to pursue an enforcement \naction, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation, prospects, cash flows, \nfinancial position or brand. \n\nWe are also subject to various other legal proceedings, risks and claims that arise from the normal course of business \n\nactivities. For example, during the second quarter of 2023, a foreign news outlet reported that it obtained certain \nmisappropriated data including, purportedly non-public Tesla business and personal information. Tesla has made notifications \nto potentially affected individuals (current and former employees) and regulatory authorities and we are working with certain \nlaw enforcement and other authorities. On August 5, 2023, a putative class action was filed in the United States District Court \nfor the Northern District of California, purportedly on behalf of all U.S. individuals impacted by the data incident, followed by \nseveral additional lawsuits, that each assert claims under various state laws and seeks monetary damages and other relief. If an \nunfavorable ruling or development were to occur in these or other possible legal proceedings, risks and claims, there exists the \npossibility of a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, prospects, cash flows, financial position or brand. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBUSINESS \nTELEPHONY ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 Tesla Road \nAustin, Texas \n(Address of principal executive offices) 78725 \n(Zip Code) \n\n(512) 516-8177 \n(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code) \nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Intle of each classTrading Symbol ( s )Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stockTSLAThe Nasdaq Global Select Market
\n\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of \n\n1934 (“Exchange Act”) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been \nsubject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o \n\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 \n\nof Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). \nYes x No o \n\nIndicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or \n\nan emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth \ncompany” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act: ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nEMPLOYEE \nEXPERIENCE ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Exceeding expectations**\n**—the Nissan automobile**\n", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nthe turbojet aircraft, ", - "page_start": 212, - "page_end": 212, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf", - "query": "What is the reason for the increase in Tesla's tax rate from 2023 to 2024?", - "target_page": 26, - "target_passage": " increase in our effective tax rate is primarily due to the impact of releasing the valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter of 2023 and changes in the mix of our jurisdictional earnings", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Tesla, Inc. \n\nConsolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income \n(in millions) \n(unaudited) \n\nThree Months Ended September 30, \n\n2024 2023 \n\nNet income \nOther comprehensive income (loss): \n\n$ 2,183 $ 1,878 $ \n\nForeign currency translation adjustment \nUnrealized net gain on investments, net of tax \nNet loss realized and included in net income 445 \n8 \n— (289) \n7 \n— \n\n2,636 1,596 \n\nComprehensive income \nLess: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to \nnoncontrolling interests and redeemable \nnoncontrolling interests in subsidiaries \nComprehensive income attributable to common \nstockholders \n$ ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our provision for income taxes increased by $434 million in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and increased \nby $652 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, \n2023, respectively. Our effective tax rate increased from 8% to 22% in the three months ended September 30, 2024 and \nincreased from 10% to 23% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three and nine months ended \nSeptember 30, 2023, respectively. These increases are primarily due to the impact of releasing the valuation allowance on our \nU.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter of 2023 and changes in mix of jurisdictional earnings. \n\nSee Note 9, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form \n10-Q for further details. \n\nLiquidity and Capital Resources \n\nWe expect to continue to generate net positive operating cash flow as we have done in the last five fiscal years. The cash \n\nwe generate from our core operations enables us to fund ongoing operations and production, our research and development \nprojects for new products and technologies including our proprietary battery cells, additional manufacturing ramps at existing \nmanufacturing facilities, the construction of future factories, and the continued expansion of our retail and service locations, \nbody shops, Mobile Service fleet, Supercharger, including to support NACS, energy product installation capabilities and \nautonomy and other artificial intelligence enabled products. ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Cost of services and other revenue increased $507 million, or 25%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as \n\ncompared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Cost of services and other revenue increased $1.47 billion, or 26%, in \nthe nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increases were \nprimarily due to volume increases in used vehicle sales, insurance services, paid Supercharging, non-warranty maintenance \nservices and collision and part sales. \n\n30 ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Note 9 – Income Taxes \n\nOur effective tax rate was 22% and 23% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024, respectively, \ncompared to 8% and 10% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively. The increase in our effective \ntax rate is primarily due to the impact of releasing the valuation allowance on our U.S. deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter \nof 2023 and changes in the mix of our jurisdictional earnings. \n\nOur effective tax rates for the three and nine months of 2024 and 2023 as compared to the U.S. federal statutory rate of \n\n21% were primarily impacted by the mix of our jurisdictional earnings subject to different tax rates, valuation allowances on \nour deferred tax assets and benefits from our U.S. tax credits and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) manufacturing \ncredits. \n\nWe are subject to tax examinations in the U.S. federal, state and foreign jurisdictions. Given the uncertainty in timing \n\nand outcome of our tax examinations, an estimate of the range of the reasonably possible change in gross unrecognized tax \nbenefits within twelve months cannot be made at this time. \n\nNote 10 – Commitments and Contingencies ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On February 27, 2023, a proposed class action was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California \n\nagainst Tesla, Inc., Elon Musk and certain current and former Company executives. The complaint alleges that the defendants \nmade material misrepresentations and omissions about the Company’s Autopilot and FSD Capability technologies and seeks \nmoney damages and other relief on behalf of persons who purchased Tesla stock between February 19, 2019, and February 17, \n2023. An amended complaint was filed on September 5, 2023, naming only Tesla, Inc. and Elon Musk as defendants. On \nNovember 6, 2023, Tesla moved to dismiss the amended complaint. On September 30, 2024, the Court granted Tesla’s motion \nto dismiss without prejudice. \n\nOn March 14, 2023, a proposed class action was filed against Tesla, Inc. in the U.S. District Court for the Northern \n\nDistrict of California. Several similar complaints were also filed in the same court and these cases have now all been \nconsolidated. These complaints allege that Tesla violates federal antitrust and warranty laws through its repair, service, and \nmaintenance practices and seeks, among other relief, damages for persons who paid Tesla for repairs services or Tesla \ncompatible replacement parts from March 2019 to March 2023. On July 17, 2023, these plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended \ncomplaint. On September 27, 2023, the court granted Tesla’s motion to compel arbitration as to three of the plaintiffs, and on \nNovember 17, 2023, the court granted Tesla’s motion to dismiss without prejudice. The plaintiffs filed a Consolidated Second \nAmended Complaint on December 12, 2023, which Tesla moved to dismiss. Plaintiffs also appealed the court’s arbitration \norder, which was denied. On June 17, 2024, the Court granted in part and denied in part Tesla’s motion to dismiss the \nConsolidated Second Amended Complaint. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Cost of automotive sales revenue increased $87 million, or 1%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as \ncompared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 due to the increases in deliveries year over year as discussed above, \npartially offset by a decrease in the average combined cost per unit of our vehicles primarily from lower raw material costs, \nfreight and duties as well as mix. \n\nCost of automotive sales revenue decreased $2.32 billion, or 5%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as \ncompared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 due to a decrease in the average combined cost per unit of our vehicles \nprimarily from lower raw material costs, freight and duties as well as mix, in addition to the volume changes in deliveries year \nover year as discussed above. The decreases were partially offset by higher costs for Cybertruck and the updated Model 3 at our \nFremont factory as a result of the temporary under-utilization of manufacturing capacity as production ramps. \n\nCost of automotive leasing revenue decreased $54 million, or 18%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as \n\ncompared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Cost of automotive leasing revenue decreased $211 million, or 22%, \nin the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decreases were \nprimarily due to a decrease in direct sales-type leasing cost of revenue driven by lower deliveries and a decrease in our direct \noperating lease cost of revenue driven by lower lease payoffs compared to the prior periods. ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We are focused on growing our manufacturing capacity, which includes capacity for manufacturing newer vehicle \nmodels such as our Cybertruck, Tesla Semi and future vehicles utilizing aspects of our next generation platform, and ramping \nthe production at our Gigafactories to their installed production capacities as well as increasing production rate and efficiency \nat our current factories. The next phase of production growth will depend on the continued ramp at our factories and be initiated \nby advances in autonomy and the introduction of new products, including those built on our next generation vehicle platform, \nas well as our ability to add to our available sources of battery cell supply by manufacturing our own cells that we are \ndeveloping to have high-volume output, lower capital and production costs and longer range. Our goals are to improve vehicle \nperformance, decrease production costs and increase affordability and customer awareness. \n\nThese plans are subject to uncertainties inherent in establishing and ramping manufacturing operations, which may be \n\nexacerbated by new product and manufacturing technologies we introduce, the number of concurrent international projects, any \nindustry-wide component constraints, labor shortages and any future impact from events outside of our control. For example, \nduring the first quarter of 2024, we experienced a sequential decline in production volumes partially caused by the early phase \nof the production ramp of the updated Model 3 at our Fremont factory, and factory shutdowns at Gigafactory Berlin- \nBrandenburg resulting from shipping diversions caused by the Red Sea conflict and an arson attack. Moreover, we have set \nambitious technological targets with our plans for battery cells as well as for iterative manufacturing and design improvements \nfor our vehicles with each new factory. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Additionally, on June 1, 2022 the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) issued a cause finding against \nTesla that closely parallels the CRD’s allegations. On September 28, 2023, the EEOC filed a civil complaint against Tesla in the \nUnited States District Court for the Northern District of California asserting claims for race harassment and retaliation and \nseeking, among other things, monetary and injunctive relief. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Between August 10, 2018 and September 6, 2018, nine purported stockholder class actions were filed against Tesla and \n\nElon Musk in connection with Mr. Musk’s August 7, 2018 Twitter post that he was considering taking Tesla private. On \nJanuary 16, 2019, Plaintiffs filed their consolidated complaint in the United States District Court for the Northern District of \nCalifornia and added as defendants the members of Tesla’s board of directors. The consolidated complaint asserts claims for \nviolations of the federal securities laws and seeks unspecified damages and other relief. The parties stipulated to certification of \na class of stockholders, which the court granted on November 25, 2020. Trial started on January 17, 2023, and on February 3, \n2023, a jury rendered a verdict in favor of the defendants on all counts. After trial, plaintiffs filed a motion for judgment as a \nmatter of law and a motion for new trial, which the Court denied and judgement was entered in favor of defendants on July 11, \n2023. On July 14, 2023, plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal. The appeal, which is pending in the United States Court of Appeals \nfor the Ninth Circuit, has been fully briefed by the parties, and is scheduled for oral argument on October 25, 2024. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Automotive regulatory credits revenue increased $185 million, or 33%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 \nas compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023. Automotive regulatory credits revenue increased $714 million, or \n53%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. These \nincreases were driven by demand for credits in North America as other automobile manufacturers scale back on their battery \nelectric vehicle plans. \n\nAutomotive leasing revenue decreased $43 million, or 9%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared \n\nto the three months ended September 30, 2023. Automotive leasing revenue decreased $240 million, or 15%, in the nine \nmonths ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The decreases were primarily \ndue to lower direct sales-type leasing deliveries and a decrease in lease buyouts. \n\nServices and other revenue increased $624 million, or 29%, in the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared \nto the three months ended September 30, 2023. Services and other revenue increased $1.53 billion, or 25%, in the nine months \nended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The increases were primarily due to \nincreases in non-warranty maintenance services and collision revenue, used vehicle revenue, paid Supercharging revenue, \ninsurance services revenue and part sales revenue. ", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf", - "query": "Which is the first candidate for experimenting the case of electrons interacting with a single boson mode?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "The primary candidate for such mode is an optical phonon", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "4 J. Hirsch, Physica C 199, 305 (1992). \n5 D. N. Basov and T. Timusk, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 721 \n(2005); A. V. Puchkov, D. N. Basov and T. Timusk, J. \nPhys. Cond. Matter 8, 10049 (1996). \n27 D. van der Marel, H.J.A. Molegraaf, C. Presura, and I. \nSantoso, Concepts in Electron Correlations, edited by A. \nHewson and V. Zlatic (Kluwer, 2003) \n\n6 C. M. Varma et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 63, 1996 (1989). \n7 D. N. Basov, S. I. Woods, A. S. Katz, E. J. Singley, R. C. \nDynes, M. Xu, D. G. Hinks, C. C. Homes and M. Strongin, \nScience 283, 49 (1999). \n\n28 L. Benfatto, J.P. Carbotte and F. Marsiglio, Phys. Rev. B \n74, 155115 (2006) ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 R. Kubo, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 12, 570(1957). \n2 R.A. Ferrrel and R.E. Glover, Phys. Rev.109, 1398 (1958). \n3 M. Tinkham and R.A. Ferrrel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2, 331 \n(1959), M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity \n(McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975). \n\nand Phys. Rev. B 62, 15131 (2000). \n\n24 A. Toschi, M. Capone, M. Ortolani, P. Calvani, S. Lupi \nand C. Castellani, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 097002 (2005). \n25 F. Marsiglio, F. Carbone, A. Kuzmenko and D. van der \nMarel, Phys. Rev. B 74, 174516 (2006). \n26 L. Benfatto, S. G. Sharapov, N. Andrenacci and H. Beck, \nPhys. Rev. B 71, 104511 (2005). ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 T. Jungwirth, W. A. Atkinson, B. H. Lee, and A. H. Mac- \nDonald, Phys. Rev. B 59, 9818 (1999); P. Sankowski and \nP. Kacman, Phys. Rev. B 71, 201303(R) (2005); A. D. \nGiddings, T. Jungwirth, and B. L. Gallagher, Phys. Rev. \nB 78, 165312 (2008); K. Szalowski and T. Balcerzak, Phys. \nRev. B 79, 214430 (2009). \n\n2 J.-H. Chung, S. J. Chung, S. Lee, B. J. Kirby, J. A. \nBorchers, Y. J. Cho, X. Liu, and J. K. Furdyna, Phys. \nRev. Lett. 101, 237202 (2008). ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2449.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "approximation is that the self-energy can be computed \nanalytically. The full self-energy obtained with the lat- \ntice dispersion is more involved and can only be obtained \nnumerically, but its structure is quite similar to the one \nobtained with a constant DOS. \nThe self-energy for a constant DOS is given by \n\ni \n2π \n(13) \n\nZ \nwhere \n\nω2 \n0 \nω2 \n0 − (iΩ)2 \n\nand λn is a dimensionless electron-boson coupling. Inte- \ngrating and transforming to real frequencies, we obtain \n\nπ \n2 \n\nWe next consider the case of electrons interacting with \na single boson mode which by itself is not affected by su- \nperconductivity. The primary candidate for such mode is \nan optical phonon. The imaginary part of the NS self en- \nergy has been discussed numerous times in the literature. \nWe make one simplifying assumption – approximate the \nDOS by a constant in calculating fermionic self-energy. \nWe will, however, keep the full lattice dispersion in the \ncalculations of the optical integral. The advantage of this \n(ω + ωo)2 − ∆2 ! ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "chirality interactions in cold atom optical lattices has \nbeen proposed38. system. And convert them to pseudo-spin notation in \nthe physical spin singlet sector. \n\nOur model (8) is achieved at second order of the per- \nturbation series. Higher order terms become trunca- \ntion errors but may be controlled by small parameters \nλx,y,z/Jcluster \n\nConsider a general small distortion of the tetrahedron, \nthe spin Hamiltonian becomes \n\nJx,y,z| \n′ \nSℓ)2 + J Hcluster, SL = (Jcluster/2)( \nδrℓm(Sℓ · \nSm) \n∼ p| \nX \nℓ X \nℓ 1. In Ref 30 f (x) was \nassumed to scale as 1/x at large x such that Σ′′ is flat at \nlarge ω. The real part of Σ(ω) is obtained from Kramers- \nKr¨onig relations. For the superconducting state, they \nobtained Σ \nby cutting off the NS expression on the lower \nend at some frequency ω1 (the analog of ω0 + ∆ that we \nhad for EB model): ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4 \n\nan energy of interband transitions, which is roughly 2eV . \nThis would be consistent with Refs. 8,9. \njust list the formulas that we used in our computations. \nThe conductivity σ(Ω) and the optical integral W (ωc) \nare given by (see for example Ref. 35). \n\nWe begin with formulating our calculational basis in \nthe next section. Then we take up the four cases and \nconsider in each case the extent to which the Kubo sum is \nsatisfied up to the order of bandwidth and the functional \nform and the sign of ∆W (ωc). The last section presents \nour conclusions. \n\nΠ′′(Ω) \nΩ \n= − \n\nωc ωc \n\nΠ′′(Ω) \nΩ π \n2 \nW (ωc) = σ′(Ω) dΩ = − dΩ + Π′(0) \n\n0 \nZ \n0+ \nZ \nII. OPTICAL INTEGRAL IN NORMAL AND \nSUPERCONDUCTING STATES \n(7b) \n\nThe generic formalism of the computation of the op- \ntical conductivity and the optical integral has been dis- \ncussed several times in the literature21–23,26,29 and we where ‘X ′’ and ‘X ′′’ stand for real and imaginary parts \nof X. We will restrict with T = 0. The polarization \noperator Π(Ω) is (see Ref. 36) ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "addressing the issue of the optical sum rule in the c−axis7 \nand in-plane conductivities 8–16 in overdoped, optimally \ndoped, and underdoped cuprates. The experimental re- \nsults demonstrated, above all, outstanding achievements \nof experimental abilities as these groups managed to de- \ntect the value of the optical integral with the accuracy \nof a fraction of a percent. The analysis of the change \nof the optical integral between normal and SCS is even \nmore complex because one has to (i) extend NS data to \nT < Tc and (ii) measure superfluid density with the same \naccuracy as the optical integral itself. \n\nThe analysis of the optical integral showed that in over- \ndoped cuprates it definitely decreases below Tc, in con- \nsistency with the expectations at weak coupling11. For \nunderdoped cuprates, all experimental groups agree that \na relative change of the optical integral below Tc gets \nmuch smaller. There is no agreement yet about the sign \nof the change of the optical integral : Molegraaf et al.8 \nand Santander-Syro et al.9 argued that the optical inte- \ngral increases below Tc, while Boris et al.10 argued that \nit decreases. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nTHE ANGLE OF ATTACK \n\nINDICATOR \nAND THE MIRROR LANDING SYSTEM ", - "page_start": 374, - "page_end": 374, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "approximation is that the self-energy can be computed \nanalytically. The full self-energy obtained with the lat- \ntice dispersion is more involved and can only be obtained \nnumerically, but its structure is quite similar to the one \nobtained with a constant DOS. \nThe self-energy for a constant DOS is given by \n\ni \n2π \n(13) \n\nZ \nwhere \n\nω2 \n0 \nω2 \n0 − (iΩ)2 \n\nand λn is a dimensionless electron-boson coupling. Inte- \ngrating and transforming to real frequencies, we obtain \n\nπ \n2 \n\nWe next consider the case of electrons interacting with \na single boson mode which by itself is not affected by su- \nperconductivity. The primary candidate for such mode is \nan optical phonon. The imaginary part of the NS self en- \nergy has been discussed numerous times in the literature. \nWe make one simplifying assumption – approximate the \nDOS by a constant in calculating fermionic self-energy. \nWe will, however, keep the full lattice dispersion in the \ncalculations of the optical integral. The advantage of this \n(ω + ωo)2 − ∆2 ! ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Theoretical analysis of these results21,22,25,28,30 added \none more degree of complexity to the issue. It is tempt- \ning to analyze the temperature dependence of WK and \nrelate it to the observed behavior of the optical integral, \nand some earlier works25,28,30 followed this route. In the \nexperiments, however, optical conductivity is integrated \nonly up to a certain frequency ωc, and the quantity which \nis actually measured is \n\nIn a conventional BCS superconductor the only rele- \nvant scales are the superconducting gap ∆ and the impu- \nrity scattering rate Γ. Both are generally much smaller \nthan the Fermi energy, so the optical integral should be \nalmost T -independent, i.e., the spectral weight lost in a \nsuperconducting state at low frequencies because of gap \nopening is completely recovered by the zero-frequency δ- \nfunction. \nIn a clean limit, the weight which goes into \na δ−function is recovered within frequencies up to 4∆. \nThis is the essence of FGT sum rule 2,3. In a dirty limit, \nthis scale is larger, O(Γ), but still WK is T -independent \nand there was no “violation of sum rule”. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "22 M. R. Norman, A. V. Chubukov, E. van Heumen, A. B. \nKuzmenko, and D. van der Marel, Phys. Rev. B 76, 220509 \n(2007). 174505(2004). \n23 J. E. Hirsch and F. Marsiglio, Physica C 331, 150 (2000) 50 In this respect, our results are consistent with the analysis ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "shows up in the optical gap), where as in the BCSI case \nit would have always begun from 2∆. In Fig 18 we plot \nthe Kubo sums WK vs coupling λ. We see that for all λ, \nWK in the NS stays larger than in the SCS. Fig 19 shows \nthe cutoff dependence of the optical integrals W (ωc) for \nλ = 1 separately in the NS and the SCS. We again see \nthat only about 73% of the Kubo sum is recovered up \nto the bandwidth of 1 eV indicating that there is a sig- \nnificant amount left to recover beyond this energy scale. \nFig 20 shows ∆W for the two different couplings. We \nsee that, for both λ’s, there is only one zero-crossing for \nthe ∆W curve, and ∆W is negative at larger frequen- \ncies. The only difference between the two plots is that \nfor larger coupling the dip in ∆W gets ‘shallower’. Ob- \nserve also that the solid line in Fig. 20 is rather far away \nfrom the dashed line at ωc > 1meV , which indicates that, \nalthough ∆W (ωc) in this region has some dependence on \nωc, still the largest part of ∆W (ωc) is ∆WK, while the \ncontribution from ∆f (ωc) is smaller. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where S(~q), with ~q = (0, 0, qz), is the structure factor24 \n(i.e. the Fourier transform of the spin correlation func- \ntion) along the z-direction of the film, while the normal- \nization factor K is the structure factor integral at T = 0. \nAlthough the use of the last observable can be seen as a \nsuitable and elegant way to overcome the intrinsic diffi- \nculties met in defining a correct helical order parameter, \nfree of any undue external bias (as the wave-vector Qz ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf", - "query": "What is the Ferrel-Glover-Tinkham sum rule?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "the redistribution of the spectral weight between normal and superconducting state", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "One particular case, studied in detail for conventional \nsuperconductors, \nis the redistribution of the spectral \nweight between normal and superconducting states. This \nis known as Ferrel-Glover-Tinkham (FGT) sum rule:2,3 \n\nπnse2 \n2m \n\n∞ \nRe σN S(Ω) = (2) \n0+ 0+ \nZ Z \n\nIn reality, as already pointed out by Hirsch, there is no \ntrue violation as the change of the total spectral weight where ns is the superfluid density, and πnse2/(2m) is ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "γ*bNb*(*t*) + γ′*aNa*(*t*) \n\n− \n+*g*[*a*†(*t*)*M*(*t*) +*M*†(*t*)*a*(*t*)] +*Fb*(*t*), \n− \n(5) ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.2670.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2 \nv \n4 \n6 \n7 \n0 \n. \n1 \n0 \n0 \n1 \n: \nv \ni \nX \nr \na \n\nne2 \nm π \n2 \nRe σ(Ω) dΩ = \n\n0 \nZ \n\nHere n is the density of the electrons in the system and \nm is the bare mass of the electron. This expression is \nexact provided that the integration extends truly up to \ninfinity, and its derivation uses the obvious fact that at \nenergies higher than the total bandwidth of a solid, elec- \ntrons behave as free particles. \n\nThe independence of the r.h.s. of Eq. (1) on temper- \nature and the state of a solid (e.g., a normal or a super- \nconducting state – henceforth referred to as NS and SCS \nrespectively) implies that, while the functional form of \nσ(Ω) changes with, e.g., temperature, the total spectral \nweight is conserved and only gets redistributed between \ndifferent frequencies as temperature changes. This con- \nservation of the total weight of σ(Ω) is generally called a \nsum rule. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the spectral weight under the δ-functional piece of the \nconductivity in the superconducting state. \n\nI. INTRODUCTION \n\nIn practice, the integration up to an infinite frequency \nis hardly possible, and more relevant issue for practical \napplications is whether a sum rule is satisfied, at least ap- \nproximately, for a situation when there is a single electron \nband which crosses the Fermi level and is well separated \nfrom other bands. Kubo considered this case in the same \npaper of 1957 and derived the expression for the “band”, \nor Kubo sum rule \n\nThe analysis of sum rules for optical conductivity has a \nlong history. Kubo, in an extensive paper1 in 1957, used \na general formalism of a statistical theory of irreversible \nprocesses to investigate the behavior of the conductivity \nin electronic systems. For a system of interacting elec- \ntrons, he derived the expression for the integral of the real \npart of a (complex) electric conductivity σ(Ω) and found \nthat it is independent on the nature of the interactions \nand reduces to \n′ \n∞ \n‘ \n\nπe2 \n2N \n∇2 \n~kx \nRe σ(Ω) dΩ = WK = \nε~k n~k \n(3) \n∞ \n(1) \n0 \nZ \nX~k ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Theoretical analysis of these results21,22,25,28,30 added \none more degree of complexity to the issue. It is tempt- \ning to analyze the temperature dependence of WK and \nrelate it to the observed behavior of the optical integral, \nand some earlier works25,28,30 followed this route. In the \nexperiments, however, optical conductivity is integrated \nonly up to a certain frequency ωc, and the quantity which \nis actually measured is \n\nIn a conventional BCS superconductor the only rele- \nvant scales are the superconducting gap ∆ and the impu- \nrity scattering rate Γ. Both are generally much smaller \nthan the Fermi energy, so the optical integral should be \nalmost T -independent, i.e., the spectral weight lost in a \nsuperconducting state at low frequencies because of gap \nopening is completely recovered by the zero-frequency δ- \nfunction. \nIn a clean limit, the weight which goes into \na δ−function is recovered within frequencies up to 4∆. \nThis is the essence of FGT sum rule 2,3. In a dirty limit, \nthis scale is larger, O(Γ), but still WK is T -independent \nand there was no “violation of sum rule”. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\na=g 0+/W) ", - "page_start": 210, - "page_end": 210, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nIn the “blade element” theory, ", - "page_start": 417, - "page_end": 417, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "′ \n2 + QT2 1 f T2 1 + QT2 2 f T2 2 + QT2 3 f T2 \n3 ) \n(QAf A + QE \n1 f E 1 + QE 2 f E \nJ ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nT, = Q (V,-V,) \n\nPa= T,, V, \n\nPw=Q/,(v2-v,)2 ", - "page_start": 122, - "page_end": 122, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "0.66 \n0.66 \n*)*\n*M* 0.64 \n0.64 \n*(*\n*4*\n*u*\n0.62 \n0.62 \n\n0.65 \n*)*\n\n*M*\n*H*\n*M*\n) \n. \nu \n0.6 \n. \na \n( \n*)*\n*(*\n*z*\n*q*\n*(*\n*S*\n*4*\n0.55 *u*\n\n0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8*qz*\n0 \n0.5 \n130 131 132 133 \n134 \n*T*(K) ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf", - "query": "What does Kitaev show about spin- 1/2 model?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "spin- 1/2 model can be mapped to a model with one Majo- rana fermion per site coupled to Ising gauge fields on the links", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "τ z = χ234/(√3/4) = (4/√3)S2 (S3 S4) (6) \n\n− \nThe above representations of τ x,y,z are all invariant under \nglobal spin rotation of the physical spins. \n\n− · × \n\nWith the machinery of equations (4), (5), and (6), it \nwill be straightforward to construct various pseudo-spin- \n1/2 Hamiltonians on various lattices, of the Kitaev vari- \nety and beyond, as the exact low energy effective Hamil- \ntonian of certain spin-1/2 models with spin-rotation sym- \nmetry. In these constructions a pseudo-spin lattice site \nactually represents a cluster of four spin-1/2 moments. It is simpler to consider the permutation operators \nSk + 1/2, which just exchange the states \n= k). \nPjk ≡ \nof the two physical spin-1/2 moments j and k (j \nAs an example we consider the action of P34, \n\n2Sj · \n\nIII. REALIZATION OF THE KITAEV MODEL. \n+ ω2 + ω \n| ↓↑↑↓i | ↓↑↓↑i \n\n+ ω2 \n| ↑↓↑↓i(cid:17) ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "However, in the original Kitaev model and its later \ngeneralizations in the form of spin models, spin rotation \nsymmetry is explicitly broken. This makes them harder \nto realize in solid state systems. There are many pro- \nposals to realized the Kitaev model in more controllable \nin cold atom optical lattices17,18, or in \nsituations, e.g. \nsuperconducting circuits19. But it is still desirable for \ntheoretical curiosity and practical purposes to realize the \nKitaev-type models in spin rotation invariant systems. \n\ntion III the Kitaev model will be explicitly constructed \nusing this formalism, and some properties of this con- \nstruction will be discussed. In Section IV we will discuss \ntwo possible ways to generate the high order spin in- \nteractions involved in the construction of Section III by \nperturbative expansions. Conclusions and outlook will \nbe summarized in Section V. \n\nIn this paper we realize the Kitaev honeycomb lattice \nmodel as the low energy Hamiltonian for a spin rotation \ninvariant system. The trick is not to use the physical spin \nas the spin in the Kitaev model, instead the spin-1/2 in \nKitaev model is from some emergent two-fold degener- \nate low energy states in the elementary unit of physical \nsystem. This type of idea has been explored recently by \nJackeli and Khaliullin20, in which the spin-1/2 in the Ki- \ntaev model is the low energy Kramers doublet created by \nstrong spin-orbit coupling of t2g orbitals. In the model \npresented below, the Hilbert space of spin-1/2 in the Ki- \ntaev model is actually the two dimensional spin singlet \nsector of four antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 mo- \nments, and the role of spin-1/2 operators(Pauli matrices) \nin the Kitaev model is replaced by certain combinations \nSℓ)] between the \nof Sj · \nfour spins. \n\nII. FORMULATION OF THE PSEUDO-SPIN-1/2 \nFROM FOUR-SPIN CLUSTER. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Note that the original Kitaev model (1) has three- \nfold rotation symmetry around a honeycomb lattice site, \ncombined with a three-fold rotation in pseudo-spin space \n(cyclic permutation of τ x, τ y, τ z). This is not apparent \nin our model (8) in terms of physical spins, under the \ncurrent representation of τ x,y,z. We can remedy this by \nusing a different set of pseudo-spin Pauli matrices τ ′x,y,z \nin (7), \n\n′x = \nτ \nτ ′y = \n′z = 1/3τ z + \n1/3τ z \n1/3τ z 2/3τ x, \n1/6τ x + \n1/6τ x \n\np \n\n1/2τ y, \n1/2τ y \np \nτ \np \n− p − p \n\nWith proper representation choice, they have a symmet- \nric form in terms of physical spins, \n\n′x = \nτ \nτ ′y = \nτ ′z = (4/3)S4 (S2 S3) + 2/3(2S1 S4 + 1/2) ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Great efforts have been invested to better understand \nthe properties of the Kitaev model. For example, sev- \neral groups have pointed out that the fractionalized Ma- \njorana fermion excitations may be understood from the \nmore familiar Jordan-Wigner transformation of 1D spin \nsystems2,3. The analogy between the non-Abelian Ising \nvortices and vortices in p + ip superconductors has been \nraised in serveral works4–7. Exact diagonalization has \nbeen used to study the Kitaev model on small lattices8. \nAnd perturbative expansion methods have been devel- \noped to study the gapped phases of the Kitaev-type \nmodels9. \nKitaev’s exactly solvable spin-1/2 honeycomb lattice \nmodel1 (noted as the Kitaev model hereafter) has in- \nspired great interest since its debut, due to its exact \nsolvability, fractionalized excitations, and the potential Many generalizations of the Kitaev model have been ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We constructed the exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb \nmodel1 as the exact low energy effective Hamiltonian of \na spin-1/2 model [equations (8) or (9)] with spin-rotation \nand time reversal symmetry. The spin in Kitaev model is \nrepresented as the pseudo-spin in the two-fold degenerate \nspin singlet subspace of a cluster of four antiferromag- \nnetically coupled spin-1/2 moments. The physical spin \nmodel is a honeycomb lattice of such four-spin clusters, \nwith certain inter-cluster interactions. The machinery \nfor the exact mapping to pseudo-spin Hamiltonian was \ndeveloped (see e.g. TABLE I), which is quite general \nand can be used to construct other interesting (exactly \nsolvable) spin-1/2 models from spin rotation invariant \nsystems. \n\nThe generic couplings in (A1) [second term] can be \nconverted to couplings to these orthogonal modes, \n\nwhere Q are generalized coordinates of the corresponding \nmodes, functions f can be read off from TABLE 1.2 of \nRef.35. For the A mode, δrℓm = 2/3QA, so f A is \np \n\nf A = ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "x x \ny y \nz z z \nx x x x \ny y y \nz z z z \nx x x x \ny y y \nz z z z \nx x x \ny y y \n\nFIG. 1: The honeycomb lattice for the Kitaev model. Filled \nand open circles indicate two sublattices. x, y, z label the links \nalong three different directions used in (1). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In this Section we will use directly the results of the \nprevious Section to write down a Hamiltonian whose low \nenergy sector is described by the Kitaev model. The \nHamiltonian will be constructed on the physical spin lat- \ntice illustrated in FIG. 2. \nIn this Section we will use \nj, k to label four-spin clusters (pseudo-spin-1/2 sites), the \nphysical spins in cluster j are labeled as Sj1, . . . , Sj4. \nApply the mappings developed in Section II, we have ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The exactly solvable Kitaev honeycomb lattice model is realized as the low energy effect Hamil- \ntonian of a spin-1/2 model with spin rotation and time-reversal symmetry. The mapping to low \nenergy effective Hamiltonian is exact, without truncation errors in traditional perturbation series \nexpansions. This model consists of a honeycomb lattice of clusters of four spin-1/2 moments, and \ncontains short-range interactions up to six-spin(or eight-spin) terms. The spin in the Kitaev model \nis represented not as these spin-1/2 moments, but as pseudo-spin of the two-dimensional spin singlet \nsector of the four antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1/2 moments within each cluster. Spin corre- \nlations in the Kitaev model are mapped to dimer correlations or spin-chirality correlations in this \nmodel. This exact construction is quite general and can be used to make other interesting spin-1/2 \nmodels from spin rotation invariant Hamiltonians. We discuss two possible routes to generate the \nhigh order spin interactions from more natural couplings, which involves perturbative expansions \nthus breaks the exact mapping, although in a controlled manner. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In this construction the pseudo-spin correlations in the \nKitaev model will be mapped to dimer or spin-chirality \ncorrelations in the physical spin system. The correspond- \ning picture of the fractionalized Majorana fermion exci- \ntations and Ising vortices still remain to be clarified. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4 \n3 3 \n\n1 2 \n2 \n(a) (b) \n\n3 \n4 \n3 2 3 \n\nQE \n2 \n\n2 \n1 4 1 \n1 (a) (b) (c) \n\nIllustration of the tetragonal to orthorhombic \nFIG. 3: \nQE \n2 (bottom) distortion modes. (a) Perspective \nview of the tetrahedron. 1, . . . , 4 label the spins. Arrows in- \ndicate the motion of each spin under the distortion mode. (b) \nTop view of (a). (c)(d) Side view of (a). \n\n1 (top) and QE ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf", - "query": "How can fractionalised Majorana fermion excitations be understood?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "from the more familiar Jordan-Wigner transformation of 1D spin systems", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In this construction the pseudo-spin correlations in the \nKitaev model will be mapped to dimer or spin-chirality \ncorrelations in the physical spin system. The correspond- \ning picture of the fractionalized Majorana fermion exci- \ntations and Ising vortices still remain to be clarified. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "where τ x,y,z are Pauli matrices, and x, y, z-links are de- \nfined in FIG. 1. It was shown by Kitaev1 that this spin- \n1/2 model can be mapped to a model with one Majo- \nrana fermion per site coupled to Ising gauge fields on the \nlinks. And as the Ising gauge flux has no fluctuation, the \nmodel can be regarded as, under each gauge flux config- \nuration, a free Majorana fermion problem. The ground \nstate is achieved in the sector of zero gauge flux through \neach hexagon. The Majorana fermions in this sector have \nDirac-like gapless dispersion resembling that of graphene, \nas long as \nsatisfy the triangular rela- \nJz| \ntion, sum of any two of them is greater than the third \none1. It was further proposed by Kitaev1 that opening of \nfermion gap by magnetic field can give the Ising vortices \nnon-Abelian anyonic statistics, because the Ising vortex \nwill carry a zero-energy Majorana mode, although mag- \nnetic field destroys the exact solvability. \n\nJx| \n, \nJy| \n, and \n| | | ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Great efforts have been invested to better understand \nthe properties of the Kitaev model. For example, sev- \neral groups have pointed out that the fractionalized Ma- \njorana fermion excitations may be understood from the \nmore familiar Jordan-Wigner transformation of 1D spin \nsystems2,3. The analogy between the non-Abelian Ising \nvortices and vortices in p + ip superconductors has been \nraised in serveral works4–7. Exact diagonalization has \nbeen used to study the Kitaev model on small lattices8. \nAnd perturbative expansion methods have been devel- \noped to study the gapped phases of the Kitaev-type \nmodels9. \nKitaev’s exactly solvable spin-1/2 honeycomb lattice \nmodel1 (noted as the Kitaev model hereafter) has in- \nspired great interest since its debut, due to its exact \nsolvability, fractionalized excitations, and the potential Many generalizations of the Kitaev model have been ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "S1 + S2 + S3 + S4)2 (11) \n\n· \nwith Jcluster > 0 and 0 < r < 3. However this is not \nconvenient for later discussions and will not be used. \n\nWe briefly describe some of the properties of (8). Its \nlow energy states are entirely in the space that each of the \nclusters is a physical spin singlet (called cluster singlet \nsubspace hereafter). Therefore physical spin correlations \nare strictly confined within each cluster. The excitations \ncarrying physical spin are gapped, and their dynamics \nare ‘trivial’ in the sense that they do not move from one \ncluster to another. But there are non-trivial low energy \nphysical spin singlet excitations, described by the pseudo- \nspins defined above. The correlations of the pseudo-spins \ncan be mapped to correlations of their corresponding \nphysical spin observables (the inverse mappings are not \nunique, c.f. TABLE I). For example τ x,y correlations \nbecome certain dimer-dimer correlations, τ z correlation \nbecomes chirality-chirality correlation, or four-dimer cor- \nrelation. It will be interesting to see the corresponding \npicture of the exotic excitations in the Kitaev model, e.g. \nthe Majorana fermion and the Ising vortex. However this \nwill be deferred to future studies. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSECTIONS IN SUPERSONIC FLOW ", - "page_start": 230, - "page_end": 230, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 Frustrated spin Systems, edited by H. T. Diep (World Sci- 134420 (2009). \n\n16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. \nD’Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, \nand J. Jensen, Physica B 159, 93 (1989). \n17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39, 397 (1989). \n18 D. Loison, Physica A 275, 207 (2000). \n19 N. Metropolis, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1087 (1953). \n20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2394 \n\nentific, 2004). \n\n2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10, 4707 (1998). \n3 T. Kimura et al., Nature (London) 426, 55 (2003). \n4 F. Cinti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 057203 (2008). \n5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. \nRev. Lett. 101, 167202 (2008), and references therein. \n6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (Lon- ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "I. INTRODUCTION \n\nfrustrated magnetic \nsystems1 still raises great interest, both in consequence \nof theoretical aspects, related to their peculiar criti- \ncal properties2, and in view of possible technological \napplications3. Indeed, beside conventional ferromagnetic \nor antiferromagnetic phase transitions, in many new ma- \nterials other nontrivial and unconventional forms of or- \ndering have been observed4,5. A quantity of particular \ninterest in this context is the spin chirality, an order pa- \nrameter which turned out to be extremely relevant in, \ne.g., magnetoelectric materials6, itinerant MnSi7, binary \ncompounds as FeGe8, glass transition of spins9, and XY \nhelimagnets, as Holmium, Terbium or Dysprosium10. In \nthe latter case, a new universality class was predicted be- \ncause a Z2 × SO(2) symmetry is spontaneously broken \nin the ordered phase2: In fact, when dealing with such \nsystems, in addition to the SO(2) symmetry of the spin \ndegrees of freedom ~Si, one has to consider also the Z2 \nsymmetry of the spin chirality κij ∝ \n\nThe study of low dimensional ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "integral in the SCS at T = 0 and in the NS extrapolated \nto T = 0 and compare the cut off effect ∆f (ωc) to ∆WK \nterm. We also analyze the sign of ∆W (ωc) at large fre- \nquencies and discuss under what conditions theoretical \nW (∞) increases in the SCS. \n\nWe perform calculations for four models. First is a \nconventional BCS model with impurities (BCSI model). \nSecond is an Einstein boson (EB) model of fermions in- \nteracting with a single Einstein boson whose propaga- \ntor does not change between NS and SCS. These two \ncases will illustrate a conventional idea of the spectral \nweight in SCS being less than in NS. Then we con- \nsider two more sophisticated models: a phenomenological \n“marginal Fermi liquid with impurities” (MFLI) model \nof Norman and P´epin30, and a microscopic collective bo- \nson (CB) model31 in which in the NS fermions interact \nwith a gapless continuum of bosonic excitations, but in a \nd−wave SCS a gapless continuum splits into a resonance \nand a gaped continuum. This model describes, in par- \nticular, interaction of fermions with their own collective \nspin fluctuations32 via ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "χ0 \n4∆2 \nΩ D( 4∆2 \n\nΩ2 ) + iΩK2(1 − 4∆2 \nΩ2 ) \n(cid:1) \n\n# \n\nfor Ω >> 2∆ (23) \n\nIn the SCS fermionic excitations acquire a gap. This \ngap affects fermionic self-energy in two ways: directly, via \nthe change of the dispersion of an intermediate boson in \nthe exchange process involving a CB, and indirectly, via \nthe change of the propagator of a CB. We remind our- \nselves that the dynamics of a CB comes from a particle- \nhole bubble which is indeed affected by ∆. \n\nSubstituting Eq 6 for χ(q, Ω) into the formula for the \nself-energy one obtains Σ′′(ω) in a SCS state as a sum of \ntwo terms31 The effect of a d−wave pairing gap on a CB has been \ndiscussed in a number of papers, most recently in31. In ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "1001.0764.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "since the launch of Fermi include LAT detections. In \naddition, several MWL campaigns on the well-studied \nVHE blazars Mkn 421 and Mkn 501 (please see the \ncontributions of D. Gall and A. Konopelko in these \nproceedings) were also performed. Highlights of these \ncampaigns include: ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf", - "query": "What happens when the spin-rotation symmetry is explicitly broken?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "makes them harder to realize in solid state systems", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nIf the rotor thrust ", - "page_start": 425, - "page_end": 425, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nVELOCITY DUE \nTO ROTATION ", - "page_start": 420, - "page_end": 420, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1 Frustrated spin Systems, edited by H. T. Diep (World Sci- 134420 (2009). \n\n16 J. Bohr D. Gibbs, J. D. Axe, D. E. Moncton, K. L. \nD’Amico, C. F. Majkrzak, J. Kwo, M. Hong, C. L. Chien, \nand J. Jensen, Physica B 159, 93 (1989). \n17 H. T. Diep, Phys. Rev. B 39, 397 (1989). \n18 D. Loison, Physica A 275, 207 (2000). \n19 N. Metropolis, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1087 (1953). \n20 F. R. Brown and T. J. Woch, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2394 \n\nentific, 2004). \n\n2 H. Kawamura, J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 10, 4707 (1998). \n3 T. Kimura et al., Nature (London) 426, 55 (2003). \n4 F. Cinti et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 057203 (2008). \n5 J.H. Park, S. Onoda, N. Nagaosa, and J. H. Han, Phys. \nRev. Lett. 101, 167202 (2008), and references therein. \n6 S. W. Cheong and M. Mostovoy, Nature Materials (Lon- ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nis operating \nthe \n\nin a rotary \n\n“vortex \n\nthe rotor ", - "page_start": 425, - "page_end": 425, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMAGNUS EFFECT BY \nROTATING CYLINDER ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In (16), we have been able to reduce the four spin in- \nteractions in (8) to inter-cluster Heisenberg interactions, \nand the six-spin interactions in (8) to inter-cluster spin- \nchirality interactions. The inter-cluster Heisenberg cou- \nplings in Hperturbation x,y may be easier to arrange. The inter-cluster spin-chirality coupling in Hperturbation z ex- \nplicitly breaks time reversal symmetry and is probably \nharder to implement in solid state systems. However \nspin-chirality order may have important consequences \nin frustrated magnets36,37, and a realization of spin- ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another note to take is that it is not necessary to have \nsuch a highly symmetric cluster Hamiltonian (2). The \nmappings to pseudo-spin-1/2 should work as long as the \nground states of the cluster Hamiltonian are the two-fold \ndegenerate singlets. One generalization, which conforms \nthe symmetry of the lattice in FIG. 2, is to have \n\nHcluster = (Jcluster/2)(r ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Implications for physicalism**\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(4/3)S2 (S3 S4) + 2/3(2S1 S2 + 1/2) \np \n− · × · \n(4/3)S3 (S4 S2) + 2/3(2S1 S3 + 1/2) \np \n− · × · \n\np \n− · × · \n(10) \n\nSo the symmetry mentioned above can be realized by a \nthree-fold rotation of the honeycomb lattice, with a cyclic \npermutation of S2, S3 and S4 in each cluster. This is in \nfact the three-fold rotation symmetry of the physical spin \nlattice illustrated in FIG. 2. However this more symmet- \nric representation will not be used in later part of this \npaper. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " rotor torque ", - "page_start": 417, - "page_end": 417, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF", - "query": "What is the Oxbridge Academy email?", - "target_page": 59, - "target_passage": "Email: info@oxbridgeacademy.co.za", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "SEND YOUR REGISTRATION FORM \n\nSend your registration form to the \nregistrations office at Oxbridge Academy via \none of the following channels: \n\nFax: \nPost: \nE-mail: registrar@oxbridgeacademy.co.za \n086 262 5550 \nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, 7613 ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "If you are an Oxbridge Academy student, we’d like you to know \nthat we are here to help you every step of the way, and that we will \ngive you the opportunity to resubmit your assignments if you don’t \nachieve a pass mark the first time around. ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "We are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section \n31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070. \n\n*Developed for Oxbridge Academy*", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "To make the college registration process easier for you, we’ve compiled a \ncomprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy \n(www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/). The guide also includes general \ntips that will be relevant to the application and registration processes at \nother colleges. \n\n**There are 4 steps you need to follow when you want to**\n**register as a student at Oxbridge Academy:**\n\n**1.**Select Your Course \n\n**2.** Fill in Your Student Details \n\n**3.**Select Your Delivery Option \n\n**4.** Pay Your Registration Fee and Send in Your Form ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "Applying for college (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) can be a \ndaunting experience. Not only do you need to choose a course, but you \nalso need to make sure that you: \n• meet the entry requirements \n• meet the deadlines \n• \n• \n• fill in the forms correctly \nsend the forms to the right address \ninclude all the necessary attachments ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "Different courses have different registration fees. Please check the course \nfees list (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/Documents/ Price-list-2015.pdf) to \nfind out how much you need to pay to register for your chosen course, and \npay this amount using the banking details provided at the bottom of the \nregistration form. Remember to attach your proof of payment. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nE-MAIL \n& MESSAGING ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Use a relevant and descriptive subject line.**\nThis way, your tutor will immediately know what your e-mail is \nabout, and he or she will be more likely to open it. A good subject \nline might read as follows: “Enquiry regarding Assignment 1 for \nSafety Management 101” ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "If you are under the age of 18, your parent or guardian will need to sign \nthis section of the form to state that they are aware of your registration \nwith Oxbridge Academy, and that they do not have any objections. If you \nare unemployed, you will need a guarantor to sign this section of the \nform. Your parent or guarantor will be held responsible if you miss any of \nyour payments in relation to your course fees. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "You can find the course name and course code for your chosen course on \nthe relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look \nat the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code \nare circled in red): ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf", - "query": "When is it necessary to use a host multipathing driver for load balancing?", - "target_page": 340, - "target_passage": "For load balancing and access redundancy on the host side, the use of a host multipathing driver is required in the following situations: Protection from fabric link failures, including port failures on the IBM Spectrum Virtualize system nodes Protection from a host HBA failure (if two HBAs are in use) Protection from fabric failures if the host is connected through two HBAs to two separate fabrics Provide load balancing across the host HBA", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Hosts that connect to the Storwize V7000 system with iSCSI protocol must be configured \ncorrectly, as described in Chapter 3, “Planning” on page 43. \n\n**Note:**Certain host operating systems can be directly connected to the Storwize V7000 \nsystem without the need for FC fabric switches. For more information, see this page of the \nIBM System Storage Interoperation Center (SSIC). \n\nFor load balancing and access redundancy on the host side, the use of a host multipathing \ndriver is required in the following situations: \n\n(cid:2) Protection from fabric link failures, including port failures on the IBM Spectrum Virtualize \nsystem nodes \n\n(cid:2) Protection from a host HBA failure (if two HBAs are in use) \n\n(cid:2) Protection from fabric failures if the host is connected through two HBAs to two separate \nfabrics \n\n(cid:2) Provide load balancing across the host HBAs \n\nFor more information about various host operating systems and versions that are supported \nby IBM Storwize V7000, see this page of the IBM System Storage Interoperation Center \n(SSIC). \n\nFor more information about how to attach various supported host operating systems to IBM \nStorwize V7000, see IBM Knowledge Center. ", - "page_start": 339, - "page_end": 339, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3-4 Overview of four-path host zoning \n\nWhen possible, use the minimum number of paths that are necessary to achieve a sufficient \nlevel of redundancy. For the Storwize V7000 environment, no more than four paths per I/O \nGroup are required to accomplish this layout. \n\nAll paths must be managed by the multipath driver on the host side. Make sure that the \nmultipath driver on each server can handle the number of paths required to access all \nvolumes mapped to the host. \n\nFor hosts that use four HBAs/ports with eight connections to an I/O Group, use the zoning \nschema that is shown in Figure 3-5 on page 57. You can combine this schema with the \nprevious four-path zoning schema. ", - "page_start": 77, - "page_end": 77, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Important:**The active/active architecture provides availability to process I/Os for both \ncontroller nodes. It enables the application to continue running smoothly, even if the server \nhas only one access route or path to the storage controller. This type of architecture \neliminates the path and LUN thrashing typical of an active/passive architecture. ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(cid:2) Balanced host load across HBA ports \n\nIf the host has more than one HBA port per fabric, zone each host port with a separate \ngroup of Storwize V7000 ports. \n\n(cid:2) Balanced host load across Storwize V7000 ports \n\nTo obtain the best overall performance of the subsystem and to prevent overloading, the \nload of each Storwize V7000 port should be equal. Assuming a similar load is generated \nby each host, you can achieve this balance by zoning approximately the same number of \nhost ports to each Storwize V7000 port. ", - "page_start": 76, - "page_end": 76, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Load balancers**\nThis guide uses an external load balancer that is running HAproxy to offer a single entry point \nfor the many Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform components. Organizations can provide \ntheir own deployed load balancers if the service exists. \n\nThe Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform console, which is provided by the Red Hat \nOpenShift Container Platform master nodes, can be spread across multiple instances to \nprovide load balancing and HA properties. \n\nApplication traffic passes through the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform Router on its \nway to the container processes. The Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform Router is a \nreverse proxy service container that multiplexes the traffic to multiple containers that make up \na scaled application that is running inside Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform. The load \nbalancer that is used by infrastructure nodes acts as the public view for the Red Hat \nOpenShift Container Platform applications. \n\nThe destination for the master and application traffic must be set in the load balancer \nconfiguration after each instance is created, the floating IP address is assigned, and before \nthe installation. A single HAproxy Load Balancer can forward both sets of traffic to different \ndestinations. ", - "page_start": 108, - "page_end": 108, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On a Linux host running native multipath driver, you can use the output of command \n**multipath -ll**, as shown in Example 7-38. \n\nExample 7-38 Volume ID as returned by multipath -ll \n\nmpath1 (360050768018301BF2800000000000004) IBM,2145 \n[size=2.0G][features=0][hwhandler=0] \n\\_round-robin 0 [prio=200][ enabled] \n\\_4:0:0:1 sdd 8:48 [active][ready] \n\\_5:0:0:1 sdt 65:48 [active][ready] \n\\_round-robin 0 [prio=40][ active] \n\\_4:0:2:1 sdak 66:64 [active][ready] \n\\_5:0:2:1 sdal 66:80 [active][ready] ", - "page_start": 336, - "page_end": 336, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3-5 Overview of eight-path host zoning \n\nFor more information, see Chapter 8, “Hosts” on page 317. \n\n**3.6.6 Zoning considerations for Metro Mirror and Global Mirror**\n\nThe SAN configurations that use intercluster Metro Mirror and Global Mirror relationships \nrequire the following other switch zoning considerations: \n\n(cid:2) Review the latest requirements and recommendations at this website. \n\n(cid:2) If two ISLs are connecting the sites, split the ports from each node between the ISLs. That \nis, exactly one port from each node must be zoned across each ISL. \n\n(cid:2) Local clustered system zoning continues to follow the standard requirement for all ports on \nall nodes in a clustered system to be zoned to one another. \n\nWhen designing zoning for a geographically dispersed solution, consider the effect of the \ncross-site links on the performance of the local system. \n\n**Important:**Be careful when you perform the zoning so that ports that are dedicated for \nintra-cluster communication are*not*used for Host/Storage traffic in the 8-port and 12-port \nconfigurations. \n\nThe use of mixed port speeds for intercluster communication can lead to port congestion, \nwhich can negatively affect the performance and resiliency of the SAN. Therefore, it is not \nsupported. ", - "page_start": 78, - "page_end": 78, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(cid:2) Number of paths per host multipath device \n\nThe maximum supported number of paths per multipath device that is visible on the host is \neight. Although the IBM Subsystem Device Driver Path Control Module (SDDPCM), \nrelated products, and most vendor multipathing software can support more paths, the \nStorwize V7000 expects a maximum of eight paths. In general, you see only an effect on \nperformance from more paths than eight. Although the IBM Spectrum Virtualize can work \nwith more than eight paths, this design is technically unsupported. \n\n(cid:2) Do not intermix dissimilar array types or sizes \n\nAlthough the IBM Spectrum Virtualize supports an intermix of differing storage within \nstorage pools, it is best to always use the same array model, Redundant Array of \nIndependent Disks (RAID) mode. RAID size (RAID 5 6+P+S does not mix well with RAID 6 \n14+2), and drive speeds. \n\nRules and guidelines are no substitution for monitoring performance. Monitoring performance \ncan provide a validation that design expectations are met, and identify opportunities for \nimprovement. \n\n**IBM Spectrum Virtualize performance perspectives**\n\nIBM Spectrum Virtualize software was developed by the IBM Research Group. It is designed \nto run on commodity hardware (mass-produced Intel-based processors [CPUs] with \nmass-produced expansion cards) and to provide distributed cache and a scalable cluster \narchitecture. One of the main goals of this design was to use refreshes in hardware. Currently, \nthe Storwize V7000 cluster is scalable up to eight nodes (four control enclosures). ", - "page_start": 762, - "page_end": 762, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "When configuring multiple masters, the cluster installation process supports the native HA \nmethod. This method uses the native HA master capabilities that are built into OpenShift \nContainer Platform and can be combined with any Load Balancing solution. \n\nIf a host is defined in the [lb] section of the inventory file, Ansible installs and configures \nHAProxy automatically as the load balancing solution. If no host is defined, it is assumed that \nyou pre-configured an external load balancing solution of your choice to balance the master \nAPI (port 8443) on all master hosts. \n\n**Note:**The HAProxy Load Balancer is intended to demonstrate the API server’s HA mode \nand is not recommended for production environments. If you are deploying to a cloud \nprovider, Red Hat recommends deploying a cloud-native TCP-based Load Balancer or \ntake other steps to provide a highly available load balancer. \n\n**DNS**\nDNS service is an important component in the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform \nenvironment. Regardless of the provider of DNS, an organization is required to have certain \nrecords in place to serve the various Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform components. \n\nConsidering the Load Balancer values for the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform master \nservice and infrastructure nodes running router Pods are known beforehand, entries must be \nconfigured into the DNS before starting the deployment procedure. ", - "page_start": 109, - "page_end": 109, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Depending on the infrastructure and servers types, you must determine the suitable choice \nwhen deciding between single and multiple Host Groups (Availability Zones) configuration. \nFrom an administrative perspective, it is easier to have single Host Group and not isolate the \nsystems into multiple Host Group (Availability zones), as shown in Figure 5-4. ", - "page_start": 97, - "page_end": 97, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf", - "query": "Which orbiting instrument provides near-continuous full-sky coverage in the hard X-ray/low-energy gamma-ray range?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Gamma ray Burst Monitor", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "sists of 12 NaI detectors 5(cid:48)(cid:48) in diameter by 0.5(cid:48)(cid:48) thick \nmounted on the corners of the spacecraft and oriented \nsuch that they view the entire sky not occulted by the \nEarth. GBM also contains 2 BGO detectors 5(cid:48)(cid:48) in di- \nameter by 5(cid:48)(cid:48) thick located on opposite sides of the \nspacecraft. None of the GBM detectors have direct \nimaging capability. \n\nI. INTRODUCTION \n\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi is \ncurrently the only instrument in orbit providing nearly \ncontinuous full sky coverage in the hard X-ray/low \nenergy gamma ray energy range. The Earth occul- \ntation technique, used very successfully on BATSE, \nhas been adapted to GBM. An initial catalog of 64 \nsources is currently being monitored and continuously \naugmented. At energies above 100 keV, six steady \nsources (the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E \n1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105) and one transient \nsource (XTE J1752-223) have been detected in the \nfirst year of observation. We describe the instrument, \noutline the technique, and present light curves for the \nseven sources. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The NaI and BGO detectors on the Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi are now being \nused for long term monitoring of the hard X-ray/low energy gamma ray sky. Using the Earth \noccultation technique demonstrated previously by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma \nRay Observatory, GBM produces multiband light curves and spectra for known sources and transient \noutbursts in the 8 keV - 1 MeV band with its NaI detectors and up to 40 MeV with its BGO. Coverage \nof the entire sky is obtained every two orbits, with sensitivity exceeding that of BATSE at energies \nbelow ∼ 25 keV and above ∼ 1.5 MeV. We describe the technique and present preliminary results \nafter the first ∼ 17 months of observations at energies above 100 keV. Seven sources are detected: \nthe Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E 1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105, and the transient source \nXTE J1752-223. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "to observe these breaks, GBM is able to see significant \nemission above 300 keV, consistent with the canonical \nhard spectrum. \n\nCen A (Fig. 3) is a Sy 2 galaxy that is the brightest \nAGN in hard x-rays/low energy gamma rays. It has \na hard spectrum (Γ = 1.8) and has been observed at \nenergies > 1 MeV [9]. The GBM results are consis- \ntent with this hard spectrum, though GBM does not \nhave the sensitivity to determine if the hard spectrum \ncontinues beyond 300 keV or if the spectrum cuts off. \nCyg X-1 (Fig. 4) is a HMXB and one of the \nfirst systems determined to contain a black hole. It \nhas been observed to emit significant emission above \n100 keV including a power law tail extending out to \ngreater than 1 MeV [10, 11]. The GBM results show \nsignificant emission above 300 keV, consistent with \nthe power law tail observed when Cyg X-1 is in its \nhard state. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**References**\n\nJ. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 \nof Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference \nSeries, p. 234. \n\n[6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. \nMichelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, \nP. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. \nWeintraub, ApJS 175, 97 (2008). \n\n[7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. At- \nwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Bar- \nbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ \n700, 597 (2009). \n\n[8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Val- \ntaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485, 51 \n(2008). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Known sources of gamma ray emission can be mon- \nitored with non-imaging detectors using the Earth oc- \ncultation technique, as was successfully demonstrated \nwith BATSE [3, 4]. When a source of gamma rays \nis occulted by the Earth, the count rate measured by \nthe detector will drop, producing a step-like feature. \nWhen the source reappears from behind the Earths \nlimb, the count rate will increase, producing another \nstep. The diameter of the Earth seen from Fermi is \n∼ 140◦, so roughly 30% of the sky is occulted by the \nEarth at any one time. Coupled with the ±35◦ slew- \ning of the pointing direction every orbit, this means \nthat the entire sky is occulted every two orbits. With \nan altitude of 565 km, a period of 96 minutes, and \nan orbital inclination of 26.5◦, individual occultation \nsteps last for ∼10 seconds (Fig. 1). \n\nII. GBM AND THE EARTH OCCULTATION \nOBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE \n\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor is the secondary \ninstrument onboard the Fermi satellite [1, 2]. It con- ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "eral sources over the same time intervals in ref. [2], \nwhere it is seen that the results measured by the two \ninstruments compare well. At energies above the up- \nper energy limit of ∼ 195 keV of the Swift 22-month \ncatalog [6], however, the GBM observations provide \nthe only wide-field monitor available of the low en- \nergy gamma ray sky. \n\nThis work uses the GBM CTIME data, with its \n8 broad energy channels and 0.256-second resolution, \nrebinned to 2-second resolution. The occultation tech- \nnique relies on an input catalog of known sources. \nCurrently, we are monitoring 64 sources. Of these \n64 sources, 6 steady sources are detected above 100 \nkeV with a significance of at least 5σ after ∼ 490 days \nof observations, and one transient source. \n\nA. Steady Sources \n\nThe sources Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E \n1740-29, Cen A, and GRS 1915+105 are detected by \nGBM at energies above 100 keV. We show GBM light \ncurves generated from the Earth occultation analysis \nin several energy bands with one day resolution for \nthese six sources in Figures 2 - 7. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as \nwell as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE \nand X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were \nperformed in both ”quiescent” and flaring states for \nsome of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL \nobjects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple \nSSC model in both high and low states. However, an \nadditional external Compton component is necessary \nto adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects. \n\norating institutions in the construction and operation \nof the instrument. \n\n**References**\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant im- \npact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VER- \nITAS blazar discovery program will focus its dis- \ncovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected \nby Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus \non high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts \n(0.3 < z < 0.7). \nIn addition, the number of VHE \nblazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will \nincrease as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly \navailable. \nIn particular, the extensive pre-planned \nMWL campaigns will focus on objects that are note- \nworthy for the impact their data may have on under- \nstanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of \nblazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely \nresolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first \ntime, enabling unprecedented constraints on the un- \nderlying blazar phenomena to be derived. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "GRS 1915+105 (Fig. 5) is a LMXB with the com- \npact object being a massive black hole. Evidence for \nemission above 100 keV has been seen previously [12] \nwith BATSE. The GBM light curve integrated over \n490 days shows significant emission above 100 keV. \n\n1E 1740-29 (Fig. 6) is a LMXB very near the \nGalactic Center. It is a microquasar, and spends most \nIntegral observa- \nof its time in the low/hard state. \ntions indicate the presence of a power law tail above \n200 keV [13]. The present GBM results are consis- \ntent with this high energy emission. In the future, we \n\neConf C091122 ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[13] L. Bouchet et al., Ap. J. 693, 1871 (2009). \n[14] M. C. Bell et al., Ap. J. 659, 549 (2007). \n[15] G. L. Case et al. (2010), to be submitted. \n[16] C. Wilson-Hodge et al., Astron. Telegram 2280 \nlished), astro-ph/0903.3037. \n[7] J. C. Ling and W. A. Wheaton, Ap. J. 598, 334 \n(2003). (2009). \n\n[8] E. Jourdain and J. P. Roques, Ap. J. 704, 17 (2009). \n[9] H. Steinle et al., Astron. and Astrophys. 330, 97 ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This work is supported by the NASA Fermi Guest \nInvestigator program. At LSU, additional support is \nprovided by NASA/Louisiana Board of Regents Co- \noperative Agreement NNX07AT62A. \nFIG. 8: XTEJ1752-223 light curve. Horizontal scale is in \nmodified Julian days. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf", - "query": "What is Cyg X-1?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "is a HMXB and one of the first systems determined to contain a black hole", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nY- MACH CONE ", - "page_start": 252, - "page_end": 252, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n4 \nSTABLE, POSITIVE CyAC ", - "page_start": 272, - "page_end": 272, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSNCY ", - "page_start": 368, - "page_end": 368, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\\ \nSUPERSONIC ", - "page_start": 272, - "page_end": 272, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "CMOD \nServer B \n\n", - "page_start": 158, - "page_end": 158, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nVERTICAL AXIS \n\n1 \n2 ", - "page_start": 267, - "page_end": 267, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "FIG. 3: Cen A light curve. Horizontal scale is in modified \nJulian days. FIG. 4: Cyg X-1 light curve. Horizontal scale is in modi- \nfied Julian days. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nC:G. 1 \nO.C. \nC:G. ", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " RPM c ", - "page_start": 139, - "page_end": 139, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSUBSONIC - ", - "page_start": 272, - "page_end": 272, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf", - "query": "What satellite is the Gamma Ray Burst Observatory on?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": " Fermi satellite", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "sists of 12 NaI detectors 5(cid:48)(cid:48) in diameter by 0.5(cid:48)(cid:48) thick \nmounted on the corners of the spacecraft and oriented \nsuch that they view the entire sky not occulted by the \nEarth. GBM also contains 2 BGO detectors 5(cid:48)(cid:48) in di- \nameter by 5(cid:48)(cid:48) thick located on opposite sides of the \nspacecraft. None of the GBM detectors have direct \nimaging capability. \n\nI. INTRODUCTION \n\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi is \ncurrently the only instrument in orbit providing nearly \ncontinuous full sky coverage in the hard X-ray/low \nenergy gamma ray energy range. The Earth occul- \ntation technique, used very successfully on BATSE, \nhas been adapted to GBM. An initial catalog of 64 \nsources is currently being monitored and continuously \naugmented. At energies above 100 keV, six steady \nsources (the Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E \n1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105) and one transient \nsource (XTE J1752-223) have been detected in the \nfirst year of observation. We describe the instrument, \noutline the technique, and present light curves for the \nseven sources. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Known sources of gamma ray emission can be mon- \nitored with non-imaging detectors using the Earth oc- \ncultation technique, as was successfully demonstrated \nwith BATSE [3, 4]. When a source of gamma rays \nis occulted by the Earth, the count rate measured by \nthe detector will drop, producing a step-like feature. \nWhen the source reappears from behind the Earths \nlimb, the count rate will increase, producing another \nstep. The diameter of the Earth seen from Fermi is \n∼ 140◦, so roughly 30% of the sky is occulted by the \nEarth at any one time. Coupled with the ±35◦ slew- \ning of the pointing direction every orbit, this means \nthat the entire sky is occulted every two orbits. With \nan altitude of 565 km, a period of 96 minutes, and \nan orbital inclination of 26.5◦, individual occultation \nsteps last for ∼10 seconds (Fig. 1). \n\nII. GBM AND THE EARTH OCCULTATION \nOBSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUE \n\nThe Gamma ray Burst Monitor is the secondary \ninstrument onboard the Fermi satellite [1, 2]. It con- ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The NaI and BGO detectors on the Gamma ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on Fermi are now being \nused for long term monitoring of the hard X-ray/low energy gamma ray sky. Using the Earth \noccultation technique demonstrated previously by the BATSE instrument on the Compton Gamma \nRay Observatory, GBM produces multiband light curves and spectra for known sources and transient \noutbursts in the 8 keV - 1 MeV band with its NaI detectors and up to 40 MeV with its BGO. Coverage \nof the entire sky is obtained every two orbits, with sensitivity exceeding that of BATSE at energies \nbelow ∼ 25 keV and above ∼ 1.5 MeV. We describe the technique and present preliminary results \nafter the first ∼ 17 months of observations at energies above 100 keV. Seven sources are detected: \nthe Crab, Cyg X-1, Swift J1753.5-0127, 1E 1740-29, Cen A, GRS 1915+105, and the transient source \nXTE J1752-223. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2009 Fermi Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2-5 \n\nObservations of Soft Gamma Ray Sources > 100 keV Using Earth Occultation \nwith GBM \n\nG.L. Case, M.L. Cherry, J. Rodi \nDept. of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA \n\nA. Camero-Arranz \nFundaci´on Espa˜nola de Ciencia y Tecnolog´ıa (MICINN), C/Rosario Pino,14-16, 28020-Madrid, Spain \n\nE. Beklen \nMiddle East Technical University (METU), 06531, Ankara, Turkey \n\nC. A. Wilson-Hodge \nNASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 \n\nP. Jenke \nNASA Postdoctoral Program Fellow, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812 \n\nP.N. Bhat, M.S. Briggs, V. Chaplin, V. Connaughton, R. Preece \nUniversity of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899 \n\nM.H. Finger \nUSRA, National Space Science and Technology Center, Huntsville, AL 35899 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSTARBOARD WING ", - "page_start": 319, - "page_end": 319, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**References**\n\nJ. G. Mangum, and M. S. Yun (2007), vol. 375 \nof Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference \nSeries, p. 234. \n\n[6] S. E. Healey, R. W. Romani, G. Cotter, P. F. \nMichelson, E. F. Schlafly, A. C. S. Readhead, \nP. Giommi, S. Chaty, I. A. Grenier, and L. C. \nWeintraub, ApJS 175, 97 (2008). \n\n[7] A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, M. Ajello, W. B. At- \nwood, M. Axelsson, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Bar- \nbiellini, D. Bastieri, B. M. Baughman, et al., ApJ \n700, 597 (2009). \n\n[8] T. Hovatta, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, E. Val- \ntaoja, M. F. Aller, and H. D. Aller, A&A 485, 51 \n(2008). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "GRS 1915+105 (Fig. 5) is a LMXB with the com- \npact object being a massive black hole. Evidence for \nemission above 100 keV has been seen previously [12] \nwith BATSE. The GBM light curve integrated over \n490 days shows significant emission above 100 keV. \n\n1E 1740-29 (Fig. 6) is a LMXB very near the \nGalactic Center. It is a microquasar, and spends most \nIntegral observa- \nof its time in the low/hard state. \ntions indicate the presence of a power law tail above \n200 keV [13]. The present GBM results are consis- \ntent with this high energy emission. In the future, we \n\neConf C091122 ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "to observe these breaks, GBM is able to see significant \nemission above 300 keV, consistent with the canonical \nhard spectrum. \n\nCen A (Fig. 3) is a Sy 2 galaxy that is the brightest \nAGN in hard x-rays/low energy gamma rays. It has \na hard spectrum (Γ = 1.8) and has been observed at \nenergies > 1 MeV [9]. The GBM results are consis- \ntent with this hard spectrum, though GBM does not \nhave the sensitivity to determine if the hard spectrum \ncontinues beyond 300 keV or if the spectrum cuts off. \nCyg X-1 (Fig. 4) is a HMXB and one of the \nfirst systems determined to contain a black hole. It \nhas been observed to emit significant emission above \n100 keV including a power law tail extending out to \ngreater than 1 MeV [10, 11]. The GBM results show \nsignificant emission above 300 keV, consistent with \nthe power law tail observed when Cyg X-1 is in its \nhard state. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0955.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 5: Ratio of γ-ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this \nplot should be directly correlated with its blazar “state”, with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower \nleft. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nL \n\nLat R \nMed \n\nRegional GMV \n\nPostcentral gyrus \nDorsal attention network B ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf", - "query": "When in present-day Poland did the first shift away from earlier ancestry occur?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "in the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1500 bce to 1000 bce), we observe a clear shift away from preceding ancestry originally associated with Corded Ware cultures", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "medieval individuals (*P*≪ 1 × 10−32). Instead, the majority of individuals \nfrom medieval Poland can be modelled only as a mixture of ancestries \nrelated to Roman Iron Age Lithuania, which is similar to ancestries of \nindividuals from middle to late Bronze Age Poland (44%, 95% confidence \ninterval 36–51%), an ancestry component related to Hungarian Scyth- \nians or Slovakian La Tène individuals (49%, 95% confidence interval \n41–57%) and potentially a minority component of ancestry related to \nSarmatians from the Caucasus (*P*= 0.13) (Fig. 2c). Four out of twelve \nindividuals from medieval Poland, three of whom are from the late \nViking Age6, carried detectable Scandinavian-related ancestry. Some \nof the ancestry detected in individuals from later medieval Poland may \nhave persisted during the late first millennium ce in the cremating \nportion of the population, but regardless, this points to large-scale \nancestry transformation in medieval Poland (Fig. 3a). Future data could \nshed light on the extent to which this reflects the influence of groups \nspeaking Slavic languages in the region. \n\nIn present-day Slovakia, individuals associated with the Iron \nAge La Tène period appear close to Hungarian Scythians in the two \ndimensions of our MDS analysis, and are modelled as a mixture of \ncentral and eastern European ancestry. However, a first-century ce \nburial of a 50–60-year-old woman from Zohor is modelled only with \nScandinavian-related ancestry, providing evidence of ancestry related \nto the Scandinavian EIA appearing southwest of the range of the Wiel- \nbark archaeological complex5,57 (Fig. 3b). Later early medieval individu- \nals from Slovakia have partial Scandinavian-related ancestry, providing \nevidence for the integration between expanding and local groups. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Expansions of Scandinavian-like ancestry**\nWe assembled time transects using available aDNA data across several \ngeographical regions in Europe, and infer their ancestry using a model \nwith the EIA or Roman Iron Age sources previously defined (shown in \nFig. 2a). Our modelling provides direct evidence of individuals with \nancestry originating in northern Germany or Scandinavia appearing \nacross Europe as early as the first century ce (Figs. 2b,c and 3 and Sup- \nplementary Table 3). \n\nIn the region of present-day Poland, our analysis suggests several \nclear shifts in ancestry. First, in the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1500 bce \nto 1000 bce), we observe a clear shift away from preceding ancestry \noriginally associated with Corded Ware cultures55 (Fig. 3a). Second, \nin the first to fifth century ce, individuals associated with Wielbark \nculture5,12 show an additional strong shift away from the preceding \nBronze Age groups, and can only be modelled with a >75% component \nattributed to the EIA Scandinavian Peninsula. Multiple individuals, \nespecially from earlier Wielbark cemeteries, have approximately 100% ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Influx into pre-Viking Age Scandinavia**\nIn EIA Scandinavia (<500 ce), we find evidence for broad genetic homo- \ngeneity. Specifically, individuals from Denmark (100 ce–300 ce) were \nindistinguishable from contemporary people in the Scandinavian Pen- \ninsula (Fig. 2c). However, we observe a clear shift in genetic ancestry \nalready in the eighth century ce (Late Iron Age/early Viking Age) on \nZealand (present-day Denmark) for which a 100% EIA ancestry model \nis rejected (*P*= 1 × 10−17 using Twigstats;*P*= 7.5 × 10−4 without). This \nshift in ancestry persists among later Viking Age groups in Denmark, \nwhere all groups are modelled with varying proportions of ancestry \nrelated to Iron Age continental groups in central Europe (Figs. 3f \nand 4c). A non-parametric MDS of Viking Age individuals suggests \nthat variation between individuals forms a cline spanning from the \nEIA Scandinavian Peninsula individuals to ancestry characteristic of \ncentral Europe (Fig. 4e). The observed shift in ancestry in Denmark \ncannot be confounded by potentially earlier unknown gene flow into \nIron Age source groups in Austria, France and Germany, but such gene \nflow could affect the exact ancestry proportions. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Ancient genome sequencing has revolutionized our ability to recon- \nstruct expansions, migrations and admixture events in the ancient past \nand understand their impact on human genetic variation today. How- \never, tracing history using genetic ancestry has remained challenging, \nparticularly in historical periods for which the richest comparative \ninformation from history and archaeology often exists. This is because \nancestries in many geographical regions are often so similar as to be \nstatistically indistinguishable with current approaches. One example is \nnorthern and central Europe since the start of the Iron Age around 500 \nbce, a period for which many long-standing questions remain, such as \nthe nature of large-scale patterns of human migration during the fourth \nto sixth centuries ce, their impact on the Mediterranean world and later \npatterns of human mobility during the Viking Age (around 750–1050 ce). \nSeveral recent studies have documented substantial mobility and \ngenetic diversity in these time periods, suggesting stable population \nstructure despite high mobility5, and have revealed genetic variation \nin Viking Age Scandinavia6–8, early medieval England3,9, early medieval \nHungary10,11 and Iron Age and medieval Poland12. However, previous \nstudies mostly used large modern cohorts to study ancestry change \nthrough time and space. This is because the differentiation between \nIron Age groups in central and northern Europe is an order of magnitude \nlower (fixation index (*F*ST) = 0.1–0.7%; Extended Data Fig. 1) than, for \nexample, the more commonly studied hunter-gatherer, early farmer \nand steppe-pastoralist groups that shaped the ancestry landscape of ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Fig. 3 | Time transects across six geographical regions in Europe.**\n**a**–**f**, Ancestry change visualized over a time transect spanning from the Bronze \nAge to the present day in Poland (**a**), southeastern Europe (**b**), central Europe \n(**c**), Italy (**d**), Britain and Ireland (**e**) and Scandinavia (**f**). The maps show sample \nlocations of all available ancient genomes with at least 0.5× coverage from these regions (Supplementary Table 1). Their ancestry is shown on the same \nMDS model as in Fig. 2a for each time period. For each geographic region, \nthe early medieval period is highlighted in orange and the area in the MDS \ncorresponding to Scandinavian and central European ancestries is highlighted \nin an orange box. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "These patterns are consistent with northward expansion of ancestry, \npotentially starting before the Viking Age, into the Jutland peninsula \nand Zealand island towards southern Sweden. The geographical ori- \ngin of this ancestry is currently difficult to discern, as the available \nsamples from Iron Age central Europe remain sparse. The timing \nof this expansion is constrained only by the samples available: this \nancestry is not observed in individuals from the Copenhagen area of \nDenmark (around 100 ce–300 ce)6, an individual from the southern tip \nof Sweden (around 500 ce)16, individuals from the Sandby Borg mas- \nsacre site on Öland in present-day Sweden (around 500 ce)7 and 31 indi- \nviduals from the mid-eighth century Salme ship burials in present-day \nEstonia (Extended Data Fig. 9), who probably originated in central \nSweden6. Therefore, this ancestry transformation most likely post- \ndated these individuals in each particular region and mostly occurred \nin the second half of the first millennium ce. \n\nTo assess the full extent of the impact of this ancestry influx into \nScandinavia, we next aimed to understand the ancestry of individu- \nals in Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Previous studies have sug- \ngested that there was a diversity of ancestries in Scandinavia during this \nperiod6,7,65, due to increased maritime mobility, but have not reported \nper-individual ancestry estimates based on preceding ancestry. We \nanalysed each individual’s ancestry using a rotational qpAdm scheme \n(Fig. 4a, Extended Data Fig. 9 and Supplementary Table 4), which \nshowed increased power in distinguishing models when restricted \nto recent coalescences with Twigstats (more than 80% of accepted \none-source models in Twigstats were also accepted one-source models \nusing all SNPs, compared with less than 17% for the inverse). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Nearby, in present-day Hungary, we observe Scandinavian-related \nancestry components in several burials dating to the sixth century \nce associated with Longobards (Longobard_earlyMED(I))10 (Fig. 2c). \nThis is consistent with the original study10, which reported affinity to \npresent-day groups from northwestern Europe (GBR, CEU and FIN in \nthe 1000 Genomes Project (1000GP))10 but which we can resolve with ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In southern Germany, the genetic ancestry of individuals from \nearly medieval Bavaria probably associated with the historical \nGermanic-language-speaking Baiuvarii59 cannot be modelled as deriv- \ning ancestry solely from earlier groups in Iron Age central Germany \n(*P*≪ 1 × 10−36). The Baiuvarii probably appeared in the region in the \nfifth century ce59, but their origins remain unresolved. Our current \nbest model indicates a mixture with ancestry derived from EIA Pen- \ninsular Scandinavia and central Europe, suggesting an expansion of \nScandinavian-related ancestry producing a regional ancestry shift \n(Figs. 2c and 3c). \n\nIn Italy, southward expansions of northern and central European ances- \ntries appear by the Late Antiquity (approximately fourth century ce), \nwhere a clear diversification of ancestry can be observed compared \nwith preceding time periods (Fig. 3d). However, no individuals with \nnear 100% Scandinavian ancestry can be observed in the sampling \ndata available so far. \n\nIn Britain, the ancestries of Iron Age and Roman individuals form a \ntight cluster in our MDS analysis (Fig. 3e), shifted relative to available \npreceding Bronze Age individuals from Ireland and Orkney, and adja- \ncent to, but distinct from, available individuals in Iron Age and Roman \ncentral Europe. However, two first- to second-century ce burials from a \nRoman military fortress site in Austria (Klosterneuburg)5 carry ancestry \nthat is currently indistinguishable from Iron Age or Roman popula- \ntions of Britain, to the exclusion of other groups (qpWave cladality \n*P*= 0.11). One option is that they had ancestry from Britain; alternatively, \ncurrently unsampled populations from western continental Europe \ncarried ancestries similar to Iron Age southern Britain. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Interestingly, we detect ancestry from Bronze and Iron Age sources \nfrom Eastern Europe (present-day Lithuania and Poland), concentrated \nin southeastern parts of Sweden, particularly the island of Gotland \n(14 individuals; Fig. 4a). This is consistent with previous genetic \nstudies6,7. We find that this ancestry is enriched in male individuals \n(Extended Data Fig. 7d), suggesting male-biased mobility and/or burial. \nThe closest match tends to be Roman Iron Age Lithuanian genomes \nassociated with Balts, which would be consistent with mobility across \nthe Baltic Sea, but we caution that the geographical representation of \navailable genomes is still limited. \n\n**Online content**\nAny methods, additional references, Nature Portfolio reporting summa- \nries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowl- \nedgements, peer review information; details of author contributions \nand competing interests; and statements of data and code availability \nare available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08275-2. \n\n**Viking Age expansion from Scandinavia**\nTraditionally, historical perspectives on what is now often referred \nto as the Viking diaspora placed an emphasis on the movements and \nsettlements of population groups from various parts of Scandinavia67. \nOur explorative MDS analysis again indicates mixed ancestries related \nto the Scandinavian EIA, with regional differences that point to varied \nlocal admixture (Fig. 4e and Extended Data Fig. 10). ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Many known and unknown historical events have remained below detection thresholds \nof genetic studies because subtle ancestry changes are challenging to reconstruct. \nMethods based on shared haplotypes1,2 and rare variants3,4 improve power but are not \nexplicitly temporal and have not been possible to adopt in unbiased ancestry models. \nHere we develop Twigstats, an approach of time-stratified ancestry analysis that can \nimprove statistical power by an order of magnitude by focusing on coalescences in \nrecent times, while remaining unbiased by population-specific drift. We apply this \nframework to 1,556 available ancient whole genomes from Europe in the historical \nperiod. We are able to model individual-level ancestry using preceding genomes to \nprovide high resolution. During the first half of the first millennium ce, we observe \nat least two different streams of Scandinavian-related ancestry expanding across \nwestern, central and eastern Europe. By contrast, during the second half of the first \nmillennium ce, ancestry patterns suggest the regional disappearance or substantial \nadmixture of these ancestries. In Scandinavia, we document a major ancestry influx \nby approximately 800 ce, when a large proportion of Viking Age individuals carried \nancestry from groups related to central Europe not seen in individuals from the early \nIron Age. Our findings suggest that time-stratified ancestry analysis can provide a \nhigher-resolution lens for genetic history. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf", - "query": "How many clusters has the Scandinavian peninsula been divided into thanks to Twigstats?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": "This approach results in two clusters in the Scandinavian Penin- sula, approximately separating northern from southern Scandinavia", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Scandinavian Peninsula EIA \nRegular f3-statistics 0.002 \n\nEngland Diffield Terrace \nDenmark IA \nBritain \n\n0 1 \n\nn \no \ns \nn \ne \nm \nD \n\ni \n\nCentral \nEurope \n\nEarly medieval, \nincluding Wielbark, \nBaiuvarii, \nLongobards, \nEngland earlyMED, \nSlovakia earlyMED \n\nPortugal \n–0.002 \n\nItaly \n\nTwigstats f3-statistics \n–0.004 \n0.002 0.003 –0.002 –0.001 0 0.001 0.004 \nDimension 2 \n\nAnatolia_EBA \nAustria_Klosterneuburg_Roman \nBaiuvari_earlyMED \nBritain.lronRoman \nCentraIEurope.IronRoman(l) \nCentraIEurope.IronRoman(Il) \nCentraIEurope.IronRoman(IIl) \nCordedWare_EBA \nCroatia.IronRoman_oNorthEurope \nDenmark_BA Denmark_EVA \nDenmark_IA \nEngland_earlyMED_highCNE \nEngland_earlyMED_lowCNE \nEngland_earlyMED_midCNE \nEngland.Driffield.Terrace.Scandinavia \nHungary_earlyMED(I) \nHungary_earlyMED(II) \nHungarySlovakia.lronRoman \nIrelandOrkney_BA ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "individuals form a clade with respect to reference groups. The reason \nwhy this is a principled approach despite the 1000GP groups post-dating \nthe ancient individuals is that if a group of ancient individuals are truly \nhomogeneous, they will be so also with respect to later individuals. \n\n**Code availability**\nTwigstats is freely available under an MIT licence through GitHub \n(https://github.com/leospeidel/twigstats), and detailed documenta- \ntion, as well as example data, is available at https://leospeidel.github. \nio/twigstats/. The code has also been deposited at Zenodo (https:// \nzenodo.org/records/13833120)76. All scripts to reproduce simulations, \nand to run Relate on imputed ancient genomes, and downstream \nanalyses, including computation of*f*-statistics and running qpAdm \nmodels, are available through GitHub (https://github.com/leospeidel/ \ntwigstats_paper). \nWe then define clusters by running UPGMA (unweighted pair group \nmethod with arithmetic mean) on −log10[*P*values] obtained from \nqpwave between all pairs of individuals and cut the resulting dendro- \ngram at a height corresponding to a*P*value of 0.01. We then further \nsubdivide clusters by requiring all samples to be within 500 years of \nthe mean cluster age. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Extended Data Fig. 5 | Three examples of applying Twigstats. a**Fine-scale \npopulation structure simulation emulating ref. 39 (see Methods for simulation \ndetails). First two principal components are computed from pairwise outgroup \n*f*3 statistics on the genotypes directly and on Relate trees inferred from the \n50 target individuals. Labels in plots show the average coordinates of members \nof that population. For each panel, we calculate a separation index (SI) as in39, \nwhich we define as the proportion of individuals for which the closest \nindividual (by the Euclidean distance in PC space) is in the same population. \n**b**, Fine-scale genetic structure in Neolithic Europe quantified using an MDS \ncalculated on a symmetric matrix that contains all pairwise outgroup*f*3 \nstatistics (outgroup: YRI) between individuals. These are either calculated \ndirectly on genotypes or calculated using Twigstats on Relate genealogies \nwith a cutoff of 1000 generations. Individuals were selected by filtering based \non Steppe and Western Hunter-gatherer ancestry (Methods).**c**, Admixture \nproportions inferred using qpAdm with three distal sources of Western ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Conclusions**\nOur approach, Twigstats, transfers the power advantage of haplotype- \nbased approaches to a fully temporal framework, which is applica- \nble to*f*-statistics and enables previously unavailable unbiased and \ntime-stratified analyses of admixture. We demonstrated that Twigstats \nenables fine-scale quantitative modelling of ancestry proportions, \nrevealing wide-ranging ancestry changes that affect northern and \ncentral Europe during the Iron, Roman and Viking ages. We reveal evi- \ndence of the southward and/or eastward expansion of individuals who \nprobably spoke Germanic languages and who had Scandinavian-related \nancestry in the first half of the first millennium ce. We note that \n‘Scandinavian-related’ in this context relates to the ancient genomes \navailable, and so it is entirely possible that these processes were driven, \nfor example, from regions in northern-central Europe. This could be \nconsistent with the attraction of the greater wealth, which tended to \nbuild up among Rome’s immediate neighbours and may have played \na major role in vectors of migration internal to communities in Europe \nwho lived beyond the Roman frontier52. Later, patterns of gene flow \nseem to have turned northwards, with the spread of Iron Age Central \nEurope-related ancestry into Scandinavia. Overall, our approach can \nbe used for the reconstruction of new high-resolution genetic histories \naround the world. