diff --git "a/8a6f96ab-8ac1-4a1a-8c60-6dd7bfb89620.json" "b/8a6f96ab-8ac1-4a1a-8c60-6dd7bfb89620.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/8a6f96ab-8ac1-4a1a-8c60-6dd7bfb89620.json" @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +{ + "interaction_id": "8a6f96ab-8ac1-4a1a-8c60-6dd7bfb89620", + "search_results": [ + { + "page_name": "Director of the Joint Staff - Wikipedia", + "page_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_Joint_Staff", + "page_snippet": "The director assists the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in managing the Joint Staff and with the management and organization of the staff's members. The director also chairs meetings of the Operations Deputies, a subsidiary body comprising the director and a three-star delegate from each service ...The director assists the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in managing the Joint Staff and with the management and organization of the staff's members. The director also chairs meetings of the Operations Deputies, a subsidiary body comprising the director and a three-star delegate from each service who preview or resolve issues before they are escalated to the four-star level of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The position of director is considered one of the most desirable three-star positions in the United States military establishment, for the position has historically served as a stepping stone to a four-star position. As of January 2024, 38 of the 49 past directors and one past acting director, have been promoted to four-star rank. The director also chairs meetings of the Operations Deputies, a subsidiary body comprising the director and a three-star delegate from each service who preview or resolve issues before they are escalated to the four-star level of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The director of the Joint Staff is selected by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in consultation with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and subject to the approval of the secretary of defense. As with all three- and four-star positions, the director's appointment is subject to presidential nomination and Senate confirmation. As with all three- and four-star positions, the director's appointment is subject to presidential nomination and Senate confirmation. The position of director is considered one of the most desirable three-star positions in the United States military establishment, for the position has historically served as a stepping stone to a four-star position. The director of the Joint Staff (DJS) is a three-star officer who assists the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a cabinet of senior military officers within the United States Armed Forces who advise the secretary of defense and the president on military matters. The director assists the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in managing the Joint Staff and with the management and organization of the staff's members.", + "page_result": "\n\n\n\nDirector of the Joint Staff - Wikipedia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJump to content\n
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Director of the Joint Staff

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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US military three-star officer who assists the Joint Chiefs of Staff
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\n
Director of the Joint Staff
Seal of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Incumbent
LTG Douglas A. Sims II, USA
since 3 January 2024
Joint Staff
AbbreviationDJS
Reports toChairman
Vice Chairman
SeatThe Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
AppointerChairman
Constituting instrument10 U.S.C. \u00a7 155
Inaugural holderMG Alfred M. Gruenther, USA
Formation19 September 1949
DeputyVice Director
Websitewww.jcs.mil
\n

The director of the Joint Staff (DJS) is a three-star officer who assists the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a cabinet of senior military officers within the United States Armed Forces who advise the secretary of defense and the president on military matters. The director assists the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in managing the Joint Staff and with the management and organization of the staff's members. The director also chairs meetings of the Operations Deputies, a subsidiary body comprising the director and a three-star delegate from each service who preview or resolve issues before they are escalated to the four-star level of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[1]\n

The director of the Joint Staff is selected by the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in consultation with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and subject to the approval of the secretary of defense.[1] As with all three- and four-star positions, the director's appointment is subject to presidential nomination and Senate confirmation.\n

The position of director is considered one of the most desirable three-star positions in the United States military establishment, for the position has historically served as a stepping stone to a four-star position.[2] As of January 2024, 38 of the 49 past directors and one past acting director, have been promoted to four-star rank. Many of them have been promoted to four-star rank within a year of leaving the position.\n

The current director of the Joint Staff is Lieutenant General Douglas A. Sims II.\n

\n

List of Directors of the Joint Staff[edit]

\n

This is a complete list of the Directors of the Joint Staff.[3] An asterisk (*) indicates an acting Director.\n