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Scandinavia \n\n", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Britain \nEastern Europe \n1 \n0 \n\nn \no \ns \nn \ne \nm \nD \n\nCentral Europe \ni \nHungary and Slovakia \n\nPortugal \n\n–0.002 \n\nItaly \n\nTwigstats f3-statistics \n–0.004 \n–0.002 –0.001 0 \n0.001 \nDimension 2 \n0.002 0.003 0.004 \n\nb ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "0.75 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.50 \n0 0 \n\nProportion of ancestry \n\nSweden_VA \nScandinavian Peninsula EIA \n\nBritain \nEastern Europe Eastern Europe \nCentral \nEurope ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "These patterns are consistent with northward expansion of ancestry, \npotentially starting before the Viking Age, into the Jutland peninsula \nand Zealand island towards southern Sweden. The geographical ori- \ngin of this ancestry is currently difficult to discern, as the available \nsamples from Iron Age central Europe remain sparse. The timing \nof this expansion is constrained only by the samples available: this \nancestry is not observed in individuals from the Copenhagen area of \nDenmark (around 100 ce–300 ce)6, an individual from the southern tip \nof Sweden (around 500 ce)16, individuals from the Sandby Borg mas- \nsacre site on Öland in present-day Sweden (around 500 ce)7 and 31 indi- \nviduals from the mid-eighth century Salme ship burials in present-day \nEstonia (Extended Data Fig. 9), who probably originated in central \nSweden6. Therefore, this ancestry transformation most likely post- \ndated these individuals in each particular region and mostly occurred \nin the second half of the first millennium ce. \n\nTo assess the full extent of the impact of this ancestry influx into \nScandinavia, we next aimed to understand the ancestry of individu- \nals in Scandinavia during the Viking Age. Previous studies have sug- \ngested that there was a diversity of ancestries in Scandinavia during this \nperiod6,7,65, due to increased maritime mobility, but have not reported \nper-individual ancestry estimates based on preceding ancestry. We \nanalysed each individual’s ancestry using a rotational qpAdm scheme \n(Fig. 4a, Extended Data Fig. 9 and Supplementary Table 4), which \nshowed increased power in distinguishing models when restricted \nto recent coalescences with Twigstats (more than 80% of accepted \none-source models in Twigstats were also accepted one-source models \nusing all SNPs, compared with less than 17% for the inverse). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We additionally perform non-parametric multidimensional scaling \n(MDS) on outgroup-*f*3 statistics44 computed using Twigstats, the results \nof which do not depend on any modelling assumptions and which show \nincreased resolution compared with conventional outgroup-*f*3 sta- \ntistics (Fig. 2a,b, Extended Data Fig. 6 and Supplementary Table 2). \nEncouragingly, the MDS model supports regional fine-scale genetic \nstructures reflected in our source groups, such as the separation of \npredominantly Norwegian and northern Swedish EIA individuals from \nsouthern Peninsular Scandinavia (Fig. 2a); this relationship is not \ndetected without Twigstats. In this MDS analysis, we note a close affinity \nof wide-ranging individuals from Portugal, France, Germany, Austria \nand Britain. We hypothesize that this corresponds to areas associated \nwith the Celtic-speaking world, and that their close genetic affinity is \ndue to earlier expansions. Sparse sampling limits our understanding \nof the full extent of regional ancestry variation in central Europe and \nsome other regions, but the continental ancestries differentiated in \nthe MDS model suggests that major ancestry variation across Europe \nin this period is relatively well captured. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "c \n1.00 \nDenmark_EVA(3) Funen_VA(12) \n\ny \nr \nt \ns \ne \nc \nn \na \nd \ne \nt \na \ne \nr \n- \nl \na \nt \nn \ne \nn \ni \nt \nn \no \nC \n\n1 1 2 2 1 \n0.75 \n1.0 \n\nn \no \ni \nt \nr \no \np \no \nr \np \ny \nr \nt \ns \ne \nc \nn \nA \n\n0.5 \n0.50 \nl \n0 \n1 \n3 2 \n3 \n. . \n1.0 \n0.25 \n0.5 \n0 \n0 \n7 \n1 7 \n5 \n1 \n. \n7 \n1 \n. \n1 \n6 \n. . \n\nScandinavian Peninsula Central Europe ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf", - "query": "What are the cultures with which the Wielbark culture is associated?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "linked to the later Chernyakhov cul- ture to the southeast and to early Goths", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nII \nWielbark, Poland \nI ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ancestry related to EIA Scandinavian Peninsula (Fig. 2c). The Wielbark \narchaeological complex has been linked to the later Chernyakhov cul- \nture to the southeast and to early Goths, an historical Germanic group \nthat flourished in the second to fifth centuries ce56. Our modelling \nsupports the idea that some groups that probably spoke Germanic \nlanguages from Scandinavia expanded south across the Baltic into \nthe area between the Oder and Vistula rivers in the early centuries ce, \nalthough whether these expansions can be linked specifically with \nhistorical Goths is still debatable. Moreover, since a considerable \n\nproportion of Wielbark burials during this period were cremations, \nthe possible presence of individuals with other ancestries cannot be \nstrictly rejected if they were exclusively cremated (and are therefore \ninvisible in the aDNA record). \n\nA previous study could not reject continuity in ancestry from the \nWielbark-associated individuals to later medieval individuals from \na similar region12. With the improved power of Twigstats, models of \ncontinuity are strongly rejected, with no one-source model of any pre- \nceding Iron Age or Bronze Age group providing a reasonable fit for the ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Expansions of Scandinavian-like ancestry**\nWe assembled time transects using available aDNA data across several \ngeographical regions in Europe, and infer their ancestry using a model \nwith the EIA or Roman Iron Age sources previously defined (shown in \nFig. 2a). Our modelling provides direct evidence of individuals with \nancestry originating in northern Germany or Scandinavia appearing \nacross Europe as early as the first century ce (Figs. 2b,c and 3 and Sup- \nplementary Table 3). \n\nIn the region of present-day Poland, our analysis suggests several \nclear shifts in ancestry. First, in the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1500 bce \nto 1000 bce), we observe a clear shift away from preceding ancestry \noriginally associated with Corded Ware cultures55 (Fig. 3a). Second, \nin the first to fifth century ce, individuals associated with Wielbark \nculture5,12 show an additional strong shift away from the preceding \nBronze Age groups, and can only be modelled with a >75% component \nattributed to the EIA Scandinavian Peninsula. Multiple individuals, \nespecially from earlier Wielbark cemeteries, have approximately 100% ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Nearby, in present-day Hungary, we observe Scandinavian-related \nancestry components in several burials dating to the sixth century \nce associated with Longobards (Longobard_earlyMED(I))10 (Fig. 2c). \nThis is consistent with the original study10, which reported affinity to \npresent-day groups from northwestern Europe (GBR, CEU and FIN in \nthe 1000 Genomes Project (1000GP))10 but which we can resolve with ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nARTS & \nCULTURE ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3.3 \n2 \n\nIron Age, Denmark \n(first to third century CE) \n\n3 \nFriesland, the Netherlands \n(fifth to sixth century CE) \n\nII I III \n13 \n\n6 \nMedieval Poland (tenth \nto eleventh century CE) \nWielbark, Poland \n(first to third century CE) \n3 \n\nLa Tène, Slovakia \n(first century BCE \nto first century CE) \n\n2 \nBaiuvarii \n(fifth century CE) \n1 \n9 \nZohor, Slovakia \n(first to second \ncentury CE) \nLongobard \n(sixth century CE) \nI II 7 \n\nEarly medieval \nSlovakia \n(third to fifth century CE) \n\n4.7 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Poland_Middle_Ages(I) \nPoland_Middle_Ages(II) \nPoland_Wielbark(I) \nPoland_Wielbark(II) \nPoland_Wielbark(III) \nPolandUkraine_MLBA(I) \nPolandUkraine_MLBA(II) \nPortugal.lronRoman \nRussia_Sarmatian \nSaami ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nOMNI \nMULTICULTURAL \nNETWORK ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "medieval individuals (*P*≪ 1 × 10−32). Instead, the majority of individuals \nfrom medieval Poland can be modelled only as a mixture of ancestries \nrelated to Roman Iron Age Lithuania, which is similar to ancestries of \nindividuals from middle to late Bronze Age Poland (44%, 95% confidence \ninterval 36–51%), an ancestry component related to Hungarian Scyth- \nians or Slovakian La Tène individuals (49%, 95% confidence interval \n41���57%) and potentially a minority component of ancestry related to \nSarmatians from the Caucasus (*P*= 0.13) (Fig. 2c). Four out of twelve \nindividuals from medieval Poland, three of whom are from the late \nViking Age6, carried detectable Scandinavian-related ancestry. Some \nof the ancestry detected in individuals from later medieval Poland may \nhave persisted during the late first millennium ce in the cremating \nportion of the population, but regardless, this points to large-scale \nancestry transformation in medieval Poland (Fig. 3a). Future data could \nshed light on the extent to which this reflects the influence of groups \nspeaking Slavic languages in the region. \n\nIn present-day Slovakia, individuals associated with the Iron \nAge La Tène period appear close to Hungarian Scythians in the two \ndimensions of our MDS analysis, and are modelled as a mixture of \ncentral and eastern European ancestry. However, a first-century ce \nburial of a 50–60-year-old woman from Zohor is modelled only with \nScandinavian-related ancestry, providing evidence of ancestry related \nto the Scandinavian EIA appearing southwest of the range of the Wiel- \nbark archaeological complex5,57 (Fig. 3b). Later early medieval individu- \nals from Slovakia have partial Scandinavian-related ancestry, providing \nevidence for the integration between expanding and local groups. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf", - "query": "What do the timescales during which high-amplitude flaring events occur in blazars indicate?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "that much of the en- ergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, sub-parsec scales", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "] \nE \nH \n. \nh \np \n- \no \nr \nt \ns \na \n[ \n\n**1. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring \nevents occur in blazars indicate that much of the en- \nergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, \nsub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emis- \nsion differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs \nobjects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) \nmay offer important insight into the similarity be- \nfurthermore, can provide con- \ntween blazars and, \nstraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets \nthemselves. \n\n**2. SMA BLAZARS**\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m \nantennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The \nSMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations \nand typically operates in the 1mm and 850µm win- \ndows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25” at \n850µm. The sources used as phase calibrators for the \narray are compiled in a database known as the SMA \nCalibrator List2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright \nobjects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy \nat 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, \nboth during science observations and dedicated ob- \nserving tracks. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "• BL Lacs and FSRQs do not exhibit significant \ndifferences in amplitude of submillimeter vari- \nability or characteristic timescale, but our sam- \nple of BL Lacs may be dominated by high- \npeaked BL Lacs (HBLs), which exhibit obser- \nvational similarities with FSRQs. \n\nLacs and FSRQs. One avenue for exploring this dif- \nference is to monitor changing submillimeter energy \nspectral index and the ratio of γ-ray to submillime- \nter luminosity as functions of time. The full mean- \ning of the results of our autoregressive method is not \nyet clear, and will require better-sampled blazar light \ncurves and the comparison between τrest with physical \ntimescales such as the synchrotron cooling timescale. \nThese analyses would allow us to place constraints \non the processes occurring near the base of the jet in \nblazars and further understand the intimate connec- \ntion between them. \n\n• Blazar submillimeter light curves are consistent \nwith being produced by a single process that ac- \ncounts for both high and low states, with char- \nacteristic timescales 10 < τrest < 500 days. \n\n• The blazars detected by Fermi have synchrotron \npeaks at higher frequencies, regardless of sub- \nmillimeter luminosity. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We follow the method of Kelly et al. [9], who model \nquasar optical light curves as a continuous time first- \norder autoregressive process (CAR(1)) in order to ex- \ntract characteristic time scales and the amplitude of \nflux variations. Although flaring behavior is not typi- \ncally thought of as an autoregressive process, we find \nthat the light curves are well-fit by the models and \ntherefore adopt the method here to study blazar sub- \nmillimeter light curves. \n\nFigure 3: Characteristic timescale (days) versus \nsubmillimeter luminosity (erg s−1) in the 1mm band for \nall objects. Physically, τ represents a “relaxation \ntimescale”, the timescale beyond which events are no \nlonger correlated. \n\nThe CAR(1) process is described by a stochastic \ndifferential equation [9], \n\n√ \n\n1 \nτ \ndS(t) = S(t) dt + σ dt (cid:15) (t) + b dt, (3) \n\nboth classes extending across a large range in τ . Be- \ncause of the uncertainty for objects with shorter char- \nacteristic timescales, it is hard to draw any definitive \nconclusions about the differences between classes. It \nis important to note that τ does not necessarily rep- \nresent a flaring timescale, which is a behavior that \ntypically operates on a scale of ∼10–100 days and not \non the longer timescales we see in τ . \n\n(4) ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Insti- \ntute of Physics Conference Series, edited by F. A. \nAharonian and H. J. V¨olk (2001), vol. 558 of \nAmerican Institute of Physics Conference Series, \npp. 275–288. \n\n[2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics, \nedited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. \n227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Con- \nference Series, pp. 95–104. \n\n[3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. \nHughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, \nand M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437, 91 (1994). \n[4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, \n616, L1 (2004). ApJ 698, 895 (2009). \n[10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ \n675, 71 (2008). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We present multi-epoch observations from the Submillimeter Array (SMA) for a sample of 171 bright blazars, \n43 of which were detected by Fermi during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation \nbetween their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special \nemphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is de- \ntermined using a combination of Fermi designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS), \nresulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate \nsubmillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands \nduring the months August–October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous \nautoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differ- \nences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity. \nAll of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low \nand high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during \nflaring epochs. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The motivation for observing blazars in the sub- \nmillimeter is to study behavior close to the central \nengine, where the jet material is presumably still be- \ning accelerated. The separate emission processes that \ncontribute to overall SED may present differently in \nBL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the \nsimilarities and differences between blazar types. We \nhave investigated these differences between objects in \nterms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion, \nfind that \n\n• The SMA blazars exhibit submillimeter energy \nindexes that follow the spectral se- \nspectral \nquence interpretation of blazars. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Active galactic nuclei are the most numerous class \nof identified VHE γ-ray sources. These objects emit \nnon-thermal radiation across ∼20 orders of magnitude \nin energy and rank among the most powerful particle \naccelerators in the universe. A small fraction of AGN \npossess strong collimated outflows (jets) powered by \naccretion onto a supermassive black hole (SMBH). \nVHE γ-ray emission can be generated in these jets, \nlikely in a compact region very near the SMBH event \nhorizon. Blazars, a class of AGN with jets pointed \nalong the line-of-sight to the observer, are of par- \nticular interest in the VHE regime. Approximately \n30 blazars, primarily high-frequency-peaked BL Lacs \n(HBL), are identified as sources of VHE γ-rays, and \nsome are spectacularly variable on time scales com- \nparable to the light crossing time of their SMBH (∼2 \nmin; [1]). VHE blazar studies probe the environment \nvery near the central SMBH and address a wide range \nof physical phenomena, including the accretion and \njet-formation processes. These studies also have cos- \nmological implications, as VHE blazar data can be \nused to strongly constrain primordial radiation fields \n(see the extragalactic background light (EBL) con- \nstraints from, e.g., [2, 3]). \n\n**2. VERITAS**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "tion of correlated VHE and X-ray flux variability, as \nwell as correlated spectral hardening in both the VHE \nand X-ray bands. The VHE MWL observations were \nperformed in both ”quiescent” and flaring states for \nsome of the observed blazars. For the observed HBL \nobjects, the SEDs can be well described by a simple \nSSC model in both high and low states. However, an \nadditional external Compton component is necessary \nto adequately fit the SEDs of the IBL objects. \n\norating institutions in the construction and operation \nof the instrument. \n\n**References**\n\nThe Fermi-LAT is already having a significant im- \npact on the blazar KSP. In future seasons, the VER- \nITAS blazar discovery program will focus its dis- \ncovery program on hard-spectrum blazars detected \nby Fermi-LAT, and will likely have a greater focus \non high-risk/high-reward objects at larger redshifts \n(0.3 < z < 0.7). \nIn addition, the number of VHE \nblazars studied in pre-planned MWL campaigns will \nincrease as data from the Fermi-LAT will be publicly \navailable. \nIn particular, the extensive pre-planned \nMWL campaigns will focus on objects that are note- \nworthy for the impact their data may have on under- \nstanding the EBL. The simultaneous observations of \nblazars by VERITAS and Fermi-LAT will completely \nresolve the higher-energy SED peak, often for the first \ntime, enabling unprecedented constraints on the un- \nderlying blazar phenomena to be derived. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In general, we find that in the submillimeter, we \nare observing these blazars at or near the peak of the \nsynchrotron component (αS ∼ 0), but that Fermi - \ndetected sources have more negative energy spectral \nindices overall than Fermi -nondetected sources. \nIn \nFigure 4, we see that while the majority of Fermi \nblazars are observed on the rising part of the syn- \nchrotron component (at lower energies than the peak), \nall of the objects have very steeply falling γ-ray energy \nspectral indexes, putting the γ-ray peak at lower en- \nergies than the observed Fermi band. Knowing that \nwe are not observing the synchrotron and γ-ray com- \nponents at analagous points in the spectrum may al- \nlow us to better understand the magnetic field in the \nparsec-scale jet region and the population of external \nphotons that is being upscattered to γ-rays. \n\nThis method yielded some surprising results. \nIn \nFigure 3, we see that the BL Lacs and FSRQs exhibit \nvirtually no difference in characteristic timescale, with ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "EBL a few objects having a large (z > 0.3) are also \nincluded in the target list. The target list includes: \n\nVERITAS observes for ∼750 h and ∼250 h each \nyear during periods of astronomical darkness and par- \ntial moonlight, respectively. The moonlight observa- \ntions are almost exclusively used for a blazar discovery \nprogram, and a large fraction of the dark time is used \nfor the blazar KSP, which consists of: \n\n• Four distant (z > 0.3) BL Lac objects recom- \n\n• A VHE blazar discovery program (∼200 h / yr): \nEach year ∼10 targets are selected to receive \n∼10 h of observations each during astronomi- \ncal darkness. These data are supplemented by \ndiscovery observations during periods of partial \nmoonlight. \n\nmended by [5, 10]. \n\nEGRET [12]. \n\n• A target-of-opportunity (ToO) observation pro- \ngram (∼50 h / yr): VERITAS blazar obser- \nvations can be triggered by either a VERI- \nTAS blazar discovery, a VHE flaring alert (>2 \nCrab) from the blazar monitoring program of \nthe Whipple 10-m telescope or from another \nVHE instrument, or a lower-energy flaring alert \n(optical, X-ray or Fermi-LAT). Should the guar- \nanteed allocation be exhausted, further time can \nbe requested from a pool of director’s discre- \ntionary time. \n\n• Multi-wavelength (MWL) \n\nstudies of VHE \nblazars (∼50 h / yr + ToO): Each year one \nblazar receives a deep exposure in a pre-planned \ncampaign of extensive, simultaneous MWL (X- \nray, optical, radio) measurements. ToO observa- \ntion proposals for MWL measurements are also \nsubmitted to lower-energy observatories (e.g. \nSwift) and are triggered by a VERITAS discov- \nery or flaring alert. \n\n**5. VERITAS AGN Detections**\n\nVERITAS has detected VHE γ-ray emission from \n16 AGN (15 blazars), including 8 VHE discoveries. \nThese AGN are shown in Table I, and each has been \ndetected by the Large Area Telescope (LAT) instru- \nment aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. \nEvery blazar discovered by VERITAS was the sub- \nject of ToO MWL observations to enable modeling of \nits simultaneously-measured SED. The known VHE \nblazars detected by VERITAS were similarly the tar- \ngets of MWL observations. \n\n• Distant VHE blazar studies to constrain the ex- \ntragalactic background light (EBL): Here dis- \ntant targets are given a higher priority in the \nblazar discovery program, as well as for the \nMWL observations of known VHE blazars, par- \nticularly those with hard VHE spectra. \n**5.1. Recent VERITAS Blazar Discoveries**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0770.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf", - "query": "Where is the Submillimeter Array?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "near the summit of Mauna Ke", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "A systematic study of the submillimeter properties \nof the entire sample of Fermi blazars has yet to be con- \nducted and is one of the primary goals of our work. We \npresent here preliminary analysis of the submillimeter \nproperties of Fermi blazars detected by the Submil- \n1The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the \nSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia \nSinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded \nby the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. \n2http://sma1.sma.hawaii.edu/callist/callist.html \n\neConf C091122 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "limeter Array 1 (SMA) at 1mm and 850µm, including \nan investigation of variable behavior and the deter- \nmination of submillimeter energy spectral indices. In \naddition, we consider the connection to the observed \nγ-ray indices and luminosities. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "] \nE \nH \n. \nh \np \n- \no \nr \nt \ns \na \n[ \n\n**1. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring \nevents occur in blazars indicate that much of the en- \nergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, \nsub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emis- \nsion differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs \nobjects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) \nmay offer important insight into the similarity be- \nfurthermore, can provide con- \ntween blazars and, \nstraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets \nthemselves. \n\n**2. SMA BLAZARS**\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m \nantennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The \nSMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations \nand typically operates in the 1mm and 850µm win- \ndows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25” at \n850µm. The sources used as phase calibrators for the \narray are compiled in a database known as the SMA \nCalibrator List2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright \nobjects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy \nat 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, \nboth during science observations and dedicated ob- \nserving tracks. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4: The γ-ray index versus submillimeter index plane. The blazars fall more steeply in the γ-rays than in the \nsubmillimeter band, where most are, in fact, rising. This LAT-detected sample contrasts with the full SMA sample, \nwhere the blazars are more distributed around αS ∼ 0. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 5: Ratio of γ-ray luminosity to submillimeter luminosity in the 1mm band. The location of an object in this \nplot should be directly correlated with its blazar “state”, with FSRQs occupying the upper right and BL Lacs the lower \nleft. Flat-spectrum radio quasar 3C 454.3 is the object with the highest submillimeter luminosity in this plot. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[5] M. A. Gurwell, A. B. Peck, S. R. Hostler, M. R. \nDarrah, and C. A. Katz, in From Z-Machines to \nALMA: (Sub)Millimeter Spectroscopy of Galax- \nies, edited by A. J. Baker, J. Glenn, A. I. Harris, ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSECTIONS IN SUPERSONIC FLOW ", - "page_start": 230, - "page_end": 230, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2009 Fermi Symposium, Washington, D.C., Nov. 2-5 \n\n**Submillimeter Variability and the Gamma-ray Connection in Fermi**\n**Blazars**\n\nA. Strom \nUniv. of Arizona, AZ 85721, USA \nA. Siemiginowska, M. Gurwell, B. Kelly \nCfA, MA 02138, USA ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.1. Submillimeter Properties**\n\n**3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS**\n\nSubmillimeter Luminosities. Since we are pri- \nmarily concerned with comparisons to Fermi observa- \ntions, we note that only 129 of the SMA blazars (23 BL \nLacs and 106 FSRQs) were observed by the SMA in \neither band during the three months August-October \n2008. For these objects, submillimeter luminosities \nare calculated in the standard way: \n\n**3.1. Variability Index**\n\nWe roughly characterize the level of variability of \neach source using the variability index from Hovatta \net al. [8]: \n\n(Fmax − σFmax) − (Fmin + σFmin) \n(Fmax − σFmax) + (Fmin + σFmin) \nνobsFobs \n1 + z \nV = (2) \n\nwhere DL is the luminosity distance, νobs is the fre- \nquency of the observed band, and Fobs is the average Figure 2 shows the distribution for the SMA blazars. \nObjects with V ≤ 0 are typically unsuitable for more \n\neConf C091122 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf", - "query": "How many blazars were observed by the SMA in either band during the three months August-October 2008?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "only 129 of the SMA blazars", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**2.1. Submillimeter Properties**\n\n**3. VARIABILITY ANALYSIS**\n\nSubmillimeter Luminosities. Since we are pri- \nmarily concerned with comparisons to Fermi observa- \ntions, we note that only 129 of the SMA blazars (23 BL \nLacs and 106 FSRQs) were observed by the SMA in \neither band during the three months August-October \n2008. For these objects, submillimeter luminosities \nare calculated in the standard way: \n\n**3.1. Variability Index**\n\nWe roughly characterize the level of variability of \neach source using the variability index from Hovatta \net al. [8]: \n\n(Fmax − σFmax) − (Fmin + σFmin) \n(Fmax − σFmax) + (Fmin + σFmin) \nνobsFobs \n1 + z \nV = (2) \n\nwhere DL is the luminosity distance, νobs is the fre- \nquency of the observed band, and Fobs is the average Figure 2 shows the distribution for the SMA blazars. \nObjects with V ≤ 0 are typically unsuitable for more \n\neConf C091122 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We present multi-epoch observations from the Submillimeter Array (SMA) for a sample of 171 bright blazars, \n43 of which were detected by Fermi during the first three months of observations. We explore the correlation \nbetween their gamma-ray properties and submillimeter observations of their parsec-scale jets, with a special \nemphasis on spectral index in both bands and the variability of the synchrotron component. Subclass is de- \ntermined using a combination of Fermi designation and the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS), \nresulting in 35 BL Lac objects and 136 flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) in our total sample. We calculate \nsubmillimeter energy spectral indices using contemporaneous observations in the 1 mm and 850 micron bands \nduring the months August–October 2008. The submillimeter light curves are modeled as first-order continuous \nautoregressive processes, from which we derive characteristic timescales. Our blazar sample exhibits no differ- \nences in submillimeter variability amplitude or characteristic timescale as a function of subclass or luminosity. \nAll of the the light curves are consistent with being produced by a single process that accounts for both low \nand high states, and there is additional evidence that objects may be transitioning between blazar class during \nflaring epochs. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "J1751+096) which have conflicting classifications be- \ntween Fermi and CGRaBS. Some blazars found in the \ncalibrator list have been studied extensively (e.g., 3C \n279 and 3C 454.3) but the SMA blazars have not been \nstudied collectively. \n\nFigure 2: Variability index for our sample (top: 1mm, \nbottom: 850µm), with FSRQs as the hatched \ndistribution and BL Lacs as the solid distribution. There \nis no signicant difference in the class distributions in \neither band; the “tail” to the left is populated by objects \nwith errors larger than the intrinsic variability. \n\nForty-four of the objects in our total blazar sample \nwere detected by Fermi and can be found in the cata- \nlog of LAT Bright AGN Sources (LBAS) from Abdo et \nal. [7]. J0050-094 has no redshift in either the LBAS \ncatalog or CGRaBS and is not included in our study. \nOf the 43 remaining sources, 14 are BL Lac objects \nand 29 are FSRQs, with 0.03 ≤ z ≤ 2.19. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "] \nE \nH \n. \nh \np \n- \no \nr \nt \ns \na \n[ \n\n**1. INTRODUCTION**\n\nThe timescales on which high-amplitude flaring \nevents occur in blazars indicate that much of the en- \nergy is being produced deep within the jet on small, \nsub-parsec scales [1, 2]. Understanding if/how emis- \nsion differs between blazar subclasses (i.e., BL Lacs \nobjects and flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs)) \nmay offer important insight into the similarity be- \nfurthermore, can provide con- \ntween blazars and, \nstraints on the formation and acceleration of the jets \nthemselves. \n\n**2. SMA BLAZARS**\n\nThe Submillimeter Array [4] consists of eight 6 m \nantennas located near the summit of Mauna Kea. The \nSMA is used in a variety of baseline configurations \nand typically operates in the 1mm and 850µm win- \ndows, achieving spatial resolution as fine as 0.25” at \n850µm. The sources used as phase calibrators for the \narray are compiled in a database known as the SMA \nCalibrator List2 [5]. Essentially a collection of bright \nobjects (stronger than 750 mJy at 230 GHz and 1 Jy \nat 345 GHz), these sources are monitored regularly, \nboth during science observations and dedicated ob- \nserving tracks. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 4: The γ-ray index versus submillimeter index plane. The blazars fall more steeply in the γ-rays than in the \nsubmillimeter band, where most are, in fact, rising. This LAT-detected sample contrasts with the full SMA sample, \nwhere the blazars are more distributed around αS ∼ 0. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "flux (in erg cm−2 s−1 Hz−1) over the three month pe- \nriod. We adopt a lambda cold dark matter cosmology \nwith values of H0 = 71 km s−1 Mpc−1, ΩM = 0.27, \nand Λ = 0.73. \n\nWe examined submillimeter light curves for all of \nthe SMA blazars, with observations beginning in ap- \nproximately 2003 (see Figure 1). Typically, the 1mm \nband is much more well-sampled in comparison to the \n850m band, but visual inspection reveals that the reg- \nularity and quality of observations vary greatly from \nsource to source. Many of the objects exhibit non- \nperiodic variability, either in the form of persistent, \nlow-amplitude fluctuations or higher amplitude flar- \ning behavior. \nEnergy Spectral Indices. We derive submillime- \nter spectral energy indices from observations quasi- \nsimultaneous with the Fermi observations. To be con- \nsistent with the use of αγ, we define spectral energy in- \ndex as νFν = ν−αS and calculate αS from the average \nof the energy spectral indices over the corresponding \nthree months. We only calculate αS for the 16 objects \n(8 BL Lacs and 35 FSRQs) with observations at both \n1mm and 850µm during this time frame. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The motivation for observing blazars in the sub- \nmillimeter is to study behavior close to the central \nengine, where the jet material is presumably still be- \ning accelerated. The separate emission processes that \ncontribute to overall SED may present differently in \nBL Lacs and FSRQs, allowing us to understand the \nsimilarities and differences between blazar types. We \nhave investigated these differences between objects in \nterms of submillimeter behavior and, in conclusion, \nfind that \n\n• The SMA blazars exhibit submillimeter energy \nindexes that follow the spectral se- \nspectral \nquence interpretation of blazars. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "[1] M. Sikora and G. Madejski, in American Insti- \ntute of Physics Conference Series, edited by F. A. \nAharonian and H. J. V¨olk (2001), vol. 558 of \nAmerican Institute of Physics Conference Series, \npp. 275–288. \n\n[2] M. Sikora, in Blazar Demographics and Physics, \nedited by P. Padovani and C. M. Urry (2001), vol. \n227 of Astronomical Society of the Pacific Con- \nference Series, pp. 95–104. \n\n[3] J. A. Stevens, S. J. Litchfield, E. I. Robson, D. H. \nHughes, W. K. Gear, H. Terasranta, E. Valtaoja, \nand M. Tornikoski, ApJ 437, 91 (1994). \n[4] P. T. P. Ho, J. M. Moran, and K. Y. Lo, ApJl [9] B. C. Kelly, J. Bechtold, and A. Siemiginowska, \n616, L1 (2004). ApJ 698, 895 (2009). \n[10] M. Sikora, R. Moderski, and G. M. Madejski, ApJ \n675, 71 (2008). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In general, we find that in the submillimeter, we \nare observing these blazars at or near the peak of the \nsynchrotron component (αS ∼ 0), but that Fermi - \ndetected sources have more negative energy spectral \nindices overall than Fermi -nondetected sources. \nIn \nFigure 4, we see that while the majority of Fermi \nblazars are observed on the rising part of the syn- \nchrotron component (at lower energies than the peak), \nall of the objects have very steeply falling γ-ray energy \nspectral indexes, putting the γ-ray peak at lower en- \nergies than the observed Fermi band. Knowing that \nwe are not observing the synchrotron and γ-ray com- \nponents at analagous points in the spectrum may al- \nlow us to better understand the magnetic field in the \nparsec-scale jet region and the population of external \nphotons that is being upscattered to γ-rays. \n\nThis method yielded some surprising results. \nIn \nFigure 3, we see that the BL Lacs and FSRQs exhibit \nvirtually no difference in characteristic timescale, with ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To select our sample, we identified objects in the \ncalibrator list that were also classified as BL Lacs or \nFSRQs by the Candidate Gamma-Ray Blazar Sur- \nvey [6, CGRaBS]. Of the 243 total objects in the \ncalibrator list, 171 (35 BL Lacs and 136 FSRQs) \nhave positive blazar class identifications, although \nthere are three sources (J0238+166, J0428-379, and ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "1001.0806.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf", - "query": "How big is the Mermaid fleet?", - "target_page": 12, - "target_passage": "Mermaid operates a fleet of fifteen (15) tugs, workboats and barges, undertaking all forms of offshore activity", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Mermaid operates a fleet of fifteen (15) tugs, workboats and barges, S E A G O I N G O P E R A T I O N S \n\nundertaking all forms of offshore activity including exploration support, supply, survey and berthing \n\nassist. Lower vessel utilisation during the period allowed an acceleration of scheduled maintenance. \n\nTwo tugs, Mermaid Commando and Mermaid Chieftan received extensive refits. In both cases the \n\nwork increased productivity through enhanced bollard pull and consequent earnings. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMermaid remains dedicated to ensuring a safe environment in all areas where we operate or have S A F E T Y \n\nresponsibility. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Mermaid has undertaken significant engineering work on the placing of vessels on partially \n\nsheltered spread moorings, allowing the vessels to be secured near to shore and the crews \n\ndemobilized to take care of their families and attend to household cyclone preparation. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Captain Jim Carver, Mermaid’s founder continues to play a significant role in Mermaid’s operations, \n\npaying particular attention to our business at sea. Under 20 years of Jim’s leadership, Mermaid \n\ndeveloped an enviable reputation as a “can do” company, and in our drive for new engineering \n\nexpertise and professionalism, we have no intention of allowing that attitude to be lost. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nRUNWAY LENGTH ", - "page_start": 412, - "page_end": 412, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMermaid’s principal activities during the course of the Financial Year were: \nP R I N C I P A L A C T I V I T I E S ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "vessels engaged in routine offshore logistics tasks operate fully laden with 7.4 m draft which \n\nmeans there will be very few occasions when the largest vessels in the industry have to make a \n\ntide dependent entry or departure through the Mermaid channel. Further the Mermaid Base will \n\nnot suffer operational disadvantages experienced by the adjacent Woodshed Base or nearby \n\nDamper Public Wharf in terms of entry and departure draft restrictions. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**B. QUAY WALL ( BERTH 1)**\n\nMarket research and customer needs have caused Mermaid to relocate and redesign the main \n\nberth to accommodate a wider range of vessels than originally contemplated. The berth is now \n\nlocated in deeper water with better vessel access. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**C. QUAY WALL (BERTH 2)**\n\nThe inner berth, Berth 2 has a minimum depth alongside of 5.0 m allowing unrestricted \n\noperation of all the Mermaid fleet, and the majority of other vessels servicing the offshore oil/gas \n\nindustry and mineral ports. This berth will offer excellent weather protection for small and \n\nmedium size vessels. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Mermaid slipway will rank second in terms of capacity on the western half of the continent. \n\nTenix, Fremantle 8,000 tonne, Mermaid Dampier 2,700 tonne rising to 4,000 tonne, Darwin Ship \n\nRepair 2,500 tonne. The nearest other facilities are Singapore, Adelaide, Port Moresby or Cairns. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf", - "query": "What was the budget for the expansion of Dampier Base?", - "target_page": 14, - "target_passage": "a capital budget of $13m", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Work on Dampier B A S E E X P A N S I O N W O R K S A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L M A N A G E M E N T \n\nBase expansion commenced on 9 October and will be largely complete by June 2001, involving \n\na capital budget of $13m. ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Subsequent to years end, the subscription of a further $5 million from Mr Mark Bradley and Clough \n\nEngineering will see an extremely robust balance sheet, with cash on hand approaching $10 million. \n\nAs construction commences at Dampier, a level of project finance will be arranged providing a \n\ncomfortable mix of debt and equity and allowing the retention of a significant cash balance. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The development of the Company’s Dampier and Broome E N V I R O N M E N T A L R E G U L A T I O N \n\nbases is subject to the approval of the Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In February 2000 Mermaid received approval in principle from the Western Australian Minister \n\nfor the Environment for the development of a supply and engineering base at Dampier (Dampier \n\nBase). Since that time a detailed environmental management system has been produced for final \n\napproval and as a guide to daily environmental management and compliance. Refinements to \n\nthe design have proceeded, together with the preparation of bid packages and negotiations with \n\nBanks for project finance. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The offshore waters and islands adjacent to Dampier, host in excess of 50% of all D A M P I E R B A S E \n\nexploration and development budgets of Australia’s offshore oil and gas industry. The Burrup \n\nPeninsular where the Base is located is the intended site of major new oil, gas, petrochemical and \n\nindustrial mineral processing plants. The Port of Dampier is Australia’s largest Port as measured by \n\ntonnage, but as identified in the 1997 WA Department of Commerce and Trade report, there \n\nremains an urgent need for additional marine support infrastructure. Mermaid is now well advanced \n\nin our plan to satisfy those needs and onshore work was announced to start on the 9th October 2000. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**•**\nA slipway initially capable of receiving vessels up to 2,700 tonnes capacity will handle \n\nmost of the 60 vessels currently working in the region, a considerable number, but one \n\nwhich will rise over coming years. First class engineering facilities have been planned \n\nand highly experienced management recruited. Alternative slipways offering \n\ncomparable capacity are only to be found in Darwin or Fremantle, a sea journey of \n\napproximately 1000 miles from this operational region. Australia has emerged as a \n\ncentre of excellence with respect to vessel repair work, the Dampier facility will both \n\nbenefit from and protect that valuable reputation. \n\n**•**\nRehabilitated land for buildings and storage will finally extend over 17 hectares. The \n\nmajor oilfield services company Halliburton, have been attracted to the base as a \n\ntenant and a $1.1m purpose built building is being constructed for their use. \n\nNegotiations are also proceeding with other groups who recognise the unique \n\nadvantages of operating from this strategically positioned Base. Rental income and \n\nassociated revenues such as plant and labour hire will contribute significantly to the \n\noverall economics of the facility. \n\n**•**\nProtected moorings for cyclone shelter will be established inside the breakwater for \n\nlong term lease to local tug operators. The demand arises from serious vessel and crew \n\nsafety considerations. The Dampier Port Authority are reluctant to see the continued \n\nuse of cyclone moorings in the Harbour, not only for safety reasons, but for \n\nenvironmental concerns as well. Oil spills are not acceptable under any circumstances \n\nand will be avoided whatever the cost. Tug owners share similar concerns, but in \n\naddition they need to remain in a position of readiness for crews and equipment to \n\nresume their important functions immediately following a cyclonic event. The number \n\nof specific purpose spread moorings, detailed on the adjacent plan will total 10 in the \n\nfirst phase of construction, a limit which will be assisted by an ability to remove vessels \n\nup to 100 tonnes from the water by wharf crane for tie down on cradles. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***The foreshore of King Bay will be redeveloped as part of the Mermaid Marine Dampier Base Expansion works.***\n\nleased facilities to seven third party vessels and protection for three of our own vessels using this \n\ntechnique by the cyclone season in 2001. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Dampier Base will now comprise:- \n\n**•**\n**•**\n\nAn “all tides” approach channel to a minimum depth of 6 metres \n\nA wharf offering 7.5 metres depth at low tide, featuring a heavy loadout section to \n\naccommodate modules of up to 1500 tonnes to onshore projects on the Burrup Peninsular \n\nand adjacent mining centres. A subsea pipe reel loading facility will encourage the use of \n\nspool ships in the region for deepwater pipelay. On a project by project basis, pipeline \n\nprotection rock dumping, specialist vessel rig up activities and the like will be facilitated, \n\nas will dry and bulk cargo handling, refuelling, watering and all categories of waste \n\nreception. The joint Commonwealth and WA State Government initiative to establish \n\nan integrated industrial estate at Jervoise Bay (south of Perth) serviced by high wide load \n\ncorridors from Perth’s industrial areas will see the heavy capacity wharf playing a strategic \n\nrole in major capital works in the Pilbara, leading to significant cost savings. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Regardless of industry trends, Mermaid has a need for a Darwin Base to service and care for \n\nMermaid vessels working in the area. Too often vessels have been demobilised to Dampier at the \n\nconclusion of a contract then being required to return to Darwin within days or weeks for \n\nanother assignment. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "During the year ended December 31, 2013**,**the Company capitalized salaries of $2.8 million (2012 ‑ $2.0 million), as part of its project \nimprovement, suite renovation and development programs. ", - "page_start": 77, - "page_end": 77, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf", - "query": "When did Mermaid Marine Service Base in the Port of Broome start?", - "target_page": 22, - "target_passage": "1 February 2000", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Mermaid Marine services base at the Port of Broome (Broome Base) B R O O M E S U P P LY B A S E \n\ncommenced operations on 1 February 2000 when the first ship containing drill pipe for Inpex \n\nBrowse Ltd arrived from Japan. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "During 2000 Mermaid Marine formed a M E R M A I D L A B O U R A N D M A N A G E M E N T L I M I T E D \n\nnew business unit Mermaid Labour and Management Limited. The focus of this unit will be \n\nlabour supply and industrial relations management to the marine, offshore construction industry \n\nand onshore resources projects in the NW of Australia. The Directors and Management of the \n\nnew entity are very experienced, well known and regarded by the industry in general. The \n\ncompany has high expectations for Mermaid Labour and Management Limited. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "It is presently expected that at least six \n\n(6) exploration wells will be drilled in the \n\narea during 2001. The Base now employs \n\nas many as ten (10) staff up from the \n\nthree (3) who commenced in February \n\n2000. Excellent management and staff \n\ncompetence are the prime factors, which \n\nhave delivered the smooth start up and \n\n***The Mermaid Broome Supply Base certified Impex, Woodside***\n***and BHP Petroleum exploration program during 2000.*** continued success at Broome. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Regardless of industry trends, Mermaid has a need for a Darwin Base to service and care for \n\nMermaid vessels working in the area. Too often vessels have been demobilised to Dampier at the \n\nconclusion of a contract then being required to return to Darwin within days or weeks for \n\nanother assignment. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Mermaid operates a fleet of fifteen (15) tugs, workboats and barges, S E A G O I N G O P E R A T I O N S \n\nundertaking all forms of offshore activity including exploration support, supply, survey and berthing \n\nassist. Lower vessel utilisation during the period allowed an acceleration of scheduled maintenance. \n\nTwo tugs, Mermaid Commando and Mermaid Chieftan received extensive refits. In both cases the \n\nwork increased productivity through enhanced bollard pull and consequent earnings. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***The foreshore of King Bay will be redeveloped as part of the Mermaid Marine Dampier Base Expansion works.***\n\nleased facilities to seven third party vessels and protection for three of our own vessels using this \n\ntechnique by the cyclone season in 2001. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Derrice took a leading role in the listing of Mermaid Marine in 1999 and has since headed up \n\naccounting, systems and administration. As Chairman of the Board of Management she plays a \n\nsenior role in Mermaid’s operations. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Perkins Shipping, established in the 1950s is the major coastal shipping service provider in \n\nAustralia’s north, linking Darwin to mining and aboriginal committees from the Kimberly to \n\nGulf of Carpenteria. Additionally Perkins operate services to East Timor, mining operations in \n\nIndonesia, as well as Singapore and East Malaysia. The Perkins and Mermaid businesses are \n\ndifferent, but complementary, offering benefits to both. The arrangement with Perkins will give \n\nMermaid well placed office facilities, open storage and waterfront access. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nMermaid remains dedicated to ensuring a safe environment in all areas where we operate or have S A F E T Y \n\nresponsibility. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Mermaid has undertaken significant engineering work on the placing of vessels on partially \n\nsheltered spread moorings, allowing the vessels to be secured near to shore and the crews \n\ndemobilized to take care of their families and attend to household cyclone preparation. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf", - "query": "How do I create a new document in Word?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Just select File > New", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Create something \n\nBegin with a**Blank document**to get right to work. Or start with a template to save \nyourself time and steps. Just select**File**>**New**, and then select or search for the \ntemplate you want. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Try it: Select File > Save As, and then select OneDrive and give this document a name. \n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. \nYou can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you’re \nusing now. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To test the migration from on-premises to the cloud, create another document. Click the \n**Documents**tab (see Figure 7-13 on page 187). Then, click**Insert**to add the document, as \nshown in Figure 7-14. ", - "page_start": 203, - "page_end": 203, - "source_file": "sg248459.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Next steps with Word \n\n**See what’s new in Office**\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. \nVisit**https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**for \nmore information. \n\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office**\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit \n**https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**to explore our free \ntraining options. \n\n**Send us your feedback**\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the**File**menu, \nselect**Feedback**and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to \nthe Word product team. Thank you! ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Unlike old-school user guides, this doc is yours to tailor exactly for your needs. Reading it will \nteach you some basics about Word, but this document isn’t just for reading. It’s for editing too, \nso you can learn by doing. \n\nFor practice using Word features, watch for Try it text in red throughout this document. \n\nTime saver: If you’ve only got a minute \nand you want to see how this works, \nwatch this Video: Welcome to Word. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Handy to Know…**\n To insert a worksheet between existing \n\nworksheets, right-click on the worksheet tab \nbefore which you want to insert a new sheet, \nthen click on***Insert***to display the***Insert***\ndialog box. Select***Worksheet***and click on \n**[OK]**. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\n**For Your Reference…**\nTo***save a new document***: \nTo***enter text***: \n\n1. Click the cell pointer on the desired cell and \nand select**Save As**\n1. Click on the***File Tab***\n2. Locate the storage folder in the***Navigation***\n***pane***\n2. Press \n to \n3. Type a***File name***and click on**[Save]**\n\ntype the required information \n\n, an arrow key or \nconfirm the data entry and to move the cell \npointer to another cell ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Share your work with others \n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the**Share**button in the \ntop right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your \ndocument or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have \nWord, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***copy***a***sheet***to***another workbook***: \n\n1. Right click on the worksheet tab, then click \non***Move or Copy***\n\n2. Select either***(new book)***or the name of \nanother workbook in***To book***\n\n3. Tick***Create a copy***, then click on**[OK]**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Format with styles \n\n**Styles**lets you create, apply, and review the formatting styles in your current \ndocument. To open it, select the**Home**tab, and then select the small arrow in the \nlower right corner of the Styles gallery. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf", - "query": "Where can I find other Microsoft quick start guides?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "To download our free Quick Start Guides for your other favorite apps, go to https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=2008317.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\n**Excel**\n**Fundamentals**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Welcome to Microsoft Teams**\n\nMicrosoft Teams is the app that brings your conversations, meetings, and files together in one place. This guide will help \nyou get started with Teams, learn the basics, get tips to practice on your own, and discover ways to engage your team. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Additional Resources**\n\nFor more information, see the following resources: \n\nWord.Document.ExportAsFixedFormat2 \n\nExcel.Workbook.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nPowerPoint.Presentation.ExportAsFixedFormat3 \n\nProject.Project.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nPublisher.Documents.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nVisio.Document.ExportAsFixedFormat \n\nOneNote.Application.Publish ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Next steps with Word \n\n**See what’s new in Office**\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. \nVisit**https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**for \nmore information. \n\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office**\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit \n**https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**to explore our free \ntraining options. \n\n**Send us your feedback**\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the**File**menu, \nselect**Feedback**and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to \nthe Word product team. Thank you! ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.1.6 How to switch to another User Language**\n\n", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "edp_s1_man_portal-version_4.3-user-manual_v1.0.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Create something \n\nBegin with a**Blank document**to get right to work. Or start with a template to save \nyourself time and steps. Just select**File**>**New**, and then select or search for the \ntemplate you want. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nworksheet tab ", - "page_start": 55, - "page_end": 55, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 1. Using Internet Explorer browser***\n\n", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nTHE FLIGHT HANDBOOK ", - "page_start": 428, - "page_end": 428, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ntoolbar ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf", - "query": "How to connect to my Microsoft account from Word?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": " Click File > Account to sign in with your Microsoft account", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Access files anywhere \n\nNeed to work on the go and across different devices? Click**File**>**Account**to sign \nin with your Microsoft account and access your recently used files anywhere, on \nany device, through seamless integration between Office, OneDrive, OneDrive for \nBusiness, and SharePoint. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Try it: Select File > Save As, and then select OneDrive and give this document a name. \n\nIf you sign in to Office 365 on another device, this document will be in your list of recent files. \nYou can pick up where you left off… even if you left the document open on the computer you’re \nusing now. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Next steps with Word \n\n**See what’s new in Office**\nExplore the new and improved features in Word and the other Office apps. \nVisit**https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871117**for \nmore information. \n\n**Get free training, tutorials, and videos for Office**\nReady to dig deeper into the capabilities that Word has to offer? Visit \n**https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=871123**to explore our free \ntraining options. \n\n**Send us your feedback**\nLove Word? Got an idea for improvement to share with us? On the**File**menu, \nselect**Feedback**and then follow the prompts to send your suggestions directly to \nthe Word product team. Thank you! ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Share your work with others \n\nTo invite others to view or edit your documents, select the**Share**button in the \ntop right corner of the app window. Then, you can choose to share a link to your \ndocument or send invitations directly to specific people. If someone doesn't have \nWord, they can use the free Word for the Web app to edit and comment. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Word QS.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With this document saved in OneDrive, you can share it with others. They don’t even need Word \nto open it. \n\nTry it: Select Share, and send a link to this document. (keyboard shortcut – Alt+F+Z or Alt+Z+S) \n\nYou can send the link by typing someone’s email address or by copying the link and pasting it \ninto a message or chat. If you want them to read the document but not edit it, set their \npermission to view-only. \n\nIf they don’t have Word, the document will open in their web browser, in Word Online. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Availability**\n\nThe information in this article is applicable to the following versions of Word. \n\nWord for Windows Version 2408 and later. \n\nWord for Mac Version 16.89 and later. \n\nWord for iOS Version 2.89 and later. \n\nWord for Android Build 16.0.18025.XXXXX or later. \n\nWord for the web Build 16.0.18025.XXXXX or later. \n\nIt is available to customers with Office 2024 or Office LTSC 2024 and to customers with a \n\nMicrosoft 365 subscription on Current Channel or Monthly Enterprise Channel. For \n\ncustomers with a Microsoft 365 subscription on Semi-Annual Enterprise Channel it will \n\nbe available on January 14, 2025. ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Set up**\n\n**Explore**\nOnce you sign in,**connect**with your team in \nchat, channels, calls, and meetings. \n\n**Download**the app for desktop and mobile to \naccess Teams with the best performance \nanywhere you go. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Word works with Bing to give you access to thousands of pictures you can use in your \ndocuments. \n\nTry it: Hit enter after this line to make a blank line: \n\n1. With your cursor in the blank space above, go to the Insert tab, select Online Pictures, \n\nand then search for something, like puppy clip art. \n\n2. Select the picture you want, and select Insert. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "It is available to customers with Office 2024 or Office LTSC 2024 and to customers with a \n\nMicrosoft 365 subscription on Current Channel or Monthly Enterprise Channel. For \n\ncustomers with a Microsoft 365 subscription on Semi-Annual Enterprise Channel it will \n\nbe available on January 14, 2025. ", - "page_start": 48, - "page_end": 48, - "source_file": "office-pdf.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Unlike old-school user guides, this doc is yours to tailor exactly for your needs. Reading it will \nteach you some basics about Word, but this document isn’t just for reading. It’s for editing too, \nso you can learn by doing. \n\nFor practice using Word features, watch for Try it text in red throughout this document. \n\nTime saver: If you’ve only got a minute \nand you want to see how this works, \nwatch this Video: Welcome to Word. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "welcome_to_word_template.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf", - "query": "What are the products of Hormel Foods Corporation?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "meat and other food product", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**PART I**\n\n**Item 1.*BUSINESS***\n\n**Available Information**\n\nThe Company makes available, free of charge on its website at*www.hormel.com*, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, \ncurrent reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of \n1934. These reports are accessible under the \"Investor\" caption of the Company's website and are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such \nmaterial is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is within 24 hours. \n\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct that covers its officers and directors, which is available on the Company's website, free \nof charge, under the caption \"Corporate.\" The Company also adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, which are available on the Company's website, \nfree of charge, under the caption \"Investor.\" \n\n**(a)*General Development of Business***\n\nHormel Foods Corporation, a Delaware corporation, was founded by George A. Hormel in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, as George A. Hormel & Company. \nThe Company started as a processor of meat and food products and continues in this line of business. The Company name was changed to Hormel \nFoods Corporation on January 31, 1995. The Company is primarily engaged in the production of a variety of meat and food products and the marketing of \nthose products throughout the United States. Although pork and turkey remain the major raw materials for Hormel products, the Company has \nemphasized for several years the manufacture and distribution of branded, consumer packaged items rather than the commodity fresh meat business. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All Hormel segments compete on the basis of price, product quality, brand identification and customer service. Through aggressive marketing and strong \nquality assurance programs, the Company's strategy is to provide higher quality products that possess strong brand recognition, which would then \nsupport higher value perceptions from customers. \n\nThe Company competes using this same strategy in international markets around the world. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Use these links to rapidly review the document \nHORMEL FOODS CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS \n\n**ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n**OCTOBER 25, 2003**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Reporting of revenues from external customers is based on similarity of products, as the same or similar products are sold across multiple distribution \nchannels such as retail, foodservice or international. Revenues reported are based on financial information used to produce the Company's general- \npurpose financial statements. \n\nPerishable meat includes fresh meats, sausages, hams, wieners and bacon (excluding JOTS products.) Nonperishable meat includes canned luncheon \nmeats, shelf stable microwaveable entrees, stews, chilies, hash, meat spreads and other items that do not require refrigeration as well as frozen \nprocessed products. The Poultry category is composed primarily of JOTS products. The Other category primarily consists of nutritional food products and \nsupplements, sugar and sugar substitutes, salt and pepper products, dessert mixes, food packaging (casings for dry sausage), and industrial gelatin \nproducts. The Other category has increased over the past two years primarily due to the following acquisitions: Century Foods International (July 2003), \nDiamond Crystal Brands (December 2002), and Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products (April 2001). \n\nNo new product in fiscal 2003 required a material investment of Company assets. \n\nDomestically, the Company sells its products in all 50 states. Hormel products are sold through Company sales personnel, operating in assigned \nterritories coordinated from district sales offices located in most of the larger U.S. cities, as well as independent brokers and distributors. As of \nOctober 25, 2003, the Company had approximately 600 sales personnel engaged in selling its products. Distribution of products to customers is by \ncommon carrier. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "markets its turkey products through its own sales force and independent brokers. \n\nThe acquisitions of Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products in fiscal 2001 and the Century Foods International business in July of fiscal 2003 \nstrengthened the Company's presence in the nutritional food products and supplements market. The Company currently operates as one of the largest \ncompanies providing nutritional products to the U.S. healthcare industry. \n\nThe Company acquired the Diamond Crystal Brands business from Imperial Sugar Co. in December of fiscal 2003. Diamond Crystal Brands packages \nand sells various sugar, sugar substitute, salt and pepper products, savory products, drink mixes and dessert mixes to retail and foodservice customers. \n\nInternationally, the Company markets its products through Hormel Foods International Corporation (HFIC), a wholly owned subsidiary. HFIC has a \npresence in the international marketplace through joint ventures and placement of personnel in strategic foreign locations such as China, Spain, and the \nPhilippines. HFIC also has a global presence with minority positions in food companies in Spain (Campofrio Alimentacion S.A., 15% holding) and the \nPhilippines (Purefoods-Hormel, 40% holding). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LIST OF EXHIBITS**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n2.1(1) \n\nAgreement and Plan of Merger and Plan of Reorganization dated January 22, 2001, by and among Hormel, Badger Acquisition \nCorporation, Jerome Foods, Inc. and Jerome K. Jerome. (Incorporated by reference to Hormel's Current Report on Form 8-K \ndated March 9, 2001, File No. 001-02402.) \n\n3.1(1) \nCertificate of Incorporation as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3A-1 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10- \nK/A for the fiscal year ended October 28, 2000, File No. 001-02402.) ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LIST OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n**FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\nThe following consolidated financial statements of Hormel Foods Corporation included in the Annual Stockholders' Report for the Registrant to its \nstockholders for the year ended October 25, 2003, are incorporated herein by reference in Item 8 of Part II of this report: \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Financial Position**—October 25, 2003, and October 26, 2002. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Operations**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002 and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Investment**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002, and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002, and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Notes to Financial Statements**—October 25, 2003. \n\n**Report of Independent Auditors**", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Through HFIC, the Company markets its products in various locations throughout the world. Some of the larger markets include Australia, Canada, \nChina, England, Japan, Mexico and Micronesia. The distribution of export sales to customers is by common carrier, while the China operations own and \noperate their own delivery system. The Company, through HFIC, has licensed companies to manufacture various Hormel products internationally on a \nroyalty basis, with the primary licensees being Tulip International of Denmark and CJ Corp. of South Korea. \n\n**Raw Materials**\n\nThe Company has, for the past several years, been concentrating on processed branded products for consumers with year-round demand to minimize \nthe seasonal variation experienced with commodity type products. Pork continues to be the primary raw material for Company products. Although hog \nproducers are moving toward larger, more efficient year-round confinement operations and supply contracts are becoming increasingly prevalent in the \nindustry, there is still a seasonal variation in the supply of fresh pork materials. The Company's expanding line of processed items has reduced but not \neliminated the sensitivity of Company results to raw material supply and price fluctuations. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nproducts & services ", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES**\n\nThe following consolidated financial statement schedule of Hormel Foods Corporation required pursuant to Item 15(d) is submitted herewith: \n\n**Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves...F-3**\n\nAll other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required \nunder the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted. \n\n**FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES OMITTED**\n\nCondensed parent company financial statements of the registrant are omitted pursuant to Rule 5-04(c) of Article 5 of Regulation S-X. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf", - "query": "Where are Hormel Foods Corporation plants located? ", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "has plants in Austin, Minnesota; Fremont, Nebraska; and Beijing, China", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**PART I**\n\n**Item 1.*BUSINESS***\n\n**Available Information**\n\nThe Company makes available, free of charge on its website at*www.hormel.com*, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, \ncurrent reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of \n1934. These reports are accessible under the \"Investor\" caption of the Company's website and are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such \nmaterial is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is within 24 hours. \n\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct that covers its officers and directors, which is available on the Company's website, free \nof charge, under the caption \"Corporate.\" The Company also adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, which are available on the Company's website, \nfree of charge, under the caption \"Investor.\" \n\n**(a)*General Development of Business***\n\nHormel Foods Corporation, a Delaware corporation, was founded by George A. Hormel in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, as George A. Hormel & Company. \nThe Company started as a processor of meat and food products and continues in this line of business. The Company name was changed to Hormel \nFoods Corporation on January 31, 1995. The Company is primarily engaged in the production of a variety of meat and food products and the marketing of \nthose products throughout the United States. Although pork and turkey remain the major raw materials for Hormel products, the Company has \nemphasized for several years the manufacture and distribution of branded, consumer packaged items rather than the commodity fresh meat business. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Use these links to rapidly review the document \nHORMEL FOODS CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS \n\n**ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n**OCTOBER 25, 2003**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All Hormel segments compete on the basis of price, product quality, brand identification and customer service. Through aggressive marketing and strong \nquality assurance programs, the Company's strategy is to provide higher quality products that possess strong brand recognition, which would then \nsupport higher value perceptions from customers. \n\nThe Company competes using this same strategy in international markets around the world. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LIST OF EXHIBITS**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n2.1(1) \n\nAgreement and Plan of Merger and Plan of Reorganization dated January 22, 2001, by and among Hormel, Badger Acquisition \nCorporation, Jerome Foods, Inc. and Jerome K. Jerome. (Incorporated by reference to Hormel's Current Report on Form 8-K \ndated March 9, 2001, File No. 001-02402.) \n\n3.1(1) \nCertificate of Incorporation as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3A-1 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10- \nK/A for the fiscal year ended October 28, 2000, File No. 001-02402.) ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Logistics, Inc., based in St. Charles, Illinois, operates distribution centers for the Company in Dayton, Ohio, and Osceola, Iowa. \n\nThe Company's turkey slaughter and processing operations are located in Barron, Wisconsin; Faribault, Minnesota; Melrose, Minnesota; Montevideo, \nMinnesota; Pelican Rapids, Minnesota; and Willmar, Minnesota. \n\n**Patents and Trademarks**\n\nThere are numerous patents and trademarks that are important to the Company's business. The Company holds seven foreign and 47 U.S. issued \npatents. Some of the trademarks are registered and some are not. In recognition of the importance of these assets, the Company created a subsidiary, \nHormel Foods, LLC, in 1998 to create, own, maintain and protect most of the Company's trademarks and patents. Some of the more significant owned or \nlicensed trademarks used in the Company's segments are: \n\nHORMEL, ALWAYS TENDER, AMERICAN CLASSICS, AUSTIN BLUES, BLACK LABEL, CARAPELLI, CHI-CHI'S, CURE 81, CUREMASTER, DAN'S \nPRIZE, DIAMOND CRYSTAL, DI LUSSO, DINTY MOORE, DUBUQUE, EL TORITO, FAST 'N EASY, HERB-OX, HERDEZ, HOMELAND, HOUSE OF \nTSANG, JENNIE-O TURKEY STORE, KID'S KITCHEN, LAYOUT, LITTLE SIZZLERS, MARRAKESH EXPRESS, MARY KITCHEN, OLD \nSMOKEHOUSE, PATAK'S, PELOPONNESE, PILLOW PACK, QUICK MEAL, RANGE BRAND, ROSA GRANDE, SANDWICH MAKER, SPAM, STAGG, \nSWEET THING, THICK & EASY and WRANGLERS. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Through HFIC, the Company markets its products in various locations throughout the world. Some of the larger markets include Australia, Canada, \nChina, England, Japan, Mexico and Micronesia. The distribution of export sales to customers is by common carrier, while the China operations own and \noperate their own delivery system. The Company, through HFIC, has licensed companies to manufacture various Hormel products internationally on a \nroyalty basis, with the primary licensees being Tulip International of Denmark and CJ Corp. of South Korea. \n\n**Raw Materials**\n\nThe Company has, for the past several years, been concentrating on processed branded products for consumers with year-round demand to minimize \nthe seasonal variation experienced with commodity type products. Pork continues to be the primary raw material for Company products. Although hog \nproducers are moving toward larger, more efficient year-round confinement operations and supply contracts are becoming increasingly prevalent in the \nindustry, there is still a seasonal variation in the supply of fresh pork materials. The Company's expanding line of processed items has reduced but not \neliminated the sensitivity of Company results to raw material supply and price fluctuations. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "markets its turkey products through its own sales force and independent brokers. \n\nThe acquisitions of Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products in fiscal 2001 and the Century Foods International business in July of fiscal 2003 \nstrengthened the Company's presence in the nutritional food products and supplements market. The Company currently operates as one of the largest \ncompanies providing nutritional products to the U.S. healthcare industry. \n\nThe Company acquired the Diamond Crystal Brands business from Imperial Sugar Co. in December of fiscal 2003. Diamond Crystal Brands packages \nand sells various sugar, sugar substitute, salt and pepper products, savory products, drink mixes and dessert mixes to retail and foodservice customers. \n\nInternationally, the Company markets its products through Hormel Foods International Corporation (HFIC), a wholly owned subsidiary. HFIC has a \npresence in the international marketplace through joint ventures and placement of personnel in strategic foreign locations such as China, Spain, and the \nPhilippines. HFIC also has a global presence with minority positions in food companies in Spain (Campofrio Alimentacion S.A., 15% holding) and the \nPhilippines (Purefoods-Hormel, 40% holding). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LIST OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n**FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\nThe following consolidated financial statements of Hormel Foods Corporation included in the Annual Stockholders' Report for the Registrant to its \nstockholders for the year ended October 25, 2003, are incorporated herein by reference in Item 8 of Part II of this report: \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Financial Position**—October 25, 2003, and October 26, 2002. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Operations**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002 and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Investment**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002, and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002, and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Notes to Financial Statements**—October 25, 2003. \n\n**Report of Independent Auditors**", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company's branding strategy led to the development of a joint venture between Hormel Foods Corporation and Excel Corporation, a wholly owned \nsubsidiary of Cargill Incorporated. This joint venture began marketing and selling nationally branded fresh case ready beef and pork under the existing \nHORMEL ALWAYS TENDER brand name in fiscal year 2003. This 50 percent owned joint venture, named Precept Foods LLC, is based in Austin, Minn. \n\nIn fiscal 2001, the Jennie-O Turkey Store (JOTS) business was formed as a result of merging the Company's existing Jennie-O Foods, Inc. business with \nthe operations of The Turkey Store Company, which was acquired in the second quarter of fiscal 2001. The Turkey Store Company was a turkey \nprocessing business headquartered in Barron, Wisconsin. The merged JOTS operation is currently the largest turkey processor in the world. JOTS ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FORM 10-K**\n\n**ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (d) OF**\n**THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) \n\n**DELAWARE**\n(State or other jurisdiction of \nincorporation or organization) **41-0319970**\n(I.R.S. Employer \nIdentification No.) \n\n**55912-3680**\n(Zip Code) **1 HORMEL PLACE AUSTIN, MINNESOTA**\n(Address of principal executive offices) \n\nRegistrant's telephone number, including area code**(507) 437-5611**\n\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12 (b) of the Act: \n\n**COMMON STOCK, PAR VALUE $.0586 PER SHARE**\nTitle of Each Class \n**NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE**\nName of Each Exchange \nOn Which Registered \n\nSecurities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act: ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf", - "query": "Does Hormel Food Corporation have any material legal proceedings pending?", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "The Company knows of no pending material legal proceedings.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**PART I**\n\n**Item 1.*BUSINESS***\n\n**Available Information**\n\nThe Company makes available, free of charge on its website at*www.hormel.com*, its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, \ncurrent reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of \n1934. These reports are accessible under the \"Investor\" caption of the Company's website and are available as soon as reasonably practicable after such \nmaterial is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is within 24 hours. \n\nThe Company has adopted a Code of Ethical Business Conduct that covers its officers and directors, which is available on the Company's website, free \nof charge, under the caption \"Corporate.\" The Company also adopted Corporate Governance Guidelines, which are available on the Company's website, \nfree of charge, under the caption \"Investor.\" \n\n**(a)*General Development of Business***\n\nHormel Foods Corporation, a Delaware corporation, was founded by George A. Hormel in 1891 in Austin, Minnesota, as George A. Hormel & Company. \nThe Company started as a processor of meat and food products and continues in this line of business. The Company name was changed to Hormel \nFoods Corporation on January 31, 1995. The Company is primarily engaged in the production of a variety of meat and food products and the marketing of \nthose products throughout the United States. Although pork and turkey remain the major raw materials for Hormel products, the Company has \nemphasized for several years the manufacture and distribution of branded, consumer packaged items rather than the commodity fresh meat business. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Use these links to rapidly review the document \nHORMEL FOODS CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS \n\n**ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n**OCTOBER 25, 2003**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LIST OF EXHIBITS**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n2.1(1) \n\nAgreement and Plan of Merger and Plan of Reorganization dated January 22, 2001, by and among Hormel, Badger Acquisition \nCorporation, Jerome Foods, Inc. and Jerome K. Jerome. (Incorporated by reference to Hormel's Current Report on Form 8-K \ndated March 9, 2001, File No. 001-02402.) \n\n3.1(1) \nCertificate of Incorporation as amended to date. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3A-1 to Hormel's Annual Report on Form 10- \nK/A for the fiscal year ended October 28, 2000, File No. 001-02402.) ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "All Hormel segments compete on the basis of price, product quality, brand identification and customer service. Through aggressive marketing and strong \nquality assurance programs, the Company's strategy is to provide higher quality products that possess strong brand recognition, which would then \nsupport higher value perceptions from customers. \n\nThe Company competes using this same strategy in international markets around the world. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LIST OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES**\n\n**HORMEL FOODS CORPORATION**\n\n**FINANCIAL STATEMENTS**\n\nThe following consolidated financial statements of Hormel Foods Corporation included in the Annual Stockholders' Report for the Registrant to its \nstockholders for the year ended October 25, 2003, are incorporated herein by reference in Item 8 of Part II of this report: \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Financial Position**—October 25, 2003, and October 26, 2002. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Operations**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002 and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Investment**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002, and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows**—Years Ended October 25, 2003, October 26, 2002, and October 27, 2001. \n\n**Notes to Financial Statements**—October 25, 2003. \n\n**Report of Independent Auditors**", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "PART II. OTHER INFORMATION \nITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS \n\nFor a description of our material pending legal proceedings, please see Note 10, Commitments and Contingencies, to the \nconsolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. ", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "tesla_form_10q.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Through HFIC, the Company markets its products in various locations throughout the world. Some of the larger markets include Australia, Canada, \nChina, England, Japan, Mexico and Micronesia. The distribution of export sales to customers is by common carrier, while the China operations own and \noperate their own delivery system. The Company, through HFIC, has licensed companies to manufacture various Hormel products internationally on a \nroyalty basis, with the primary licensees being Tulip International of Denmark and CJ Corp. of South Korea. \n\n**Raw Materials**\n\nThe Company has, for the past several years, been concentrating on processed branded products for consumers with year-round demand to minimize \nthe seasonal variation experienced with commodity type products. Pork continues to be the primary raw material for Company products. Although hog \nproducers are moving toward larger, more efficient year-round confinement operations and supply contracts are becoming increasingly prevalent in the \nindustry, there is still a seasonal variation in the supply of fresh pork materials. The Company's expanding line of processed items has reduced but not \neliminated the sensitivity of Company results to raw material supply and price fluctuations. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES**\n\nThe following consolidated financial statement schedule of Hormel Foods Corporation required pursuant to Item 15(d) is submitted herewith: \n\n**Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves...F-3**\n\nAll other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required \nunder the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted. \n\n**FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES OMITTED**\n\nCondensed parent company financial statements of the registrant are omitted pursuant to Rule 5-04(c) of Article 5 of Regulation S-X. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company's branding strategy led to the development of a joint venture between Hormel Foods Corporation and Excel Corporation, a wholly owned \nsubsidiary of Cargill Incorporated. This joint venture began marketing and selling nationally branded fresh case ready beef and pork under the existing \nHORMEL ALWAYS TENDER brand name in fiscal year 2003. This 50 percent owned joint venture, named Precept Foods LLC, is based in Austin, Minn. \n\nIn fiscal 2001, the Jennie-O Turkey Store (JOTS) business was formed as a result of merging the Company's existing Jennie-O Foods, Inc. business with \nthe operations of The Turkey Store Company, which was acquired in the second quarter of fiscal 2001. The Turkey Store Company was a turkey \nprocessing business headquartered in Barron, Wisconsin. The merged JOTS operation is currently the largest turkey processor in the world. JOTS ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Reporting of revenues from external customers is based on similarity of products, as the same or similar products are sold across multiple distribution \nchannels such as retail, foodservice or international. Revenues reported are based on financial information used to produce the Company's general- \npurpose financial statements. \n\nPerishable meat includes fresh meats, sausages, hams, wieners and bacon (excluding JOTS products.) Nonperishable meat includes canned luncheon \nmeats, shelf stable microwaveable entrees, stews, chilies, hash, meat spreads and other items that do not require refrigeration as well as frozen \nprocessed products. The Poultry category is composed primarily of JOTS products. The Other category primarily consists of nutritional food products and \nsupplements, sugar and sugar substitutes, salt and pepper products, dessert mixes, food packaging (casings for dry sausage), and industrial gelatin \nproducts. The Other category has increased over the past two years primarily due to the following acquisitions: Century Foods International (July 2003), \nDiamond Crystal Brands (December 2002), and Diamond Crystal Brands Nutritional Products (April 2001). \n\nNo new product in fiscal 2003 required a material investment of Company assets. \n\nDomestically, the Company sells its products in all 50 states. Hormel products are sold through Company sales personnel, operating in assigned \nterritories coordinated from district sales offices located in most of the larger U.S. cities, as well as independent brokers and distributors. As of \nOctober 25, 2003, the Company had approximately 600 sales personnel engaged in selling its products. Distribution of products to customers is by \ncommon carrier. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf", - "query": "What is Mexican Farm Subsidies ?", - "target_page": 9, - "target_passage": "an online tool to analyze how the federal government allocates those subsidies", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\n**Compost Organizations**", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "CompostGuide.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, \nBeijing 100081, China. 2International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico. 3Peking University, \nBeijing, China.*email: hqlk2000@163.com \n\n**Scientific Reports**| (2022) 12:17268 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22228-7 1 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed9.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nECONOMIC \nCONTRIBUTIONS ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "information has not been updated in years, or omits key data like (in the case of budget reports) \n\n*\"descriptions of how the money was spent\"*. \n\nEven with these difficulties, the Latin America Open Data/Civic Information landscape is active \n\nand definitely worthwhile following. The list of interesting Civic Information projects in Latin \n\nAmerica include (from Sasaki's Access to Information: Is Mexico a Model for the Rest of the \n\nWorld?: \n\n• Mexico \n\n• Mexican Farm Subsidies - an online tool to analyze how the federal government \n\nallocates those subsidies \n\n• Compare Your School : compares aggregate test results from any school with the \n\nmunicipal, regional, and national averages \n\n• Rebellion of the Sick built for patients with chronic diseases whose expenses are not \n\ncovered by the government subsidized health coverage. \n\n• Argentina: Public Spending in Bahía analyzes how public funds are used. \n\n• Colombia: Visible Congress monitors the actions of the Colombian congress \n\n• Brazil \n\n• Eleitor 2010 : a website to submit reports of electoral fraud during the Brazil 2010 \n\n*9/34*\n\n*Copyright 2011 LEM, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna. This work is released under a Creative Commons attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)*", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nADVERTISING \nMEDIA SOLUTIONS ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Notes: 1. Unit sales in Mexico are included in “North America.” \n2. Sales and Production for Europe and Mexico for each year are on a January to December basis. (In the annual reports for the fiscal years before \n2003, production for Europe and Mexico was on April to March basis.) ", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**International initiatives in Asian countries and others**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**The eco japan cup:**\n**“A Contest for Unearthing**\n**and Growing Seeds of**\n**New Businesses”**", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nMOBILE \nSTREAMING \nTELEVISION ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf", - "query": "What concerns has open data raised in the insurance sector?", - "target_page": 23, - "target_passage": "insurance companies may charge higher fees for life insurance to those among their customers who... put online a family tree from which it shows that they come from families with an average life expectancy lower than usual", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 3 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Since one of the topics of this project is the*economic*value of Open Data, it is necessary to add a \n\nsomewhat obvious observation to Frydman's concerns (regardless of their probability). Even if it is \n\ndifficult now to make accurate estimates, such negative developments would surely impact also the \n\ncosts of health services and insurances, not to mention healthcare-related jobs, both in the \n\ncommunities hosting centers of excellence and in those with the worst ones. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.6.1. Data alterations and financial sustainability**\n\nSome concerns about the limits of Open Data are about what may happen, or stop to happen,*before*\n\nthey are published online. The most common concerns of this type are (from Open Public Data: \n\nThen What? - Part 1): \n\n1. Opening up PSI causes those data to not be produced anymore, or to be only produced as \n\nprivate property by private corporations, because the public agencies whose job was to \n\nproduce those data, can't sell them anymore. \n\n2. total accessibility of data provides more incentives to tinker with them, at the risk of \n\nreducing trust in institutions and inhibiting decision-making even more than today. \n\nData manipulation is the topic of the next paragraph. Speaking of costs, a point to take into account \n\nis that, once data are open, routinely used and monitored by as many independent users as possible, \n\neven the cost of keeping them up to date may be sensibly reduced: in other words, in the \n\nmedium/long term Open Data may reduce the need to periodically perform complete, that is very \n\nexpensive, studies and surveys to update a whole corpus of data in one run. \n\nBesides, and above all, even if opening data always destroyed any source of income for the public ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Most Open Data have nothing personal to begin with (examples: digital maps, budgets, air \n\npollution measurements....) \n\n2. The majority of data that are directly related to individuals (e.g. things like names and \n\naddress of people with specific diseases, or who were victims of some crime) have no reason \n\nto be published,**nor there is any actual demand for them by Open Data advocates**\n\n3. Exceptions that limit privacy for specific cases and categories of people (e.g. candidates to \n\npublic offices, Government and Parliament members etc...) already exist in many countries \n\n4. Very often, in practice, Open Data struggles only happen about*when and how*to make \n\navailable in the most effective way for society information that was*already*recognized as \n\npublic.*What*to declare public, hence open, is indeed a serious issue (more on this in the next \n\nparagraph) but is a separate one. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "digital, attacks to privacy and to civil rights in general can and are coming by so many other sides \n\nthat those from (properly done) Open Data are a really tiny percentage of the total. \n\nThis is a consequence of the fact that data about us end up online from the most different sources \n\n(including ourselves and our acquaintances), and that often it would be very hard to discover, never \n\nmind*prove*, that they've been used against our interest. There have been concerns, for example, that \n\ninsurance companies may charge higher fees for life insurance to those among their customers \n\nwho... put online a family tree from which it shows that they come from families with an average \n\nlife expectancy lower than usual. \n\nAssuming such concerns were real, would it always be possible to spot and prove such abuses of \n\ndata, that weren't even published by any Public Administration? Of course, publishing online \n\ncomplete, official Census data of several generations, in a way that would make such automatic \n\nanalysis possible would be a totally different matter. \n\nGetting rid of all the unjustified concerns about privacy is very simple, at least in theory. All is \n\nneeded to dismiss for good the idea that Open Data is a generalized attack to privacy is to always \n\nremember and explain that: ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "happening in the very same period in which*\" we are observing a worldwide diffusion of access to*\n\n*information laws that empower citizens to hold government agencies accountable.\"*\n\nIn such a context, \"Public Data\"is critical just because it is a much bigger set of data than what \n\nconstitutes traditional, official PSI. \"Public Data\" includes all that information*plus*the much bigger \n\namount of data describing and measuring all the activities of private companies, from bus \n\ntimetables to packaged food ingredients, aqueducts performances and composition of fumes \n\nreleased in the atmosphere, that have a*direct impact*on the health and rights of all citizens of the \n\ncommunities affected by the activities of those companies. \n\nAre such data \"Public\" today, in the sense defined at the beginning of this paragraph, that is \n\nsomething every citizen has the right to know without intermediaries or delegates, or not? Should \n\nthey be public? If yes, shouldn't law mandate that all such data be Open (that is, published online as \n\nsoon as possible, in machine readable format with an open license etc...) just like, for example, the \n\nbudget of some Ministry? Answering these questions may be one of the biggest challenges for the \n\nOpen Data community, and for society as a whole, in the next years. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3. Emerging trends and issues related to Open**\n**Data**\nOne of the most common activities for Open Data activists in this moment is the creation of \n\ncountry-wide catalogs of all data sources, to facilitate individuation and correlation of independent \n\ndata sets. Normally, all initiatives of this type are announced on the Open Knowledge Foundation \n\nblog and/or its data hub CKAN. Another relevant development is the publication of an Open Data \n\nManual that*\"can be used by anyone but is especially designed for those seeking to open up data,*\n\n*since it discusses why to go open, what open is, and the how to 'Open' Data.\"*Activists in several \n\nEuropean countries have already published local versions of the manual, or equivalent documents. \n\nOn this background, several interesting issues, some of which were anticipated in the Open Data, \n\nOpen Society report, are coming in full light. They are presented, one at a time, in the following \n\nsections of this chapter. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "existing] problem that is somewhere else. \n\nRegardless of the real probability of data alterations before they are published, the major problem \n\nhappens after. We already mentioned in the first report the fact that, while correct interpretation of \n\npublic data from*the majority of average citizens*is absolutely critical, the current situation, even in \n\ncountries with (theoretical) high alphabetization and Internet access rates, is one in which most \n\npeople still lack the skills needed for such analysis. Therefore, there surely is space for both \n\nintentional manipulation of PSI and for misunderstanding it. After the publication of the first report, \n\nwe've encountered several examples of this danger, which are reported in the rest of this paragraph. \n\nBefore describing those cases, and in spite of them, it is necessary to point out one thing. While the \n\nimpact on the general public (in terms of raising interest and enhancing participation) on the Open \n\nData activity of 2010 is been, in many cases and as of today, still minimal, it is also true that there \n\nhas been no big increase in demagogy, more or less manipulated scandals and conflictual discussion \n\ncaused by Open Data. There has certainly been something of this in the Cablegate but that's not ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another risk of digitization and e-government (without openness, that is) is lack of contact between \n\ncitizens and institutions: \n\n*\"Prior to digitization, land records in India were available to people who made*\n*requests with village accountants for them. .. after digitization of several services,*\n*village accountants no longer personally visit the villages they are in charge of... What*\n*has happened with digitization is a reorganization of earlier forms of social and*\n*political relations. Accountability has moved from the immediate village level\"*\n\nOf course, all these problems existed well before computers and return every time the political or \n\nsocial order changes. The demand for Open Data is only increasing, by orders of magnitude, the \n\nnumbers of times in which we meet them. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Social and political lands2.1. Wikileaks and the Open Data movement.