Of the 41 Directors of the Joint Staff as of 2012[update], 30 have been promoted to four-star rank while on active duty, as has one acting Director; and a 31st former Director was promoted to that rank upon retirement. Moreover, 22 of the last 23 Directors have been promoted to four-star rank within a year of leaving the Joint Staff.\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.\nDirector\nTerm\nService branch\nNotes\n
Portrait\nName\nTook office\nLeft office\nTerm length\n
1
\n
\"Alfred
Major General
Alfred M. Gruenther		17 September 194719 September 19492 years, 2 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 1951.
2
\n
\"Arthur
Rear Admiral
Arthur C. Davis		20 September 19491 November 19512 years, 42 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral on retirement, 1955.
3
\n
\"Charles
Lieutenant General
Charles P. Cabell		2 November 195123 April 19531 year, 172 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1958.
4
\n
\"Frank
Lieutenant General
Frank F. Everest		24 April 195318 March 1954328 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1957.
5
\n
\"Lemuel
Lieutenant General
Lemuel Mathewson		19 March 195414 March 19561 year, 361 days
U.S. Army		Retired, 1958.
6
\n
\"Bernard
Vice Admiral
Bernard L. Austin		15 March 195631 March 19582 years, 16 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 1968.
7
\n
\"Oliver
Lieutenant General
Oliver S. Picher		1 April 195831 March 19601 year, 365 days
U.S. Air Force		Retired, 1960.
8
\n
\"Earle
Lieutenant General
Earle Wheeler		1 April 196024 February 19621 year, 329 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 1962.
9
\n
\"Herbert
Vice Admiral
Herbert D. Riley		25 February 196223 February 19641 year, 363 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 1964.
10
\n
\"David
Lieutenant General
David A. Burchinal		24 February 196431 July 19662 years, 157 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1966.
11
\n
\"Andrew
Lieutenant General
Andrew J. Goodpaster		1 August 196631 March 1967242 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 1968.
12
\n
\"Berton
Lieutenant General
Berton E. Spivy		1 April 196731 July 19681 year, 121 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 1968.
13
\n
\"Nels
Vice Admiral
Nels C. Johnson		1 August 196819 July 19701 year, 352 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 1970.
14
\n
\"John
Lieutenant General
John W. Vogt		20 July 19707 April 19721 year, 262 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1972.
\u2013
\n
\"Mason
Rear Admiral
Mason B. Freeman
Acting		8 April 197211 June 197264 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 1979.
15
\n
\"George
Lieutenant General
George M. Seignious II		12 June 197231 May 19741 year, 353 days
U.S. Army		Retired, 1974.
16
\n
\"Harry
Vice Admiral
Harry D. Train II		1 June 197430 June 19762 years, 29 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 1978.
17
\n
\"Ray
Lieutenant General
Ray B. Sitton		1 July 197630 June 1977364 days
U.S. Air Force		Retired, 1977.
18
\n
\"Patrick
Vice Admiral
Patrick J. Hannifin		1 July 197720 June 1978354 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 1978.
\u2013
\n
\"John
Major General
John A. Wickham Jr.
Acting		1 July 197821 August 197851 days
U.S. Army		Appointed as 19th director.
19
\n
\"John
Lieutenant General
John A. Wickham Jr.		22 August 197822 June 1979304 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 1979.
20
\n
\"C.
Vice Admiral
C. Thor Hanson		22 June 197930 June 19812 years, 8 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 1982.
21
\n
\"James
Lieutenant General
James E. Dalton		1 July 198130 June 19831 year, 364 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1983.
22
\n
\"Jack
Lieutenant General
Jack N. Merritt		1 July 198330 June 19851 year, 364 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 1985.
23
\n
\"Powell
Vice Admiral
Powell F. Carter Jr.		1 July 198514 August 19872 years, 44 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 1987.
24
\n
\"Robert
Lieutenant General
Robert W. RisCassi		15 August 198730 November 19881 year, 107 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 1988.
25
\n
\"Hansford
Lieutenant General
Hansford T. Johnson		1 December 198820 September 1989293 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1989.
\u2013
\n
\"Gene
Major General
Gene A. Deegan
Acting		21 September 198926 September 19895 days
U.S. Marine Corps		Retired, 1991.
26
\n
\"Michael
Lieutenant General
Michael P.C. Carns		27 September 198916 May 19911 year, 231 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1991.
27
\n
\"Henry
Lieutenant General
Henry Viccellio Jr.		17 May 19911 December 19921 year, 198 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1992.
28
\n
\"Richard
Vice Admiral
Richard C. Macke		1 December 199217 July 19941 year, 228 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 1994.
\u2013
\n
\"Charles
Major General
Charles T. Robertson Jr.
Acting		18 July 199424 July 19946 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1998.
29
\n
\"Walter
Lieutenant General
Walter Kross		25 July 199412 July 19961 year, 353 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 1996.
\u2013
\n
\"Carlton
Major General
Carlton W. Fulford Jr.
Acting		13 July 199613 September 199662 days
U.S. Marine Corps		Retired, 2002.
30
\n
\"Dennis
Vice Admiral
Dennis C. Blair		14 September 199612 December 19982 years, 89 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 1999.
31
\n
\"Vern
Vice Admiral
Vern Clark		13 December 199826 July 1999225 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 1999.
32
\n
\"Carlton
Lieutenant General
Carlton W. Fulford Jr.		27 July 199914 July 2000353 days
U.S. Marine Corps		Promoted to general, 2000.
33
\n
\"Scott
Vice Admiral
Scott Fry		15 July 200015 October 20011 year, 92 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 2003.
34
\n
\"John
Lieutenant General
John P. Abizaid		16 October 200123 January 20031 year, 99 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2003.
35
\n
\"George
Lieutenant General
George W. Casey Jr.		24 January 200315 October 2003287 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2003.
36
\n
\"Timothy
Vice Admiral
Timothy J. Keating		16 October 200320 October 20041 year, 4 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 2004.
37
\n
\"Norton
Lieutenant General
Norton A. Schwartz		21 October 200429 August 2005312 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 2005.
38
\n
\"Walter
Lieutenant General
Walter L. Sharp		30 August 200522 June 20082 years, 326 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2008.
\u2013
\n
\"Stephen
Major General
Stephen M. Goldfein
Acting		23 June 200810 August 200848 days
U.S. Air Force		Brother of the 43rd director, David L. Goldfein.
39
\n
\"Stanley
Lieutenant General
Stanley A. McChrystal		11 August 200811 June 2009304 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2009.
-
\n
\"Bruce
Rear Admiral
Bruce E. Grooms
Acting		12 June 20098 August 200957 days
U.S. Navy		Retired, 2015.
40
\n
\"Lloyd
Lieutenant General
Lloyd Austin		9 August 200913 July 2010338 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2010.
41
\n
\"William
Vice Admiral
William E. Gortney		14 July 20108 August 20122 years, 25 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 2012.
42
\n
\"Curtis
Lieutenant General
Curtis M. Scaparrotti		9 August 201211 August 20131 year, 2 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2013.
43
\n
\"David
Lieutenant General
David L. Goldfein		12 August 201331 July 20151 year, 353 days
U.S. Air Force		Brother of acting director, Stephen M. Goldfein.
Promoted to general, 2015.
44
\n
\"William
Lieutenant General
William C. Mayville Jr.		1 August 201530 July 20171 year, 363 days
U.S. Army		Retired, 2018.
45
\n
\"Kenneth
Lieutenant General
Kenneth F. McKenzie Jr.		31 July 201728 February 20191 year, 212 days
U.S. Marine Corps		Promoted to general, 2019.
46
\n
\"Michael
Vice Admiral
Michael M. Gilday		1 March 201917 July 2019138 days
U.S. Navy		Promoted to admiral, 2019.
\u2013
\n
\"Glen
Major General
Glen D. VanHerck
Acting		18 July 201926 September 201970 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to director.
47
\n
\"Glen
Lieutenant General
Glen D. VanHerck		27 September 20193 August 2020311 days
U.S. Air Force		Promoted to general, 2020.
\u2013
\n
\"William
Rear Admiral
William D. Byrne Jr.
Acting		3 August 202030 September 202058 days
U.S. Navy		Vice director of the Joint Staff from September 2019 to May 2021.
48
\n
\"Andrew
Lieutenant General
Andrew P. Poppas		1 October 20202 June 20221 year, 244 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2022.
49
\n
\"James
Lieutenant General
James J. Mingus		2 June 20223 January 20241 year, 215 days
U.S. Army		Promoted to general, 2024.
50
\n
\"Douglas
Lieutenant General
Douglas A. Sims II		3 January 2024Incumbent68 days
U.S. Army		Served as Director for Operations (J3), the Joint Staff.
\n

See also[edit]

\n\n

References[edit]

\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ a b Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. \"Director Responsibility Statement\". Joint Chiefs of Staff. Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ Woodward, Bob (2006). State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III. Simon and Schuster. pp. 22, 40. ISBN 978-0-7432-7223-0. scott fry joint staff.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ Historical Office (2004), Department of Defense Key Officials, 1947\u20132004, Office of the Secretary of Defense, p. 61\n
    4. \n
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Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_Joint_Staff&oldid=1211394611\"
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\n\n\n\n", + "page_last_modified": " Mon, 11 Mar 2024 14:09:18 GMT" + }, + { + "page_name": "These incredible film directors also served in the military", + "page_url": "https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-movies/film-directors-that-served-in-the-military/", + "page_snippet": "There are many directors that have impacted modern cinema that served their country in a time of need and/or as a patriotic duty.He scored more hits with Hope and Glory, The General and Queen and Country, which came out in 2014 and Boorman would have been 81 years old at the time. He appears to still have \"it\" as Queen and Country has been praised by critics and audiences alike. ... Yes, there are many directors who have impacted modern cinema who also served their country in a time of need\u2026 More John Boorman is a British director who has made some of the best classics in American cinema, which includes Deliverance, Hell in the Pacific and Point Blank. His later films include Excalibur, Hope and Glory, Queen and Country, The General and The Emerald Forest. Boorman served in the British Army during the Korean War, however he did not see action. Post his service he took up different jobs such as a journalist and dry cleaner. Yes, there are many directors who have impacted modern cinema who also served their country in a time of need and/or as a patriotic duty. These include the following screen craft masters, some of which may be a surprise to you. Gregory Peck and Joseph Sargent on the set of MacArthur. Photo courtesy of rottentomatoes.com. Joseph Sargent's career as a director spanned from the early 1950s to the late 2000s and he won four Emmys during the course of his career. Joseph Sargent's career as a director spanned from the early 1950s to the late 2000s and he won four Emmys during the course of his career. Before getting into Hollywood, Sargent served in the U.S. Army during World War II and fought in the Battle of the Bulge.", + "page_result": "A fresh list of film directors that served in the military
\"\"

1.4M

104K

10.6K

These incredible film directors also served in the military

\"Joel
ByJoel Searls
Nov 21, 2022 9:22 AM PST
6 minute read
\"film

SUMMARY

Yes, there are many directors who have impacted modern cinema who also served their country in a time of need\u2026\n

Yes, there are many directors who have impacted modern cinema who also served their country in a time of need and/or as a patriotic duty. These include the following screen craft masters, some of which may be a surprise to you.

Here is a fresh list of film directors who served in the military:

1. Joseph Sargent

Gregory Peck and Joseph Sargent on the set of MacArthur. Photo courtesy of rottentomatoes.com.

Joseph Sargent's career as a director spanned from the early 1950s to the late 2000s and he won four Emmys during the course of his career. Before getting into Hollywood, Sargent served in the U.S. Army during World War II and fought in the Battle of the Bulge. He worked with some top talent including Gregory Peck, Burt Reynolds, Sidney Poitier, Alfre Woodward, Laurence Fishburne, Laura Dern, Michael Caine, Eva Marie Saint, Kathy Bates, Danny Glover, Sally Field, Kenneth Branaugh, Kirstie Alley, Andy Garcia, James Earl Jones, Leonard Nimoy, James Garner, Claudia Cardinale, Ned Beatty, Robert Shaw and Walter Matthau. He is most known for his projects White Lightning, MacArthur, The Taking of Pelham One Two Three and Nightmare. His work on Macarthur with Gregory Peck is his work he's most known for and post his time directing cinema fare he turned to TV with such projects as Something the Lord Made, Out of the Ashes and Warm Springs.

2. Robert Altman

Robert Altman on set. Photo courtesy of theguardian.com.

Robert Altman made his mark on the film industry in many ways, especially during the era of New Hollywood. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director five times in his career. Upon his graduation from the Wentworth Military Academy at 18, he joined U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II. He flew 50 plus bombing missions in a B-24 Liberator as a co-pilot in Borneo and the Dutch East Indies. His unit was the 307th Bomb Group. When he was discharged he moved to California and sold his first script, Bodyguard, to RKO in 1948 which was eventually made into a feature film of the same name. He then attempted to start a career as a writer without much success and then became a writer and director for industrial films. Altman then moved into TV and directing. TV shows he directed include Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Bonanza, Combat!, Maverick, Peter Gunn and Route 66. He flowed right into film directing with Countdown, which starred Robet Duvall and James Caan. His first big hit for the silver screen was M*A*S*H which starred Elliott Gould and Donald Sutherland and it won the Palme d'Or and was nominated for five Academy Awards.

Altman then tried his hand at a western film with McCabe & Mrs. Miller and neo-noir Raymand Chandler novel-based film, The Long Goodbye. He struck gold again with Nashville, which was nominated for five Academy Awards and won for Best Original Song which was sang by Keith Carradine. His career through the later 70s and 80s involved less mainstream hits and more independent features. In 1988, he created Tanner 88, which is a mockumentary about presidential campaign, which became popular and spawned a sequel 16 years later with Tanner on Tanner. Altman made a comeback with The Player in 1992 which satires the life of a Hollywood executive and it features many notable cameos from Julia Roberts and Bruce Willis as themselves. It was nominated for three Academy Awards and Altman won the Best Director award for the film at the Cannes Film Festival. His last big hit was the murder mystery Gosford Park, which one an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay.

3. David Ayer

David Ayer with Margot Robbie on the set of Suicide Squad. Photo courtesy of ew.com.

David Ayer has made a name for himself first as a screenwriter on such projects as Training Day, The Fast and the Furious and S.W.A.T., which led to him directing films such as End of Watch, Suicide Squad, Fury and Bright. He grew up in Minnesota and Maryland when a falling out with his parents led to him moving to Los Angeles with the city becoming a setting in many of his films. He painted houses after dropping out of high school and then he joined the Navy in 1986.

Ayer's specialty was as a submarine sonar technician (STS) and he served on the USS Haddo, which inspired his writing of his screenplay for U-571. Throughout his career he was worked with top talent such as Margot Robbie, Christian Bale, Forrest Whitaker, Will Smith, Keanu Reeves, Viola Davis, Jake Gyllenhaal, Olivia Williams, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Noomi Rapace, Jard Leto, Sam Worthington and Joel Edgerton. Ayer continues in the industry and runs his own company, called Cedar Park Entertainment.

4. Richard Brooks

Burt Lancaster, Richard Brooks and Shirley Jones in Elmer Gantry. Photo courtesy of imdb.com.

Richard Brooks became known first in Hollywood for his excellent screenplays, however he began writing in the theater with plays. He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1940s and found little success as a writer, so he did the next best thing, and in 1943 he joined the Marine Corps! He served in the Corps during World War II in Quantico and at Camp Pendleton for the Marine Corps film unit. He learned a lot while with the Marines to include filmmaking with a focus on writing and editing doumentaries. He wrote a novel during this period, The Brick Foxhole, which was adapted to the screen with Crossfire, which starred Robert Mithcum and Robert Ryan. Through his fledgling writing career Brooks developed a relationship with Humphrey Bogart and wrote the screenplay for Key Largo, which was directed by the great John Huston. He then transitioned to directing in the 1950s with hits such as Blackboard Jungle, which helped open the door for a young Sidney Poitier, who has a role in the film.

Another seminal movie he directed in the 50s was Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Paul Newman and Elizabeth Taylor. His upward rise continued with films such as Elmer Gantry, Sweet Bird of Youth and The Professionals. Brooks's out of the box success in the 1960s was based on Truman Capote's In Cold Blood novel, which was turned into a film of the same name. The movie was done in a documentary style and changed the types of films being made in the industry to a mature style. Brooks was then set to direct First Blood in 1972 which would star Lee Marvin or Burt Lancaster as Sheriff Will Teasle and a surprise choice of Bette Davis as a psychiatrist. It would have been a much different film than the one completed a decade later directed by Ted Kotcheff with Sly Stallone, Brian Dennehy and Richard Crenna. Once First Blood was a no go he turned his focus to a western, Bite the Bullit, which starred Gene Hackman, Candice Bergen and James Coburn. Two of his more notable films at the end of his career are Looking for Mr. Goodbar which stars Diane Keaton and Wrong is Right with Sean Connery. Brooks has an eclectic style and well developed characters in his films.

5. John Boorman

John Boorman (center) on the set of Deliverance with Burt Reynolds (right) and Jon Voight (back turned to the camera). Photo courtesy of worthpoint.com.