.... 52.2. Data Openness in EU
.... 62.3. Open Data in Latin America, Asia and Africa.
.... 8Emerging trends and issues related to Open Data...
. 113.1. Cost of not opening PSI is increasing
... 113.2. Creative, unforeseen uses of local Open Data increase.
... 123.3. Legal issues remain crucial
... 133.4. The price of digitization
... 143.5. The nature of Open Government and the relationship between citizens and Government
... 153.6. Clearer vision of the real risks and limits of Open Data
... 163.6. 1. Data alterations and financial sustainability.
... 173.6. 2. Real impact of data manipulation or misunderstanding.
... 173.6. 3. Unequal access.
... 193.6. 4. Lack of education to data
... 20S. fo. S. Lack of public interest
.... 213.6. 6. Unprepared Public Administrators...
... 223.7. The privacy problem.
... 223.8. Need to better define what is Public Data.
... 23Conclusion : seven Open Data strategy and best pra
. 274.1. Properly define and explain both Open Data and Public Data
... 274.2. Keep political issues separated by economics ones.
... 274.3. Keep past and future separate
... 284.4. Impose proper licensing and streamline procurement.
... 294.5. Educate citizens to understand and use data.
... 304.6. Focus on local, specific issues to raise interest for Open Data.
... 314.7. Involve NGOs, charities and business associations.
... 32
", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1. Introduction**\nThis report is the final deliverable of the Open Data, Open Society research project. It follows the \n\npublication of the Open Data, Open Society report, finished in late October 2010 and published in \n\nearly January 2011. That first report focused on explaining the critical importance of digital data in \n\ncontemporary society and business activities; defining Open Data; giving examples on their \n\npotential, especially at the local level, on transparency and economics activities; finally, defining \n\nsummarizing some general best practices. \n\nThis second report looks at what happened in the Open Data arena after October 2010. After some \n\nconsiderations on the general social and political background in late 2010/early 2011, it is divided \n\nin two main parts. The first describes some emerging trends and issues related to Open Data, that \n\ngot minor or no coverage in the first report. The second part discusses some practices and actions to \n\nfollow to deal with those trends and issues. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf", - "query": "What are Steinberg's concerns about the government releasing all non-private existing data?", - "target_page": 28, - "target_passage": "The first reasons for Steinberg's concern is that asking for everything as soon as possible would \"stress the system too much, by spreading thin the finite amount of good will, money and political capital\". The second is that many existing old data and data archival systems are, in practice, so uninteresting that it wouldn't make sense to spend resources in opening them", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**4.3. Keep past and future separate**\nFor the same reason why it is important to always distinguishes between political and economical \n\nadvantages (or disadvantages) of Open Data, it is necessary to keep decisions about*future*data \n\n(those that will arrive in the future, due to new contracts, public services and so on) separate from \n\nthose about data that already exist. At the end of 2010, T. Steinberg wrote that the idea that \n\nGovernment should publish everything non-private it can**now**is \"rather dangerous\", and that it \n\nwould be much better to release nothing until someone actually asked for it, and at that point doing \n\nit right, that is with an open license and so on. The first reasons for Steinberg's concern is that \n\nasking for everything as soon as possible would*\"stress the system too much, by spreading thin the*\n\n*finite amount of good will, money and political capital\"*. The second is that many existing old data \n\nand data archival systems are, in practice, so uninteresting that it wouldn't make sense to spend \n\nresources in opening them. \n\nEven if these concerns were always true, it is important to realize that they apply (especially the \n\nsecond) to already existing data, not to future ones. The two classes of data have, or can have, very ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "more concrete over time is damage control. In a world that produces digital data without \n\ninterruption, uncontrolled and unpredictable data releases are facts of life that are very hard to \n\npredict, practically impossible to avoid and increasingly common. Opening public government data, \n\nthat is providing plenty of officially verified information, becomes therefore also a damage control \n\nsolution, to prevent or at least minimize damages from such uncontrolled releases. Without official \n\nOpen Public Data, individual citizens, political parties or other organizations will start to process \n\nand compare (if they already aren't...) data from unofficial sources anyway, maybe from different \n\ncountries. In such cases, it will be unavoidable not reach sometimes, even in good faith, wrong \n\nconclusions. This is not some theoretical possibility far in the future, as this real world example \n\n(from a comment to an Open Data discussion in an italian blog) proves: \n\n\"*on the*[non italian]*Geonames website you can download geo-referenced data*\n*about... 47000 Italian municipalities. That worries me, because there are only 8094 of*\n*them. Besides, I grabbed a few random data about population, and I can guarantee you*\n*that not one was right. What should be done in such cases?*", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "happening in the very same period in which*\" we are observing a worldwide diffusion of access to*\n\n*information laws that empower citizens to hold government agencies accountable.\"*\n\nIn such a context, \"Public Data\"is critical just because it is a much bigger set of data than what \n\nconstitutes traditional, official PSI. \"Public Data\" includes all that information*plus*the much bigger \n\namount of data describing and measuring all the activities of private companies, from bus \n\ntimetables to packaged food ingredients, aqueducts performances and composition of fumes \n\nreleased in the atmosphere, that have a*direct impact*on the health and rights of all citizens of the \n\ncommunities affected by the activities of those companies. \n\nAre such data \"Public\" today, in the sense defined at the beginning of this paragraph, that is \n\nsomething every citizen has the right to know without intermediaries or delegates, or not? Should \n\nthey be public? If yes, shouldn't law mandate that all such data be Open (that is, published online as \n\nsoon as possible, in machine readable format with an open license etc...) just like, for example, the \n\nbudget of some Ministry? Answering these questions may be one of the biggest challenges for the \n\nOpen Data community, and for society as a whole, in the next years. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Most Open Data have nothing personal to begin with (examples: digital maps, budgets, air \n\npollution measurements....) \n\n2. The majority of data that are directly related to individuals (e.g. things like names and \n\naddress of people with specific diseases, or who were victims of some crime) have no reason \n\nto be published,**nor there is any actual demand for them by Open Data advocates**\n\n3. Exceptions that limit privacy for specific cases and categories of people (e.g. candidates to \n\npublic offices, Government and Parliament members etc...) already exist in many countries \n\n4. Very often, in practice, Open Data struggles only happen about*when and how*to make \n\navailable in the most effective way for society information that was*already*recognized as \n\npublic.*What*to declare public, hence open, is indeed a serious issue (more on this in the next \n\nparagraph) but is a separate one. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.6.1. Data alterations and financial sustainability**\n\nSome concerns about the limits of Open Data are about what may happen, or stop to happen,*before*\n\nthey are published online. The most common concerns of this type are (from Open Public Data: \n\nThen What? - Part 1): \n\n1. Opening up PSI causes those data to not be produced anymore, or to be only produced as \n\nprivate property by private corporations, because the public agencies whose job was to \n\nproduce those data, can't sell them anymore. \n\n2. total accessibility of data provides more incentives to tinker with them, at the risk of \n\nreducing trust in institutions and inhibiting decision-making even more than today. \n\nData manipulation is the topic of the next paragraph. Speaking of costs, a point to take into account \n\nis that, once data are open, routinely used and monitored by as many independent users as possible, \n\neven the cost of keeping them up to date may be sensibly reduced: in other words, in the \n\nmedium/long term Open Data may reduce the need to periodically perform complete, that is very \n\nexpensive, studies and surveys to update a whole corpus of data in one run. \n\nBesides, and above all, even if opening data always destroyed any source of income for the public ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "What is, exactly, Public Data? A definition that is accepted almost implicitly is*\"data that is of*\n\n*public interest, that belongs to the whole community, data that every citizen is surely entitled to*\n\n*know and use\"*. This definition is so generic that accepting it together with the assumption that all \n\nsuch data should be open as preached by the Open Data movement (online, as soon as possible, in \n\nmachine readable format with an open license etc...) doesn't create any particular problem or \n\nconflict. \n\nReal problems however start as it has happened all too often so far, whenever we assume more or \n\nless consciously that \"Public Data\" in the sense defined above and data directly produced by \n\nGovernments and Public Administrations, that is what's normally called PSI (Public Sector \n\nInformation) are the same thing. \n\nThere is no doubt that Governments and Public Administrations produce huge quantities of Public \n\nData. But this is an age of privatization of many public services, from transportation to healthcare, \n\nenergy and water management. This is an age in which many activities with potentially very serious \n\nimpacts on whole communities, like processing of hazardous substances or toxic waste, happen \n\n*outside*Public Administrations. The paradox is that, as Sasaki put it, this increased privatization is ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "existent. \n\nAbove all, unlike the content of most Wikileaks documents, Open Data are almost always data that \n\nshould surely be open, unlike wartime military reports, and that almost never contain any personal \n\ninformation. In summary, whatever the conclusions about Wikileaks are, they could not be \n\nconclusions against Open Data, because there are too many differences between the two \n\nmovements. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "difference whether those third parties are private, for-profit corporations or even other Public \n\nAdministrations. Unless, of course, there are national laws already in place that define in advance \n\nwhat is the license of all present and future Public Data,*no matter how they were generated and by*\n\n*whom*, those data can be lost in any moment for society. In all other cases, the legal status of data \n\nwill be either officially closed and locked, or uncertain enough to prevent most or all reuses. In \n\nFebruary 2011, the news came that, even if they weren't the original copyright holders, Public \n\nEngines had been able to put together enough legal claims to convince Report See to give up. \n\nDisputes like this should not happen and would not happen if all contracts regarding collection and \n\nmanagement of PSI clearly specified that all the resulting data either go directly into the public \n\ndomain (after being anonymized if necessary, of course) or remain exclusive property of the ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**4.1. Properly define and explain both Open Data and Public**\n**Data**\nJust because Open Data is becoming more popular (and, we may say, more and more necessary \n\nevery year), it is essential to intensify efforts to explain, both to the general public and to public \n\nadministrators, that \n\n1.**Privacy issues are almost always a non-issue.**Quoting from What \"open data\" means - \n\nand what it doesn't):*Privacy and/or security concerns with putting all the government's data*\n\n*out there are a separate issue that shouldn't be confused with Open Data. Whether data*\n\n*should be made publicly available is where privacy concerns come into play. Once it has*\n\n*been determined that government data should be made public, then it should be done*\n\n*openly.*\n\n2. Defining as Public and consequently opening them in the right way,*much more data*than \n\nthose born and stored*inside*Public Administration is an urgent task that is in the best \n\ninterest of all citizens and businesses ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "digital, attacks to privacy and to civil rights in general can and are coming by so many other sides \n\nthat those from (properly done) Open Data are a really tiny percentage of the total. \n\nThis is a consequence of the fact that data about us end up online from the most different sources \n\n(including ourselves and our acquaintances), and that often it would be very hard to discover, never \n\nmind*prove*, that they've been used against our interest. There have been concerns, for example, that \n\ninsurance companies may charge higher fees for life insurance to those among their customers \n\nwho... put online a family tree from which it shows that they come from families with an average \n\nlife expectancy lower than usual. \n\nAssuming such concerns were real, would it always be possible to spot and prove such abuses of \n\ndata, that weren't even published by any Public Administration? Of course, publishing online \n\ncomplete, official Census data of several generations, in a way that would make such automatic \n\nanalysis possible would be a totally different matter. \n\nGetting rid of all the unjustified concerns about privacy is very simple, at least in theory. All is \n\nneeded to dismiss for good the idea that Open Data is a generalized attack to privacy is to always \n\nremember and explain that: ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf", - "query": "How did serum estradiol and progesterone levels change during pregnancy?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Serum hormone concentrations increased significantly over the course of pregnancy and dropped precipitously postpartum", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Worldwide, nearly 85% of women experience one or more pregnancies \nin their lifetime1, with 140 million women becoming pregnant each \nyear. Over an approximately 40-week gestational window, the maternal \nbody undergoes profound physiological adaptations to support the \ndevelopment of the fetus, including increases in plasma volume, meta- \nbolic rate, oxygen consumption and immune regulation2. These rapid \nadaptations are initiated by 100-fold to 1,000-fold increases in hormone \nproduction, including estrogen and progesterone. These neuromodu- \nlatory hormones also drive significant reorganization of the central \nnervous system. Evidence from animal models and human studies con- \nverge on pregnancy as a period of remarkable neuroplasticity3–10 (see \nref. 10 for one of the earliest known observations). Gestational increases \nin steroid hormone synthesis drive neurogenesis, dendritic spine \ngrowth, microglial proliferation, myelination and astrocyte remodeling \n(for review, see ref. 11). These cellular changes are pronounced in brain \ncircuits that promote maternal behavior. For example, Ammari et al. \nrecently discovered that steroid hormones can fine-tune the response \nproperties of galanin neurons in the rodent medial preoptic area of \nthe hypothalamus (mPOA), leading to enhanced sensitivity in dams \nto sensory cues from newborn pups12. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In contrast, GMV within regions of the default mode (subnetwork \nC), limbic (subnetworks A and B) and visual peripheral networks buck \nthe global trend by slightly increasing (for example, temporal poles), \nremaining constant (for example, orbitofrontal cortex) or reducing at \na much slower rate (for example, extrastriate cortex) than total GMV \n(Fig. 2a,b and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). CT changes in these \nregions exhibit similar patterns (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supple- \nmentary Tables 4 and 5). \n\n**Results**\n**Serological evaluations**\nSerological evaluations captured canonical hormone fluctuations \ncharacteristic of the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods (Fig. 1b). \nSerum hormone concentrations increased significantly over the course \nof pregnancy and dropped precipitously postpartum (preconcep- \ntion, estradiol (E) = 3.42 pg ml−1 and progesterone (P) = 0.84 ng ml−1; \n3 weeks preparturition, E = 12,400 pg ml−1 and P = 103 ng ml−1; 3 months \npostparturition, E = 11.50 pg ml−1 and P = 0.04 ng ml−1). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "b Sex steroid hormones \n12,500 \n\n17β-estradiol \nProgesterone \n\n1 \n– \nl \n\nm \ng \np \nl \n\no \nd \na \nr \nt \ns \ne \n- \nβ \n7 \n1 \n\ni ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Similar precision imaging studies have captured dynamic brain \nreorganization across other neuroendocrine transitions, such as the \nmenstrual cycle (see review in ref. 28), underscoring the powerful \nrole steroid hormones have in shaping the mammalian brain29. Endo- \ncrine changes across pregnancy dwarf those that occur across the \nmenstrual cycle, which highlights the critical need to map the brain’s \nresponse to this unique hormonal state. Broad physiological changes \noccur in tandem with the rise in steroid hormones, including changes \nin body mass composition, water retention, immune function and The neuroanatomical changes that unfold during matrescence \nmay have broad implications for understanding individual differences \nin parental behavior13,24,30,31, vulnerability to mental health disorders32,33 \nand patterns of brain aging18,19,34–36. Decreases in GMV may reflect \n‘fine-tuning’ of the brain by neuromodulatory hormones in prepara- \ntion for parenthood26. For example, in rodents, steroid hormones \npromote parental behavior by remodeling specific neural circuits in the \nmedial preoptic area of the hypothalamus. These behavioral adapta- \ntions are critical to the dam’s ability to meet the demands of caring for ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
20.Cotridge, A. et al. Change in brain size during and after pregnancy : study in healthy women and women with preeclampsia. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23.19 – 26 ( 2002 ).38.
21.Paternina - Di, M. et al. Women ’ s neuroplasticity during gestation, childbirth and postpartum. Nat. Neurosci. 27.399 – 327 ( 2024 ).39.
22.Makris, N. et al. Decreased volume of the brain reward system in alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry 64.192 - 202 ( 2008 ).23.
Filevich, E. et al. Day2day : investigating daily variability of magnetic resonance imaging measures over half a year. BMC Neurosci. 18.65 ( 2017 ).40.24.
Dulac, C., O ’ Connell, L. A. & Wu, Z. Neural control of maternal and paternal behaviors. Science 345.765 – 770 ( 2014 ).41.25.
Carmona, S. et al. Pregnancy and adolescence entail similar neuroanatomical adaptations. a comparative analysis of cerebral morphometric changes. Hum. Brain Mapp, 40.2143 – 2152 ( 209 ).42.26.
Pawluski, J. L., Hoekzema, E., Leuner, B. & Lonstein, J. S. Less canTableTable
be more. fine tuning the maternal brain. Neurosci. Biobehax. Rev. 133.104475 ( 2022 ).43.27.
Martinez - Garcia, M., Jacobs, E. G., de Lange, A. M. G. & Carmona, S. Advancing the neuroscience of human pregnancy. Nat. Neurosci, ZT, 805 – 807 ( 2024 ).44.28.
Pritschet, L., Taylor, C. M., Santander, T. & Jacobs, E. G. Applying dense - sampling methods to reveal dynamic endocrine45.Table
modulation of the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 40.72 – 78 ( 2021 ).46.29.
Taxier, L. R., Gross, K. S. & Frick, K. M. Oestradiol as a neuromodulator of learning and memory. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2f,47.Table
535 – 550 ( 2020 ).48.30.
Kohl, J. et al. Functional circuit architecture underlying parental behaviour. Nature 556.326 – 331 ( 2018 ). Article 7701.31.Rodrigo, M. J. et al. Inferior fronto - temporo - occipital connectivity : a missing link between maltreated girls and neglectful mothers. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. It, 1658 – 1665 ( 2016 ).
Pubjuris32.Pawluski, J. L., L., Lonstein, J. S. & Fleming, A. S. The neurobiology of postpartum anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 40.106 – 120 ( 2017 ).
Ope Attrition33.Barba - Muller, E., Craddock, S., Carmona, S. & Hoekzema, E. Brain plasticity in pregnancy and the postpartum period : links to maternal caregiving and mental health. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 22.289 – 299 ( 2019 ).
adapas last south34.Barth, C. & de Lange, A.- M. G. Towards an understanding of women ’ s brain aging the immunology of pregnancy and menopause. Front. Neuroendocrinol, 58.100850 ( 2020 ).
artic individual incleaves35.Orchard, E. R., Rutherford, H. J. V., Holmes, A. J. & Jamadar, S. D. Matrescence. Ufetime impact of motherhood on cognition and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. Zf, 302 – 316 [ 2023 ].
use use, hold36.Duarte - Guterman, F : et al. Cellular and molecular signatures of motherhood in the adult and ageing rat brain. Open Biol. 10.230217 ( 2023 ).
org /
", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "50 \nWeeks since conception \n\ncolors denote pregnancy stage. The participant underwent IVF to achieve \npregnancy, allowing for precise mapping of ovulation, conception and gestation \nweek.**d**, Summary (that is, total) of brain measures throughout the experiment. \nGeneralized additive models revealed GMV, CT and total brain volume decreased \nthroughout pregnancy (see Methods for validation with cubic regression), with \na slight recovery postpartum. Global QA, lateral ventricle and CSF volumes \ndisplayed nonlinear increases across gestation, with a notable rise in the second \nand third trimesters before dropping sharply postpartum. Shaded regions \nrepresent 95% confidence bands; solid lines indicate model fit; dashed line \nindicates parturition. **Fig. 1 | Precision imaging reveals neuroanatomical changes throughout**\n**gestation. a**, Standard medical demarcations for pregnancy stages (that is, \ntrimesters) by gestation week (the image is created with BioRender.com). \n**b**, Steroid hormones increased significantly throughout pregnancy and dropped \nprecipitously postpartum, as is characteristic of the prenatal and postnatal \nperiods.**c**, A healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman underwent 26 scanning \nsessions from 3 weeks preconception through 2 years postpartum. Scans were \ndistributed throughout preconception (four scans), first trimester (four scans), \nsecond trimester (six scans), third trimester (five scans) and postpartum \n(seven scans); tick marks indicate when major measures were collected and ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "7. Celik, A., Somer, M., Kukreja, B., Wu, T. & Kalish, B. T. The \n\ngenomic architecture of pregnancy-associated plasticity in \nthe maternal mouse hippocampus.*eNeuro***9**, ENEURO.0117-22. \n2022 (2022). \n8. Puri, T. A., Richard, J. E. & Galea, L. A. M. Beyond sex differences: \n\nshort- and long-term effects of pregnancy on the brain.*Trends*\n*Neurosci.***46**, 459–471 (2023). \n9. Chaker, Z. et al. Pregnancy-responsive pools of adult neural \n\nstem cells for transient neurogenesis in mothers.*Science***382**, \n958–963 (2023). \n\n10. Diamond, M. C., Johnson, R. E. & Ingham, C. Brain plasticity \ninduced by environment and pregnancy.*Int. J. Neurosci.***2**, \n171–178 (1971). \n11. Servin-Barthet, C. et al. The transition to motherhood: \n\nlinking hormones, brain and behaviour.*Nat. Rev. Neurosci.***24**, \n605–619 (2023). ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**References**\n1. World Health Organization. Maternal, newborn, child and \nadolescent health and ageing. platform.who.int/data/ \nmaternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing (2022). \n\n2. Thornburg, K. L., Bagby, S. P. & Giraud, G. D.*Knobil and Neill’s*\n*Physiology of Reproduction*pp. 1927–1955 (Elsevier, 2015). \n3. Brunton, P. J. & Russell, J. A. The expectant brain: adapting for \nmotherhood.*Nat. Rev. Neurosci.***9**, 11–25 (2008). \n4. Gregg, C. Pregnancy, prolactin and white matter regeneration. \n*J. Neurol. Sci.***285**, 22–27 (2009). \n5. Haim, A. et al. A survey of neuroimmune changes in pregnant \n\nand postpartum female rats.*Brain Behav. Immun.***59**, \n67–78 (2017). \n6. Barrière, D. A. et al. Brain orchestration of pregnancy and \n\nmaternal behavior in mice: a longitudinal morphometric study. \n*NeuroImage***230**, 117776 (2021). ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In humans, reductions in gray matter volume (GMV) have \nbeen observed postpartum13–16, particularly in regions central to \ntheory-of-mind processing13. These GMV changes persist at 6 years \npostpartum17 and are traceable decades later18,19, underscoring the \npermanence of this major remodeling event. And yet the changes that \noccur within the maternal brain during gestation itself are virtually \nunknown (see ref. 20 for early neuroimaging insight). A recent study by \nPaternina-Die et al. offers intriguing clues21. Women were scanned once \nin the third trimester and again in the postpartum period, revealing a \nreduction of cortical volume observable in the late pregnancy scan. \nThese findings suggest that pregnancy is a highly dynamic period for \nneural remodeling, yet neuroscientists lack a detailed map of how the \nhuman brain changes throughout the gestational period. \n\nHere we conducted a precision imaging study of pregnancy in \nwhich a healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman underwent 26 mag- \nnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and venipuncture beginning \n3 weeks preconception through 2 years postpartum. We observed \nwidespread reductions in cortical GMV and cortical thickness (CT) \noccurring in step with advancing gestational week and the dramatic \nrise in sex hormone production. Remodeling was also evident within ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To monitor state-dependent mood and lifestyle measures, the \nfollowing scales were administered on each experiment day: Perceived \nStress Scale50, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index51, State-Trait Anxiety \nInventory for Adults52 and Profile of Mood States53. Correlation analy- \nses between state-dependent measures, summary brain metrics and \ngestation week revealed little to no relationships. The only exception \nto this was a moderate negative association between global QA and \nstate anxiety (Spearman’s correlation (*ρ*) = −0.65,*q*= 0.04; baseline—36 \nweeks,*n*= 16). By making this data openly accessible, we encourage a \nmore nuanced approach toward exploring mood and lifestyle measures \nin relation to brain changes over pregnancy. \n\n**Endocrine procedures**\nThe participant underwent a blood draw (*n*= 19; Fig. 1c) before \nMRI scanning. Sex steroid concentrations were determined via \nultra-sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry at the \nBrigham and Women’s Hospital Research Assay Core (BRAC). Assay \nsensitivities, dynamic range and intra-assay coefficients of variation \n\nNature Neuroscience ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf", - "query": "Which cortical sub-networks were particularly sensitive to pregnancy?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu- larly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali- ence ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork B), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B) networks", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Cortical volume and thickness changes tied to gestation**\nWe then narrowed the aperture to capture changes unfolding within \ngestation itself (baseline—36 weeks pregnant, 19 scans). Relationships \nbetween summary brain metrics were evident over the gestational \nperiod as follows: total brain volume, GMV and CT were positively asso- \nciated with one another, whereas lateral ventricles, CSF and global QA \ndemonstrated negative relationships with GMV (Supplementary Fig. 1). \nChanges in GMV were near-ubiquitous across the cortical mantle \n(Fig. 2a). Most large-scale brain networks exhibited decreases in GMV \n(Fig. 2b and Supplementary Table 1); indeed, 80% of the 400 regions of \ninterest (ROI) demonstrated negative relationships between GMV and \ngestation week (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 2). Together, these \nresults provide evidence of a global decrease in cortical volume across \npregnancy. Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu- \nlarly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali- \nence/ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork \nB), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B) \nnetworks (Supplementary Table 1). Regions driving these network-level \nchanges include the bilateral inferior parietal lobe, postcentral gyri, \ninsulae, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate and somatosensory \ncortex (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Table 2 and validation of findings using \nalternate pipeline in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3). These regions and ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Fig. 3 | Subcortical GMV changed throughout gestation. a**, Multivariate \nregression analyses revealed largely negative relationships between gestation \nweek and subcortical GMV regions over pregnancy, including bilateral thalamus, \ncaudate, hippocampus, ventral diencephalon (encompassing hypothalamus, \nsubstantia nigra, mammillary body and red nucleus) and left caudate. Lateral \nventricles displayed the only positive relationships with gestation week \n(also depicted in Fig. 1d). The whole-brain subcortical GMV estimates shown \nhere were derived via FreeSurfer and ‘aseg’ subcortical segmentation. FDR- \ncorrected at*q*< 0.05. Inset, right ventral diencephalon displayed the strongest \nnegative association with gestation (left; baseline—36 weeks, 19 scans) and did \nnot return to baseline postpartum (right; gestation and postpartum, 26 scans). \n**b**, The participant’s hippocampus and surrounding cortex were segmented \ninto seven bilateral subregions. Quadratic (CA1, CA2/CA3) and linear regression \nanalyses (PHC) revealed subfields were negatively associated with gestation \nweek (baseline—36 weeks, 18 scans) and did not return to baseline postpartum \n(gestation and postpartum, 25 scans). Shaded regions in scatterplots represent \na 95% confidence interval. Each boxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a \nhorizontal line representing the median value. The whiskers indicate variability \noutside (±1.5) of this range. Outside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either \nend of the box. FDR-corrected at*q*< 0.05. For**a**and**b**, nonsignificant regions \nwere set to zero for interpretability. See Supplementary Fig. 6 for complete \nlabeling of regions in both segmentations. Brain visualizations created with R \npackage ggseg48*.*DC, diencephalon. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Subcortical GMV changes tied to gestation**\nConsistent with the broader cortical reductions in GMV, several subcor- \ntical regions significantly reduced in volume across gestation (Fig. 3a, \nleft). This included bilateral ventral diencephalon (right hemisphere \nvalues shown in Fig. 3a, right; encompasses hypothalamus, substantia \nnigra, mammillary body, lateral geniculate nucleus and red nucleus \namong others22), caudate, hippocampus and thalamus, along with left \nputamen and brain stem (Supplementary Table 6,*q*< 0.05). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Fig. 2 | Cortical GMV showed widespread change through gestation and**\n**postpartum. a**, Multivariate regression analyses reveal largely negative \nrelationships between gestation week and regional GMV, with only a minority \nof regions unaffected or increasing over the gestational window (baseline—36 \nweeks). All associations presented here were corrected for multiple comparisons \n(FDR at*q*< 0.05; nonsignificant values set to zero for interpretability).**b**, Average \nnetwork change was calculated by estimating GMV percent change from baseline \n(initial) to 36 weeks gestation (final). Attention and control networks appear \nmost affected.**c**, Six representative regions, classified by major subnetworks, \nthat exhibit pronounced GMV change across gestation. For each panel, we \ndisplay a scatterplot between average GMV of the ROIs and gestation week \n(left; gestation sessions only, 19 scans), and summary GMV of ROIs by pregnancy \nstage across the whole study (right; gestation and postpartum sessions, 26 scans). Shaded regions in scatterplots represent a 95% confidence interval. Each \nboxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a horizontal line representing the \nmedian value. The whiskers indicate variability outside (±1.5) of this range. \nOutside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either end of the box. All statistical \ntests were corrected for multiple comparisons (FDR at*q*< 0.05) and values \nwere*z*scored and transformed to have a mean of zero and s.d. of one for easier \ncomparison across regions. Please note that the data values shown here are raw \n(see Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Supplementary Data 1 for exhaustive list). \nBrain visualizations created with R package ggseg48. IQR, interquartile range; \nLat, lateral; Med, medial; DMN, default mode network; VisPeri, visual peripheral \nnetwork; SomMot, somatomotor network; VisCent, visual central network; Cont, \ncontrol network; TempPar, temporal parietal network; DorsAttn, dorsal attention \nnetwork; SalVentAttn, salience/ventral attention network. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "7. Celik, A., Somer, M., Kukreja, B., Wu, T. & Kalish, B. T. The \n\ngenomic architecture of pregnancy-associated plasticity in \nthe maternal mouse hippocampus.*eNeuro***9**, ENEURO.0117-22. \n2022 (2022). \n8. Puri, T. A., Richard, J. E. & Galea, L. A. M. Beyond sex differences: \n\nshort- and long-term effects of pregnancy on the brain.*Trends*\n*Neurosci.***46**, 459–471 (2023). \n9. Chaker, Z. et al. Pregnancy-responsive pools of adult neural \n\nstem cells for transient neurogenesis in mothers.*Science***382**, \n958–963 (2023). \n\n10. Diamond, M. C., Johnson, R. E. & Ingham, C. Brain plasticity \ninduced by environment and pregnancy.*Int. J. Neurosci.***2**, \n171–178 (1971). \n11. Servin-Barthet, C. et al. The transition to motherhood: \n\nlinking hormones, brain and behaviour.*Nat. Rev. Neurosci.***24**, \n605–619 (2023). ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "sleep patterns11. These factors could have a role in the brain changes \nobserved here, with some driving neurobiological changes and others, \nlike water retention, potentially affecting MRI-based measurements. \nNote that, although cortical reductions in GMV over gestation were \nstable across analyses, accounting for QC measures influenced the \nmagnitude and location of these results. These metrics all fell within \nthe standard range, but there may be meaningful reductions in signal \nthat accompany volumetric reductions (for example, increased CSF \nand decreased GM)—a methodological nuance that goes beyond the \nscope of this resource study. Ultimately, identifying the shared and \nunique contributions of these factors to the neuroanatomical changes \nthat unfold across gestation warrants further investigation. Deeply \nphenotyping a large and diverse cohort of women across pregnancy will \nopen up new avenues of exploration, for example, allowing research- \ners to link blood-based proteomic signatures to pregnancy outcomes; \ndeploying wearable devices to monitor changes in sleep, cognition and \nmood; and probing the broader social and environmental determinants \nof maternal health27. overlook the full range of changes that unfold within the gestational \nwindow, and underrepresent the brain’s metamorphosis during preg- \nnancy. Furthermore, although observed changes were largely global, \nsome regions displayed notable stability (for example, extrastriate cor- \ntex). The subcortical region that displayed the strongest relationship \nwith gestation week was the ventral diencephalon, which encompasses \nthe hypothalamus and subsequent medial preoptic area and paraven- \ntricular nucleus—structures critical for inducing maternal behavior12,16. \nThe hippocampus exhibited a reduction in volume across gestation, \nand with higher spatial resolution, this reduction was revealed to be \ndriven by changes in CA1 and CA2/CA3 subfield volumes, while other \nhippocampal subfields remained stable. Adjacent PHC within the \nMTL also exhibited volume reduction across gestation. While our hip- \npocampal findings are consistent with pre/post studies of pregnancy13, \nthe precision lens applied within gestation revealed the nonlinear \nnature of this reduction. Recapitulating and clarifying these region- \nally specific patterns of volume change throughout the MTL merits \nfurther investigation. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Worldwide, nearly 85% of women experience one or more pregnancies \nin their lifetime1, with 140 million women becoming pregnant each \nyear. Over an approximately 40-week gestational window, the maternal \nbody undergoes profound physiological adaptations to support the \ndevelopment of the fetus, including increases in plasma volume, meta- \nbolic rate, oxygen consumption and immune regulation2. These rapid \nadaptations are initiated by 100-fold to 1,000-fold increases in hormone \nproduction, including estrogen and progesterone. These neuromodu- \nlatory hormones also drive significant reorganization of the central \nnervous system. Evidence from animal models and human studies con- \nverge on pregnancy as a period of remarkable neuroplasticity3–10 (see \nref. 10 for one of the earliest known observations). Gestational increases \nin steroid hormone synthesis drive neurogenesis, dendritic spine \ngrowth, microglial proliferation, myelination and astrocyte remodeling \n(for review, see ref. 11). These cellular changes are pronounced in brain \ncircuits that promote maternal behavior. For example, Ammari et al. \nrecently discovered that steroid hormones can fine-tune the response \nproperties of galanin neurons in the rodent medial preoptic area of \nthe hypothalamus (mPOA), leading to enhanced sensitivity in dams \nto sensory cues from newborn pups12. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
20.Cotridge, A. et al. Change in brain size during and after pregnancy : study in healthy women and women with preeclampsia. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 23.19 – 26 ( 2002 ).38.
21.Paternina - Di, M. et al. Women ’ s neuroplasticity during gestation, childbirth and postpartum. Nat. Neurosci. 27.399 – 327 ( 2024 ).39.
22.Makris, N. et al. Decreased volume of the brain reward system in alcoholism. Biol. Psychiatry 64.192 - 202 ( 2008 ).23.
Filevich, E. et al. Day2day : investigating daily variability of magnetic resonance imaging measures over half a year. BMC Neurosci. 18.65 ( 2017 ).40.24.
Dulac, C., O ’ Connell, L. A. & Wu, Z. Neural control of maternal and paternal behaviors. Science 345.765 – 770 ( 2014 ).41.25.
Carmona, S. et al. Pregnancy and adolescence entail similar neuroanatomical adaptations. a comparative analysis of cerebral morphometric changes. Hum. Brain Mapp, 40.2143 – 2152 ( 209 ).42.26.
Pawluski, J. L., Hoekzema, E., Leuner, B. & Lonstein, J. S. Less canTableTable
be more. fine tuning the maternal brain. Neurosci. Biobehax. Rev. 133.104475 ( 2022 ).43.27.
Martinez - Garcia, M., Jacobs, E. G., de Lange, A. M. G. & Carmona, S. Advancing the neuroscience of human pregnancy. Nat. Neurosci, ZT, 805 – 807 ( 2024 ).44.28.
Pritschet, L., Taylor, C. M., Santander, T. & Jacobs, E. G. Applying dense - sampling methods to reveal dynamic endocrine45.Table
modulation of the nervous system. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 40.72 – 78 ( 2021 ).46.29.
Taxier, L. R., Gross, K. S. & Frick, K. M. Oestradiol as a neuromodulator of learning and memory. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2f,47.Table
535 – 550 ( 2020 ).48.30.
Kohl, J. et al. Functional circuit architecture underlying parental behaviour. Nature 556.326 – 331 ( 2018 ). Article 7701.31.Rodrigo, M. J. et al. Inferior fronto - temporo - occipital connectivity : a missing link between maltreated girls and neglectful mothers. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. It, 1658 – 1665 ( 2016 ).
Pubjuris32.Pawluski, J. L., L., Lonstein, J. S. & Fleming, A. S. The neurobiology of postpartum anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci. 40.106 – 120 ( 2017 ).
Ope Attrition33.Barba - Muller, E., Craddock, S., Carmona, S. & Hoekzema, E. Brain plasticity in pregnancy and the postpartum period : links to maternal caregiving and mental health. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 22.289 – 299 ( 2019 ).
adapas last south34.Barth, C. & de Lange, A.- M. G. Towards an understanding of women ’ s brain aging the immunology of pregnancy and menopause. Front. Neuroendocrinol, 58.100850 ( 2020 ).
artic individual incleaves35.Orchard, E. R., Rutherford, H. J. V., Holmes, A. J. & Jamadar, S. D. Matrescence. Ufetime impact of motherhood on cognition and the brain. Trends Cogn. Sci. Zf, 302 – 316 [ 2023 ].
use use, hold36.Duarte - Guterman, F : et al. Cellular and molecular signatures of motherhood in the adult and ageing rat brain. Open Biol. 10.230217 ( 2023 ).
org /
", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In contrast, GMV within regions of the default mode (subnetwork \nC), limbic (subnetworks A and B) and visual peripheral networks buck \nthe global trend by slightly increasing (for example, temporal poles), \nremaining constant (for example, orbitofrontal cortex) or reducing at \na much slower rate (for example, extrastriate cortex) than total GMV \n(Fig. 2a,b and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). CT changes in these \nregions exhibit similar patterns (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supple- \nmentary Tables 4 and 5). \n\n**Results**\n**Serological evaluations**\nSerological evaluations captured canonical hormone fluctuations \ncharacteristic of the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods (Fig. 1b). \nSerum hormone concentrations increased significantly over the course \nof pregnancy and dropped precipitously postpartum (preconcep- \ntion, estradiol (E) = 3.42 pg ml−1 and progesterone (P) = 0.84 ng ml−1; \n3 weeks preparturition, E = 12,400 pg ml−1 and P = 103 ng ml−1; 3 months \npostparturition, E = 11.50 pg ml−1 and P = 0.04 ng ml−1). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "outstanding questions. This study and corresponding open-access \ndataset offer neuroscientists a detailed map of the human brain across \ngestation, a resource for which a wide range of previously unattainable \nneurobiological questions can now be explored. \n\nor neuron number, synaptic density and myelination (for review on \nthe latter, see ref. 4). Future studies of the relationship between fluid \ndynamics and volumetric changes will help clarify the factors that drive \nglobal neural changes during pregnancy; such insights will have broad \nimplications for maternal health (for example, neurological effects tied \nto pre-eclampsia or edema). \n\nOur findings from this precision imaging study show that preg- \nnancy is characterized by reductions in GMV, cortical thinning and \nenhanced white matter microstructural integrity that unfold week by \nweek. These changes were also tied to the significant rise in steroid hor- \nmone concentrations over pregnancy. Some of these changes persist \nat 2 years postpartum (for example, global reductions in GMV and CT), \nwhile others, including markers of white matter integrity, appear to be \ntransient. Ventricular expansion and contraction parallel these cortical \nchanges. These widespread patterns, and the notable increase in CSF \nvolume across gestation, could reflect increased water retention and \nsubsequent compression of cortical tissue. However, the persistence \nof these changes at 2 years postpartum and regional variation in GMV, \nCT and QA, hint at cellular underpinnings, such as alterations in glia ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf", - "query": "What may reflect the decrease in GMV during pregnancy?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": " Decreases in GMV may reflect ‘fine-tuning’ of the brain by neuromodulatory hormones in prepara- tion for parenthood", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Subcortical GMV changes tied to gestation**\nConsistent with the broader cortical reductions in GMV, several subcor- \ntical regions significantly reduced in volume across gestation (Fig. 3a, \nleft). This included bilateral ventral diencephalon (right hemisphere \nvalues shown in Fig. 3a, right; encompasses hypothalamus, substantia \nnigra, mammillary body, lateral geniculate nucleus and red nucleus \namong others22), caudate, hippocampus and thalamus, along with left \nputamen and brain stem (Supplementary Table 6,*q*< 0.05). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "sleep patterns11. These factors could have a role in the brain changes \nobserved here, with some driving neurobiological changes and others, \nlike water retention, potentially affecting MRI-based measurements. \nNote that, although cortical reductions in GMV over gestation were \nstable across analyses, accounting for QC measures influenced the \nmagnitude and location of these results. These metrics all fell within \nthe standard range, but there may be meaningful reductions in signal \nthat accompany volumetric reductions (for example, increased CSF \nand decreased GM)—a methodological nuance that goes beyond the \nscope of this resource study. Ultimately, identifying the shared and \nunique contributions of these factors to the neuroanatomical changes \nthat unfold across gestation warrants further investigation. Deeply \nphenotyping a large and diverse cohort of women across pregnancy will \nopen up new avenues of exploration, for example, allowing research- \ners to link blood-based proteomic signatures to pregnancy outcomes; \ndeploying wearable devices to monitor changes in sleep, cognition and \nmood; and probing the broader social and environmental determinants \nof maternal health27. overlook the full range of changes that unfold within the gestational \nwindow, and underrepresent the brain’s metamorphosis during preg- \nnancy. Furthermore, although observed changes were largely global, \nsome regions displayed notable stability (for example, extrastriate cor- \ntex). The subcortical region that displayed the strongest relationship \nwith gestation week was the ventral diencephalon, which encompasses \nthe hypothalamus and subsequent medial preoptic area and paraven- \ntricular nucleus—structures critical for inducing maternal behavior12,16. \nThe hippocampus exhibited a reduction in volume across gestation, \nand with higher spatial resolution, this reduction was revealed to be \ndriven by changes in CA1 and CA2/CA3 subfield volumes, while other \nhippocampal subfields remained stable. Adjacent PHC within the \nMTL also exhibited volume reduction across gestation. While our hip- \npocampal findings are consistent with pre/post studies of pregnancy13, \nthe precision lens applied within gestation revealed the nonlinear \nnature of this reduction. Recapitulating and clarifying these region- \nally specific patterns of volume change throughout the MTL merits \nfurther investigation. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Fig. 2 | Cortical GMV showed widespread change through gestation and**\n**postpartum. a**, Multivariate regression analyses reveal largely negative \nrelationships between gestation week and regional GMV, with only a minority \nof regions unaffected or increasing over the gestational window (baseline—36 \nweeks). All associations presented here were corrected for multiple comparisons \n(FDR at*q*< 0.05; nonsignificant values set to zero for interpretability).**b**, Average \nnetwork change was calculated by estimating GMV percent change from baseline \n(initial) to 36 weeks gestation (final). Attention and control networks appear \nmost affected.**c**, Six representative regions, classified by major subnetworks, \nthat exhibit pronounced GMV change across gestation. For each panel, we \ndisplay a scatterplot between average GMV of the ROIs and gestation week \n(left; gestation sessions only, 19 scans), and summary GMV of ROIs by pregnancy \nstage across the whole study (right; gestation and postpartum sessions, 26 scans). Shaded regions in scatterplots represent a 95% confidence interval. Each \nboxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a horizontal line representing the \nmedian value. The whiskers indicate variability outside (±1.5) of this range. \nOutside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either end of the box. All statistical \ntests were corrected for multiple comparisons (FDR at*q*< 0.05) and values \nwere*z*scored and transformed to have a mean of zero and s.d. of one for easier \ncomparison across regions. Please note that the data values shown here are raw \n(see Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Supplementary Data 1 for exhaustive list). \nBrain visualizations created with R package ggseg48. IQR, interquartile range; \nLat, lateral; Med, medial; DMN, default mode network; VisPeri, visual peripheral \nnetwork; SomMot, somatomotor network; VisCent, visual central network; Cont, \ncontrol network; TempPar, temporal parietal network; DorsAttn, dorsal attention \nnetwork; SalVentAttn, salience/ventral attention network. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In contrast, GMV within regions of the default mode (subnetwork \nC), limbic (subnetworks A and B) and visual peripheral networks buck \nthe global trend by slightly increasing (for example, temporal poles), \nremaining constant (for example, orbitofrontal cortex) or reducing at \na much slower rate (for example, extrastriate cortex) than total GMV \n(Fig. 2a,b and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). CT changes in these \nregions exhibit similar patterns (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supple- \nmentary Tables 4 and 5). \n\n**Results**\n**Serological evaluations**\nSerological evaluations captured canonical hormone fluctuations \ncharacteristic of the prenatal, perinatal and postnatal periods (Fig. 1b). \nSerum hormone concentrations increased significantly over the course \nof pregnancy and dropped precipitously postpartum (preconcep- \ntion, estradiol (E) = 3.42 pg ml−1 and progesterone (P) = 0.84 ng ml−1; \n3 weeks preparturition, E = 12,400 pg ml−1 and P = 103 ng ml−1; 3 months \npostparturition, E = 11.50 pg ml−1 and P = 0.04 ng ml−1). ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Cortical volume and thickness changes tied to gestation**\nWe then narrowed the aperture to capture changes unfolding within \ngestation itself (baseline—36 weeks pregnant, 19 scans). Relationships \nbetween summary brain metrics were evident over the gestational \nperiod as follows: total brain volume, GMV and CT were positively asso- \nciated with one another, whereas lateral ventricles, CSF and global QA \ndemonstrated negative relationships with GMV (Supplementary Fig. 1). \nChanges in GMV were near-ubiquitous across the cortical mantle \n(Fig. 2a). Most large-scale brain networks exhibited decreases in GMV \n(Fig. 2b and Supplementary Table 1); indeed, 80% of the 400 regions of \ninterest (ROI) demonstrated negative relationships between GMV and \ngestation week (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 2). Together, these \nresults provide evidence of a global decrease in cortical volume across \npregnancy. Several sensory and attention subnetworks were particu- \nlarly sensitive to gestation, including the control (subnetwork B), sali- \nence/ventral attention (subnetwork A), dorsal attention (subnetwork \nB), default (subnetwork A) and somatomotor (subnetworks A and B) \nnetworks (Supplementary Table 1). Regions driving these network-level \nchanges include the bilateral inferior parietal lobe, postcentral gyri, \ninsulae, prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate and somatosensory \ncortex (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Table 2 and validation of findings using \nalternate pipeline in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3). These regions and ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Fig. 3 | Subcortical GMV changed throughout gestation. a**, Multivariate \nregression analyses revealed largely negative relationships between gestation \nweek and subcortical GMV regions over pregnancy, including bilateral thalamus, \ncaudate, hippocampus, ventral diencephalon (encompassing hypothalamus, \nsubstantia nigra, mammillary body and red nucleus) and left caudate. Lateral \nventricles displayed the only positive relationships with gestation week \n(also depicted in Fig. 1d). The whole-brain subcortical GMV estimates shown \nhere were derived via FreeSurfer and ‘aseg’ subcortical segmentation. FDR- \ncorrected at*q*< 0.05. Inset, right ventral diencephalon displayed the strongest \nnegative association with gestation (left; baseline—36 weeks, 19 scans) and did \nnot return to baseline postpartum (right; gestation and postpartum, 26 scans). \n**b**, The participant’s hippocampus and surrounding cortex were segmented \ninto seven bilateral subregions. Quadratic (CA1, CA2/CA3) and linear regression \nanalyses (PHC) revealed subfields were negatively associated with gestation \nweek (baseline—36 weeks, 18 scans) and did not return to baseline postpartum \n(gestation and postpartum, 25 scans). Shaded regions in scatterplots represent \na 95% confidence interval. Each boxplot represents IQR for each stage, with a \nhorizontal line representing the median value. The whiskers indicate variability \noutside (±1.5) of this range. Outside values are >1.5× and <3× IQR beyond either \nend of the box. FDR-corrected at*q*< 0.05. For**a**and**b**, nonsignificant regions \nwere set to zero for interpretability. See Supplementary Fig. 6 for complete \nlabeling of regions in both segmentations. Brain visualizations created with R \npackage ggseg48*.*DC, diencephalon. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**White matter microstructure changes tied to gestation**\nIn contrast to decreasing global GMV, correlational tractography of \nwhite matter, which tests for linear trends in the data, revealed increas- \ning microstructural integrity across the whole brain during gestation \n(Fig. 4a), concomitant with the rise in 17β-estradiol and progesterone \n(all*q*< 0.001; Supplementary Fig. 9). Tracts displaying robust corre- \nlations with gestational week included the corpus callosum, arcuate \nfasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and inferior longitudinal \nfasciculus (Fig. 4b), as well as the cingulum bundle, middle and superior \nlongitudinal fasciculus, corticostriatal, corticospinal and corticopon- \ntine tracts (see Supplementary Table 9 for complete list). \n\n**Comparing brain changes across pregnancy against controls**\nWe then compared the changes in GMV across gestation to that of typi- \ncal variability over time, derived from eight densely-sampled controls23. \nThe GMV changes we see across pregnancy far exceed normative brain \nvariability (Supplementary Fig. 11). On average, change in cortical GMV \nwas nearly three times higher than controls scanned over a similar \nduration (Supplementary Fig. 11a,b). This extends to MTL subfields, \nwherein change in volume was three to four times greater across gesta- \ntion than normative brain variability (Supplementary Fig. 11c,d). We \ncontextualized these findings further by comparing gestational GMV \nchange against our participant’s preconception brain volumes; average \nGMV change during pregnancy was six times (cortical) and three times \n(MTL) higher than the variability observed between baseline sessions. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "outstanding questions. This study and corresponding open-access \ndataset offer neuroscientists a detailed map of the human brain across \ngestation, a resource for which a wide range of previously unattainable \nneurobiological questions can now be explored. \n\nor neuron number, synaptic density and myelination (for review on \nthe latter, see ref. 4). Future studies of the relationship between fluid \ndynamics and volumetric changes will help clarify the factors that drive \nglobal neural changes during pregnancy; such insights will have broad \nimplications for maternal health (for example, neurological effects tied \nto pre-eclampsia or edema). \n\nOur findings from this precision imaging study show that preg- \nnancy is characterized by reductions in GMV, cortical thinning and \nenhanced white matter microstructural integrity that unfold week by \nweek. These changes were also tied to the significant rise in steroid hor- \nmone concentrations over pregnancy. Some of these changes persist \nat 2 years postpartum (for example, global reductions in GMV and CT), \nwhile others, including markers of white matter integrity, appear to be \ntransient. Ventricular expansion and contraction parallel these cortical \nchanges. These widespread patterns, and the notable increase in CSF \nvolume across gestation, could reflect increased water retention and \nsubsequent compression of cortical tissue. However, the persistence \nof these changes at 2 years postpartum and regional variation in GMV, \nCT and QA, hint at cellular underpinnings, such as alterations in glia ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In humans, reductions in gray matter volume (GMV) have \nbeen observed postpartum13–16, particularly in regions central to \ntheory-of-mind processing13. These GMV changes persist at 6 years \npostpartum17 and are traceable decades later18,19, underscoring the \npermanence of this major remodeling event. And yet the changes that \noccur within the maternal brain during gestation itself are virtually \nunknown (see ref. 20 for early neuroimaging insight). A recent study by \nPaternina-Die et al. offers intriguing clues21. Women were scanned once \nin the third trimester and again in the postpartum period, revealing a \nreduction of cortical volume observable in the late pregnancy scan. \nThese findings suggest that pregnancy is a highly dynamic period for \nneural remodeling, yet neuroscientists lack a detailed map of how the \nhuman brain changes throughout the gestational period. \n\nHere we conducted a precision imaging study of pregnancy in \nwhich a healthy 38-year-old primiparous woman underwent 26 mag- \nnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and venipuncture beginning \n3 weeks preconception through 2 years postpartum. We observed \nwidespread reductions in cortical GMV and cortical thickness (CT) \noccurring in step with advancing gestational week and the dramatic \nrise in sex hormone production. Remodeling was also evident within ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "performed an outlier check, labeling images as a ‘low-quality outlier’ if \nthe correlation coefficient was >3 s.d. from the absolute mean. None of \nour scans were flagged as outliers. The reconstructed participant files \nwere aggregated into one connectometry database per metric. *Subcortical GMV*. A similar statistical approach was taken for subcorti- \ncal volume estimates. We ran a multivariate regression analysis predict- \ning GMV changes over gestation in 28 ROIs (Supplementary Fig. 6a) by \ngestation week (FDR-corrected at*q*< 0.05). \n\nTo evaluate the relationship between gestation week and MTL \nsubregion volume over pregnancy (*n*= 7 bilateral subregions and \n*n*= 18 MTL scans), we used a combination of linear and nonlinear \nmodels based on individual subregion data patterns. Models were \ncompared for best fit with each subregion via AIC from the GLM output \n(as described in ‘Summary brain metrics’). A linear regression model \nwas most appropriate for PHC (AICdiff < 3), whereas a quadratic model \nperformed best for CA1 and CA2/CA3. As a control, we repeated the \nanalyses with MTL subregion volumes after proportional volume cor- \nrection of total GMV calculated by ASHS. Finally, we evaluated the \nrelationship between endogenous sex hormones (estrogen and proges- \nterone) and subregion volumes using linear regression. Relationships \nwere considered significant only if they met FDR correction at*q*< 0.05. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "6126797.pdf", - "query": "How to light up my sports smart watch?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Up button: Short press to light up or turn off the screen", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Up button:**\n\nShort press to light up or turn off the screen; one press to go back the dial interface; long press to \nreactivate the watch. \n\n**Button down:**\n\nShort press to enter multi-sport mode. \nIn addition, when the watch is in the off-screen state, you can light up the screen by pressing any \nbuttons. \n\n**Charging instructions:**\n\nWireless charging, as shown in the picture below. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Sports smart watch \nUser Manual \nDT3 Mate \n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "smart watch, and click \"Forget this device\". The “About” of the watch has an “Unbind” \n\nbutton, click it to unbind or do it in the APP. For the safety of users’ data, the watch will implement a \n\nfactory reset after that. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.1 Shortcut function:**\n\n1) Swipe to the left till you find the \"+\" icon, click the icon to add part of the functions in the \nshortcut. \n2) Scroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find Bluetooth \nconnection status, time, power, brightness adjustment and other functions. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Bind the smartwatch to the app WearPro, you can control the music to start/pause/play previous \nsong/play next song of your phone. \nBind the audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch also, the music will be broadcast on the \nsmartwatch. \n\n**2.2 Sleep**\n\nSleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day, the data will be \ngenerated by the watch. After connecting to the APP, the sleep data on the watch can be \nsynchronized to the APP for you to check. \n\n**2.3 stopwatch**\n\nClick the stopwatch to enter the timing interface, and you can record the time once. \n\n**2.4 Weather**\n\nAfter the smartwatch is connected to the app and the data is synchronized, tap Weather on the \nwatch to display the weather information for the day. \n\n**2.5 Find mobile phone**\n\nAfter the watch is bound to the app WearPro, tap this function to find the mobile phone, and the \nmobile phone will vibrate or emit a ringtone. \n\n**2.6 Meteorology**\n\nClick on “Meteorology” on the watch to display the ultraviolet (UV) and air pressure conditions of \nthe day. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.9 Heart rate**\n\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, you can measure heart rate when you enter the \nheart rate function. If you don’t wear the smartwatch properly, it will remind you to wear firmly \nfor the measurement. \n\n**1.10 ECG**\n\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, and enter the ECG function(you need to turn on the \nECG interface in the app, you can have single measurement at a time. The data of ECG will be \nsaved in the mobile phone. This function should be used with the app. \n\n**2.0 My QR code**\n\nConnect the watch to the APP, find My QR Code in the APP, select WeChat/QQ/Alipay and other \n\"Receive money QR code\" to sync to the watch (Please follow the instructions of the app to \noperate the function). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2.1 Unconnected to the APP state: \n\nAfter the watch is turned on, the Bluetooth will be in the state of being searched. After open the \nAPK/APP, go to Devices > Add Device > click to start searching, select and click the \ncorresponding watch device name, and the watch will be successfully bound to the app. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nLEADING \nSPORTSNET TV \nFRANCHISE ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Thank you for choosing our smart watch. You can fully understand**\n\n**the use and operation of the equipment by reading this manual.**\n\n**The company reserves the right to modify the contents of this manual**\n\n**without any prior notice.**\n\nThe product contains: a packing box, a manual, a watch body, and a \n\ncharging cable. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Enable the SMS notification in the app. When one or more SMS messages are received on the \nmobile phone, the watch will receive one or more SMS reminders at the same time. \n1.5.3. Other application message notifications: \nTurn on the corresponding application message notification in the app, such as WeChat, QQ, \nOutlook, Facebook and other applications. When the mobile phone receives one/multiple \napplication message notifications, the watch will receive one/multiple corresponding message \nreminders at the same time. \n\n**1.6 Frequently used contacts**\n\nThe watch binds to the app, and you allow the watch to access to the phone book of your mobile \nphone, then you can synchronize you contacts of your mobile phone to the smartwatch. \n\n**1.7 Fitness data**\n\nFitness data is turned on by default. When you enter the fitness data interface, scroll up the \nscreen, the smartwatch will display the current data of steps, distance, and calories. The data will \nbe wiped out at 00:00 every day in the morning. \n\n**1.8 Sports modes**(walking, running, cycling, rope skipping, badminton, \n\nbasketball, football) \n\n1.8.1 Select the corresponding exercise mode, click the “Start” button on the screen to start the \nexercise; click the “Start” button again to pause the recording of the exercise; click the “End” \nbutton to end the recording, and save to the data. \n1.8.2 The data can only be saved when the recording of the exercise is more than 1 minute; If the \nrecording time is less than 1 minute, the smartwatch will remind you that the data is too little to be \nsaved. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "6126797.pdf", - "query": "Is my sports smartwatch's fitness data turned on or off by default?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "Fitness data is turned on by default.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Enable the SMS notification in the app. When one or more SMS messages are received on the \nmobile phone, the watch will receive one or more SMS reminders at the same time. \n1.5.3. Other application message notifications: \nTurn on the corresponding application message notification in the app, such as WeChat, QQ, \nOutlook, Facebook and other applications. When the mobile phone receives one/multiple \napplication message notifications, the watch will receive one/multiple corresponding message \nreminders at the same time. \n\n**1.6 Frequently used contacts**\n\nThe watch binds to the app, and you allow the watch to access to the phone book of your mobile \nphone, then you can synchronize you contacts of your mobile phone to the smartwatch. \n\n**1.7 Fitness data**\n\nFitness data is turned on by default. When you enter the fitness data interface, scroll up the \nscreen, the smartwatch will display the current data of steps, distance, and calories. The data will \nbe wiped out at 00:00 every day in the morning. \n\n**1.8 Sports modes**(walking, running, cycling, rope skipping, badminton, \n\nbasketball, football) \n\n1.8.1 Select the corresponding exercise mode, click the “Start” button on the screen to start the \nexercise; click the “Start” button again to pause the recording of the exercise; click the “End” \nbutton to end the recording, and save to the data. \n1.8.2 The data can only be saved when the recording of the exercise is more than 1 minute; If the \nrecording time is less than 1 minute, the smartwatch will remind you that the data is too little to be \nsaved. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "smart watch, and click \"Forget this device\". The “About” of the watch has an “Unbind” \n\nbutton, click it to unbind or do it in the APP. For the safety of users’ data, the watch will implement a \n\nfactory reset after that. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Sports smart watch \nUser Manual \nDT3 Mate \n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Up button:**\n\nShort press to light up or turn off the screen; one press to go back the dial interface; long press to \nreactivate the watch. \n\n**Button down:**\n\nShort press to enter multi-sport mode. \nIn addition, when the watch is in the off-screen state, you can light up the screen by pressing any \nbuttons. \n\n**Charging instructions:**\n\nWireless charging, as shown in the picture below. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.9 Heart rate**\n\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, you can measure heart rate when you enter the \nheart rate function. If you don’t wear the smartwatch properly, it will remind you to wear firmly \nfor the measurement. \n\n**1.10 ECG**\n\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, and enter the ECG function(you need to turn on the \nECG interface in the app, you can have single measurement at a time. The data of ECG will be \nsaved in the mobile phone. This function should be used with the app. \n\n**2.0 My QR code**\n\nConnect the watch to the APP, find My QR Code in the APP, select WeChat/QQ/Alipay and other \n\"Receive money QR code\" to sync to the watch (Please follow the instructions of the app to \noperate the function). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.1 Shortcut function:**\n\n1) Swipe to the left till you find the \"+\" icon, click the icon to add part of the functions in the \nshortcut. \n2) Scroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find Bluetooth \nconnection status, time, power, brightness adjustment and other functions. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Bind the smartwatch to the app WearPro, you can control the music to start/pause/play previous \nsong/play next song of your phone. \nBind the audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch also, the music will be broadcast on the \nsmartwatch. \n\n**2.2 Sleep**\n\nSleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day, the data will be \ngenerated by the watch. After connecting to the APP, the sleep data on the watch can be \nsynchronized to the APP for you to check. \n\n**2.3 stopwatch**\n\nClick the stopwatch to enter the timing interface, and you can record the time once. \n\n**2.4 Weather**\n\nAfter the smartwatch is connected to the app and the data is synchronized, tap Weather on the \nwatch to display the weather information for the day. \n\n**2.5 Find mobile phone**\n\nAfter the watch is bound to the app WearPro, tap this function to find the mobile phone, and the \nmobile phone will vibrate or emit a ringtone. \n\n**2.6 Meteorology**\n\nClick on “Meteorology” on the watch to display the ultraviolet (UV) and air pressure conditions of \nthe day. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2.1 Unconnected to the APP state: \n\nAfter the watch is turned on, the Bluetooth will be in the state of being searched. After open the \nAPK/APP, go to Devices > Add Device > click to start searching, select and click the \ncorresponding watch device name, and the watch will be successfully bound to the app. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7. Do not disturb mode**\n\nIn the APP, tap “Device” > “More” > “Do not disturb mode”, set the start to end time, such as \n12:00 to 14:00, then you won’t receive phone calls and apps notifications on the watch during this \nperiod. \n\n**8. Daily alarm clock**\n\nIn the APP in the APP Device>More, set the start and the end time, the alarm can be set only once \nor repeatedly on the date (week) setting, and the alarm can be turned on/off. \n\n**9. Sedentary reminder**\n\nSet the start and the end time of the sedentary reminder, and the time interval (minutes) in the \nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting. \nWhen the sedentary time is reached, the watch will vibrate and display a sedentary icon on the \nscreen. \n\n**10. Drink water reminder**\n\nSet the reminder frequency (minutes) and the time period of the start and the end in a day in the \nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting \nand selecting the date (week) of the water reminder. When the time of drink water reminder is \nreached, the watch will vibrate and there will be a water icon on the screen. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.7 Massager**\n\nTap the green button to start the massage, and the watch is in a vibrating state, tap the red button \nto end the massage state. \n\n**3.0 Menu style**\n\nThere are a variety of menu styles for users to choose. \n\n**3.1 Settings**\n\n1) You can select the watch language on the settings of the watch, or the watch language can be \nsynchronized with your mobile phone language after the watch successfully binds to the APP. \n2) Switch the watch face, swipe to the right to view the next watch face, select a watch face, and \nclick it to set the watch face. \n3) Set screen time; a variety of screen time lengths can be selected. \n4) Vibration intensity; set reminder vibration intensity. \n5) Password; a 4-digit password can be set (if you forget the password, please enter 8762 to \ndecrypt the previous password). \n6) Restore factory settings; click √ to enable the factory reset, and click X to cancel the factory \nreset. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "6126797.pdf", - "query": "When does my Sport smartwatch start and stop monitoring sleep?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "Sleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Bind the smartwatch to the app WearPro, you can control the music to start/pause/play previous \nsong/play next song of your phone. \nBind the audio/calling Bluetooth of the smartwatch also, the music will be broadcast on the \nsmartwatch. \n\n**2.2 Sleep**\n\nSleep monitoring time period: from 18:00 at night to 10:00 the next day, the data will be \ngenerated by the watch. After connecting to the APP, the sleep data on the watch can be \nsynchronized to the APP for you to check. \n\n**2.3 stopwatch**\n\nClick the stopwatch to enter the timing interface, and you can record the time once. \n\n**2.4 Weather**\n\nAfter the smartwatch is connected to the app and the data is synchronized, tap Weather on the \nwatch to display the weather information for the day. \n\n**2.5 Find mobile phone**\n\nAfter the watch is bound to the app WearPro, tap this function to find the mobile phone, and the \nmobile phone will vibrate or emit a ringtone. \n\n**2.6 Meteorology**\n\nClick on “Meteorology” on the watch to display the ultraviolet (UV) and air pressure conditions of \nthe day. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Enable the SMS notification in the app. When one or more SMS messages are received on the \nmobile phone, the watch will receive one or more SMS reminders at the same time. \n1.5.3. Other application message notifications: \nTurn on the corresponding application message notification in the app, such as WeChat, QQ, \nOutlook, Facebook and other applications. When the mobile phone receives one/multiple \napplication message notifications, the watch will receive one/multiple corresponding message \nreminders at the same time. \n\n**1.6 Frequently used contacts**\n\nThe watch binds to the app, and you allow the watch to access to the phone book of your mobile \nphone, then you can synchronize you contacts of your mobile phone to the smartwatch. \n\n**1.7 Fitness data**\n\nFitness data is turned on by default. When you enter the fitness data interface, scroll up the \nscreen, the smartwatch will display the current data of steps, distance, and calories. The data will \nbe wiped out at 00:00 every day in the morning. \n\n**1.8 Sports modes**(walking, running, cycling, rope skipping, badminton, \n\nbasketball, football) \n\n1.8.1 Select the corresponding exercise mode, click the “Start” button on the screen to start the \nexercise; click the “Start” button again to pause the recording of the exercise; click the “End” \nbutton to end the recording, and save to the data. \n1.8.2 The data can only be saved when the recording of the exercise is more than 1 minute; If the \nrecording time is less than 1 minute, the smartwatch will remind you that the data is too little to be \nsaved. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "smart watch, and click \"Forget this device\". The “About” of the watch has an “Unbind” \n\nbutton, click it to unbind or do it in the APP. For the safety of users’ data, the watch will implement a \n\nfactory reset after that. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7. Do not disturb mode**\n\nIn the APP, tap “Device” > “More” > “Do not disturb mode”, set the start to end time, such as \n12:00 to 14:00, then you won’t receive phone calls and apps notifications on the watch during this \nperiod. \n\n**8. Daily alarm clock**\n\nIn the APP in the APP Device>More, set the start and the end time, the alarm can be set only once \nor repeatedly on the date (week) setting, and the alarm can be turned on/off. \n\n**9. Sedentary reminder**\n\nSet the start and the end time of the sedentary reminder, and the time interval (minutes) in the \nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting. \nWhen the sedentary time is reached, the watch will vibrate and display a sedentary icon on the \nscreen. \n\n**10. Drink water reminder**\n\nSet the reminder frequency (minutes) and the time period of the start and the end in a day in the \nAPP. You can set the reminder for once or to repeat regularly by entering the repeating setting \nand selecting the date (week) of the water reminder. When the time of drink water reminder is \nreached, the watch will vibrate and there will be a water icon on the screen. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Sports smart watch \nUser Manual \nDT3 Mate \n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Up button:**\n\nShort press to light up or turn off the screen; one press to go back the dial interface; long press to \nreactivate the watch. \n\n**Button down:**\n\nShort press to enter multi-sport mode. \nIn addition, when the watch is in the off-screen state, you can light up the screen by pressing any \nbuttons. \n\n**Charging instructions:**\n\nWireless charging, as shown in the picture below. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2.1 Unconnected to the APP state: \n\nAfter the watch is turned on, the Bluetooth will be in the state of being searched. After open the \nAPK/APP, go to Devices > Add Device > click to start searching, select and click the \ncorresponding watch device name, and the watch will be successfully bound to the app. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.9 Heart rate**\n\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, you can measure heart rate when you enter the \nheart rate function. If you don’t wear the smartwatch properly, it will remind you to wear firmly \nfor the measurement. \n\n**1.10 ECG**\n\nAfter you wearing the smartwatch correctly, and enter the ECG function(you need to turn on the \nECG interface in the app, you can have single measurement at a time. The data of ECG will be \nsaved in the mobile phone. This function should be used with the app. \n\n**2.0 My QR code**\n\nConnect the watch to the APP, find My QR Code in the APP, select WeChat/QQ/Alipay and other \n\"Receive money QR code\" to sync to the watch (Please follow the instructions of the app to \noperate the function). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.7 Massager**\n\nTap the green button to start the massage, and the watch is in a vibrating state, tap the red button \nto end the massage state. \n\n**3.0 Menu style**\n\nThere are a variety of menu styles for users to choose. \n\n**3.1 Settings**\n\n1) You can select the watch language on the settings of the watch, or the watch language can be \nsynchronized with your mobile phone language after the watch successfully binds to the APP. \n2) Switch the watch face, swipe to the right to view the next watch face, select a watch face, and \nclick it to set the watch face. \n3) Set screen time; a variety of screen time lengths can be selected. \n4) Vibration intensity; set reminder vibration intensity. \n5) Password; a 4-digit password can be set (if you forget the password, please enter 8762 to \ndecrypt the previous password). \n6) Restore factory settings; click √ to enable the factory reset, and click X to cancel the factory \nreset. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1.1 Shortcut function:**\n\n1) Swipe to the left till you find the \"+\" icon, click the icon to add part of the functions in the \nshortcut. \n2) Scroll down the screen when the watch is in the dial interface, you can find Bluetooth \nconnection status, time, power, brightness adjustment and other functions. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "6126797.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf", - "query": "Have the operating profits in Japan for Nissan gone up or down in 2004?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "operating profits in Japan came to ¥341.1 billion, a decrease of 3.2 percent compared to last year", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**The recovery story is complete**\n\nFiscal 2004 was a tough year, full of both anticipated and unexpected risks, but Nissan lived up \n\nto all the challenges. We had a record year in revenues, operating profit, net income, sales \n\nvolume and production. \n\n**Sales performance**\n\nGlobal sales came to 3,388,000 units, which exceeded our forecast of 3,380,000 units. This \n\nrecord level represents an increase of 10.8 percent, or 331,000 units, over fiscal 2003, and is \n\n281,000 units more than the previous record level set in 1990. In fiscal 2004, we released nine \n\nall-new models globally. \n\nAlong with record sales, we achieved a global production record. Nissan’s manufacturing \n\nplants turned out 3,378,000 units, or 293,000 units more than the previous record. \n\n**Financial performance**\n\n• Consolidated net revenues came to 8 trillion ¥576.3 billion, up 15.4 percent from last year. \n\n• Consolidated operating profit improved by 4.4 percent to a record ¥861.2 billion. As a \n\npercentage of net revenue, our operating profit margin came to 10.0 percent. \n\n• Net income reached ¥512.3 billion, an increase of ¥8.6 billion. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "information, both good and bad, so the level and rate of \n\ninformation from dealers and consumers have gone up \n\naccordingly. Meanwhile, even prices for used Nissan \n\nvehicles are improving steadily, a major indication that the \n\nNissan brand is recognized and valued. \n\nOur home market is of prime importance to Nissan. \n\nJapan is a major contributor to our total profit, and we will \n\ncontinue to make the upgrades in quality, products and \n\nservice needed to drive sales and profit higher.” ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Nissan Motor Co, Ltd. and Consolidated Subsidiaries Fiscal years 2004.2003 and 2002
Millions of yen2004.31.202003Me. 31.20042002Met 31.2008
Net sales¥ 8.576.277¥ 7.429.219¥ 6.828.588
Cost of sales ( N = 166 #< 11 )6.351.2695.310.1724.872.324
Gross profit2.225.0082.119.0471.956.264
Selling, general and administrative expenses ( Notes 6ond 11 )1.363.8481.294.1921.219.034
Operating income861.160824.855737.230
Other income ( expenses ):Interest income14.93410.321
7.566Interest expense( 26.656 )( 27.290 )
( 25.060 )Equity in earnings of unconsolidatedsubsidiaries and affiliates36.790
11.62311.395Other, net ( Note 12 )( 92.995 )
( 83.012 )( 36.507 )( 67.927 )( 88.358 )
( 42.606 )Income before income taxes andminority interests793.233
736.497694.624Income taxes ( Nete 15 ):Current
179.226137.745113.185Deferred
78.83781.29585.513258.063
219.040198.698Minority interests( 22.889 )
( 13.790 )( 761 )Net income ( Note 18 )¥ 512.281
¥ 503.667¥495.165
", - "page_start": 75, - "page_end": 75, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Share Performance in Fiscal 2004**\n\nNissan’s share price began at ¥1,143 at the beginning \n\nof fiscal 2004 and ended the fiscal year at ¥1,099, \n\ngenerating a negative return of 3.85 percent. Total \n\nshareholder return (TSR) was -1.67 percent, while the \n\ndividend yield came to 2.18 percent (¥24 per share dividend, \n\ndivided by the ¥1,099 closing price). Adverse movements \n\nin foreign exchange rates and commodity price hikes \n\nadversely affected Nissan’s profitability, which was reflected \n\nin the share price. In addition, specific events relating \n\ndirectly to the company also had a negative impact. Later in \n\nthis report, corporate officers will explain what actions \n\nNissan has undertaken to ensure better performance. \n\n**Payout Policy**\n\nNissan announced its NISSAN Value-Up three-year dividend \n\npolicy, covering the period from fiscal 2005 to fiscal 2007, at \n\nthe annual general meeting of shareholders on June 23, \n\n2004. Nissan proposes a long-term dividend policy to \n\nprovide more visibility and improve transparency into the \n\nways in which Nissan rewards its shareholders. Nissan \n\nbelieves that a long-term dividend policy reduces uncertainty \n\nfor investors who already own or are considering acquiring \n\nNissan stock. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Dividend**\n\nAt the annual general meeting of shareholders on June 21, \n\n2005, the company proposed increasing its dividend to \n\n¥24 per share in 2004, up from ¥19 in 2003. In the first \n\nyear of the NISSAN Value-up dividend policy, the \n\nCompany plans to increase the per-share dividend to ¥29 \n\nin 2005. By the end of NISSAN Value-up in March 2008, \n\nNissan plans to pay an annual dividend of no less than \n\n¥40 per share. \n\n**Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)**\n\nNissan’s investments are made within the strict guidelines \n\nof its automotive operating ROIC. Based on these \n\nguidelines, Nissan reached 20.1 percent of ROIC on a \n\nconsistent basis as of fiscal 2003. \n\n**Dividend Policy**\n(Dividend per share, in yen) \n\n40 \n34 40 \n29 \n24 30 \n19 \n14 20 \n8 \n7 \n10 \n0 \n0 \n**’99** **’00** **’01** **’02** **’03** **’04** **’05*** **’06*** **’07***\n*Forecast ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Looking to the New Fiscal Year**\n\nNissan will continue to grow in fiscal 2005. Even assuming a relatively flat total industry volume \n\nof 61 million units globally, Nissan’s sales are forecast to come to 3,618,000 units, a 6.8 percent \n\nincrease over the prior year. \n\nWorldwide, we will launch six all-new models—five in Japan, one in Europe—leading to \n\ntwenty regional product events. \n\n**Our sales objectives**\n\n• Japan: 933,000 units, a 10 percent increase over last year \n\n• U.S.: 1,047,000 units, an increase of 3.3 percent \n\n• Europe: 550,000 units, a 1.1 percent increase over last year \n\n• General Overseas Markets: 1,088,000 units, a 10.7 percent increase \n\n**Our financial outlook**\n\nAny new fiscal year brings risks and opportunities, and 2005 brings very high levels of \n\nuncertainty and risks—volatility in exchange rates, higher interest rates, higher commodity prices, \n\nhigher energy prices, higher incentives and uncertainty about growth in the U.S. and Japan. The \n\nopportunity is in following through on the NISSAN Value-Up plan quickly and effectively. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "“Nissan’s performance in \n\nJapan in 2004 was solid. \n\nProfit rose 1.4 percent and \n\nour market share went up \n\n0.4 percent to 14.6 percent. \n\nLaunching six new models in \n\nthe second half boosted our \n\nresults dramatically: we \n\nregistered a 1.1 percent \n\nincrease in market share \n\nK A Z U H I K O T O I D A \nSenior Vice President \nover the previous period. \n\nAnd for the first time in 19 \n\nyears we had four cars—the Tiida, Note, March and \n\nCube—in the top ten. \n\nOur steady growth has continued into 2005, \n\npowered by positive customer response to both the \n\nMurano and Tiida. These are the kinds of attractive, \n\nunique products that have an immediate impact on \n\nconsumers. We’ve also strengthened our position \n\nin the important small car market, and plan to \n\naugment that with the launch of the Otti, an OEM \n\nproject with Mitsubishi, and the Moco, an OEM \n\nproduct with Suzuki. While we do need to raise our \n\ngame in the SUV market, our overall coverage has \n\nimproved recently. ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Consolidated subsidiariesAs of Mw. 31.2005JapanUS\n
CompanyLocationPrincipal businessCapital ( millions )Nissan share *(%)
Nissan Shatai Co., Ltd.Hiratsuka - shi, KanagawaManufacture and sales of automobiles and parts¥ 7.90443.80
Aichi Machine Industry Co., Ltd.Nagoya, AichiManufacture and sales of automotive parts¥ 8.51841.70
JATCO Ltd.Fuji, ShizuokaManufacture and sales of automotive parts¥ 29.93581.76
Nissan Kohki Co., Ltd.Samukawa, KanagawaManufacture and sales of automotive parts¥ 2.02097.73
Calsonic Kansei CorporationTokyoManufacture and sales of automotive parts¥ 40.60641.87
Nissan Motor Car Carrier Co, Ltd.TokyoInternational automobile transport¥ 64060.00
Nissan Trading Co., Ltd.Yokohama, KanagawaImport and export of automobiles, parts, etc.¥ 320100.00
Nissan Financial Services Co., Ltd.Chiba, ChibaAutomobile financing and leasing¥ 16.387100.00
Autech Japan, Inc.Chigasaki, KanagawaDevelopment, manufacture and sales of limited - edition automobiles¥ 480100.00
Nissan Real Estate Development CorporationTokyoReal estate sales, purchase and leasing¥ 1.00070.50
Nissan Finance Co., Ltd.TokyoFinance and accounting support¥ 2.491100.00
Aichi Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.Nagoya, AichiSales of automobiles and parts¥ 100100.00
Tokyo Nissan Motor Sales Co, Ltd.TokyoSales of automobiles and parts¥ 100100.00
Nissan Prince Tokyo Motor Sales Co., Ltd.TokyoSales of automobiles and parts¥ 100100.00
Nissan Chuo Parts Sales Co., Ltd.Yokohama, KanagawaSales of automobile repair parts¥ 54580.61
Nissan North America, Inc.Gardena, CaliforniaManagement of North American subsidiaries, manufacture and sales of automobiles and parts$ 1.791100.00
Nissan Motor Acceptance CorporationTorrance CaliforniaFinance of wholesale and retail automobile sales in US$ 499100.00
Nissan Motor Corporation in Hawai, Ltd.Honolulu, HawaiiSales of automobiles and parts$ 6100.00
Nissan Capital of America, Inc.Torrance, CaliforniaFinancing for group companies$ 1100.00
Nissan Technical Center North America, Inc.Farmington Hills MichiganResearch and development, testing$ 16100.00
Nissan Motor Insurance CorporationHonolulu, HawaiiCasualty insurance$ 10100.00
Nissan Forklift Co., North AmericaMarengo, IllinoisManufacture and sales of forklifts and parts$ 34100.00
", - "page_start": 107, - "page_end": 107, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Net Income**\n\nNet non-operating expenses totaled ¥5.5 billion, ¥9.7 \n\nbillion lower than last year. This was primarily due to a ¥5.3 \n\nbillion decrease in financial costs and a ¥5.3 billion \n\nincrease in equity in earnings of unconsolidated \n\nsubsidiaries and affiliates, thanks mainly to Renault. Net \n\nextraordinary losses totaled ¥62.5 billion, ¥10.7 billion \n\nlower than last year, mainly due to the sale of the site of \n\nthe former Murayama plant. Net income before taxes came \n\nto ¥793.2 billion. Income taxes totaled ¥258.0 billion, with \n\nan effective consolidated tax rate of 33 percent. Minority \n\ninterests amounted to ¥22.9 billion, mainly from Yulon \n\nNissan Motor. As a result, net income reached ¥512.3 \n\nbillion, an increase of ¥8.6 billion. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Automotive Debt:**\n\nDespite higher levels incurred for capital expenditures and \n\nR&D, cash generated from operating activities in the \n\nautomotive division eliminated net automotive debt. Nissan \n\nheld a ¥205.8 billion yen net cash position at the close of \n\nfiscal 2004 in this division. \n\n**Rating**\n\nRegarding Nissan’s long-term credit rating, R&I upgraded \n\nNissan from A- to A on May 11, 2005. S&P upgraded their \n\nrating from BBB to BBB+ on July 20, 2004, and Moody’s \n\nupgraded from Baa3 to Baa1 on January 29, 2004. \n\n**Investment Policy**\n\nCapital expenditures increased by ¥50.2 billion to ¥477.5 \n\nbillion, representing 5.6 percent of net revenue. This \n\nincrease included the Canton plant expansion. R&D \n\nexpenditures increased by ¥43.8 billion to ¥398.1 billion. \n\nThis increase went to fund new technologies and product \n\ndevelopment. Our R&D resources are focused on projects \n\nthat add value to our customers and that will deliver an \n\nexpected return, in both the short and long term. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf", - "query": "How can CEDAR Oil be used with the AY11236 microscope?", - "target_page": 10, - "target_passage": "1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate bubbles in the cedar oil. 2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil. 3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the cedar oil.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**OPERATION**\n\n**Model AY11232**\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11232**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Fig. 1 - Objective Parts**\n\n10. If the image is in focus with the 10x objective, you can select \n other objectives and observe the specimen even if the fine \n adjustment knob has not been used by using the following \n method (See Fig. 1): \nAperture of \nDiaphragm \n\n1. Unscrew the 40x or 100x objective and remove from \n turret. \n2. Remove the mark sleeve. \n3. Turn the ring on the objective to adjust its parfocal \n distance. \n4. Re-insert the objective and compare with the 10x. \n5. Adjust until the 40x and 100x objectives image is clear. \n\n**Fig. 2 - Condenser Diaphram Aperture**\n\n**TROUBLESHOOTING**\n\n**USING THE CEDAR OIL**\n\n1. Drop some cedar oil on to the top of the 100x objective when the \n 100x objective is being used. NOTE: To maintain a good quality \n image, rotate the turret right and left several times to eliminate \n bubbles in the cedar oil. \n2. After finishing the observation, wipe off the cedar oil. \n3. Do not use the 40x objective until you have wiped off all of the \n cedar oil. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Spare 6V20W Halogen Bulb \n1 \n\n1 Lens Cleaning Tissue \n\n1 Cedar Oil \n\n1 1A Fuse (spare) \n\n1 Specification \n\nInspection Certificate 1 \n\nPacking List 1 \n\n**OPERATION**\n\nNote: For oil immersion, please use the index of refraction 1.515 oil \n**Eyepiece Specifications**\n\n1. Remove all components from package. Identify all parts before \n assembling instrument. \n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives by screwing into revolving \n turret. Tighten and secure to maximum finger pressure only. \n3. Place the specimen on the stage and secure with spring clips. \n NOTE: The cover glass must face upward (the thinner glass is \n the cover glass), otherwise when the 40x objective is used the \n specimen cannot be observed. Observation is best when the \n thickness of the cover glass is 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass \n is 0.17mm. \n4. Plug power cord into an electrical outlet. Turn microscope \n lamp ON. \n5. Observe the specimen using the lowest magnification objective \n first. The 10x objective provides a larger field of view making it \n easier to search the specimen. \n\n**Classification Magnification**\n**Field of View (FOV)**\n**Diameter**\n\nPlain Field \nEyepiece \n10x 18mm ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OPERATION (cont.)** **MODEL AY11236**\n\nInterpupillary Slide Adjustment \n**Model AY11230**\nEyepiece \n\nRotating Head \n\nRevolving Turret \nStand \n\nObjectives \n\nStage \n\nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob \nFine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStage Clip \nAdjustment \n\nCondenser \nFocusing \nKnob \n\nLamp \nOn/Off \nSwitch \n\nPower \nCord \n\nLamp \n\n**Model AY11236**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**\n\nBARSKA Model AY11236 is a powerful fixed power compound \nmicroscope designed for biological studies such as specimen \nexamination. It can also be used for examining bacteria and \nfor general clinical and medical studies and other scientific uses. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OPERATION**\n\n**Model AY11234**\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11234**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "BARSKA Model AY11236 is a fixed power compound microscope. \nIt is constructed with two optical paths at the same angle. It is \nequipped with transmitted illumination. By using this instrument, \nthe user can observe specimens at magnification from 40x to \n1000x by selecting the desired objective lens. Coarse and fine \nfocus adjustments provide accuracy and image detail. The rotating \nhead allows the user to position the eyepieces for maximum \nviewing comfort and easy access to all adjustment knobs. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**Model AY11234**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Illumination \nControls \n**Model AY11230**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**\n\nBARSKA Model AY11230 and Model AY11234 are trinocular \nmicroscopes designed for biological studies such as specimen \nexamination. They can also be used for examining bacteria and for \ngeneral clinical and medical studies. Simple design and use and the \nvertical tube make them is useful for school classroom instruction. \n\n**CONSTRUCTION**\n\nBARSKA Model AY11230 is a fixed power trinocular stereo \nmicroscope. It is constructed with two optical paths at the same \nangle. It is equipped with transmitted illumination and oblique \nillumination. By using this instrument, the user can observe and \nenlarge the right side stereo image. BARSKA Model AY11234 is a \nzoom trinocular stereo microscope. The object being viewed is \nenlarged through two identical sized sets of right and left eye \nlenses. The zoom provides different magnification and features an \ninversion system which allows the image to be viewed normally \nand right side up. \n\n**10**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**MODEL AY11240/AY11238**\n\nEyepiece \n\nEyepiece Monocular Tube \n\nEyepiece \nSet Screw \n\nRotating Head \n\nStage Height \nLimit Adjustment \nBarrel \n\nRevolving \nTurret \n\nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStand \nRevolving Turret \n\nObjectives \n\nObjectives \nSpring \nClips \nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob Fine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nSpring Clips \n\n**IMPORTANT NOTES**\nStage \nStand \n\n5-Hole \nDiaphragm \nand Condenser \nFine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStage \n\nCongratulations on your purchase of this high quality BARSKA \nmicroscope. With proper care, this microscope will provide many \nyears of use. Please read the following instructions before \noperating this instrument. \n1. Do not attempt to disassemble the instrument. This product has \n been carefully assembled at the factory and should only be \n examined by a factory-trained technician. \n2. This instrument should only be used in an environment with an \n indoor temperature range of 32oF to 104oF. \n3. Do not use this instrument in an environment with a lot of dust. \n**Cover the instrument when not in use.**\n4. Do not subject the instrument to shock. \n\n5-Hole \nDiaphragm \nand Condenser \nConcave \nMirror \nPower \nCord Lamp \n\nLamp \nOn/Off \nSwitch \n\n**Model AY11240** **Model AY11238**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**MODEL AY11232**\n7X-45X \nSTEREO ZOOM ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf", - "query": "For the AY11230 microscope, what is the interpupillary adjustment?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "Model AY11230 1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Model AY11230**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to \n prevent the elevator from sliding \n down. \n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand \n with the tightening screw. \n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted light \n independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot be \n adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting of \n the sample. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted \n light independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot \n be adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting \n of the sample. \n\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's \n pupils is the interpupillary distance. \n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance \n rotate the prism caps until both eyes \n coincide with the image in the \n eyepiece. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Model AY11228**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to \n prevent the elevator from sliding \n down. \n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand \n with the tightening screw. \n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted light \n independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot be \n adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting of \n the sample. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted \n light independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot \n be adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting \n of the sample. \n\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's \n pupils is the interpupillary distance. \n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance \n rotate the prism caps until both eyes \n coincide with the image in the \n eyepiece. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Model AY11230**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm \n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm \n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: 60mm \n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm \n5. Right Diopter Adjustment Range: +4 to -6 dopters \n6. Illumination: \n Input Voltage: 110V AC or 220V \n Output: Oblique illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp \n\n**Model AY11234**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm \n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm \n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: >50mm \n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm \n5. Diopter Adjustment Range: +/- 5 diopters \n6. Illumination: \n Input Voltage: 110V AC or 220V \n Output: Oblique Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp \n Transmitted Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp \n\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11230**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Total MagnificationObjective | MagnificationEyepiece Magnification & Field Diameter ( mm )Working Distance
20x, 40x2x, 4xWide Field 10x, 20mm90mm
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Model AY11228**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm \n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm \n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: 60mm \n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm \n5. Right Diopter Adjustment Range: +4 to -6 dopters \n6. Illumination: \n Input Voltage: 110V AC or 220V \n Output: Oblique illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp \n\n**Model AY11232**\n1. Interpupillary Adjustment: 55mm - 75mm \n2. Working Stage Diameter: 95mm \n3. Focus Knob Adjustment Range: >50mm \n4. Elevator Adjustment Range: 110mm \n5. Diopter Adjustment Range: +/- 5 diopters \n6. Illumination: \n Input Voltage: 110V AC or 220V \n Output: Oblique Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp \n Transmitted Illumination: 12V 10W Halogen Lamp \n\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11228**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Total MagnificationObjective | MagnificationEyepiece Magnification & Field Diameter ( mm )Working Distance
20x, 40x2x, 4xWide Field 10 ×, 20mm90mm
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OPERATION (cont.)** **MODEL AY11236**\n\nInterpupillary Slide Adjustment \n**Model AY11230**\nEyepiece \n\nRotating Head \n\nRevolving Turret \nStand \n\nObjectives \n\nStage \n\nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob \nFine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStage Clip \nAdjustment \n\nCondenser \nFocusing \nKnob \n\nLamp \nOn/Off \nSwitch \n\nPower \nCord \n\nLamp \n\n**Model AY11236**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**\n\nBARSKA Model AY11236 is a powerful fixed power compound \nmicroscope designed for biological studies such as specimen \nexamination. It can also be used for examining bacteria and \nfor general clinical and medical studies and other scientific uses. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OPERATION**\n\n**Model AY11232**\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11232**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**MODEL AY11230/AY11234**\n\n**Model AY11228**\nVertical \nTube Vertical \nTube \nDiopter \nAdjustment \nDiopter \nAdjustment Eyepiece \nEyepiece \n\nPrism \nCap \n\nPrism \nCap \nFocus \nKnob \n\nMagnification \nAdjustment \nKnob \n\nRotary \nCase \nFocus \nKnob \nLens \nHousing \n\nOblique \nIlluminator \nLens \n\nTightening \nKnob Oblique \nIlluminator \nSpring \nClips \n\nSpring \nClips \nStage \nIllumination \nControls \nStage ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OPERATION**\n\n**Model AY11234**\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11234**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**MODEL AY11240/AY11238**\n\nEyepiece \n\nEyepiece Monocular Tube \n\nEyepiece \nSet Screw \n\nRotating Head \n\nStage Height \nLimit Adjustment \nBarrel \n\nRevolving \nTurret \n\nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStand \nRevolving Turret \n\nObjectives \n\nObjectives \nSpring \nClips \nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob Fine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nSpring Clips \n\n**IMPORTANT NOTES**\nStage \nStand \n\n5-Hole \nDiaphragm \nand Condenser \nFine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStage \n\nCongratulations on your purchase of this high quality BARSKA \nmicroscope. With proper care, this microscope will provide many \nyears of use. Please read the following instructions before \noperating this instrument. \n1. Do not attempt to disassemble the instrument. This product has \n been carefully assembled at the factory and should only be \n examined by a factory-trained technician. \n2. This instrument should only be used in an environment with an \n indoor temperature range of 32oF to 104oF. \n3. Do not use this instrument in an environment with a lot of dust. \n**Cover the instrument when not in use.**\n4. Do not subject the instrument to shock. \n\n5-Hole \nDiaphragm \nand Condenser \nConcave \nMirror \nPower \nCord Lamp \n\nLamp \nOn/Off \nSwitch \n\n**Model AY11240** **Model AY11238**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "BARSKA Model AY11236 is a fixed power compound microscope. \nIt is constructed with two optical paths at the same angle. It is \nequipped with transmitted illumination. By using this instrument, \nthe user can observe specimens at magnification from 40x to \n1000x by selecting the desired objective lens. Coarse and fine \nfocus adjustments provide accuracy and image detail. The rotating \nhead allows the user to position the eyepieces for maximum \nviewing comfort and easy access to all adjustment knobs. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf", - "query": "The illumination of my AY11236 microscope is not very strong, what can I do to solve this?", - "target_page": 10, - "target_passage": "1. Open iris diaphragm wider. 2. Raise condenser. 3. Clean lens.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**OPERATION**\n\n**Model AY11232**\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11232**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OPERATION**\n\n**Model AY11234**\n**Optical Specifications - Model AY11234**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n**SELECTING THE ILLUMINATION**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Model AY11230**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to \n prevent the elevator from sliding \n down. \n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand \n with the tightening screw. \n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted light \n independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot be \n adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting of \n the sample. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted \n light independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot \n be adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting \n of the sample. \n\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's \n pupils is the interpupillary distance. \n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance \n rotate the prism caps until both eyes \n coincide with the image in the \n eyepiece. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Model AY11228**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Tighten the knob on the stand to \n prevent the elevator from sliding \n down. \n3. Fix the binocular body on the stand \n with the tightening screw. \n4. Check the input voltage to ensure that \n it conforms to the microscopes \n requirement. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment Knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted light \n independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot be \n adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting of \n the sample. \n\n1. Depending on microscope use, select \n oblique or transmitted illumination. \n2. The Brightness Adjustment knobs \n change the oblique or transmitted \n light independently. The transmitted \n illuminator fluorescent lamp cannot \n be adjusted. \n3. The angle of the oblique lamp can be \n adjusted to ensure optimum lighting \n of the sample. \n\n**CHANGING THE INTERPUPILLARY**\n**DISTANCE**\n1. The distance between the observer's \n pupils is the interpupillary distance. \n2. To adjust the interpupillary distance \n rotate the prism caps until both eyes \n coincide with the image in the \n eyepiece. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "BARSKA Model AY11236 is a fixed power compound microscope. \nIt is constructed with two optical paths at the same angle. It is \nequipped with transmitted illumination. By using this instrument, \nthe user can observe specimens at magnification from 40x to \n1000x by selecting the desired objective lens. Coarse and fine \nfocus adjustments provide accuracy and image detail. The rotating \nhead allows the user to position the eyepieces for maximum \nviewing comfort and easy access to all adjustment knobs. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OPERATION (cont.)** **MODEL AY11236**\n\nInterpupillary Slide Adjustment \n**Model AY11230**\nEyepiece \n\nRotating Head \n\nRevolving Turret \nStand \n\nObjectives \n\nStage \n\nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob \nFine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStage Clip \nAdjustment \n\nCondenser \nFocusing \nKnob \n\nLamp \nOn/Off \nSwitch \n\nPower \nCord \n\nLamp \n\n**Model AY11236**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**\n\nBARSKA Model AY11236 is a powerful fixed power compound \nmicroscope designed for biological studies such as specimen \nexamination. It can also be used for examining bacteria and \nfor general clinical and medical studies and other scientific uses. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Model AY11238**\n\n1. Remove components from package. \n identify all parts before assembling. \n2. Attach 4x, 10x and 40x objectives \n to revolving turret. 3. Place the \n specimen on the stage and \n secure with spring clips. NOTE: The \n cover glass must face upward (the \n thinner glass is the cover glass), \n otherwise when the 40x objective is \n used the specimen cannot be \n observed. Observation is best when \n the thickness of the cover glass is \n 0.1-1.1mm and the cover glass is \n 0.17mm. \n4. Plug power cord into an electrical \n outlet. Turn microscope \n lamp ON. \n5. Observe the specimen using the \n lowest magnification objective \n first. The 4x objective provides a \n larger field of view to search \n specimen. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Illumination \nControls \n**Model AY11230**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**\n\nBARSKA Model AY11230 and Model AY11234 are trinocular \nmicroscopes designed for biological studies such as specimen \nexamination. They can also be used for examining bacteria and for \ngeneral clinical and medical studies. Simple design and use and the \nvertical tube make them is useful for school classroom instruction. \n\n**CONSTRUCTION**\n\nBARSKA Model AY11230 is a fixed power trinocular stereo \nmicroscope. It is constructed with two optical paths at the same \nangle. It is equipped with transmitted illumination and oblique \nillumination. By using this instrument, the user can observe and \nenlarge the right side stereo image. BARSKA Model AY11234 is a \nzoom trinocular stereo microscope. The object being viewed is \nenlarged through two identical sized sets of right and left eye \nlenses. The zoom provides different magnification and features an \ninversion system which allows the image to be viewed normally \nand right side up. \n\n**10**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**MODEL AY11240/AY11238**\n\nEyepiece \n\nEyepiece Monocular Tube \n\nEyepiece \nSet Screw \n\nRotating Head \n\nStage Height \nLimit Adjustment \nBarrel \n\nRevolving \nTurret \n\nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStand \nRevolving Turret \n\nObjectives \n\nObjectives \nSpring \nClips \nCoarse \nAdjustment \nKnob Fine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nSpring Clips \n\n**IMPORTANT NOTES**\nStage \nStand \n\n5-Hole \nDiaphragm \nand Condenser \nFine \nAdjustment \nKnob \nStage \n\nCongratulations on your purchase of this high quality BARSKA \nmicroscope. With proper care, this microscope will provide many \nyears of use. Please read the following instructions before \noperating this instrument. \n1. Do not attempt to disassemble the instrument. This product has \n been carefully assembled at the factory and should only be \n examined by a factory-trained technician. \n2. This instrument should only be used in an environment with an \n indoor temperature range of 32oF to 104oF. \n3. Do not use this instrument in an environment with a lot of dust. \n**Cover the instrument when not in use.**\n4. Do not subject the instrument to shock. \n\n5-Hole \nDiaphragm \nand Condenser \nConcave \nMirror \nPower \nCord Lamp \n\nLamp \nOn/Off \nSwitch \n\n**Model AY11240** **Model AY11238**\n\n**MICROSCOPE USAGE**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "BARSKA Model AY11228 is a fixed power stereo microscope. It is \nconstructed with two optical paths at the same angle. It is \nequipped with transmitted illumination and oblique illumination. \nBy using this instrument, the user can observe and enlarge the \nright side stereo image. BARSKA Model AY11232 is a zoom stereo \nmicroscope. The object being viewed is enlarged through two \nidentical sized sets of right and left eye lenses. The zoom provides \ndifferent magnification and features an inversion system which \nallows the image to be viewed normally and right side up. \n\nHeavy-Light \nAdjustment Nut \n\n**Fig. 1- Coarse Adjustment Knob**\n\n**6**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "Microscope Manual.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf", - "query": "What event marks the beginning of the field of artificial intelligence?", - "target_page": 22, - "target_passage": "The field of AI research was founded at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956,[6] and the field went through \nmultiple cycles of optimism throughout its history,[7][8] followed by periods of disappointment and loss of \nfunding, known as AI winters.[9][10] Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning \noutperformed previous AI techniques.[11] This growth accelerated further after 2017 with the transformer \narchitecture,[12] and by the early 2020s many billions of dollars were being invested in AI and the field \nexperienced rapid ongoing progress in what has become known as the AI boom. The emergence of \nadvanced generative AI in the midst of the AI boom and its ability to create and modify content exposed \nseveral unintended consequences and harms in the present and raised concerns about the risks of AI and \nits long-term effects in the future, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety \nand benefits of the technology. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**History**\n\nThe study of mechanical or \"formal\" reasoning began with philosophers and mathematicians in antiquity. \nThe study of logic led directly to Alan Turing's theory of computation, which suggested that a machine, \nby shuffling symbols as simple as \"0\" and \"1\", could simulate any conceivable form of mathematical \nreasoning.[319][320] This, along with concurrent discoveries in cybernetics, information theory and \nneurobiology, led researchers to consider the possibility of building an \"electronic brain\".[r] They \ndeveloped several areas of research that would become part of AI,[322] such as McCullouch and Pitts \ndesign for \"artificial neurons\" in 1943,[115] and Turing's influential 1950 paper 'Computing Machinery \nand Intelligence', which introduced the Turing test and showed that \"machine intelligence\" was \nplausible.[323][320] \n\nThe field of AI research was founded at a workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956.[s][6] The attendees \nbecame the leaders of AI research in the 1960s.[t] They and their students produced programs that the \npress described as \"astonishing\":[u] computers were learning checkers strategies, solving word problems \nin algebra, proving logical theorems and speaking English.[v][7] Artificial intelligence laboratories were \nset up at a number of British and U.S. universities in the latter 1950s and early 1960s.[320] ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Artificial intelligence**\n\n**Artificial intelligence**(**AI**), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly \ncomputer systems. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and \nsoftware that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take \nactions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals.[1] Such machines may be called AIs. \n\nHigh-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search); \nrecommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon, and Netflix); virtual assistants (e.g., Google \nAssistant, Siri, and Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); generative and creative tools (e.g., \nChatGPT and AI art); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go). However, \nmany AI applications are not perceived as AI: \"A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general \napplications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common \nenough it's not labeled AI anymore.\"[2][3] \n\nVarious subfields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of particular tools. The \ntraditional goals of AI research include reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, learning, natural \nlanguage processing, perception, and support for robotics.[a] General intelligence—the ability to complete \nany task performed by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals.[4] To \nreach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of techniques, including \nsearch and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on \nstatistics, operations research, and economics.[b] AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, \nneuroscience, and other fields.[5] ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Up to this point, most of AI's funding had gone to projects that used high-level symbols to represent \nmental objects like plans, goals, beliefs, and known facts. In the 1980s, some researchers began to doubt \nthat this approach would be able to imitate all the processes of human cognition, especially perception, \nrobotics, learning and pattern recognition,[335] and began to look into \"sub-symbolic\" approaches.[336] \nRodney Brooks rejected \"representation\" in general and focussed directly on engineering machines that \nmove and survive.[x] Judea Pearl, Lofti Zadeh, and others developed methods that handled incomplete \nand uncertain information by making reasonable guesses rather than precise logic.[86][341] But the most \nimportant development was the revival of \"connectionism\", including neural network research, by \nGeoffrey Hinton and others.[342] In 1990, Yann LeCun successfully showed that convolutional neural \nnetworks can recognize handwritten digits, the first of many successful applications of neural \nnetworks.[343] \n\nAI gradually restored its reputation in the late 1990s and early 21st century by exploiting formal \nmathematical methods and by finding specific solutions to specific problems. This \"narrow\" and \"formal\" \nfocus allowed researchers to produce verifiable results and collaborate with other fields (such as statistics, \neconomics and mathematics).[344] By 2000, solutions developed by AI researchers were being widely \nused, although in the 1990s they were rarely described as \"artificial intelligence\" (a tendency known as \nthe AI effect).[345] However, several academic researchers became concerned that AI was no longer \npursuing its original goal of creating versatile, fully intelligent machines. Beginning around 2002, they \nfounded the subfield of artificial general intelligence (or \"AGI\"), which had several well-funded \ninstitutions by the 2010s.[4] ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Philosophy**\n\nPhilosophical debates have historically sought to determine the nature of intelligence and how to make \nintelligent machines.[356] Another major focus has been whether machines can be conscious, and the \nassociated ethical implications.[357] Many other topics in philosophy are relevant to AI, such as \nepistemology and free will.[358] Rapid advancements have intensified public discussions on the \nphilosophy and ethics of AI.[357] ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Deep learning began to dominate industry benchmarks in 2012 and was adopted throughout the field.[11] \nFor many specific tasks, other methods were abandoned.[y] Deep learning's success was based on both \nhardware improvements (faster computers,[347] graphics processing units, cloud computing[348]) and \naccess to large amounts of data[349] (including curated datasets,[348] such as ImageNet). Deep learning's \nsuccess led to an enormous increase in interest and funding in AI.[z] The amount of machine learning \nresearch (measured by total publications) increased by 50% in the years 2015–2019.[306] \n\nIn 2016, issues of fairness and the misuse of technology were catapulted into center stage at machine \nlearning conferences, publications vastly increased, funding became available, and many researchers re- \nfocussed their careers on these issues. The alignment problem became a serious field of academic \nstudy.[283] \n\nIn the late teens and early 2020s, AGI companies began to deliver programs that created enormous \ninterest. In 2015, AlphaGo, developed by DeepMind, beat the world champion Go player. The program \ntaught only the game's rules and developed a strategy by itself. GPT-3 is a large language model that was \nreleased in 2020 by OpenAI and is capable of generating high-quality human-like text.[350] ChatGPT, \nlaunched on November 30, 2022, became the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, \ngaining over 100 million users in two months.[351] It marked what is widely regarded as AI's breakout \nyear, bringing it into the public consciousness.[352] These programs, and others, inspired an aggressive AI \nboom, where large companies began investing billions of dollars in AI research. According to AI Impacts, \nabout $50 billion annually was invested in \"AI\" around 2022 in the U.S. alone and about 20% of the new ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "360. Turing (1950), Under \"The Argument from Consciousness\". \n361. Kirk-Giannini, Cameron Domenico; Goldstein, Simon (16 October 2023). \"AI is closer than \n\never to passing the Turing test for 'intelligence'. What happens when it does?\" (https://theco \nnversation.com/ai-is-closer-than-ever-to-passing-the-turing-test-for-intelligence-what-happe \nns-when-it-does-214721).*The Conversation*. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202409 \n25040612/https://theconversation.com/ai-is-closer-than-ever-to-passing-the-turing-test-for-in \ntelligence-what-happens-when-it-does-214721) from the original on 25 September 2024. \nRetrieved 17 August 2024. \n362. Russell & Norvig (2021), p. 3. \n363. Maker (2006). \n364. McCarthy (1999). \n365. Minsky (1986). \n366. \"What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?\" (https://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-artificial-intellige \n\nnce).*Google Cloud Platform*. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230731114802/http \ns://cloud.google.com/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence) from the original on 31 July 2023. \nRetrieved 16 October 2023. ", - "page_start": 49, - "page_end": 49, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Some authors have suggested in practice, that the definition of AI is vague and difficult to define, with \ncontention as to whether classical algorithms should be categorised as AI,[367] with many companies \nduring the early 2020s AI boom using the term as a marketing buzzword, often even if they did \"not \nactually use AI in a material way\".[368] ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**History of AI**\n\nCrevier, Daniel (1993).*AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence*. New York, NY: \n\nBasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. \n\nMcCorduck, Pamela (2004),*Machines Who Think*(2nd ed.), Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. \n\nPeters, ISBN 1-5688-1205-1 \n\nNewquist, H. P. (1994).*The Brain Makers: Genius, Ego, And Greed In The Quest For Machines*\n\n*That Think*. New York: Macmillan/SAMS. ISBN 978-0-6723-0412-5. \n\nHarmon, Paul; Sawyer, Brian (1990).*Creating Expert Systems for Business and Industry*. New \n\nYork: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471614963. ", - "page_start": 51, - "page_end": 51, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf", - "query": "What would a superintelligence need?", - "target_page": 27, - "target_passage": "possess intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human mind.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Superintelligence and the singularity**\n\nA superintelligence is a hypothetical agent that would possess intelligence far surpassing that of the \nbrightest and most gifted human mind.[379] If research into artificial general intelligence produced \nsufficiently intelligent software, it might be able to reprogram and improve itself. The improved software \nwould be even better at improving itself, leading to what I. J. Good called an \"intelligence explosion\" and \nVernor Vinge called a \"singularity\".[395] \n\nHowever, technologies cannot improve exponentially indefinitely, and typically follow an S-shaped \ncurve, slowing when they reach the physical limits of what the technology can do.[396] ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nPOWER \nREQUIRED \nHP ", - "page_start": 174, - "page_end": 174, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n\\ \nSUPERSONIC ", - "page_start": 272, - "page_end": 272, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the future to warrant research or that humans will be valuable from the perspective of a superintelligent \nmachine.[282] However, after 2016, the study of current and future risks and possible solutions became a \nserious area of research.[283] ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntechnology ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nPOWER \nREQUIRED \n\n- \nMAXIMUM LEVEL \nFLIGHT SPEED ", - "page_start": 168, - "page_end": 168, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Narrow vs. general AI**\n\nAI researchers are divided as to whether to pursue the goals of artificial general intelligence and \nsuperintelligence directly or to solve as many specific problems as possible (narrow AI) in hopes these \nsolutions will lead indirectly to the field's long-term goals.[378][379] General intelligence is difficult to \ndefine and difficult to measure, and modern AI has had more verifiable successes by focusing on specific \nproblems with specific solutions. The sub-field of artificial general intelligence studies this area \nexclusively. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Implications for physicalism**\n\n", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**References**\n\n1. Russell & Norvig (2021), pp. 1–4. \n2. AI set to exceed human brain power (http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/science/07/24/ai.bostr \nom/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080219001624/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TEC \nH/science/07/24/ai.bostrom/) 2008-02-19 at the Wayback Machine CNN.com (July 26, 2006) \n\n3. Kaplan, Andreas; Haenlein, Michael (2019). \"Siri, Siri, in my hand: Who's the fairest in the \n\nland? On the interpretations, illustrations, and implications of artificial intelligence\".*Business*\n*Horizons*.**62**: 15–25. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2018.08.004 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor. \n2018.08.004). ISSN 0007-6813 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-6813). \nS2CID 158433736 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158433736). \n4. Artificial general intelligence: Russell & Norvig (2021, pp. 32–33, 1020–1021) ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf", - "query": "Where can I find the Inspect tool to evaluate the safety of our models?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "The UK AI Safety Institute released in 2024 a testing toolset called 'Inspect' for AI safety evaluations available under a MIT open-source licence which is freely available on GitHub", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Promotion of the wellbeing of the people and communities that these technologies affect requires \nconsideration of the social and ethical implications at all stages of AI system design, development and \nimplementation, and collaboration between job roles such as data scientists, product managers, data \nengineers, domain experts, and delivery managers.[300] \n\nThe UK AI Safety Institute released in 2024 a testing toolset called 'Inspect' for AI safety evaluations \navailable under a MIT open-source licence which is freely available on GitHub and can be improved with \nthird-party packages. It can be used to evaluate AI models in a range of areas including core knowledge, \nability to reason, and autonomous capabilities.[301] ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 53. View Inventories Progress sub menu***\n\n", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "You can find the course name and course code for your chosen course on \nthe relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look \nat the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code \nare circled in red): ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ntoolbar ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 54. View Inventories Progress screen***\n\n", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 62. Work on Inventories screen –Reject - Status = check***\n\n", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 59. Work on Inventories screen – Status = check***\n\n", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2. The “View Inventories Progress” screen appears (figure 54). \n3. Select the appropriate inventory by clicking the box under column “Working Inventory” (figure 54, a). \n\n***Note: The selected appropriate inventory should be in status “created” (figure 54, b) ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 55. Work on Inventories sub menu***\n\n", - "page_start": 35, - "page_end": 35, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**7.5.2 Listing volume throttles**\n\nTo view volume throttles, from the**Volumes**→**Volumes**menu, click the**Actions**menu and \nselect**View All Throttles**, as shown in Figure 7-29. ", - "page_start": 296, - "page_end": 296, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "What was the age category of most new opiate/crack users during the crime peak in the mid-1990s?", - "target_page": 9, - "target_passage": "mplying that most of these individuals were in their mid-to-late teens during the crime peak of the mid-1990s", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The mean age at test is 32 and the mean year of birth is 1977, implying that most of these \nindividuals were in their mid-to-late teens during the crime peak of the mid-1990s.9 Given \nevidence suggesting that the average age of initiation for opiate/crack use is around 18–20 \n(Millar et al., 2001), this age profile would tentatively suggest that OCU incidence also peaked in \nthe 1990s and that this created a large cohort of users who would be approaching 40 today. \n\nThe minimum and maximum years of birth are fixed by construction, because anyone born ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "However, further analysis revealed some other possibilities based on the characteristics of \nthose attending opiate/crack treatment for the first time in recent years. The Appendix includes a \nseries of graphs with age-of-onset distributions for those who first attended treatment in 2013, \nand then 2012, and so on back to 2004. These show that the majority of those who presented to \ntreatment in 2004 initiated use in the mid-1990s in line with the likely peak of the epidemic. But \nby 2012 a far greater number of individuals presenting to treatment say they started using \nopiates/crack only a year or two before.23 In other words, there appears to be a shift towards a \nshorter lag between initiation and treatment. This shift looks even more dramatic when using \nproportions rather than absolute numbers, see the Appendix. \n\nFurthermore, these individuals (those who seem to have both initiated recently and presented to \ntreatment within a year or two of initiation) show a notably different age-of-initiation profile \ncompared to the established profile in the literature, which peaks around 18–22 (Donmall & \nJones, 2005). These individuals have a notably older age profile: see figure 11 chart, which \ncompares recent initiates who presented to treatment in 2005 with recent initiates who \npresented to treatment in 2013. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "may be even lower. The number of arrestees testing positive for the first time for opiates \n(or for both opiates and crack-cocaine) dropped from 14,750 in 2006 to 4,281 in the first \n11 months of 2013, a fall of around 70 per cent2. Furthermore, of the new positive testers \nin 2013, only 721 were aged 18–24.3 Though this arrestee data will capture only a \nproportion of the true population, it does suggest that the number of new, young initiates \ninvolved with crime – those who have the potential to inflict most societal harm – has \ndecreased markedly, probably just to a few thousand per year; and that this group now \nmake up a small minority of the total number of opiate/crack-cocaine users (estimated to \nbe 294,000 in 2011/12), most of whom are older, longer-term users. \nIn terms of trends in new opiate/crack-cocaine users, all available data suggest that \nfigures have dipped by at least a fifth since 2005 and have dropped hugely since the late \n1980s and early 1990s when the opiate/crack-cocaine population in the UK grew very \nrapidly. The current estimate works out at a rate of 0.18 per 1,000 population. During the \nepidemic years, published estimates of new opiate/crack-cocaine users in Manchester \nand Bolton show rates more than 11 times larger. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 10 shows that, rather than increasing in the current year, new presentations for \nopiate/crack use have actually fallen slightly from 48,154 in 2013/14 to 47,241 in 2014/15, a \ndecrease of 1.9%. However, given that the early signs of previous opiate/crack use epidemics \nhave been missed before (see Morgan, 2014), and the potential social harm that a fresh \nincrease in new OCUs could cause, further analysis was conducted on the most recent data to \ntry and determine whether the apparent flattening in trends was actually caused by the early \nstages of a significant surge in new users. \n\nThe treatment data was broken down by age to check whether the slight fall in total new \npresentations in 2014/15 masked an increase in younger treatment presentations. This showed \ninstead that opiate/crack presentations by those aged 18-24 had fallen from 3,579 in 2013/14 to \n3,021 in 2014/15, a fall of 15.6%. In other words, younger new presentations have fallen at a \nfaster rate over the last year than for those aged over-25. Furthermore, separate statistics \nproduced for those in treatment aged 18-and-under also show a fall in aggregate numbers in \ntreatment for opiates and crack. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "4 The average is useful, but hides the fact that offending within the opiate/crack population is highly skewed with a few \n\nindividuals responsible for the majority of crime and many individuals manage to use heroin and crack without resorting to \nacquisitive crime at all (Morgan, 2014). \n\n5 Though regular national-level estimates have not been attempted, studies have estimated incidence at various times and at \nvarious different levels of geography, see for example: De Angelis et al., 2004, Millar et al., 2001 and Hickman et al., 2001. \n\nNew opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends 4 ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The mode age of initiation has shifted from around 18 to around 25 and there is an older age \nprofile throughout. Rises in average age of initiation have also been reported recently in cohorts \nof Australian injecting drug users (Horyniak et al., 2015). There appear to be two possible \nexplanations. \n\n There is a genuine shift towards new initiates being older, and for them to present to \n\ntreatment much faster than in previous years. \n\n There is a consistent, but small number of individuals who mis-report their age of onset \n\nwhen attending treatment i.e. who report that they have only been using opiates/crack for \na short period when in fact they have been using for a far longer period, and that this is \nstarting to really bias the numbers for recent cohorts because attendees from the original \nepidemic are becoming smaller. \n\nIt is possible then that the flattening we observe in the incidence trend is due to a small in-flux of \nolder initiates, although mis-reporting may also explain that phenomenon. Either way though, as \nthis analysis has made clear throughout, absolute numbers of new OCUs appear to be small – \nprobably fewer than 10,000 per annum and the numbers of those involved with crime will be \nsmaller still. In addition, despite a flattening in the probable trend in new users, there is currently \nno sign that it is likely to tip upwards. If anything, the data suggest the downward trend is set to \nresume, though clearly it remains important to monitor the situation. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This report has attempted to draw together available data and evidence to estimate the number \nof new opiate/crack-cocaine users (OCUs) per year in England since 2005 and then to look \nbriefly at their characteristics. This is important as previous research has suggested that – \nmostly through the actions of a minority - this group has the potential to have a large impact on \ncrime trends and therefore to impose significant societal costs. \n\nThough data on this population is imperfect, a number of different data sources and \nmethodologies are available to estimate OCU incidence. From these, three key conclusions \nemerge: \n\n The number of new opiate/crack users is clearly far lower now than it was in the 1980s \n\nand early 1990s and has even dropped 20-45% since 2005. \n\n This means numbers of new users in 2013 may be around 5,000-8,000 with an \n\napproximate upper bound of 10,000; and numbers involved with prolific criminality will be \nlower still. \n\n The downward trend in new OCUs has flattened since about 2011, but available data do \nnot suggest that this is the precursor to a new increase. If anything, the downward trend \nmay resume in 2014, though the situation requires further monitoring. ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "initiated use at an older age. Currently it is not possible to determine whether this is a \nreporting issue or a genuine shift in the age profile of new opiate/crack-cocaine users. \n\n The report has several important policy implications. Even though numbers of new \ninitiates involved with crime have dropped to the low thousands, putting downward \npressure on crime, identification and early diversion to treatment remains paramount. \nFrontier Economics have estimated that the average4 lifetime crime cost of an injecting \ndrug user is £445,000, so the potential for social harm – even from a small number of \nindividuals – remains large and potentially long-lasting. This means local areas need to \nmanage both the (relatively large) stock of current users, and the (much smaller) flow of \nnew initiates, whose treatment needs may be different. There is no evidence of any new \nepidemic in this country, but given the impact of the epidemic of the 80s and early 90s on \ncrime, ongoing monitoring of recent trends is required to spot early signs of any emerging \nproblems. \n\n**Aims and Methodology**\n\nPrevious Home Office research has demonstrated the importance of opiate/crack-cocaine use \nin driving aggregate trends in acquisitive crime (Morgan, 2014). While established estimates \nexist of the total number of opiate/crack-cocaine users (OCUs) in England (Hay et al., 2013), \nthere are no estimates for the number of new OCUs each year (throughout this paper the \nnumber of new OCUs is also referred to as**‘incidence’**). This is important for three main \nreasons. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 11 shows that 15 per cent of the individuals who started use in 2005 and had presented \nfor treatment by 2014, presented within one year of initiation. A further 17 per cent presented \nbetween one and two years after initiation, prior to coming to treatment, meaning that overall 31 \nper cent of the sample said they came to treatment within two years of first using opiates/crack. \n(The fact this is not 32% is simply due to rounding). ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Executive summary**\n\nThis paper uses a range of datasets and methodologies to: \n\n obtain working estimates for the number of individuals in England who started using \n\nopiates/crack from 2005 to 2013;1 \n\n examine the characteristics of these individuals. \n\nThe main findings of the paper are as follows. \n\n \n\nIt is estimated that around 5,000 to 8,000 individuals started using opiates or crack- \ncocaine in 2013. There is a high degree of uncertainty around this figure due to the \nsparse data on this population, but sense-checks based on treatment and criminal justice \nsystem data suggest the true figure is unlikely to be much larger than 10,000. \n\n Data also suggest that the number of current opiate/crack initiates involved with crime ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "According to the National Database Treatment Monitoring System, how many people started using opiates/crack between 2005 and 2014?", - "target_page": 22, - "target_passage": " Only 52,829 individuals said they had an opiate/crack initiation date between 2005 and 2014", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 4 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "This section uses treatment data from the National Database Treatment Monitoring System \n(NDTMS) to estimate the number of new OCUs annually. The NDTMS captures data on the \nnumbers of people presenting to services with problem drug misuse and information about the \ndrug treatment they receive. All drug treatment agencies in England provide a basic level of \ninformation to the NDTMS on their activities each month. The data for this report included all \nunique individuals presenting to treatment with opiates or crack-cocaine listed as their primary \ndrug between 2005 and 2014. All individuals whose age of first use was listed as below ten or \nbefore 2005 were then excluded. Excluding individuals who started using opiates/crack before \n2005 resulted in a large number of records being left out, due to the fact that the majority of the \ntreatment population, even in 2013/14, initiated in the 1980s and 1990s when heroin and crack \nuse surged in the UK. However, this exclusion is necessary for the incidence methodology, as \nexplained later in this section. The remaining dataset included 52,829 individuals, as shown in \nTable 10. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Table 11 shows that 15 per cent of the individuals who started use in 2005 and had presented \nfor treatment by 2014, presented within one year of initiation. A further 17 per cent presented \nbetween one and two years after initiation, prior to coming to treatment, meaning that overall 31 \nper cent of the sample said they came to treatment within two years of first using opiates/crack. \n(The fact this is not 32% is simply due to rounding). ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Reading down the year columns, the table shows that of the 6,449 people who presented for \nopiate/crack treatment for the first time in 2013, 376 said they had begun using in 2005. Another \n470 said they started using in 2006, and so on. \n\nReading across the table shows that of all those who said they began using opiates/crack in \n2005 (8,960), 1,305 also presented to treatment for the first time in that year (which is 15 per \ncent of the observed cohort from Table 11 and 12 per cent of our estimated total cohort from \nTable 12). Another 1,508 presented for the first time a year later, and so on. The first number in \nthe totals column (8,960) therefore represents all individuals who said they began using in 2005. \nIt is therefore the ‘observed’ incidence level. The column to the right of this is the cumulative \npercentages from the estimated lag-to-treatment distribution in Table 12. This shows the ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Executive summary**\n\nThis paper uses a range of datasets and methodologies to: \n\n obtain working estimates for the number of individuals in England who started using \n\nopiates/crack from 2005 to 2013;1 \n\n examine the characteristics of these individuals. \n\nThe main findings of the paper are as follows. \n\n \n\nIt is estimated that around 5,000 to 8,000 individuals started using opiates or crack- \ncocaine in 2013. There is a high degree of uncertainty around this figure due to the \nsparse data on this population, but sense-checks based on treatment and criminal justice \nsystem data suggest the true figure is unlikely to be much larger than 10,000. \n\n Data also suggest that the number of current opiate/crack initiates involved with crime ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The majority of those presenting for treatment between 2005 and 2014 started using \nopiates/crack before 2005 (around four in five). Only 52,829 individuals said they had an \nopiate/crack initiation date between 2005 and 2014. This suggests an average of just under \n5,000 new starters per year during this period. But this would be an under-estimate of incidence \nbecause it is likely that some of those who began use between 2005 and 2014 would not yet \nhave come to treatment during that period. \n\nTo correct for this, we use two variants of a methodology employed by researchers in Millar et \nal. (2001) and Hickman et al. (2001). These papers discuss the methodology in detail. \n\nIn brief, the method uses the lag-to-treatment distribution for the sample coupled with the \nnumber of new treatment presentations in a given year to estimate OCU incidence in that year. \nSo, when presenting to treatment, all individuals are asked to provide the year in which they first \nbegan using their primary drug, which for this analysis was limited to opiates and/or crack- \nNew opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends 22 ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "However, further analysis revealed some other possibilities based on the characteristics of \nthose attending opiate/crack treatment for the first time in recent years. The Appendix includes a \nseries of graphs with age-of-onset distributions for those who first attended treatment in 2013, \nand then 2012, and so on back to 2004. These show that the majority of those who presented to \ntreatment in 2004 initiated use in the mid-1990s in line with the likely peak of the epidemic. But \nby 2012 a far greater number of individuals presenting to treatment say they started using \nopiates/crack only a year or two before.23 In other words, there appears to be a shift towards a \nshorter lag between initiation and treatment. This shift looks even more dramatic when using \nproportions rather than absolute numbers, see the Appendix. \n\nFurthermore, these individuals (those who seem to have both initiated recently and presented to \ntreatment within a year or two of initiation) show a notably different age-of-initiation profile \ncompared to the established profile in the literature, which peaks around 18–22 (Donmall & \nJones, 2005). These individuals have a notably older age profile: see figure 11 chart, which \ncompares recent initiates who presented to treatment in 2005 with recent initiates who \npresented to treatment in 2013. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "before 1960 was removed and because DIP tests are only administered to those aged 18 and \nover, so only using data to 2013 means it would not be possible for anyone to be born in 1996 \nor afterwards to be included. Even so, it is clear from the year-of-birth distribution (Figure 2) that \npositive opiate tests drop off sharply for those born after 1982. This is in line with other evidence \nsuggesting that the number of new users of opiates decreased sharply in the 2000s. This needs \nto be considered when interpreting the analysis that follows. When DIP and the NDTMS \ntreatment system began in the mid-2000s, there already existed a cohort of around 320,000 \nOCUs, according to available estimates by Hay et al., (2013). And most of these individuals \nbegan using opiates/crack during the epidemic years of the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of data \ncapture this means it is hard to separate the gradual inclusion of more and more individuals \nfrom this original cohort from genuinely new users of these drugs. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 10 shows that, rather than increasing in the current year, new presentations for \nopiate/crack use have actually fallen slightly from 48,154 in 2013/14 to 47,241 in 2014/15, a \ndecrease of 1.9%. However, given that the early signs of previous opiate/crack use epidemics \nhave been missed before (see Morgan, 2014), and the potential social harm that a fresh \nincrease in new OCUs could cause, further analysis was conducted on the most recent data to \ntry and determine whether the apparent flattening in trends was actually caused by the early \nstages of a significant surge in new users. \n\nThe treatment data was broken down by age to check whether the slight fall in total new \npresentations in 2014/15 masked an increase in younger treatment presentations. This showed \ninstead that opiate/crack presentations by those aged 18-24 had fallen from 3,579 in 2013/14 to \n3,021 in 2014/15, a fall of 15.6%. In other words, younger new presentations have fallen at a \nfaster rate over the last year than for those aged over-25. Furthermore, separate statistics \nproduced for those in treatment aged 18-and-under also show a fall in aggregate numbers in \ntreatment for opiates and crack. ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Before discussing the trend implied by this chart, it is important first to sense-check the general \nlevel of new users implied. Analysis from the previous section suggested that the number of \nnew OCUs for 2013 was unlikely to be much higher than 10,000 with only a proportion of those \ninvolved with crime. The 2013 estimate implied by Model 1 is 8,290 and for Model 2 it is 5,092, \nso both are in line with the earlier analysis. The NDTMS data only covers England, not England \nand Wales, and our estimates will of course miss any OCUs who never come to treatment. \nHence the estimates for both models may be slightly conservative in that sense. But putting all \nthe partial evidence together, it can be said with a degree of certainty that the total number of \nindividuals who begin using opiates or crack-cocaine each year is probably not markedly higher \nthan 10,000, and that fewer than half of these are likely to be involved in significant amounts of \nacquisitive crime. \n\nTo put this into historical context, an incidence rate of 10,000 works out at a rate of 0.18 \nindividuals per 1,000 population. Published estimates of incidence in Manchester during the \nepidemic period of the late 1980s and early 1990s included rates above two per 1,000 \npopulation, i.e. more than 11 times higher (Millar et al., 2001). ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are several observations to be drawn from these tables. First, it is clear that a proportion \nof opiate-using offenders offend over long periods of time. Nearly ten per cent (8.9%) of \nindividuals who tested positive for opiates at charge in 2004 also tested positive nearly a \ndecade later in 2013 (on arrest). And reading vertically, of the 12,253 individuals testing positive \nin 2013, 1,092 (8.9%) had also tested positive almost a decade earlier. \n\nSecond, in relation to incidence, these numbers also allow for some back-of-the-envelope \nmodelling to address the extent to which the figure of 4,281 individuals, who are new positive \ntesters in 2013, is an under- or over-estimate of the number of new OCUs in total. Taking the \nfigures for 2008, when DIP was fully up and running, we know that around 25,000 unique \nindividuals had positive tests that year. This can be combined with available estimates of the \ntotal OCU population (Hay et al., 2013) and the proportion who are likely to be offending \n(Gossop et al., 2003; Morgan, 2014) to give an approximate arrest rate. i.e. if there were about \n150,000 crime-involved OCUs through the period, this implies an arrest rate of about 17 per \nNew opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends 18 ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf", - "query": "What proportion of opiate users tested in 2004 were still positive a decade later?", - "target_page": 18, - "target_passage": "Nearly ten per cent (8.9%) of individuals who tested positive for opiates at charge in 2004 also tested positive nearly a decade later in 2013 (on arrest)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "There were just over 100,000 unique individuals who tested positive for opiates-only or positive- \nfor-both between 2004 and 2013. The distribution of the 296,008 positive tests these individuals \ngave, shows that the vast majority (55%) were only tested once (see Figure 4), which is likely to \nbe why the age statistics are quite similar between Table 3 and Table 4. However, within this ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are several observations to be drawn from these tables. First, it is clear that a proportion \nof opiate-using offenders offend over long periods of time. Nearly ten per cent (8.9%) of \nindividuals who tested positive for opiates at charge in 2004 also tested positive nearly a \ndecade later in 2013 (on arrest). And reading vertically, of the 12,253 individuals testing positive \nin 2013, 1,092 (8.9%) had also tested positive almost a decade earlier. \n\nSecond, in relation to incidence, these numbers also allow for some back-of-the-envelope \nmodelling to address the extent to which the figure of 4,281 individuals, who are new positive \ntesters in 2013, is an under- or over-estimate of the number of new OCUs in total. Taking the \nfigures for 2008, when DIP was fully up and running, we know that around 25,000 unique \nindividuals had positive tests that year. This can be combined with available estimates of the \ntotal OCU population (Hay et al., 2013) and the proportion who are likely to be offending \n(Gossop et al., 2003; Morgan, 2014) to give an approximate arrest rate. i.e. if there were about \n150,000 crime-involved OCUs through the period, this implies an arrest rate of about 17 per \nNew opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends 18 ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "before 1960 was removed and because DIP tests are only administered to those aged 18 and \nover, so only using data to 2013 means it would not be possible for anyone to be born in 1996 \nor afterwards to be included. Even so, it is clear from the year-of-birth distribution (Figure 2) that \npositive opiate tests drop off sharply for those born after 1982. This is in line with other evidence \nsuggesting that the number of new users of opiates decreased sharply in the 2000s. This needs \nto be considered when interpreting the analysis that follows. When DIP and the NDTMS \ntreatment system began in the mid-2000s, there already existed a cohort of around 320,000 \nOCUs, according to available estimates by Hay et al., (2013). And most of these individuals \nbegan using opiates/crack during the epidemic years of the 1980s and 1990s. In terms of data \ncapture this means it is hard to separate the gradual inclusion of more and more individuals \nfrom this original cohort from genuinely new users of these drugs. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 8: Unique individuals testing positive for opiates-only or positive-for-both, by age and**\n**by year of first test.**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Year of first lestAge 18 - 24Age 25 - 29Age 30 - 34Age 35 – 39Age 40 overTotal
20043.1503.3192.9381.95888112.246
20052.3912.8322.5481.79197710.539
20063.6353.7683.2752.4911.58014.749
20073.1823.3592.8692.1781.80313.391
20082.9123.1972.8572.4252.23813.629
20092.7112.5942.3041.9982.04811.655
20102.2872.1802.1051.7442.07510.391
20111.7721.5191.6221.2741.7267.913
20121.1361.1791.3001.0301.3776.022
20137218509387041.0684.281
Total23.89724.79722.75617.59315.773104.816
", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The fifth row in Table 1 shows that the total number of opiate and opiate/cocaine tests over the \nperiod was 364,537. Table 2 shows descriptive statistics for the individuals providing these tests \n(noting that the same individual may be included several times if they gave multiple positive \ntests). \n\n**Table 2: Descriptive statistics on all positive opiate-only/positive-for-both tests.**\n\nOpiate/opiate+cocaine positive tests in England 2004–2013 (all positive tests including repeats \nby the same individual) ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 6: Number of positive opiates-only or positive-for-both. tests, by year of first positive**\n**test.**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]Number of tests per year ( positive opedequide + cocaine )\n
Year of first test2004200520062007200820092010201120122013Adjusted 2013
200417.1745.6047.0916.7846.5095.2924.8633.3412.6291.8001.964
200513.5536.0665.1104.9413.9833.5492.3231.9471.3831.509
200620.6567.7846.1525.1394.6293.2572.6491.8061.970
200717.6135.7474.3093.8552.6192.1191.5551.696
200817.8834.9704.0262.6262.1801.5621.704
200914.6834.0542.3831.8241.3181.438
201013.0752.3321.6381.1541.259
20119.5951.7141.0131.105
20127.2651.3591.483
20135.5236.025
Total17.17419.15733.81337.29141.23238.37638.05128.47623.96518.47320.152
", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 9: Table showing the age breakdown of individuals testing positive for opiates-only or**\n**positive-for-both as a proportion of all individuals first testing positive in that year.**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Year of first testAge 18 - 24Age 25 – 29Age 30 - 34Age 35 – 39Age 40 overTotal
200426 %27 %24 %16 %7 %100 %
200523 %27 %24 %17 %9 %100 %
200625 %26 %22 %17 %11 %100 %
200724 %25 %21 %16 %13 %100 %
200821 %23 %21 %18 %16 %100 %
200923 %22 %20 %17 %18 %100 %
201022 %21 %20 %17 %20 %100 %
201122 %19 %20 %16 %22 %100 %
201219 %20 %22 %17 %23 %100 %
201317 %20 %22 %16 %25 %100 %
", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Table 5: Table showing trends in total positive opiates-only or positive-for-both., in unique**\n**individuals testing positive, and in new individuals testing positive.**\n\n", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "may be even lower. The number of arrestees testing positive for the first time for opiates \n(or for both opiates and crack-cocaine) dropped from 14,750 in 2006 to 4,281 in the first \n11 months of 2013, a fall of around 70 per cent2. Furthermore, of the new positive testers \nin 2013, only 721 were aged 18–24.3 Though this arrestee data will capture only a \nproportion of the true population, it does suggest that the number of new, young initiates \ninvolved with crime – those who have the potential to inflict most societal harm – has \ndecreased markedly, probably just to a few thousand per year; and that this group now \nmake up a small minority of the total number of opiate/crack-cocaine users (estimated to \nbe 294,000 in 2011/12), most of whom are older, longer-term users. \nIn terms of trends in new opiate/crack-cocaine users, all available data suggest that \nfigures have dipped by at least a fifth since 2005 and have dropped hugely since the late \n1980s and early 1990s when the opiate/crack-cocaine population in the UK grew very \nrapidly. The current estimate works out at a rate of 0.18 per 1,000 population. During the \nepidemic years, published estimates of new opiate/crack-cocaine users in Manchester \nand Bolton show rates more than 11 times larger. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Of central interest for this paper is the third row which shows numbers of individuals testing \npositive for opiates only or were positive-for-both for the first time. All the previous caveats \nabout DIP trends need to be borne in mind when looking at those figures. Clearly the rise in new \npositive testers in the early period will be affected by the changes to DIP coverage through \nthose years, as possibly will the sharp fall in positive testers in the latter period. However, \ngraphing the data (see the red line in Figure 7 below) shows that the fall from 14,750 new \npositive testers in 2006 to 4,281 in 2013, is not only large (the drop is around 70 per cent even if \nwe use the adjusted figure for 2013) but also more or less linear. This means that there is no \nimmediate reason to suggest that the 2013 figures are artificially low due to changes in DIP \ncoverage (i.e. the fact that DIP ceased to be a centrally funded programme in April of that year). \nTaken together, the data from the period post-2006 (when DIP had achieved a high level of \ncoverage) certainly appear to show that the number of new crime-involved OCUs is unlikely to \nbe rising and may be falling markedly, see Figure 7. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "legal2_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf", - "query": "Who led the Fronde des princes?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier, known as la Grande Mademoiselle; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called \"foreign princes\" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Just as the first*Fronde*(the*Fronde parlementaire*of 1648–1649) ended, a second one (the \n*Fronde des princes*of 1650–1653) began. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid \nintrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class \ninsurrection. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest for the reversal of their \npolitical demotion from vassals to courtiers. It was headed by the highest-ranking French \nnobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of \nMontpensier, known as*la Grande Mademoiselle*; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of \nConti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and \nFrançois, Duke of Beaufort; so-called \"foreign princes\" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, \nand Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld. \n\nPortrait by Justus van Egmont \nbetween the years 1649–1652. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The*Frondeurs*, political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their \nincreasingly centralized royal government. \ntraditional feudal privileges from \nFurthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by \nthe recently ennobled bureaucrats (the*Noblesse de Robe*, or \"nobility of the robe\"), who \nadministered the kingdom and on whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely. This \nbelief intensified the nobles' resentment. \n\nthe \n\nIn 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted to tax members of the*Parlement de Paris*. The \nmembers refused to comply and ordered all of the king's earlier financial edicts burned. \nBuoyed by the victory of*Louis, duc d'Enghien*(later known as*le Grand Condé*) at the \nBattle of Lens, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in a show \nof force.[24] The most important arrest, from Anne's point of view, concerned Pierre \nBroussel, one of the most important leaders in the*Parlement de Paris*. \nLouis XIV in 1643, by Claude Deruet \n\nPeople in France were complaining about the expansion of royal authority, the high rate of \ntaxation, and the reduction of the authority of the Parlement de Paris and other regional \nrepresentative entities. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under \nintense pressure, to free Broussel. Moreover, on the night of 9–10 February 1651, when \nLouis was twelve, a mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to \nsee their king. Led into the royal bed-chamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning \nsleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed.[25] The threat to the royal family \nprompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers. ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nINDEPENDENT \nLEAD DIRECTOR ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "experiences during the*Fronde*, when men of high birth readily took up the rebel cause against their king, who was actually the \nkinsman of some. This victory over the nobility may thus have ensured the end of major civil wars in France until the French \nRevolution about a century later. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Early acts**\n\nAs the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a civil war known as the Fronde erupted in \nFrance. It effectively checked France's ability to exploit the Peace of Westphalia. Anne and \nMazarin had largely pursued the policies of Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's \npower at the expense of the nobility and the*Parlements*. Anne was more concerned with \ninternal policy than foreign affairs; she was a very proud queen who insisted on the divine \nrights of the King of France.[22] \n\nAll this led her to advocate a forceful policy in all matters relating to the King's authority, \nin a manner that was much more radical than the one proposed by Mazarin. The Cardinal \ndepended totally on Anne's support and had to use all his influence on the Queen to temper \nsome of her radical actions. Anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member of parliament who \nchallenged her will; her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the \nmatters of finance and justice. One of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris, whom she had \njailed, died in prison.[23] \n\nLouis XIV, then Dauphin of France, \nin 1642, one year before his \naccession to the throne, by Philippe \nde Champaigne ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " forces with \n\nlift distribution ", - "page_start": 91, - "page_end": 91, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Goubert, Pierre ( 15FT ) Louids XIV and Twenty Million Ferrchmen. social history from Annales School. SEM STB - D - 2047 - 275L - 7
Jones, Colin. The Great Nation : France from Louis XIV to Napoleon ( 1725 – 1739 ) ( 2002 )
Klaids, 2eseph. Printed propaganda under Louis XV : absolute monarchy and public opinion ( Princeton University Press, 2015 ).
Le Roy Ladune, Emmanuel. The Ancien Relgime : A Hotory of France 2610 – 274 [ 15999 ], survey by leader of the Amales School ( SBN 06121212869
Levis, W. H. The Splendid Century : Life in the France of Louis XIV ( L953 ) ISBN 083,[ S ][ 20 ]
Miford, Nancy ( 2966 ), The Sun King : Louis JIV at Versalles ( 2012 ed.), New York Review of Books. SSBN STB - 2 - SR05 - T493 - 3.
Prest, Julia, and Guy Rowlands, eds. The Third Reign of Louis XIV, α. L6R2 – D725 ( Taylor & Francis, 2015 )
Rothkrug, Lionel, Opposalion to Louis XV : The Political and Social Origins of French Enlightenment ( Princeton University Prees, 2015 ).
Rowlands, Guy, The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XV / Royal Service and Private Interest, 2902 – 2702
Rubin, David Lee, ed. Sun King : The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XV. Washington : Folger Books and Cranbury. Associated University Presses, 1592.
Rule, John C., Louis XIV and the craft of kingship 1969.
Shennan, J. H. Louis XIV ( 1993 )
Thompson, lan. The Sun King ’ s Garderr. Louis AV, Andrel Le Nithe And the Creation of the Garders of Versailles. London : Sloomsbury Publishing, 2006 SSBV 3.5822 – 4532 – 4532 – 4532 – 5
Treasure, Geoffrey, The Making of Modern Europe, 2648 – 2780 ( Grd ed. 2003 ), pp. 230 – 296.
Wilkinson, Rich. Louis XIV ( Routledge, 2007 ). ISBN 978 - 0 - 4153 - 5815 - 6
Clehat, Jean - Prillippe, Ler roi stratege : Louis XV et la direction de la guerre, Δ92 - C725 ( Presses universitaines de Remnes, 2023 ).
Crois, Alan. “ Vingt millions de Francais et Louis XV.” Hevue dihistoire moderne contemporaine 2 ( 2003 ): ZT = 48.
Engerand, Fermand, editor ( 2893 ) ( in Frentsh ) Inventalies des tablesus do - fry religie ent DTBI et. CTD part Vicralias baby Partic Emotic Lensus Capy ( high ( plakas, brf30ys ) CLEAR ( highleskGCGTARTL ( 2, mgan ) Actives ( http :// wet. art
", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nmanagement team ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nfrom lead bromide de- ", - "page_start": 161, - "page_end": 161, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Queen Anne played the most important role in defeating the Fronde because she wanted to transfer absolute authority to her son. \nIn addition, most of the princes refused to deal with Mazarin, who went into exile for a number of years. The*Frondeurs*claimed \nto act on Louis's behalf, and in his real interest, against his mother and Mazarin. \n\nQueen Anne had a very close relationship with the Cardinal, and many observers believed that Mazarin became Louis XIV's \nstepfather by a secret marriage to Queen Anne.[30] However, Louis's coming-of-age and subsequent coronation deprived them of \nthe*Frondeurs*' pretext for revolt. The*Fronde*thus gradually lost steam and ended in 1653, when Mazarin returned triumphantly \nfrom exile. From that time until his death, Mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of \nAnne, who was no longer regent.[31] \n\nDuring this period, Louis fell in love with Mazarin's niece Marie Mancini, but Anne and Mazarin ended the king's infatuation by \nsending Mancini away from court to be married in Italy. While Mazarin might have been tempted for a short time to marry his \nniece to the King of France, Queen Anne was absolutely against this; she wanted to marry her son to the daughter of her brother, \nPhilip IV of Spain, for both dynastic and political reasons. Mazarin soon supported the Queen's position because he knew that her \nsupport for his power and his foreign policy depended on making peace with Spain from a strong position and on the Spanish \nmarriage. Additionally, Mazarin's relations with Marie Mancini were not good, and he did not trust her to support his position. All \nof Louis's tears and his supplications to his mother did not make her change her mind. The Spanish marriage would be very ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf", - "query": "What was one of Louis XIV's most ill-famed decrees?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "One of Louis's more infamous decrees was the Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies of 1685, the Code Noir (black code)", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "One of Louis's more infamous decrees was the*Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies*of \n1685, the*Code Noir*(black code). Although it sanctioned slavery, it attempted to humanise \nthe practice by prohibiting the separation of families. Additionally, in the colonies, only \nRoman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised. \n\nLouis ruled through a number of councils: \n\nConseil d'en haut (\"High Council\", concerning the most important matters of \nstate)—composed of the king, the crown prince, the controller-general of \nfinances, and the secretaries of state in charge of various departments. The \nmembers of that council were called ministers of state. \nConseil des dépêches (\"Council of Messages\", concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces). \nConseil de Conscience (\"Council of Conscience\", concerning religious affairs and episcopal appointments). \nConseil royal des finances (\"Royal Council of Finances\") headed by the \"chef du conseil des finances\" (an \nhonorary post in most cases)—this was one of the few posts in the council available to the high aristocracy.[38] \n\n**Early wars in the Low Countries**\n\n**Spain**\n\nThe death of Louis's maternal uncle King Philip IV of Spain in 1665 precipitated the War of Devolution. In 1660, Louis had \nmarried Philip IV's eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as one of the provisions of the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees.[39] The marriage \ntreaty specified that Maria Theresa was to renounce all claims to Spanish territory for herself and all her descendants.[39] Mazarin ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On 15 October 1685, Louis issued the Edict of \nFontainebleau, which cited the redundancy of \nprivileges for Protestants given their scarcity after \nthe \nof \nFontainebleau revoked the Edict of Nantes and \nrepealed all the privileges that arose therefrom.[4] \nBy his edict, Louis no longer tolerated the existence \nof Protestant groups, pastors, or churches in France. \nNo further churches were to be constructed, and those already existing were to be \ndemolished. Pastors could choose either exile or secular life. Those Protestants who had \nresisted conversion were now to be baptised forcibly into the established church.[70] \n\nextensive conversions. The Edict \n\nLouis XIV in 1685, the year he \nrevoked the Edict of Nantes \n\nProtestant peasants rebelled \nagainst the officially sanctioned \n*dragonnades*(conversions enforced \nby dragoons, labeled \"missionaries \nin boots\") that followed the Edict of \nFontainebleau. \n\nHistorians have debated Louis's reasons for issuing the Edict of Fontainebleau. He may \nhave been seeking to placate Pope Innocent XI, with whom relations were tense and whose \naid was necessary to determine the outcome of a succession crisis in the Electorate of \nCologne. He may also have acted to upstage Emperor Leopold I and regain international \nprestige after the latter defeated the Turks without Louis's help. Otherwise, he may simply \nhave desired to end the remaining divisions in French society dating to the Wars of Religion by fulfilling his coronation oath to \neradicate heresy.[71][72] ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Quotes**\n\nNumerous quotes have been attributed to Louis XIV by legend. \n\nThe well-known \"I am the state\" (*\"L'État, c'est moi.\"*) was reported from at least the late 18th century.[143] It was widely repeated \nbut also denounced as apocryphal by the early 19th century.[144][b][145] ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Alternatively, Louis's critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the French Revolution to his failure to reform French \ninstitutions while the monarchy was still secure. Other scholars counter that there was little reason to reform institutions that \nlargely worked well under Louis. They also maintain that events occurring almost 80 years after his death were not reasonably \nforeseeable to Louis and that in any case, his successors had sufficient time to initiate reforms of their own.[135] \n\nLouis has often been criticised for his vanity. The memoirist Saint-Simon, who claimed \nthat Louis slighted him, criticised him thus: \n\nThere was nothing he liked so much as flattery, or, to put it more plainly, \nadulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Louis XIV**\n\n**Louis XIV**(Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also \nknown as**Louis the Great**(*Louis le Grand*) or the**Sun King**(*le Roi Soleil*), \nwas King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 \nyears and 110 days is the longest of any sovereign.[1][a] An emblematic \ncharacter of the Age of Absolutism in Europe,[3] Louis XIV's legacy is widely \ncharacterized by French colonial expansion, the conclusion of Eighty Years' \nWar involving the Habsburgs, and his architectural bequest, marked by \ncommissioned works of art and buildings. His pageantry, opulent lifestyle and \nornate cultivated image earned him enduring admiration. Louis XIV raised \nFrance to be the exemplar nation-state of the early modern period, and \nestablished a cultural prestige which lasted through the subsequent centuries, \nand continues today. \n\n**Louis XIV**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Centralisation of power**\n\nBy the early 1680s, Louis had greatly augmented French influence in the world. \nDomestically, he successfully increased the influence of the crown and its authority over \nthe church and aristocracy, thus consolidating absolute monarchy in France. \n\nLouis initially supported traditional Gallicanism, which limited papal authority in France, \nand convened an Assembly of the French clergy in November 1681. Before its dissolution \neight months later, the Assembly had accepted the Declaration of the Clergy of France, \nwhich increased royal authority at the expense of papal power. Without royal approval, \nbishops could not leave France, and appeals could not be made to the pope. Additionally, \ngovernment officials could not be excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance of \ntheir duties. Although the king could not make ecclesiastical law, all papal regulations \nwithout royal assent were invalid in France. Unsurprisingly, the Pope repudiated the \nDeclaration.[4] \n\nBy attaching nobles to his court at Versailles, Louis \nachieved \nthe French \naristocracy. According to historian Philip Mansel, \nthe king turned the palace into: \n\nPortrait of Louis XIV (gray pastel on \npaper by Charles Le Brun, 1667, \nLouvre Museum) \n\nincreased control over ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Nonetheless, Louis has also received praise. The anti-Bourbon Napoleon described him not only as \"a great king\", but also as \"the \nonly King of France worthy of the name\".[137] Leibniz, the German Protestant philosopher, commended him as \"one of the \ngreatest kings that ever was\".[138] And Lord Acton admired him as \"by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the \nsteps of a throne\".[139] The historian and philosopher Voltaire wrote: \"His name can never be pronounced without respect and \nwithout summoning the image of an eternally memorable age\".[140] Voltaire's history,*The Age of Louis XIV*, named Louis's reign \nas not only one of the four great ages in which reason and culture flourished, but the greatest ever.[141][142] ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "was persuaded to change his fiscal policy. Though willing enough to tax the nobles, Louis \nfeared the political concessions which they would demand in return. Only towards the \nclose of his reign under the extreme exigency of war, was he able, for the first time in \nFrench history, to impose direct taxes on the aristocracy. This was a step toward equality \nbefore the law and toward sound public finance, though it was predictably diminished by \nconcessions and exemptions won by the insistent efforts of nobles and bourgeois.[35] \n\nLouis and Colbert also had wide-ranging plans to grow French commerce and trade. \nColbert's mercantilist administration established new \nindustries and encouraged \nmanufacturers and inventors, such as the Lyon silk manufacturers and the Gobelins \ntapestry manufactory. He invited manufacturers and artisans from all over Europe to \nFrance, such as Murano glassmakers, Swedish ironworkers, and Dutch shipbuilders. He \naimed to decrease imports while increasing French exports, hence reducing the net outflow \nof precious metals from France. \n\nEngraving of Louis XIV \n\nLouis instituted reforms in military administration through Michel le Tellier and his son \nFrançois-Michel le Tellier, successive Marquis de Louvois. They helped to curb the \nindependent spirit of the nobility, imposing order on them at court and in the army. Gone were the days when generals protracted \nwar at the frontiers while bickering over precedence and ignoring orders from the capital and the larger strategic picture, with the \nold military aristocracy (*noblesse d'épée*, nobility of the sword) monopolizing senior military positions and the higher ranks. \nLouvois modernized the army and reorganised it into a professional, disciplined, well-trained force. He was devoted to the \nsoldiers' material well-being and morale, and even tried to direct campaigns. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Louis's detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted \nFrance. His supporters, however, distinguish the state, which was impoverished, from France, which was not. As supporting \nevidence, they cite the literature of the time, such as the social commentary in Montesquieu's*Persian Letters*.[134] ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Relations with the major colonies**\n\nLouis's legal reforms were enacted in his numerous Great Ordinances. Prior to that, France \nwas a patchwork of legal systems, with as many traditional legal regimes as there were \nprovinces, and two co-existing legal systems—customary law in the north and Roman civil \nlaw in the south.[36] The*Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile*of 1667, the*Code*\n*Louis*, was a comprehensive legal code imposing a uniform regulation of civil procedure \nthroughout the kingdom. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and death \nrecords in the state's registers, not the church's, and it strictly regulated the right of the \n*Parlements*to remonstrate.[37] The*Code Louis*later became the basis for the Napoleonic \ncode, which in turn inspired many modern legal codes. \n\nLouis and his family portrayed as \nRoman gods in a 1670 painting by \nJean Nocret. L to R: Louis's aunt, \nHenriette-Marie; his brother, \nPhilippe, duc d'Orléans; the Duke's \ndaughter, Marie Louise d'Orléans, \nand wife, Henriette-Anne Stuart; the \nQueen-mother, Anne of Austria; \nthree daughters of Gaston \nd'Orléans; Louis XIV; the Dauphin \nLouis; Queen Marie-Thérèse;*la*\n*Grande Mademoiselle*. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf", - "query": "What did Louis XIV do to avoid the Spanish War of Succession in 1698?", - "target_page": 13, - "target_passage": "In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the Treaty of the Hague with William III of England in 1698. This agreement divided Spain's Italian territories between Louis's son le Grand Dauphin and Archduke Charles, with the rest of the empire awarded to Joseph Ferdinand.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**France as the pivot of warfare**\n\nUnder Louis, France was the leading European power, and most wars pivoted around its \naggressiveness. No European state exceeded it in population, and no one could match its \nwealth, central location, and very strong professional army. It had largely avoided the \ndevastation of the Thirty Years' War. Its weaknesses included an inefficient financial \nsystem that was hard-pressed to pay for its military adventures, and the tendency of most \nother powers to gang up against it. \n\nDuring Louis's reign, France fought three major wars: the Franco-Dutch War, the Nine \nYears' War, and the War of the Spanish Succession. There were also two lesser conflicts: \nthe War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions.[64] The wars were very expensive but \ndefined Louis XIV's foreign policy, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled \"by \na mix of commerce, revenge, and pique\", Louis sensed that war was the ideal way to \nenhance his glory. In peacetime, he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught \nhis diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French \nmilitary.[6] By 1695, France retained much of its dominance but had lost control of the seas \nto England and Holland, and most countries, both Protestant and Catholic, were in alliance \nagainst it. Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, France's leading military strategist, warned \nLouis in 1689 that a hostile \"Alliance\" was too powerful at sea. He recommended that \nFrance fight back by licensing French merchant ships to privateer and seize enemy \nmerchant ships while avoiding its navies: \n\nLouis XIV ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Relations with the Dutch**\n\nDuring the Eighty Years' War with Spain, France supported the Dutch Republic as part \nof a general policy of opposing Habsburg power. Johan de Witt, Dutch Grand \nPensionary from 1653 to 1672, viewed this as crucial for Dutch security and a \ncounterweight against his domestic Orangist opponents. Louis provided support in the \n1665-1667 Second Anglo-Dutch War but used the opportunity to launch the War of \nDevolution in 1667. This captured Franche-Comté and much of the Spanish \nNetherlands; French expansion in this area was a direct threat to Dutch economic \ninterests.[41] \n\nThe Battle of Tolhuis, Louis XIV crosses \nthe Lower Rhine at Lobith on 12 June \n1672; Rijksmuseum Amsterdam \n\nThe Dutch opened talks with Charles II of England on a common diplomatic front \nagainst France, leading to the Triple Alliance, between England, the Dutch and \nSweden. The threat of an escalation and a secret treaty to divide Spanish possessions \nwith Emperor Leopold, the other major claimant to the throne of Spain, led Louis to relinquish many of his gains in the 1668 \nTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.[42] ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Some historians point out that it was a customary demonstration of piety in those days to \nexaggerate one's sins. Thus they do not place much emphasis on Louis's deathbed \ndeclarations in assessing his accomplishments. Rather, they focus on military and \ndiplomatic successes, such as how he placed a French prince on the Spanish throne. This, \nthey contend, ended the threat of an aggressive Spain that historically interfered in \ndomestic French politics. These historians also emphasise the effect of Louis's wars in \nexpanding France's boundaries and creating more defensible frontiers that preserved \nFrance from invasion until the Revolution.[132] \n\nTerritorial expansion of France \nunder Louis XIV (1643–1715) is \ndepicted in orange. \n\nArguably, Louis also applied himself indirectly to \"the alleviation of the burdens of [his] \nsubjects.\" For example, he patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and \ncommerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. Moreover, the significant \nreduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these \nhistorians as the result of Louis's consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. In their analysis, his early reforms centralised \nFrance and marked the birth of the modern French state. They regard the political and military victories as well as numerous \ncultural achievements as how Louis helped raise France to a preeminent position in Europe.[133] Europe came to admire France \nfor its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values, \ngoods, and deportment. French became the universal language of the European elite. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Louis placed little reliance on his agreement with Leopold and as it was now clear French and Dutch aims were in direct conflict, \nhe decided to first defeat the Republic, then seize the Spanish Netherlands. This required breaking up the Triple Alliance; he paid \nSweden to remain neutral and signed the 1670 Secret Treaty of Dover with Charles, an Anglo-French alliance against the Dutch \nRepublic. In May 1672, France invaded the Republic, supported by Münster and the Electorate of Cologne.[43] \n\nRapid French advance led to a coup that toppled De Witt and brought William III to power. \nLeopold viewed French expansion into the Rhineland as an increasing threat, especially after \nthey seized the strategic Duchy of Lorraine in 1670. The prospect of Dutch defeat led Leopold \nto an alliance with Brandenburg-Prussia on 23 June, followed by another with the Republic on \n25th.[44] Although Brandenburg was forced out of the war by the June 1673 Treaty of Vossem, \nin August an anti-French alliance was formed by the Dutch, Spain, Emperor Leopold and the \nDuke of Lorraine.[45] \n\nThe French alliance was deeply unpopular in England, and only more so after the \ndisappointing battles against Michiel de Ruyter's fleet. Charles II of England made peace with \nthe Dutch in the February 1674 Treaty of Westminster. However, French armies held \nsignificant advantages over their opponents; an undivided command, talented generals like \nTurenne, Condé and Luxembourg and vastly superior logistics. Reforms introduced by \nLouvois, the Secretary of War, helped maintain large field armies that could be mobilised \nmuch more quickly, allowing them to mount offensives in early spring before their opponents \nwere ready.[46] \n\nLouis XIV, 1670, by Claude \nLefèbvre ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "important both for its role in ending the war between France and Spain, because many of the claims and objectives of Louis's \nforeign policy for the next 50 years would be based upon this marriage, and because it was through this marriage that the Spanish \nthrone would ultimately be delivered to the House of Bourbon.[32] ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Most European rulers accepted Philip as king, some reluctantly. Depending on one's views of the war's inevitability, Louis acted \nreasonably or arrogantly.[95] He confirmed that Philip V retained his French rights despite his new Spanish position. Admittedly, \nhe may only have been hypothesising a theoretical eventuality and not attempting a Franco-Spanish union. But his actions were \ncertainly not read as disinterested. Moreover, Louis sent troops to the Spanish Netherlands to evict Dutch garrisons and secure \nDutch recognition of Philip V. In 1701, Philip transferred the*asiento*(the right to supply slaves to Spanish colonies) to France, as \na sign of the two nations' growing connections. As tensions mounted, Louis decided to acknowledge James Stuart, the son of \nJames II, as King of England, Scotland and Ireland on the latter's death, infuriating William III. These actions enraged Britain and \nthe Dutch Republic.[96] With the Holy Roman Emperor and the petty German states, they formed another Grand Alliance and \ndeclared war on France in 1702. French diplomacy secured Bavaria, Portugal, and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies.[97] ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "French military superiority might have allowed him to press for more advantageous terms. Thus, his generosity to Spain with \nregard to Catalonia has been read as a concession to foster pro-French sentiment and may ultimately have induced King Charles II \nto name Louis's grandson Philip, Duke of Anjou, heir to the Spanish throne.[88] In exchange for financial compensation, France \nrenounced its interests in the Electorate of Cologne and the Palatinate. Lorraine, which had been occupied by the French since \n1670, was returned to its rightful Duke Leopold, albeit with a right of way to the French military. William and Mary were \nrecognised as joint sovereigns of the British Isles, and Louis withdrew support for James II. The Dutch were given the right to \ngarrison forts in the Spanish Netherlands that acted as a protective barrier against possible French aggression. Though in some \nrespects the Treaty of Ryswick may appear a diplomatic defeat for Louis since he failed to place client rulers in control of the \nPalatinate or the Electorate of Cologne, he did fulfil many of the aims laid down in his 1688 ultimatum.[89] In any case, peace in \n1697 was desirable to Louis, since France was exhausted from the costs of the war. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Accession**\n\nSensing imminent death in the spring of 1643, King Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in \norder for his four-year-old son Louis XIV. Not trusting the judgement of his Spanish wife \nQueen Anne, who would normally have become the sole regent of France, the king \ndecreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf, with Anne at its head.[13] \n\nLouis XIII died on 14 May 1643. On 18 May[14] Queen Anne had her husband's will \nannulled by the*Parlement de Paris*, a judicial body of nobles and high-ranking clergy,[15] \nand she became sole regent. She exiled her husband's ministers Chavigny and Bouthilier \nand appointed the Count of Brienne as her minister of foreign affairs.[16] Anne kept the \ndirection of religious policy strongly in hand until her son's majority in 1661. \n\nShe appointed Cardinal Mazarin as chief minister, giving him the daily administration of \npolicy. She continued the policies of her late husband and Cardinal Richelieu, despite their \npersecution of her, in order to win absolute authority in France and victory abroad for her \nson. Anne protected Mazarin by exiling her followers the Duke of Beaufort and Marie de \nRohan, who conspired against him in 1643.[17] \nLouis XIV as a young child, \nunknown painter \n\nThe best example of Anne's loyalty to France was her treatment of one of Richelieu's men, \nthe Chancellor Pierre Séguier. Séguier had brusquely interrogated Anne in 1637 (like a \n\"common criminal\", as she recalled) following the discovery that she was giving military secrets to her father in Spain, and Anne \nwas virtually under house arrest for years. By keeping the effective Séguier in his post, Anne sacrificed her own feelings for the \ninterests of France and her son Louis. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Acceptance of the will of Charles II and consequences**\n\nOn his deathbed in 1700, Charles II of Spain \nunexpectedly \nclear \ndemonstration of French military superiority for \nmany decades before this time, the pro-French \nfaction at the court of Spain, and even Pope \nInnocent XII convinced him that France was more likely to preserve his empire intact. He \nthus offered the entire empire to the Dauphin's second son Philip, Duke of Anjou, provided \nit remained undivided. Anjou was not in the direct line of French succession, thus his \naccession would not cause a Franco-Spanish union.[92] If Anjou refused, the throne would \nbe offered to his younger brother Charles, Duke of Berry. If the Duke of Berry declined it, \nit would go to Archduke Charles, then to the distantly related House of Savoy if Charles \ndeclined it.[93] \n\nchanged his will. The \n\nPhilip V of Spain \n\nLouis was confronted with a difficult choice. He could agree to a partition of the Spanish \npossessions and avoid a general war, or accept Charles II's will and alienate much of \nEurope. He may initially have been inclined to abide by the partition treaties, but the \nDauphin's insistence persuaded him otherwise.[94] Moreover, Louis's foreign minister, \nJean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy, pointed out that war with the Emperor would \nalmost certainly ensue whether Louis accepted the partition treaties or Charles II's will. He \nemphasised that, should it come to war, William III was unlikely to stand by France since \nhe \"made a treaty to avoid war and did not intend to go to war to implement the treaty\".[91] Indeed, in the event of war, it might be \npreferable to be already in control of the disputed lands. Eventually, therefore, Louis decided to accept Charles II's will. Philip, \nDuke of Anjou, thus became Philip V, King of Spain. \n\nLouis in 1701 ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another event Louis found threatening was England's Glorious Revolution of 1688. \nAlthough King James II was Catholic, his two Anglican daughters, Mary and Anne, \nensured the English people a Protestant succession. But when James II's son James Francis \nEdward Stuart was born, he took precedence in succession over his sisters. This seemed to \nherald an era of Catholic monarchs in England. Protestant lords called on the Dutch Prince \nWilliam III of Orange, grandson of Charles I of England, to come to their aid. He sailed for England with troops despite Louis's \nwarning that France would regard it as a provocation. Witnessing numerous desertions and defections, even among those closest \nto him, James II fled England. Parliament declared the throne vacant, and offered it to James's daughter Mary II and his son-in- \nlaw and nephew William. Vehemently anti-French, William (now William III of England) pushed his new kingdoms into war, thus \ntransforming the League of Augsburg into the Grand Alliance. Before this happened, Louis expected William's expedition to \nEngland to absorb his energies and those of his allies, so he dispatched troops to the Rhineland after the expiry of his ultimatum to \nthe German princes requiring confirmation of the Truce of Ratisbon and acceptance of his demands about the succession crises. \nThis military manoeuvre was also intended to protect his eastern provinces from Imperial invasion by depriving the enemy army \nof sustenance, thus explaining the preemptive scorched earth policy pursued in much of southwestern Germany (the \"Devastation \nof the Palatinate\").[80] \n\nLouis in 1690 ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "wikipedia5.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf", - "query": "Does nerve transection or crushing affect small afferents within the dorsal root ganglion in the same way?", - "target_page": 5, - "target_passage": "Both SNItrans (Fig. 2C) and SNIcrush (Fig. 2D) injuries resulted in a rightward shift in population distributions of the cross-sectional area of nucleated, FB-labelled DRG neurons when compared with contralateral DRG, consistent with a loss of small afferents post–nerve injury.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 9 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "3. Results \n\n3.1. Peripheral nerve injury induces a loss of small neurons \nfrom the dorsal root ganglion \n\nTogether, our data derived from several different experimental \napproaches show that a population of small-diameter afferents \nare lost following peripheral nerve injury. \n\n3.2. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of \nMrgprd-expressing neurons \n\nTo date, determining cell \nloss among specific populations of \nafferent neurons has proved challenging due to the down- \nregulation of subpopulation-specific marker genes following \ntransection.37,44 To overcome this issue, we took \naxonal \nadvantage of \ntransgenic strategies to label populations in \na manner that persisted after injury. Owing to the bias for the \nloss of small neurons and the known loss of IB4-binding central \nterminals postinjury,36 we initially focused on nonpeptidergic \nnociceptive neurons. We used MrgDChR2-YFP mice to identify \nneurons belonging to the largest of \nthe 3 classes of non- \npeptidergic nociceptors, NP1.55,59 To determine whether these \nneurons are lost following nerve injury, we used a stereological \nmethod to quantify L4 DRG MrgD-YFP1 (yellow fluorescent ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 53 ]
Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000 ; 422 : 172 – 80.