John Boorman is a British director who has made some of the best classics in American cinema, which includes Deliverance, Hell in the Pacific and Point Blank. His later films include Excalibur, Hope and Glory, Queen and Country, The General and The Emerald Forest. Boorman served in the British Army during the Korean War, however he did not see action. Post his service he took up different jobs such as a journalist and dry cleaner. He then made his way to TV and completed docuemntaries for the small screen. His first break came with the opportunity to direct Catch Us if You Can about the pop band the Dave Clark Five, who were rivals of The Beatles. Boorman then directed Lee Marvin and Angie Dickinson in Point Blank. He again worked with Marvin and with Toshiro Mifune for the World War II film Hell in the Pacific, which is about an American pilot and a Japaense Captain who are both stranded on an island in the Pacific.

Interestingly enough, both actors served during World War II; Marvin in the U.S. Marines and Mifune in the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service. Boorman's work on his 1972 film Deliverance garnered him the most attention and praise in his career, especially with the performances of the ensemble cast with Burt Reynolds, Jon Voight, Ned Beatty and Ronny Cox. The film was a box office hit and earned three Oscar nominations and another five Golden Globe nominations. Boorman was close friends with acclaimed director David Lean as well. His film Excalibur which came out in 1981 starred many great actors such as Helen Mirren, Liam Neeson, Patrick Stewart and Nigel Terry. He scored more hits with Hope and Glory, The General and Queen and Country, which came out in 2014 and Boorman would have been 81 years old at the time. He appears to still have \"it\" as Queen and Country has been praised by critics and audiences alike.

\"\"/

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", + "page_last_modified": "" + }, + { + "page_name": "Director of the Central Intelligence Agency - Wikipedia", + "page_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency", + "page_snippet": "Before April 21, 2005, the director of Central Intelligence (DCI) headed both the Intelligence Community and the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition, DCI served as an advisor to the president of the United States on intelligence matters and was the statutory intelligence advisor to the ...Before April 21, 2005, the director of Central Intelligence (DCI) headed both the Intelligence Community and the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition, DCI served as an advisor to the president of the United States on intelligence matters and was the statutory intelligence advisor to the National Security Council (NSC). On April 21, 2005, the director of national intelligence (DNI) took on the roles of head of the Intelligence Community and principal intelligence advisor to the president and the NSC. On April 21, 2005, the director of national intelligence (DNI) took on the roles of head of the Intelligence Community and principal intelligence advisor to the president and the NSC. The post of DCI was established in 1946 by President Harry S. Truman; it thus predates the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (created by the National Security Act of 1947). After the end of World War II, the Office of Strategic Services was dismantled. The director reports to the director of national intelligence (DNI) and is assisted by the deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DD/CIA). The director is a civilian or a general or flag officer of the United States Armed Forces nominated by the president of the United States, with the recommendation from the DNI, and must be confirmed by a majority vote of the United States Senate. Before April 21, 2005, the director of Central Intelligence (DCI) headed both the Intelligence Community and the Central Intelligence Agency. The order of succession determines which official shall act and perform the functions and duties of the director in the event the director dies, resigns, or otherwise becomes unable to perform their duties. The official will serve as Acting Director. The official will serve as Acting Director. If the official is already serving in an acting capacity, or otherwise not eligible under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, the order skips to the next person in line. However, the president of the United States retains discretion to depart from the list in designating an acting director.", + "page_result": "\n\n\n\nDirector of the Central Intelligence Agency - Wikipedia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJump to content\n
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Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

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Head of the Central Intelligence Agency
\n
Not to be confused with Director of Central Intelligence.
\n

\n

\n
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency
Flag of the Central Intelligence Agency
Incumbent
William J. Burns
since March 19, 2021
Central Intelligence Agency
AbbreviationD/CIA
Reports toDirector of National Intelligence (DNI)
SeatGeorge Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Fairfax County, Virginia
AppointerPresident
with Senate advice and consent
Term lengthNo fixed term
Constituting instrument50 U.S.C. \u00a7 3036
PrecursorDirector of Central Intelligence
FormationDecember 17, 2004
First holderPorter J. Goss
DeputyDeputy Director
Salary$203,700 Executive Schedule, Level II[1]
Websitewww.cia.gov
\n

The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) is a statutory office (50 U.S.C. \u00a7 3036) that functions as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which in turn is a part of the United States Intelligence Community.\n

The director reports to the director of national intelligence (DNI) and is assisted by the deputy director of the Central Intelligence Agency (DD/CIA). The director is a civilian or a general or flag officer of the United States Armed Forces[2] nominated by the president of the United States, with the recommendation from the DNI,[3] and must be confirmed by a majority vote of the United States Senate.[4]\n

\n\n

History[edit]

\n
Further information: Director of National Intelligence
\n

Before April 21, 2005, the director of Central Intelligence (DCI) headed both the Intelligence Community and the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition, DCI served as an advisor to the president of the United States on intelligence matters and was the statutory intelligence advisor to the National Security Council (NSC). On April 21, 2005, the director of national intelligence (DNI) took on the roles of head of the Intelligence Community and principal intelligence advisor to the president and the NSC.\n

The post of DCI was established in 1946 by President Harry S. Truman;[5] it thus predates the establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (created by the National Security Act of 1947). After the end of World War II, the Office of Strategic Services was dismantled. Its functions were split between the departments of state and war (now defense).[6] President Truman soon recognized the inefficiency of this arrangement and created the Central Intelligence Group,[7] which could be considered a smaller precursor to the National Security Council.[8] The following year the National Security Act of 1947 created the Central Intelligence Agency and National Security Council, while formally defining the duties of the director of Central Intelligence. The duties of the DCI had been further defined over the years by tradition, congressional acts, and Executive Orders.\n

Beginning in February 2017, the D/CIA was elevated to Cabinet of the United States level status, as designated by the Trump administration. This ended with the beginning of the Biden administration.[9] In July 2023, the D/CIA was once again elevated to Cabinet of the United States level status by the Biden administration.[10] \n

\n

Order of succession[edit]

\n

The order of succession determines which official shall act and perform the functions and duties of the director in the event the director dies, resigns, or otherwise becomes unable to perform their duties. The official will serve as Acting Director.\n

If the official is already serving in an acting capacity, or otherwise not eligible under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, the order skips to the next person in line. However, the president of the United States retains discretion to depart from the list in designating an acting director.[11]\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.\nTitle\n
1
\n		Deputy Director\n
2
\n		Chief Operating Officer\n
3
\n		Deputy Director of CIA for Operations\n
4
\n		Deputy Director of CIA for Analysis\n
5
\n		Deputy Director of CIA for Science and Technology\n
6
\n		Deputy Director of CIA for Digital Innovation\n
7
\n		Deputy Director of CIA for Support\n
8
\n		General Counsel\n
9
\n		Deputy Chief Operating Officer\n
10
\n		Senior CIA Representative for the United Kingdom\n
11
\n		Senior CIA Representative for the East Coast\n
12
\n		Senior CIA Representative for the West Coast\n
\n

List of directors[edit]