[ 54 ]
Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons : diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011 ; 36 : 730 – 4.
[ 55 ]
Uncekin D, Furier A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnetterg P, Lox D, Herling - Leffer J, Heaggthon J, Kharchenko O, Kharcherko Pai, Linnansson S, Emfors P : Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large - scale single - cell RNA sequencingi
[ 56 ]
Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent awotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997.388 - 307 - 12.
[ 57 ]
Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974 ; 248 : 740 – 43.
[ 58 ]
WangCr, Gx L. PluenY, GengX, Xx, M, YangN, YvLL, BengY, ZhurC, Yang Y, Zhox Y, Gvan X, Luo W, LuG, DongK, YvLG, LanL, TlengZ, Fleolifation of MrgprD by TRP - A1 promotes neuropathic pain, FASEB, J 2019.33 : 1360 – 73.
[ 59 ]
Wang H, Zyka MJ. Mrgprd - expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons imervate most. known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosoi 2009 ; 29 : 13202 – 9.
[ 60 ]
Wang R, Guo W, Ossipox MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, La J. Glial cell line - derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and preventis the expression of experimental neuropathic pa
[ 61 ]
Wang X, Archibald ML, Sitevens K, Baidridge WH, Chauhan BC. Qyan fluorescent protein ( CFP ) expressing cells in the refina of Thy1 - CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010 ; 468 : 110 – 4.
[ 62 ]
Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisulia J, Wright MC, Baunbauer HM, Adelman PC, LaskH, Shrahian TO, Ross SE, Koerbe HR, MrgordOre Ineage neurons mediate optogenetic alodynia through an emergent polynaptic circuit, PAN 2021 ; HS2 ; 2120 – 31.
", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Introduction \n\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly \nand functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal \nconditions, \nthe \nsomatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory \nstimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature, \nitch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in \nDRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability,57 which is a key \npathological driver of neuropathic pain.20,63 Concomitant \nmolecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur, \nand these have recently been comprehensively described in \nsingle-cell37,44 and subpopulation-specific sequencing stud- \nies.3 These studies describe a transient and generalized \nreduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes \nfollowing nerve injury.3,37,44 \n\nthis diversity contributes to the ability of \n\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature \ndescribing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1. SNItrans induces death of small primary afferent neurons, accompanied by a reduction in volume, not cell density, of the dorsal root ganglion. (A) \nApproach to differentially labelled intact afferents with tdTomato and damaged afferents with GFP after peripheral nerve injury using the AvilFlpO;Atf3CreERT2;RC:: \nFLTG mouse line and schematic of experimental timeline. (B) Representative image of GFP, tdTomato, and NeuN expression in an L4 DRG, 2 weeks after SNItrans. \nScale bars 5 100 mm. (C and D) Stereological quantification of the total number of DRG neurons (C) or number of axotomized and intact neurons (D) in the L4 DRG \n1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNItrans or contralateral (contra) to injury. (C) One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F4,10 5 37.98, P , 0.001. (D) Two-way RM ANOVA; \nTimepoint 3 Color interaction F4,10 5 39.04, P , 0.001, n 5 3 mice; Tukey posttests (between injured groups): †P , 0.05 vs contra, ‡P , 0.05 vs 1-week. (E) \nVolume of DRG-containing cells (ie, excluding white matter tracts) following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F4,10 5 21.25, P , 0.001, n 5 3. (F) \nNeuronal density within the DRG following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA; F4,10 5 2.77, P 5 0.09, n 5 3. (G) Population distribution of uninjured and injured afferents by \ncross-sectional area, 1 and 8 weeks post-SNItrans. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; Uninjured: D 5 0.08, P 5 0.18; Injured: D 5 0.32, P , \n0.001; n 5 310 to 427 neurons from 3 mice.*P , 0.05,**P , 0.01,***P , 0.001 vs contra. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GFP, green \nfluorescent protein. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A.H. Cooper et al.·165 (2024) 2863–2876 \n2864 \n\n2.2. Spared nerve transection and crush surgeries \nneuron loss after nerve injury and to test the hypothesis that loss is \nnot equally distributed across molecular populations. \n\n2. Methods \n\n2.1. Animals ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 2. Spared nerve crush and transection lead to a loss of small DRG neurons. (A) Approach to restrict analysis to damaged afferents: a subcutaneous \ninjection of the tracer FB into both hindpaws labelled tibial afferents, before unilateral SNItrans or SNIcrush surgery. (B) Representative image of FB labelling and NeuN \nimmunostaining in the L4 DRG. The image is a projection of optical sections at 3-mm intervals through the entirety of a 30-mm-thick tissue section. Scale bar 5 \n100 mm. (C and D) Quantification of the cross-sectional area of FastBlue labelled DRG neurons ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans (C) or SNIcrush injury (D) \nreveals a loss of small afferents and subsequent shift in population distribution. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; SNItrans: D 5 0.25, P , \n0.001; n 5 183 or 191 neurons from 3 mice; SNIcrush: D 5 0.22, P , 0.001, n 5 319 or 325 neurons from 3 mice. (E) Experimental approach for whole DRG \nvolumetric analyses after SNItrans. (F) Representative 3D rendering of TDP-43 profiles and corresponding nuclear spot profiles following Imaris-based spot \ndetection feature. Scale bar 5 100 mm. (G) Quantification of DRG nuclear spot volume ipsilateral and contralateral to SNItrans. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests of \ncumulative distribution: D 5 0.06, P , 0.001, n 5 30,206 (contra) or 32,544 (ipsi) nuclei from 4 (contra) or 5 (ipsi) mice. (H) Total number of nuclear spots, by size, \nper DRG. Two-way RM ANOVA; size bin 3 injury interaction: F2,145 8.26, P 5 0.004; n 5 4 to 5 mice; ˇS´ıd ´ak multiple comparisons tests:**P , 0.01. ANOVA, \nanalysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; FB, FastBlue; RM, repeated measures. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 3. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of nonpeptidergic neurons. (A) Schematic of experimental approach for (B and C). (B) MrgDChR2-YFP L4 \nDRGs 4 weeks after SNI, contralateral or ipsilateral to injury. Images are projections of optical sections at 3-mm intervals through the entirety of 30-mm-thick tissue \nsections. Scale bars 5 100 mm. (C) Quantification of total number of MrgD-YFP1 cells per L4 DRG 4 weeks after SNI revealed a significant loss in ipsilateral DRG. \nTwo-way RM ANOVA with ˇS´ıd ´ak multiple comparisons tests; Side x Treatment interaction: F1,5 5 9.23, P 5 0.029; n 5 3 mice. (D) The experimental approach \nused to generate data presented in (E–G). (E and F) MrgD-YFP expression and FB labelling in the L4 DRG, 14 days after SNI or crush surgery or contralateral to \ninjury. White boxes represent regions enlarged in (F). Scale bars 5 100 mm (E) or 20 mm (F). (G) The proportion of FB-labelled DRG neurons decreased after spared \nnerve crush injury, and co-labelling is almost completely absent after SNI. Two-way RM ANOVA with ˇS´ıd ´ak multiple comparisons tests; side 3 injury interaction: \nF1,4 5 7.80, P 5 0.049; n 5 3 mice. Posttests:*P , 0.05,**P , 0.01. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; SNI, spared nerve injury; FB, \nFastBlue; RM, repeated measures. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 31 ]Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for FWA - seq data with DESeq2. Genome Bloi 2014 ; 15.550.
[ 32 ]Madsten L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuca, I, Bermyl A, Fujijawa B, Hsa VWA, Garcia A, J, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mac Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzzaki G, Faminez JM, Jones AR, Swdood #, Han X, Vumer EE, Zang H - I A A toolbox of One - dependent optogenetiz
[ 33 ]Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, GuH, NgLL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zanght A robust and high - throughout Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosi 2010 ; 13 :
[ 34 ]McCoy ES, Teylor - Bleke B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CISRPα primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013 ; 78 : 138 – 51.
[ 35 ]McKay Hart A. Brannstrom T. Wiberg M. Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells efter peripheral arotomy in the adult rat : timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002 ; 142 : 008 – 18.
[ 36 ]Molender C, Wang H, Rivero - Melan C, Grant G. Early decline and late restration of spinal cord binding and transgarglonic transport of isolectin B4. from Griftonia simplicit / lia 1 after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Nes
[ 37 ]Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon OE, Rybs N. Stereotyped trenscriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Effe 2019 ; 8 : a49679.
[ 38 ]Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL / 6J mice. Braz. J Med BloI Res 2001 ; 54 : 375 – 80.
[ 39 ]Olson W, Abdus - Saboor I, Oui L, Burdge J, Paabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Eife 2017 ; 6 : e20607.
[ 40 ]Plummer NW, Exsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase - based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015 ; 142 : 4365 – 93.
[ 41 ]Prescott SA, Ratte S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits : afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012 ; 22 : 631 – 9.
[ 42 ]QiL, bikolsM, ShiD, Reddy P, Walker C, LazglyexaA, Vosin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VA, Chiu I, Glnty DD, Shamma N, A DRE genetic tookit revasis molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron sultypeis. Isofwi 200
[ 43 ]Reid AJ, Mentovani C. Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, WibergM. Phenotype of distinct. primery sensory. Mferent subpopulations and caspase - S expression following axotomy. Histochem Gell Bist 2011 ; 136.71 – 8.
[ 44 ]Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L. Cheng YO, Li E. Kawaguchi R, Gescheird DH, Woolf Cul. Transcriptional reprogramming of district peripheral sensory reuron subtypes after axonal rijury. Neuron 2003 ; 108 : 129 – 44, eil.
[ 45 ]Schindelin J. Argandia - Cerreres I, Fite E. Kaynig V. Longair M, Pietzxch T. Preibisish S. Raveden C. Saalfeid S. Estrnit B. Trevac J - Y. White Du, Hartenitein V. Elsolei K. Tonancole P. Cerdona A. Fiti an open - source platform for biologio
[ 46 ]Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sclatic nerve section in the rat. Anal Rec 1987 ; 219 : 323 – 9.
[ 47 ]Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design - based stereology in neurosclence. Neuroscience 2005 ; 130 : 813 – 31.
[ 48 ]Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schinder - Ute M, Schioti F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bishner M, Pharn M, Antonadeis G, Blunn R, Rithnei HL, Human dorsal root ganglia after plexus injury ; elther preservation or loss of the multicellular uni
[ 49 ]Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, BlumR, Aus A, Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury : ro neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity, PAIN 2023 ; 164 : 728 -
[ 50 ]Shi TuS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZOD, Ulthake B, Hiskteit T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL / SJ
", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There are many anatomical sites within the somatosensory \nnervous system where differential \nloss of sensory neuron \npopulations could impact neurobiology. For example, loss of \ncutaneous afferents may afford more opportunity for plasticity in \nreinnervation patterns, such as collateral sprouting of uninjured or \nsurviving afferents, and the types of nerve endings made by \ndifferent molecular subpopulations.17,27 It also seems likely that the \ndeath of many neurons within a DRG could contribute to the \nexpansion and activation of immune cell types, which are known to \nplay a major role in neuropathic pain.30,69 Finally, under normal \nconditions, peripheral sensory input is integrated into the dorsal \nhorn of the spinal cord by complex interneuron circuitry. Many \nspinal circuits are engaged by convergent input from different \nafferent types.9,41,70 Therefore, selective loss of input from discrete \nafferent types could undoubtedly impact the normal processing of \nremaining afferent signals.34 Experimentally abrogating neuronal \nloss may be a fruitful approach to assess the contribution to \nnervous system plasticity (adaptive or maladaptive) following injury. \nIn this regard, our in vitro readout would be a useful experimental ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "SNItrans resulted in a mixed population of axotomized and intact \nafferents within the L4 DRG. Therefore, we developed an approach \nto restrict our analysis to axotomized afferents, without relying on \ntransgenic labelling, and used this as a complementary approach to \nconfirm our findings. We injected the neuronal tracer FB into the \nglabrous, tibial innervation territory of both hindpaws 1 week before \ncommon peroneal and tibial transection (SNItrans) or crush (SNIcrush) \nsurgeries (Figs. 2A and B). FastBlue-uptake was complete across \nneurons of all sizes by 1 week (Fig. S3, http://links.lww.com/PAIN/ \nC84), so this approach allowed us to profile a sample of the \naxotomized afferents. Both SNItrans (Fig. 2C) and SNIcrush (Fig. 2D) \ninjuries resulted in a rightward shift in population distributions of the \ncross-sectional area of nucleated, FB-labelled DRG neurons when \ncompared with contralateral DRG, consistent with a loss of small \nafferents post–nerve injury. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf", - "query": "What are the EU's key nature conservation commitments for 2030?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "1. Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea area and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature Network. 2. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU primary and old-growth forests. 3. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and measures, and monitoring them appropriately.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The Commission will aim to agree the criteria and guidance for additional designations \nwith Member States by the end of 2021. Member States will then have until the end of \n2023 to demonstrate significant progress in legally designating new protected areas and \nintegrating ecological corridors. On this basis, the Commission will assess by 2024 \nwhether the EU is on track to meet its 2030 targets or whether stronger actions, including \nEU legislation, are needed. \n\nFinally, the**Overseas Countries and Territories**also host important biodiversity \nhotspots, not governed by EU environmental rules. The Commission encourages relevant \nMember States to consider promoting equal or equivalent rules in these countries and \nterritories. \n\n**Nature protection: key commitments by 2030**\n\n1. Legally protect a minimum of 30% of the EU’s land area and 30% of the EU’s sea \narea and integrate ecological corridors, as part of a true Trans-European Nature \nNetwork. \n\n2. Strictly protect at least a third of the EU’s protected areas, including all remaining EU \n\nprimary and old-growth forests. \n\n3. Effectively manage all protected areas, defining clear conservation objectives and \n\nmeasures, and monitoring them appropriately. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The implementation of the**EU Invasive Alien Species Regulation**58 and other relevant \nlegislation and international agreements must also be stepped up**.**This should aim to \nminimise, and where possible eliminate, the introduction and establishment of alien \nspecies in the EU environment. The aim will be to manage established invasive alien \nspecies and**decrease the number of Red List species they threaten by 50%**59. \n\n**EU Nature Restoration Plan: key commitments by 2030**\n\n1. Legally binding EU nature restoration targets to be proposed in 2021, subject to an \nimpact assessment. By 2030, significant areas of degraded and carbon-rich \necosystems are restored; habitats and species show no deterioration in conservation \ntrends and status; and at least 30% reach favourable conservation status or at least \nshow a positive trend. \n\n2. The decline in pollinators is reversed. \n3. The risk and use of chemical pesticides is reduced by 50% and the use of more \n\nhazardous pesticides is reduced by 50%. \n\n4. At least 10% of agricultural area is under high-diversity landscape features. \n5. At least 25% of agricultural land is under organic farming management, and the \n\nuptake of agro-ecological practices is significantly increased. \n\n6. Three billion new trees are planted in the EU, in full respect of ecological principles. \n7. Significant progress has been made in the remediation of contaminated soil sites. \n8. At least 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers are restored. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across**\n\n**land and sea**\n\nProtecting the nature we have will not be enough to bring nature back into our lives. To \nreverse biodiversity loss, the world needs to be more ambitious on nature restoration. \nWith a**new EU Nature Restoration Plan**, Europe will lead the way. \n\nThe plan will help improve the health of existing and new protected areas, and bring \ndiverse and resilient nature back to all landscapes and ecosystems. This means reducing \npressures on habitats and species, and ensuring all use of ecosystems is sustainable. It \nalso means supporting the recovery of nature, limiting soil sealing and urban sprawl, and \ntackling pollution and invasive alien species. The plan will create jobs, reconcile \neconomic activities with nature growth and help ensure the long-term productivity and \nvalue of our natural capital. \n\n*2.2.1. Strengthening the EU legal framework for nature restoration*\n\nNature restoration is already partially required from the Member States in existing EU \nlegislation28. However,**significant implementation and regulatory gaps hinder**\n**progress**. For instance, there is no requirement for Member States to have biodiversity \nrestoration plans. There are not always clear or binding targets and timelines and no \ndefinition or criteria on restoration or on the sustainable use of ecosystems. There is also \nno requirement to comprehensively map, monitor or assess ecosystem services, health or \nrestoration efforts. These issues are exacerbated by the gaps in implementation that \nprevent the existing legislation from achieving its objectives29. Stronger implementation \nsupport and enforcement is required. To ensure that nature restoration across land and sea \npicks up, increases the EU’s resilience, and contributes to climate change mitigation and \nadaptation as a key nature-based solution, this strategy puts forward two strands of \nactions: ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With this strategy, the Commission proposes ambitious commitments for the EU to bring \nto the table. The EU should also support governments and stakeholders across the globe \nto significantly step up their ambition and their action. \n\nThe Commission proposes that the EU ensures that the post-2020 global framework \nincludes, at a minimum, the elements outlined below: \n\n Overarching global goals for biodiversity for 2050, in line with the United \nNations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the vision of ‘living in \nharmony with nature’. The ambition should be that,**by 2050, all of the world’s**\n**ecosystems are restored, resilient, and adequately protected.**The world \nshould commit to the net-gain principle to give nature back more than it takes. \nThe world should commit to no human-induced extinction of species, at \nminimum where avoidable. \n\n Ambitious**global 2030 targets in line with EU commitments**in this strategy. \nThese should clearly address the drivers of biodiversity loss and be specific, \nmeasurable, actionable, relevant and time-bound. \n\n A much**stronger implementation, monitoring and review**process. Parties \nshould revise their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans by the end \nof 2021, or as a minimum, submit national commitments for the most important \ntargets. There should be a**regular review cycle**to look at progress towards the ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "build on the headline ambition to ensure that by 2050**all of the world’s ecosystems are**\n**restored, resilient, and adequately protected.**The world should commit to the net-gain \nprinciple to give nature back more than it takes. As part of this, the world should commit \nto no human-induced extinction of species, at minimum where avoidable. \n\nThis strategy sets out how Europe can help make this happen. As a milestone, it aims to \nensure that**Europe's biodiversity will be on the path to recovery by 2030**for the \nbenefit of people, the planet, the climate and our economy, in line with the 2030 Agenda \nfor Sustainable Development and with the objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate \nChange. It addresses the five main drivers of biodiversity loss, sets out an enhanced \ngovernance framework to fill remaining gaps, ensures the full implementation of EU \nlegislation, and pulls together all existing efforts. This strategy is enterprising and \nincentivising in spirit and action. It reflects the fact that**protecting and restoring nature**\n**will need more than regulation alone**. It will require action by citizens, businesses, \nsocial partners and the research and knowledge community, as well as strong \npartnerships between local, regional, national and European level. This strategy is in line \nwith the ambitions and commitment set out in President von der Leyen’s Political \nGuidelines and in the European Green Deal. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": " Firstly, and subject to an impact assessment, the Commission will put forward a \nproposal for legally binding**EU nature restoration targets**in 2021 to restore \ndegraded ecosystems, in particular those with the most potential to capture and \nstore carbon and to prevent and reduce the impact of natural disasters. This will \nidentify the conditions in which the targets must be met, as well as the most \neffective measures to reach them. The impact assessment will also look at the \npossibility of an EU-wide methodology to map, assess and achieve good \ncondition of ecosystems so they can deliver benefits such as climate regulation, \nwater regulation, soil health, pollination and disaster prevention and protection. \n\n \n\nIn that context, the Commission will request and support Member States to raise \nthe level of implementation of existing legislation within clear deadlines. It will \nin particular request Member States to ensure**no deterioration in conservation**\n**trends and status**of all protected habitats and species by 203030. In addition, \nMember States will have to ensure that at least 30% of species and habitats not \n\n28 Notably the EU Birds Directive (2009/147/EC), Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC), Water Framework \nDirective (2000/60/EC), Floods Directive (2007/60/EC) and Marine Strategy Framework Directive \n(2008/56/EC). \n29 See Fitness Check of the EU Nature Legislation (SWD(2016) 472) and Fitness Check of the EU Water \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
TableTable
TableAlbiological
1.Specifications
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Adopted in the heart of the COVID-19 pandemic, this strategy will also be a central \nelement of the EU’s recovery plan. It will be crucial to prevent and build resilience to \nfuture zoonosis outbreaks and \ninvestment \nto provide \nopportunities for restoring the EU’s economy. \n\nimmediate business and \n\nAll new initiatives and proposals will be underpinned by the Commission’s better \nregulation tools. Based on public consultations and on the identification of the \nenvironmental, social and economic impacts, impact assessments will contribute to \nensuring that all initiatives achieve their objectives in the most effective and least \nburdensome way and live up to a green oath to “do no harm”. \n\n**2. PROTECTING AND RESTORING NATURE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION**\n\nThe EU has legal frameworks, strategies and action plans to protect nature and restore \nhabitats and species. But protection has been incomplete, restoration has been small- \nscale, and the implementation and enforcement of legislation has been insufficient17. \n\nTo put biodiversity on the path to recovery by 2030, we need to step up the protection \nand restoration of nature. This should be done by improving and**widening our network**\n**of protected areas**and by developing an ambitious**EU Nature Restoration Plan**. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "States and the European Environment Agency, will put forward in 2020 criteria and \nguidance for identifying and designating additional areas, including a definition of strict \nprotection, as well as for appropriate management planning. In doing so, it will indicate \nhow other effective area-based conservation measures and greening of cities could \ncontribute to the targets. \n\nThe targets relate to the EU as a whole and could be broken down according to the EU \nbio-geographical regions and sea basins or at a more local level.**Every Member State**\n**will have to do its fair share of the effort**based on objective ecological criteria, \nrecognising that each country has a different quantity and quality of biodiversity. \nParticular focus will be placed on protecting and restoring the tropical and sub-tropical \nmarine and terrestrial ecosystems in the EU’s outermost regions given their exceptionally \nhigh biodiversity value. \n\nIn addition, in order to have a truly coherent and resilient Trans-European Nature \nNetwork, it will be important to set up**ecological corridors**to prevent genetic isolation, \nallow for species migration, and maintain and enhance healthy ecosystems. In this \ncontext, investments in green and blue infrastructure27 and cooperation across borders \namong Member States should be promoted and supported, including through the \nEuropean Territorial Cooperation. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "policies. In addition, by integrating policy coherence for sustainable development in all \nits policies, the EU will reduce the pressure on biodiversity worldwide. In all of its \ninternational cooperation, the EU should promote sustainable agricultural and fisheries \npractices and actions to protect and restore the world’s forests. Particular attention will \nalso be paid to sustainable water resource management, the restoration of degraded land, \nand the protection and restoration of biodiverse areas with high ecosystem services and \nclimate mitigation potential. A better protection of natural ecosystems, coupled with \nefforts to reduce wildlife trade and consumption, will also help prevent and build up \nresilience to possible future diseases and pandemics. The EU will enhance its support to \nglobal efforts to apply the**One Health approach**83, which recognises the intrinsic \nconnection between human health, animal health and healthy resilient nature. \n\nThe EU will step up support to partner countries across the world to achieve the new \nglobal targets, fight environmental crime, and tackle the drivers of biodiversity loss. In \nAfrica, the EU will launch the**NaturAfrica**initiative to protect wildlife and key \necosystems while offering opportunities in green sectors for local populations. Similar \nprojects will be developed in other regions. The EU will also support the Western \nBalkans and EU Neighbourhood countries in their efforts to protect biodiversity. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "efforts are needed and the EU itself needs to do more and better for nature and build a \ntruly**coherent Trans-European Nature Network**. \n\nEnlarging protected areas is also an economic imperative. Studies on marine systems \nestimate that every euro invested in marine protected areas would generate a return of at \nleast €319. Similarly, the Nature Fitness Check20 showed that the benefits of Natura 2000 \nare valued at between €200-300 billion per year. The investment needs of the network are \nexpected to support as many as 500,000 additional jobs21. \n\nFor the good of our environment and our economy, and to support the EU’s recovery \nfrom the COVID-19 crisis, we need to protect more nature. In this spirit,**at least 30% of**\n**the land and 30% of the sea should be protected in the EU**. This is a minimum of an \nextra 4% for land and 19% for sea areas as compared to today22. The target is fully in line \nwith what is being proposed23 as part of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework \n(see Section 4). \n\nWithin this, there should be specific focus on areas of very high biodiversity value or \npotential. These are the most vulnerable to climate change and should be granted special \ncare in the form of strict protection24. Today, only 3% of land and less than 1% of marine \nareas are strictly protected in the EU. We need to do better to protect these areas. In this \nspirit, at least one third of protected areas – representing**10% of EU land and 10% of**\n**EU sea – should be strictly protected**. This is also in line with the proposed global \nambition. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf", - "query": "Was there a biodiversity governance framework in place in the EU before the European Commission's proposal?", - "target_page": 16, - "target_passage": "In the EU, there is currently no comprehensive governance framework to steer the implementation of biodiversity commitments agreed at national, European or international level. To address the gap, the Commission will put in place a new European biodiversity governance framework. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**3. ENABLING TRANSFORMATIVE CHANGE**\n\n**3.1. A new governance framework**\n\nIn the EU, there is currently no comprehensive governance framework to steer the \nimplementation of biodiversity commitments agreed at national, European or \ninternational level. To address the gap, the Commission will put in place**a new**\n**European biodiversity governance framework**. This will help map obligations and \ncommitments and set out a roadmap to guide their implementation. \n\nAs part of this new framework, the Commission will put in place a monitoring and \nreview mechanism. This will include a**clear set of agreed indicators**and will enable \nregular progress assessment and set out corrective action if necessary. This mechanism \nwill feed the Environmental Implementation Review and contribute to the European \nSemester. \n\nThe new governance framework will ensure co-responsibility and co-ownership by all \nrelevant actors in meeting the EU’s biodiversity commitments. It will support \nadministrative capacity building, transparency, stakeholder dialogue, and participatory \ngovernance at different levels. \n\nThe Commission will assess the progress and suitability of this approach in 2023, and \nconsider whether a legally binding approach to governance is needed. \n\n**3.2.**\n\n**Stepping up**\n**environmental legislation**\n\n**implementation and enforcement of EU**\n\nAll environmental legislation relies on proper implementation and enforcement. Over the \nlast 30 years, the EU has put in place a solid legislative framework to protect and restore \nits natural capital. However, recent evaluations show that although legislation is fit for \npurpose, implementation on the ground is lagging behind60. This is having dramatic \nconsequences on biodiversity and comes with a substantial economic cost61.**The full**\n**implementation and enforcement of EU environmental legislation is therefore at the**\n**heart of this strategy**, for which political support and financial and human resources \nwill need to be prioritised. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "encouraging cooperation in**education for environmental sustainability**in 2021. This \nwill provide guidance for schools and teachers on how to cooperate and exchange \nexperiences across Member States on biodiversity teaching. The Commission will also \nprovide support materials and facilitate the exchange of good practices in EU networks of \nteacher-training programmes. \n\n**4. THE EUROPEAN UNION FOR AN AMBITIOUS GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY AGENDA**\n\nBiodiversity is a priority of the EU’s external action and an integral part of efforts to \nmeet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It will be mainstreamed \nthroughout bilateral and multilateral engagements, through the EU’s ‘Green Deal \ndiplomacy’, and forthcoming green alliances76. The Commission will work closely with \nthe European Parliament and Member States to ensure a high level of EU ambition and \nmobilise all efforts for the good of the world’s biodiversity. \n\n**4.1. Raising the level of ambition and commitment worldwide**\n\nProtecting biodiversity is a global challenge and the next decade will be decisive. Global \nefforts under the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity have largely been \ninsufficient. Nature cannot afford any half measures or lack of ambition. \n\nIn this spirit, the EU is ready to lead all efforts – working with like-minded partners in**a**\n**high-ambition coalition on biodiversity**– to agree an ambitious new global framework \nfor post-2020 at the upcoming 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on \nBiological Diversity. ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With this strategy, the Commission proposes ambitious commitments for the EU to bring \nto the table. The EU should also support governments and stakeholders across the globe \nto significantly step up their ambition and their action. \n\nThe Commission proposes that the EU ensures that the post-2020 global framework \nincludes, at a minimum, the elements outlined below: \n\n Overarching global goals for biodiversity for 2050, in line with the United \nNations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the vision of ‘living in \nharmony with nature’. The ambition should be that,**by 2050, all of the world’s**\n**ecosystems are restored, resilient, and adequately protected.**The world \nshould commit to the net-gain principle to give nature back more than it takes. \nThe world should commit to no human-induced extinction of species, at \nminimum where avoidable. \n\n Ambitious**global 2030 targets in line with EU commitments**in this strategy. \nThese should clearly address the drivers of biodiversity loss and be specific, \nmeasurable, actionable, relevant and time-bound. \n\n A much**stronger implementation, monitoring and review**process. Parties \nshould revise their National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans by the end \nof 2021, or as a minimum, submit national commitments for the most important \ntargets. There should be a**regular review cycle**to look at progress towards the ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In all of its work, the EU will strengthen the links between**biodiversity protection and**\n**human rights**, gender, health, education, conflict sensitivity, the rights-based approach, \nland tenure and the role of indigenous peoples and local communities. \n\nAs part of its global efforts, the EU will promote biodiversity coalitions with partners and \ncivil society around the world. For example, in March 2020, the Commission launched \nthe**Global Biodiversity Coalition**of national parks, aquariums, botanic gardens, zoos, \nnatural history and sciencemuseums to help raise awareness around the world on the need \nto protect and nurture biodiversity. The Commission will consider launching or joining \nother High Ambition Coalitions to help develop the post-2020 framework. \n\n**5. CONCLUSION**\n\nProtecting and restoring biodiversity is the only way to preserve the quality and \ncontinuity of human life on Earth. The commitments proposed in this strategy pave the \nway for ambitious and necessary changes – changes that will ensure the wellbeing and \neconomic prosperity of present and future generations in a healthy environment. The \nimplementation of these commitments will take into account the diversity of challenges \nacross sectors, regions and Member States, recognise the need to ensure social justice, \nfairness and inclusiveness in line with the European Pillar of Social Rights, and will \nrequire a sense of responsibility and strong joint efforts from the EU, its Member States, \nstakeholders and citizens. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Commission invites the European Parliament and the Council to endorse this \nstrategy ahead of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological \nDiversity. To ensure full political ownership of this strategy, the Commission will \nsuggest a standing progress point at the Council and at the European Parliament. It will \nreview the strategy by 2024 to assess progress and whether further action is needed to \nmeet its objectives. ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse are one of the biggest threats facing humanity \nin the next decade14. They also threaten the foundations of our economy and the**costs of**\n**inaction**are high and are anticipated to increase15. The world lost an estimated €3.5-18.5 \ntrillion per year in ecosystem services from 1997 to 2011 owing to land-cover change, \nand an estimated €5.5-10.5 trillion per year from land degradation. Specifically, \nbiodiversity loss results in reduced crop yields and fish catches, increased economic \nlosses from flooding and other disasters, and the loss of potential new sources of \nmedicine16. \n\nThe EU is ready to show ambition to reverse biodiversity loss, lead the world by example \nand by action, and help agree and adopt a transformative post-2020 global framework at \nthe 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. This should ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.2. An EU Nature Restoration Plan: restoring ecosystems across**\n\n**land and sea**\n\nProtecting the nature we have will not be enough to bring nature back into our lives. To \nreverse biodiversity loss, the world needs to be more ambitious on nature restoration. \nWith a**new EU Nature Restoration Plan**, Europe will lead the way. \n\nThe plan will help improve the health of existing and new protected areas, and bring \ndiverse and resilient nature back to all landscapes and ecosystems. This means reducing \npressures on habitats and species, and ensuring all use of ecosystems is sustainable. It \nalso means supporting the recovery of nature, limiting soil sealing and urban sprawl, and \ntackling pollution and invasive alien species. The plan will create jobs, reconcile \neconomic activities with nature growth and help ensure the long-term productivity and \nvalue of our natural capital. \n\n*2.2.1. Strengthening the EU legal framework for nature restoration*\n\nNature restoration is already partially required from the Member States in existing EU \nlegislation28. However,**significant implementation and regulatory gaps hinder**\n**progress**. For instance, there is no requirement for Member States to have biodiversity \nrestoration plans. There are not always clear or binding targets and timelines and no \ndefinition or criteria on restoration or on the sustainable use of ecosystems. There is also \nno requirement to comprehensively map, monitor or assess ecosystem services, health or \nrestoration efforts. These issues are exacerbated by the gaps in implementation that \nprevent the existing legislation from achieving its objectives29. Stronger implementation \nsupport and enforcement is required. To ensure that nature restoration across land and sea \npicks up, increases the EU’s resilience, and contributes to climate change mitigation and \nadaptation as a key nature-based solution, this strategy puts forward two strands of \nactions: ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "targets, with the ability to ratchet up action if needed. These reviews should be \nbased on an independent, science-based gap-analysis and foresight process, with \ncommon headline indicators for all Parties. \n\n**An enabling framework**to bring the ambition to life, across areas such as \n\nfinance, capacity, research, innovation and technology. \n\n**Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits**from the use of genetic resources \n\nlinked to biodiversity. \n\n**A principle of equality**. This includes respect for the rights and the full and \neffective participation of indigenous peoples and local communities. There should \nbe an inclusive approach with participation of all stakeholders, including women, \nyouth, civil society, local authorities, the private sector, academia and scientific \ninstitutions. \n\n**4.2. Using external action to promote the EU’s ambition**\n\n*4.2.1. International Ocean Governance*\n\nIn line with the International Ocean Governance agenda77, the EU will support the \nconclusion of an ambitious legally binding agreement on**marine biological diversity of**\n**areas beyond national jurisdiction**(BBNJ) by the end of 2020. It must set clear global \nprocedures \nidentifying, designating and effectively managing ecologically \nrepresentative marine protected areas in the high seas. It should be ratified and \nimplemented as quickly as possible. \n\nfor ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "69 See Common framework and guidance documents for biodiversity proofing of the EU budget. \n70 The cost estimate is based on the 2018 Impact Assessment of the LIFE Regulation (SWD(2018) 292), a \nStudy on the costs of implementing the Target 2 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 and data \nsubmitted by 16 Member States under Article 8(1) of the Habitats Directive. The Commission will \nupdate the estimate, notably based on Member States’ Prioritised Action Frameworks under the \nHabitats Directive. \n71 Including the Common Agricultural Policy, Cohesion Policy funds, Horizon Europe, the European \nMaritime and Fisheries Fund, LIFE and external action funds. \n\n72 See EU taxonomy for sustainable activities. \n73 World Wildlife Fund (2019), The Nature of Risk – A Framework for Understanding Nature-Related \nRisk to Business. \n\n17 ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "build on the headline ambition to ensure that by 2050**all of the world’s ecosystems are**\n**restored, resilient, and adequately protected.**The world should commit to the net-gain \nprinciple to give nature back more than it takes. As part of this, the world should commit \nto no human-induced extinction of species, at minimum where avoidable. \n\nThis strategy sets out how Europe can help make this happen. As a milestone, it aims to \nensure that**Europe's biodiversity will be on the path to recovery by 2030**for the \nbenefit of people, the planet, the climate and our economy, in line with the 2030 Agenda \nfor Sustainable Development and with the objectives of the Paris Agreement on Climate \nChange. It addresses the five main drivers of biodiversity loss, sets out an enhanced \ngovernance framework to fill remaining gaps, ensures the full implementation of EU \nlegislation, and pulls together all existing efforts. This strategy is enterprising and \nincentivising in spirit and action. It reflects the fact that**protecting and restoring nature**\n**will need more than regulation alone**. It will require action by citizens, businesses, \nsocial partners and the research and knowledge community, as well as strong \npartnerships between local, regional, national and European level. This strategy is in line \nwith the ambitions and commitment set out in President von der Leyen’s Political \nGuidelines and in the European Green Deal. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf", - "query": "What is the EU's tolerance for unauthorised fishing?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "The EU will apply zero tolerance towards illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The EU should also use all of its diplomatic leverage and outreach capacities to help \nbroker agreement on the designation of three vast**Marine Protected Areas in the**\n**Southern Ocean**78, two of which were co-proposed by the EU in East Antarctica and in \nthe Weddell Sea. If agreed, this would constitute one of the biggest acts of nature \nprotection in history. \n\nWork will continue with partner countries and regional organisations to put in place \nmeasures to protect and sustainably use sensitive maritime ecosystems and species, \nincluding in areas beyond national jurisdiction, with a focus on marine biodiversity \nhotspots. The EU should continue supporting Small Island Developing States and other \nrelevant partner countries to participate in meetings of regional and global organisations \nand bodies, and to implement relevant international commitments and regulations. \n\nThe EU will apply**zero tolerance towards illegal, unreported and unregulated**\n**fishing**and will combat overfishing, including through WTO negotiations on a**global**\n**agreement to ban harmful fisheries subsidies**. \n\nIn international negotiations, the EU should advocate that marine minerals in the \ninternational seabed area cannot be exploited before the**effects of deep-sea mining**on \nthe marine environment, biodiversity and human activities have been sufficiently \nresearched, the risks are understood and the technologies and operational practices are \nable to demonstrate no serious harm to the environment, in line with the precautionary ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The application of an ecosystem-based management approach under EU legislation43 will \nreduce the adverse impacts of fishing, extraction and other human activities, especially \non sensitive species and seabed habitats. To support this,**national maritime spatial**\n**plans**, which Member States have to deliver in 2021, should aim at covering all maritime \nsectors and activities, as well as area-based conservation-management measures.44 The \nCommission will also propose a**new action plan to conserve fisheries resources and**\n**protect marine ecosystems**by 2021. Where necessary, measures will be introduced to \nlimit the use of fishing gear most harmful to biodiversity, including on the seabed. It will \nalso look at how to reconcile the use of bottom-contacting fishing gear with biodiversity \ngoals, given it is now the most damaging activity to the seabed. This must be done in a \nfair and just way for all. The European Maritime and Fisheries Fund should also support \nthe transition to more selective and less damaging fishing techniques. \n\nHealthy fish stocks are key to the long-term prosperity of fishermen and the health of our \noceans and biodiversity. This makes it all the more important to maintain or reduce \nfishing mortality at or under**Maximum Sustainable Yield levels**. This will help achieve \na healthy population age and size distribution for fish stocks. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "threaten their conservation status. To support this, data collection on by-catch for all \nsensitive species needs to be stepped up. \n\nIn addition,**fisheries-management measures**must be established in all marine protected \nareas according to clearly defined conservation objectives and on the basis of the best \navailable scientific advice. \n\n*2.2.7. Restoring freshwater ecosystems*\n\nThe EU’s legal framework on water is ambitious but implementation is lagging behind \nand enforcement must be stepped up46. Greater efforts are needed to**restore freshwater**\n**ecosystems and the natural functions of rivers**in order to achieve the objectives of the \nWater Framework Directive. This can be done by removing or adjusting barriers that \nprevent the passage of migrating fish and improving the flow of water and sediments. To \nhelp make this a reality,**at least 25,000 km of rivers will be restored into free-flowing**\n**rivers by 2030**47 through the removal of primarily obsolete barriers and the restoration of \nfloodplains and wetlands. Technical guidance and support to the Member States to \nidentify sites and help mobilise funding will be provided by the Commission in 2021, in \nconsultation with all relevant authorities48. Member State authorities should review water \nabstraction and impoundment permits to implement ecological flows in order to achieve \ngood status or potential of all surface waters and good status of all groundwater by 2027 \nat the latest, as required by the Water Framework Directive49. To that effect, the \nCommission will provide technical support to Member States on their measures by 2023. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "principle79 and taking into account the call of the European Parliament80. In parallel, the \nEU will continue to fund research on the impact of deep-sea mining activities and on \nenvironmentally-friendly \ntechnologies. The EU should also advocate for more \ntransparency in international bodies such as the International Seabed Authority. \n\n*4.2.2. Trade policy*\n\n**Trade policy will actively support and be part of the ecological transition**. In this \nspirit, the Commission will ensure full implementation and enforcement of the \nbiodiversity provisions in all trade agreements, including through the EU Chief Trade \nEnforcement Officer. The Commission will better assess the impact of trade agreements \non biodiversity, with follow-up action to strengthen the biodiversity provisions of \nexisting and new agreements if relevant. The Commission will also present in 2021 a \nlegislative proposal and other measures to avoid or minimise the placing of products \nassociated with deforestation or forest degradation on the EU market81, and to promote \nforest-friendly imports and value chains. The Commission will take a number of steps to \n**crack down on illegal wildlife trade**. This trade contributes to the depletion or \nextinction of entire species, is the world’s fourth most lucrative black market and is \nthought to be one of the causes behind the emergence of zoonotic diseases. It is a human, \neconomic and environmental duty to dismantle it. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**energy**41. It will also review in 2021 the data on biofuels with high indirect land-use \nchange risk and establish a trajectory for their gradual phase out by 2030. \n\nThe overall objective is to ensure that EU regulatory framework on bioenergy is in line \nwith the increased ambition set out in the European Green Deal. \n\n*2.2.6. Restoring the good environmental status of marine ecosystems*\n\n**Restored and properly protected marine ecosystems**bring substantial health, social \nand economic benefits to coastal communities and the EU as a whole. The need for \nstronger action is all the more acute as marine and coastal ecosystem biodiversity loss is \nseverely exacerbated by global warming42. \n\nAchieving good environmental status of marine ecosystems, including through strictly \nprotected areas, must involve the restoration of carbon-rich ecosystems as well as \nimportant fish spawning and nursery areas. Some of today’s sea uses endanger food \nsecurity, fishers’ livelihoods, and the fishery and seafood sectors.**Marine resources**\n**must be harvested sustainably and there must be zero-tolerance for illegal practices**. \nIn this regard, the full implementation of the EU’s Common Fisheries Policy, the Marine \nStrategy Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives is essential. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "19 Brander et al. (2015), The benefits to people of expanding Marine Protected Areas. \n20 Fitness Check of the EU Nature Legislation (SWD(2016) 472). \n21 Member States’ Prioritised Action Frameworks 2020; Mutafoglu et al. (2017), Natura 2000 and Jobs: \nScoping Study. \n\n22 Latest EU-27 statistics (European database of nationally designated protected areas) v. 2019, and \nNatura 2000 dataset ‘end 2018’. Today, 26% of the EU’s land area is already protected, with 18% as \npart of Natura 2000 and 8% under national schemes. Of EU seas, 11% are protected, with 8% in Natura \n2000 and 3% under additional national protection. To note: offshore wind projects will be possible if in \ncompliance with relevant environmental and nature protection legislation. \n23 Zero draft of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework (CBD/WG2020/2/3), available at \nhttps://www.cbd.int/conferences/post2020/wg2020-02/documents. \n24 Strict protection does not necessarily mean the area is not accessible to humans, but leaves natural ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "79 Under Article 191.2 TFEU, the Union policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection \nand shall be based on the precautionary principle. \n\n80 European Parliament Resolution on international ocean governance (2017/2055(INI)). \n81 In line with the Commission Communication on Stepping up EU Action to Protect and Restore the \nWorld’s Forests (COM(2019) 352). \n\n82 Including international financing where biodiversity is the principal objective and where it is a \nsignificant secondary objective, in line with CBD COP11 Decision XI/4 and EU and Member States \nfinancial reports submitted to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2015 and 2018. \n\n21 ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The implementation of the**EU Invasive Alien Species Regulation**58 and other relevant \nlegislation and international agreements must also be stepped up**.**This should aim to \nminimise, and where possible eliminate, the introduction and establishment of alien \nspecies in the EU environment. The aim will be to manage established invasive alien \nspecies and**decrease the number of Red List species they threaten by 50%**59. \n\n**EU Nature Restoration Plan: key commitments by 2030**\n\n1. Legally binding EU nature restoration targets to be proposed in 2021, subject to an \nimpact assessment. By 2030, significant areas of degraded and carbon-rich \necosystems are restored; habitats and species show no deterioration in conservation \ntrends and status; and at least 30% reach favourable conservation status or at least \nshow a positive trend. \n\n2. The decline in pollinators is reversed. \n3. The risk and use of chemical pesticides is reduced by 50% and the use of more \n\nhazardous pesticides is reduced by 50%. \n\n4. At least 10% of agricultural area is under high-diversity landscape features. \n5. At least 25% of agricultural land is under organic farming management, and the \n\nuptake of agro-ecological practices is significantly increased. \n\n6. Three billion new trees are planted in the EU, in full respect of ecological principles. \n7. Significant progress has been made in the remediation of contaminated soil sites. \n8. At least 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers are restored. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "efforts are needed and the EU itself needs to do more and better for nature and build a \ntruly**coherent Trans-European Nature Network**. \n\nEnlarging protected areas is also an economic imperative. Studies on marine systems \nestimate that every euro invested in marine protected areas would generate a return of at \nleast €319. Similarly, the Nature Fitness Check20 showed that the benefits of Natura 2000 \nare valued at between €200-300 billion per year. The investment needs of the network are \nexpected to support as many as 500,000 additional jobs21. \n\nFor the good of our environment and our economy, and to support the EU’s recovery \nfrom the COVID-19 crisis, we need to protect more nature. In this spirit,**at least 30% of**\n**the land and 30% of the sea should be protected in the EU**. This is a minimum of an \nextra 4% for land and 19% for sea areas as compared to today22. The target is fully in line \nwith what is being proposed23 as part of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework \n(see Section 4). \n\nWithin this, there should be specific focus on areas of very high biodiversity value or \npotential. These are the most vulnerable to climate change and should be granted special \ncare in the form of strict protection24. Today, only 3% of land and less than 1% of marine \nareas are strictly protected in the EU. We need to do better to protect these areas. In this \nspirit, at least one third of protected areas – representing**10% of EU land and 10% of**\n**EU sea – should be strictly protected**. This is also in line with the proposed global \nambition. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "legal5_eubiodiversity_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Obviously,**most informal, and**— in particular —**irregular and illegal types of work do not respect**\nlegal OSH obligations — and at the same time legal monitoring obligations also fail. The EU \nFundamental Rights Agency (FRA) published several case studies and examples in a series called \n‘Severe labour exploitation reports; 359 these studies provide an insight into most irregular working \nconditions. \n\n**Undeclared work**is defined as paid and lawful (not criminal) activity but undeclared to public authorities. (‘paid \nactivities that are lawful as regards their nature but not declared to public authorities, taking into account the \ndifferences in the regulatory systems of Member States’.) \n\nIn 2018, the European Commission estimated the scale of**undeclared work**in the EU. According to this estimate, \non average, 11.6% of total labour input in the private sector is undeclared, and undeclared work constitutes on \naverage 16.4% of gross value added. The main sectors according to the Special Flash Eurobarometer from 2019360 \nare personal services (childcare/elderly care/cleaning) followed by construction and hospitality services.361 The \n‘European Platform tackling undeclared work’ provides fact sheets about the type and quantity of undeclared work \nin all EU Member States.362 ", - "page_start": 122, - "page_end": 122, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf", - "query": "What are the missions of the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "• To provide optimum added value to our customers and together with them achieve growth • To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth• To create sustainable shareholder value through business growth • To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employees• To provide a challenging and professionally rewarding work environment for our dedicated employee", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)**\n\nDaiwa SB Investments \nDaiwa SB Investments \n\n**SMFG SUMITOMO MITSUI FINANCIAL GROUP**\nSumitomo Mitsui Auto Service \nSumitomo Mitsui Auto Service ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui \nIn November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui \n\nFinancial Group listed on the New York \nFinancial Group listed on the New York \n\nStock Exchange. This move, we believe, not \nStock Exchange. This move, we believe, not \n\nonly significantly increases convenience for \nonly significantly increases convenience for \n\nour overseas shareholders and investors, \nour overseas shareholders and investors, \n\nbut also broadens our customer base as it \nbut also broadens our customer base as it \n\nfurther increases the transparency of our \nfurther increases the transparency of our \n\nfinancial position. Listing on the New York \nfinancial position. Listing on the New York \n\nStock Exchange as a socially responsible \nStock Exchange as a socially responsible \n\ncorporation accelerates our evolution into a \ncorporation accelerates our evolution into a \n\nglobal player. \nglobal player. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report \n\n\n\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities \n\n**Together with Our Employees**\n\n**We are developing human resources that can take on global roles,**\n**and we are creating globalized working environments**", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As part of its core leasing operations, \nAs part of its core leasing operations, \n\nSumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is \nSumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is \n\nhelping reduce customers’ environmental \nhelping reduce customers’ environmental ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)** **Editorial Policy**\n\nCompany Name Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group ：： \n\nBusiness Description Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan’s Banking Act) and of \n： is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society. \n\nnon-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions \nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is \n\nEstablished December 2, 2002 \n： \nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this. \n\nHead Office 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan \n： \nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group’s \nChairman of the Board Masayuki Oku \n： \nCSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report \nPresident Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) \n： \n2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR \nCapital ¥2,337.8 billion \n： \nactivities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version). \nStock Exchange Listings Tokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) \n： \nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in \nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) \nJapanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand \nNagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) \nour CSR and other activities in greater detail. \nNote: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. \n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report \n\n**Keeping**\n**our shareholders**\n**informed**\n\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities \n\n**Together with Our Shareholders**\n**and Markets**\n\nWebsite \n\nAnnual report \n\n**Contributing to the development of sounder financial markets**\n\nSRI Indexes on which SMFG is listed Examples of Group disclosure activities \n\nQuarterly and interim financial reports, \nQuarterly and interim financial reports, \n\nresults announcements, securities \nresults announcements, securities \n\nreports, legal disclosure statements, \nreports, legal disclosure statements, \n\nregular publications, etc. \nregular publications, etc. \n\nWe believe that the SMFG Group can contribute \nWe believe that the SMFG Group can contribute \nAnnual and interim reports (in Japanese \nAnnual and interim reports (in Japanese \nfurther to the creation of a sustainable society \nfurther to the creation of a sustainable society \nand English) \nand English) ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**SMFG CSR promotion structure**\n\n**Group CSR Committee**\n\n**Chairman**: Director in charge of SMFG \nCorporate Planning Department \n**Committee members**: General Managers of SMFG, \nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, \nSMFG Card & Credit, Sumitomo Mitsui Card, \nCedyna, Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing, \nThe Japan Research Institute, \nSMBC Friend Securities, SMBC Nikko Securities, \nTHE MINATO BANK and \nKansai Urban Banking Corporation \n**Administered by**: Group CSR Department of SMFG \n**Strategic advisor**: \nJRI Center for the Strategy of Emergence \nB \na \nn \nk \nn \ng \nC \no \nr \np \no \nr \na \nt \ni \no \nn \n\nS \nu \nm \n\ni \nt \no \nm \no \nM \n\ni \n\nWe intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development \nWe intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development \nof society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a \nof society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a \ncrucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such \ncrucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such \nrecognition, we under take business operations that contribute to the steady \nrecognition, we under take business operations that contribute to the steady \ndevelopment of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate \ndevelopment of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate \ncitizen, to make a positive contribution to society. \ncitizen, to make a positive contribution to society. \n\ni \nt \ns \nu \n\n3.**Contributing to**\n\ni \n\n**CSR Liaison Committee**\n**Social Development**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Scope of this Report**\n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. \n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation \n\n(cid:129) SMFG Card & Credit, Inc. \n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited \n\n(cid:129) Cedyna Financial Corporation \n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd. \n\n(cid:129) The Japan Research Institute, Limited \n\n(cid:129) SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd. \n\n(cid:129) SMBC Nikko Securities Inc. \n\n(cid:129) THE MINATO BANK, LTD. \n\n(cid:129) Kansai Urban Banking Corporation \n\n(cid:129) Other Group companies \n\nCompany name abbreviations and other special terminology \n\nThroughout this report,**“Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group”**or**“SMFG”**refers to the holding company alone.**“The SMFG Group”**\n\nrefers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As one of Japa \ns leading financial services groups, \nAs one of Japan’s leading financial services groups, \nthe SMFG Group is taking the lead in aggressively addressing the four priority issues \nthe SMFG Group is taking the lead in aggressively addressing the four priority issues \nwe have identified as significantly impacting the nation. \nwe have identified as significantly impacting the nation. \n**Priority Issues for Us**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The SMFG Group has positioned environmental businesses as an area where it can most effectively \nThe SMFG Group has positioned environmental businesses as an area where it can most effectively \n\nleverage its role as a leading financial services group. This is a priority field for the future. \nleverage its role as a leading financial services group. This is a priority field for the future. \n\nMeasures are being stepped up on a range of fronts — not only involving a low-carbon society, but \nMeasures are being stepped up on a range of fronts — not only involving a low-carbon society, but \n\nalso dealing with issues such as water supply, soil contamination, energy and biodiversity. We aim to \nalso dealing with issues such as water supply, soil contamination, energy and biodiversity. We aim to \n\ncontribute to sustainable development by supporting the worldwide adoption of Japan’s much-admired \ncontribute to sustainable development by supporting the worldwide adoption of Japan’s much-admired \n\ntechnological breakthroughs, with a particular focus on the Asian region. \ntechnological breakthroughs, with a particular focus on the Asian region. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf", - "query": "Did Katsutoshi Konuma participate in the August 2011 expert roundtable on the role of the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group's new Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan? ", - "target_page": 8, - "target_passage": "Key comments of participants Together with Our Customers Katsutoshi Konuma, Section Manager, Social & Environmental Management, Asahi Breweries Ltd", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Roundtable session: SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment Loan**\n\nA roundtable session with experts held in August 2011 \nconsidered the role of the new SMBC Food and Agricultural \nAssessment Loan in improving the food supply chain that \nlinks food and fishery producers with food processors and \nconsumers. Opinions were also exchanged on what other \nfuture role the bank might assume in this regard, given \nthe current situation and issues facing the food industry \nand agriculture \nin Japan. \n\n**Key comments of participants**\n\nKatsutoshi Konuma, Section Manager, Social & Environmental Management, Asahi Breweries Ltd. \n“We want to deliver value by creating demand and quality combined with safety, peace \nof mind and trust.” \n\nYasuhiro Nakashima Associate Professor Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, \nThe University of Tokyo \n“Eating should be something that generates emotion. New potential exists in the world of cuisine.” \nDaisuke Yamamoto, Vice Senior Consultant, Research Department, \nThe Japan Research Institute, Limited \n“As consumer tastes go through a time of great change, I think it is important to \nprioritize ingredients and the attitude of customers toward eating.” \nYoichiro Fukayama, Planning Dept., Deputy Head (with powers of representation) of \nthe Corporate Banking Unit & Middle Market Banking Unit, SMBC \n“An important concept is multilateral dialogue as the number of parties involved in food \nproduction increases throughout the supply chain.” \nModerated by Kenji Sawami, Partner, Ernst & Young ShinNihon LLC ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment \nThe SMBC Food and Agricultural Assessment \n\nLoan comes with conditions, depending on \nLoan comes with conditions, depending on \n\nthe results of an evaluation of food-producers’ \nthe results of an evaluation of food-producers’ \n\nprogress in areas such as food safety and \nprogress in areas such as food safety and \n\nenvironment-friendliness, healthiness and \nenvironment-friendliness, healthiness and \n\nnutritional value, and efficiency of distribution. \nnutritional value, and efficiency of distribution. \n\nThe Japan Research Institute researches \nThe Japan Research Institute researches \n\nm e a s u r e s i n t h e \nm e a s u r e s i n t h e \n\nTelephone handset-type ATM \n (The Minato Bank) of food and \na r e a s of food and \na r e a s \n\nfarming being taken \nfarming being taken \n\nby the loan applicant, \nby the loan applicant, \n\n**Preparing our businesses**\n**for a higher old-age**\n**dependency ratio**\n\nand drafts a simple \nand drafts a simple \n\n“diagnosis” stating \n“diagnosis” stating \n\nwhether there is room \nwhether there is room \n\nfor future improvement. Ernst & Young \nfor future improvement. Ernst & Young \n\nShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on \nShinNihon LLC provides expert opinions on ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Commitment from the Top \n\nTakeshi Kunibe \n**A Conversation with Tadao Ando, Takeshi Kunibe and Koichi Miyata**\n\nPresident and CEO \nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation \n\n**What can we do now to spur**\n**the reconstruction and revitalization**\n**of Japan, and help**\n**resolve global issues?**\nuntil the country became an economic \nuntil the country became an economic ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)** **Editorial Policy**\n\nCompany Name Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group ：： \n\nBusiness Description Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan’s Banking Act) and of \n： is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society. \n\nnon-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions \nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is \n\nEstablished December 2, 2002 \n： \nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this. \n\nHead Office 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan \n： \nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group’s \nChairman of the Board Masayuki Oku \n： \nCSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report \nPresident Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) \n： \n2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR \nCapital ¥2,337.8 billion \n： \nactivities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version). \nStock Exchange Listings Tokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) \n： \nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in \nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) \nJapanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand \nNagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) \nour CSR and other activities in greater detail. \nNote: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. \n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As part of its core leasing operations, \nAs part of its core leasing operations, \n\nSumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is \nSumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is \n\nhelping reduce customers’ environmental \nhelping reduce customers’ environmental ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui \nIn November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui \n\nFinancial Group listed on the New York \nFinancial Group listed on the New York \n\nStock Exchange. This move, we believe, not \nStock Exchange. This move, we believe, not \n\nonly significantly increases convenience for \nonly significantly increases convenience for \n\nour overseas shareholders and investors, \nour overseas shareholders and investors, \n\nbut also broadens our customer base as it \nbut also broadens our customer base as it \n\nfurther increases the transparency of our \nfurther increases the transparency of our \n\nfinancial position. Listing on the New York \nfinancial position. Listing on the New York \n\nStock Exchange as a socially responsible \nStock Exchange as a socially responsible \n\ncorporation accelerates our evolution into a \ncorporation accelerates our evolution into a \n\nglobal player. \nglobal player. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "display \n this display \nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. \nanxious. I think everyone needs to hit the \nanxious. I think everyone needs to hit the of front-line commitment. \nof front-line commitment. \n\n‘reset’ button in some sense. If we don’t,t, \n‘reset’ button in some sense. If we don Moving forward on the reconstruction of \nMoving forward on the reconstruction of \n\nmore difficulties lie ahead. \nmore difficulties lie ahead. the Tohoku region, I believe we can also \nthe Tohoku region, I believe we can also The SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, \nThe SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, \n\n**Miyata**: Indeed, prior to 1970, living \n: Indeed, prior to 1970, living contribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure \ncontribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure “stepping up to the plate and working hard \n“stepping up to the plate and working hard \n\nstandards or wage levels were very low, \nstandards or wage levels were very low, t h r o u g h pr o je c t f i n a n c e a n d o t h e r \nt h r o u g h p r o j e c t f i n a n c e a n d o t h e r ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**About this Report**\n\nPeriod Covered \n\nApril 1, 2010 to March 31, 2011 ( “Fiscal 2010” ) \nNote: Certain items in this report refer to activities taking place after April 2011. \n\n： \n\n**CSR report (online version, Japanese only)**\n\nPublication Date of \nJapanese Document \n\n**Enriched**\n**CSR disclosure**\n\nDecember 2011 \n： \nwww.smfg.co.jp/responsibility \n\nContact \n\nGroup CSR Department, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. \n1-2 Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0005 \nTEL: +81-3-3282-8111 \n\n： \n\nThis is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of \nThis is the official version of our CSR report. Covers the full spectrum of \nCSR activities at SMFG \nCSR activities at SMFG ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**SMFG CSR promotion structure**\n\n**Group CSR Committee**\n\n**Chairman**: Director in charge of SMFG \nCorporate Planning Department \n**Committee members**: General Managers of SMFG, \nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, \nSMFG Card & Credit, Sumitomo Mitsui Card, \nCedyna, Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing, \nThe Japan Research Institute, \nSMBC Friend Securities, SMBC Nikko Securities, \nTHE MINATO BANK and \nKansai Urban Banking Corporation \n**Administered by**: Group CSR Department of SMFG \n**Strategic advisor**: \nJRI Center for the Strategy of Emergence \nB \na \nn \nk \nn \ng \nC \no \nr \np \no \nr \na \nt \ni \no \nn \n\nS \nu \nm \n\ni \nt \no \nm \no \nM \n\ni \n\nWe intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development \nWe intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development \nof society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a \nof society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a \ncrucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such \ncrucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such \nrecognition, we under take business operations that contribute to the steady \nrecognition, we under take business operations that contribute to the steady \ndevelopment of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate \ndevelopment of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate \ncitizen, to make a positive contribution to society. \ncitizen, to make a positive contribution to society. \n\ni \nt \ns \nu \n\n3.**Contributing to**\n\ni \n\n**CSR Liaison Committee**\n**Social Development**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report \n\n\n\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities \n\n**Together with Our Employees**\n\n**We are developing human resources that can take on global roles,**\n**and we are creating globalized working environments**", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news2.pdf", - "query": "What is the trend of flood risk in Canada in 2024?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly exposed", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood**\n**risks**\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly \nexposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection \nmeasures for communities at risk, such as Intact’s Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This \nprogram is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of \npreventative actions. \n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically \nfound in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community \nGardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made \nup of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community’s flood risk \nby catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces. \n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the \nCity of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online \nflood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn \ntips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of \n2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "India is projected to see increased HCVI by all ensemble members, due to a consistent increase \nin length of flood events projected in all members, outweighing the beneficial impact of decreased \nlength of drought which is again projected in all members. \n\nBrazil is projected to see increased HCVI, but for reasons which vary between ensemble \nmembers. Although the location of projected longer flood events varies across the country in \ndifferent members, the aggregation of the HCVI to the country level renders this geographical \nvariability irrelevant for such a large country because only the median value across the country \nis used in the HCVI. Some ensemble members project longer drought for Brazil, which again \ncontributed to increased HCVI. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**MARINE PROJECTIONS**\n**Sea level rise. Storm surge. Past event case studies.**\n\nSea-level rise projections will extend to 2100 and will include contributions from glaciers, \nice sheets, freshwater reservoirs, groundwater and thermal expansion. Outputs will include \nan estimate of the year-to-year changes in sea level rise and a “plausible but highly unlikely” \nscenario known as H++. A new feature of UKCP18 will be assessing the credibility of making \nsea level rise projections to 2300. The projections will use the latest information from the \nCMIP5 models and application of the methods used in the Intergovernmental Panel on \nClimate Change’s (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report10. \n\nThe UKCP09 storm surge projections will be updated to provide new estimates of the change \nin high water levels over the 21st Century. These estimates will be based on a combination of \nprojected mean sea level change and projections of change in the extremes due to changes in \natmospheric storminess. These “storminess” projections will use the same surge model used \nin operational weather forecasting, using the wind and pressure from the CMIP5 ensemble to \ndrive the surge. New understanding of the modification of large-scale sea level change signals \nas they pass from the open ocean onto the shelf sea around the UK will be incorporated into \nthe UKCP18 marine projections. UKCP18 will also include storm surge historical case studies \nderived from applying plausible future sea level change to historical extreme events. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Looking forward to 2014, Management expects to realize occupancy gains in the year compared to 2013 overall and to continue to outperform \nCMHC averages in its core markets. However, occupancy levels are expected to remain below the levels experienced in 2010 and 2011 due to the \nincreased competitiveness in certain markets in Atlantic Canada, including Halifax. ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the future to warrant research or that humans will be valuable from the perspective of a superintelligent \nmachine.[282] However, after 2016, the study of current and future risks and possible solutions became a \nserious area of research.[283] ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n1,359 \n\nApartment Units \nin Ontario \n\n42% \n\nMHC Sites \nin Ontario \n\n20% \n\nReal Estate Assets \nLocated in Ontario ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "areas are projected to see an increase in flood event lengths of 4 days or more, particularly India \nand Bangladesh, for which such increases are projected in all ensemble members to some extent. \nIncreases of 2–4 days are also projected in parts of Brazil by all ensemble members, although \nthe magnitude and location within the country varied between members. Similar increases are \nprojected in the region of the Horn of Africa and southern Arabian Peninsula in several members. \nThe HCVI calculated for 2°C global warming showed very large geographical variability \n(figure 7) which relates largely to differences in socio-economic factors [22]. Differences in the \nclimate change simulated in different ensemble members leads to some variation in the HCVI at ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Most simulations here project a general increase in mean streamflow in most of the basins \nexamined, but with a number of notable exceptions in the tropics. While flows in the Ganges are \nconsistently projected to increase by 30–110% at 2°C, Amazon flows could either increase by 3% \nor decrease by 25%. Ensemble-mean changes in river flow often do not give a full impression of \nthe magnitude of changes that may be possible, so adaptation planning in particular should not \nrely on ensemble-mean projections and instead consider a range of outcomes. The seasonal low \nstreamflows also increase in many basins, but not as many as for the mean flows—many basins \nsee decreased low flows in some or all projections. \n\nBroadly, changes in weather extremes at 1.5°C global warming could be estimated by scaling- \nback the impacts at 2°C, if this is done with individual ensemble members rather than the \nensemble mean. However, this was not always the case for impacts that depend on more complex \nprocess or interactions between more than one climate variable, such as run-off and an indicator \nof vulnerability to food insecurity. ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "pubmed11.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news2.pdf", - "query": "How flooding was prevented in Vancouver? ", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community Gardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood**\n**risks**\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly \nexposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection \nmeasures for communities at risk, such as Intact’s Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This \nprogram is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of \npreventative actions. \n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically \nfound in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community \nGardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made \nup of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community’s flood risk \nby catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces. \n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the \nCity of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online \nflood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn \ntips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of \n2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nREDUCED DOWNWASH \nDUE TO GROUND EFFECT ", - "page_start": 293, - "page_end": 293, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To date there have been three options available to vessel owners when a cyclone approaches:. \n\n• Run to sea \n\n• Take refuge with crew onboard, on a mooring in the most sheltered location available such \n\nas the Dampier Archipelago or the Monte Bello Islands. \n\n• Construct a cyclone shelter. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "ASX_MRM_2000.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nreduction ", - "page_start": 392, - "page_end": 392, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nflow occurring ", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFLOW INDUCED BY \nJET EXHAUST ", - "page_start": 280, - "page_end": 280, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**UK CLIMATE PROJECTIONS: A PROJECT OVERVIEW**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nHOME \nAUTOMATION ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nfluid ", - "page_start": 148, - "page_end": 148, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ns2, Halifax, nova scotia ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news2.pdf", - "query": "How can citizens in Fredericton easily access flood risk data?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "New Brunswick, the City of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online flood prevention guidance.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Three ways Canadian communities are reducing flood**\n**risks**\n\n(NC) Communities in Canada are facing increased flood risks, with 1.5 million homes highly \nexposed. There are large-scale programs available across the country providing flood protection \nmeasures for communities at risk, such as Intact’s Municipal Climate Resiliency Grants. This \nprogram is helping build the resilience of communities and homes through a variety of \npreventative actions. \n\nWetlands can reduce flood risk by absorbing large quantities of water, but they are not typically \nfound in cities. In Vancouver, B.C., Environmental Youth Alliance and Strathcona Community \nGardens created a wetland on downtown’s east side, an area historically prone to flooding. Made \nup of natural elements like ponds and marshes, the wetland reduces the community’s flood risk \nby catching and absorbing rainfall and runoff from surrounding surfaces. \n\nKnowing the risks is the first step to protecting homes and communities. In New Brunswick, the \nCity of Fredericton launched a Neighbourhood Flood Risk Tool to provide easy access to online \nflood prevention guidance. Residents can input their addresses to see if they are at risk and learn \ntips to reduce the risk of flooding around their properties. The portal launched in the summer of \n2023 and was viewed 27,000 times in its first year. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "more concrete over time is damage control. In a world that produces digital data without \n\ninterruption, uncontrolled and unpredictable data releases are facts of life that are very hard to \n\npredict, practically impossible to avoid and increasingly common. Opening public government data, \n\nthat is providing plenty of officially verified information, becomes therefore also a damage control \n\nsolution, to prevent or at least minimize damages from such uncontrolled releases. Without official \n\nOpen Public Data, individual citizens, political parties or other organizations will start to process \n\nand compare (if they already aren't...) data from unofficial sources anyway, maybe from different \n\ncountries. In such cases, it will be unavoidable not reach sometimes, even in good faith, wrong \n\nconclusions. This is not some theoretical possibility far in the future, as this real world example \n\n(from a comment to an Open Data discussion in an italian blog) proves: \n\n\"*on the*[non italian]*Geonames website you can download geo-referenced data*\n*about... 47000 Italian municipalities. That worries me, because there are only 8094 of*\n*them. Besides, I grabbed a few random data about population, and I can guarantee you*\n*that not one was right. What should be done in such cases?*", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**4.5. Educate citizens to understand and use data**\nIt is necessary to guarantee the widest possible availability of*all*the pre-requisites for effective use \n\nof Open Data. In other words, it is necessary to provide free and widely accessible training, oriented \n\nto average citizens, on how and why to visualize Public Data and use them to make informed ", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "How can I get the information and when? \nAccess to the raw data, pre-prepared data and maps, headline messages and user guidance will be available \nthrough a dedicated website. \n\nA dedicated user interface will provide users with a means to download the data and produce customised \nvisualisations. The exact nature of these outputs is still the subject of consultation with users. \n\nDetailed descriptions of the scientific basis of the projections will be available as the project progresses. For the \nlatest information visit: \n**http://ukclimateprojections.metoffice.gov.uk/24125**\n\n*UKCP Project Team*\n\n*July 2017*", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "legal1_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "set of infrastructures and methods imposed top-down \n\n• diffused, seamless conversations, that are only possible with digital technologies, online \n\nsocial networks and so on, between public employees and citizens. \n\nThe obvious potential limit of these definitions is that they rely on a big, still largely unknown \n\nfactor, that is actual citizen participation. When data are opened, the problem becomes to have \n\neverybody use them, in order to actually realize Open Government as defined above. This issue will \n\nbe explored in detail in the next paragraphs, but we can already say that Open Data are highlighting \n\nthe critical, weak points in the present and future relationship between citizens and governments. \n\nWhile citizens participation is essential, especially in times of social and economic crisis, achieving \n\nit on a large scale won't be easy. Frustration and lack of trust in institutions in many countries are \n\nhigh, so it's no surprise when people express doubts that opening government data won't help much \n\nin fixing things. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "officially lobbying Public Administrations to get the PSI they could use for the same purposes. As \n\nother suggestions made here, these are activities that should start at the city and regional level, first \n\nwith custom-made education initiatives, then with specific data-based services. Engaging all these \n\nactors in the adoption of (local) Open Data will be one of the big challenges of the next years. ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Proofs that participation to generation and usage of Open Data is easy would include, instead, \n\nexamples like electionleaflets. All citizens who can use a computer scanner and have Internet access \n\ncan upload on that website the leaflets distributed by the candidates during a campaign, making \n\nmuch easier (after other, more skilled volunteers have inserted the content of the leaflets in \n\nsearchable databases) comparisons between the candidates positions or making public some \n\ndisrespectful material (racist, insulting…). ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Another risk of digitization and e-government (without openness, that is) is lack of contact between \n\ncitizens and institutions: \n\n*\"Prior to digitization, land records in India were available to people who made*\n*requests with village accountants for them. .. after digitization of several services,*\n*village accountants no longer personally visit the villages they are in charge of... What*\n*has happened with digitization is a reorganization of earlier forms of social and*\n*political relations. Accountability has moved from the immediate village level\"*\n\nOf course, all these problems existed well before computers and return every time the political or \n\nsocial order changes. The demand for Open Data is only increasing, by orders of magnitude, the \n\nnumbers of times in which we meet them. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.6.3. Unequal access**\n\nEven ignoring crime mapping, in some worst case scenarios, data openness may be not only \n\nhindered by social divisions, but also create or enhance them. If citizens can't find and recognize \n\nreal, relevant*meaning*and practical value in data, as well as way to use them to make change \n\nhappen, there won't be any widespread, long lasting benefit from openness. How can we guarantee, \n\ninstead, that such meaning and value will be evident and usable? What are the ingredients for \n\nsuccess here? \n\nEnhancing access to PSI it's harder than it may seem because it isn't just a matter of physical \n\ninfrastructure. It is necessary that those who access Open Data are in a position to actually \n\nunderstand them and use them in their own interest. \n\nThis is far from granted also because, sometimes, the citizens who would benefit the most from \n\ncertain data are just those, already poor, marginalized and/or without the right education, who have \n\nthe least chances to actually discover and be able to use them. This is what G. Friedman was \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
TableTableControlControl
", - "page_start": 18, - "page_end": 18, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "happening in the very same period in which*\" we are observing a worldwide diffusion of access to*\n\n*information laws that empower citizens to hold government agencies accountable.\"*\n\nIn such a context, \"Public Data\"is critical just because it is a much bigger set of data than what \n\nconstitutes traditional, official PSI. \"Public Data\" includes all that information*plus*the much bigger \n\namount of data describing and measuring all the activities of private companies, from bus \n\ntimetables to packaged food ingredients, aqueducts performances and composition of fumes \n\nreleased in the atmosphere, that have a*direct impact*on the health and rights of all citizens of the \n\ncommunities affected by the activities of those companies. \n\nAre such data \"Public\" today, in the sense defined at the beginning of this paragraph, that is \n\nsomething every citizen has the right to know without intermediaries or delegates, or not? Should \n\nthey be public? If yes, shouldn't law mandate that all such data be Open (that is, published online as \n\nsoon as possible, in machine readable format with an open license etc...) just like, for example, the \n\nbudget of some Ministry? Answering these questions may be one of the biggest challenges for the \n\nOpen Data community, and for society as a whole, in the next years. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "Open_Data_Report.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf", - "query": "In these mice, which lumbar levels were the dorsal root ganglion removed from?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for another 2 hours", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 7 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Dorsal root ganglia were dissected from MrgDCreERT2;Ai32 and \nCalcaCreERT2;Ai32 mice .1 week after dosing with tamoxifen and \nenzymatically digested at 37˚˚C for 80 minutes in dispase type II \n(4.7 mg/mL) plus collagenase type II (4 mg/mL) (Worthington \nBiochemical), as described previously.63 Mechanically dissoci- \nated cells were plated onto laminin/poly-D-lysine (R&D Systems, \nMinneapolis, MN) treated coverslips in complete Neurobasal Plus \nmedium (Neurobasal Plus media supplemented with 2% (vol/vol) \nB27 Plus, 1% N2, 1% Glutamax, and 1% antibiotic–antimycotic \n[ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA]). Mouse nerve growth \nfactor (GF) (50 ng/mL; nerve growth factor (NGF), PeproTech, \nCranbury, NJ) and 10 ng/mL glial-derived neurotrophic factor \n(GDNF, PeproTech) were added to the media under some \nconditions. Cytosine b-D-arabinofuranoside (4 mM) was added to \nthe media for 24 hours the day after plating to reduce the \nproliferation of nonneuronal cells. Media was refreshed 3 times \nper week thereafter. Cultures were fixed for 10 minutes at room \ntemperature with 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently \nprocessed by immunocytochemistry (described earlier). ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 53 ]
Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000 ; 422 : 172 – 80.
[ 54 ]
Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons : diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011 ; 36 : 730 – 4.
[ 55 ]
Uncekin D, Furier A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnetterg P, Lox D, Herling - Leffer J, Heaggthon J, Kharchenko O, Kharcherko Pai, Linnansson S, Emfors P : Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large - scale single - cell RNA sequencingi
[ 56 ]
Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent awotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997.388 - 307 - 12.
[ 57 ]
Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974 ; 248 : 740 – 43.
[ 58 ]
WangCr, Gx L. PluenY, GengX, Xx, M, YangN, YvLL, BengY, ZhurC, Yang Y, Zhox Y, Gvan X, Luo W, LuG, DongK, YvLG, LanL, TlengZ, Fleolifation of MrgprD by TRP - A1 promotes neuropathic pain, FASEB, J 2019.33 : 1360 – 73.
[ 59 ]
Wang H, Zyka MJ. Mrgprd - expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons imervate most. known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosoi 2009 ; 29 : 13202 – 9.
[ 60 ]
Wang R, Guo W, Ossipox MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, La J. Glial cell line - derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and preventis the expression of experimental neuropathic pa
[ 61 ]
Wang X, Archibald ML, Sitevens K, Baidridge WH, Chauhan BC. Qyan fluorescent protein ( CFP ) expressing cells in the refina of Thy1 - CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010 ; 468 : 110 – 4.
[ 62 ]
Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisulia J, Wright MC, Baunbauer HM, Adelman PC, LaskH, Shrahian TO, Ross SE, Koerbe HR, MrgordOre Ineage neurons mediate optogenetic alodynia through an emergent polynaptic circuit, PAN 2021 ; HS2 ; 2120 – 31.
", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Introduction \n\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly \nand functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal \nconditions, \nthe \nsomatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory \nstimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature, \nitch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in \nDRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability,57 which is a key \npathological driver of neuropathic pain.20,63 Concomitant \nmolecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur, \nand these have recently been comprehensively described in \nsingle-cell37,44 and subpopulation-specific sequencing stud- \nies.3 These studies describe a transient and generalized \nreduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes \nfollowing nerve injury.3,37,44 \n\nthis diversity contributes to the ability of \n\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature \ndescribing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1. SNItrans induces death of small primary afferent neurons, accompanied by a reduction in volume, not cell density, of the dorsal root ganglion. (A) \nApproach to differentially labelled intact afferents with tdTomato and damaged afferents with GFP after peripheral nerve injury using the AvilFlpO;Atf3CreERT2;RC:: \nFLTG mouse line and schematic of experimental timeline. (B) Representative image of GFP, tdTomato, and NeuN expression in an L4 DRG, 2 weeks after SNItrans. \nScale bars 5 100 mm. (C and D) Stereological quantification of the total number of DRG neurons (C) or number of axotomized and intact neurons (D) in the L4 DRG \n1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNItrans or contralateral (contra) to injury. (C) One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F4,10 5 37.98, P , 0.001. (D) Two-way RM ANOVA; \nTimepoint 3 Color interaction F4,10 5 39.04, P , 0.001, n 5 3 mice; Tukey posttests (between injured groups): †P , 0.05 vs contra, ‡P , 0.05 vs 1-week. (E) \nVolume of DRG-containing cells (ie, excluding white matter tracts) following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F4,10 5 21.25, P , 0.001, n 5 3. (F) \nNeuronal density within the DRG following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA; F4,10 5 2.77, P 5 0.09, n 5 3. (G) Population distribution of uninjured and injured afferents by \ncross-sectional area, 1 and 8 weeks post-SNItrans. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; Uninjured: D 5 0.08, P 5 0.18; Injured: D 5 0.32, P , \n0.001; n 5 310 to 427 neurons from 3 mice.*P , 0.05,**P , 0.01,***P , 0.001 vs contra. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GFP, green \nfluorescent protein. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 31 ]Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for FWA - seq data with DESeq2. Genome Bloi 2014 ; 15.550.