\n

Position succeeded the Director of Central Intelligence.\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.\nImage\nName\nStart\nEnd\nPresident(s)\n
1\n\nPorter Goss[12]\nApril 21, 2005\nMay 5, 2006\n\nGeorge W. Bush
(2001\u20132009)\n
2\n\nMichael Hayden[13]\nMay 30, 2006\nFebruary 12, 2009\n
\nBarack Obama
(2009\u20132017)\n
3\n\nLeon Panetta[14]\nFebruary 13, 2009\nJune 30, 2011\n
\u2013\n\nMichael Morell
Acting\n		July 1, 2011\nSeptember 6, 2011\n
4\n\nDavid Petraeus[15]\nSeptember 6, 2011\nNovember 9, 2012\n
\u2013\n\nMichael Morell
Acting\n		November 9, 2012\nMarch 8, 2013\n
5\n\nJohn Brennan[16]\nMarch 8, 2013\nJanuary 20, 2017\n
\u2013\n\nMeroe Park
Acting\n		January 20, 2017\nJanuary 23, 2017\n\nDonald Trump
(2017\u20132021)\n
6\n\nMike Pompeo[17]\nJanuary 23, 2017\nApril 26, 2018\n
7\n\nGina Haspel\nApril 26, 2018
Acting: April 26, 2018 \u2013 May 21, 2018\n		January 20, 2021\n
\u2013\n\nDavid Cohen
Acting\n		January 20, 2021\nMarch 19, 2021\n\nJoe Biden
(2021\u2013present)\n
8\n\nBill Burns\nMarch 19, 2021\nIncumbent\n
\n

See also[edit]

\n\n\n

References[edit]

\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 5313\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ 10 U.S.C. \u00a7 528 Officers serving in certain intelligence positions: military status; exclusion from distribution and strength limitations; pay and allowances\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ 50 U.S.C. \u00a7 403-6 Appointment of officials responsible for intelligence-related activities\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ 50 U.S.C. \u00a7 3036 Director of the Central Intelligence Agency\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ \"A Look Back \u2026 The National Security Act of 1947 \u2014 Central Intelligence Agency\". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on May 8, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ \"Office of Strategic Services facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Office of Strategic Services\". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ \"The Organizational Arrangements for the Intelligence Community\". www.gpo.gov. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ \"Truman signs the National Security Act - Jul 26, 1947 - HISTORY.com\". HISTORY.com. Retrieved February 6, 2017.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ \"The Cabinet\". www.whitehouse.gov. Retrieved February 3, 2021.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ Shear, Michael D. (July 21, 2023). \"Biden Elevates CIA Director To Become a Member of the Cabinet\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2023.\n
    11. \n
  11. ^ \"Memorandum on Providing an Order of Succession Within the Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 The White House\". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov.\n
    12. \n
  12. ^ \"Porter Johnston Goss\". Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 Library. Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2017.\n
    13. \n
  13. ^ \"Michael Vincent Hayden\". Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 Library. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2017.\n
    14. \n
  14. ^ \"Leon Edward Panetta\". Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 Library. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2017.\n
    15. \n
  15. ^ \"David Howell Petraeus\". Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 Library. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2017.\n
    16. \n
  16. ^ \"John O. Brennan\". Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 Leadership. Archived from the original on July 22, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2017.\n
    17. \n
  17. ^ \"Mike Pompeo\". Central Intelligence Agency \u2013 Leadership. Archived from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2017.\n
    18. \n
\n
Central Intelligence
\"\"
Central Intelligence Agency
\n\n\n\n\n
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Retrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency&oldid=1203174666\"
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\n\n\n\n", + "page_last_modified": " Tue, 19 Mar 2024 22:21:12 GMT" + }, + { + "page_name": "Director of the United States Secret Service - Wikipedia", + "page_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_the_United_States_Secret_Service", + "page_snippet": "On March 4, 2017, Director Joseph Clancy retired, leaving the position vacant until a replacement was nominated by President Donald Trump. Meanwhile, William J. Callahan served as acting director of the United States Secret Service from March 4, 2017, to April 25, 2017.On March 4, 2017, Director Joseph Clancy retired, leaving the position vacant until a replacement was nominated by President Donald Trump. Meanwhile, William J. Callahan served as acting director of the United States Secret Service from March 4, 2017, to April 25, 2017. Randolph Alles, former acting deputy commissioner of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, was appointed director by Trump. The director reports to the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Management, and operates with the general directions thereof. Prior to March 1, 2003, the Secret Service was a part of the United States Department of the Treasury. President Abraham Lincoln signed legislation creating the Secret Service on April 14, 1865, the day of his assassination. After being appointed by President Andrew Johnson, William P. Wood was sworn in as the first chief of the Secret Service on July 5, 1865, by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. When the Secret Service was established, its head was called the chief of the Secret Service. In 1965, the title was changed to the director of the Secret Service, four years into the term of James Joseph Rowley (1961\u20131973). The director is appointed by, and serves at the pleasure of the president of the United States, and is not subject to Senate confirmation. The director reports to the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Management, and operates with the general directions thereof. Prior to March 1, 2003, the Secret Service was a part of the United States Department of the Treasury. On March 27, 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Julia Pierson to be the twenty-third director of the Secret Service. She became the first female director of the agency. On October 1, 2014, the Secret Service leadership changed to Director Joseph Clancy, a retired agent who formerly led the Presidential Protective Division.", + "page_result": "\n\n\n\nDirector of the United States Secret Service - Wikipedia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJump to content\n
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Director of the United States Secret Service

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\n\n

\n
Director of the
United States Secret Service
Seal of the Secret Service
Flag of the Secret Service
Incumbent
Kimberly Cheatle
since September 17, 2022
United States Secret Service
Reports toUnder Secretary of Homeland Security for Management
SeatWashington, D.C.
AppointerPresident of the United States
Term lengthNo fixed term
FormationJuly 5, 1865
First holderWilliam P. Wood (as chief)
DeputyRonald L. Rowe Jr
Websitewww.secretservice.gov
\n

The director of the United States Secret Service is the head of the United States Secret Service, and responsible for the day-to-day operations.\n

The Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency that is part of the United States Department of Homeland Security.[1][2] The service is mandated by Congress to carry out a unique dual mission: safeguarding the financial and critical infrastructure of the United States, and protecting the nation's leaders.[3][4][1]\n

The director is appointed by, and serves at the pleasure of the president of the United States, and is not subject to Senate confirmation.[5] The director reports to the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Management, and operates with the general directions thereof. Prior to March 1, 2003, the Secret Service was a part of the United States Department of the Treasury.[2][6]\n

\n\n

History[edit]

\n

President Abraham Lincoln signed legislation creating the Secret Service on April 14, 1865, the day of his assassination.[7] It was commissioned on July 5, 1865, in Washington, D.C., as the \"Secret Service Division\" of the Department of the Treasury.[8] After being appointed by President Andrew Johnson, William P. Wood was sworn in as the first chief of the Secret Service on July 5, 1865, by Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch.[9]\n

When the Secret Service was established, its head was called the chief of the Secret Service. In 1965, the title was changed to the director of the Secret Service, four years into the term of James Joseph Rowley (1961\u20131973).[9] The longest serving head of the Secret Service was William H. Moran, who served under five presidents from 1917 to 1936.\n

On March 27, 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Julia Pierson to be the twenty-third director of the Secret Service.[10] She became the first female director of the agency.[11] On October 1, 2014, the Secret Service leadership changed to Director Joseph Clancy, a retired agent who formerly led the Presidential Protective Division. On March 4, 2017, Director Joseph Clancy retired, leaving the position vacant until a replacement was nominated by President Donald Trump.[12] Meanwhile, William J. Callahan served as acting director of the United States Secret Service from March 4, 2017, to April 25, 2017. Randolph Alles, former acting deputy commissioner of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, was appointed director by Trump.[13]\n

\n

List of chiefs and directors[edit]

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
No.\nPicture\nNameTook officeLeft officeTime in officePresident appointed by\n
1
\n
\"William
Wood, WilliamWilliam P. Wood
(1820\u20131903)		July 5, 186518693\u20134 yearsJohnson, AndrewAndrew Johnson
2
\n
\"Hiram
Whitley, HiramHiram C. Whitley
(1834\u20131919)		186918744\u20135 yearsGrant, UlyssesUlysses S. Grant
3
\n
\"Elmer
Washburn, ElmerElmer Washburn
(1839\u20131897)		187418761\u20132 yearsGrant, UlyssesUlysses S. Grant
4
\n
\"James
Brooks, JamesJames Brooks
(1824\u20131895)		1876188811\u201312 yearsHayes, RutherfordRutherford B. Hayes
5
\n
\"John
Bell, JohnJohn S. Bell
(1844\u20131917)		188818901\u20132 yearsCleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
6
\n
\"Andrew
Drummond, AndrewAndrew L. Drummond
(1845\u20131921)		189118942\u20133 yearsHarrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
7
\n
\"William
Hazen, WilliamWilliam P. Hazen
(1840\u20131923)		189418983\u20134 yearsCleveland, GroverGrover Cleveland
8
\n
\"John
Wilkie, JohnJohn Wilkie
(1860\u20131934)		1898191112\u201313 yearsMcKinley, WilliamWilliam McKinley
9
\n
\"William
Flynn, WilliamWilliam J. Flynn
(1867\u20131928)		191219174\u20135 yearsTaft, WilliamWilliam Howard Taft
10
\n
\"William
Moran, WilliamWilliam H. Moran
(1862\u20131946)		1917193618\u201319 yearsWilson, WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
11
\n
\"Frank
Wilson, FrankFrank J. Wilson
(1887\u20131970)		193719468\u20139 yearsRoosevelt, FranklinFranklin D. Roosevelt
12
\n
\"James
Maloney, JamesJames J. Maloney
(1896\u20131959)		194619481\u20132 yearsTruman, HarryHarry Truman
13
\n
\"U.
Baughman, UrbanusU. E. Baughman
(1905\u20131978)		November 29, 1948August 31, 196112 yearsTruman, HarryHarry Truman
14
\n
\"James
Rowley, JamesJames Joseph Rowley
(1908\u20131992)		September 1, 1961October 197312 yearsKennedy, JohnJohn F. Kennedy
15
\n
\"H.
Knight, H.H. Stuart Knight
(1921\u20132009)		197311 May 19817\u20138 yearsNixon, RichardRichard Nixon
16
\n
\"John
Simpson, JohnJohn R. Simpson
(1932\u20132017)		1981199210\u201311 yearsReagan, RonaldRonald Reagan
17
\n
\"John
Magaw, JohnJohn Magaw
(born 1935)		199219930\u20131 year(s)Bush, GeorgeGeorge H. W. Bush
18
\n
\"Eljay
Bowron, EljayEljay B. Bowron
(born c. 1951)		199319973\u20134 yearsClinton, BillBill Clinton
19
\n
\"Lewis
Merletti, LewisLewis C. Merletti
(born c. 1948)		June 6, 1997March 3, 19992 yearsClinton, BillBill Clinton
20
\n
\"Brian
Stafford, BrianBrian L. Stafford
(born c. 1959)		March 4, 1999January 24, 20033 yearsClinton, BillBill Clinton
21
\n
\"W.
Basham, W.W. Ralph Basham
(born 1943)		January 27, 2003May 30, 20063 yearsBush, GeorgeGeorge W. Bush
22
\n
\"Mark
Sullivan, MarkMark J. Sullivan
(born c.1955)		May 31, 2006March 27, 20136 yearsBush, GeorgeGeorge W. Bush
23
\n
\"Julia
Pierson, JuliaJulia Pierson
(born 1959)		March 27, 2013October 1, 20141 yearObama, BarackBarack Obama
24
\n
\"Joseph
Clancy, JosephJoseph Clancy
(born 1955)		October 1, 2014March 4, 20172 yearsObama, BarackBarack Obama
\u2013
\n
\"William
Callahan, WilliamWilliam J. Callahan
Acting		March 4, 2017April 25, 201752 daysTrump, DonaldDonald Trump
25
\n
\"Randolph
Alles, RandolphRandolph Alles
(born 1954)		April 25, 2017May 1, 20192 yearsTrump, DonaldDonald Trump
26
\n
\"James
Murray, JamesJames M. Murray
(born c. 1968)		May 1, 2019September 17, 20224 yearsTrump, DonaldDonald Trump
27
\n
\"Kimberly
Cheatle, KimberlyKimberly CheatleSeptember 17, 2022Incumbent1 yearsBiden, JoeJoe Biden
\n

See also[edit]

\n\n\n

References[edit]

\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ a b \"Records of the U.S. Secret Service (USSS)\". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ a b Resse, Shawn (April 16, 2012). \"The U.S. Secret Service: An Examination and Analysis of Its Evolving Missions\" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ \"United States Secret Service: Investigative Mission\". United States Secret Service. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ \"United States Secret Service: Employment Opportunities - Uniformed Officer\". United States Secret Service. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ \"Secret Service veteran first woman to lead it\". The Boston Globe. March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ On March 1, 2003, the Secret Service was transferred from United States Department of the Treasury to the United States Department of Homeland Security, pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002.\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ \"A Brief History Of: The Secret Service\". Time. November 20, 2008. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ \"The U.S. Secret Service in History\". National Archives and Records Administration. 1998. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ a b \"Secret Service History\". United States Service. Archived from the original on February 19, 2010. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ \"President Obama Announces A Key Administration Post\". whitehouse.gov. March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013 – via National Archives.\n
    11. \n
  11. ^ \"Obama to name Julia Pierson as new Secret Service director\". Washington Post. March 26, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.\n
    12. \n
  12. ^ US Secret Service (February 14, 2017). \"Retirement of Director Joseph P. Clancy\" (PDF). US Secret Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.\n
    13. \n
  13. ^ \"Randolph D. Alles appointed 25th Director of the United States Secret Service\" (PDF) (Press release). April 25, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 4, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.\n
    14. \n
\n

External links[edit]