[ 32 ]Madsten L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuca, I, Bermyl A, Fujijawa B, Hsa VWA, Garcia A, J, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mac Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzzaki G, Faminez JM, Jones AR, Swdood #, Han X, Vumer EE, Zang H - I A A toolbox of One - dependent optogenetiz
[ 33 ]Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, GuH, NgLL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zanght A robust and high - throughout Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosi 2010 ; 13 :
[ 34 ]McCoy ES, Teylor - Bleke B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CISRPα primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013 ; 78 : 138 – 51.
[ 35 ]McKay Hart A. Brannstrom T. Wiberg M. Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells efter peripheral arotomy in the adult rat : timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002 ; 142 : 008 – 18.
[ 36 ]Molender C, Wang H, Rivero - Melan C, Grant G. Early decline and late restration of spinal cord binding and transgarglonic transport of isolectin B4. from Griftonia simplicit / lia 1 after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Nes
[ 37 ]Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon OE, Rybs N. Stereotyped trenscriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Effe 2019 ; 8 : a49679.
[ 38 ]Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL / 6J mice. Braz. J Med BloI Res 2001 ; 54 : 375 – 80.
[ 39 ]Olson W, Abdus - Saboor I, Oui L, Burdge J, Paabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Eife 2017 ; 6 : e20607.
[ 40 ]Plummer NW, Exsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase - based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015 ; 142 : 4365 – 93.
[ 41 ]Prescott SA, Ratte S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits : afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012 ; 22 : 631 – 9.
[ 42 ]QiL, bikolsM, ShiD, Reddy P, Walker C, LazglyexaA, Vosin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VA, Chiu I, Glnty DD, Shamma N, A DRE genetic tookit revasis molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron sultypeis. Isofwi 200
[ 43 ]Reid AJ, Mentovani C. Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, WibergM. Phenotype of distinct. primery sensory. Mferent subpopulations and caspase - S expression following axotomy. Histochem Gell Bist 2011 ; 136.71 – 8.
[ 44 ]Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L. Cheng YO, Li E. Kawaguchi R, Gescheird DH, Woolf Cul. Transcriptional reprogramming of district peripheral sensory reuron subtypes after axonal rijury. Neuron 2003 ; 108 : 129 – 44, eil.
[ 45 ]Schindelin J. Argandia - Cerreres I, Fite E. Kaynig V. Longair M, Pietzxch T. Preibisish S. Raveden C. Saalfeid S. Estrnit B. Trevac J - Y. White Du, Hartenitein V. Elsolei K. Tonancole P. Cerdona A. Fiti an open - source platform for biologio
[ 46 ]Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sclatic nerve section in the rat. Anal Rec 1987 ; 219 : 323 – 9.
[ 47 ]Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design - based stereology in neurosclence. Neuroscience 2005 ; 130 : 813 – 31.
[ 48 ]Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schinder - Ute M, Schioti F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bishner M, Pharn M, Antonadeis G, Blunn R, Rithnei HL, Human dorsal root ganglia after plexus injury ; elther preservation or loss of the multicellular uni
[ 49 ]Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, BlumR, Aus A, Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury : ro neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity, PAIN 2023 ; 164 : 728 -
[ 50 ]Shi TuS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZOD, Ulthake B, Hiskteit T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL / SJ
", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "December 2024· Volume 165· Number 12 \n\ncell death and apoptosis with more than 10 genes were \nexamined. Filtered count data of expressed and nondifferentially \nexpressed genes were used as a background. \n\n2.8. Dorsal root ganglion culture ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3.3. Spared nerve injury induces a loss of Trpm81 and \ncalcitonin gene-related peptide1 but not myelinated dorsal \nroot ganglion neurons \n\nloss of Trpm81 (cold- \ninduced loss. To investigate potential \nsensitive), calcitonin gene-related peptide1 (CGRP) (peptider- \ngic), and myelinated subpopulations of DRG neurons following \nnerve injury, we applied our FB-labelling approach in Trpm8FlpO; \nRC::FLTG (FlpO-dependent tdTom expression), CalcaCreERT2; \nAi32 (Cre-dependent ChR2-YFP expression) and Thy1-CFP \nmice, respectively (Figs. 4A–D). Trpm8-tdTom was expressed Loss restricted to nonpeptidergic nociceptors would not fully \naccount for the degree of total neuron loss that we observed. \nTherefore, we studied a range of other subpopulations, both \nsmall and large in diameter, for their vulnerability to injury- ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "formaldehyde. L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for \nanother 2 hours, cryoprotected in 30% sucrose overnight, and \nthen embedded in optimal cutting temperature media (OCT; \nTissue Tek, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands). Dorsal root \nganglia were sectioned on a Leica CM1950 cryostat at 30 mm, \nwith every section collected serially on 5 Superfrost Plus slides \n(VWR, Lutterworth, United Kingdom) and each slide containing 1 \nin every 5 sections (4-7 sections per slide). One slide per DRG was \nselected at random and was washed with PBS, before being \nincubated with appropriate primary antibodies (Table 2) diluted in \n5% normal donkey serum and 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for \n3 days at 4˚C. After PBS washes, slides were incubated with \nappropriate secondary antibodies (Table 2) in the same PBS/ \n(normal donkey serum) NDS/Triton-X100 solution as for prima- \nries, overnight at room temperature. Slides were washed and \ncoverslipped with VectaShield Vibrance Hardset mounting media \n(Vector Labs, Newark, CA), with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole \nincluded in mounting media where FB-labelled cells were not \nbeing examined. Sections were imaged using a Zeiss LSM900 \nAiryscan confocal microscope equipped with 405-, 488-, 561-, ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "3. Results \n\n3.1. Peripheral nerve injury induces a loss of small neurons \nfrom the dorsal root ganglion \n\nTogether, our data derived from several different experimental \napproaches show that a population of small-diameter afferents \nare lost following peripheral nerve injury. \n\n3.2. Spared nerve crush or transection results in death of \nMrgprd-expressing neurons \n\nTo date, determining cell \nloss among specific populations of \nafferent neurons has proved challenging due to the down- \nregulation of subpopulation-specific marker genes following \ntransection.37,44 To overcome this issue, we took \naxonal \nadvantage of \ntransgenic strategies to label populations in \na manner that persisted after injury. Owing to the bias for the \nloss of small neurons and the known loss of IB4-binding central \nterminals postinjury,36 we initially focused on nonpeptidergic \nnociceptive neurons. We used MrgDChR2-YFP mice to identify \nneurons belonging to the largest of \nthe 3 classes of non- \npeptidergic nociceptors, NP1.55,59 To determine whether these \nneurons are lost following nerve injury, we used a stereological \nmethod to quantify L4 DRG MrgD-YFP1 (yellow fluorescent ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Acknowledgments \n\nThe authors thank Dr Mark Hoon for providing the Trpm8-Flp \ntransgenic mouse line and Prof Andrew Todd and Dr David \nHughes for their critical feedback on the manuscript. Neuron and \nganglion illustrations in Figure 1 and S1 (http://links.lww.com/ \nPAIN/C84) were adapted from images provided by Servier \nMedical Art, licensed under CC BY 4.0. The research was funded \nby an MRC Fellowship grant awarded to GAW. (MR/T01072X/1) \nand a Tenovus Scotland Pilot Grant awarded to AHC and GAW \n(S22-17). This work was also funded by the Wellcome Trust (DPhil \nscholarship to AMB, 215145/Z/18/Z) and a Wellcome Investiga- \ntor Grant to D.L.B. (223149/Z/21/Z), as well as the MRC (MR/ \nT020113/1), and with funding from the MRC and Versus Arthritis \nto the PAINSTORM consortium as part of the Advanced Pain \nDiscovery Platform (MR/W002388/1). AMB further \nreceived \na GTC MSDTC Scholarship. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf", - "query": "Did the researcher responsible for quantifying the cells in the dorsal root ganglion know which group each mouse belonged to?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "During all image quantification, the experimenter was blind to the experimental groups.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Nv ¼ Nsec \nVsec \n\nFinally, \ncalculated: \nthe total number of cells per DRG (NDRG) was \n\nNDRG ¼ Nv 3 VDRG \n\nFor quantification of the proportion of FB-labelled cells co- \nlabelled with afferent subpopulation markers, initially, the total \nnumber of FB-filled neuronal cell profiles with a visible nucleus \nanywhere within the section was counted, with the observer blind \nto other channels. The other channel was then revealed, and \ninstances of co-labelling were quantified. No stereological \ncorrection was applied, given that the similar size of neuronal \nnuclei would prevent over-counts of large neurons and that no \ncomparisons of the total number of labelled cells were made. For \nsoma area analyses, the area of neuronal soma expressing the \nappropriate marker was measured in the optical section within \nthe Z-stack in which that neuron was at its largest, by drawing \naround the perimeter of the neuron in Fiji/ImageJ v2.14.0/1.54f. \n\n2.7. Gene Ontology \n\nGene Ontology term analyses were performed on previously \npublished mouse subtype RNA-seq after SNI (GSE2164443). In \nthis study, subtype-specific bulk RNA-seq was performed on 5 \ntransgenic mouse lines through reporter labelling and fluores- \ncence activated cell sorting. spliced transcripts alignment to \na reference was used to map reads to the GRCm38 (mm10) \nMouse Genome,14 and Samtools was used to sort, index, and \nmerge Binary Alignment Map files in line with published reports.28 \nQuality control was performed as per Barry et al.3 Downstream \nanalyses were performed using DESeq2 on grouped male and \nfemale samples.31 For differentially expressed genes (false \ndiscovery rate) (FDR , 0.05, LFC .1) (log-fold change), GO \nanalyses were performed using the Wallenius method using \ngoSeq (R). In this study, significantly regulated terms related to ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dorsal root ganglia were dissected from MrgDCreERT2;Ai32 and \nCalcaCreERT2;Ai32 mice .1 week after dosing with tamoxifen and \nenzymatically digested at 37˚˚C for 80 minutes in dispase type II \n(4.7 mg/mL) plus collagenase type II (4 mg/mL) (Worthington \nBiochemical), as described previously.63 Mechanically dissoci- \nated cells were plated onto laminin/poly-D-lysine (R&D Systems, \nMinneapolis, MN) treated coverslips in complete Neurobasal Plus \nmedium (Neurobasal Plus media supplemented with 2% (vol/vol) \nB27 Plus, 1% N2, 1% Glutamax, and 1% antibiotic–antimycotic \n[ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA]). Mouse nerve growth \nfactor (GF) (50 ng/mL; nerve growth factor (NGF), PeproTech, \nCranbury, NJ) and 10 ng/mL glial-derived neurotrophic factor \n(GDNF, PeproTech) were added to the media under some \nconditions. Cytosine b-D-arabinofuranoside (4 mM) was added to \nthe media for 24 hours the day after plating to reduce the \nproliferation of nonneuronal cells. Media was refreshed 3 times \nper week thereafter. Cultures were fixed for 10 minutes at room \ntemperature with 4% paraformaldehyde and subsequently \nprocessed by immunocytochemistry (described earlier). ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 53 ]
Tandrup T, Woolf CJ, Coggeshall RE. Delayed loss of small dorsal root ganglion cells after transection of the rat sciatic nerve. J Comp Neurol 2000 ; 422 : 172 – 80.
[ 54 ]
Terenghi G, Hart A, Wiberg M. The nerve injury and the dying neurons : diagnosis and prevention. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2011 ; 36 : 730 – 4.
[ 55 ]
Uncekin D, Furier A, Islam S, Abdo H, Lonnetterg P, Lox D, Herling - Leffer J, Heaggthon J, Kharchenko O, Kharcherko Pai, Linnansson S, Emfors P : Unbiased classification of sensory neuron types by large - scale single - cell RNA sequencingi
[ 56 ]
Vestergaard S, Tandrup T, Jakobsen J. Effect of permanent awotomy on number and volume of dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. J Comp Neurol 1997.388 - 307 - 12.
[ 57 ]
Wall PD, Gutnick M. Properties of afferent nerve impulses originating from a neuroma. Nature 1974 ; 248 : 740 – 43.
[ 58 ]
WangCr, Gx L. PluenY, GengX, Xx, M, YangN, YvLL, BengY, ZhurC, Yang Y, Zhox Y, Gvan X, Luo W, LuG, DongK, YvLG, LanL, TlengZ, Fleolifation of MrgprD by TRP - A1 promotes neuropathic pain, FASEB, J 2019.33 : 1360 – 73.
[ 59 ]
Wang H, Zyka MJ. Mrgprd - expressing polymodal nociceptive neurons imervate most. known classes of substantia gelatinosa neurons. J Neurosoi 2009 ; 29 : 13202 – 9.
[ 60 ]
Wang R, Guo W, Ossipox MH, Vanderah TW, Porreca F, La J. Glial cell line - derived neurotrophic factor normalizes neurochemical changes in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons and preventis the expression of experimental neuropathic pa
[ 61 ]
Wang X, Archibald ML, Sitevens K, Baidridge WH, Chauhan BC. Qyan fluorescent protein ( CFP ) expressing cells in the refina of Thy1 - CFP transgenic mice before and after optic nerve injury. Neurosci Lett 2010 ; 468 : 110 – 4.
[ 62 ]
Warwick C, Cassidy C, Hachisulia J, Wright MC, Baunbauer HM, Adelman PC, LaskH, Shrahian TO, Ross SE, Koerbe HR, MrgordOre Ineage neurons mediate optogenetic alodynia through an emergent polynaptic circuit, PAN 2021 ; HS2 ; 2120 – 31.
", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 1. SNItrans induces death of small primary afferent neurons, accompanied by a reduction in volume, not cell density, of the dorsal root ganglion. (A) \nApproach to differentially labelled intact afferents with tdTomato and damaged afferents with GFP after peripheral nerve injury using the AvilFlpO;Atf3CreERT2;RC:: \nFLTG mouse line and schematic of experimental timeline. (B) Representative image of GFP, tdTomato, and NeuN expression in an L4 DRG, 2 weeks after SNItrans. \nScale bars 5 100 mm. (C and D) Stereological quantification of the total number of DRG neurons (C) or number of axotomized and intact neurons (D) in the L4 DRG \n1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after SNItrans or contralateral (contra) to injury. (C) One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F4,10 5 37.98, P , 0.001. (D) Two-way RM ANOVA; \nTimepoint 3 Color interaction F4,10 5 39.04, P , 0.001, n 5 3 mice; Tukey posttests (between injured groups): †P , 0.05 vs contra, ‡P , 0.05 vs 1-week. (E) \nVolume of DRG-containing cells (ie, excluding white matter tracts) following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA with Tukey posttests; F4,10 5 21.25, P , 0.001, n 5 3. (F) \nNeuronal density within the DRG following SNItrans. One-way ANOVA; F4,10 5 2.77, P 5 0.09, n 5 3. (G) Population distribution of uninjured and injured afferents by \ncross-sectional area, 1 and 8 weeks post-SNItrans. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests of cumulative distributions; Uninjured: D 5 0.08, P 5 0.18; Injured: D 5 0.32, P , \n0.001; n 5 310 to 427 neurons from 3 mice.*P , 0.05,**P , 0.01,***P , 0.001 vs contra. ANOVA, analysis of variance; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; GFP, green \nfluorescent protein. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "1. Introduction \n\nDorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons represent a molecularly \nand functionally heterogeneous population. Under normal \nconditions, \nthe \nsomatosensory nervous system to detect a myriad of sensory \nstimuli that result in the perceptions of touch, temperature, \nitch, and pain. Following nerve injury, physiological changes in \nDRG neurons lead to hyperexcitability,57 which is a key \npathological driver of neuropathic pain.20,63 Concomitant \nmolecular changes in discrete subpopulations also occur, \nand these have recently been comprehensively described in \nsingle-cell37,44 and subpopulation-specific sequencing stud- \nies.3 These studies describe a transient and generalized \nreduction in the expression of subpopulation-specific genes \nfollowing nerve injury.3,37,44 \n\nthis diversity contributes to the ability of \n\nIn addition to molecular changes, there is a rich literature \ndescribing the frank loss of DRG neurons following traumatic ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "December 2024· Volume 165· Number 12 \n\ncell death and apoptosis with more than 10 genes were \nexamined. Filtered count data of expressed and nondifferentially \nexpressed genes were used as a background. \n\n2.8. Dorsal root ganglion culture ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]Transgenic lines used in the study.\n
Used nameFull namePutative populationRefSourceTamoxifen regime
Atf3CreERT2Aff3trs1.1 ( on / ERT2 ) MwaAxotomised afferents13Gift : Dr Franziska Denk50 mg / kg on days 0.3, and 7 after surgery
AvifTpOAvifm1 ( flipo ) DdgSensory neurons1Gift : Prof David GintyN. A.
MrgDC ** ERT2MrgprdY1.1 ( mr / CRT2 )#Major class of nonpeptidergic neurons39The Jackson Laboratory ( RRID : IMSR_JAX : 031286 )General : 1.50 mg / kg in adulthood, (> 1 week before experiment ) 3D volumetric analysis : 5x i. p. ( 0.5 mg / animal / day ), beginning between P10 and P17
MrgDCMR2 – YPMrgprdrs4.1 ( COP4 ) RA : cMajor class of nonpeptidergic neurons59Mutant Mouse Resource & Research Centers ( RRID : MMRRIC_036112 - UNC )N. A.
CalcaOreERT2Calcalcalcalc11 ( sreCRT2 ) PtchPeptidergic neurons51Gift : Prof Pao - Tien Chuang1.75 mg / kg in adulthood (> 1 week before experiment )
Trpm8R ( X )Cold afferents4Gift : Dr Mark HoonN. A.
Thy1 - CFPB6. Cg - Tg ( Thy1 - CFP ) Z3Jrs / JSample of myelinated afferents10The Jackson Laboratory ( RRID : IMSR_ - IAX : 003710 )N. A.
ThO76ERT2Thre1.18 : 99 / BRT20049 / JC low threshold mechanoreceptorsGift : Prof David Ginty ; The Jackson Laboratory ( RRID : IMSR_JAX : 025614 )1.50 mg / kg in adulthood (> 2 weeks before experiment )RC : FLTG
96.0g ‐ dt ( R354 ) repaylm1.3 ( 30 % Fertisrosbs ‐ 2007 )( 95 % c )FIp ‐ mediated tdTomato ; Cre + Flp ‐ mediated GFP expression40The Jackson Laboratory ( RRID : IMSR_JAX : 026932 )N. A.Ai14
B6. Cg - Δ ( R3S4 ) 26SaAm14 ( GAIP - pToruptpHPr ) JCre - mediated tdTomato expression83The Jackson Laboratory ( RRID : IMSR_JAX : 007914 )N. A.Ai32
B6. Cg - dyR294 / 26Sgm03 ( 040 - cctinin )Cre - mediated ChR2 - eYFP expression32The Jackson Laboratory ( RRID : IMSR_JAX : 024109 )N. A.
", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
[ 31 ]Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for FWA - seq data with DESeq2. Genome Bloi 2014 ; 15.550.
[ 32 ]Madsten L, Mao T, Koch H, Zhuca, I, Bermyl A, Fujijawa B, Hsa VWA, Garcia A, J, Gu X, Zanella S, Kidney J, Gu H, Mac Y, Hooks BM, Boyden ES, Buzzaki G, Faminez JM, Jones AR, Swdood #, Han X, Vumer EE, Zang H - I A A toolbox of One - dependent optogenetiz
[ 33 ]Madisen L, Zwingman TA, Sunkin SM, Oh SW, Zariwala HA, GuH, NgLL, Palmiter RD, Hawrylycz MJ, Jones AR, Lein ES, Zanght A robust and high - throughout Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosi 2010 ; 13 :
[ 34 ]McCoy ES, Teylor - Bleke B, Street SE, Pribisko AL, Zheng J, Zylka MJ. Peptidergic CISRPα primary sensory neurons encode heat and itch and tonically suppress sensitivity to cold. Neuron 2013 ; 78 : 138 – 51.
[ 35 ]McKay Hart A. Brannstrom T. Wiberg M. Terenghi G. Primary sensory neurons and satellite cells efter peripheral arotomy in the adult rat : timecourse of cell death and elimination. Exp Brain Res 2002 ; 142 : 008 – 18.
[ 36 ]Molender C, Wang H, Rivero - Melan C, Grant G. Early decline and late restration of spinal cord binding and transgarglonic transport of isolectin B4. from Griftonia simplicit / lia 1 after peripheral nerve transection or crush. Restor Nes
[ 37 ]Nguyen MQ, Le Pichon OE, Rybs N. Stereotyped trenscriptomic transformation of somatosensory neurons in response to injury. Effe 2019 ; 8 : a49679.
[ 38 ]Oliveira ALR. Apoptosis of sensory neurons and satellite cells after sciatic nerve transection in C57BL / 6J mice. Braz. J Med BloI Res 2001 ; 54 : 375 – 80.
[ 39 ]Olson W, Abdus - Saboor I, Oui L, Burdge J, Paabe T, Ma M, Luo W. Sparse genetic tracing reveals regionally specific functional organization of mammalian nociceptors. Eife 2017 ; 6 : e20607.
[ 40 ]Plummer NW, Exsyukova IY, Robertson SD, de Marchena J, Tucker CJ, Jensen P. Expanding the power of recombinase - based labeling to uncover cellular diversity. Development 2015 ; 142 : 4365 – 93.
[ 41 ]Prescott SA, Ratte S. Pain processing by spinal microcircuits : afferent combinatorics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012 ; 22 : 631 – 9.
[ 42 ]QiL, bikolsM, ShiD, Reddy P, Walker C, LazglyexaA, Vosin T, Pawlak M, Kuchroo VA, Chiu I, Glnty DD, Shamma N, A DRE genetic tookit revasis molecular, morphological, and functional diversity of somatosensory neuron sultypeis. Isofwi 200
[ 43 ]Reid AJ, Mentovani C. Shawcross SG, Terenghi G, WibergM. Phenotype of distinct. primery sensory. Mferent subpopulations and caspase - S expression following axotomy. Histochem Gell Bist 2011 ; 136.71 – 8.
[ 44 ]Renthal W, Tochitsky I, Yang L. Cheng YO, Li E. Kawaguchi R, Gescheird DH, Woolf Cul. Transcriptional reprogramming of district peripheral sensory reuron subtypes after axonal rijury. Neuron 2003 ; 108 : 129 – 44, eil.
[ 45 ]Schindelin J. Argandia - Cerreres I, Fite E. Kaynig V. Longair M, Pietzxch T. Preibisish S. Raveden C. Saalfeid S. Estrnit B. Trevac J - Y. White Du, Hartenitein V. Elsolei K. Tonancole P. Cerdona A. Fiti an open - source platform for biologio
[ 46 ]Schmalbruch H. Loss of sensory neurons after sclatic nerve section in the rat. Anal Rec 1987 ; 219 : 323 – 9.
[ 47 ]Schmitz C, Hof PR. Design - based stereology in neurosclence. Neuroscience 2005 ; 130 : 813 – 31.
[ 48 ]Schulte A, Degenbeck J, Aue A, Schinder - Ute M, Schioti F, Schneider M, Monoranu CM, Bishner M, Pharn M, Antonadeis G, Blunn R, Rithnei HL, Human dorsal root ganglia after plexus injury ; elther preservation or loss of the multicellular uni
[ 49 ]Schulte A, Lohner H, Degenbeck J, Segebarth D, Rittner HL, BlumR, Aus A, Unbiased analysis of the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury : ro neuronal loss, no gliosis, but satellite glial cell plasticity, PAIN 2023 ; 164 : 728 -
[ 50 ]Shi TuS, Tandrup T, Bergman E, Xu ZOD, Ulthake B, Hiskteit T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL / SJ
", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Acknowledgments \n\nThe authors thank Dr Mark Hoon for providing the Trpm8-Flp \ntransgenic mouse line and Prof Andrew Todd and Dr David \nHughes for their critical feedback on the manuscript. Neuron and \nganglion illustrations in Figure 1 and S1 (http://links.lww.com/ \nPAIN/C84) were adapted from images provided by Servier \nMedical Art, licensed under CC BY 4.0. The research was funded \nby an MRC Fellowship grant awarded to GAW. (MR/T01072X/1) \nand a Tenovus Scotland Pilot Grant awarded to AHC and GAW \n(S22-17). This work was also funded by the Wellcome Trust (DPhil \nscholarship to AMB, 215145/Z/18/Z) and a Wellcome Investiga- \ntor Grant to D.L.B. (223149/Z/21/Z), as well as the MRC (MR/ \nT020113/1), and with funding from the MRC and Versus Arthritis \nto the PAINSTORM consortium as part of the Advanced Pain \nDiscovery Platform (MR/W002388/1). AMB further \nreceived \na GTC MSDTC Scholarship. ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "formaldehyde. L3 to L5 DRGs were removed and postfixed for \nanother 2 hours, cryoprotected in 30% sucrose overnight, and \nthen embedded in optimal cutting temperature media (OCT; \nTissue Tek, Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands). Dorsal root \nganglia were sectioned on a Leica CM1950 cryostat at 30 mm, \nwith every section collected serially on 5 Superfrost Plus slides \n(VWR, Lutterworth, United Kingdom) and each slide containing 1 \nin every 5 sections (4-7 sections per slide). One slide per DRG was \nselected at random and was washed with PBS, before being \nincubated with appropriate primary antibodies (Table 2) diluted in \n5% normal donkey serum and 0.3% Triton X-100 in PBS for \n3 days at 4˚C. After PBS washes, slides were incubated with \nappropriate secondary antibodies (Table 2) in the same PBS/ \n(normal donkey serum) NDS/Triton-X100 solution as for prima- \nries, overnight at room temperature. Slides were washed and \ncoverslipped with VectaShield Vibrance Hardset mounting media \n(Vector Labs, Newark, CA), with 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole \nincluded in mounting media where FB-labelled cells were not \nbeing examined. Sections were imaged using a Zeiss LSM900 \nAiryscan confocal microscope equipped with 405-, 488-, 561-, ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed2.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF", - "query": "Does the Oxbridge Academy have a guide on how to apply to college?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "To make the college registration process easier for you, we’ve compiled a comprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/).", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Applying for college (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/) can be a \ndaunting experience. Not only do you need to choose a course, but you \nalso need to make sure that you: \n• meet the entry requirements \n• meet the deadlines \n• \n• \n• fill in the forms correctly \nsend the forms to the right address \ninclude all the necessary attachments ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "To make the college registration process easier for you, we’ve compiled a \ncomprehensive guide on how to register at Oxbridge Academy \n(www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/enrol-now/). The guide also includes general \ntips that will be relevant to the application and registration processes at \nother colleges. \n\n**There are 4 steps you need to follow when you want to**\n**register as a student at Oxbridge Academy:**\n\n**1.**Select Your Course \n\n**2.** Fill in Your Student Details \n\n**3.**Select Your Delivery Option \n\n**4.** Pay Your Registration Fee and Send in Your Form ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "If you are an Oxbridge Academy student, we’d like you to know \nthat we are here to help you every step of the way, and that we will \ngive you the opportunity to resubmit your assignments if you don’t \nachieve a pass mark the first time around. ", - "page_start": 36, - "page_end": 36, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "Different courses have different registration fees. Please check the course \nfees list (www.oxbridgeacademy.co.za/Documents/ Price-list-2015.pdf) to \nfind out how much you need to pay to register for your chosen course, and \npay this amount using the banking details provided at the bottom of the \nregistration form. Remember to attach your proof of payment. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "We are registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a Private College in terms of Section \n31(6)(a) of the Continuing Education and Training Act, 2006 (Act No. 16 of 2006). Registration No. 2009/FE07/070. \n\n*Developed for Oxbridge Academy*", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "1. Read (and follow) the instructions carefully. \nIf you are an Oxbridge Academy student, the general assignment \nguidelines will be provided in your “Success” Study Guide. Specific \ninstructions will also be included at the beginning of each of your \nassignments. \n\n2. Read the questions carefully. \nMake sure you understand what is being asked of you, so that you \nfocus on answering the right questions, instead of providing irrelevant \ninformation. \n\n3. Remember that presentation is important. \nNeatness, spelling, and the structure of your assignment will all count \ntoward the mark that you receive for your assignment. \n\n4. \nto the assignment questions. \nBut make sure to use your own words – don’t just copy. You need to show \nthe person marking your assignment that you have developed a sound \nunderstanding of the subject. \n\nUse your course material and other external sources to find answers ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "SEND YOUR REGISTRATION FORM \n\nSend your registration form to the \nregistrations office at Oxbridge Academy via \none of the following channels: \n\nFax: \nPost: \nE-mail: registrar@oxbridgeacademy.co.za \n086 262 5550 \nPO Box 12723, Die Boord, 7613 ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "Please make sure to check the accreditation status of your chosen course. \nSome of our courses are non-credit bearing skills development courses, \nwhich are neither accredited by external bodies nor registered on the NQF. \nPlease go to our website:*oxbridgeacademy.co.za*for more \nabout our skills development courses. \n\ninformation ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "You can find the course name and course code for your chosen course on \nthe relevant detailed course information page on our website. Have a look \nat the example in the screenshot below (the course name and course code \nare circled in red): ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "To be successful in your studies, you need to learn how to create \nmeaningful summaries of your course material. This is especially \nimportant if you are a distance learning student (www.oxbridgeacademy. \nco.za/distance-learning/), as you won’t have a teacher or lecturer to \npoint out key concepts, or to give you tips about the types of questions \nyou can expect in the exams. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF", - "query": "I have trouble writing effective summaries in English, do you have any tips?", - "target_page": 29, - "target_passage": "To make a good summary, you need to: • Keep it brief. • Make sure to use main headings and keywords. • Focus on the main ideas. • Classify and organise the information in a logical manner. • Use your own words where possible. • Include examples. • Remember that your summaries are there to help you", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "SUMMARIES \n\nGeneral Tips for Making Summaries \n\n• Underline or highlight key points as you work through your study \n\nmaterial, and make notes. \n\n• When you come across a word or concept you don’t understand, \n\nlook it up in a dictionary, or do some research on the concept, and \nadd your own definition to your summary. ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "To make a good summary, you need to: \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
•Keep it brief.
•Make sure to use main headings and keywords.
•Focus on the main ideas.
•Classify and organise the information in a logical manner.
•Use your own words where possible.
•Include examples.
•Remember that your summaries are there to help you.
", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "29. List 3 methods you can use to summarise your study material. (3) \n\n30. Give 2 examples of how good language skills can benefit your ca- \nreer. (2) \n\n31. Complete the following sentence: ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "25. Create a mind map to summarise Chapter 7 (How to Ask for Help \nfrom Your Tutor). (5) \n\n26. \nwritten assignments. (3) \n\nList 3 things you need to do if you want to earn good marks for your ", - "page_start": 57, - "page_end": 57, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "To be successful in your studies, you need to learn how to create \nmeaningful summaries of your course material. This is especially \nimportant if you are a distance learning student (www.oxbridgeacademy. \nco.za/distance-learning/), as you won’t have a teacher or lecturer to \npoint out key concepts, or to give you tips about the types of questions \nyou can expect in the exams. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "• Write your e-mail in clear and simple language. \n\nDon’t try to sound too formal, and don’t use complicated words \nwhen simple ones would work just fine. As far as possible, write in \nthe active voice. \n\n• Structure your message clearly, and include only the necessary \n\ninformation. \nTake care not to confuse the message by including too many topics \nin one e-mail. Respect your colleagues’ time, and try to keep your \nmessages as short as possible. ", - "page_start": 52, - "page_end": 52, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "1. General Language Tips to Get You Started \n\n2. Parts of Speech \n\n3. Punctuation \n\n4. Commonly Confused Words and Phrases \n\n5. Tips for Filling in Your College Registration Form \n\n6. Learn How to Summarise Your Study Material \n\n7. How to Ask for Help from Your Tutor \n\n8. Tips for Completing Your Written Assignments \n\n9. Tips for Answering Exam Questions \n\n10. Language Skills at Work – How to Write a Cover Letter \n\n11. Language Skills at Work – How to Write a Resignation Letter \n\n12. Language Skills at Work – Sending E-mails to Your Colleagues ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**Excel**\n**Fundamentals**", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "14. If you start running out of time towards the end of the exam, write short \nnotes as answers to each of the remaining questions, instead of trying \nto answer each question perfectly. \nThis way, you should still earn some marks for writing down the most \nimportant points. \n\n15. If you have time left at the end of the exam, go back and read through \n\nyour answers to make sure that you are happy with them. ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - }, - { - "text": "Read as much as possible. Reading improves your vocabulary, \nand helps you to become familiar with sentence structure, \nword order, and the correct use of punctuation. \n\n1. \n\nInvest in a good dictionary. When you are unsure of the \nmeaning of a word, or when you come across an unfamiliar \nword, make sure to look it up in your dictionary. \n\n2. \n\nKeep a journal. This will give you an opportunity to practice \nyour writing skills on a regular basis. \n\n3. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "basic-english-language-skills.PDF" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf", - "query": "Is exposure to risk factors that may affect mental wellbeing at work comparable across European countries?", - "target_page": 25, - "target_passage": "The country data vary significantly. Sweden, Greece and Luxembourg report over two-thirds such exposures, and Germany, Lithuania and Czechia one-third or less.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In 2007, 2013 and 2020,**Eurostat**asked employed persons in its ad hoc surveys to the Labour Force \nSurvey (LFS) whether they had**‘… exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-**\n**being’**.10 In 2007 and 2013, the questions covered four items (time pressure and overload of work, \nviolence or threat of violence, harassment and bullying, other factors). In the 2020 survey,11 ‘Mental \nwell-being’ was operationalised by an additional four response options, resulting in a total of eight \noptions:12 \n\n*1. Severe time pressure or overload of work;*\n*2. Violence or threat of violence;*\n*3. Harassment or bullying;*\n*4. Poor communication or cooperation within the organisation;*\n*5. Having to deal with difficult customers, patients, pupils etc.;*\n*6. Job insecurity;*\n*7. Lack of autonomy, or lack of influence over the work pace or work processes; and*\n*8. Another significant risk factor for mental well-being.*\n\nForty-five per cent of the employed persons reported being exposed to risk factors that can adversely \naffect mental wellbeing. The country data vary significantly. Sweden, Greece and Luxembourg report \nover two-thirds such exposures, and Germany, Lithuania and Czechia one-third or less.13 ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "7 EU-OSHA, 2007: Expert forecast on emerging psychosocial risks related to occupational safety and health \n8 Eurofound, 2017: Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 Update) (p. 48). Raw \ndata for 2015: Eurofound: European Working Conditions Survey - Data Visualisation; Data for 2005: Eurofound: \nFourth European Working Conditions Survey \n9 EU-OSHA: ESENER Data visualisation, Comparisons 2014-2019. \n10 Due to the change of possible response items, the data for the three surveys cannot be compared; the number \nof mental risk factors increased from three in 2007 and 2013 to eight in 2020. \n11 Eurostat, 2021: EU labour force survey 2020 module on accidents at work and other work-related health \nproblems : assessment report : 2021 edition \n\n*12 Eurostat: Persons reporting exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-being by sex, age and*\n*factor, data here and explanatory metadata here*\n13 It has to be noted that in 2007 and 2013 the interviews were done face-to-face. In 2020 the interviews were \nconducted either face-to-face or by phone, depending on the public health measures in each country. The \nresponses were influenced by work under conditions of the pandemic. ", - "page_start": 140, - "page_end": 140, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.6 Conclusions**\nThe exposure**to psychosocial risks**is increasing, with mental health prevalence still emerging. Major \nwork-related exposures have grown in the past 15 to 25 years that is, time pressure, difficult clients, \nlonger working hours and poor communication. There is also some evidence that countries with over- \naverage employment in sectors like health and care or other human and client-oriented services \n(education, social work, tourism, entertainment) suffer from longer working hours and more mental \nburden. The northern countries are at the top of the countries with highest mental burden. The southern \ncountries have a high share of specific psychosocial risks related to work in tourism and entertainment, \ncharacterised by atypical working times and issues with difficult clients. ", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 3: ‘Exposure to risk factors adversely affecting mental wellbeing’ – LFS Ad hoc survey 202014**\n\n", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***4.3.2 Health affected – overall opinion***\nThe self-assessment of**health risks at work**is a question in the EWCS. According to the responses to \nthe EWCS 2015, work is regarded by exactly one-quarter (25%) of the workers in the EU as a health \nrisk. (The OSH Barometer provides more details; links in the text box at the end of this chapter.) \n\nThe countries with the**lowest percentage of perceived affection of health at work**are Portugal at \n15%; below or around 20% are also Italy, Ireland and Czechia, Germany, Hungary and Romania. The \ncountries with the highest percentage of perceived health risks at work are Latvia (41%), followed by \nSpain and Slovenia (both 38%), Lithuania (37%), and Estonia, France and Malta (all 35%). \n\nAt EU level the**aggregated sectors**‘Construction and Transport’ show the highest figures (35%) and \n‘Commerce / Hospitality’ (20%) and ‘Financial / Other services’ the lowest (20%). These sectoral \ndifferences repeat in most countries. ", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**List of figures**\nFigure 1: Risk factors present (% of establishments) – ESENER 2014 and 2019................................ 23 \n\nFigure 2: Risk factors that can adversely affect mental wellbeing – EWCS and ESENER ................. 24 \n\nFigure 3: ‘Exposure to risk factors adversely affecting mental wellbeing’ – LFS Ad hoc survey 2020 . 26 \n\nFigure 4: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Job strain)............................. 27 \n\nFigure 5: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Psychological demand) ........ 28 \n\nFigure 6: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Decision authority) ............... 28 \n\nFigure 7: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Skill discretion) ..................... 29 \n\nFigure 8: Hours worked per week of full-time employment, EU27 – Eurostat ...................................... 31 \n\nFigure 9: Average working time and work during unsocial hours – Eurostat LFS ................................ 32 \n\nFigure 10: Development of work intensity indicators between 1991 and 2015 – Eurofound ................ 33 \n\nFigure 11: Establishment size and ‘Pressure due to time constraints’ – ESENER 2014 and 2019 ...... 34 ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**result in high values for both responses. That is, high risk but also high satisfaction with health**\n**and safety.**\n\nThe picture of country positions in this ranking changes again when looking at the**response on the off-**\n**work periods**due to a work-related health problem.259 In 2020, around 10% report that they had a \n**work-related health problem that kept them more than six months away from work**. The rate is at \n10.1% for the EU27; the countries with the highest rates above 20% are Hungary (30.3%), Lithuania \n(29.9%), the Netherlands (27.6%), Belgium (20.9%) and Romania (20.7%). The countries with lowest \nrates under 10% are Poland (2.6%), Denmark (6.0%), Sweden (6.2%), Italy (6.5%) and Finland \n(9.0%).260 The country positions do not change much when looking at all absences over one month \n(18.7% for the EU), or three months or over (12.6% for the EU27).261**That means that — at least at**\n**the first glance contradictory — countries reporting highest health risks have the lowest number**\n**of long-term off-work periods.**These figures are probably much influenced by social security and \ncompensation rules. This is another indication that**high exposure and identification of health risks**\n**— fortunately — does not materialise in serious disease episodes, and this could be attributed**\n**to on the effectiveness of prevention measures**. ", - "page_start": 94, - "page_end": 94, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Regarding this question,**age differences are negligible**.**Concerning gender**, male respondents \nreport more often that their work imposes health risks; at EU level the values are 23% for female workers \nand 27% for male workers. \n\n**In 2005, the workers in the 10 new Member States responded much less positive**; 40% of the \nworkers in the 10 new Member States considered their health and safety to be affected because of their \nwork. ", - "page_start": 91, - "page_end": 91, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "These responses are probably very much influenced**by occupational, sector and country-specific**\n**cultures of defining and expressing a health problem**and a different opinion on the job. It is clearly \nnot realistic that workers in Poland or Sweden suffer 10 times more often from a work-related health \nproblem than workers in Ireland or Romania. Suppression or resistance to express a health problem \nmight be one cause for such low figures for countries with a high degree of manual work, be it highly or \nlow skilled.258 It might also be that a high awareness of health issues — not only caused by the risk but \nalso by the necessary prevention measures — results in high response values for both questions, that \nis,**high awareness of risks might be the cause for well-developed prevention measures and**", - "page_start": 93, - "page_end": 93, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "example, in Sweden. 378 Meanwhile, the spectrum of guidance developed regarding work-related \npsychosocial risks is very wide; it covers aspects such as job satisfaction (overall level of wellbeing), \nengagement, performance and work-related stress,379 and also discrimination, harassment, aggression \nand violence.380 ", - "page_start": 123, - "page_end": 123, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf", - "query": "Has the average working week for employees working full-time decreased since 2006?", - "target_page": 31, - "target_passage": ". The statistical data (Eurostat) show a slight decrease of the average weekly working time for full-time employees (15-64 years) from 40.2 to 39.9 hours between 2006 and 2019.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "The length of the daily or weekly working time, its allocation over the 24 hours of a day or at night are \nimportant factors for health and wellbeing. The statistical data (Eurostat) show a slight decrease**of the**\n**average weekly working time for full-time employees**(15-64 years) from 40.2 to 39.9 hours between \n2006 and 2019.22 The data also document slight increases and decreases of work at atypical times \n(response option for frequency: ‘usual’).23 In 2006 and 2019, the following percentages of all employed \npersons worked at atypical times: on**Saturdays**the percentage decreased from 28% to 25%,**working**\n**on Sundays**remained stable at around 13.5%,**working in the evenings**decreased from 19% to 15%, \n**work at night**fell from 7% to 5% and**shift work**increased slightly from 17% to 18%.24 ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 8: Hours worked per week of full-time employment, EU27 – Eurostat**\n\n", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***3.1.1 Working time in hours and at atypical times***\n\n**Too many hours of working time and/or working hours at atypical or unsocial times**can put**the**\n**mental**and**the physical health**of humans at risk. It is also regarded as a major**contributing factor**\n**to work accidents**, due to fatigue or exhaustion.16 \n\nThe main indicator to describe working time is the**number of the weekly average working hours**of \nfull-time employees. However, regarding its impact on health and safety,**other aspects of working**\n**time are of the same relevance**: \n\n• How long is the average working day? \n• At which times and days is this work done (typical, atypical times)? \n• How often do long working hours take place? \n• \n• How flexible are start and end? \n• How intense is the work during this time (breaks, deadlines)? \n• Which groups of workers have standard working times and which do not (e.g. depending on the \n\nIs the work split between two jobs? \n\nsector or the type of contract, e.g. sub-contracted workers or self-employed)? \n\nThere is a**slight trend towards fewer working hours**for full-time**employees**(not ‘Employed persons’) \nin the EU27; between 2006 and 2019 the average weekly working time dropped from 40.2 to 39.9 hours, \na decrease of approximately 15 minutes.17 ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 9: Average working time and work during unsocial hours – Eurostat LFS**\n\nTwo country examples might illustrate these developments (all data for 2019): Slovakia, a country with \na high share of process-based industries, reports that 15.0% of its workforce is working at night and 29% \nin shifts; for the EU27 this rate is 5.2% respectively and 18.3%.25 Regarding work on Sundays three \nother countries are at the top of the EU27, the Netherlands, Ireland and Spain; they report between 18% \nand 21% (EU27 average = 13.5%); all three countries have an above-average share of sectors like \ntransport, tourism and agriculture.26 \n\nFor all these types of work it should be take into account that other groups of**workers under non-**\n**standard types of employment contracts**(self-employed, agency workers, students, pensioners, \nundeclared workers) might have taken over work at these atypical working times. \n\nConcluding, it can be stated that there is a**slight trend towards a reduction of weekly working hours**\n**for regularly employed**workers, including a stable commuting time. Working hours at atypical times \nshow a mixed picture. Looking at most types of employees,**atypical working time decreased, except**\n**work on Sundays**. For self-employed with employees, the working time at atypical hours is in general \nat a higher level. The number of employees in night work is decreasing. More employees in service and \nclient-related occupations at night or in shifts but also here the atypical times are slightly decreasing. ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "22 Eurostat Data for 2019: Average number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, \nfull-time/part-time and economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2). here Filter: Employees, Full-time, All \nNACE, EU27 2019 Q4. \nEurostat Data for 2006: Average number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, \nfull-time/part-time and economic activity (1998-2008, NACE Rev. 1.1), here Filter: Employees, Full-time, All \nNACE, EU27 2019 Q4. \n23 Eurostat definition of atypical work: The atypical work distinguishes between “evening or night work”, “Saturday \nor Sunday working”, and “shift work”. \n24 All data were retried from tables in: Labour market > Employment and unemployment (Labour force survey) M \n> LFS series - detailed annual survey results M > Population in employment working during unsocial hours - LFS \nseries \n25 Eurostat: Employed persons working at nights as a percentage of the total employment, by sex, age and \nprofessional status (%) \n26 Eurostat: Employed persons working on Sundays as a percentage of the total employment, by sex, age and \nprofessional status (%) \n27 Fiz Perez et al., 2019: Shift and night work management in European companies \n28 OSHWiki, 2022: Psychosocial issues – the changing world of work \n29 Eurofound, 2003: Time and work: Work intensity \nEurofound, 2009: Working conditions in the European Union: Working time and work intensity \n30 Eurofound, 2017: Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 Update) (p. 48). ", - "page_start": 141, - "page_end": 141, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 \n\nTotal \n\nWeighted average exercise price \n\nYear ended 30 June 2012 – Employees \n\n07 Jul 2006 01 Jul 2011 $6.00 \n\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $4.68 \n\n04 Apr 2008 03 Apr 2013 $6.00 \n\nTotal \n\nWeighted average exercise price ", - "page_start": 96, - "page_end": 96, - "source_file": "ASX_KCN_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Work at atypical working times**is in general regarded as a working condition with negative health \nimpact, called**work extensity**. The two major indicators of atypical working times are work at**‘atypical**\n**working times’**and**‘long working hours’**. \n\nEurostat reports for**‘Employment at atypical working time’**20 a minor decrease between 2011 and \n2019, from 38.8% to 37.2% (EU27), for all employed workforce and all types of such atypical time. 21 \nSome**groups of self-employed**show a higher rate of atypical working times but also for most of the \ncategories of self-employed the rates decreased during the period 2011 to 2019.**High managerial self-**\n**employed**had a slight increase from 42.1% to 43.2% in this period. For the**low managerial self-**\n**employed**Eurostat finds a decrease from 69.2% to 64.5%. The figures for**small entrepreneurs**\ndropped slightly from 56.6% to 54.1%, the same applies for employed persons in**personal care work**\nwith a minor change (50.6% to 49.8%).**Agricultural self-employed**had the highest level of such \nworking times; they showed a decrease from 68.4% to 63.4%. ", - "page_start": 30, - "page_end": 30, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "After that first period between 1991 and 2005,**this development seems to stagnate between 2005**\n**and 2015**.30 The responses ‘Almost all of the time’ or ‘All of the time’ vary only slightly, between 33% \nand 37% depending on year and question (‘Working at high speed’ or ‘Working to tight deadlines’). \n\nDifferences can be seen regarding sector, company size and occupation.**Regarding work intensity**, \nESENER enterprise data on time pressure for the EU27 indicate a slight increase of 2.3% between 2014 \nand 2019 from 43% to 45%.31 Interestingly, according to ESENER, time pressure drastically**increases**\n**with the size of the enterprise**. In enterprises with 5 - 9 employees, 39% report time pressure, and in \nenterprises with above 250 employees 69%. 32 The same applies for long working hours, where \nenterprises with 5 - 9 employees report 19% ‘long working hours’, and in enterprises with above 250 \nemployees this percentage increases to about 39% (EU27, 2019).33 ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "14 Eurostat: Persons reporting exposure to risk factors that can adversely affect mental well-being by sex, age and \neducational attainment level \n\n*15 Rigó et al., 2021: Work stress on rise? Comparative analysis of trends in work stressors using the European*\n*working conditions survey*\n16 WHO/ILO, 2021: WHO/ILO joint estimates of the work-related burden of disease and injury, 2000–2016: Global \nmonitoring report (p. 35ff). \n\n*17 Eurostat provide data for the periods before and after the NACE revision in 2008.**Data for 2019:**Average number*\n*of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, full-time/part-time and economic activity*\n*(from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2), here Filter: Full-time, 15-64 years, all NACE sectors.**Data for 2006:**Average*\n*number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, full-time/part-time and economic*\n*activity (1998-2008, NACE Rev. 1.1), here*\n\n18 Eurostat, 2018: How many hours do Europeans work per week? Average number of usual weekly hours of work \nin main job, by sex, professional status, full-time/part-time and economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. \n2) - hours[lfsa_ewhun2], here ", - "page_start": 140, - "page_end": 140, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Regarding the weekly hours, there are**no striking differences**between the EU27 Member States. In \n2019, Cyprus, Austria and Malta with a high share of workers in the sector of tourism (accommodation) \nhad the highest number of working hours per week (above 41 hours), and Denmark, the Netherlands \nand Italy the lowest number (39 or fewer) (full-time, employees, 15-64 years, all NACE codes).18 ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf", - "query": "What is the definition of a work accident according to the International Labour Organisation?", - "target_page": 38, - "target_passage": "ILO Definition of accident: ‘An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, including acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work, which results in one or more workers incurring a personal injury, disease or death.’", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**3.2 Physical health risks at work**\nRisks at work that can result in physical harm can be divided into**safety**and**health risks**. \n\nThe main result of insufficient safety is a work accident. A**work accident**has as immediate \nconsequences either a personal injury, a disease, or death of one or more workers. Eurostat \ndistinguishes between non-fatal and fatal work accidents, and for the majority of sectors it provides also \nthe duration of the absence due to the accident — an indicator for the severity of the injury. Non-fatal \naccidents at work can cause medium- or long-term health consequences, and in the worst case a \npermanent disability. \n\nILO Definition of accident: ‘An occupational accident is an unexpected and unplanned occurrence, \nincluding acts of violence, arising out of or in connection with work, which results in one or more workers \nincurring a personal injury, disease or death.’51 ", - "page_start": 37, - "page_end": 37, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Accidents at work**\n\n**Accidents at work**are the most common indicator regarding the quality of prevention in an enterprise, \na sector or a country. Between 1998 and 2019 (EU level),**the incidence**rate of**non-fatal work**\n**accidents**fell about 58%, from 4,089 to 1,713. Most of this decrease took place in the first half of this \ndecade. Between 1998 and 2008, the incidence rate fell by 54%, and between 2009 and 2019 by 9%. \n\nBetween 1998 and 2019, the**incidence rate for fatal accidents**dropped about 57% from 5.03 to 2.17, \nalmost the same decrease as for non-fatal accidents. \n\nFour major sectors,**agriculture, manufacturing, construction and transport**, employed just under \n40% of the workforce (in 1998 as well as in 2019). However, in 1998, more than 60% of the accidents \nat work took place in these sectors, thus the reduction of accidents in these sectors was crucial for the \noverall reduction. In addition, economic developments — sector decline and shift of workforce between \nsectors — reduced the number of workers exposed to common safety risks in these sectors. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***4.1.2 Serious non-fatal and fatal work accidents***\n\nEurostat defines a fatal work accident as follows*: ‘A “fatal accident” means an accident which leads to*\n*the death of a victim within one year of the accident’.*160 \nFatal commuting accidents are excluded, or when counted at national level, excluded from the ESAW \ndata. \n\nIn the last decade, most EU Member States registered a**significant decrease of fatal work**\n**accidents**.161 From 2010 to 2019, for the EU27, the**incidence rate of fatal accidents decreased over**\n**all sectors from 2.31 to 1.74**, or a minus of 25%. In the period between 2010 and 2019 the sectoral \nfigures of five major sectors developed as follows: ", - "page_start": 70, - "page_end": 70, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "International data show the**comparatively low level of work accidents in the EU**. Other countries like \nthe United States showed a similar development during this period. 124 While it is estimated that work \naccidents contribute worldwide to 19% of all work-related deaths, this figure is 5% for the EU27. When \ncounting DALYs, the work-related injuries account for 17% of all DALYS for injuries and diseases in the \nEU27, and for 29% globally.125 \n\nIt is evident that**better technical and organisational prevention at workplaces**contributed to this \nstrong reduction of accidents;**prominent examples**of**such improvements**are: ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "There have always been concerns in national or sectoral case studies about**underreporting of work**\n**accidents**for different reasons: accidents suffered by self-employed who are not obliged to notify or \nare insured via private or non-occupational public health insurances, work-related traffic accidents that \nare reported as traffic accidents only, declaration of less severe accidents as private to avoid \nadministrative burden, administrative burden in general. This leads to several approaches to estimate \nthe true number of accidents at work. Currently, these estimates result in figures of around 5.45 million \nwork accidents at EU27 level in 2019 for all economic sectors and all types of employment. That means \nthat the reported 3.14 million accidents represent approximately 57.5% of all work accidents resulting in \nmore than three days of absence, while 42.5% are not reported. \n\nThe pure distinction between fatal and non-fatal work accidents does not reveal that a very large part of \nthe human and financial burden is caused**by severe but not fatal accidents**. In 2019, 232,892 work \naccidents resulted in an absence of more than three months or caused a permanent disability, compared \nto 3,008 fatal accidents (NACE Rev. 2 activity A, C-N). That is, in addition to every worker who dies, \nanother 77 suffer injuries resulting in at least three months off work or in permanent disability. ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Work accidents**are probably the**most widely used indicator**for assessment of the effectiveness of \nthe OSH systems and the working conditions in general, also in a broader public; thus, this report will \ntackle this topic more extensively than other topics. Work accidents are regarded as a result of \n**insufficient safety prevention**.**Occupational and work-related diseases**are regarded as**short- or**\n**long-term outcomes**of all disease-generating circumstances or exposures at work, caused by any \ntype of material or substance, by unhealthy physical activity or unhealthy inactivity, or by disease- \ncausing aspects of human interaction at work. Occupational and work-related diseases are categorised \nand assessed by experts, particularly by medical professions.**Wellbeing**is the newest concept, \ncovering the individual or group perception of the working conditions. \n\nThe**presence of risk factors**and — if possible — the**level of exposure**makes up the largest block \nof datasets in the OSH Barometer that is used to assess working conditions. ", - "page_start": 60, - "page_end": 60, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***4.1.1 Non-fatal work accidents***\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
DEFINITIONS
[ Curotaxt has developed the European Statistics on Accidents at Work, or ESAIR, methodology to harmonise the
Imantamized work accidents. This methodology describes how accidents at work have to be reported and defines [ several terms and conditions ].
| What is an accident?
[ Accident at work ’ is defined in the ESAIN methodology [ 39 ] as a ‘ discrete occurrence in the course of work which ‘ leads to physical or mental harm.’
| When is a non - fatal work accident counted?
ESSNAR counts were accolent it the neuropation of work accumed ( 1 days after the early acceler ). Chapter 4. CE if [ Tw ] fund / behindrating [ 101 / seplans : Incolent alerthore these calender days ( alware for early ). Days full calender days a
[ Exempted are : Commuting accidents, self - infilcted injuries ( e. g. suicides ), and strictly natural causes that injure [ secple at their workplaces ( e. g. earthquakes, floods ).
", - "page_start": 63, - "page_end": 63, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ILO defines wellbeing at work under the term**‘Workplace Wellbeing’**:*‘Workplace Wellbeing relates to*\n*all aspects of working life, from the quality and safety of the physical environment, to how workers feel*\n*about their work, their working environment, the climate at work and work organization. The aim of*\n*measures for workplace well-being is to complement OSH measures to make sure workers are safe,*\n*healthy, satisfied and engaged at work.’*\n\nA common methodology to collect data on**health status and wellbeing**is**self-reporting and self-**\n**assessment**of risks at work, health risks and health problems, absence, job satisfaction and working \nlife perspectives from a health point of view. This allows insight into the subjective assessment of health \nrisks at work and wellbeing. \n\n**Indicators on wellbeing**and satisfaction at work show similar patterns to health and work accidents. \nSectors with high physical demands and high customer and client orientation and occupations with a \nlower skill level report lower wellbeing and satisfaction levels; they report a good health status but fewer \nexpectations to be able to work in this occupation until the age of 60 years. Concerning the levels of \n**self-reported ‘Health at risk’**, the LFS Ad hoc module on ‘Accidents at work and other work-related \nhealth problems’ suggests that the situation has improved. According to the LFS, in 2007 14.6% of \nemployed persons reported a work-related health problem; this figure decreased in 2013 to 8.8% and \nwent slightly up again — during the pandemic — to 10.3% in 2020 (EU27 level). ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Work-related deaths and diseases**\n\n**Work-related health outcomes represent a much higher burden**for society than work accidents. \nMore workers are affected, and the overall costs are much higher. When limiting the scope of analysis \nto the officially**recognised occupational diseases**, the trend of health outcomes (deaths, illnesses) \ncaused by ‘exposures’ at work decreases similarly to the accident trend. \n\nEuropean Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA \n12 ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Figure 22: Share of people reporting any accident and accidents resulting in time off work by country,**\n**2020158**\n\n", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "EN-Annex II - EU-OSHA websites, SM accounts and tools.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf", - "query": "Was knowledge domain agnosticism a goal in the development of OLAF?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an application-independent manner, in practice, concepts and relations represented largely depend on one or more business use cases. As we designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need to consider it within its real-world usage context.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- \nbased system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an \napplication-independent manner, in practice,**concepts and relations**\n**represented largely depend on one or more business use cases**. As \nwe designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need \nto consider it within its**real-world usage context**. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework**\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) \nJean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We designed the proposed framework focusing on**automation**with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, \nparticular attention is brought to the**learned ontology final production use case**. We implement the framework as an open-source and open- \naccess python library. We aim to**gather feedback and grow a community**to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be \ndeveloped to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing**axiom extraction**and**automatic ontology**\n**evaluation**. One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter \nfield is known as \"SemOps\". ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Text2Onto, 2005, [ 1 ]It is the reference in the field as it defines a representation - agnostic structure with modular steps and takes into account uncertainty. The system is implemented as a CATE module.Ontologies can be exported in various formats. CATE system adds great visualisations. But it is not maintained since 2011.
OntoCain, 2010, [ 2 ]It focusives on multivord terms to construct a “ lexicalised contology ” by adapting an agglomerative clustering and an PCA method. It impliements & steps text preprocessing, concept extraction ( C / NC - value ). Takonomy construction, aIt considers only multiword terms and relies on WordNet and POS tags. It cloes not distinguish between terms and concepts and implements different adaptable approaches.
OntoLearn ( Reloaded ), 2O13, [ 3 ]It focuses on “ lexicalised ontologies ” and uses seed knowledge. It implements 5 steps : terminology extraction. hypermym graph construction, domain filtering of hypernyms. hypernym graph pruning and edge recovery.It relies on WordNet and PDS tags and does not distinguish between terms and concepts It implements different adaptable approaches.