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\n\n\n\n", + "page_last_modified": " Thu, 14 Mar 2024 19:18:46 GMT" + }, + { + "page_name": "List of presidents of the United States by military service - ...", + "page_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_military_service", + "page_snippet": "Of the 46 men who have served as president of the United States, 31 had prior military service, and 14 had none. Their service ranks range from private in a state militia to general of the army. Veteran presidents are particularly common after large-scale popular wars.However, after the 1988 presidential election, the shine had dulled on military-veteran politicians, and through 2012, \"the candidate with the better military record lost.\" As of December 2018, George H. W. Bush was the most recent president to have served in combat (as an aircraft carrier-based bomber pilot in World War II). In the late 1970s and 1980s, almost 60 percent of the United States Congress had served in World War II or the Korean War, and it was expected that a Vietnam veteran would eventually accede to the presidency. Yet, in the chronology of \"major conflicts\" involving the United States, the Vietnam War is the first to not produce a veteran president, an event that veteran and author Matt Gallagher called \"no small feat for a country spawned in armed revolution.\" By 2017, a \"bamboo ceiling\" was described as holding down and preventing those who served in Vietnam from becoming president. In 2015, journalist James Fallows described the contemporary American's attitude toward their military as \"we love the troops, but we\u2019d rather not think about them\". Three years later, Gallagher noted that when given the opportunity to elect Vietnam veterans (Al Gore, McCain, and John Kerry), the US electorate did not do so. He called this emblematic of the public's \"vague sense of gratitude for service members\" that eschews interest or understanding: \"'Thank you for your service,' but spare the details, please.\" As of December 2018, George H. W. Bush was the most recent president to have served in combat (as an aircraft carrier-based bomber pilot in World War II). The 48-year tenure of veteran presidents after World War II was a result of that conflict's \"pervasive effect [\u2026] on American society.\" In the late 1970s and 1980s, almost 60 percent of the United States Congress had served in World War II or the Korean War, and it was expected that a Vietnam veteran would eventually accede to the presidency.", + "page_result": "\n\n\n\nList of presidents of the United States by military service - Wikipedia\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJump to content\n
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List of presidents of the United States by military service

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This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (July 2022)
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Of the 46 men who have served as president of the United States, 31 had prior military service, and 14 had none. Their service ranks range from private in a state militia to general of the army. Veteran presidents are particularly common after large-scale popular wars.\n

\n\n

History[edit]

\n
General George Washington Resigning His Commission (1824) by John Trumbull
\n

Though the president of the United States is commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces, prior military service is not a prerequisite for holding the office.[1] However, some Americans believe military service should be a de facto prerequisite or an important consideration.[2]\n

\n

Civil War-veteran presidents[edit]

\n

After the American Civil War, public perception of an individual's appropriateness for the presidency was influenced by their combat history. After a spate of such veteran-presidents, that influence diminished before disappearing entirely.[3]\n

\n

World War II-veteran presidents[edit]

\n

So great was the influence of World War II on US politics, Dwight D. Eisenhower won the 1952 presidential election without any political experience. This halo effect of the war benefited the successful political campaigns of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, Ronald Reagan, and Jimmy Carter. However, after the 1988 presidential election, the shine had dulled on military-veteran politicians, and through 2012, \"the candidate with the better military record lost.\"[3] As of December 2018[update], George H. W. Bush was the most recent president to have served in combat (as an aircraft carrier-based bomber pilot in World War II).[4]\n

\n

Vietnam-veteran presidents[edit]

\n
See also: Vietnam syndrome
\n

The 48-year tenure of veteran presidents after World War II was a result of that conflict's \"pervasive effect [\u2026] on American society.\"[3] In the late 1970s and 1980s, almost 60 percent of the United States Congress had served in World War II or the Korean War, and it was expected that a Vietnam veteran would eventually accede to the presidency. Yet, in the chronology of \"major conflicts\" involving the United States, the Vietnam War is the first to not produce a veteran president, an event that veteran and author Matt Gallagher called \"no small feat for a country spawned in armed revolution.\" By 2017, a \"bamboo ceiling\" was described as holding down and preventing those who served in Vietnam from becoming president.[5]\n

Barack Obama's 2006 book The Audacity of Hope argues that baby boomers never left behind the anti-military psychodrama of the 1960s, and that played out in national politics. During Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential campaign, James Carville succeeded in releasing Clinton's 1969 letter that \"outlined his opposition to the [Vietnam] war and his decision to try his chances with the draft.\" The positive effects of this release proved the diminished cachet of military service in presidential politics.  Donald Trump's 2016 campaign further cemented this; Trump was elected that November despite bragging about evading the draft, slandering Senator John McCain and other prisoners of war, and publicly feuding with Gold Star parents Khizr and Ghazala Khan. Of this, Gallagher said, \"What'd once been sacred territory in American politics is now anything but.\"[5]\n

In 2015, journalist James Fallows described the contemporary American's attitude toward their military as \"we love the troops, but we\u2019d rather not think about them\".[6] Three years later, Gallagher noted that when given the opportunity to elect Vietnam veterans (Al Gore, McCain, and John Kerry), the US electorate did not do so. He called this emblematic of the public's \"vague sense of gratitude for service members\" that eschews interest or understanding: \"'Thank you for your service,' but spare the details, please.\"[7]\n

\n

Future[edit]

\n

With the all-volunteer United States Armed Forces of 2018 comprising 0.5 percent of the US populace, and \"the inherent politicization of the wars [current and future politicians] fought in\", Gallagher doubted the viability of future veteran-presidents; \"If a Global War on Terror veteran does someday lead the White House, it\u2019ll be in spite of their time in uniform, not assisted by it.\"[5]\n

\n

Politics[edit]

\n

Asset[edit]

\n

George Washington, William Henry Harrison, Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight D. Eisenhower were all career soldiers who benefited from their popularity as successful wartime general officers.[8] \u00c1ine Cain of Military.com called veteran presidents \"fitting\", given their responsibility at the head of the military's command hierarchy.[1]\n

\n

Detriment[edit]

\n

Military service has also been a political millstone for individuals seeking the presidency.[1]\n

George W. Bush's service with the Air National Guard was a point of political contention in his 2000 and 2004 campaigns.[9][10] Kerry's tours in Vietnam were similarly questioned.[11] McCain's 2000 and 2008 presidential campaigns saw the retired captain's service used against him.[7] Donald Trump's five deferments from conscription during the Vietnam War dogged his first presidential campaign.[12] Joe Biden received criticism during his 2020 presidential campaign for his five student draft deferments.[13]\n

Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump all received criticism for deploying the armed forces in combat while having not served in that capacity themselves.[14]\n

\n

Policy[edit]

\n
\"[icon]\"
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2021)
\n

As noted in The Atlantic, presidents' military histories influence their policy-making in office.[14]\n

\n

List of presidents[edit]