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Since the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically**extracting and structuring knowledge**\nrelevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a**modular ontology**\n**learning framework**considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning \nsystems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with**full automation**in mind. An implementation as an**open-**\n**source and collaborative python library**is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Neches, Robert (1991). Enabling Technology for Knowledge Sharing. With Richard Fikes, Tim Finin, \nThomas Gruber, Ramesh Patil, Ted Senator, and William T. Swartout. AI Magazine. Volume 12 Number \n3 (1991). https://tinyurl.com/DARPAKnowledgeSharing \n\nNoy, Natasha (2019). Industry-Scale Knowledge Graphs: Lessons and Challenges. With Yuqing Gao, \nAnshu Jain, Anant Narayanan, Alan Patterson, Jamie Taylor. Communications of the ACM. Vol. 62. No. \n8. August 2019. https://tinyurl.com/ACMKnowledgeGraphs \n\nM. J. O'Connor (2012). A Pair of OWL 2 RL Reasoners. With A.K. Das. OWL: Experiences and \nDirections (OWLED), 9th International Workshop, Heraklion, Greece, 2012. http://ceur-ws.org/Vol- \n849/paper_31.pdf \n\nSinghal, Amit. (2012). Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings. Google SVP, Engineering. \nMay 16, 2012. https://www.blog.google/products/search/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not/ ", - "page_start": 90, - "page_end": 90, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "19~26% of papers sampled from ACL, NAACL and EMNLP since 2018 cite [39]. \n20Specifically, that the mutual information between the input and the meaning given \nthe output is zero — what Spärck Jones calls “the model of ignorance”. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "arxiv5_ccby4license.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "One final point: features of OWL and SWRL that new users frequently find frustrating are the Open \nWorld Assumption (OWA) and lack of non-monotonic reasoning. The OWA was discussed in chapter \n4.13. Non-monotonic reasoning will be discussed in section 11.1. For now, though remember that \nSPARQL is*not*subject to*either*of these restrictions. With SPARQL one can do non-monotonic \nreasoning and leverage the more common Closed World Assumption (CWA). E.g., one can test if the \nvalue for a property on a specific instance exists or not and can take actions if that property does not exist. ", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In most languages using the CWA we assume that everything that is currently known about the system is \nalready in the database. However, OWL was meant to be a language to bring semantics to the Internet so \nthe language designers chose the OWA. The open world assumption means that we cannot assume \nsomething doesn’t exist just because it isn’t currently in the ontology. The Internet is an open system. The \ninformation could be out there in some data source that hasn’t yet been integrated into our ontology. \nThus, we can’t conclude some information doesn’t exist unless it is*explicitly stated that it does not exist*. \nIn other words, because something hasn’t been stated to be true, it cannot be assumed to be false — it is \nassumed that the knowledge just hasn’t been added to the knowledge base. In the case of our pizza \nontology, we have stated that MargheritaPizza has toppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping \nand also kinds of TomatoTopping. Because of the open world assumption, until we explicitly say that a \nMargheritaPizza only has these kinds of toppings, it is assumed by the reasoner that a \nMargheritaPizza could have other toppings. To specify explicitly that a MargheritaPizza has \ntoppings that are kinds of MozzarellaTopping or kinds of TomatoTopping and only kinds of \nMozzarellaTopping or TomatoTopping, we must add what is known as a closure axiom on the \nhasTopping property. ", - "page_start": 42, - "page_end": 42, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the*Slope of Enlightenment*in the \nGartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the \nSemantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US \ncorporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in \nOWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology \ncompanies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started \nto embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is \nfinally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive \ntechnologies. \n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I’ve heard is that an \nontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology \ncombined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about \nknowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf", - "query": "Is OLAF a specific strategy for ontological learning or is it a toolbox of different strategies?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Our vision is to implement a toolbox of methods we can gather to build pipelines. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Since the beginning of the century, research on ontology learning has gained popularity. Automatically**extracting and structuring knowledge**\nrelevant to a domain of interest from unstructured data is a major scientific challenge. We propose a new approach with a**modular ontology**\n**learning framework**considering tasks from data pre-processing to axiom extraction. Whereas previous contributions considered ontology learning \nsystems as tools to help the domain expert, we developed the proposed framework with**full automation**in mind. An implementation as an**open-**\n**source and collaborative python library**is available at https://gitlab.insa-rouen.fr/msesboue/ontology-learning. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**OLAF : Ontology Learning Applied Framework**\nMarion SCHAEFFER (marion.schaeffer@insa-rouen.fr) - Matthias SESBOUE (matthias.sesboue@insa-rouen.fr) \nJean-Philippe KOTOWICZ - Nicolas DELESTRE - Cecilia ZANNI-MERK ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Most ontology learning systems do not consider the targeted ontology- \nbased system. Though an ideal ontology should model a domain in an \napplication-independent manner, in practice,**concepts and relations**\n**represented largely depend on one or more business use cases**. As \nwe designed our framework with industry application in mind, we need \nto consider it within its**real-world usage context**. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Cimiano P, Völker J. Text2Onto. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.p. 227-238. ISBN: 978-3-540-32110-1 \nDrymonas E, Zervanou K, Petrakis EGM. Unsupervised Ontology Acquisition from Plain Texts: The OntoGain System. Natural Language Processing and Information Systems. Berlin, Heidelberg: \nSpringer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010. p. 277-87. ISBN: 978-3-642-13881-2 \nPaola Velardi, Stefano Faralli, Roberto Navigli; OntoLearn Reloaded: A Graph-Based Algorithm for Taxonomy Induction. Computational Linguistics 2013; 39 (3): 665–707. DOI: \n10.1162/COLI_a_00146 \nMuhammad Nabeel Asim, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Usman Ghani Khan, Waqar Mahmood, Hafiza Mahnoor Abbasi, A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications, \nDatabase, Volume 2018, 2018, bay101, DOI: 10.1093/database/bay101 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Ontologies are used to capture knowledge about some domain of interest. An ontology describes the \nconcepts in the domain and also the relationships that hold between those concepts. Different ontology \nlanguages provide different facilities. The most recent development in standard ontology languages is \nOWL from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). A good primer on the basic concepts of OWL can \nbe found at: https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-primer/ \n\nOWL makes it possible to describe concepts in an unambiguous manner based on set theory and logic. \nComplex concepts can be built up out of simpler concepts. The logical model allows the use of a reasoner \nwhich can check whether all of the statements and definitions in the ontology are mutually consistent and \ncan also recognize which concepts fit under which definitions. The reasoner can therefore help to \nmaintain the hierarchy correctly. This is particularly useful when dealing with cases where classes can \nhave more than one parent. The reasoner can also infer additional information. For example, if two \nproperties are inverses only one value needs to be asserted by the user and the inverse value will be \nautomatically inferred by the reasoner. \n\n3.1 Components of OWL Ontologies \nAn OWL ontology consists of Classes, Properties, and Individuals. OWL ontologies are an \nimplementation of Description Logic (DL) which is a decidable subset of First Order Logic. A class in \nOWL is a set, a property is a binary relation, and an individual is an element of a set. Other concepts from \nset theory are also implemented in OWL such as Disjoint sets, the Empty set (owl:Nothing), inverse ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We designed the proposed framework focusing on**automation**with very little, if any, human involvement in mind. Unlike most existing approaches, \nparticular attention is brought to the**learned ontology final production use case**. We implement the framework as an open-source and open- \naccess python library. We aim to**gather feedback and grow a community**to develop and test multiple algorithms. Various satellite tools could be \ndeveloped to enhance the framework implementation. However, we should focus on developing**axiom extraction**and**automatic ontology**\n**evaluation**. One exciting research area might be the adaptation of the software industry's \"DevOps\" concepts to knowledge management. The latter \nfield is known as \"SemOps\". ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***C-value-based filtering***\n***Linguistic-based filtering***\n***TF-IDF value-based filtering***\n\nOur implementation is largely based on the**Python NLP**\n**library spaCy**. The text processing on spaCy helps us \nwork with data in**many different languages**while \nstaying flexible on the methods used. The only constraint \nis to end up with a list of**spaCy Doc objects**. \n\nTerm Extraction \n\n***Embedding-based similar term extraction***\n***ConceptNet synonym extraction***\n***WordNet synonym extraction***\n\nTerm Enrichment \n\n***ConceptNet-based extraction***\n***Grouping terms based on synonyms***\n***Term cooccurrences-based extraction***\n***Similarity-based extraction***\n*Formal concept Analysis*\n\n**OLAF**\n\nConcept/Relation \nExtraction \n\n***Term subsumption algorithm***\n*Hierarchical clustering* Different**serialization techniques**can be used to export and \nleverage the learned ontology in an application system. \nHierarchisation ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "next section. Which option you choose for your ontology will depend on the specific requirements you \nhave as well as the standards established by your organization or organizations that you work with. \n\nFinally, another name related concept you should be aware of is the concept of a namespace. If you have \nworked with most modern programming languages such as Python or Java, you are already familiar with \nthe concept of a namespace. The concept is identical in OWL. A namespace is used to avoid naming \nconflicts between different ontologies. For example, you may have a class called Network in an ontology \nabout telecommunications. You might also have a class called Network in an ontology about graph \ntheory. The two concepts are related but are different. Just as with programming languages you use \nnamespace prefixes to determine what specific namespace a name refers to. E.g., in this example you \nmight have the prefix tc for the Telecom ontology and gt for the Graph Theory ontology. Thus, when \nyou referred to the Network class for the Telecom ontology you would use tc:Network and \ngt:Network for the graph theory class. \n\nNote that you already have some experience with other namespaces. The OWL namespace prefix is owl \nand is used to refer to classes such as owl:Thing and owl:Nothing. The Resource Description \nFramework Schema (RDFS) is a model that OWL is built on top of and thus some properties that \nontologies use such as rdfs:label leverage this namespace. ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "This tutorial is just the entry point to a technology that is entering the*Slope of Enlightenment*in the \nGartner technology hype cycle [Gartner Hype Cycle]. Tim Berners-Lee published his paper on the \nSemantic Web [Berners-Lee 2001] way back in 2001. At least in my experience for most large US \ncorporations the excitement around Machine Learning seemed for a while to eclipse serious interest in \nOWL, SPARQL, and other Semantic Web technologies in the United States. Then influential technology \ncompanies such as Google [Singhal 2012], Facebook [Olanof 2013], and Amazon [Neptune 2017] started \nto embrace the technology using the term Knowledge Graphs [Noy 2019] and the corporate world is \nfinally realizing that machine learning and knowledge graphs are complimentary not competitive \ntechnologies. \n\nThe term knowledge graph itself can be used in different ways. The best definition I’ve heard is that an \nontology provides the vocabulary (i.e., essentially the T-Box) and a knowledge graph is an ontology \ncombined with data (A-Box). Although in the corporate world I often hear people simply talk about \nknowledge graphs without much interest in the distinction between the vocabulary and the data. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "To understand what is going on you first need to understand that each SPARQL query consists of two \nparts. The first part at the beginning consists of several namespace prefixes. These statements consist of \nthe prefix used for a particular namespace as well as the IRI associated with this namespace. Recall that \nthese concepts were described in chapter 7. You may be wondering where all these prefixes came from \nsince you didn’t add them to your ontology. The answer is that every OWL ontology comes with a set of \nnamespaces and prefixes that are required to define the ontology. \n\nAlso, to understand SPARQL you need to “peak under the hood” of OWL. So far, we have been \ndiscussing concepts in purely logical and set theoretic terms, i.e., at the semantic level. However, like any \nlanguage or database there is a lower level that describes how the concepts are mapped to actual data. In a \nrelational database the fundamental construct to represent data is a table. In OWL the fundamental \nconstruct is a triple. OWL is actually built on top of RDFS which is a language built on top of RDF. RDF \n(Resource Description Framework) is a language to describe graphs (in the mathematical sense of the \nterm). I.e., to describe nodes and links. ", - "page_start": 68, - "page_end": 68, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "infographic5.pdf", - "query": "Is Text2Onto still updated nowadays?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "But it is not maintained since 2011.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n**Thank You!**", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "2023-Creative-Commons-Annual-Report-2-1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n1:1 Chat \n\nGroup Chat \n\nMeeting Chat ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nGeneral notes are presented like this. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nToday, Tomorrow and Beyond \n\n**CSR REPORT 2011**02 ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\ntoolbar ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nTim ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "Protege5NewOWLPizzaTutorialV3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "OnDemand \nObject Server \n\n", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For Your Reference…**\nTo***apply font formatting***: \n\n1. Select the text \n\n 2. Click on the drop arrow for***Font***\n\n3. Point to a font to preview it \n4. Click on the font to apply it ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nIn addition ", - "page_start": 251, - "page_end": 251, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "***Figure 2. Using Firefox browser***\n\n", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "maiis-user-manual.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf", - "query": "What was the proportion of revenue generated by wireless telecommunications operations in 2009?", - "target_page": 91, - "target_passage": "6,685", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Wireless revenues included tower leases of $2.6 million, an increase of $0.5 million or 24.8%. The increase was the \nresult of other wireless carriers executing additional leases to use space on the Company’s portfolio of towers. Of the \n88 towers and poles owned by the Company as of December 31, 2003, 52 towers have one or more external tenants, \ncompared to 46 towers with external tenants at the end of 2002. \n\nWireless revenues from the Company’s paging operation were $0.2 million, a decrease of $0.1 million as the customer \nbase increasingly chose alternative wireless services. Paging service subscribers declined by 32.3% in 2003 from \n2,940 subscribers to 1,989 subscribers. The paging operation continues to decline as more areas are covered by \nwireless voice services, which have features that surpass those of paging technologies. The Company anticipates that \nits paging customer base will continue to decline in the future. \n\nWithin wireline revenues, the Telephone operation contributed $22.7 million, an increase of $0.3 million, or 1.2%. \nTelephone access revenues were $11.6 million, an increase of $0.7 million or 6.7%. During 2003, the Company \nrecorded a $1.2 million reduction to access revenue, of which $0.7 million was related to 2002, resolving disputes with \ninterexchange carriers on the rating of long distance calls transiting the Telephone switching network for termination \non wireless networks. ", - "page_start": 47, - "page_end": 47, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Data revenue was 17% higher \nthe \ncontinued penetration and growing use of smartphones, tablet devices \nand wireless laptops, which increased the use of e-mail, wireless, \nInternet access, text messaging and other wireless data services. Data \nrevenue represented approximately 47% of total network revenue this \nyear, compared to approximately 41% last year. \n\nthis year mainly because of \n\n*Lower Equipment Sales*\nEquipment sales (net of subsidies) include revenue from sales to: \n(cid:129) independent dealers, agents and retailers \n(cid:129) directly to subscribers through fulfillment by Wireless’ customer \nPostpaid churn was 1.24% this year, compared to 1.29% in 2012. The \nlower churn rate is partly attributable to the new simplified plans and \nthe roaming plans we introduced. \nservice groups, websites, telesales and corporate stores. \n\nRevenue from equipment sales was lower this year, mainly because \nfewer existing subscribers upgraded their devices and there were fewer \ngross activations. \n\nGross postpaid subscriber additions were 1.4 million this year, or 3% \nlower than last year, which reduced net postpaid subscriber additions to \n228,000, despite a lower postpaid churn. We believe the industry \ntransition from three year to two year plans resulting from the recent \nadoption of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications \nCommission (CRTC) Wireless Code may have slowed our overall \nwireless subscriber growth from the second half of the year. See \n“Regulation in Our Industry” for more information on the Wireless \nCode. ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Revenue by Product**\n\nWireless: \nPostpaid \nPrepaid \n\nNetwork revenue \nEquipment sales \n\nTotal Wireless \n\nCable: \nTelevision \nInternet \nCable telephony \n\nService revenue \nEquipment sales \n\nTotal Cable \n\nBusiness Solutions: \nNext generation \nLegacy \n\nService revenue \nEquipment sales \n\nTotal Business Solutions \n\nMedia: \nAdvertising \nSubscription \nRetail \nOther **762**\n**316**\n**305**\n**321**\n\nTotal Media **1,704**\n\nCorporate items and intercompany eliminations ", - "page_start": 106, - "page_end": 106, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company reports revenues as wireless, wireline and other revenues. These revenue classifications are defined as \nfollows: Wireless revenues are made up of the Personal Communications Company (a PCS Affiliate of Sprint), and the \nMobile Company. Wireline revenues include the following subsidiary revenues in the financial results: Telephone \nCompany, Network Company, Cable Television Company, and the Long Distance Company. Other revenues are \ncomprised of the revenues of ShenTel Service Company, the Leasing Company, ShenTel Communications Company \nand the Holding Company. For additional information on the Company's business segments, see Note 14 to audited \nconsolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report. \n\nThe Company participates in the telecommunications industry, which requires substantial investment in fixed assets or \nplant. This significant capital requirement may preclude profitability during the initial years of operation. The strategy \nof the Company is to grow and diversify the business by adding services and geographic areas that can leverage the \nexisting plant, but to do so within the opportunities and constraints presented by the industry. For many years the \nCompany focused on reducing reliance on the regulated telephone operation, which up until 1981 was the primary \nbusiness within the Company. This initial diversification was concentrated in other wireline businesses, such as the \ncable television and regional fiber facility businesses, but in 1990 the Company made its first significant investment in \nthe wireless sector through its former investment in the Virginia 10 RSA Limited partnership. By 1998, revenues of \nthe regulated telephone operation had decreased to 59.2% of total revenues. In that same year more than 76.6% of the \nCompany’s total revenue was generated by wireline operations, and initiatives were already underway to make wireless \na more significant contributor to total revenues. ", - "page_start": 40, - "page_end": 40, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Network revenue was higher this year compared to last year. This was \nthe net effect of: \n(cid:129) higher data revenue related to an increase in subscriber levels and \n\n**WIRELESS DATA REVENUE**\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) \n\n**2013** **$3,175**\nhigher usage of wireless data services \n\n(cid:129) partially offset by our introduction of new lower priced US and \ninternational roaming plans and rates which offer consumers more \nvalue, and \n\n2012 $2,722 \n\n2011 $2,325 \n\n(cid:129) the continued adoption of customer friendly simplified plans, which \noften bundle in certain features like voicemail, caller ID and long \ndistance that we have charged for separately in the past. \n\nExcluding the decline in US and international roaming revenue this year, \nnetwork revenue would have increased 1%. \n**47%**\n\n2012 41% \n\n2011 35% ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**ADJUSTED OPERATING PROFIT**\n($ IN BILLIONS) \n**2013 REVENUE**\n$12.7 billion \n\nWIRELESS**57%** **5.0**\n\n$12.7 \nCABLE**27%**\n**4.8**\nBILLION \n\nMEDIA**13%**\nBUSINESS \nSOLUTIONS**3%**\n**4.7**", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The percentage of subscribers with smartphones increased to 75% of \nour overall postpaid subscriber base, compared to 69% at the end of \n2012. Smartphone subscribers typically generate significantly higher \nARPU and are less likely to churn. \nOther operating expenses (excluding retention spending), were down \nslightly from 2012, due to a continued focus on cost productivity \ninitiatives we are implementing across various functions. \n\n**Higher Adjusted Operating Profit**\nAdjusted operating profit was 3% higher this year compared to last \nyear because of continued growth of wireless data, our improvements \nin cost management and efficiency and lower volumes of hardware \nsales and upgrades. Adjusted operating profit margin as a percentage \nof network revenue increased this year to 46.8% from 45.6% in 2012. \n\n**SMARTPHONES AS A PERCENTAGE OF POSTPAID SUBSCRIBERS**\n(%) \n\n**2013** **75%**\n\n2012 69% \n\n2011 56% \n\n**WIRELESS ADJUSTED OPERATING PROFIT**\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) \n\nThe decrease in prepaid subscriber net additions was mainly because of \nincreasing competition at the lower end of the wireless market where \nprepaid products are mainly sold. \n\n**2013** **$3,157**\n\n2012 $3,063 \n\n2011 $3,036 ", - "page_start": 43, - "page_end": 43, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Results of Continuing Operations**\n\n**2003 compared to 2002**\n\nTotal revenue was $105.9 million in 2003, an increase of $12.9 million or 13.9%. Total revenues included $70.0 \nmillion of wireless revenues, an increase of $12.0 million or 20.7%; wireline revenues of $29.0 million, an increase of \n$0.3 million or 0.9%; and other revenues of $7.0 million, an increase of $0.6 million or 9.7%. \n\nWithin wireless revenues, the PCS operation contributed $69.8 million, an increase of $11.6 million, or 20.8%. PCS \nservice revenues were $44.4 million, an increase of $10.9 million or 32.4%. Service revenue growth was driven by the \nincrease in subscribers, totaling 85,139 at December 31, 2003, an increase of 17,297 or 25.5%, compared to 67,842 \nsubscribers at year-end 2002. The company had churn of 2.1% in 2003 compared to 2.8% in 2002. The decline in the \nchurn rate is the result of tightening the credit screening for new subscribers as well as continued efforts to improve the \nafter sales support. Competition in the wireless industry continues to have a significant impact on the results of the \nCompany’s PCS operation. ", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_SHEN_2003.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Wireless**provides wireless voice and data communication services, \nincluding machine to machine to both consumer and enterprise \nbusinesses, governments \nservice \nproviders.**Cable**provides voice and data communications, home \nmonitoring, \nto both \nconsumers and businesses.**Business Solutions**provides voice and data \ncommunications and advanced services including data centre based \nsolutions and cloud computing services to a wide range of medium to \nlarge businesses, \nincluding other service providers, and government \neither wirelessly or over our terrestrial network. Revenue generated \nfrom these segments is generally based on monthly subscription and \nnetwork usage rates. Costs include attracting, setting-up and retaining \ncustomers, content, and the costs of upgrading and maintaining the \nunderlying network. \n\nand other telecommunications \n\n**Media**provides television and radio broadcasting services to end \ncustomers over both traditional broadcast networks and new digital \nnetworks as well as multi-platform shopping, consumer and trade \npublications and sports media and entertainment experiences, primarily \nthrough its ownership of the Toronto Blue Jays. Revenue is largely \ndriven by advertising and, in the case of TV broadcasting and publishing \nby additional revenues from monthly subscriptions. Revenue is also \ngenerated by the sale of merchandise and event tickets. Costs include \nsports programming, broadcast content (including TV studios, writers \nand on air and on field talent), the cost of merchandise and the \nproduction costs associated with each medium. ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Wireless**\nThe trends in Wireless revenue and adjusted operating profit reflect: \n(cid:129) the growing number of wireless voice and data subscribers \n(cid:129) decreased churn \n(cid:129) higher usage of wireless data \n(cid:129) higher handset subsidies as more consumers shift to smartphones \n(cid:129) a slight decrease in blended ARPU due to changes in wireless price \nMedia operating revenue was higher this quarter compared to the same \nperiod last year, mainly because of revenue growth at Sportsnet and \nhigher sales at The Shopping Channel. \n\n**Adjusted Operating Profit**\nWireless adjusted operating profit was higher this quarter compared to \nthe same period last year, mainly because of cost management and \nproductivity initiatives implemented across various areas, including cost \nof equipment, offset by reduced network revenue described above. \n\nCable adjusted operating profit was higher this quarter compared to \nthe same period last year because of the continued shift in our product \nmix towards higher margin Internet and phone products. \n\nMedia’s adjusted operating profit was lower this quarter compared to \nthe same period last year. The increase in Media’s operating revenue \nthis year was more than offset by the combined impacts of the lower \nnumber of games broadcast in the fourth quarter of 2012 resulting \nfrom the NHL lockout compared with having to broadcast more NHL \nhockey games in the fourth quarter of 2013 because of the compressed \n2013-2014 schedule associated with the upcoming winter Olympics. \nExcluding the impact of these items, Media’s consolidated adjusted \noperating profit would have increased by 22%. ", - "page_start": 58, - "page_end": 58, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf", - "query": "What has Rogers Communications done to improve its television platform?", - "target_page": 2, - "target_passage": "Launched NextBox 3.0 delivering a superior TV experience and leveraged the success of Rogers AnyPlace TV, our Internet and mobile on-demand TV service.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "ROGERS IS COMMITTED TO DELIVERING WORLD-CLASS \nCONTENT AND EXPERIENCES TO CONSUMERS AND \nADVERTISING SOLUTIONS TO BUSINESSES. THE COMPANY \nHAS A STRONG LEGACY OF BUILDING POWERFUL MEDIA \nBRANDS WITH COMPELLING CONTENT THAT RESONATES WITH \nAUDIENCES ACROSS MULTIPLE PLATFORMS ON ANY DEVICE. \n\nToday, businesses across Canada connect with customers through Rogers \ncategory-leading television and radio assets, sports entertainment, \ntelevised and online shopping, publishing, and digital media properties as \nthe one-stop solution for all their local and national advertising needs. \n\nRogers Media is Canada’s premier combination of diversified broadcast, \nspecialty, sports, print and online media assets which together touch \nnearly 90% of Canadians every week. This includes over 50 popular AM \nand FM radio stations across Canada. In television, it includes the seven \nstation City network which broadcasts intensely local, urban-oriented ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Executive Summary \n\nABOUT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \n\nRogers Communications is one of Canada’s leading diversified communications and media companies. \n\nWe provide a broad range of services: wireless and wired voice and data \ncommunications, cable television, high-speed Internet, cable telephony, \nwired telecom and data networking services \nto consumers and \nbusinesses. We also compete in television and radio broadcasting, \nmulti-platform shopping, sports media and entertainment, digital media \nand consumer, trade and professional publications. \n\n**2013 CONSOLIDATED REVENUE BY SEGMENT**\n(%) \n\nWIRELESS**57%**\n\nCABLE**27%**\n\n$12.7 \n\nAlmost all of our operations and sales are in Canada. We have a highly \nskilled and diversified workforce of approximately 28,000 employees. \nOur head-office is in Toronto, Ontario and we have numerous offices \nacross Canada. \n\nBILLION \nMEDIA**13%**\n\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS**3%**\n\n**2013 CONSOLIDATED ADJUSTED OPERATING PROFIT BY SEGMENT**\n(%) \n\nWIRELESS**61%**\n\nCABLE**33%**\n\n$5.0 \nBILLION \n\nMEDIA**4%**\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS**2%**", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ROGERS CONTINUES TO DEFINE HOW FAMILIES COME \nTOGETHER AND CONNECT WITH THEIR WORLD. MILLIONS OF \nCANADIANS DEPEND ON ROGERS TO KEEP THEM INFORMED, \nCONNECTED AND ENTERTAINED WITH A COMBINATION OF \nTHE FASTEST INTERNET SPEEDS AND THE MOST INNOVATIVE \nTELEVISION, TELEPHONY AND HOME MONITORING \nSOLUTIONS AVAILABLE. \n\nThe core of Rogers connected home strategy is to provide customers \nwith the fastest broadband connections, together with the ability to \nseamlessly shift – to shift time, to shift screens and to shift places so they \naccess what they want, when they want, on the screen of their choice. \n\nRogers offers the best in on-demand, sports, movies, specialty, episodic \nand multicultural programming. Customers can schedule, pause, rewind ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS**\n\n**Rogers Communications (TSX: RCI; NYSE: RCI) is a diversified Canadian**\n**telecommunications and media company. As discussed in the following**\n**pages, Rogers Communications is engaged in the telecom and media**\n**businesses through its primary operating segments Rogers Wireless,**\n**Rogers Cable, Rogers Business Solutions and Rogers Media.**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Rogers Communications’ Board of Directors is strongly committed to \nsound corporate governance and continually reviews its governance \npractices and benchmarks them against acknowledged leaders and \nevolving legislation. We are a family-founded and controlled company \nand take pride in our proactive and disciplined approach towards \nensuring that Rogers governance structures and practices are deserving \nof the confidence of the public capital markets. ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "INNOVATION AND A DRIVE TO BE FIRST TO DELIVER THE \nMOST ADVANCED INFORMATION, COMMUNICATIONS, \nENTERTAINMENT AND TRANSACTION SERVICES, SOLUTIONS \nAND DEVICES ARE AT THE VERY CORE OF ROGERS. \n\nAs one of the first carriers in the world to offer the telecommunications \n“quadruple play” of wireless, television, Internet and telephony services \nover its own networks, few have more capabilities or success in enabling \nsubscribers to enjoy their experiences across multiple screens. \n\nRogers has a long history of firsts, including the first cellular call in Canada, \nthe world’s first high-speed cable modem service, the first digital cellular \nnetwork in North America, Canada’s first video-on-demand and mobile \nTV services, the first HSPA and LTE networks and the first to offer iPhone, \nAndroid, BlackBerry and Windows 8 in Canada. With the combination of \nour advanced next-generation national wireless network, our powerful \nbroadband cable infrastructure and our category-leading media assets, \nwe are in a unique position to help Canadians to live like never before. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Rogers Communications Board believes that the Company’s \ngovernance and risk management systems are effective and that the \nappropriate structures and procedures are in place. \n\nThe composition of our Board and structure of its various committees are \noutlined in the table above and on the following page. As well, we make \navailable detailed information on our governance structures and practices \n– including our complete statement of Corporate Governance practices, ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Understanding Our Business \n\nRogers Communications is one of Canada’s leading diversified communications and media companies. \n\n**Our vision**is to be known for leading the enablement and delivery of seamless, customer-driven communications, \nentertainment, information and transactional experiences across any device, place or time. \n\nNewfoundland. We also operate a North American transcontinental \nfibre-optic network that extends over 41,000 route kilometres that is \nused to serve enterprise customers, including government and other \ntelecommunications service providers. In Canada, the network extends \ncoast to coast and includes local and regional fibre, transmission \nelectronics and systems, hubs, POPs and IP Routing and switching \ninfrastructure. The network also extends to the US, from Vancouver \nsouth to Seattle, \nthrough \nMinneapolis, Milwaukee and Chicago, and from Toronto, through \nBuffalo, and Montreal, through Albany, to New York City, allowing us \nto connect Canada’s largest markets, while also reaching key US \nmarkets for the exchange of data and voice traffic. \n\ntelevision and high-speed Internet services \n\nfrom the Manitoba-Minnesota border ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2013 was another solid year in which Rogers made clear progress on a number of**\n**strategic fronts, while continuing to deliver strong returns to shareholders and**\n**building upon the company’s deep-rooted foundations for the future benefit of all**\n**our stakeholders. Our management team delivered on their financial guidance**\n**targets in what continue to be highly competitive and regulatorily intense markets.**", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf", - "query": "Until what NHL season will the Vancouver's ice hockey team be a Rogers Communications partner?", - "target_page": 39, - "target_passage": "Sportsnet announced a 10-year partnership extension with the Vancouver Canucks through the 2022-2023 NHL seasons", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 9 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\n\nDIRECTORS \nOF ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \nAS OF FEBRUARY 11, 2014 ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NHL \n(cid:129) Advanced our strategy of delivering highly sought-after sports \ncontent anywhere, anytime, on any platform and strengthening the \nvalue of our sports brand by entering into an exclusive 12-year \nlicensing agreement with the NHL which begins with the 2014-2015 \nseason and grants Rogers the following: \n\n1 Results of operations include theScore’s operating results as of April 30, 2013 (the \ndate of acquisition). \n\n**MEDIA REVENUE**\n(IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS) \n\n- \n\nnational \nmobile tablets and Internet streaming \nnational rights to all regular season games, all playoff games \nand the Stanley Cup Final, and all special events and non- \ngame events (e.g. NHL All-Star Game, NHL Draft) – in multiple \nlanguages \nout-of-market rights for all regional games \nownership of all \ncondensed games and video archives \nNHL broadcast assets: Rogers to operate NHL Centre Ice and \nNHL Game Centre Live \nsponsorship rights to the NHL Shield logo as an official partner \nof the NHL \nCanadian representation of ad sales for NHL.com \nownership of all commercial \nbroadcasts \nrights to sublicense broadcasting rights to TVA and CBC \nrights to use the Hockey Night In Canada brand through the \nCBC sublicense agreement. \n\nrights across television broadcasts, wireless and \n**2013** **$1,704**", - "page_start": 51, - "page_end": 51, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Understanding Our Business \n\nRogers Communications is one of Canada’s leading diversified communications and media companies. \n\n**Our vision**is to be known for leading the enablement and delivery of seamless, customer-driven communications, \nentertainment, information and transactional experiences across any device, place or time. \n\nNewfoundland. We also operate a North American transcontinental \nfibre-optic network that extends over 41,000 route kilometres that is \nused to serve enterprise customers, including government and other \ntelecommunications service providers. In Canada, the network extends \ncoast to coast and includes local and regional fibre, transmission \nelectronics and systems, hubs, POPs and IP Routing and switching \ninfrastructure. The network also extends to the US, from Vancouver \nsouth to Seattle, \nthrough \nMinneapolis, Milwaukee and Chicago, and from Toronto, through \nBuffalo, and Montreal, through Albany, to New York City, allowing us \nto connect Canada’s largest markets, while also reaching key US \nmarkets for the exchange of data and voice traffic. \n\ntelevision and high-speed Internet services \n\nfrom the Manitoba-Minnesota border ", - "page_start": 32, - "page_end": 32, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "ROGERS IS COMMITTED TO DELIVERING WORLD-CLASS \nCONTENT AND EXPERIENCES TO CONSUMERS AND \nADVERTISING SOLUTIONS TO BUSINESSES. THE COMPANY \nHAS A STRONG LEGACY OF BUILDING POWERFUL MEDIA \nBRANDS WITH COMPELLING CONTENT THAT RESONATES WITH \nAUDIENCES ACROSS MULTIPLE PLATFORMS ON ANY DEVICE. \n\nToday, businesses across Canada connect with customers through Rogers \ncategory-leading television and radio assets, sports entertainment, \ntelevised and online shopping, publishing, and digital media properties as \nthe one-stop solution for all their local and national advertising needs. \n\nRogers Media is Canada’s premier combination of diversified broadcast, \nspecialty, sports, print and online media assets which together touch \nnearly 90% of Canadians every week. This includes over 50 popular AM \nand FM radio stations across Canada. In television, it includes the seven \nstation City network which broadcasts intensely local, urban-oriented ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**LEADER IN CANADIAN**\n**COMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRY**\n\nCanada’s largest wireless carrier and \na leading cable television provider, \noffering a “quadruple play” of wireless, \nInternet, television and telephony \nservices to consumers and businesses. ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSENIOR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS \nOF ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \nAS OF FEBRUARY 11, 2014 ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS**\n\n**Rogers Communications (TSX: RCI; NYSE: RCI) is a diversified Canadian**\n**telecommunications and media company. As discussed in the following**\n**pages, Rogers Communications is engaged in the telecom and media**\n**businesses through its primary operating segments Rogers Wireless,**\n**Rogers Cable, Rogers Business Solutions and Rogers Media.**", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \n2013 ANNUAL REPORT ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Executive Summary \n\nABOUT ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \n\nRogers Communications is one of Canada’s leading diversified communications and media companies. \n\nWe provide a broad range of services: wireless and wired voice and data \ncommunications, cable television, high-speed Internet, cable telephony, \nwired telecom and data networking services \nto consumers and \nbusinesses. We also compete in television and radio broadcasting, \nmulti-platform shopping, sports media and entertainment, digital media \nand consumer, trade and professional publications. \n\n**2013 CONSOLIDATED REVENUE BY SEGMENT**\n(%) \n\nWIRELESS**57%**\n\nCABLE**27%**\n\n$12.7 \n\nAlmost all of our operations and sales are in Canada. We have a highly \nskilled and diversified workforce of approximately 28,000 employees. \nOur head-office is in Toronto, Ontario and we have numerous offices \nacross Canada. \n\nBILLION \nMEDIA**13%**\n\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS**3%**\n\n**2013 CONSOLIDATED ADJUSTED OPERATING PROFIT BY SEGMENT**\n(%) \n\nWIRELESS**61%**\n\nCABLE**33%**\n\n$5.0 \nBILLION \n\nMEDIA**4%**\nBUSINESS SOLUTIONS**2%**", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(cid:129) Sportsnet 360 was launched, which is comprised of the rebranded \ntheScore assets. The acquisition of theScore received final regulatory \napproval in the first half of this year. \nCABLE \n(cid:129) Acquisition of Mountain Cable, Shaw Communications’ (Shaw) cable \n\n(cid:129) Sportsnet announced a 10-year partnership extension with the \nVancouver Canucks through the 2022-2023 NHL seasons, continuing \na 14-year network tradition as the regional television broadcaster of \nCanucks hockey. The new agreement features a comprehensive suite \nof multimedia rights \nincluding television, online and mobile, \ndelivering up to 60 regular season Vancouver Canucks games each \nseason. Sportsnet is also the official regional television broadcast \nrights holder for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Calgary Flames and \nEdmonton Oilers. \n\nsystem in Hamilton, Ontario was completed. \n\n(cid:129) Next generation TV experience was unveiled with NextBox 3.0 giving \nviewers access to record up to eight HD programs at one time and \nstore up to 240 hours of HD content. The NextBox 3.0 experience \nincludes Whole Home PVR capability and becomes a wireless TV \nexperience allowing viewers to navigate their cable guide, use a \nvirtual remote, set PVR recordings and live stream channels all from a \ntablet or smartphone while at home or away. ", - "page_start": 38, - "page_end": 38, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf", - "query": "I am a shareholder of Emmis Communication, but I will be available from the 20th of June to the 4th of July, will the Annual Meeting take place during this period?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "The Annual Meeting of shareholders will be held at 10 a.m. Central Time on Wednesday, June 30, 2004, at Emmis’ Corporate office.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "Transfer Agent Register \nWachovia Bank N.A., Shareholder Services Group, \n1525 West W.T. Harris Blvd., 3c3, Charlotte, North Carolina 28288-1153. \n\nAnnual Meeting \nThe Annual Meeting of shareholders will be held at 10 a.m. Central Time on \nWednesday, June 30, 2004, at Emmis’ Corporate office. \n\nForm 10-K \nA copy of the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended February 29, \n2004, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, will be sent \nto shareholders without charge upon written request to Kate Healey, Emmis \nCommunications Corporation, One Emmis Plaza, 40 Monument Circle, Suite 700, \nIndianapolis, Indiana 46204, or ir@emmis.com. \n\nMarket and Dividend Information \nThe Company’s Class A Common Stock is traded in the over-the-counter market \nand is quoted on the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated \nQuotation (NASDAQ) National Market System under the symbol EMMS. \n\nThe following table sets forth the high and low bid prices of the Class A Common \nStock for the periods indicated. No dividends were paid during any such periods. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.**\n\nThe information required under this item is included in the following sections of our Proxy Statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of \nShareholders, the sections of which are incorporated by reference herein and will be filed within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year: \n\nElection of Directors \nCertain Relationships and Related Transactions ", - "page_start": 79, - "page_end": 79, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 11. Executive Compensation.**\n\nThe information required under this item is included in the following sections of our Proxy Statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of \nShareholders, the sections of which are incorporated by reference herein and will be filed within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year: \n\nCompensation of Executive Officers \nCompensation Discussion and Analysis \nDirector Compensation \nCompensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation ", - "page_start": 79, - "page_end": 79, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 13.*CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS***\n\nInformation under \"Other Information Relating to Directors, Nominees, and Executive Officers\" for the year ended October 25, 2003, as set forth on page \n17 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 12.*SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS***\n\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, under \"Principal Stockholders\" and \"Security Ownership of Management\" on pages 7 through 9 and \ninformation under \"Equity Compensation Plan Information\" on page 15 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held \nJanuary 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by reference. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters.**\n\nThe information required under this item is included in the following sections of our Proxy Statement for our 2015 Annual Meeting of \nShareholders, the sections of which are incorporated by reference herein and will be filed within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year: \n\nSecurity Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management \nEquity Compensation Plans ", - "page_start": 79, - "page_end": 79, - "source_file": "NYSE_JWN_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Item 11.*EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION***\n\nInformation for the year ended October 25, 2003, commencing with \"Summary Compensation Table\" on page 12 through page 15 and \"Compensation of \nDirectors\" on page 5 of the definitive proxy statement for the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held January 27, 2004, is incorporated herein by \nreference. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_HRL_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "I would like to thank all Killam employees for their contributions and \ncommitment over the last year and our board of directors for their governance. \nAlso, I would like to thank you, our shareholders, for your continued investment \nin Killam. I invite you to attend the Company’s annual meeting on May 7, 2014 \nat 2:00 pm Atlantic Time at the Halifax Marriott Harbourfront Hotel, either in \nperson or via webcast. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "TSX_KMP_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nOutperform \n\nEmmis Communications 2004 Annual Report ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With its emphasis on solid operations, integrity, community involvement \nand fun, the company’s culture has been repeatedly lauded by both its \nemployees and its peers. Trade publications have regularly cited the \ncompany’s leaders as being among the best in the business. \n\nEmmis became a public company in 1994. It maintains its worldwide \nheadquarters in Indianapolis, where the company was founded. \n\n*This annual report contains certain non-GAAP measures. For a presen-*\n*tation of the directly comparable GAAP measure and a reconciliation of*\n*the non-GAAP measures to the GAAP measures, see the attachment to*\n*the back of our Form 10-K in this Annual Report.*", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf", - "query": "Who is the President of the TV Department of Emmis Communications?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "Randall Bongarten Television Division President", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nA MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIRECTORS \nOF ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \nAS OF FEBRUARY 11, 2014 ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Executive Officers \nJeffrey H. Smulyan \nChairman of the Board, \nPresident and Chief Executive Officer \n\nWalter Z. Berger \nExecutive Vice President, \nChief Financial Officer and Treasurer \n\nRandall Bongarten \nTelevision Division President \n\nRichard F. Cummings \nRadio Division President \n\nGary L. Kaseff \nExecutive Vice President, \nGeneral Counsel \n\nPaul W. Fiddick \nInternational Division President \n\nMichael Levitan \nSenior Vice President, \nHuman Resources \n\nGary Thoe \nPublishing Division President \n\nBoard of Directors \nJeffrey H. Smulyan \nChairman of the Board, \nPresident and Chief Executive Officer \n\nSusan B. Bayh \nFormer Commissioner of the International Joint \nCommission of the United States and Canada \n\nWalter Z. Berger \nExecutive Vice President, \nChief Financial Officer and Treasurer \n\nGary L. Kaseff \nExecutive Vice President, \nGeneral Counsel \n\nRichard A. Leventhal \nPresident and Majority Owner, \nLMCS, LLC \n\nPeter A. Lund \nMedia consultant and former \nPresident of CBS Inc. \n\nGreg A. Nathanson \nMedia consultant and former \nPresident of Fox Television Stations and \nEmmis Television \n\nFrank V. Sica \nSenior Advisor \nSoros Fund Management LLC ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "14**Guy Laurence**\n\nPresident and Chief \nExecutive Officer \n\n15**Robert F. Berner**\n\nExecutive Vice President, \nNetwork and Chief Technology Officer \n\n16**Robert W. Bruce**\n\nPresident, \nCommunications Division \n\n17**Linda P. Jojo**\n\nExecutive Vice President, \nInformation Technology and \nChief Information Officer \n\n18**Philip B. Lind, CM**\n\nExecutive Vice President, \nRegulatory and Vice Chairman \n\n19**David P. Miller**\n\nSenior Vice President, \nLegal and General Counsel ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Our TV performance was even more impressive. The Emmis \ntelevision group’s revenues were up 0.5 percent in calendar \n2003, a year when our markets saw a 2.3 percent decrease \nin revenues, and the industry experienced a 4.7 percent \nrevenue decline. This industry-leading result made us one of \nthe few groups in the nation to post positive growth. In addi- ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nSENIOR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS \nOF ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. \nAS OF FEBRUARY 11, 2014 ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nOutperform \n\nEmmis Communications 2004 Annual Report ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nBenjamin J. Mondics \nPresident & Chief Operating Officer ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nDIGITAL MEDIA ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nSENIOR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf", - "query": "Does the radio station 93.7 in Austin belong to Emmis Communication?", - "target_page": 7, - "target_passage": "KLBJ-FM (93.7), Album Oriented Rock", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 5 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "about emmis \n\nEmmis Communications (NASDAQ: EMMS) owns 23 FM and 4 AM \ndomestic radio stations serving the nation’s largest markets of New \nYork, Los Angeles and Chicago as well as Phoenix, St. Louis, Austin, \nIndianapolis and Terre Haute, Ind. In addition, Emmis owns 16 television \nstations, award-winning regional and specialty magazines, a radio net- \nwork, international radio interests, and ancillary businesses in broadcast \nsales and publishing. \n\nEmmis was founded in 1980, and the company launched its first radio \nstation, WENS-FM, in July 1981. As Emmis (the Hebrew word for \n“truth”) acquired more radio stations across the nation, it established a \nreputation for sound operations and emerged as a radio industry leader \nand innovator. Emmis was the first broadcast company to own top- \nrated radio stations in both L.A. and New York, and it pioneered such \nconcepts as the all-sports format. \n\nThe company launched its magazine division in 1988 with the purchase \nof*Indianapolis Monthly*, and moved into the world of international radio \nin 1997, when it was awarded a license to operate a national radio \nnetwork in Hungary. In 1998, Emmis expanded into television by buying \nsix television stations in markets throughout the United States. In the last \nsix years, the company has added properties in each of its divisions. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Business \nEmmis Communications (NASDAQ: EMMS) is a diversified media firm with award- \nwinning radio broadcasting, television broadcasting and magazine publishing \noperations. Emmis’ 23 FM and 4 AM domestic radio stations serve the nation’s largest \nmarkets of New York, Los Angeles and Chicago as well as Phoenix, St. Louis, Austin, \nIndianapolis and Terre Haute, Ind. The company’s 16 television stations are located in \nAlbuquerque, N.M.; Fort Myers, Fla.; Green Bay, Wis.; Honolulu; Huntington, W.Va.; \nMobile, Ala./Pensacola, Fla.; New Orleans; Omaha, Neb.; Orlando, Fla.; Portland, Ore.; \nTerre Haute, Ind.; Topeka, Kan.; Tucson, Ariz.; and Wichita, Kan. Emmis also publishes \n*Indianapolis Monthly, Texas Monthly, Cincinnati, Atlanta, Los Angeles*and Country \nSampler Group magazines; has a 59.5% interest in Sláger Rádió, a national radio \nnetwork in Hungary; operates nine FM radio stations serving more than 50 percent of \nthe population in the Flanders region of Belgium; and has ancillary businesses in \nbroadcast sales, publishing and interactive products. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In addition to boosting performance in our divisions, we \nhoned our corporate operations by continuing to build one \nof the most adept and hardest-working corporate groups in \nAmerican media. With this team in place, we’ve brought \nour leverage and cost of capital down to more manageable \nlevels, found ways to combat the continually increasing \ncosts of health insurance and, in a truly top-notch effort, \nsmoothly integrated our new Austin radio properties – in just \nunder a year as a part of Emmis, the Austin properties are \nenjoying significant ratings and revenue increases. **The best year**\nThe bottom line is this: Emmis Communications turned in a \nremarkable performance last year. Again and again, and by a \nnumber of measures, we outperformed our peers, our mar- \nkets and our own solid track record. \n\nAnd we did this in a year that was challenging in just about \nevery way. The economy was unstable, public companies \ncame under continuing scrutiny, indecency issues hounded \nbroadcasters, competition for tight ad dollars increased and \ntechnology continued to reshape the media world. Of course, for you, the real bottom line on our performance is \nits impact on your investment. I’m proud to say that we saw \na 27 percent increase in our share price over the course of \nthe last fiscal year – we ended fiscal ’03 at 19.79, and closed \nthe book on fiscal ’04 at 25.17. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nOutperform \n\nEmmis Communications 2004 Annual Report ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**How we did it**\nOperationally, we were on top of our game last year. However, \nas I said, I know that the past year’s performance really only \nmatters if it reflects on what we’ll do in the coming year. The \ngood news is, it does. We performed at these high levels not \nby doing something unusual, but by operating the way Emmis \nhas always operated, and the way we always will. \n\nBut our people refused to be slowed by those challenges. \nInstead, they worked through them. They innovated, hustled \nand focused. And they produced. \n\nOur radio division’s revenue growth led our markets and the \nindustry – in our fiscal year, our group was up 4.5 percent \nwhile our markets were up 2.7 percent and the industry only \n1 percent. Based on this kind of performance, we have con- \nsistently ranked among the nation’s leaders in per-station \nrevenue, and we continue to produce top-rated programming \nin markets across the nation. \n\nFirst of all, we focus on assembling and maintaining the best \nteams in our markets. We have traditionally had the top \nsalespeople, creative and technical professionals, news \nstaffs, managers and support staff in every city where we \noperate. Their peers turn to them for industry leadership, \nhonor them with awards and copy them at every opportunity. \nWe invest in these people, giving them industry-leading ben- \nefits packages, great opportunities and the tools they need to \nsucceed. This has always been a hallmark of Emmis, and it \nwon’t change. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Consumptionemmis entitiesRULC countKFTK - FM ( 97.1 ), TalkKIHT - FM ( 96.3 ), Cassic HillsOriando, Fia., WKCF - TV ( Channel 18 ), WB programmingPortiand, Ore., KOIN - TV ( Channel 6 ).
PrimaryKDHT - FM ( 93.3 ), Rhythmic CHRKEVi - FM ( 10.5 ), OlderKGSR - FM ( 107.1 ), Adult AlternaHSPNT - FIM ( 105.7 ), Alternative RockASHE - FM ( 94.7 ), Album Oriented RockWRDA - FM ( 156.1 ), Neurodiation ( 55.54.1 ), Neurodiation ( 55.54.1 ), Neurotic Loss ( 57 %), Neuronide ( 156.155.154.155.155.166.159.169.199.199.199.199.19CBS programming / local newsTers Hauts, Ind., WTH - TV ( Channel 10, CBS programming / local newsTopeka, Kan, KSNT TV ( Channel 27 ), WBP, sensensitivities
KUBJ - AM ( 590 ), News / TalkKLBJ - FM ( 93.7 ), Album Oriented RockHealthcare, consumption, consumption, consumptionTucson, Ariz, KGUN - TV ( Channel 9 ), ABC programming / local newsCharacteristics ( n = 3 ), pharmacistics ( n = 3 ), abernatium ( n = 3 )
", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Dear Shareholders, \n\ntion, we gained revenue share at 11 of our 13 measured \nstations and held the line on expenses, giving us a 1.2 \npercent increase in fiscal-year cash flow. \n\nOn our year-end conference call, I said that last year was the \nbest in Emmis Communications’ history. And while that might \nhave sounded like the usual Wall Street hyperbole – like any \nother CEO bragging about his company’s performance – the \ndifference is, I believed it. And I still do. \n\nOur publishing and international divisions also posted strong \nresults. In a tough publishing market, our magazines boosted \ntheir division’s revenues by 4.6 percent over last year and \nincreased cash flow by 3.3 percent. Our international division \nturned in a revenue increase of 27 percent and a cash flow \nincrease of 31 percent. \n\nBut I’ve been in this business long enough to know two \nthings for sure: What I believe is not as important as what I \ncan prove, and what we did last year is only meaningful if it \nreflects on how we will do in the coming year. The good \nnews is, Emmis does have the results to back up my high \npraise, and what we did to perform last year does directly \nrelate to how we’ll perform in the year ahead. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nNATIONAL \nRADIO \nPORTFOLIO ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "With its emphasis on solid operations, integrity, community involvement \nand fun, the company’s culture has been repeatedly lauded by both its \nemployees and its peers. Trade publications have regularly cited the \ncompany’s leaders as being among the best in the business. \n\nEmmis became a public company in 1994. It maintains its worldwide \nheadquarters in Indianapolis, where the company was founded. \n\n*This annual report contains certain non-GAAP measures. For a presen-*\n*tation of the directly comparable GAAP measure and a reconciliation of*\n*the non-GAAP measures to the GAAP measures, see the attachment to*\n*the back of our Form 10-K in this Annual Report.*", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Outperform. \n\nemmis communications 2004 abbreviated financial highlights \n*in thousands except where noted*\n\n’00 \n325,265 \n125,477 \n38.6% \n2.5x ’01 \n473,345 \n174,213 \n36.8% \n6.8x ’02 \n539,822 \n185,665 \n34.4% \n9.3x ’03 \n562,363 \n213,112 \n37.9% \n6.5x ’04 \n591,868 \n220,445 \n37.2% \n6.7x *year ended Feb. 28 (29)*\nnet revenues \nstation operating income*\nstation op income margin \nleverage \n\n**excluding noncash compensation*", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EMMS_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf", - "query": "What are the two components considered in the expected free energy?", - "target_page": 4, - "target_passage": "The former (utilitarian) objective is to realize one’s preferences, such as being satiated or safe, by minimizing the discrepancy between preferred sensa- tions (encoded as “priors over observations” in active inference) and current sensations in different modalities (e.g. interoceptive or exteroceptive). The latter (epistemic) objective is to reduce uncertainty about one’s estimated state", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "quantities as its target: the variational free energy (VFE) in the case of perception and the \nexpected free energy (EFE) in the case of action. The VFE is the free energy associated with \na given sensory observation and is resolved perceptually by updating beliefs about the \nenvironment. The EFE is the free energy that is expected in the future, contingent on a \ngiven policy or course of action. Choosing action policies associated with a low EFE lead \nto reducing uncertainty about the environment, as well as making preferred observations \nmore likely. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "canonical ensemble. The free energy functional is first defined on the original KMC lattice. How- \n\never, after re-writing the interaction terms employing gradient operators [78] one finally obtains \n\nthe free energy functional for a continuous system \n\n(cid:90) \n(cid:104) \ndr \n(cid:105) \n\nεll \n2 εnn \n2 \n(∇ρl)2 + (∇ρn)2 + εnl(∇ρn) · (∇ρl) − µρl F [ρl, ρn] = f (ρl, ρn) + \n, (4) \n\nwhere \n\nf (ρl, ρn) = kT [ρl ln ρl + (1 − ρl) ln(1 − ρl)] \n\n+ kT [ρn ln ρn + (1 − ρn) ln(1 − ρn)] \n\n− 2εllρ2 \nl − 2εnnρ2 n − 4εnlρnρl. \n(5) \n\nSince the liquid may evaporate from the surface into the vapour above the surface, µ is the (true) \n\nchemical potential of this reservoir and determines the rate of evaporation [condensation] from \n\n[to] the surface. Note that normally a free energy of the form in Eq. (4) is obtained by making a ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The excess free-energy density of the original system \nf ex \nv plus a \nβf ex \nv \ncorrection term \nis that of the three component mixture β \n\ne \n\nThis procedure also provides an accurate description of \nthe structure over the whole range of concentrations. A \ndevelopment similar to the one that leads to Eq. (2) de- \nrives the average unpaired RDF from the corresponding \npaired quantities: \n\nβf ex \n\nf ex \nv − \ne \n\nv = β ρ3 ln K0, (4) \n\ne \n\nwhich is due to the change in standard chemical potential \nbetween the two component and three component mod- \nels. It should be noted that the fraction of pairs is now an \nadditional parameter in the minimization scheme, which \nserves to ensure chemical equilibrium. Within this rep- \nresentation, the pair can be modeled as a hard sphere \n(MSA3) or as a dumbbell-like CIP (BIMSA3) [4]. Since \n\nρiρjgij(k) = \n+ (5) \n\n+ \n\ne e e ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "1001.2648.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The infer_policies! function then calculates the expected free energy for each possible \npolicy (the number of policies varies depending on the amount of possible actions per \ntime step and the length of policies considered), as well as the corresponding posterior \nprobability over these policies. This calculation depends on the settings specified in the ", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Hcluster = (Jcluster/2) (S1 + S2 + S3 + S4)2 (2) \n\nThe energy levels should be apparent from this form: \none group of spin-2 quintets with energy 3Jcluster, three \ngroups of spin-1 triplets with energy Jcluster, and two spin \nsinglets with energy zero. We will consider large positive The outline of this paper is as follows. In Section II \nwe will lay out the pseudo-spin-1/2 construction. In Sec- ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "1001.0266.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In the expression of annihilation cross section, we used the following notations : \n\n∂Φ \n∂h \n∂Φ \n∂H \n∂Ψ \n∂h \n∂Ψ \n∂H \n1 \n√2 \n1 \n√2 \n1 \n√2 \n− \n1 \n√2 \n\n= \n\n= \n\n= \n\n= ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "1002.2525.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\nFigure 2.14. Thrust Augmentation and the Gas Turbine-Propeller Combination ", - "page_start": 147, - "page_end": 147, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Risk-free interest ratesÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nExpected livesÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nExpected volatility ÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ \nDividend yieldÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏÏ ", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "NYSE_RSG_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "by a film of liquid or by a nanoparticle, respectively. Note that the probability densities correspond \n\nto number densities as we use the lattice spacing σ = 1 as our unit of length. \n\nTo develop the DDFT, one must first derive the underlying free energy functional F [ρl, ρn], and \n\nsecondly, devise dynamical equations for both density fields that account for the conserved and the \n\nnon-conserved aspects of their dynamics, i.e., transport and phase change processes, respectively. \n\nFor a system governed by the hamiltonian (3), we may construct a mean-field (Bragg-Williams) \n\napproximation for the free energy of the system [78, 84] which contains an entropic contribution \n\nand contributions from the interactions between the different species (nanoparticles and liquid). \n\nThe free energy is a semi-grand free energy, since the liquid is treated grand canonically (it is \n\ncoupled to a reservoir with chemical potential µ), whereas the nanoparticles are treated in the ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "1001.2669.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**(a)**\n1 \n*TN*(8) = 92(2)K \n\n90K \n91K \n92K \n93K \n94K \n95K \n\n*e*\n*P*\n0.5 \n\n0 \n-140 -139 -138 -137 -136 -135 -134 -133 -132 -131 \n*e*\n**(b)**\n\n129K \n130K \n131K \n132K \n133K \n134K \n\n*TC*(8) = 133.3(3)K \n0.4 \n*e*\n*P*\n0.2 \n\n0 \n-94 -92 -90 -88 \n-86 \n*e*\n-84 -82 -80 -78 \n\nFIG. 10: (colors online) Equilibrium probability distribution \nof the energy for the thickness n = 8 for some temperatures \naround TN (8), (a), and TC(8), (b), respectively. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "1001.0510.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf", - "query": "How could the heart rate be estimated by means of an active inference paradigm?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "The second panel of Fig. 2 shows the Shannon surprise of an inference model that estimates the current heart rate using the two standard components of a generative model. The for- mer component is the prior, which encodes the person’s a priori probabilistic belief (i.e. probability distribution) about her “nor- mal” heart rate range; here, the prior is a Gaussian centered on 67 and has a precision of 0.11. The latter component is the likeli- hood, which encodes the probabilistic mapping between sensory (heartbeat) observations and the hidden state (heart rate); here, the likelihood is a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate with an additional bias of 15 pulses, and the panel shows the results for 10 values for precision obtained by subdividing the range [0.1,10] into equal intervals.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "inference that tracks the noise rather than the correct state of \nthe estimated variable system (i.e. overfitting), whereas assigning \nexcessively low weight to sensations (or excessively high weight to \nprior knowledge) makes the system poorly responsive to incom- \ning observations that might signal a change in the state of the \nsystem—and both are examples of aberrant inference (Friston \net al. 2014). \n\nFigure 2 provides a formal illustration of the above by plot- \nting some examples of Bayesian inference using generative models \nunder various levels of precision of the model components. For \nsimplicity, we focus on a simplified example of inference of an \ninteroceptive variable: one’s heart rate. Heart rate is a “hidden \nvariable” in Bayesian parlance since it is not directly observable \nbut needs to be inferred through two sources of information: \nprior knowledge about the most likely heart rate and sensory \n(heartbeat) observations. The top panel of Fig. 2 shows a series \nof (noisy) heartbeat observations. In the beginning, they are \nin the normal range for an adult (time steps 1–10), then they \nincrease significantly, simulating tachycardia (time steps 11–20), \nthen they go back to the normal range (time steps 21–30), then \nthey decrease significantly, simulating bradycardia (time steps \n31–40), and finally, they go back to the normal range (time steps \n41–50). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The second panel of Fig. 2 shows the Shannon surprise of \nan inference model that estimates the current heart rate using \nthe two standard components of a generative model. The for- \nmer component is the prior, which encodes the person’s a priori \nprobabilistic belief (i.e. probability distribution) about her “nor- \nmal” heart rate range; here, the prior is a Gaussian centered on \n67 and has a precision of 0.11. The latter component is the likeli- \nhood, which encodes the probabilistic mapping between sensory \n(heartbeat) observations and the hidden state (heart rate); here, \nthe likelihood is a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate \nwith an additional bias of 15 pulses, and the panel shows the \nresults for 10 values for precision obtained by subdividing the \nrange [0.1,10] into equal intervals. The results shown in the second \npanel of Fig. 2 show that Shannon surprise increases dramatically \nduring episodes of tachycardia and bradycardia, which are far \nfrom the normal range. The pattern of results is the same across \nall levels of likelihood precision. However, the inference with a \nvery high precision (a precision of 10) tracks more closely the noise \nsensory signals and can therefore lead to more extreme results. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Figure 2. A simplified example of (Bayesian) inference of one’s heart rate. First panel: simulated time series of heartbeat observations. Second panel: \nShannon surprise of a generative model composed of a fixed prior about heart rate (a Gaussian with a mean of 67 and a precision of 0.11) and a \nlikelihood (a Gaussian centered on the current heart rate with an additional bias of 15 pulses, with various precisions that vary between 0.47 and 10, \nsee the legend). Third panel: Bayesian surprise, which measures the discrepancy between posterior and prior probabilities over time. Bottom panels: \nthe two series of panels are organized in two (left and right) columns, which show the first five time steps of inference for the two cases with high \nprecision (of 10) and low precision (of 0.1) of the likelihood, respectively. See the main text for an explanation and online article for colored version of \nthis figure. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Active inference, interoceptive processing, \nand uncertainty reduction \n\nActive inference is based on the idea that in order to engage in \nadaptive allostatic regulation and goal-directed behavior, living \norganisms continuously strive to minimize the surprise of their \nsensations or, more formally, an upper bound to surprise: varia- \ntional free energy (Parr et al. 2022). Notably, the (expected) free \nenergy minimization processes that drive active inference jointly \nconsider two complementary objectives. The former (utilitarian) \nobjective is to realize one’s preferences, such as being satiated \nor safe, by minimizing the discrepancy between preferred sensa- \ntions (encoded as “priors over observations” in active inference) \nand current sensations in different modalities (e.g. interoceptive \nor exteroceptive). The latter (epistemic) objective is to reduce ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The last examples—disambiguating one’s fatigue and emo- \ntional states—may seem strange if one assumes that we do have \ndirect access to the body- and allostasis-related states (e.g. states \nof satiation, thirst, and fatigue) and to our emotions (e.g. we \nautomatically know whether we are happy or sad). However, one \nassumption of active inference is that one’s bodily and emotional \nstates are not necessarily observable but, instead, “hidden states” \nthat need to be inferred on the basis of sensations (especially, \nbut not exclusively, of interoceptive sensations from the inside \nof the body) and of an implicit, unconscious model of how the \nbody functions (Barrett and Simmons 2015, Pezzulo et al. 2015, \nSeth and Friston 2016). In other words, the same inferential pro- \ncess that allows active inference agents to estimate the hidden \nstate of the external environment (e.g. the presence or absence of \nan object in the environment) is also used to estimate other hid- \nden states, such as fatigue, happiness, or sadness. This implies \nthat one can also be wrong, or be fooled, about these states; for \nexample, we could experience the “interoceptive illusion” of feel- \ning more fatigued than our physiological parameters would afford \n(Iodice et al. 2019). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Core Concepts**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
AIFActive inference is a formal framework for modelling behaviour and cognition. Perception and action are cast as minimising free energy — the V / E and EFE, respectively — given a generative model of the environment.
VFEThe watational free energy. 7 quantities how well a generative model explains incoming sensery observation. It can be revertites as the regative lag model evidence ( culted surprise ) opper - bounded by the divergence from the optimal pom
FW ( s ),+)EFE
The expoted from energy. C quantifies the expected future free menty under an action policy ±. It consists of an information gain term and a prognativ value term that provide a natural balance between explinatory and goal - seeking behavioGS = − Rq ( 0.8 ) n1 [ ln4 ( 5 ) i, τ ) − ln4 ( s ) m ] − Rq ( 0 ( r )] h p ( d ( c )]
Information gainPragmatic value
Generative modelThe generative model is an agent ’ s formal assumptions about the structure and dynamics of its environment, hased on which perceptual and active inferences are carried out. Many types of generative models exist that are suitable for dife
", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**MSC:**91-08 \n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Citation : Nehrer, S. W.; EhrenreichTable
Laursen, J,; Heins, C.; Friston, K ;Mathys, C.; Thestrup Waade, P.
Introducing Active Inference. j1 : AJulia Library for Simulation and
Parameter Estimation with ActiveInference Models. Entropy 2025.27.62.
https :// doi. org / 10.3390 / e27010062Copyright : © 2025 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms andconditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution ( CC BY ) license( https :// creativecommons. org /
licenses / by / 4.0 /).
", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "pubmed7_cc4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Finally, and importantly, aberrant precision control (as well \nas various combinations of other factors discussed earlier, such \nas noisy bodily sensations and poor bodily mode) can render \ninference not just incorrect but also highly ambiguous, leaving a \nperson in a permanent condition of uncertainty about whether \none is fatigued (when considering the bodily state), happy, or sad \n(when considering the emotional state), what kind of person one \nis or what are one’s desires (when considering self-models), etc. \nImportantly, this condition of uncertainty is not limited to percep- \ntual inference but has a cascade effect on decision-making and \naction selection. Indeed, an uncertain estimate of one’s state auto- \nmatically implies that one has low confidence in the effects of \none’s plans; for example, it renders more difficult the prediction \nof whether a run would be too fatiguing or a party too stressful. \nIt is exactly this kind of uncertainty (about the present and the \nfuture, the body state or the outcomes of social interactions, etc.) \nthat active inference agents strive to avoid. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "participants processed faces expressing fear (but not neutral \nfaces or faces expressing other emotions) when their heart rate \nwas high—hence congruent with the fearful expression (Pez- \nzulo et al. 2018, Yu et al. 2021). The generative model shown \nin Fig. 1 could support this kind of inference by using interocep- \ntive information from the heart (i.e. high heart rate) as evidence \nthat “there might be something fearful out there” (Pezzulo 2013). \nAnother more complex example regards emotional awareness \nand self-awareness—which significantly engage the brain regions \ninvolved in interoception and the representation of physiologi- \ncal processes (Garfinkel et al. 2013). The generative model shown \nin Fig. 1 might support processes of emotional awareness in a \nway that is neither purely bottom-up (i.e. as if interoceptive sig- \nnals cause emotional awareness) nor top-down (i.e. as if emotional \nawareness causes interoceptive signals), but rather through a \ncircular causality between central predictions about bodily state— \nthat engage autonomic reflexes—and interoceptive streams—that \nupdate the predictions (Seth and Friston 2016). In this perspec- \ntive, any representation that induces interoceptive predictions \ncould be associated with emotional or affective content; cru- \ncially, this is also the case with some aspects of self-awareness \n(e.g. recognizing one’s own face) that require integrating intero- \nceptive streams with concurrent exteroceptive (e.g. visual) and \nproprioceptive cues. These examples illustrate that the genera- \ntive model of Fig. 1 natively implements both the multisensory \nintegration required to unite (for example) interoceptive and exte- \nroceptive streams and the active aspects that are supposed to \nsupport emotional and self-processing—and the construction of \nan “embodied self” (i.e. the circular causality between engag- \ning autonomic reflexes and capturing the ensuing interoceptive \nsignals). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In general, the accuracy of the inference of hidden bodily \nstates, the “embodied self,” or other aspects of the model depends \non the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensations and on the quality of \nthe model. For example, it is difficult to self-localize in a city if it \nis dark (low signal-to-noise ratio) or if one does not know the city \nwell (poor model). The inference of hidden bodily and emotional \nstates might function in an analogous manner. If the quality of \nthe afferent interoceptive (e.g. cardiac) signals is low, or if one has \na poor model of how one’s body functions, then it would estimate \none’s bodily states such as fatigue incorrectly (which in turn would \nalso impair its adaptive regulation of the same bodily states). Inte- \nroceptive signals could be “too noisy” for various reasons, which \nmight be related to physiology, inflammation, or stress. The body \nmodel can be poor in various ways, too. For example, it could \npoorly characterize the statistical relations between interoceptive \nsensations and hidden bodily states (e.g. systematically mischar- \nacterize high heart rate as caused by hunger but not fatigue \nor joy). ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf", - "query": "At what stage of childhood does the construction of narrative identity take place?", - "target_page": 3, - "target_passage": "Among the challenges that adolescents have to face are the structuring of a “narrative identity” or self-story, featuring the development of a sense of personal identity that integrates past experiences with current, and future goals and meanings in a coherent whole over time ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "reciprocity with caregivers and peers. Thus, in parallel to the \nnegotiation of identity with caregivers (through a relative detach- \nment from them, a renegotiation of intimacy, and the questioning \nof their confirmatory authority), the modifications of friendship \nstructures—from childhood to adolescence—lay the ground for \nthe progressive recognition of social contexts and peer relation- \nships as the elite territories for the modulation and exploration \nof personal identity. The redefinition that the adolescent has to \nface in these territories of exploration (of the self as an individ- \nual separated from the other and of the self with the other) might \npass through a phase of reduced coherence in the narration of \nthe self and hence an increased level of uncertainty. Coherence \nin the self’s narrative is considered a measure of well-being and \nhas been associated with psychopathology in adulthood (Klim- \nstra and Denissen 2017) and adolescence (Lind et al. 2020, Shiner \net al. 2021). For example, narrative incoherence has been found \nto be associated with personality disorders in adolescents (Lind \net al. 2019), where “identity diffusion” (e.g. feelings of emptiness \nand being fragmented and lack of a sense of continuity over time) \nmight be considered an expression of high levels of uncertainty of \nthe self. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntakes place in which ", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We focused on adolescence as a potentially critical period for \nNSSI, given that it is associated with high levels of uncertainty \nabout several central domains in human life. However, there \nare other (gender-related) developmental periods in which bod- \nily changes might be coupled with increased levels of uncertainty \n(e.g. in physiology, in the sense of self, in the social role) and vulner- \nability. Pregnancy and transition to menopause, e.g. are periods of \nendocrine and hormonal upheavals that might impact a woman’s \naffective life and well-being. These physiological changes are cou- \npled with a fundamental developmental transition that requires a \nredefinition of personal identity and narrative integration (McLean \nand Lilgendahl 2019), with increased uncertainty of one’s inter- \nnal states and role in the social context. Taking into account \nthe perimenopausal and menopausal transition, the physiologi- \ncal, psychological, and affective experiences associated with it are \nvery heterogeneous. Some women might experience it as a new \nbeginning, whereas for others, it may be more critical (Deeks 2003). \nIn some cases, e.g. the menopause transition might perturb the \ncontinuity of one’s sense of self, inducing discrepancies in inter- \nnal self-coherence (e.g. the end of childbearing years, the aging \nprocess), which might increase the level of distress (Barca and De \nMarchis 2018). ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
Liotti G. A model of dissociation based on attachment theory and research. JTnuma Dissoos 2006 ; P35 – 73. Maged : W, Nylsot Terpatoleg A. Schnij41, C. Tregle R. Psrsist
Magerl : W, Burkart D, Fernandez A, Schmidt LG, Treede R. Persistent antinociception through repeated self - injury in patients with borderline personality disorder. Pain 2012 ; 575 – 94.
Maisto D. Barca L. Wan den Bergh O et al. Perception and misperception of bodily symptoms from an active inference perspective. modelling the case of panic disorder. Psyckil Rev 2021.128 – 590 – 710.
Malter Cohen M, Jing D, \" fang \" RR et al. Early - life stress has persistent effects on anygiplala function and development in mice and burnius. Pric Narl Acel Sci 0.5 A. 2013.110 : 182 \" 4 – 8
McAdams DP, McLean KC. Narrative identity. Curr Dir Psychol. Sci 2013 ; Z2 : 233 – 8.
McEvry PM, Mahoney AE. To be sure, to be sure : intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various araiety disorders and depression. Behav Ther 2012 ; 43 : 533 – 45
McLean RC, Lilgendah1 JP. Narrative identity in adolescence and adulthood : pathways of development. In. Handlook of Pressulty Deorlopment. New Yisrk. United States : The Guilford Press, 2015 ; 418 – 32
Miller M, Kiverstein J, Kietveld E. Embodying addiction : a predictive processing account. Brain Cogn 2000.13.105485.
Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM et al. Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity Am J Psychiatry 2001 ; 158 : 1783 – 93.
Murphy J. Viding E. Bird G. Does atypical intersception following physical change contribute to sex differences in mental illness? Psychol Rev 2015 ; 126 : 787 - 3
Nock MK. Self - injury. Annu. Rev Clin Psychol 2010 ; 6.339 – 63.
Nock MIC, < underline > osiner TTL Gordon XH et al. Non - suicidal self - injury among adolescents : diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry fies 2006 ; 54 : 65 – 72.
Nock MIC, Mendes WB. Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem - solving deficits arroong, widolescent self - injurers. J Conswith Clin Psychol 2008a, 7628 – 38.
Nock MIC, Mendes WB. Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social : problees - solving deficits among adolescent self - injurees. J Consist Clin Psychol 2008b, 7.28 – 38
Nock MIC, Prinstein MJ A functional approach to the assessment of self - mutilative behavior. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004.72.885 – 90
Nock MIC, Prinstein MI, Sterba SK Revealing the form and function of self - injurious thoughts and behaviors : a real - time enological assessment study among adolescents and yesurg adults ; J Almorm Psychol 2009 ; 11.816 – 27.
Ogawa [ 8, Stoufe LA, Weinfeld NS et al. Development and the fragmented self : longitudinal study of dissociative symptomatology in a nonclinical sample. Doo hys / hystopothol 19978855 – 79 )
Oxmanajpoijha N, Cressrell C, Dodd HF. Intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and worry in children and adolescents : a meta - analysis. J Affect Disord 2018.22.80 – 90.
Paluska SA, Schwenk TL Physical activity and mental health : current concepts Sports Med 2000.29 : 167 – 80.
Pair T, Pezzulo G, Trisston IQ. Active Inference. The Tree Dengy Principle in Mind, Body, and Behaviour. Carebridage, Massrachusetts, United States : The MIT Press, 2022
Patton GC, Olsson CA, Skirbekk V et al. Adolescence and the oest generation. Nature 2018.554 : 458 – 466.
", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Emotion-wise, a developmental trend toward an increased \nspecificity of emotion-related maps of bodily sensations (Barca \net al. 2023)—a proxy of \ninteroceptive representations of \nemotions—has been reported from children aged 6 years to adult- \nhood (Hietanen et al. 2016). Pubertal changes encompass dramatic \nbodily and neuroendocrine system changes, comprising—but not \nreduced to—changes in the reproductive, adrenal, and growth \naxes (Cameron 2004). Thus, adolescents might face at least four \nsources of uncertainty: (i) the uncertainty due to physiological \nalterations related to bodily changes and to modification in hor- \nmonal levels leading to sexual maturity; (ii) the uncertainty in self- \nidentity (i.e. the structure of self-awareness) and personal identity \n(i.e, the narrative diachronic self) (Drummond 2021), which might \nbe coupled with changes in body image and the development of \ngender identity; (iii) the uncertainty in affect regulation, with the \nemergence of new forms of affectivity as feelings of love and sex- \nual attraction toward a partner; and (iv) uncertainty in the social \ncontext, with respect to their social status and role expectations \nin the adult society. Such high levels of uncertainty might lead \nto a poorly defined sense of self, with unclear boundaries and a \nsense of emptiness. In this context, pain becomes a possible way \nto recover a bodily sense of self, and self-injurious behavior might \nbe instantiated as an attempt to reduce the rise in the levels of \nuncertainty in these (and potentially other) domains, toward the \ntransition to adulthood (see Miller et al. 2020 for a closely related \napproach on addiction). ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
co - etribdiznent to co - bameostasis in early life. Conscious Cogn 2002.1a, 91 : 1091.17Clautica A, Safron A, Delafa6l6 Rutt J. Back to square one : the bodini. ly roots of conscious experiences in early 10 %. Newnsol Conscious 20021. niab037.
Consradt : E, Ablow J. Infant, physiological : response to the still - face paradigm : contributions of : maternal sessitivity and infants ' early regulatory behavior. Infant Behav Des 2013.251 – 65.Craig AD : How do you feel? Interoception : the sense of the physiological crandition of the body. Nat Research 2002 ; B < 55 – 66. Cruziazedili L, Knabe C, Jeskizoon PM et al. Interceptive ingredients of hody ownership : affective touch and ca
rubber band illusion. Cortex, a Journal Devoted to the Study of the Nemsous Sjostem and Behavior 2018.104 : 180 – 92.Deeks AA. Psychological aspects of menopause management. Best Pract. Res Clin Drdocrinol Metab 2003 ; < underline > D 17 – 31.
Denexult A, Hammond Sl, Madigan S. A meta - analysis of child - parent attachment in early childhood and prosceiality. Deolop - mental Psychology 2023 ; 58 : 236 – 55Diegsest S, Lopez C The bodi. ly self. insights from clinical and experimental research. Arm Phys Rehaliil Mell 201.60 : 598 – 207.
Drustsmond JJ, Self - identity and personal identity. Phenomenol Coge Sci 2021.201235 – 67.Dutra L. Bureeus J - F, Holznes B et al. Quality of early care and child - hood trauma. a prospective study of developmental partbways to dissociation. J. Nerv Ment Dis 2009.507.983 – 90.
Forwagy P, Caregibell C, Luyten. P. Attachment, mentalizing and traucess then ( 3993 ) sed now ( 2002 ). Invision So : 2003 : 33.459Fotopoulosa, Tliakiris M. Mentalizing homeostasis the social origins of istereoceptive inference. NewngTriston IC A theory of cortical responses. Philiss Trans R. Soc Lonil B Biol Sci 2005 ; 36.815 – 36.
Priston K, Lin M, Frith CD et al Active inference, curiosity and insight. Noural Comput 2017.29 2633 – 83.Friston KJ, Stephan KE, Montague R et al. Computational psychiatry : the brain as a phantastic organ. Lanort Psychiatry 2014.1148 – 58.
Garfinkel SN, Nagai Y, Seth AK et al. Neuroimaging studies of interroception and self - awareness. In : Neuroimaging of Concinumonas Springer Berlin, Heidelberg Springer, 2013.207 – 24Gee DG. Sensitive periods of emotion regulation : influences of parental rare on frantoamygdala circuitry and plasticity. Nnu Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2016 ; 2016 ; 2016 ; 87 – 210.
Gee DG and Cohodes EM. Influences of Caregiving on Development : A Sensitive Period for Biological Embedding of Predictability and Safety Cues. Cwr Div Psychol Sci 2021, D0 376 – 83.Glynn LM, Biram TZ. The influence of varpredictable, fragmented parestal signals on the developing brain. Pront Neuroeniborinel 2013 ; 53 : 100756.
Glynn LM, Stem IHS, Howland MA et al. Meanaring tovel antecedents of mental illness : tbe questionnaire of unpredictability in child - hood. Neuropsychopharmacol 2013 ; 44 : 876 – 82.Guadagpo A, Kang MS, Deveryi GA et al. Reduced resting - state functional connectivity of the basolateral amygdala to the medial
", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**References**\n1. World Health Organization. Maternal, newborn, child and \nadolescent health and ageing. platform.who.int/data/ \nmaternal-newborn-child-adolescent-ageing (2022). \n\n2. Thornburg, K. L., Bagby, S. P. & Giraud, G. D.*Knobil and Neill’s*\n*Physiology of Reproduction*pp. 1927–1955 (Elsevier, 2015). \n3. Brunton, P. J. & Russell, J. A. The expectant brain: adapting for \nmotherhood.*Nat. Rev. Neurosci.***9**, 11–25 (2008). \n4. Gregg, C. Pregnancy, prolactin and white matter regeneration. \n*J. Neurol. Sci.***285**, 22–27 (2009). \n5. Haim, A. et al. A survey of neuroimmune changes in pregnant \n\nand postpartum female rats.*Brain Behav. Immun.***59**, \n67–78 (2017). \n6. Barrière, D. A. et al. Brain orchestration of pregnancy and \n\nmaternal behavior in mice: a longitudinal morphometric study. \n*NeuroImage***230**, 117776 (2021). ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Birth \n\n", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "pubmed4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Barca*et al.*\n2 \n\nsituations—from reduced affective reciprocity during parental \ninteractions (Conradt and Ablow 2010). Development theories \nunderscore the role of parental care in shaping the experience of \nself and others and integrative processes of consciousness (Bowlby \n1997, Liotti 2004, 2006, Fonagy et al. 2023). \n\n**Highlights**\n\n• Predictive processing theories assume that the brain \nforms internal body and self-models at multiple levels \nof detail and strives to reduce their uncertainty. \n\n• High levels of uncertainty in internal models of the body \nand the self are common across several clinical condi- \ntions. \n\n• Excessive levels of uncertainty might also be experienced \nin the typical population during development transitions. \n• This excessive uncertainty might hinder the mainte- \nnance of a coherent model of the embodied self and \nconfidently engage in adaptive courses of actions. \n\n• Maladaptive behaviors, such as non-suicidal self-injury, \nmight emerge as paradoxical but effective strategies to \n“act on the body” to reduce uncertainty ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "pubmed1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nYOUTH \nEDUCATION ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf", - "query": "What was the indicator related to increasing Nissan's research and development activities in terms of publication of scientific articles in 2004?", - "target_page": 46, - "target_passage": "And the number of research papers we present at societies such as The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers rose dramatically in fiscal 2004. ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Pursuing Value Through**\n**Technological Excellence**\n\n“I have two prime objectives. The first is to realize our \n\ncorporate vision, ‘Enriching people’s lives,’ from an \n\nengineering standpoint. The second is to create a \n\nfuture vision for people working in R&D. Research and \n\ndevelopment is all about providing practical value to \n\nthe customer via technological excellence, which in \n\nturn creates value for our shareholders. Nissan has \n\nmade a major commitment to technological excellence \n\nso that we can accomplish these objectives. \n\n**Research and Development**\n\nNissan’s investment in R&D has been rising. In fiscal 2004 \n\nwe devoted approximately ¥400 billion to it, equivalent to \n\n4.6 percent of our turnover. We estimate that our financial \n\ncommitment to R&D will continue to range between 4.5 \n\nand 5 percent. R&D investments take a lot of time to pay \n\noff, of course, so it’s difficult to evaluate our evolution \n\nover the short term. Given our expanded output, however, \n\nI believe that we are headed in the right direction. \n\nFor example, the number of patents we have generated \n\nis growing quickly, exceeding 4,000 in fiscal 2003—more \n\nthan twice the fiscal 1999 figure. And the number of \n\nresearch papers we present at societies such as The Japan \n\nSociety of Mechanical Engineers rose dramatically in fiscal \n\n2004. These are direct results of our commitment to \n\nresearch. We are also generating more new technologies \n\nrelated to safety and the environment, such as the Around \n\nView Monitor and the lane-keeping system. ", - "page_start": 45, - "page_end": 45, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Automotive Debt:**\n\nDespite higher levels incurred for capital expenditures and \n\nR&D, cash generated from operating activities in the \n\nautomotive division eliminated net automotive debt. Nissan \n\nheld a ¥205.8 billion yen net cash position at the close of \n\nfiscal 2004 in this division. \n\n**Rating**\n\nRegarding Nissan’s long-term credit rating, R&I upgraded \n\nNissan from A- to A on May 11, 2005. S&P upgraded their \n\nrating from BBB to BBB+ on July 20, 2004, and Moody’s \n\nupgraded from Baa3 to Baa1 on January 29, 2004. \n\n**Investment Policy**\n\nCapital expenditures increased by ¥50.2 billion to ¥477.5 \n\nbillion, representing 5.6 percent of net revenue. This \n\nincrease included the Canton plant expansion. R&D \n\nexpenditures increased by ¥43.8 billion to ¥398.1 billion. \n\nThis increase went to fund new technologies and product \n\ndevelopment. Our R&D resources are focused on projects \n\nthat add value to our customers and that will deliver an \n\nexpected return, in both the short and long term. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n \n \n \n \n [html]on research and development by 50 percent. Over the next three years we will invest a further S percent of net sales annually, creating new and exciting technologies to benefit our customers.During NISSAN Value - Up we will pursue several key business opportunities :• Our Infiniti luxury brand will extend its reach into new markets such as China and Russia and continue to establish its credibility as a Tier - 1 luxury player.• We will develop our Light Commercial Vehicle biomarkers in and supporting ( E. g., 0 ). nursestic, negativebusiness into a fully competitive global operation through new market and product entries.• We will take a more efficient global sourcing approach to maximize our opportunities and minimize\n
Volume : Nissan will achieve global sales of 4.2 million units in fiscal 2008 — an increase of 812.000 units over fiscal 2004.
ROIC : Nissan will achieve a 20 percent or higher return on invested capital on average over the course of the plan, excluding cash on hand.
To meet this commitment, over the NISSAN Value - Up period we will launch 28 new products, including 10 models that are highly innovative in their concept and benefits.
Our investment in advanced technology continues. From facal 2002 to 2005 we have increased spending
our overall costs as we grow. Our engineering, production and purchasing functions will continue
their acceleration towards being fully integrated global operations.
We will continue to invest in new and emerging markets, including China, India and Russia.
NISSAN Value - Up also delivers increased value for our shareholders through a clear and well - defined dividend
strategy. By the end of the plan period, we will pay an annual dividend of no less than 940 per share, a 66
percent increase over fiscal 2004.
", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The Quest for Improved Quality**\n\n“Quality is a crucial factor in Nissan’s success. Along \n\nwith trust, familiarity and differentiation, it is one of \n\nthe ways we express our brand. Quality builds the \n\ntrust of our customers and stakeholders, so it is also \n\na major element in promoting the brand. \n\nQuality was a major issue for us in 2004. We were \n\nunable to reach the global goals we set because a \n\ngreat deal of time was spent addressing issues that \n\narose, particularly in the U.S. The good news is that in \n\nall our newly launched vehicles, including those from \n\nthe U.S., we are seeing radically better quality. This is \n\na direct result of implementing a global quality \n\nmanagement system. While such positive outcomes \n\nare welcome, we must continue to upgrade the \n\nquality of Nissan automobiles. ", - "page_start": 50, - "page_end": 50, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "DESPITE NISSAN’S RECORD OPERATING RESULT IN FISCAL 2004, ITS STOCK PERFORMANCE RETURN WAS \n\nNEGATIVE AND LOWER THAN THE TOPIX INDEX. THE INVESTOR RELATIONS TEAM WAS STRENGTHENED \n\nAT THE START OF FISCAL 2005 TO BETTER ADDRESS THE NEEDS OF INVESTORS AND ENHANCE THEIR \n\nUNDERSTANDING OF NISSAN’S PERFORMANCE. INVESTORS WILL NOW BE ABLE TO GAIN A MORE IN-DEPTH \n\nVIEW OF THE COMPANY’S OPERATIONS AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**The recovery story is complete**\n\nFiscal 2004 was a tough year, full of both anticipated and unexpected risks, but Nissan lived up \n\nto all the challenges. We had a record year in revenues, operating profit, net income, sales \n\nvolume and production. \n\n**Sales performance**\n\nGlobal sales came to 3,388,000 units, which exceeded our forecast of 3,380,000 units. This \n\nrecord level represents an increase of 10.8 percent, or 331,000 units, over fiscal 2003, and is \n\n281,000 units more than the previous record level set in 1990. In fiscal 2004, we released nine \n\nall-new models globally. \n\nAlong with record sales, we achieved a global production record. Nissan’s manufacturing \n\nplants turned out 3,378,000 units, or 293,000 units more than the previous record. \n\n**Financial performance**\n\n• Consolidated net revenues came to 8 trillion ¥576.3 billion, up 15.4 percent from last year. \n\n• Consolidated operating profit improved by 4.4 percent to a record ¥861.2 billion. As a \n\npercentage of net revenue, our operating profit margin came to 10.0 percent. \n\n• Net income reached ¥512.3 billion, an increase of ¥8.6 billion. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We have succeeded in shortening our production \n\npipeline, too, using a new vehicle development process \n\ncalled V3P that our engineers devised over the past three \n\nyears. V3P, which stands for Value-up innovation of \n\nProduct, Process, and Program, has helped us cut our \n\ndevelopment time almost in half, from 20 months to just \n\n10.5 months. I believe this makes Nissan the world \n\nbenchmark in development. That improvement is having a \n\nmajor effect on the flexibility and execution of R&D at \n\nNissan, and will ultimately boost the company’s profitability. \n\nThe number of new products we have brought to \n\nmarket over the past three years is equally significant— \n\nmore than thirty new vehicles. That’s an impressive \n\nengineering achievement, and the reason you are seeing \n\nso many new Nissan models on the road. \n\nOur R&D infrastructure, however, is still in need of \n\nexpansion. We’ve therefore begun building new facilities at \n\nthe Nissan Technical Center, NTC, and at the Nissan \n\nAdvanced Technical Center, NATC, both of which are in \n\nJapan. These additions represent a major investment, and \n\nshow Nissan’s dedication to maintaining and enhancing its \n\ntechnological skills. \n\nOur technology base is in Japan, where we have some ", - "page_start": 45, - "page_end": 45, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "“Nissan’s performance in \n\nJapan in 2004 was solid. \n\nProfit rose 1.4 percent and \n\nour market share went up \n\n0.4 percent to 14.6 percent. \n\nLaunching six new models in \n\nthe second half boosted our \n\nresults dramatically: we \n\nregistered a 1.1 percent \n\nincrease in market share \n\nK A Z U H I K O T O I D A \nSenior Vice President \nover the previous period. \n\nAnd for the first time in 19 \n\nyears we had four cars—the Tiida, Note, March and \n\nCube—in the top ten. \n\nOur steady growth has continued into 2005, \n\npowered by positive customer response to both the \n\nMurano and Tiida. These are the kinds of attractive, \n\nunique products that have an immediate impact on \n\nconsumers. We’ve also strengthened our position \n\nin the important small car market, and plan to \n\naugment that with the launch of the Otti, an OEM \n\nproject with Mitsubishi, and the Moco, an OEM \n\nproduct with Suzuki. While we do need to raise our \n\ngame in the SUV market, our overall coverage has \n\nimproved recently. ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Share Performance in Fiscal 2004**\n\nNissan’s share price began at ¥1,143 at the beginning \n\nof fiscal 2004 and ended the fiscal year at ¥1,099, \n\ngenerating a negative return of 3.85 percent. Total \n\nshareholder return (TSR) was -1.67 percent, while the \n\ndividend yield came to 2.18 percent (¥24 per share dividend, \n\ndivided by the ¥1,099 closing price). Adverse movements \n\nin foreign exchange rates and commodity price hikes \n\nadversely affected Nissan’s profitability, which was reflected \n\nin the share price. In addition, specific events relating \n\ndirectly to the company also had a negative impact. Later in \n\nthis report, corporate officers will explain what actions \n\nNissan has undertaken to ensure better performance. \n\n**Payout Policy**\n\nNissan announced its NISSAN Value-Up three-year dividend \n\npolicy, covering the period from fiscal 2005 to fiscal 2007, at \n\nthe annual general meeting of shareholders on June 23, \n\n2004. Nissan proposes a long-term dividend policy to \n\nprovide more visibility and improve transparency into the \n\nways in which Nissan rewards its shareholders. Nissan \n\nbelieves that a long-term dividend policy reduces uncertainty \n\nfor investors who already own or are considering acquiring \n\nNissan stock. ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Looking to the New Fiscal Year**\n\nNissan will continue to grow in fiscal 2005. Even assuming a relatively flat total industry volume \n\nof 61 million units globally, Nissan’s sales are forecast to come to 3,618,000 units, a 6.8 percent \n\nincrease over the prior year. \n\nWorldwide, we will launch six all-new models—five in Japan, one in Europe—leading to \n\ntwenty regional product events. \n\n**Our sales objectives**\n\n• Japan: 933,000 units, a 10 percent increase over last year \n\n• U.S.: 1,047,000 units, an increase of 3.3 percent \n\n• Europe: 550,000 units, a 1.1 percent increase over last year \n\n• General Overseas Markets: 1,088,000 units, a 10.7 percent increase \n\n**Our financial outlook**\n\nAny new fiscal year brings risks and opportunities, and 2005 brings very high levels of \n\nuncertainty and risks—volatility in exchange rates, higher interest rates, higher commodity prices, \n\nhigher energy prices, higher incentives and uncertainty about growth in the U.S. and Japan. The \n\nopportunity is in following through on the NISSAN Value-Up plan quickly and effectively. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf", - "query": "What was Nissan's vehicle production in Mexico in 2003?", - "target_page": 72, - "target_passage": "308,322", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "NISSAN HAS A GLOBAL PRESENCE. BORN IN JAPAN, WE ARE PERFECTLY \n\nAT HOME IN THE U.S., THE UK, SPAIN, THAILAND, CHINA, EGYPT, BRAZIL \n\nAND WELL OVER 150 OTHER NATIONS WHERE NISSAN CARS AND \n\nTHEIR COMPONENT PARTS ARE PRODUCED, SOLD AND DRIVEN. \n\nWITH NISSAN, DRIVING PLEASURE IS A SENSATION THAT KNOWS NO BORDERS. \n\nTHIS IS THE NISSAN SHIFT_", - "page_start": 59, - "page_end": 59, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "South Africa \n\nNissan Motor Company \nSouth Africa (Pty) Ltd. \n\nMiddle East \n\nNissan Middle East F.Z.E. \n\nChina \n\nNissan Motor (China) Ltd. \n\nDongfeng Motor Co., Ltd. \n\nTaiwan \n\nYulon Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. \n\nThailand \n\nSiam Nissan Automobile Co., Ltd. ", - "page_start": 108, - "page_end": 108, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "our quest to create the best cars in the world in 1933, when the company was founded in \n\nYokohama. The first Datsun passenger car rolled off the assembly line two years later. In the \n\nyears since, we have fashioned a reputation for bold and innovative products. We were the first \n\ncompany to design, manufacture and export a small pickup truck from Japan to the United \n\nStates, and to build and export a sports sedan, the Datsun 510. And we were the first to \n\nproduce a true sports car that was also affordable, the Z. Today, we build equally exceptional \n\nvehicles in factories throughout the world that consistently rank in the top tier for efficiency, \n\nproductivity and quality. \n\nIn the future, we will take the Nissan brand into new segments and markets. We will \n\naccelerate the pace of automotive evolution. And our products will continue to define our brand \n\nwith clarity and consistency that brings lasting value to all our stakeholders. ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Fiscal 2005 will be challenging because we have no major \n\nmodel launches planned. We’re committed to growth, \n\nhowever, and I believe that having a clear strategy for each \n\nmarket and a targeted approach to the customer will boost \n\nour market position throughout the region. \n\nThailand is an important market for Nissan’s future. \n\nAlthough we sell just over 50,000 vehicles a year there, \n\nwe plan to increase sales volume under NISSAN Value-Up. \n\nWe’re also expanding production capacity and planning to \n\nlocalize Thailand as an export base for Pickups. We intend ", - "page_start": 67, - "page_end": 67, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Manufacturing achieved a series of milestones during \n\nNISSAN 180. One of the biggest was opening the Canton \n\nplant in the U.S., which got up to speed quickly, launching \n\nfive new vehicles in a period of just eight months. We built \n\ntwo plants in China, and restarted operations in Egypt. We \n\ndramatically expanded the Decherd, Tennessee engine \n\nplant in the U.S., and all engines for North America are now \n\nbuilt at Decherd or at our plant in Mexico. \n\nWe also commenced cross-production with Renault: \n\nNissan began building Renault’s Platina in Mexico and its \n\nTraffic in Spain, while Renault began building our Pickup \n\nand Xterra at its factory in Brazil. We also started \n\nproduction of common engines with Renault, with our \n\nsubsidiary Aichi Kikai and the Yokohama plant producing \n\nthe four-cylinder engines used in our new Tiida, Note and \n\nLafesta models. In Japan, we launched six new models in \n\njust six months—the Murano, Fuga, Lafesta, Tiida, Tiida \n\nLatio and Note. We also launched three vehicles—the Tiida, \n\nTeana and Tiida Latio—in China. \n\nWhile we were successful in Japan and China, we did ", - "page_start": 51, - "page_end": 51, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "NISSAN IS A WORLD-CLASS AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURER. \n\nTO ENVISION, PLAN, BUILD AND DISTRIBUTE MILLIONS OF AUTOMOBILES \n\nTO THE WORLD REQUIRES A CLEAR DEFINITION OF ROLES AND PROCESSES. \n\nAT NISSAN, OUR BUSINESS DIVISIONS COMMUNICATE IDEAS ACROSS COUNTRIES, \n\nCULTURES AND FUNCTIONS TO DEVISE THE TRANSPARENT, \n\nEFFICIENT SOLUTIONS THAT CREATE SUCCESS. THIS IS THE NISSAN SHIFT_", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Exceeding expectations**\n**—the Nissan automobile**\n", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We have succeeded in shortening our production \n\npipeline, too, using a new vehicle development process \n\ncalled V3P that our engineers devised over the past three \n\nyears. V3P, which stands for Value-up innovation of \n\nProduct, Process, and Program, has helped us cut our \n\ndevelopment time almost in half, from 20 months to just \n\n10.5 months. I believe this makes Nissan the world \n\nbenchmark in development. That improvement is having a \n\nmajor effect on the flexibility and execution of R&D at \n\nNissan, and will ultimately boost the company’s profitability. \n\nThe number of new products we have brought to \n\nmarket over the past three years is equally significant— \n\nmore than thirty new vehicles. That’s an impressive \n\nengineering achievement, and the reason you are seeing \n\nso many new Nissan models on the road. \n\nOur R&D infrastructure, however, is still in need of \n\nexpansion. We’ve therefore begun building new facilities at \n\nthe Nissan Technical Center, NTC, and at the Nissan \n\nAdvanced Technical Center, NATC, both of which are in \n\nJapan. These additions represent a major investment, and \n\nshow Nissan’s dedication to maintaining and enhancing its \n\ntechnological skills. \n\nOur technology base is in Japan, where we have some ", - "page_start": 45, - "page_end": 45, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "information, both good and bad, so the level and rate of \n\ninformation from dealers and consumers have gone up \n\naccordingly. Meanwhile, even prices for used Nissan \n\nvehicles are improving steadily, a major indication that the \n\nNissan brand is recognized and valued. \n\nOur home market is of prime importance to Nissan. \n\nJapan is a major contributor to our total profit, and we will \n\ncontinue to make the upgrades in quality, products and \n\nservice needed to drive sales and profit higher.” ", - "page_start": 61, - "page_end": 61, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "At the center of everything we do stands the Nissan automobile. Our vehicles are the most \n\ntangible expression of our brand and the values of our company. We make cars that both inspire \n\npassion and exceed the expectations of our customers. Through bold and thoughtful designs, \n\ninnovative technologies, and a richer and more rewarding driving experience, we are defining \n\nour unique place in the auto industry. \n\nOur product development philosophy differs from that which many of our competitors follow. \n\nRather than focus on what the competition is providing, we concentrate on what they do not. \n\nWe listen to drivers to discover their unmet needs and desires, and follow the most promising \n\nthreads of emerging trends. Our designs are bold, geared to electrify and inspire. We see little \n\npoint in building vehicles that please everyone but excite no one. \n\nThe appeal of a Nissan goes much deeper than the fine lines of its body and the gleam of \n\nits paint. We make some of the world’s most advanced high-performance engines and \n\ntransmissions. From our renowned VQ engine series to the latest in high technology, \n\ncontinuously variable transmissions (CVT), we blend driving pleasure with safety, fuel efficiency, \n\nand real-world environmental solutions. \n\nNissan has a long history of leadership and innovation in the automotive industry. We began ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "OTC_NSANY_2004.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf", - "query": "Why did Sundance Energy's oil sales improve in 2014?", - "target_page": 18, - "target_passage": "The increase in oil revenues was the result of increased oil production volumes ($81.3 million) offset by a decrease in product pricing ($15.7 million). ", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 4 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders,*\n\n*2014 Review — 2014 was a year of stark economic contrasts*\n*in our industry. During the first half as in the past several years,*\n*historically volatile West Texas Intermediate oil prices seemed*\n*range bound between $80 and $110 with geopolitical events*\n*driving prices towards the ceiling and demand risks pushing*\n*prices towards the floor of the range.*\n\nCEO’S REPORT \n\nIn the US, E&P companies were spending record amounts of capital, fueled by cheap \nand plentiful debt, on horizontal drilling and completions to drive production growth \nwhile making material strategic acquisitions in order to increase their long-term \nexposure to oil prices. \n\nThe easy credit environment caused asset prices to increase significantly to the point \nwhere, in our view, risk adjusted returns on new acquisitions were threatening cyclical \nlows. In line with our strategy, Sundance had monetized several mature assets realizing \n\n~$50 million in current period gains while freeing up \n~$165 million in invested capital. \nSundance’s Performance versus the ASX 200 \n\nWe primarily reinvested this capital in production growth \nand cash flow with only about $75 million reinvested in \nacquiring oil and gas leases and producing properties. This \nresulted in our production increasing from 5,028 BOEPD \nto 9,434 BOEPD by December 2014 and full year EBITDAX \nincreasing $73.8 million to $126.4 million in 2014. Had \nprices stayed steady, we likely would have generated \nearnings before income taxes of over $85 million and a \nreturn on capital in excess of 20%. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders,*\n\n*I am pleased to present Sundance Energy Australia Limited’s*\n*Annual Report for the 12 months ended 31 December 2014. It*\n*has been another year of significant progress for Sundance*\n*across our portfolio of liquids rich oil and gas assets in the US.*\nCHAIRMAN’S LETTER \n\nThe Company’s strategic focus on growing production, cash flows and reserves from \nlarge, repeatable resource plays in North America continues to deliver positive results \nwith growth in production, cash flows, and reserves. \n\nDuring late 2013 and 2014, we completed the divestment of our interest in the Williston \nBasin in North Dakota for $51 million which realised an internal rate of return of 45 percent; \nand also opportunistically divested our interest in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in Colorado \nfor $114 million which realised an internal rate of return of 104 percent. These divestitures \nof smaller, less scalable positions enabled us to focus on developing and growing our \nassets in the Eagle Ford in Texas and our Mississippian/Woodford assets in Oklahoma. \n\nDespite the reduction in crude oil and liquids prices towards the end of the year \nand continuing into 2015, the operational performance and focused, value-adding \ntransactions during the past year have positioned the Company very favourably for \nfuture growth in net asset value and shareholder returns. \n\n*Despite the reduction in*\n*crude oil and liquids*\n*prices towards the end of*\n*the year and continuing*\n*into 2015, the opertional*\n*performance and focused,*\n*value-adding transactions*\n*during the past year have*\n*positioned the Company*\n*very favourably for future*\n*growth in net asset value*\n*and shareholder returns.*\nCorresponding with the growth in annual production, the Company’s full year revenues \nincreased to $159.8 million and Adjusted EBITDAX increased to $126.4 million. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We expect that Sundance will grow organically and also through further leasing or \nbolt-on acquisitions in our core Eagle Ford focus area within our current, conservative \nbalance sheet parameters. \n\nPositive outlook for 2015 \nDespite the current oil pricing scenario, Sundance’s medium-to-long term growth \ntrajectory looks very positive. \n\nWe can demonstrate this through: \n\n• A track record of capital efficient growth \n• A track record of value creation \n• Being a low cost/high margin operator \n• Having top tier Eagle Ford assets with an extensive drilling inventory \n• Having a clean balance sheet \n\nAs a mid-tier oil and gas producer and explorer in the S&P/ASX All Australian 200 index, \nand with the increasing interest and support from institutional and retail investors. I believe \nthat Sundance will deliver significant long-term value from our assets for our shareholders. \n\nThank you for your support \nWe have had a busy year at Sundance and I would like to recognise the efforts and valued \ncontribution of the Board of Directors, management team and all staff and contractors of \nthe Company in helping us achieve our strategic goals. I am confident that we have the \nright team and excellent assets in place to execute our clear and focused strategy that we \nexpect to deliver significant value for our shareholders. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Through our emphasis on operating and G&A cost control*\n*initiatives, the Company’s record oil and natural gas sales*\n*translated to best-in-class Adjusted EBITDAX Margin (79*\n*percent) among peers our size and a full 10 absolute percentage*\n*points higher than the average of our entire peer group.*\n\nAs a result of its significant production increase, the Company’s 2014 oil, NGL and natural \ngas sales revenue increased by $74.4 million to $159.8 million; an 87 percent increase \ncompared to $85.3 million in 2013. \n\nREVENUE (US$000s) AND PRODUCTION (Boe/d) \n\n10,000 $50,000 \n\n8,000 $40,000 \n\n6,000 $30,000 \n\n4,000 $20,000 \n\n2,000 $10,000 ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Oil sales.**Oil sales increased by $65.6 million (82.7%) to $145.0 million for the year ended 31 December 2014 from $79.4 million \nfor the prior year. The increase in oil revenues was the result of increased oil production volumes ($81.3 million) offset by a \ndecrease in product pricing ($15.7 million). Oil production volumes increased 102.4% to 1,675,078 Bbls for the year ended 31 \nDecember 2014 compared to 827,432 Bbls for the prior year. The average price we realised on (NGL) the sale of our oil \ndecreased by 9.8% to $86.56 per Bbl for the year ended 31 December 2014 from $95.92 per Bbl for the prior year. \n\n**Natural gas sales.**Natural gas sales increased by $3.4 million (122.1%) to $6.2 million for the year ended 31 December 2014 \nfrom $2.8 million for the prior year. The increase in natural gas revenues was primarily the result of increased production \nvolumes ($2.6 million) and improved product pricing ($0.8 million). Natural gas production volumes increased 868,800 Mcf \n(93.0%) to 1,803,000 Mcf for the year ended 31 December 2014 compared to 934,200 Mcf for the prior year. The average price \nwe realised on the sale of our natural gas increased by 15.1% to $3.42 per Mcf for the year ended 31 December 2014 from \n$2.97 per Mcf for the prior year. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "A year of growing production, cash flow and reserves \nIn line with our strategy we continued to increase the level of company operated assets, \nand successfully maintained a very strong focus on optimising our operations and reducing \ncosts. This resulted in an impressive improvement in well performance combined with a \ntop tier cost structure. \n\nThrough our operated development program, we ended 2014 with record production \nof 9,434 barrels of oil equivalent per day (BOEPD) compared with an exit rate of 5,028 \nBOEPD in December 2013 and an average annual production of 6,635 BOEPD compared \nto 3,015 BOEPD in 2013. During 2014 we drilled and completed 42.7 net wells, primarily \nin the Eagle Ford, bringing our total well count to 81.3 by 31 December 2014. High \nvalue oil comprised approximately 69 percent of our total 2014 annual production \nand production from Sundance-operated projects accounted for 89 percent of total \nproduction for the year. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company’s development program also generated significant growth in Constant Case \nreserves during the year. More details are contained elsewhere in this Annual Report, \nbut in summary our 1P Reserves at the end of 2014 were 26.0 MBOE, 2P Reserves 54.1 \nMBOE, and 3P Reserves 147.7 MBOE. This compares with Reserves of 20.7 MBOE, 34.6 \nMBOE, and 92.8 MBOE, respectively, at the end of 2013. \n\nIn the current price environment, we have elected to scale back our drilling program to \nmainly concentrate on limited drilling obligations to hold Eagle Ford acreage. This will \nenable us to maintain our low leverage profile, which was approximately 1.03x debt to \nAdjusted EBITDAX at year end, and focus on growing our drilling inventory in an environ- \nment with less competition for leases and small acquisitions. Liquidity was $84 million at \nyear end, with a borrowing base redetermination in 2015 expected to materially increase \ndebt availability if the use of such funds is justified in line with our strategy. \n\nThe Eagle Ford – driving value and production growth \nSundance has grown its Eagle Ford acreage position from ~7,200 acres upon entering the \nbasin to approximately 26,160 net mineral acres in the Eagle Ford at the end of 2014 \nwhich includes the acquisition of approximately 18,000 net acreage in 2014. By the end of \nthe first quarter 2015 this had grown to 38,701 net mineral acres. Our growing presence \nin this prolific oil and gas region has been driving significant value for the Company and \nour shareholders, and continues to form our priority focus for development and acreage \ngrowth in the coming years. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "At year end, we had 197 gross 3P Reserves drilling locations across our Eagle Ford \nacreage where we continue to pursue operational and drilling efficiencies, opportunities \nto further improve well economics by improving recoveries and reducing costs. In 2014 \nthis included a switch to pad drilling with zipper fracs and new completion techniques \nthat have provided significant upside in production. \n\n*The Company has a*\n*strong balance sheet to*\n*withstand the current low*\n*oil price environment,*\n*and our sound financial*\n*management strategy*\n*has seen the Company*\n*well supported by*\n*both new and existing*\n*investors in Australia*\n*and internationally.*\n\nDespite our current scaling back of drilling activity, we have set 2015 production guidance \nat 7,850 – 8,500 BOEPD, an increase from the previous year of some 13 – 17 percent, \nbut a target that we believe is achievable while maintaining acceptable levels of liquidity \ngiven our demonstrated abilities and growing footprint in the Eagle Ford. \n\nSafety and Environment \nSundance has a strong culture throughout the organisation of ensuring that high standards \nof safety are maintained and that our operations are conducted in an environmentally \nresponsible way. During 2014 our comprehensive safety program was enhanced and \nfurther improvements will be a strong focus throughout 2015. \n\nA strong financial position \nSundance is well placed for future growth in the Eagle Ford. The Company has a strong \nbalance sheet to withstand the current low oil price environment, and our sound financial \nmanagement strategy has seen the Company well supported by both new and existing \ninvestors in Australia and internationally. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the years ended 31 December 2014 and 2013, the Company capitalised $0.7 million and $0.3 million, \nrespectively, of financing costs related to the Junior Credit Facility, which offset the principal balance. As at 31 \nDecember 2014 there was $35.0 million outstanding under the Company’s Junior Credit Facility. As at 31 December \n2014, the Company was in compliance with all restrictive financial and other covenants under the Junior Credit \nFacility. \n\n**Senior Credit Facility**\n\nOn 31 December 2012, Sundance Energy entered into a credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (the “Senior \nCredit Facility”), pursuant to which up to $300 million is available on a revolving basis. The borrowing base under \nthe Senior Credit Facility is determined by reference to the value of the Company’s proved reserves. The agreement \nspecifies a semi-annual borrowing base redetermination and the Company can request two additional \nredeterminations each year. The borrowing capacity was increased from prior year to $110 million as at 31 \nDecember 2014 based on Company reserves as at 31 December 2014. As at 31 December 2014, the Company had \n$15 million undrawn on the Senior Credit Facility. In conjunction with the increase in the borrowing base, the \nCompany has expanded the syndicate of banks under the Senior Credit Facility. With Wells Fargo as administrative \nagent, Bank of America Merrill Lynch and the Bank of Nova Scotia have now joined the banking group. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Remuneration Practices and Policies*\nOur board of directors recognizes that the attraction and retention of high-calibre directors and executives with appropriate \nincentives is critical to generating shareholder value. We have designed our remuneration program to provide rewards for \nindividual performance and corporate results and to encourage an ownership mentality among our executives and other key \nemployees. We believe a significant portion of our executives’ pay should be at-risk to performance. \n\nSundance stock is traded on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) and all of our management team and operations are located in \nthe United States. In order to retain our current talent and continue to attract highly skilled talent in the U.S., we have adopted \nremuneration programs that align with best practices and competitive design in the U.S. marketplace while also meeting ASX \nlisting requirements. \n\nThe objectives of our compensation program are to: \n• \nAttract and retain highly trained, experienced, and committed executives who have the skills, education, business \nacumen, and background to lead a mid-tier oil and gas business; \n\n• Motivate and reward executives to drive and achieve our goal of increasing shareholder value; \n• \n\nProvide balanced incentives for the achievement of near-term and long-term objectives, without motivating executives \nto take excessive risk; and \nTrack and respond to developments such as the tightening in the labor market or changes in competitive pay practices. • ", - "page_start": 31, - "page_end": 31, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf", - "query": "I heard that Sundance Energy has acquired land in South Texas in July 2014, where is it?", - "target_page": 21, - "target_passage": "In July 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of approximately 5,700 net Eagle Ford acres in Dimmit County, South Texas", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "In July 2014, the Company completed the acquisition of approximately 5,700 net Eagle Ford acres in Dimmit County, South \nTexas, for approximately $36 million and a commitment to drill four Eagle Ford wells. The Company also has the option, at its \nsole discretion, to acquire the Seller’s remaining working interest for an additional $45 million for the earlier of one year from \nclosing the acquisition or six months from first production of hydrocarbons. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders,*\n\n*2014 Review — 2014 was a year of stark economic contrasts*\n*in our industry. During the first half as in the past several years,*\n*historically volatile West Texas Intermediate oil prices seemed*\n*range bound between $80 and $110 with geopolitical events*\n*driving prices towards the ceiling and demand risks pushing*\n*prices towards the floor of the range.*\n\nCEO’S REPORT \n\nIn the US, E&P companies were spending record amounts of capital, fueled by cheap \nand plentiful debt, on horizontal drilling and completions to drive production growth \nwhile making material strategic acquisitions in order to increase their long-term \nexposure to oil prices. \n\nThe easy credit environment caused asset prices to increase significantly to the point \nwhere, in our view, risk adjusted returns on new acquisitions were threatening cyclical \nlows. In line with our strategy, Sundance had monetized several mature assets realizing \n\n~$50 million in current period gains while freeing up \n~$165 million in invested capital. \nSundance’s Performance versus the ASX 200 \n\nWe primarily reinvested this capital in production growth \nand cash flow with only about $75 million reinvested in \nacquiring oil and gas leases and producing properties. This \nresulted in our production increasing from 5,028 BOEPD \nto 9,434 BOEPD by December 2014 and full year EBITDAX \nincreasing $73.8 million to $126.4 million in 2014. Had \nprices stayed steady, we likely would have generated \nearnings before income taxes of over $85 million and a \nreturn on capital in excess of 20%. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Junior Credit Facility**\n\nIn August 2013, Sundance Energy, Inc. (“Sundance Energy”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, entered \ninto a second lien credit agreement with Wells Fargo Energy Capital, Inc., as the administrative agent (the “Junior \nCredit Facility”), which provides for term loans to be made in a series of draws up to $100 million. The Junior Credit \nFacility matures in June 2018 and is secured by a second priority lien on substantially all of the Company’s assets. \nUpon entering into the Junior Credit Facility, the Company immediately borrowed $15 million pursuant to the terms \nof the Junior Credit Facility and paid down the outstanding principal of the Senior Credit Facility. In May 2014, the \nCompany’s borrowing capacity increased to $35 million. As at 31 December 2014, the borrowing capacity under the \nJunior Credit Facility remains at $35 million. ", - "page_start": 87, - "page_end": 87, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the years ended 31 December 2014 and 2013, the Company capitalised $0.7 million and $0.3 million, \nrespectively, of financing costs related to the Junior Credit Facility, which offset the principal balance. As at 31 \nDecember 2014 there was $35.0 million outstanding under the Company’s Junior Credit Facility. As at 31 December \n2014, the Company was in compliance with all restrictive financial and other covenants under the Junior Credit \nFacility. \n\n**Senior Credit Facility**\n\nOn 31 December 2012, Sundance Energy entered into a credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (the “Senior \nCredit Facility”), pursuant to which up to $300 million is available on a revolving basis. The borrowing base under \nthe Senior Credit Facility is determined by reference to the value of the Company’s proved reserves. The agreement \nspecifies a semi-annual borrowing base redetermination and the Company can request two additional \nredeterminations each year. The borrowing capacity was increased from prior year to $110 million as at 31 \nDecember 2014 based on Company reserves as at 31 December 2014. As at 31 December 2014, the Company had \n$15 million undrawn on the Senior Credit Facility. In conjunction with the increase in the borrowing base, the \nCompany has expanded the syndicate of banks under the Senior Credit Facility. With Wells Fargo as administrative \nagent, Bank of America Merrill Lynch and the Bank of Nova Scotia have now joined the banking group. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders,*\n\n*I am pleased to present Sundance Energy Australia Limited’s*\n*Annual Report for the 12 months ended 31 December 2014. It*\n*has been another year of significant progress for Sundance*\n*across our portfolio of liquids rich oil and gas assets in the US.*\nCHAIRMAN’S LETTER \n\nThe Company’s strategic focus on growing production, cash flows and reserves from \nlarge, repeatable resource plays in North America continues to deliver positive results \nwith growth in production, cash flows, and reserves. \n\nDuring late 2013 and 2014, we completed the divestment of our interest in the Williston \nBasin in North Dakota for $51 million which realised an internal rate of return of 45 percent; \nand also opportunistically divested our interest in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in Colorado \nfor $114 million which realised an internal rate of return of 104 percent. These divestitures \nof smaller, less scalable positions enabled us to focus on developing and growing our \nassets in the Eagle Ford in Texas and our Mississippian/Woodford assets in Oklahoma. \n\nDespite the reduction in crude oil and liquids prices towards the end of the year \nand continuing into 2015, the operational performance and focused, value-adding \ntransactions during the past year have positioned the Company very favourably for \nfuture growth in net asset value and shareholder returns. \n\n*Despite the reduction in*\n*crude oil and liquids*\n*prices towards the end of*\n*the year and continuing*\n*into 2015, the opertional*\n*performance and focused,*\n*value-adding transactions*\n*during the past year have*\n*positioned the Company*\n*very favourably for future*\n*growth in net asset value*\n*and shareholder returns.*\nCorresponding with the growth in annual production, the Company’s full year revenues \nincreased to $159.8 million and Adjusted EBITDAX increased to $126.4 million. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We expect that Sundance will grow organically and also through further leasing or \nbolt-on acquisitions in our core Eagle Ford focus area within our current, conservative \nbalance sheet parameters. \n\nPositive outlook for 2015 \nDespite the current oil pricing scenario, Sundance’s medium-to-long term growth \ntrajectory looks very positive. \n\nWe can demonstrate this through: \n\n• A track record of capital efficient growth \n• A track record of value creation \n• Being a low cost/high margin operator \n• Having top tier Eagle Ford assets with an extensive drilling inventory \n• Having a clean balance sheet \n\nAs a mid-tier oil and gas producer and explorer in the S&P/ASX All Australian 200 index, \nand with the increasing interest and support from institutional and retail investors. I believe \nthat Sundance will deliver significant long-term value from our assets for our shareholders. \n\nThank you for your support \nWe have had a busy year at Sundance and I would like to recognise the efforts and valued \ncontribution of the Board of Directors, management team and all staff and contractors of \nthe Company in helping us achieve our strategic goals. I am confident that we have the \nright team and excellent assets in place to execute our clear and focused strategy that we \nexpect to deliver significant value for our shareholders. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company’s development program also generated significant growth in Constant Case \nreserves during the year. More details are contained elsewhere in this Annual Report, \nbut in summary our 1P Reserves at the end of 2014 were 26.0 MBOE, 2P Reserves 54.1 \nMBOE, and 3P Reserves 147.7 MBOE. This compares with Reserves of 20.7 MBOE, 34.6 \nMBOE, and 92.8 MBOE, respectively, at the end of 2013. \n\nIn the current price environment, we have elected to scale back our drilling program to \nmainly concentrate on limited drilling obligations to hold Eagle Ford acreage. This will \nenable us to maintain our low leverage profile, which was approximately 1.03x debt to \nAdjusted EBITDAX at year end, and focus on growing our drilling inventory in an environ- \nment with less competition for leases and small acquisitions. Liquidity was $84 million at \nyear end, with a borrowing base redetermination in 2015 expected to materially increase \ndebt availability if the use of such funds is justified in line with our strategy. \n\nThe Eagle Ford – driving value and production growth \nSundance has grown its Eagle Ford acreage position from ~7,200 acres upon entering the \nbasin to approximately 26,160 net mineral acres in the Eagle Ford at the end of 2014 \nwhich includes the acquisition of approximately 18,000 net acreage in 2014. By the end of \nthe first quarter 2015 this had grown to 38,701 net mineral acres. Our growing presence \nin this prolific oil and gas region has been driving significant value for the Company and \nour shareholders, and continues to form our priority focus for development and acreage \ngrowth in the coming years. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Competent Persons Statement \nThis report contains information on Sundance Energy’s \nreserves and resources which has been reviewed by David \nRamsden-Wood, Professional Engineer, who is licensed in \nAlberta, Canada and is qualified in accordance with ASX \nListing Rule 5.11 and has consented to the inclusion of this \ninformation in the form and context in which it appears. ", - "page_start": 112, - "page_end": 112, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Auditor’s Independence Declaration to the Directors of Sundance**\n**Energy Australia Limited**\n\nIn relation to our audit of the financial report of Sundance Energy Australia Limited for the financial \nyear ended 31 December 2014, to the best of my knowledge and belief, there have been no \ncontraventions of the auditor independence requirements of the*Corporations Act 2001*or any \napplicable code of professional conduct. ", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company’s exploration and development activities are focused in the Eagle Ford and the Mississippian/Woodford \nFormations. Costs incurred for development and production expenditures for the Eagle Ford and Mississippian/Woodford \nFormations during the year ended 31 December 2014 totalled $324.0 million, which included $295.9 million of drilling and \ndevelopment expenditure related to our 2014 plan, $3.8 million on infrastructure, and $24.3 million of drilling and \ndevelopment expenditure related to our 2015 plan. This investment resulted in the addition of 75 gross (42.7 net) wells into \nproduction, including 50 gross (39.5 net) Sundance-operated horizontal wells. An additional 24 gross (13.7 net) wells were \ndrilling, being prepared for fracture stimulation or testing as at 31 December 2014, an increase of 7 gross (3.0 net) compared \nto the beginning of the year. \n\n*Acquisitions*\nIn April 2014, the Company acquired approximately 4,800 net acres in the Eagle Ford for an initial purchase price of \napproximately $10.5 million and two separate earn out payments due upon commencement of drilling in each of three blocks \nof acreage (total for all three blocks of $7.7 million) and payout of the first two wells drilled on each block of the acreage \n($7.7 million). The term of the agreement is two years and provides a one year extension for $500 per acre extended. This \nacquired acreage is adjacent to our existing acreage in McMullen County, Texas. ", - "page_start": 20, - "page_end": 20, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf", - "query": "I am the CFO of Sundance Energy, will my base increase in 2015 as it did in 2014?", - "target_page": 31, - "target_passage": "No increases to Managing Director’s or KMP’s base salary", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders,*\n\n*2014 Review — 2014 was a year of stark economic contrasts*\n*in our industry. During the first half as in the past several years,*\n*historically volatile West Texas Intermediate oil prices seemed*\n*range bound between $80 and $110 with geopolitical events*\n*driving prices towards the ceiling and demand risks pushing*\n*prices towards the floor of the range.*\n\nCEO’S REPORT \n\nIn the US, E&P companies were spending record amounts of capital, fueled by cheap \nand plentiful debt, on horizontal drilling and completions to drive production growth \nwhile making material strategic acquisitions in order to increase their long-term \nexposure to oil prices. \n\nThe easy credit environment caused asset prices to increase significantly to the point \nwhere, in our view, risk adjusted returns on new acquisitions were threatening cyclical \nlows. In line with our strategy, Sundance had monetized several mature assets realizing \n\n~$50 million in current period gains while freeing up \n~$165 million in invested capital. \nSundance’s Performance versus the ASX 200 \n\nWe primarily reinvested this capital in production growth \nand cash flow with only about $75 million reinvested in \nacquiring oil and gas leases and producing properties. This \nresulted in our production increasing from 5,028 BOEPD \nto 9,434 BOEPD by December 2014 and full year EBITDAX \nincreasing $73.8 million to $126.4 million in 2014. Had \nprices stayed steady, we likely would have generated \nearnings before income taxes of over $85 million and a \nreturn on capital in excess of 20%. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Dear Fellow Shareholders,*\n\n*I am pleased to present Sundance Energy Australia Limited’s*\n*Annual Report for the 12 months ended 31 December 2014. It*\n*has been another year of significant progress for Sundance*\n*across our portfolio of liquids rich oil and gas assets in the US.*\nCHAIRMAN’S LETTER \n\nThe Company’s strategic focus on growing production, cash flows and reserves from \nlarge, repeatable resource plays in North America continues to deliver positive results \nwith growth in production, cash flows, and reserves. \n\nDuring late 2013 and 2014, we completed the divestment of our interest in the Williston \nBasin in North Dakota for $51 million which realised an internal rate of return of 45 percent; \nand also opportunistically divested our interest in the Denver-Julesburg Basin in Colorado \nfor $114 million which realised an internal rate of return of 104 percent. These divestitures \nof smaller, less scalable positions enabled us to focus on developing and growing our \nassets in the Eagle Ford in Texas and our Mississippian/Woodford assets in Oklahoma. \n\nDespite the reduction in crude oil and liquids prices towards the end of the year \nand continuing into 2015, the operational performance and focused, value-adding \ntransactions during the past year have positioned the Company very favourably for \nfuture growth in net asset value and shareholder returns. \n\n*Despite the reduction in*\n*crude oil and liquids*\n*prices towards the end of*\n*the year and continuing*\n*into 2015, the opertional*\n*performance and focused,*\n*value-adding transactions*\n*during the past year have*\n*positioned the Company*\n*very favourably for future*\n*growth in net asset value*\n*and shareholder returns.*\nCorresponding with the growth in annual production, the Company’s full year revenues \nincreased to $159.8 million and Adjusted EBITDAX increased to $126.4 million. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We expect that Sundance will grow organically and also through further leasing or \nbolt-on acquisitions in our core Eagle Ford focus area within our current, conservative \nbalance sheet parameters. \n\nPositive outlook for 2015 \nDespite the current oil pricing scenario, Sundance’s medium-to-long term growth \ntrajectory looks very positive. \n\nWe can demonstrate this through: \n\n• A track record of capital efficient growth \n• A track record of value creation \n• Being a low cost/high margin operator \n• Having top tier Eagle Ford assets with an extensive drilling inventory \n• Having a clean balance sheet \n\nAs a mid-tier oil and gas producer and explorer in the S&P/ASX All Australian 200 index, \nand with the increasing interest and support from institutional and retail investors. I believe \nthat Sundance will deliver significant long-term value from our assets for our shareholders. \n\nThank you for your support \nWe have had a busy year at Sundance and I would like to recognise the efforts and valued \ncontribution of the Board of Directors, management team and all staff and contractors of \nthe Company in helping us achieve our strategic goals. I am confident that we have the \nright team and excellent assets in place to execute our clear and focused strategy that we \nexpect to deliver significant value for our shareholders. ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "For the years ended 31 December 2014 and 2013, the Company capitalised $0.7 million and $0.3 million, \nrespectively, of financing costs related to the Junior Credit Facility, which offset the principal balance. As at 31 \nDecember 2014 there was $35.0 million outstanding under the Company’s Junior Credit Facility. As at 31 December \n2014, the Company was in compliance with all restrictive financial and other covenants under the Junior Credit \nFacility. \n\n**Senior Credit Facility**\n\nOn 31 December 2012, Sundance Energy entered into a credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (the “Senior \nCredit Facility”), pursuant to which up to $300 million is available on a revolving basis. The borrowing base under \nthe Senior Credit Facility is determined by reference to the value of the Company’s proved reserves. The agreement \nspecifies a semi-annual borrowing base redetermination and the Company can request two additional \nredeterminations each year. The borrowing capacity was increased from prior year to $110 million as at 31 \nDecember 2014 based on Company reserves as at 31 December 2014. As at 31 December 2014, the Company had \n$15 million undrawn on the Senior Credit Facility. In conjunction with the increase in the borrowing base, the \nCompany has expanded the syndicate of banks under the Senior Credit Facility. With Wells Fargo as administrative \nagent, Bank of America Merrill Lynch and the Bank of Nova Scotia have now joined the banking group. ", - "page_start": 88, - "page_end": 88, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The Company’s development program also generated significant growth in Constant Case \nreserves during the year. More details are contained elsewhere in this Annual Report, \nbut in summary our 1P Reserves at the end of 2014 were 26.0 MBOE, 2P Reserves 54.1 \nMBOE, and 3P Reserves 147.7 MBOE. This compares with Reserves of 20.7 MBOE, 34.6 \nMBOE, and 92.8 MBOE, respectively, at the end of 2013. \n\nIn the current price environment, we have elected to scale back our drilling program to \nmainly concentrate on limited drilling obligations to hold Eagle Ford acreage. This will \nenable us to maintain our low leverage profile, which was approximately 1.03x debt to \nAdjusted EBITDAX at year end, and focus on growing our drilling inventory in an environ- \nment with less competition for leases and small acquisitions. Liquidity was $84 million at \nyear end, with a borrowing base redetermination in 2015 expected to materially increase \ndebt availability if the use of such funds is justified in line with our strategy. \n\nThe Eagle Ford – driving value and production growth \nSundance has grown its Eagle Ford acreage position from ~7,200 acres upon entering the \nbasin to approximately 26,160 net mineral acres in the Eagle Ford at the end of 2014 \nwhich includes the acquisition of approximately 18,000 net acreage in 2014. By the end of \nthe first quarter 2015 this had grown to 38,701 net mineral acres. Our growing presence \nin this prolific oil and gas region has been driving significant value for the Company and \nour shareholders, and continues to form our priority focus for development and acreage \ngrowth in the coming years. ", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Base Salary*\nBase salaries for executives recognize their qualifications, experience and responsibilities as well as their unique value and \nhistorical contributions to Sundance. In addition to being important to attracting and retaining executives, setting base salaries \nat appropriate levels motivates employees to aspire to and accept enlarged opportunities. We do not consider base salaries to \nbe part of performance-based remuneration. In setting the amount, the individuals' performance is considered as well as the \nlength of time in their current position without a salary increase. ", - "page_start": 34, - "page_end": 34, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "On behalf of the Board and Company, I would like to thank our shareholders for your \nstrong support of the Company throughout the year. We are committed to delivering \nlong-term value for our shareholders and I look forward to reporting over the rest of the \ncoming year on the continued value creation and growth of Sundance. \n\nYours sincerely, ", - "page_start": 4, - "page_end": 4, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Opinion \nIn our opinion: \n\na. \nthe financial report of Sundance Energy Australia is in accordance with the*Corporations Act 2001*, \nincluding: \n\ni \ngiving a true and fair view of the consolidated entity's financial position as at 31 December 2014 and \nof its performance for the year ended on that date; and \n\nii complying with Australian Accounting Standards and the*Corporations Regulations 2001*; and \n\nb. \n\nthe financial report also complies with*International Financial Reporting Standards*issued by the IASB \nas disclosed in Note 1. \n\n*Report on the remuneration report*\n\nWe have audited the Remuneration Report included in pages 28 to 43 of the directors' report for the year ended 31 \nDecember 2014. The directors of the company are responsible for the preparation and presentation of the \nRemuneration Report in accordance with section 300A of the*Corporations Act 2001*. Our responsibility is to express \nan opinion on the Remuneration Report, based on our audit conducted in accordance with Australian Auditing \nStandards. \n\nOpinion \nIn our opinion, the Remuneration Report of Sundance Energy Australia Limited for the year ended 31 December \n2014, complies with section 300A of the*Corporations Act 2001*. ", - "page_start": 109, - "page_end": 109, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Auditor’s Independence Declaration to the Directors of Sundance**\n**Energy Australia Limited**\n\nIn relation to our audit of the financial report of Sundance Energy Australia Limited for the financial \nyear ended 31 December 2014, to the best of my knowledge and belief, there have been no \ncontraventions of the auditor independence requirements of the*Corporations Act 2001*or any \napplicable code of professional conduct. ", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**A.** **Key Fiscal Year 2014 Remuneration and Key Changes for Fiscal Year 2015**\n\n\n \n \n \n \n [html]\n
2014 RemunerationActionRationale
Fixed RemunerationIncreased Managing Director ' s base pay from $ 275.000 ( fiscal year 2013 ) to $ 370.000 ( fiscal year 2014 ).Award for progress towards strategic goals and individual performance ; CEO ’ s base pay was below the 25th percentile of the Company ’ s U. S. and Australian market peers.
Increased CFO ’ s base pay from $ 225.000 ( fiscal year 2013 ) to $ 295.000 ( fiscal year 2014 ).CFO ’ s base pay was below the 50th percentile of the Company ’ s U. S. market peers.Cash Short - Term Incentive
Authorised annual cash short - term awards for 2013 performance to the CEO of 87 % of year - end 2013 base salary and to the other KMPs at 65 % of year - end 2013 base salary.Annual cash awards were based on the achievement of financial and strategic objectives in 2013.Equity Long - Term Incentive
", - "page_start": 29, - "page_end": 29, - "source_file": "ASX_SEA_2014.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf", - "query": "What are the physical requirements for installing the Storwize V7000?", - "target_page": 70, - "target_passage": "You must consider several key factors when you are planning the physical site of a Storwize V7000 installation. The physical site must have the following characteristics: \u0002 Meets power, cooling, and location requirements of the Storwize V7000 nodes. \u0002 Has two separate power sources. \u0002 Sufficient rack space exists for the installation of controller and disk expansion enclosures. \u0002 Has sufficient maximum power rating of the rack. Plan your rack placement carefully to not exceed maximum power rating of the rack. For more information about the power and environmental requirements, see this website", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**3.4 Physical planning**\n\nYou must consider several key factors when you are planning the physical site of a Storwize \nV7000 installation. The physical site must have the following characteristics: \n\n(cid:2) Meets power, cooling, and location requirements of the Storwize V7000 nodes. \n\n(cid:2) Has two separate power sources. \n\n(cid:2) Sufficient rack space exists for the installation of controller and disk expansion enclosures. \n\n(cid:2) Has sufficient maximum power rating of the rack. Plan your rack placement carefully to not \nexceed maximum power rating of the rack. For more information about the power and \nenvironmental requirements, see this website. \n\nYour Storwize V7000 2076-524 and Storwize V7000 2076-624 order includes a printed copy \nof the IBM Storwize V7000 Gen2 and Gen2+ Quick Installation Guide, which also provides \ninformation about environmental and power requirements. \n\n**3.4.1 Cabling**\n\nCreate a cable connection table that follows your environment’s documentation procedure to \ntrack all of the following connections that are required for the setup: \n\n(cid:2) Power \n(cid:2) Ethernet \n(cid:2) SAS \n(cid:2) iSCSI or Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) connections \n(cid:2) Switch ports (FC, Ethernet, and FCoE) ", - "page_start": 69, - "page_end": 69, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**13.4.4 Updating IBM Storwize V7000 drive code**\n\nAfter completing the Storwize V7000 software update as described in 13.4, “Software update” \non page 687, the firmware of the Storwize V7000 drives also must be updated. The upgrade \ntest utility identified that downlevel drives are in the system, as shown in Figure 13-25. \nHowever, this fact does not stop the system software from being performed. ", - "page_start": 717, - "page_end": 717, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.1 General planning rules**\n\n**Important:**At the time of this writing, the statements that are provided in this book are \naccurate but can change. Always verify any statements that are made in this book with the \nIBM Storwize V7000 supported hardware list, device driver, firmware, and recommended \nsoftware levels information that are available at the following websites: \n\n(cid:2) Support Information for Storwize V7000 \n(cid:2) IBM System Storage Interoperation Center (SSIC) \n\nTo maximize the benefit that is realized from the Storwize V7000, pre-installation planning \nmust include several important steps. These steps ensure that the Storwize V7000 provides \nthe best possible performance, reliability, and ease of management for your application \nneeds. The correct configuration also helps minimize downtime by avoiding changes to the \nStorwize V7000 and the storage area network (SAN) environment to meet future growth \nneeds. \n\nThis book is*not*intended to provide in-depth information about the described topics. For an \nenhanced analysis of advanced topics, see IBM System Storage SAN Volume Controller and \nStorwize V7000 Best Practices and Performance Guidelines, SG24-7521. ", - "page_start": 65, - "page_end": 65, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "– Prerequisites: \n\n(cid:129) Storwize V7000 and the external storage system are connected to the same SAN \nfabric. \n\nIf there are VMware ESX host s involved in the data migration, the VMware ESX \nhosts are set to allow volume copies to be recognized. \n\nFor more information about the Storage Migration prerequisites, see 9.1.2, “Prerequisites” \non page 387. \n\nIf all restrictions are satisfied and prerequisites are met, select all of the options and click \n**Next**, as shown in Figure 9-4. ", - "page_start": 411, - "page_end": 411, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "6. \n\nIf the previous preparation steps were followed, the Storwize V7000 is now seen as a host \nfrom the system to be migrated. LUs can then be mapped to the Storwize V7000. Map the \nexternal storage system by following the instructions that are shown in Figure 9-6. ", - "page_start": 413, - "page_end": 413, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Consider the following points when planning for the Storwize V7000: \n\n(cid:2) Collect and document the number of hosts (application servers) to attach to the Storwize \nV7000. Identify the traffic profile activity (read or write, sequential, or random), and the \nperformance requirements (bandwidth and input/output [I/O] operations per second \n[IOPS]) for each host. \n\n(cid:2) Decide whether you are going to use Storwize V7000 to virtualize external storage. If you \ndo, collect and document the following items: \n\n– Information on the back-end storage that exists in the environment and is intended to \n\nbe virtualized by the Storwize V7000. \n\n– Whether you must configure image mode volumes. If you want to use image mode \nvolumes, decide whether and how you plan to migrate them into managed mode \nvolumes. \n\n– Information about the planned new back-end storage to be virtualized by the Storwize \nV7000. \n\n– The required virtual storage capacity for fully provisioned and space-efficient (SE) \nvolumes. \n\n– The required storage capacity for: \n\n(cid:129) Local mirror copy (volume mirroring) \n(cid:129) Point-in-time copy (IBM FlashCopy) \n(cid:129) Remote copy (Metro Mirror and Global Mirror) \n(cid:129) Compressed volumes \n(cid:129) Encrypted volumes ", - "page_start": 65, - "page_end": 65, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2.3 IBM Storwize V7000 overview**\n\nIBM Storwize V7000 solution incorporates IBM Spectrum Virtualize software and provides a \nmodular storage system that includes the capability to virtualize its internal and external \nSAN-attached storage. IBM Storwize V7000 solution is built on IBM Spectrum Virtualize. \n\nIBM Storwize V7000 system provides several configuration options that are aimed at \nsimplifying the implementation process. These configuration options conform to different \nimplementation scenarios regarding the size of your data center, and SAN and local area \nnetwork (LAN) topology. IBM Storwize V7000 system is a clustered, scalable, midrange \nstorage system that is easy to deploy and use. \n\nFigure 2-3 shows a high-level overview of IBM Storwize V7000. ", - "page_start": 33, - "page_end": 33, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**3.6 SAN configuration planning**\n\nStorwize V7000 cluster can be configured with a minimum of two (and up to eight) Storwize \nV7000 nodes. These nodes can use SAN fabric to communicate with back-end storage \nsubsystems and hosts. \n\n**3.6.1 Physical topology**\n\nThe switch configuration in an Storwize V7000 fabric must comply with the switch \nmanufacturer’s configuration rules, which can impose restrictions on the switch configuration. \nFor example, a switch manufacturer might limit the number of supported switches in a SAN. \nOperation outside of the switch manufacturer’s rules is not supported. ", - "page_start": 71, - "page_end": 71, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**8.3.1 NPIV prerequisites**\n\nConsider the following key points for NPIV enablement: \n\n(cid:2) The IBM Storwize V7000 system must be running V7.7 or later. \n\n(cid:2) A V7.7 or later system with NPIV enabled as backend storage for a system that is earlier \nthan V7.7 is not supported. ", - "page_start": 342, - "page_end": 342, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**5.1.1 Access to GUI**\n\nTo access the IBM Storwize V7000 GUI, enter into the address line of your web browser the \nIP address that was set during the initial setup process. You can connect from any \nworkstation that can communicate with the system. The login window opens (see Figure 5-1). ", - "page_start": 153, - "page_end": 153, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf", - "query": "Is '1oijizer--10108453535318919918883384---jhjjzhiuhzrh--14584joiz///KK ' valid for a pool?", - "target_page": 218, - "target_passage": "Naming rules: When you choose a name for a pool, the following rules apply: \u0002 Names must begin with a letter. \u0002 The first character cannot be numeric. \u0002 The name can be a maximum of 63 characters. \u0002 Valid characters are uppercase letters (A - Z), lowercase letters (a - z), digits (0 - 9), underscore (_), period (.), hyphen (-), and space. \u0002 Names must not begin or end with a space. \u0002 Object names must be unique within the object type. For example, you can have a volume that is named ABC and a storage pool that is calledvolumes that are calledvolumes called ABC. \u0002 The default object name is valid (object prefix with an integer). \u0002 Objects can be renamed to their current names", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 0 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Naming rules:**When you choose a name for a pool, the following rules apply: \n\n(cid:2) Names must begin with a letter. \n\n(cid:2) The first character cannot be numeric. \n\n(cid:2) The name can be a maximum of 63 characters. \n\n(cid:2) Valid characters are uppercase letters (A - Z), lowercase letters (a - z), digits (0 - 9), \nunderscore (_), period (.), hyphen (-), and space. \n\n(cid:2) Names must not begin or end with a space. \n\n(cid:2) Object names must be unique within the object type. For example, you can have a \n\nvolume that is named ABC and a storage pool that is calledvolumes that are \ncalledvolumes called ABC. \n\n(cid:2) The default object name is valid (object prefix with an integer). \n\n(cid:2) Objects can be renamed to their current names. \n\nThe new pool is created and is included in the list of storage pools with zero bytes, as shown \nin Figure 6-8. ", - "page_start": 217, - "page_end": 217, - "source_file": "sg247938.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n**1**\n\n**8**", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "MSTeams_QuickStartGuide_EN_Final_4.18.22.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**1**\n**3**\n**7**\n**,**\n**8**\n**1** **4**\n**7**\n**6**\n**,**\n**5**\n**1** **0**\n**0**\n**0**\n**,**\n**0**\n**2**\n\n**–**\n\n**3**\n**8**\n**5**\n**,**\n**0**\n**4** **3**\n**3**\n**8**\n**,**\n**0**\n**3**\n**1**\n**2**\n**8**\n**,**\n**5**\n**2**\n**1**", - "page_start": 78, - "page_end": 78, - "source_file": "ASX_STO_2004.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n99 \n101 \n101 ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nis restricted ", - "page_start": 332, - "page_end": 332, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**4** **2**", - "page_start": 12, - "page_end": 12, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**8**", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "Excel Training Manual 1.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\n45,ooc \n\n40,ooc ", - "page_start": 137, - "page_end": 137, - "source_file": "00-80T-80.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**n**\n**o**\n**i**\n**t**\n**a**\n**l**\n**u**\n**p**\n**o**\n**P**\n**n**\n**o**\n**s**\n**i**\n**r**\n**P**\n\n85,000 \n\n80,000 ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "legal4_opengouvernementlicense.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n**Client**", - "page_start": 315, - "page_end": 315, - "source_file": "sg246915.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news4.pdf", - "query": "I want to start a company that automates kitchen tasks, does that sound like a good idea for 2025?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Smart home automation Smart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a home that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home systems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to security and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nHOME \nAUTOMATION ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(NC) As we look ahead to 2025, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to revolutionize our lives. From \nenhancing our daily routines to transforming entire industries, AI’s impact is undeniable. \n\nThese five innovations are set to shape our future, offering unprecedented convenience, efficiency and \npersonalization. \n\nAI-powered computing \nAI-powered computing, such as Intel-powered laptops – or AI PC – is at the forefront of technological \nadvancement. But what, exactly, is an AI PC? They’re computers that have AI built into their processors \n– also known as the brain of the computer – which optimizes performance, enhances security and \nprovides a more personalized experience as they learn from your usage patterns. For consumers, this \nmeans faster, smarter and more secure computing tailored to your individual needs. \n\nSmart home automation \nSmart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a \nhome that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home \nsystems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to \nsecurity and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before. \n\nHealth and wellness \nThe health-care industry is seeing significant transformation. AI-driven health and wellness applications \ncan monitor vital signs, predict potential health issues, and even provide personalized fitness and \nnutrition plans. Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights, \nhelping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY**\n**AND COST STRUCTURE** **DRIVE FUTURE GROWTH**\n**OPPORTUNITIES**\n\nContinue to focus on cost-optimization \ninitiatives and organizational efficiency \nby improving service delivery; reducing \ncomplexity; focusing on fewer, more \nimpactful projects; managing expenses, \nand working closely with key suppliers. \nContinue to develop targeted new \ngrowth areas of our business, including \nmachine-to-machine communications, \nmobile commerce and video, sports, \nbusiness communications services, \nlocal and digital media services, \nand home automation. ", - "page_start": 7, - "page_end": 7, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As we look ahead, we see a bright future with excellent opportunities for \n\ngrowth and increased profitability – organically, via acquisition, and through \n\nour technology investments.*We are in exciting times, and we firmly believe*\n\n*our best days are ahead.*\n\nThank you for your ongoing investment and support of Applied. ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_AIT_2012.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\ntechnology ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the future to warrant research or that humans will be valuable from the perspective of a superintelligent \nmachine.[282] However, after 2016, the study of current and future risks and possible solutions became a \nserious area of research.[283] ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Some authors have suggested in practice, that the definition of AI is vague and difficult to define, with \ncontention as to whether classical algorithms should be categorised as AI,[367] with many companies \nduring the early 2020s AI boom using the term as a marketing buzzword, often even if they did \"not \nactually use AI in a material way\".[368] ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "U.S. Computer Science PhD graduates have specialized in \"AI\".[353] About 800,000 \"AI\"-related U.S. job \nopenings existed in 2022.[354] According to PitchBook research, 22% of newly funded startups in 2024 \nclaimed to be AI companies.[355] ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**2 0 0 0**\n\n*“In 2000 we took great pride in Euronet’s Fast 500*\n*ranking by Deloitte & Touche as the second fastest*\n*growing technology company in North America.”*", - "page_start": 3, - "page_end": 3, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_EEFT_2000.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news4.pdf", - "query": "I want to help my parents who are in residential care, are there any trendy AI-related devices I could help them with? ", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights, helping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 1 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "(NC) As we look ahead to 2025, artificial intelligence (AI) continues to revolutionize our lives. From \nenhancing our daily routines to transforming entire industries, AI’s impact is undeniable. \n\nThese five innovations are set to shape our future, offering unprecedented convenience, efficiency and \npersonalization. \n\nAI-powered computing \nAI-powered computing, such as Intel-powered laptops – or AI PC – is at the forefront of technological \nadvancement. But what, exactly, is an AI PC? They’re computers that have AI built into their processors \n– also known as the brain of the computer – which optimizes performance, enhances security and \nprovides a more personalized experience as they learn from your usage patterns. For consumers, this \nmeans faster, smarter and more secure computing tailored to your individual needs. \n\nSmart home automation \nSmart home automation has been around for a while, but AI is taking it to the next level. Imagine a \nhome that not only follows your commands, but also anticipates your needs. Enhanced smart home \nsystems can learn your daily routines and adjust settings accordingly, from lighting and temperature to \nsecurity and entertainment, making your home smarter and more responsive than ever before. \n\nHealth and wellness \nThe health-care industry is seeing significant transformation. AI-driven health and wellness applications \ncan monitor vital signs, predict potential health issues, and even provide personalized fitness and \nnutrition plans. Wearable devices equipped with this technology can offer real-time health insights, \nhelping individuals make informed decisions about their well-being. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nHOME \nAUTOMATION ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Financial services \nAI is also making waves in the financial sector, offering smarter and more secure ways to manage \nmoney. From AI-driven investment platforms that provide personalized financial advice to fraud \ndetection systems that protect against cyber threats, AI can analyze vast amounts of data to identify \ntrends and make more informed financial decisions. \n\nEnhanced education \nIn education, enhanced learning tools provide personalized learning experiences that adapt to each \nstudent’s strengths and weaknesses. This technology can offer real-time feedback, helping students \nimprove their skills more effectively. Additionally, AI can assist educators by automating administrative \ntasks and providing insights into student performance, allowing for more focused and effective \nteaching. \n\nLearn more at intel.com/aipc. \n\nwww.newscanada.com \n\nWord Count: 346 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Sexuality**\n\nApplications of AI in this domain include AI-enabled menstruation and fertility trackers that analyze user \ndata to offer prediction,[138] AI-integrated sex toys (e.g., teledildonics),[139] AI-generated sexual \neducation content,[140] and AI agents that simulate sexual and romantic partners (e.g., Replika).[141] AI is \nalso used for the production of non-consensual deepfake pornography, raising significant ethical and legal \nconcerns.[142] \n\nAI technologies have also been used to attempt to identify online gender-based violence and online \nsexual grooming of minors.[143][144] ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**AI welfare and rights**\n\nIt is difficult or impossible to reliably evaluate whether an advanced AI is sentient (has the ability to feel), \nand if so, to what degree.[388] But if there is a significant chance that a given machine can feel and suffer, \nthen it may be entitled to certain rights or welfare protection measures, similarly to animals.[389][390] \nSapience (a set of capacities related to high intelligence, such as discernment or self-awareness) may \nprovide another moral basis for AI rights.[389] Robot rights are also sometimes proposed as a practical \nway to integrate autonomous agents into society.[391] \n\nIn 2017, the European Union considered granting \"electronic personhood\" to some of the most capable AI \nsystems. Similarly to the legal status of companies, it would have conferred rights but also \nresponsibilities.[392] Critics argued in 2018 that granting rights to AI systems would downplay the \nimportance of human rights, and that legislation should focus on user needs rather than speculative \nfuturistic scenarios. They also noted that robots lacked the autonomy to take part to society on their \nown.[393][394] \n\nProgress in AI increased interest in the topic. Proponents of AI welfare and rights often argue that AI \nsentience, if it emerges, would be particularly easy to deny. They warn that this may be a moral blind spot \nanalogous to slavery or factory farming, which could lead to large-scale suffering if sentient AI is created \nand carelessly exploited.[390][389] ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Artificial intelligent (AI) agents are software entities designed to \nperceive their environment, make decisions, and take actions \nautonomously to achieve specific goals. These agents can interact \nwith users, their environment, or other agents. AI agents are used \nin various applications, including virtual assistants, chatbots, \nindustrial \nautonomous vehicles, game-playing systems, and \nrobotics. AI agents operate within the constraints of their \nprogramming, available computational resources, and hardware \nlimitations. This means they are restricted to performing tasks \nwithin their defined scope and have finite memory and processing \ncapabilities. In real-world applications, AI agents often face time \nconstraints for decision-making and action execution. Many AI \nagents incorporate learning algorithms, enabling them to improve \ntheir performance over time through experience or training. Using \nmachine learning, AI agents can adapt to new situations and \noptimise their behaviour for their designated tasks.[175][176][177] ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Health and medicine**\n\nThe application of AI in medicine and medical research has the potential to increase patient care and \nquality of life.[130] Through the lens of the Hippocratic Oath, medical professionals are ethically \ncompelled to use AI, if applications can more accurately diagnose and treat patients.[131][132] \n\nFor medical research, AI is an important tool for processing and integrating big data. This is particularly \nimportant for organoid and tissue engineering development which use microscopy imaging as a key \ntechnique in fabrication.[133] It has been suggested that AI can overcome discrepancies in funding \nallocated to different fields of research.[133] New AI tools can deepen the understanding of biomedically \nrelevant pathways. For example, AlphaFold 2 (2021) demonstrated the ability to approximate, in hours \nrather than months, the 3D structure of a protein.[134] In 2023, it was reported that AI-guided drug \ndiscovery helped find a class of antibiotics capable of killing two different types of drug-resistant \nbacteria.[135] In 2024, researchers used machine learning to accelerate the search for Parkinson's disease ", - "page_start": 8, - "page_end": 8, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Finance**\n\nFinance is one of the fastest growing sectors where applied AI tools are being deployed: from retail \nonline banking to investment advice and insurance, where automated \"robot advisers\" have been in use \nfor some years.[161] \n\nWorld Pensions experts like Nicolas Firzli insist it may be too early to see the emergence of highly \ninnovative AI-informed financial products and services: \"the deployment of AI tools will simply further \nautomatise things: destroying tens of thousands of jobs in banking, financial planning, and pension advice \nin the process, but I'm not sure it will unleash a new wave of [e.g., sophisticated] pension \ninnovation.\"[162] ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Generative AI**\n\nIn the early 2020s, generative AI gained widespread prominence. GenAI is AI capable of generating text, \nimages, videos, or other data using generative models,[168][169] often in response to prompts.[170][171] \n\nIn March 2023, 58% of U.S. adults had heard about ChatGPT and 14% had tried it.[172] The increasing \nrealism and ease-of-use of AI-based text-to-image generators such as Midjourney, DALL-E, and Stable \nDiffusion sparked a trend of viral AI-generated photos. Widespread attention was gained by a fake photo \nof Pope Francis wearing a white puffer coat, the fictional arrest of Donald Trump, and a hoax of an attack \non the Pentagon, as well as the usage in professional creative arts.[173][174] ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "news4.pdf", - "query": "Is the topic of finance trending among AI topics for 2015 in Canada?", - "target_page": 1, - "target_passage": "Financial services", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 2 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**The top AI-powered tech trends in 2025**\n\n", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Finance**\n\nFinance is one of the fastest growing sectors where applied AI tools are being deployed: from retail \nonline banking to investment advice and insurance, where automated \"robot advisers\" have been in use \nfor some years.[161] \n\nWorld Pensions experts like Nicolas Firzli insist it may be too early to see the emergence of highly \ninnovative AI-informed financial products and services: \"the deployment of AI tools will simply further \nautomatise things: destroying tens of thousands of jobs in banking, financial planning, and pension advice \nin the process, but I'm not sure it will unleash a new wave of [e.g., sophisticated] pension \ninnovation.\"[162] ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Financial services \nAI is also making waves in the financial sector, offering smarter and more secure ways to manage \nmoney. From AI-driven investment platforms that provide personalized financial advice to fraud \ndetection systems that protect against cyber threats, AI can analyze vast amounts of data to identify \ntrends and make more informed financial decisions. \n\nEnhanced education \nIn education, enhanced learning tools provide personalized learning experiences that adapt to each \nstudent’s strengths and weaknesses. This technology can offer real-time feedback, helping students \nimprove their skills more effectively. Additionally, AI can assist educators by automating administrative \ntasks and providing insights into student performance, allowing for more focused and effective \nteaching. \n\nLearn more at intel.com/aipc. \n\nwww.newscanada.com \n\nWord Count: 346 ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "news4.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Deep learning began to dominate industry benchmarks in 2012 and was adopted throughout the field.[11] \nFor many specific tasks, other methods were abandoned.[y] Deep learning's success was based on both \nhardware improvements (faster computers,[347] graphics processing units, cloud computing[348]) and \naccess to large amounts of data[349] (including curated datasets,[348] such as ImageNet). Deep learning's \nsuccess led to an enormous increase in interest and funding in AI.[z] The amount of machine learning \nresearch (measured by total publications) increased by 50% in the years 2015–2019.[306] \n\nIn 2016, issues of fairness and the misuse of technology were catapulted into center stage at machine \nlearning conferences, publications vastly increased, funding became available, and many researchers re- \nfocussed their careers on these issues. The alignment problem became a serious field of academic \nstudy.[283] \n\nIn the late teens and early 2020s, AGI companies began to deliver programs that created enormous \ninterest. In 2015, AlphaGo, developed by DeepMind, beat the world champion Go player. The program \ntaught only the game's rules and developed a strategy by itself. GPT-3 is a large language model that was \nreleased in 2020 by OpenAI and is capable of generating high-quality human-like text.[350] ChatGPT, \nlaunched on November 30, 2022, became the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, \ngaining over 100 million users in two months.[351] It marked what is widely regarded as AI's breakout \nyear, bringing it into the public consciousness.[352] These programs, and others, inspired an aggressive AI \nboom, where large companies began investing billions of dollars in AI research. According to AI Impacts, \nabout $50 billion annually was invested in \"AI\" around 2022 in the U.S. alone and about 20% of the new ", - "page_start": 22, - "page_end": 22, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956,[6] and the field went through \nmultiple cycles of optimism throughout its history,[7][8] followed by periods of disappointment and loss of \nfunding, known as AI winters.[9][10] Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning \noutperformed previous AI techniques.[11] This growth accelerated further after 2017 with the transformer \narchitecture,[12] and by the early 2020s many billions of dollars were being invested in AI and the field \nexperienced rapid ongoing progress in what has become known as the AI boom. The emergence of \nadvanced generative AI in the midst of the AI boom and its ability to create and modify content exposed \nseveral unintended consequences and harms in the present and raised concerns about the risks of AI and \nits long-term effects in the future, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety \nand benefits of the technology. ", - "page_start": 0, - "page_end": 0, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Some authors have suggested in practice, that the definition of AI is vague and difficult to define, with \ncontention as to whether classical algorithms should be categorised as AI,[367] with many companies \nduring the early 2020s AI boom using the term as a marketing buzzword, often even if they did \"not \nactually use AI in a material way\".[368] ", - "page_start": 24, - "page_end": 24, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "\n\nFINANCE ", - "page_start": 21, - "page_end": 21, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "the future to warrant research or that humans will be valuable from the perspective of a superintelligent \nmachine.[282] However, after 2016, the study of current and future risks and possible solutions became a \nserious area of research.[283] ", - "page_start": 19, - "page_end": 19, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "U.S. Computer Science PhD graduates have specialized in \"AI\".[353] About 800,000 \"AI\"-related U.S. job \nopenings existed in 2022.[354] According to PitchBook research, 22% of newly funded startups in 2024 \nclaimed to be AI companies.[355] ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Philosophy**\n\nPhilosophical debates have historically sought to determine the nature of intelligence and how to make \nintelligent machines.[356] Another major focus has been whether machines can be conscious, and the \nassociated ethical implications.[357] Many other topics in philosophy are relevant to AI, such as \nepistemology and free will.[358] Rapid advancements have intensified public discussions on the \nphilosophy and ethics of AI.[357] ", - "page_start": 23, - "page_end": 23, - "source_file": "wikipedia3.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf", - "query": "Is there any chance that my cousin has been granted financial aid from Chesapeak Energy? He's studying at a college in Oklahoma.", - "target_page": 26, - "target_passage": "hat’s why we gave $1.0 million to establish the Chesapeake Energy dormitory for students at the Oklahoma School for Science and Mathematics (OSSM", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": true, - "index": 4 - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "to selected students pursuing careers in finance, economics, accounting, \nmarketing, business administration, computer science and information \ntechnology. In addition, scholars will take part in a Chesapeake Presiden- \ntial Leadership Course facilitated by faculty members in coordination with \ndesignated Chesapeake leadership coaches, including a Chesapeake senior \nvice president and OCU alumni. \n\nvolunteer program in which employees roll up their sleeves in the com- \nmunities they call home. \n\nIn 2007 Chesapeake launched a scholarship program in Texas with an \ninitial $1.25 million contribution, challenging the cities of Fort Worth and Dal- \nlas to match its gift within a year. The cities responded and matched the gift, \nso Chesapeake in 2008 added another $1.25 million to the fund, bringing the \ntotal to $3.75 million. The Chesapeake Scholarship Fund currently funds the \ncost of higher education for 48 minority students. The fund provides each \nstudent $20,000 a year for up to four years at the school of their choice. To \ndate more than $1.0 million has been distributed to deserving local students. \nTo help ensure the training of qualified geologists, engineers, land- \nmen and energy lawyers in the next generation, we award scholarships \nto students pursuing energy-related degrees. We also help mentor them \nthrough Chesapeake’s Peak Program. Junior- and senior-level scholarship \nrecipients are paired with Chesapeake employee mentors who help devel- \nop students’ knowledge and provide career advice. There are currently 25 \nmentors and 40 scholarship recipients participating in the Peak Program. \n\nChesapeake partners with other companies and organizations to meet \nbasic, practical needs in hundreds of communities. An example is our ", - "page_start": 26, - "page_end": 26, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We also established the Chesapeake Energy Presidential Scholars Pro- \ngram at the Oklahoma City University Meinders School of Business, making \na $5.0 million commitment to be distributed over the next five years. The \nChesapeake Scholars Program will provide up to $25,000 per year in tuition \n**24%**", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "equates to one-third of \nthe goods that other- \nwise would have been \ndestined for Oklahoma \nIn \nCity-area \nWest Virginia, we helped \nfund \nconstruction of \nthe Morgantown Market \nPlace, a permanent site for the city’s farmers’ market, creating more busi- \nness opportunities for local farmers. \n\n*Equipping the next generation — West Virginia*\n*students hold their new laptops from*\n*Chesapeake as part of the company’s*\n*Discovering Tomorrow’s Leaders program.*\n\nlandfills. \n\nChesapeake also supports local chambers of commerce and city \ncouncils in all of its operating areas. In the Haynesville Shale last year, we \nawarded grants to the Shelby County, Sabine Parish and Coushatta-Red \nRiver chambers of commerce to help fund tourism, business communi- \ncations and chamber events. In Texas, we assisted more than 250 civic, \nprofessional and community service organizations throughout Johnson, \nTarrant and western Dallas counties, and sponsored memberships in \n35 local Texas chambers of commerce. By helping local chambers and \nbusinesses grow and thrive, we are creating stronger economies. \n\n**Economic Impact**\nWhile much of the U.S. is still struggling to recover from the economic re- \ncession, the positive impact of natural gas and oil operations has provided \na valuable economic recovery stimulus for states that are home to explora- \ntion and development activities. As the nation’s second-largest producer \nof natural gas, a Top 15 producer of liquids and most active driller of new \nwells, Chesapeake’s arrival in a new play stimulates economic activity, \naugments personal income through jobs and royalty payments, gen- \nerates substantial tax revenue and sustains communities throughout its \noperating areas. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Headquarters**\n6100 North Western Avenue \nOklahoma City, OK 73118 \n(405) 935-8000 \n\nof future events. They include estimates of nat- \nural gas and oil reserves, expected production, \nassumptions regarding future natural gas and \noil prices, planned drilling activity and capital \nexpenditures, and future asset sales, as well as \nstatements concerning anticipated cash flow and \nliquidity, business strategy and other plans and \nobjectives for future operations. Although we \nbelieve the expectations and forecasts reflected \nin these and other forward-looking statements \nare reasonable, we can give no assurance they \nwill prove to have been correct. They can be af- \nfected by inaccurate assumptions or by known \nor unknown risks and uncertainties. \n\n**Internet Address**\nCompany financial information, public disclo- \nsures and other information are available through \nChesapeake’s website at www.chk.com. \n\n**Common Stock**\nChesapeake Energy Corporation’s common stock \nis listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) \nunder the symbol CHK. As of March 31, 2011, there \nwere approximately 415,000 beneficial owners \nof our common stock. \n\nFactors that could cause actual results to differ \nmaterially from expected results are described \nunder “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of our 2010 Annual \nReport on Form 10-K included in this report. We \ncaution you not to place undue reliance on for- \nward-looking statements, and we undertake no \nobligation to update this information. We urge \nyou to carefully review and consider the disclo- \nsures made in this report and our other filings \nwith the Securities and Exchange Commission \n(SEC) regarding the risks and factors that may \naffect our business. ", - "page_start": 46, - "page_end": 46, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Educational Impact**\nWe are also proud to help prepare tomorrow’s leaders today. In 2010 \nChesapeake supported universities, schools, academic chairs, scholarships \nand other educational programs with contributions totaling $5.4 million. \n\nChesapeake also makes contributions that help improve lives and \neconomies in cities where we operate: $25 million in 2010 alone. For ex- \nample, this past year we donated $200,000 to establish the Chesapeake \nEnvironmental and Recycling Center at Goodwill Industries of Central \nOklahoma. The center will provide an additional 80 jobs to disabled Okla- \nhomans, as well as help Goodwill recycle 10 million pounds a year, which \n\nInvesting in programs that promote technology and innovation is a \nkey to our country’s success. That’s why we gave $1.0 million to establish \nthe Chesapeake Energy dormitory for students at the Oklahoma School for \nScience and Mathematics (OSSM), a public, tuition-free, residential high \nschool located in Oklahoma City for juniors and seniors with exceptional \nabilities. The extremely competitive school is helping train the next gen- \neration of scientists and mathematicians. \n\n**Chesapeake’s $25 million**\n**of charitable giving in 2010**\n\n**15%**\n\n**7%**\n**54%**", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "rewarding to our buyers, they have been truly outstanding for Chesapeake, \nproviding us an attractive source of capital, a reduction of risk, a quick \nrecovery of our leasehold investment in new plays and a much greater \nability to capture a large resource base with decades of highly profitable \ndrilling opportunities. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**ON THE COVER**\n*Moving west, a Chesapeake rig*\n*drills toward the Niobrara Shale*\n*in the Powder River Basin of*\n*southeastern Wyoming, one of*\n*several new liquids-rich plays*\n*that are enabling the company*\n*to increase its profitability and*\n*return on capital.*", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "“First Financial doesn’t seem like \na bank that’s owned by an out-of- \ntown company.” \n\n", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NASDAQ_FFIN_2002.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "*Developing great assets begins with*\n*great people, such as the hardworking*\n*crews of Nomac, Chesapeake’s wholly*\n*owned drilling subsidiary. Employees*\n*take pride in the critical roles they play*\n*in finding and delivering natural gas*\n*to their fellow Americans.*", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CORPORATE PROFILE**\n\nChesapeake Energy Corporation is the second-largest producer of \nnatural gas, a Top 15 producer of oil and natural gas liquids and \nthe most active driller of new wells in the U.S. \nHeadquartered in Oklahoma City, the company’s operations are focused on discovering and developing \n\nunconventional natural gas and oil fields onshore in the U.S. Chesapeake owns leading positions in \n\nthe Barnett, Haynesville, Bossier, Marcellus and Pearsall natural gas shale plays and in the Granite \n\nWash, Cleveland, Tonkawa, Mississippian, Bone Spring, Avalon, Wolfcamp, Wolfberry, Eagle Ford, \n\nNiobrara and Utica unconventional liquids-rich plays. \n\nThe company has also vertically integrated its oper- \n\nations and owns substantial midstream, compression, \n\ndrilling and oilfield service assets. Chesapeake’s stock \n\nis listed on the New York Stock Exchange under \n\nthe symbol CHK. Further information is available at \n\n**www.chk.com**where Chesapeake routinely posts \n\nannouncements, updates, events, investor informa- \n\ntion, presentations and press releases. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf", - "query": "Has the Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group offered help to the elderly?", - "target_page": 6, - "target_passage": "Currently, the proportion of people aged 65 or over in Japan has reached 23.4%*. SMFG will help create frameworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycleframeworks enabling the elderly to enjoy a vibrant lifestyle with peace of mind, through support for life-cycle planning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a soundplanning and other measures. The SMFG Group aims to create systems and a corporate culture that foster a sound balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives.balance between work and care needs, given that many group employees will later need to nurse ailing relatives", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "**Structure of Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group (as of September 30, 2011)**\n\nDaiwa SB Investments \nDaiwa SB Investments \n\n**SMFG SUMITOMO MITSUI FINANCIAL GROUP**\nSumitomo Mitsui Auto Service \nSumitomo Mitsui Auto Service ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report \n\n\n\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities \n\n**Together with Our Employees**\n\n**We are developing human resources that can take on global roles,**\n**and we are creating globalized working environments**", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "In November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui \nIn November 2010, the Sumitomo Mitsui \n\nFinancial Group listed on the New York \nFinancial Group listed on the New York \n\nStock Exchange. This move, we believe, not \nStock Exchange. This move, we believe, not \n\nonly significantly increases convenience for \nonly significantly increases convenience for \n\nour overseas shareholders and investors, \nour overseas shareholders and investors, \n\nbut also broadens our customer base as it \nbut also broadens our customer base as it \n\nfurther increases the transparency of our \nfurther increases the transparency of our \n\nfinancial position. Listing on the New York \nfinancial position. Listing on the New York \n\nStock Exchange as a socially responsible \nStock Exchange as a socially responsible \n\ncorporation accelerates our evolution into a \ncorporation accelerates our evolution into a \n\nglobal player. \nglobal player. ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As part of its core leasing operations, \nAs part of its core leasing operations, \n\nSumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is \nSumitomo Mitsui Finance & Leasing is \n\nhelping reduce customers’ environmental \nhelping reduce customers’ environmental ", - "page_start": 11, - "page_end": 11, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**For further details, please see our website.** Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group CSR Report \n\n**Keeping**\n**our shareholders**\n**informed**\n\nSpecific Examples of CSR Activities \n\n**Together with Our Shareholders**\n**and Markets**\n\nWebsite \n\nAnnual report \n\n**Contributing to the development of sounder financial markets**\n\nSRI Indexes on which SMFG is listed Examples of Group disclosure activities \n\nQuarterly and interim financial reports, \nQuarterly and interim financial reports, \n\nresults announcements, securities \nresults announcements, securities \n\nreports, legal disclosure statements, \nreports, legal disclosure statements, \n\nregular publications, etc. \nregular publications, etc. \n\nWe believe that the SMFG Group can contribute \nWe believe that the SMFG Group can contribute \nAnnual and interim reports (in Japanese \nAnnual and interim reports (in Japanese \nfurther to the creation of a sustainable society \nfurther to the creation of a sustainable society \nand English) \nand English) ", - "page_start": 9, - "page_end": 9, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "display \n this display \nSumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. \nanxious. I think everyone needs to hit the \nanxious. I think everyone needs to hit the of front-line commitment. \nof front-line commitment. \n\n‘reset’ button in some sense. If we don’t,t, \n‘reset’ button in some sense. If we don Moving forward on the reconstruction of \nMoving forward on the reconstruction of \n\nmore difficulties lie ahead. \nmore difficulties lie ahead. the Tohoku region, I believe we can also \nthe Tohoku region, I believe we can also The SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, \nThe SMFG Group has 62,000 employees, \n\n**Miyata**: Indeed, prior to 1970, living \n: Indeed, prior to 1970, living contribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure \ncontribute to the rebuilding of infrastructure “stepping up to the plate and working hard \n“stepping up to the plate and working hard \n\nstandards or wage levels were very low, \nstandards or wage levels were very low, t h r o u g h pr o je c t f i n a n c e a n d o t h e r \nt h r o u g h p r o j e c t f i n a n c e a n d o t h e r ", - "page_start": 2, - "page_end": 2, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**SMFG CSR promotion structure**\n\n**Group CSR Committee**\n\n**Chairman**: Director in charge of SMFG \nCorporate Planning Department \n**Committee members**: General Managers of SMFG, \nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, \nSMFG Card & Credit, Sumitomo Mitsui Card, \nCedyna, Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing, \nThe Japan Research Institute, \nSMBC Friend Securities, SMBC Nikko Securities, \nTHE MINATO BANK and \nKansai Urban Banking Corporation \n**Administered by**: Group CSR Department of SMFG \n**Strategic advisor**: \nJRI Center for the Strategy of Emergence \nB \na \nn \nk \nn \ng \nC \no \nr \np \no \nr \na \nt \ni \no \nn \n\nS \nu \nm \n\ni \nt \no \nm \no \nM \n\ni \n\nWe intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development \nWe intend to be a financial services group that contributes to the healthy development \nof society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a \nof society. For this purpose, we recognize the importance of our mission to serve as a \ncrucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such \ncrucial part of the public infrastructure and also our social responsibilities. With such \nrecognition, we under take business operations that contribute to the steady \nrecognition, we under take business operations that contribute to the steady \ndevelopment of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate \ndevelopment of Japan and the rest of the world, and endeavor, as a good corporate \ncitizen, to make a positive contribution to society. \ncitizen, to make a positive contribution to society. \n\ni \nt \ns \nu \n\n3.**Contributing to**\n\ni \n\n**CSR Liaison Committee**\n**Social Development**", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**China**\n**2**\n\n**Scholarships at major universities**\n\nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited \nSumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation (China) Limited \nestablished a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang \nestablished a scholarship program for students of Zhejiang \nUniversity, Shanghai Inter \nUniversity, Shanghai Inter- \nnational Studies University, \nnational Studies University, \nSun Yat-sen University, \nSun Yat-sen University, \nand other universities. \nand other universities. ", - "page_start": 14, - "page_end": 14, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Corporate Outline (as of September 30, 2011)** **Editorial Policy**\n\nCompany Name Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. This report has been created in an effort to convey to our stakeholders the variety of our initiatives and the roles the SMFG Group ：： \n\nBusiness Description Management of banking subsidiaries (under the stipulations of Japan’s Banking Act) and of \n： is fulfilling as we work to create a sustainable society. \n\nnon-bank subsidiaries, as well as the performance of ancillary functions \nWe have aimed to present the information clearly, so that readers may understand our attitude that the fulfillment of CSR is \n\nEstablished December 2, 2002 \n： \nthe essence of business itself, and our initiatives act upon this. \n\nHead Office 1-2, Marunouchi 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan \n： \nOur CSR Report 2011 (digest version), launched last fiscal year, is intended to present more concise reports of the Group’s \nChairman of the Board Masayuki Oku \n： \nCSR activities, with a focus on specific activities of interest. To complement this, we have also posted online our CSR Report \nPresident Koichi Miyata (Concurrent Director at Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation) \n： \n2011 (digest version, with examples of activities and statistical performance), with more detailed information on CSR \nCapital ¥2,337.8 billion \n： \nactivities and statistical data omitted in the CSR Report 2011 (digest version). \nStock Exchange Listings Tokyo Stock Exchange (First Section) \n： \nWe disclose the full range of our CSR activities as a Group on our website in the official-use version of our CSR Report (in \nOsaka Securities Exchange (First Section) \nJapanese only). It is recommended that you read it in combination with the above two digest versions in order to understand \nNagoya Stock Exchange (First Section) \nour CSR and other activities in greater detail. \nNote: American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange. \n\nFrom the current fiscal year, we are including third-party opinions in the website version. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Scope of this Report**\n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group, Inc. \n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation \n\n(cid:129) SMFG Card & Credit, Inc. \n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Card Company, Limited \n\n(cid:129) Cedyna Financial Corporation \n\n(cid:129) Sumitomo Mitsui Finance and Leasing Co., Ltd. \n\n(cid:129) The Japan Research Institute, Limited \n\n(cid:129) SMBC Friend Securities Co., Ltd. \n\n(cid:129) SMBC Nikko Securities Inc. \n\n(cid:129) THE MINATO BANK, LTD. \n\n(cid:129) Kansai Urban Banking Corporation \n\n(cid:129) Other Group companies \n\nCompany name abbreviations and other special terminology \n\nThroughout this report,**“Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group”**or**“SMFG”**refers to the holding company alone.**“The SMFG Group”**\n\nrefers to the holding company and its primary domestic and international subsidiaries and affiliates. ", - "page_start": 15, - "page_end": 15, - "source_file": "NYSE_SMFG_2011.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf", - "query": "Does Chesapeake Energy have a project to reduce excessive water use?", - "target_page": 28, - "target_passage": "Created to meet the challenge of reducing our water usage, Chesapeake’s Aqua Renew® program uses state-of-the-art technology to recycle pro- duced water.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "From state-of-the-art training facilities \n\nto extensive health and wellness programs, \n\nChesapeake provides employees with the skills \n\nthey need to succeed both in the field and at \n\nthe office while creating a well-rounded envi- \n\nronment for employees and their families. ", - "page_start": 28, - "page_end": 28, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "rewarding to our buyers, they have been truly outstanding for Chesapeake, \nproviding us an attractive source of capital, a reduction of risk, a quick \nrecovery of our leasehold investment in new plays and a much greater \nability to capture a large resource base with decades of highly profitable \ndrilling opportunities. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As we explore for and produce clean, affordable, abundant, American \nnatural gas, we provide an important solution to our nation’s energy \nchallenges and its quest for energy independence. With at least a 200- \nyear supply of natural gas located right here in the U.S., this versatile \nfuel can be used to not only heat homes, create electricity and meet \nAmerica’s transportation needs, but also to fuel the country’s future \nby creating jobs and stimulating local and national economies through \ninvestment and taxes. \n\nenergy development should be as small and temporary as possible. \nThese practices are continually evolving and further improving as \nChesapeake and the industry develop new innovative techniques and \napproaches to business. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Chesapeake’s sense of civic commitment provides a bountiful harvest of \nbenefits to cities large and small. We partner with groups and organizations \nacross all of our operating areas to improve the communities our employ- \nees, contractors, vendors, land and mineral owners call home. We believe \nthe success of our business depends on the strength, goodwill and vitality \nof those communities. Most importantly, we believe it is the responsibility \nof every successful business to share success with its neighbors. \n\nIn 2010 we gave more than $25 million to charitable organizations \nand projects across our operating areas, primarily focusing on community \ndevelopment, education, health and medical and social services. ", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The very significant upward \n\ntrajectory of value creation that \n\nChesapeake is on today is primarily \n\ndriven by the quality of our assets, \n\nwhich feature dominant positions \n\nin 16 of the 20 most important \n\nmajor unconventional natural gas \n\nand liquids plays in the U.S. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "10,000 other Chesapeake employees, that every day we are working \nhard to create shareholder value and a better future for our communi- \nties, our states and our country through the continued discovery and \ndevelopment of unconventional natural gas and liquids. \n\n*Advancing technology for cleaner operations: solar panels at a West Texas well power*\n*telemetry systems that provide pumpers with real-time information on oil and water*\n*tank levels to alarm them when levels near capacity, preventing tank spills.*\n\nThe good news, however, is that America can now secure a new \nenergy future thanks to Chesapeake and a handful of other leading U.S. \nE&P companies that have reinvented the process of finding natural gas \nand oil during the past five years. In doing so, we have discovered twice \nthe resources of natural gas in the U.S. that Saudi Arabia possesses in oil. \nFurthermore, these same few companies that led the unconventional \nnatural gas revolution have in just the past two years also reinvented \nthe way in which we can find large new oil resources onshore in the U.S. \nIn fact, I believe the U.S. can possibly increase its production of oil from \nthe current 5.8 million barrels per day by 30–50% during the next 5–10 \nyears, thereby potentially reaching the President’s 2025 goal of reducing \nforeign oil imports by 33%, 5–10 years earlier than hoped. \n\nBest regards, ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Educational Impact**\nWe are also proud to help prepare tomorrow’s leaders today. In 2010 \nChesapeake supported universities, schools, academic chairs, scholarships \nand other educational programs with contributions totaling $5.4 million. \n\nChesapeake also makes contributions that help improve lives and \neconomies in cities where we operate: $25 million in 2010 alone. For ex- \nample, this past year we donated $200,000 to establish the Chesapeake \nEnvironmental and Recycling Center at Goodwill Industries of Central \nOklahoma. The center will provide an additional 80 jobs to disabled Okla- \nhomans, as well as help Goodwill recycle 10 million pounds a year, which \n\nInvesting in programs that promote technology and innovation is a \nkey to our country’s success. That’s why we gave $1.0 million to establish \nthe Chesapeake Energy dormitory for students at the Oklahoma School for \nScience and Mathematics (OSSM), a public, tuition-free, residential high \nschool located in Oklahoma City for juniors and seniors with exceptional \nabilities. The extremely competitive school is helping train the next gen- \neration of scientists and mathematicians. \n\n**Chesapeake’s $25 million**\n**of charitable giving in 2010**\n\n**15%**\n\n**7%**\n**54%**", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Environmentally Friendly Operations**\nAt Chesapeake, we realize that the way a great product is produced is \nas important as the product itself. For example, we have helped pioneer \nthe use of multiwell padsites to drill up to 16 wells from a single loca- \ntion, greatly reducing our land and road use and overall environmental \nfootprint. We use the latest horizontal and directional drilling technology \nto place wells at a safe distance from homes, schools and businesses. In \naddition, we build and maintain access roads and work to eliminate soil \nerosion near our sites, as well as restore local vegetation. \n\nWe implement advanced, modern protective measures known as Best \nManagement Practices (BMPs) to help ensure energy development is con- \nducted in an environmentally responsible manner. Procedures are imple- \nmented throughout our operations to protect freshwater aquifers and \nreduce environmental impacts. BMPs protect wildlife, air quality, water and \nlandscapes as we work to develop vitally needed domestic energy sources. \nImplemented throughout the entire life cycle of a well, BMPs can be \nas simple as strategically placing a berm, or land barrier, on locations \nto control surface water runoff. Others involve cutting-edge operational \ntechnologies such as utilizing the most advanced techniques offered in \ndrilling fluids, well casing and cement design. Regardless of complex- \nity, all BMPs are based on the idea that the environmental footprint of ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "We also established the Chesapeake Energy Presidential Scholars Pro- \ngram at the Oklahoma City University Meinders School of Business, making \na $5.0 million commitment to be distributed over the next five years. The \nChesapeake Scholars Program will provide up to $25,000 per year in tuition \n**24%**", - "page_start": 25, - "page_end": 25, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "Chesapeake is the second-largest producer of U.S. natural gas and a Top 15 producer of U.S. oil and natural gas liquids. The company has \nbuilt a large resource base of high-quality U.S. assets in the Barnett, Haynesville, Bossier, Marcellus and Pearsall natural gas shale plays \nand in the Granite Wash, Cleveland, Tonkawa, Mississippian, Bone Spring, Avalon, Wolfcamp, Wolfberry, Eagle Ford, Niobrara and Utica \nunconventional liquids plays. In 2010 Chesapeake increased its focus on applying the geoscientific and horizontal drilling expertise \ngained from developing unconventional natural gas shale plays to unconventional liquids-rich plays. Our goal is to reach a balanced mix of \nnatural gas and liquids revenue as quickly as possible through organic drilling. We invested approximately $4.7 billion in 2010, net of \ndivestitures, primarily in liquids-rich acreage to provide the foundation for this shift toward more profitable plays. \n\nWe own interests in approximately 46,000 producing natural gas and oil wells, and in 2010 we produced approximately 1.035 trillion \ncubic feet of natural gas equivalent (tcfe) for an average of 2.8 billion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent (bcfe) per day. At year-end \n2010, our proved reserves were 17.1 trillion cubic feet of natural gas equivalent, of which 90% were natural gas and all were onshore in the \nU.S. We have also captured an inventory of up to 115,000 unrisked net future drilling opportunities — almost 50 years worth of drilling \nopportunities — on approximately 13.2 million net leasehold acres in the U.S. The following highlights Chesapeake’s ownership position \nin our key operating areas. ", - "page_start": 17, - "page_end": 17, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - } - ] - }, - { - "references": { - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf", - "query": "Has the CEO of Chesapeake Energy met with the US President about America's energy production?", - "target_page": 16, - "target_passage": "I am pleased to report that we have apparently finally convinced President Barack Obama and Congressional leadership to recognize that the energy path America is on today is completely unsustainable.", - "chunk_present": { - "presence": false, - "index": null - } - }, - "top_chunk": [ - { - "text": "\nA MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_RCI_2013.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "10,000 other Chesapeake employees, that every day we are working \nhard to create shareholder value and a better future for our communi- \nties, our states and our country through the continued discovery and \ndevelopment of unconventional natural gas and liquids. \n\n*Advancing technology for cleaner operations: solar panels at a West Texas well power*\n*telemetry systems that provide pumpers with real-time information on oil and water*\n*tank levels to alarm them when levels near capacity, preventing tank spills.*\n\nThe good news, however, is that America can now secure a new \nenergy future thanks to Chesapeake and a handful of other leading U.S. \nE&P companies that have reinvented the process of finding natural gas \nand oil during the past five years. In doing so, we have discovered twice \nthe resources of natural gas in the U.S. that Saudi Arabia possesses in oil. \nFurthermore, these same few companies that led the unconventional \nnatural gas revolution have in just the past two years also reinvented \nthe way in which we can find large new oil resources onshore in the U.S. \nIn fact, I believe the U.S. can possibly increase its production of oil from \nthe current 5.8 million barrels per day by 30–50% during the next 5–10 \nyears, thereby potentially reaching the President’s 2025 goal of reducing \nforeign oil imports by 33%, 5–10 years earlier than hoped. \n\nBest regards, ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "As we explore for and produce clean, affordable, abundant, American \nnatural gas, we provide an important solution to our nation’s energy \nchallenges and its quest for energy independence. With at least a 200- \nyear supply of natural gas located right here in the U.S., this versatile \nfuel can be used to not only heat homes, create electricity and meet \nAmerica’s transportation needs, but also to fuel the country’s future \nby creating jobs and stimulating local and national economies through \ninvestment and taxes. \n\nenergy development should be as small and temporary as possible. \nThese practices are continually evolving and further improving as \nChesapeake and the industry develop new innovative techniques and \napproaches to business. ", - "page_start": 27, - "page_end": 27, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The combination of these vast new discoveries of unconventional \nnatural gas and liquids provides America with a unique future path- \nway toward greater energy independence, an industrial renaissance, \neconomic rejuvenation and greater national security. I remain fully con- \nfident that the marketplace understands this and that over time the U.S. \nwill more fully embrace and utilize clean, affordable, abundant American \nnatural gas and increased domestic oil production as the best alterna- \ntives to burning environmentally challenged coal and expensive and \ndangerous foreign oil. \n\nThere is now a clear road ahead toward a more sustainable, afford- \nable, dynamic and independent future if America embraces the remark- \nable gift of energy abundance that Chesapeake has helped discover in \nthe U.S. You have my commitment, and the commitment of more than ", - "page_start": 16, - "page_end": 16, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "The very significant upward \n\ntrajectory of value creation that \n\nChesapeake is on today is primarily \n\ndriven by the quality of our assets, \n\nwhich feature dominant positions \n\nin 16 of the 20 most important \n\nmajor unconventional natural gas \n\nand liquids plays in the U.S. ", - "page_start": 10, - "page_end": 10, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "rewarding to our buyers, they have been truly outstanding for Chesapeake, \nproviding us an attractive source of capital, a reduction of risk, a quick \nrecovery of our leasehold investment in new plays and a much greater \nability to capture a large resource base with decades of highly profitable \ndrilling opportunities. ", - "page_start": 6, - "page_end": 6, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CORPORATE PROFILE**\n\nChesapeake Energy Corporation is the second-largest producer of \nnatural gas, a Top 15 producer of oil and natural gas liquids and \nthe most active driller of new wells in the U.S. \nHeadquartered in Oklahoma City, the company’s operations are focused on discovering and developing \n\nunconventional natural gas and oil fields onshore in the U.S. Chesapeake owns leading positions in \n\nthe Barnett, Haynesville, Bossier, Marcellus and Pearsall natural gas shale plays and in the Granite \n\nWash, Cleveland, Tonkawa, Mississippian, Bone Spring, Avalon, Wolfcamp, Wolfberry, Eagle Ford, \n\nNiobrara and Utica unconventional liquids-rich plays. \n\nThe company has also vertically integrated its oper- \n\nations and owns substantial midstream, compression, \n\ndrilling and oilfield service assets. Chesapeake’s stock \n\nis listed on the New York Stock Exchange under \n\nthe symbol CHK. Further information is available at \n\n**www.chk.com**where Chesapeake routinely posts \n\nannouncements, updates, events, investor informa- \n\ntion, presentations and press releases. ", - "page_start": 1, - "page_end": 1, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "2010 also marked a truly transformative year for our industry. We and \na handful of our peers enhanced our capabilities to find and produce sig- \nnificant new resources of oil and natural gas liquids (collectively, “liquids”) in \nunconventional formations. Chesapeake and these other companies combined \ncreativity, innovation and technology to reinvent the way that our industry \nexplores for and produces natural gas and liquids. \n\nFurthermore, 2010 was the year when global energy companies more \nfully recognized the importance of these developments and the tremendous \nopportunities that have emerged in the U.S. Through a wide variety of trans- \nactions, including several led by Chesapeake, the global energy industry made \nit clear that the assets owned by Chesapeake and some of its peers are the most \nattractive in the world. This realization has already increased the value of high- \nquality unconventional assets in the U.S. and, in time, should lead to higher \nstock prices for the leading U.S. onshore E&P companies, especially Chesapeake. Simply put, the global energy \nindustry is beating a path to our door, and we are welcoming it with open arms. \n\nBefore we move ahead, I want to emphasize that even though 2010 was a year of transition and achievement, \nour stock price was essentially unchanged. Nevertheless, it was still a very strong year for the company operation- \nally and financially. Here are the year’s highlights for your review: ", - "page_start": 5, - "page_end": 5, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**CEO, AARP Services, Inc.**\n\n\n\nthe ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_HIG_2001.pdf" - }, - { - "text": "**Recent Events and a Better Way Forward**\nYou may be aware that I have been outspoken in attempting to persuade \nour country’s political leadership to recognize that the discovery of vast \nresources of unconventional natural gas and oil in the U.S. is a complete \ngame changer for our country from an economic, national security and \nenvironmental perspective. After two years of my best efforts and the \nefforts of many others in the industry, most notably T. Boone Pickens, ", - "page_start": 13, - "page_end": 13, - "source_file": "NYSE_CHK_2010.pdf" - } - ] - } - ] -] \ No newline at end of file