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No. (Years)\nPresident (Lifespan)\nHighest rank\nLast service\nRef.\n
1 (1789\u20131797)\nGeorge Washington (1732\u20131799)\nGeneral of the Armies\nUnited States Army\n[15][16]\n
2 (1797\u20131801)\nJohn Adams (1735\u20131826)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
3 (1801\u20131809)\nThomas Jefferson (1743\u20131826)\nColonel\nAlbemarle County Regiment, Virginia Militia\n[18]\n
4 (1809\u20131817)\nJames Madison (1751\u20131836)\nColonel\nOrange County, Virginia militia\n[19]\n
5 (1817\u20131825)\nJames Monroe (1758\u20131831)\nColonel\nVirginia militia\n[20]\n
6 (1825\u20131829)\nJohn Quincy Adams (1767\u20131848)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
7 (1829\u20131837)\nAndrew Jackson (1767\u20131845)\nMajor general\nUnited States Army\n[21]\n
8 (1837\u20131841)\nMartin Van Buren (1782\u20131862)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
9 (1841)\nWilliam Henry Harrison (1773\u20131841)\nMajor general\nUnited States Army\n[22]\n
10 (1841\u20131845)\nJohn Tyler (1790\u20131862)\nCaptain\nVirginia militia\n[23]\n
11 (1845\u20131849)\nJames K. Polk (1795\u20131849)\nColonel\nTennessee Militia\n[24][25]\n
12 (1849\u20131850)\nZachary Taylor (1784\u20131850)\nMajor general\nUnited States Army\n[26]\n
13 (1850\u20131853)\nMillard Fillmore (1800\u20131874)\nMajor\nNew York Militia\n[27]\n
14 (1853\u20131857)\nFranklin Pierce (1804\u20131869)\nBrigadier general\nUnited States Army\n[28]\n
15 (1857\u20131861)\nJames Buchanan (1791\u20131868)\nPrivate\nPennsylvania militia\n[29]\n
16 (1861\u20131865)\nAbraham Lincoln (1809\u20131865)\nCaptain\nIllinois State Militia\n[30]\n
17 (1865\u20131869)\nAndrew Johnson (1808\u20131875)\nBrigadier general\nUnion Army (Volunteers)\n[31]\n
18 (1869\u20131877)\nUlysses S. Grant (1822\u20131885)\nGeneral of the Armies\nUnion Army\n[32][33]\n
19 (1877\u20131881)\nRutherford B. Hayes (1822\u20131893)\nMajor general\nUnion Army (Volunteers)\n[34]\n
20 (1881)\nJames A. Garfield (1831\u20131881)\nMajor general\nUnion Army\n[35]\n
21 (1881\u20131885)\nChester A. Arthur (1829\u20131886)\nBrigadier general\nNew York Militia\n[36]\n
22 (1885\u20131889)\nGrover Cleveland (1837\u20131908)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
23 (1889\u20131893)\nBenjamin Harrison (1833\u20131901)\nBrigadier general\nUnion Army\n[37]\n
24 (1893\u20131897)\nGrover Cleveland (1837\u20131908)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
25 (1897\u20131901)\nWilliam McKinley (1843\u20131901)\nCaptain\nUnion Army (Volunteers)\n[38]\n
26 (1901\u20131909)\nTheodore Roosevelt (1858\u20131919)\nColonel\nUnited States Army (Volunteers)\n[39]\n
27 (1909\u20131913)\nWilliam Howard Taft (1857\u20131930)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
28 (1913\u20131921)\nWoodrow Wilson (1856\u20131924)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
29 (1921\u20131923)\nWarren G. Harding (1865\u20131923)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
30 (1923\u20131929)\nCalvin Coolidge (1872\u20131933)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
31 (1929\u20131933)\nHerbert Hoover (1874\u20131964)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
32 (1933\u20131945)\nFranklin D. Roosevelt (1882\u20131945)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
33 (1945\u20131953)\nHarry S. Truman (1884\u20131972)\nColonel\nUnited States Army Reserve\n[40]\n
34 (1953\u20131961)\nDwight D. Eisenhower (1890\u20131969)\nGeneral of the Army\nUnited States Army\n[41]\n
35 (1961\u201363)\nJohn F. Kennedy (1917\u20131963)\nLieutenant\nUnited States Navy Reserve\n[42]\n
36 (1963\u20131969)\nLyndon B. Johnson (1908\u20131973)\nCommander\nUnited States Navy Reserve\n[43]\n
37 (1969\u20131974)\nRichard Nixon (1913\u20131994)\nCommander\nUnited States Navy Reserve\n[44]\n
38 (1974\u20131977)\nGerald Ford (1913\u20132006)\nLieutenant commander\nUnited States Navy Reserve\n[45]\n
39 (1977\u20131981)\nJimmy Carter (born 1924)\nLieutenant\nUnited States Navy\n[46]\n
40 (1981\u20131989)\nRonald Reagan (1911\u20132004)\nCaptain\nUnited States Army Reserve\n[47]\n
41 (1989\u20131993)\nGeorge H. W. Bush (1924\u20132018)\nLieutenant\nUnited States Navy Reserve\n[48]\n
42 (1993\u20132001)\nBill Clinton (born 1946)\n\u2014\n[17]\n
43 (2001\u20132009)\nGeorge W. Bush (born 1946)\nFirst lieutenant\nAir National Guard\n[9]\n
44 (2009\u20132017)\nBarack Obama (born 1961)\n\u2014\n[49]\n
45 (2017\u20132021)\nDonald Trump (born 1946)\n\u2014\n[12]\n
46 (2021\u2013present)\nJoe Biden (born 1942)\n\u2014\n[50]\n
\n

See also[edit]

\n\n

References[edit]

\n
\n
    \n
  1. ^ a b c Cain, \u00c1ine. \"29 American Presidents Who Served in the Military\". military.com. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2023.\n
    2. \n
  2. ^ E.g., Ken Harbaugh, \"There Should Be a Veteran Running for President\", Time, March 18, 2015 (arguing that voters should \"give greater weight to military experience when choosing the next President\"); Claude Berube, \"Presidential Military Service: The Service Gap and the Validation Surge\", War on the Rocks, January 23, 2020.\n
    3. \n
  3. ^ a b c Toobin, Jeffrey (2 April 2012). \"No Veteran in the White House\". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. OCLC 320541675. Archived from the original on 5 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n
    4. \n
  4. ^ Stavridis, James (1 December 2018). \"George H.W. Bush Was the Last President to Serve in Combat. America Could Use More Leaders Like Him\". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. OCLC 1311479. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 16 April 2019.\n
    5. \n
  5. ^ a b c Gallagher, Matt (9 April 2017). \"Will America Ever Elect Another Veteran President?\". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. The one thing Clinton, Bush, and Trump have in common? They all avoided hard military service. Could it be that after Vietnam, we just don't care anymore?\n
    6. \n
  6. ^ Fallows, James (January\u2013February 2015). \"The Tragedy of the American Military\". The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2020. The American public and its political leadership will do anything for the military except take it seriously. The result is a chickenhawk nation in which careless spending and strategic folly combine to lure America into endless wars it can't win.\n
    7. \n
  7. ^ a b Gallagher, Matt (28 December 2018). \"The President's Field Trip to the Forever War\". The New York Times. ISSN 1553-8095. OCLC 1645522. Archived from the original on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019. 'Thank you for your service,' but spare the details, please.\n
    8. \n
  8. ^ \"From the Battlefield to the Oval Office: Presidents Who Were Veterans\". National Archives and Records Administration. 7 November 2018. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.\n
    9. \n
  9. ^ a b Jackson, Brooks (11 February 2004). \"New Evidence Supports Bush Military Service (Mostly)\". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2023. Newly released records reflect payments and credits for Air National Guard service meeting minimum requirements, despite a six-month gap.\n
    10. \n
  10. ^ Glass, Andrew (1 August 2013). \"George W. Bush suspended from Texas Air National Guard, Aug. 1, 1972\". Politico. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.\n
    11. \n
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    51. \n
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Presidents
Professional
career
Personal life
Depictions
and honors
Vice presidents
Succession
Elections
Candidates
Political affiliation
Distinctions
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